-^^' A

vj

f

The Journal

OF

The Department of Agriculture

OF

PORTO RICO

VOLUME I.— 1917.

Sa> Joan, P. R.
BcaxAO OF Sgpfi:.ibs, Printing, and Transportation

19 17

PLTBLISHED BY

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND LABOR

UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

W. V. TOWER,

DIRECTOR, INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATION

Rio Piedras, P. R.

JOHN A. STEVENSON, Editor.
II

CONTENTS.

Page.

A List of the Coccidao of Porto Rico. — Thomas H. Joues 1

History and Cause of the Rind Disease. — John R. Johnston 17

"White-grubs Injuring Cane in Porto Rico. — I. Life Cycles of the May-Beetles

or MeJolonthids. — E. G. Smyth 47

Diseases of Vegetable and Garden Crops. — J. A. Stevenson 93

A method of Identification and Description of Sugar-Cane Varieties, an.] its

Application to Types Grown in Porto Rico. — H. B. Cowgill 119

The White Grubs Injuring Sugar-Cane in Porto Rico. — I. Life Histories of

May-Beetles (Continued).— E. G. Smyth 139

The Eggplant Lace-Bug in Porto Rico.— R. T. Cotton 168

Life History of Haltica jamaicense Fab. — R. T. Cotton 171

Seale-Feeding Habits of Porto Rican Millipede. — R. T. Cotton 173

Sugar-Cane Fungi and Diseases of Porto Rico. — John R. .Johnston and John

A. Stevenson 177

'■ '}

VOL. 1.

JANUARY, 1917.

No, 1.

THE JOURNAL

OF

THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS

OF AGRICULTURE

PORTO RICO

BUKE^

KINTING,
1917

ANSPOBTATIflN

VOL. 1.

JANUARY. 1917.

No. 1.

THE JOURNAL

OF

THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS

OF AGRICULTURE

IJFJRARY

SAN JUAN, p. R.
Btrkau of StppMSs, Prikting, AfiD Tkaxsportation

1917

(hi

m

PUBLISHED BY

THE BOARD OP COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE

UNDER THE DIRECTION OK

^V. V. TO\VER.

DIRECTOR, INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATION,

Rio Piedras, P. R.

JOHX A. STEVEIVSOX. Editor.

JI

CONTENTS.

Page.
A List of the Coceidae of Porto Eico. Thomas H. Jones 1

History and Cause of the Rind Disease. John E. Johnston 17

III

A LIST OF THE COCCIDAE OF PORTO RICO.

By Thomas H. Jones,

Formerly Entomologist of the Experiment Station of the Board of Commissioners

of Agriculture of Porto Kico.

From time to time various entomological workers have published
references to the Coccidae of Porto Rico, but the list of twenty -
three species collected on the island in 1899 by Mr. August Busck
is, so far as known to the writer, the only attempt ever made to
enumerate the Porto Rican scale-insects. This list appeared in 1900
in Bulletin No. 22, new series, of the Division of Entomology, United
States Department of Agriculture, the determinations having been
made by IMessrs. T. Pergande, T. D. A. Cockerell, and C. L. Marlatt.
In connection with this list it is stated that only one coccid, Aspi-
diotus destructor, had been previously recorded from Porto Rico,
this being in a reference in the Canadian Entomologist for 1895,
the material having been taken by Mr. J. D. Hall in the city of
San Juan.

Some of the Coccidae of the island, especially those attacking
citrus trees, are referred to somewhat fully in the publications of
the Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station. In these articles
jMessrs 0. W. Barrett and W. V. Tower have treated the greatest
number of species and given the most extended economic accounts.

^luch attention has been given to the parasitic fungi attack-
ing the scale-insects of citrus trees by the workers of tlie Porto
Rico Insular Experiment Station. They have recommended the
planting of windbreaks in orchard areas to furnish suitable condi-
tions for the development of these fungi, which under favorable cir-
cumstances become very efficient enemies of the scale-insects. Mr.
J. R. Johnston published in 1915 a bulletin on the entomogenous
fungi of the island, and in it made several references to those at-
tacking Coccidae. The insect parasites and predators of Porto Rican
scale-insects have, on the other hand, received but little attention.
IMessrs. 0. W. Barrett, F. S. Earle, and D. L. Van Dine mention
parasites of Lepidosaplies heckii, Saissetia hemispliaerica, and Aspi-
diotiis sacchari, respectively, but do not give their scientitic names.
Apparently the only insect enemies of the scale-insects specifically
recorded from Porto Rico are Aspidiotiphagiis ciirinus and Cocci-

doxemis portoricensis. The former is mentioned in the following
statement by I\Ir. E. K. Carnes, which appeared in the IMonthly
Bulletin of the State Commission of Horticulture of California.
Vol. 1, No. 8, page 398. In connection with data on the introduc-
tion of beneficial insects into California, Mr. Carnes states: ''Prom
Prof. C. W. Hooker, Mayagiiez, Porto Rico. First shipment : Lcpi-
dosaphes heckii, Chrysomphalus aonidum. Aspidioiipliagus citrinus
issued in considerable numbers. Second shipment : same material.
Very few A. citrimis issued." Coccidoxcnus portoricensis was de-
scribed by ]\Ir. J. C. Crawford from ''the wax scale," collected in
San Juan by Mr. Tower.^

This scarcity of references would indicate — considering what has
already been published on the scale-insects of the island — that this
group has few insect enemies in Porto Rico. This, however, is not
the case, parasitism of many species being common.

In the present paper the idea has been to list all the species
previously recorded from the island, with the locality, host-plant,
the name of the writer, and a reference to the publication from
which the data is taken. Added to this are the names of the species
not heretofore recorded from Porto Rico, as well as new host-plants
and localities for those already known to be present. No attempt
has been made to include those species mentioned by other w^riters
by genus or common names only, and where no more definite locality
than "West Indies," with reference to any species, is given in a
publication, that species has been omitted. AVhile no endeavor has
been made to summarize what has already been done on the island
on the life-histories of the various species, natural and artificial
methods of control, etc., I believe the bi])liography is quite com-
plete and the reader will find much of interest in the publications
mentioned.

The data now presented for the fir.st time are taken from the
notes and specimens in the collection formerly belonging to the
Experiment Station of the Porto Rico Sugar Producers' Association,
and now at the Experiment Station of the Board of Commissioners
of Agriculture of Porto Rico. All of the specimens have been exam-
ined by Mr. E. R. Sasscer, formerly of the United States Bureau
of Entomology, and now with the Federal Horticultural Board.
The writer wishes especially to thank Mr. Sasscer for liis kindness
in making the determinations and i-eading over the manuscript.
Without his assistance the publication of this list would not have
been possible. 1 wish also to thank I\lr. D. L. Van Dine, formerly

' Descriptions of New Hvinenoptpra, No. 6, No. 1979. From Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
Vol. 4.5, pp. 241-260. May 22, 1913. pp. 248-249.

Entomologist of the Experiment Station of the Porto Rico Sngar
Producers' Association, and Mr. J. R. Johnston, formerly Plant
Pathologist of the same station. Both have collected a number of
species and Mr. Johnston has made the determinations of many of
the host-plants. Since the time of my leaving Porto Rico my suc-
cessor, Mr. G. N. Wolcott, has added some data to the list. Mr.
R. T. Cotton of the same station, and INIr. R. H. Van Zwaluwenburg.
Entomologist of the Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station
at Mayagiiez, have also added a number of new records from recent
determinations.

The system that has been followed in making up the bibliography
may be explained as follows: After each reference to records of
other Avriters in the text, one or more numbers will be found in
parentheses. The first number refers to the number preceding the
author's name in the "Bibliography," found at the end of the list.
The number, or the numbers, that may follow the first number indi-
cates the page, or pages, on which the particular reference will be
found.

In preparing the list ]Mrs. Fernald's catalogue of the Coccidae
of the world has been followed. Special effort has been made to
give the correct Latin names of the host-plants with the heretofore
unpublished notes. The local Spanish common names of plants, given
in quotations, are from the "Flora Portoricensis," by Professor Igna-
tius Urban, and the paper by Cook and Collins, ' ' Economic Plants
of Porto Rico," published by the Smithsonian Institution.

Subfamily Monophlebinae.

Icerya montserratensis Riley and Howard.

]Mr. Busck collected it in 1899 "on orange, IMayagiiez, January
20," and on the same host at Bayamon. (2-92.) Mr. Tower re-
corded it in 1908 on the orange. (16-38.) Taken . at Santurce
(near San Juan) on twigs and undersides of leaves of an undeter-
mined tree ; at Rio Piedras on the undersides of leaves of ' ' caimito, ' '
Chrysophyllum argenteum Jasq., and at Mayagiiez on ''maricao"
(Byrsonima spicata), Casearia sylvestris, coconut palm (Cocos nuci-
fera), "guama" (Inga laurina), "guava" {Inga vera), "saman"
(Pithecolohium saman), and guava or "guayaba" (Psidium guajava).

Subfamily Ortheziinae.
Ortkezia insignis Dougl.
Collected on an undetermined plant at Dorado, on Eupatonum

3

odoratum at Comerio, on Gigiionia sp. and Ipomoea tilliacea at Rio
Piedras. and on Coleus sp., Hamelia patens, Ipomoea fastigiata,
Lactuca sp. and Lantana camara at Mayagiiez.

Subfamily Conchaspinae.

Conckaspis angraeci Ckll.

Found on branches of an ornamental croton {Codiaeum sp.), in
garden at ]\Iameyes.

Subfamily Dactylopiinae.

Asterolecanium aurenm Bdv.

Taken by Mr. Bnsck on the leaves of "a fiber plant" in San
Juan in 1899. (2-92.)

Asterolecanium hamdusae Bdv.

Collected by Mr. Busck "on bamboo" at Bayamon and at Utuado.
(2-92.) The writer has taken it on bamboo at Rio Piedras.

Asterolecanium lanceolatum Green.
Taken on leaves of bamboo at Rio Piedras.

Asterolecanium pustnlans (Ckll.)

^Ir. Busck took this species "on Anona muricafa^' at San Juan
and "on some leguminous plant" at Guayama. (2-92.) Mr. Bar-
rett reported it in 1904 on the fig {Ficns carica) at the Mayagiiez
Experiment Station (1-446) and ]\Irs. Fernald records it froin Porto
Rico. (6-52.) It has been found on "escoba" {Sida antillensis)
and "jazmin" {Jasminum samhac) at Rio Piedras by the writer,
and on Grevillea rohusta, Castilloa sp., and Inga vera at Mayagiiez.

Phenacoccus gossypii Towns, and Ckll.

Collected "on cotton," Humacao, by Mr. Busck. Following the
data there is the note, "New to the West Indies." (2-92.) In
1902 ]\Ir. H. Maxwell-Lefrey, in an article on scale-insects of the
West Indies, gave "Porto Rico" after Phenacoccus helianthi var.
gossypii. (14-298.)

Pseudococcus calceolariae (jMask.).

^Ir. E. E. Green, the well-known authority on Coccidae, after
examining specimens of sugar-cane mealy-bugs sent him from Rio

Piedras, stated that they "agreed exactly with examples of Pseudo-
coccus calceolariae Mask.," his determination being based "upon com-
parison with typical examples received from the late Mr. Maskell
himself." (12-461.) Mr. Johnston records the fungus, Aspergillus
flavus, as occurring on this mealy-bug in Porto Rico. (11-14.)

Pseudococcus citri (Risso.).

Mr. Barrett mentioned this mealy-bug (as Dactylopius citri) in
1904 as an enemy of citrus stock with the note, "is not common."
(1-445.) Mr. Tower has published concerning it as a pineapple
pest (20) and Dr. C. W. Hooker mentioned its occurrence in coffee
plantations. (10-35, 37. )i

I have taken specimens of a mealy-bug, which ]\Ir. Sasscer states
is close to Pseudococcus citri^ on the roots of three plants at Rio
Piedras. They were as follows: celery {Apium graveolens), corn
or "maiz" (Zea mays), and a grass, probably Sporoholus jaccpie-
montii.

Pseudococcus mpae (Mask.).

This is probably the most omniverous mealy-bug on the island.
It has been collected as follows: on coconut palm {Cocos nucifera),
Santurce; on guava or "guayaba" (Psidium guajava), on Anihu-
rium acaule, on sour-sop or "guanabano" {Anona muricata), on
"caimito" (Chrysopliyllum argenteum), and on Musa paradisiaca
var.,-^ Rio Piedras; on sea grape or "uvero" (Coccoloha uvifera)
and on "aguacate" {Persea gratissima) at Naguabo.

According to Mr. Johnston, the fungi, Ceplialosporium lecanii and
Empusa fresenii, occur on this mealy-bug. (11-19, 21.)

Pseudococcus sacchari (Ckll.).

^lealy-bugs are important pests of sugar cane in Porto Rico and
practically all previous references regarding them are listed under
this species. Listed as Dactylopius sacchari/ it was taken by ^Ir.
Busck "on sugar cane" at Bayamon, Mayagiiez. and at Humacao
in 1899 (2-92), and it is recorded by ^Irs. Fernald from Porto Rico.
(6-109.) INIr. Van Dine published references to its occurrence on

' Doctor Hooker stated that the ant, ili/rmelachista amhigua ramidnmm Wheeler, feeds
on the honey-dew secreted by this niealybue:. What is more interesting, however, is the
accompanying statement made by Doctor Hooker, regarding the connection between this ant
and ""a large, fleshy, pink scale of the subfamily Coccinae, probably as yet undescribed."
He observed that these Coccids "are carried by the ants into canals eaten out along the
pith of the smaller new growth which will bear the next season's fruit. The growth is thus
weakened to such an extent that when bent down by the pickers at the next harvest it
breaks easily." Much of the coffee is thus lost.

- I have not tried to distinguish between the varieties of Muxa paradisiaca. commonly
known in English as bananas and plantains and in Spanish as "guineos" and "platanos."'

the island in 1911 (21-18, 29), 1912 (22-19, 20), and 1913 (28-251,
252, 253, 255, 256). (24-31.)

Dr. E. P. Felt has described a cecidomyiid, Karschomyia cocci
(5-304), the larvae of which were taken by j\Ir. Van Dine in colo-
nies of Pseudococcus sacchari (?) on sugar cane.

Chaetococcns hamhusac (]\Iask.).
Collected on "Bamboo" at Mayagiiez.

Subfamily Coccinae.
Pulvinaria psidii Mask.

This species is often very abundant on the "jobo" tree. Mr.
Tower reported it on orange and coffee. (16-38.)

We have taken it as follows: On mango (Mangifera indica),
Rio Piedras; on guava or "guayaba" (Psidium guajava), Rio Pie-
dras and Luquillo; on hog plum or "jobo" (Spondias lutea), Arroyo
and Rio Piedras; on a tree, Banwolfia tetraphylla, Ponce.

Ceroplastes ceriferus (Anderson).

Collected on "almaeigo" {Elaphrium siniaruha) at Santa Rita,
near Guanica, and on "verba de San Martin" {Sauvagesia erecta)
at Naguabo.

Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comst.

Found on an undetermined plant at Algarrobo.

Ceroplastes floridensis Comst.

Taken by Mr. Busck "on A)iona reticulata.'' (2-92.) Mr. Bar-
rett records it in 1904 as an enemy of citrus stock (1-445) and Mr.
Tower in 1908 reported it "on the rose and orange." (]6-38.) It
has also been taken on Rapanea guianensis and Ficus laevigata at
Rio Piedras and on guava or "guayaba" {Psidium guajava) and
■mango (Mangifera indica) at ]\Iayagiiez.

Vinsonia stelUfera (Westw.).

Tliis interesting scale, the so-called "star-scale," is often present
on the leaves of the rose apple, mango, and coconut. IMr. Busck
took it on the latter host at "Catana" (probably a misspelling of
Catano) and Arroyo. (2-92.) Later, in 1904, it is mentioned by
]\Ir. Barrett as occurring "commonly on tlie coconut" (1-447), and

the following statement by the same author may refer to this species,
"An undetermined scale (Vinsonia?) occurs on the rose apple {Jam-
bos jamhos).'" (1-446.)

It has further been taken as follows: On coconut palm (Cocos
nucifera) Santurce; on ''pomarrosa" or rose apple (Jam.hos jam-
hos), Bio Piedras and Mameyes; on mango {Mangifera indica),
Santa Isabel; on Agave sisalana, Musa sp. and on guava or "gua-
yaba" {Psidium guajava) at Mayagiiez.

Inglisia vitrea Ckll.

On West Indian pigeon pea or "gandul" (Cajamis indicns) at
]\Iameyes and at Comerio; on "achiote" {Bixa orellana) at Rio
Piedras.

Coccus hespenduni (Linn.)-

Collected on "maguey" (Agave sisalana), at Rio Piedras.

Coccus mangiferae (Green).

Collected on leaves of "pomarrosa" or rose apple (Jamhos jam-
hos) at Rio Piedras; on mango (Mangifera indica) and Cinnamo-
mum zeylanicuni at ^Mayagiiez. A fungus (Cephalosporium lecanii)
is mentioned by Mr. Johnston as being common on this scale. (11-19.)

Saissetia hemisphaerica (Targ.).

A very comon species. Mr. Busck took it in 1899 as follows, the
species being recorded as Lecanium hemisphacricum: "On eggplant.
Catana, January 10." (2-92.) Mr. Barrett records it (as Lecanium
hemisphacricum.) on coffee, on "guanabano" (Anona muricata) , on
cassava, and states that it is "probably the most common scale on
the orange here." (1-4-44, 445, 446, 447.) In the same year, 1904,
]\Ir. Earle reported this species (as Lecanium. hemisphaericiim.) as
occurring on the orange and also wrote that a "Lecanium (probably
L. hcmisph'aericum) is also at times abundant and destructive" to
coffee. (4-458, 459, 463.) In 1906 Uv. van Leenhoff, Jr., men-
tioned Saissetia hemispJiaerica as an enemy of coffee. (25-46.)
]\Ir. Tower wrote of its injuries to citrus trees in 1907 (15-26),
1908 (16-32), 1909 (17-23) and 1911 (19-15). The writer has re-
corded it from eggplant. (13-4.)

The following records are to be added: On "jasmin" (Gardenia
jasminoides) , the introduced pepper tree (Schinus molle), rose apple
or "pomarrosa" (Jamhos jamhos), a cultivated shrub (Grapto-
phijUum pictum), and alligator pear or "aguacate" (Persea gratis-

sbna), Rio piedras; on "manmguey" {Zamia integri folia), Vega
Alta; on Sida sp., on black nightshade or '-mata-gallinas" {Solannm
nigrum var. americanum) , and on guava or "guayaba" {Psidiuni
guajava), Luquillo; on coffee or "cafe" (Cojfca arahica), and Thun-
hergia erccta, Mameyes; on "orozuz" or "paseueta" {Lcptilon
canadense), Ciales; on Ramvolfia tctraphylla, Ponce; on Antigonon
leptopus, Drijpetes glauca, and Solanum seaforthiamim at ]\Iayagiiez.
Mr. Johnston records a fungus (Cephalosponum Iccanii) as oc-
curring on this scale. (11-19.)

Saissetia nigra (Nietn.).

Taken by I\Ir. Busek in 1899 as follows, being recorded as Leca-
nium nigrum: "On Terminalia catappa, San Juan, January 5. On
cotton, San Juan, January 5 (var. dcprcssum Targ.)." (2-92.) In
Mrs. Fernald's catalogue this species is recorded from Porto Rico.
(6-204, 205.)

Collected in addition as follows: On "anamii" or "cadillo pe-
<iueque" (Pavonia typhalea), Canovanas; on cotton or "algodon"
{Gossypium harhadcnse) , Guaniea; on China berry or "lilaila"
{MeJia azedarach), Fortuna (near Ponce); on the introduced pep-
per tree {Schinus mollc) , Rio Piedras; on black nightshade or
"mata-gallinas" or "yerba mora" {Solanum nigrum var. arncrica-
num), on Sida sp., and on China berry {Melia azedarach), Luquillo;
on Euphorhia sanguinea at Mayagiiez.

Doctor Howard has determined as Arrhenophagus cliinonaspidis
Auriv. a parasite reared from material on whicli Saissetia nigra and
Hemichiona-spis minor were present.

Saissetia oleae (Bern.).

Tn 1899 Mr. Busek took this species "on Calabassa tree, Lares,
January 25. On honey locust, Adjuntas. January 30. On G^iazuma
nlmifolia, Guayama, February 4. On T<rminalia catappa, Maya-
giiez, January 20." The genus is given as Lccanium. (2-92.)

]\Ir. Johnston collected Saissetia oleae on "madre dc cacao" (Ery-
thrina glauca) at Rio Piedras, and it has been taken by the writer
on "almendra" {Terminalia catappa) at Guaniea. It has also been
taken on orange oleander {Nerium oleander) and "l)erengena cima-
rrona" {Solanum torvum) at Mayagiiez.

Aclerda (ol-ionis (Ckll.).
Collected on stalk of sugar cane at Rio Piedras.

8

Subfamily Diaspinae.
Chionaspis citri Comst.

This species is one of the most injurious scale-insect pests of the
■citrus groves in Porto Rico. It was collected by Mr. Busck in 1899
■''on lime" at Aiiasco (2-93) and is probably generally distributed
over the island. It has been treated by Messrs. Barrett (1-445),
Henricksen (8-27) and Tower (17-24, 25) (19-14, 15) in various
publications of the Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station as
an enemy of citrus trees.

Doctor Howard has determined a parasite reared by the writer
from Chionaspis citri as Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (CraM".).

Howardia hiclavis (Comst.).

Collected by Mr. Busck "on Bixa orellana^' at San Sebastian
and Aiiasco. (2-93.) I have taken it on the same host, which is
known as "achiote, " "acliote, " and "annato," at Rio Piedras, and
in addition it has been collected as follows: On "caimito" (Clirijso-
phylluni cainito), and "mamey" {Mammea aniericana) , Mameyes;
on "algarrobo" (Hymenaea courharil), on Casearia arhorea, on sil-
A'er oak, an introduced tree {Grevillea rohusta), and on "West Indian
pigeon pea or "gandul" (Cajamis indicus), Rio Piedras; on "palo
de cucubano" {Guettarda scabra) and Cordia sp.. Dorado; on
"roble" {Tecoma pentaphylla) and Acalypha wilkcsiana at Naguabo;
on sapodilla or "nispero" {Achras sapota), Coffea arabica, Doryalis
cafra, and Plumiera rubra at Mayagiiez.

Diaspis cchinocacti (Bouche.).

Mrs. Fernald records this species from Porto Rico. As food-
plants in the various countries, where it occurs, the following are
given: Opuntia ficus-indica, Echinocactus ottonis, E. tenuispinus, etc.
(6-229, 230.) ]\Ir. Busck lists Diaspis calyptroides Costa var. opun-
iiae Ckll. as having been collected at Ponce. (2-93.)

Aulacaspis pcntagona (Targ.).

As is true elsewhere where it occurs, this coccid has a long list
of food-plants in Porto Rico. Among cultivated plants the '•'papaya"
or papaw suffers especially from its attacks.

In 1899 Mr. Busck took it "on castor-oil plant. Rio Piedros
(perhaps a misspelling of Rio Piedras), January 17. On unknown
tree, Bayamon, January 16. On peach, Adjunctas (probably Ad-

juntas), Jamiaiy 24. On honej^ locust, January 30. On mahagua,
Fajardo, February 17." (2-93.) Mr. Earle in 1904 reported that
it "occurs very commonly on the orange, as well as on various other
trees and plants" (4-458) and that a scale, probably this species,
was "killing a great many of the (papaw) trees." (4-467.) Mr.
Barrett in the same year wrote, "very destructive to peach trees,
in the east part of the island; this species also attacks mulberry
and papaw," (1-446.) In 1907 Mr. Tower stated, "very abundant
all over the island, infesting peach, plum, mulberry, papaw, castor
bean and other plants." (15-27.) The writer has recorded it from
okra and pepper. (13-4.)

It has also been taken as follows: On willow {Salix sp.), Ponce;
on "bruja" {BnjophyUum pinnatumf), Comerio; on "papaya""
{Carica papaya), on West Indian pigeon pea or "gandul" {Cajanua
indicus), Rio Piedras; on "majagua" {Paritium tiliaceum), Mame-
yes; on "cadillo" {Urena lobata), Dorado; on castor bean or
"higuerete" (Ricinus communis), Ciales; on "mamey" {Mammea
amencana) at Xaguabo ; on okra, Hyptis sp., Solanum torrum, Trema
micrantha, and Acalyplia wilkesiana at Rio Piedras; on Mangifera
indica, Erythrina sp. and oleander {Nerium. oleander) at Mayagiiez;
on "emajagua" (Paritium tiliaceum) , Ad juntas, and on cassava
{Manihot utilissima) at Aiiasco.

Hemichionaspis aspidistrae (Sign.).

Collected on leaves of fern (Nephrolepsis cxaltata var. hosfonien-
sis), at Rio Piedras.

Hemicliionaspis minor (Mask.).

A common species, sometimes found in company with Saisseiia
nigra (Nietn.), and S. hemisphaerica (Targ.). Taken by Mr. Busek
"on eggplant, Catana, January 17. On Guazuma nlmifolia, Gua-
yama, February 4" in 1899, being listed as Chionaspis {Hemichio-
naspis) minor. (2-93.) The writer has also recorded it from egg-
plant. (13-4.)

It has been taken as follows: On cotton or "algodon" {Gossy-
pium harhadense), Guanica ; on China berry or "lilaila" (Melia
azedarach), Fortuna (near Ponce); on "yerba rosario" (Acschyno-
mene sensitiva) and ornamental croton ( Codiaenm sp.) , 'Nagnaho; on
"verbena" {Valerian odes jamaicensis) , Rio Piedras; on "berengena
cimarrona" {Solanum torvum) and "cadillo" {Triumfetta semitri-
loha), Luquillo; on Lantana involucrata at Mameyes; on Asparagus
spengleri and "saman" {Pithecolohium soman) at Mayagiiez.

10

Doctor Howard has determined as Arrhenophagus chionaspidis a.
parasite reared from material on which Hemichionaspis minor and
Saissetia nigra were present.

Pinnaspis huxi (Bouche.).

Collected on leaves of a tree epiphyte belonging to the family
Bromeliaceae at Mameyes; on Philodendron sp., Ciales; on "eo-
rozo" palm {Acrocomia media) and another palm (Areca lutescens}
at Rio Piedras.

Leucaspis indica Mar.

Collected on mango {Mangifera indica) at ]\Iayagiiez.

Aspidiotus cyanophylii Sign.
On a blue gum (Eucalyptus sp.) at Naguabo.

Aspidiotus destructor Sign.

Apparently the first scale-insect recorded from Porto Rico, this
species is very common, especially on the undersides of the leaves
of coconut palms. It is often so abundant on the older leaves of
these palms that they turn yellow and die. It was first recorded
in the Canadian Entomologist for 1895, page 261, by Mr. T. D. A.
Cockerell, the specimens having been collected in San Juan by Mr.
J. D, Hall. Mr. Busck took it ''on banana leaves" at ''Catana,"
and on the same host at San Juan and Arroyo. (2-93.) Mr. Bar-
rett in 1904 stated that at Ponce many of the coconut trees were
''dead or dying from attacks" of this coccid. (1-447.)

Mr. Van Dine collected Aspidiotus destructor from coconut palm
(Cocos nucifera) at Santurce, and it has further been collected as
follows: On silk oak (Grevillea rohusta), on guava or "guayaba"
(Psidium guajava), on 3Iusa paradisiaca var., Rio Piedras ; on alli-
gator pear or "aguacate" {Persea gratissima), Mameyes and Gua- ,
yama; alligator apple (Anona palustris) and Mammea americanay.
Rio Piedras; and on date palm (Phoenix ductylifera) , Mayagiiez.

Dr. Howard has examined a parasite reared from this scale by
the writer and states that it "is apparently my Aphcdinus diaspidis."'

Aspidiotus forhesi Johnson.

Listed b}'- Mrs. Fernald as occurring in Porto Rico and fifteen
food-plants are given for the species in the countries where it is;

11

kuo^^^l to occur. With the possible exception of ''Jasmine," no
tropical plants are included in the list. (6-259, 260.)

Aspidiotus lataniae Sign. ^

Collected on Castilla sp. at Mayagiiez.

Aspidiotus sacchari Ckll.

Mentioned by Mr. Van Dine in 1911 (21-19, 31), 1912 (2^22)
and 1913 (23-251, 257) (24-34) as occurring on sugar cane. It is
a common but not serious enemy of this host. ]\Ir. Van Dine has
collected it at Guanica, Fortuna (near Ponce), Fajardo, and Cano-
vanas, and in addition it has been collected at Rio Piedras and
Humacao, all collections having been made from sugar cane. Ac-
cording to Mr. Hood, Mr. Sasscer stated that it occurred with Odo-
naspis sp. which I took on the stalks of para grass or "malojillo"
{Panicum harhinode) at Guanica. (9-70.)

Pseiidaonidia tesserata (de Charm.).
From garden rose at Mameyes.

Selanaspidus articulatus (Morg.).

Collected by Mr. Busck "on orange leaves, El Yunque, February
18; about 2,000 feet altitude" in 1899. (2-93.) Has been men-
tioned by Mr. Barrett (1-445) and Mr. Tower (16-38) as an enemy
of citrus trees. Mr. Tower, in 1909, stated that '^Pseudaonidia arti-
culatus" was "causing a little trouble" as an orange pest. (17-25.)

Taken by the writer on rose apple or "pomarrosa" {Jamhos
jamhos) leaves at Rio Piedras and on a blue gum {Eucalyptus sp.)
at Naguabo. It has also been taken on Anona muricata and Ficus
nitida, at Rio Piedras.

('Itrfj.sornpltalus aonidum (Linn.).

A serious enemy of citrus trees. In the publications of the Porto
Rico Agricultural Experiment Station its occurrence on the island,
fungi parasitic to it. and methods for its control have been discussed
by Messrs. Earle {ixn Aspidiotus ficus) (4^59), Barrett (1-445), Ilen-
rieksen (as Chrysomphalus ficus) (8-27) and Tower. (15-25. 26)
(16-32) (17-24) (19-14, 15.) With the exception of the last refer-
ence, ]Mr. Tower mentions this scale as Chrysoniplinhis ficus.

It was collected by Mr. Busck in 1899 on Terminalia catappa,
8an Juan; on Anona muricata, San Juan; on oleander, Ponce; and

12

on Musa, Caguas. (2-93.) Mr. Carnes mentions having received it
from Porto Rico. (3-398.) It has also been taken on Ficus nitida
at Rio Piedras and an sisal hemp (Agava sisalana) at i\Iayagiiez.

Chrysomphalus aurantii (Mask.).

Mr. Busck took this species in 1899 "on Anona muricata, San
Juan," and on the same host at Ponce. (2-93.) In 1904 M. Bar-
rett reported it as an enemy of citrus stock, ^\ith the note, "rare
but apparently spreading." (1-445.)

Chrysomphalus hiformis (Ckll.).

On "maya" (Bromelia piuguin) at Mameyes; on Agave sisalana
and "aguacate" at Rio Piedras; on mango (Mangifera indica), Rio
Piedras, and on a cycad {Cycas revoluta), at Naguabo,

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (]\Iorg.V

On mango {Mangifera indica), at Rio Piedras, and on a cycad
{Cycas revoluta), at Naguabo.

Chrysomphalus personatus (Comst.).

Mr. Busck collected it "on plantain leaves, Caguas, January 11.
On Anona muricata, San Juan, January 5. On banana leaves, Ca-
tana, February 21. On coconut palm, Mayagiies, January 20; Ca-
guas, January 11." (2-93.) On coconut palm {Cocos nucifera),'
Santurce; on rose, apple or "pomarrosa" (Jamhos jamhos), Rio
Piedras; on mango {Mangifera indica), Santa Isabel; on leaves of
a tree {Ficus sp.) and on "mamey" {Mammea americana), JNFame-
yes; and on a blue gum {Eucalyptus sp.) at Naguabo.

Pseudischnaspis hoivreyi (Ckll.).
Collected on asparagus fern at Mayagiiez.

Pseudoparlatoria osireata Ckll.

Collected on Solanum seaforthianmn and Acalypha sp. at ^laya-
giiez.

Lepidosaphes becl'ii (Ne^vm.).

This species has lieen more often mentioned as a pest of citrus
orchards than any other scale-insect. Tlie following workers have
discussed it in tlie bulletins and annual reports of the Porto Rico

13

Agricultural Experiment Station: Messrs. Earle (4-457, 458), Bar-
rett (1-445), Henricksen (7-401, 402) (8-27) and Tower (15-26)
(16-32,33) (17-23,24) (18-24,25) (19-13,15). In Messrs. Earle 's
and Barrett's articles and in the first article by Mr. Henricksen
the species is given as Mijtilaspis citricola. Mr. Carnes, of Cali-
fornia, mentions having received Lepidosaphes heckii in shipments
of material from Porto Rico, from which it was hoped to introduce
scale-insect parasites into that State. (3-398.) Mr. Johnson records
the fungi, Myriangium duriaei and Sphaerostilhe coccophila, from
this scale. (11-28, 29.)

The species was taken on ornamental croton {Codiacum sp.) at
Rio Piedras by the writer.

Lepidosapli cs lasia n thi ( Green ) .
Collected on leaves of croton (Croton humilis) at Rio Piedras.

Isch naspis . longirostris ( Sign. ) .

Taken by Mr. Busck "on coconut palm, Caguas, January 11;
Catania (probably misspelling for Cataiio), January 12; IMayagiiez,
January 20; Arroyo, February 3." (2-93.) Taken by the writer
at Naguabo on Citharexylmn fructicosm. It has also been taken
on I.rora ferrea, Asparagus spengleri and Acrocomia media at Rio
Piedras.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Barrett, 0. W. — Report of Entomologist and Botanist. Ann.
Rpt. P. R. Agric. Exp. Sta. for 1903. Ann. Rpt. Office of Exp.
Stas. for year ending June 30, 1903. U. S. Dept. Agric. 1904.
pp. 429-450.

2. Busck, A. — Notes on a l)rief trip to Puerto Rico in January
and February, 1899. Bui. 22, new series, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept.
Agric. 1900. pp. 88-93. Includes a list of Coccidae collected by
Mr. Busck in Porto Rico, tlie determinations having been made by
Messrs. T. Pergande, T. D. A. Cockerell and C. L. IMarlatt.

3. Carnes, E. K. — Report of Insectary Division foi- Month of
May, 1912. ^lonthly J^ulletin State Commission of Horticulture,
Sacramento. California. Vol. 1, No. 8, 1912. pp. 395-400.

4. Earle, F. S. — Report on Observations in Porto Rico. Ann.
Rpt. P. R. Agric. Exp. Sta. for 1903. Ann. Rpt. Office of Exp.
Stas. for year ending June 30, 1903. U. S. Dept. of Agric. 1904.
pp. 454-468.

14

5. Felt, E. P.— Three New Gall Midges. Canadian Ent., Vol.
XLV, No. 9. 1913. pp. 304-308.

6. Fernald, Mrs. M. E.— Catalogue of the Coccidae of the World,
Bui. 88, Mass. Agrie. Exp. Sta. 1903.

7. Henricksen, H. C. — Report of Assistant Horticulturist. Ann.
Rpt. P. R. Agrie. Exp. Sta. for 1904. Ann. Rpt. Office of Exp.
Stas. for year ending June 30, 1904. U. S. Dept. Agrie. 1905.
pp. 399-406.

8. Henricksen, H. C. — Report of the Horticulturist. Rpt. on
Agrie. Investigations in P. R.. 1905. Bui. 171, Office of Exp. Stas.,
U. S. Dept. Agrie. 1906. pp. 23-41.

9. Hood, J. D. — Two New Thysanoptera from Porto Rieo. In-
■secutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Vol. 1, No. 6, June, 1913. pp. 65-70.

10. Hooker, C. W. — Report of the Entomologist. Ann. Rpt.
P. R. Agrie. Exp. Sta. for 1912. 1913. pp. 34-38.

11. Johnston, J. R. — The Entomogenous Fungi of Porto Rieo.
Bui. 10. P. R. Brd. Commrs. Agrie. 1915. pp. 33, fig. 1, plates 9.

12. Jones, T. H. — Additional Notes on Porto Rican Sugar-Cane
Insects. Journ. Econ. Ent., Vol. 7, No. 6, 1914. pp. 461-463.

13. Jones, T. H. — Insects Affecting Vegetable Crops in Porto
Rico. Bui. 192, U. S. Dept. of Agrie. 1915. pp. 11. plates 4.

14. ]\Iaxwell-Lefroy, H. — Scale-Insects of the West Indies.
West Indian Bui, Vol. Ill, No. 4, 1902. pp. 295-319.

15. Tower, W. V. — Report of the Entomologist and Plant Path-
ologist. Ann. Report of the P. R. Agrie. Exp. Sta, for 1906. 1907.
pp. 25-28.

16. Tower, W. V. — Report of the Entomologist and Plant Path-
ologist. Ann. Rpt. P. R. Agrie, Exp. Sta. for 1907. 1908. pp. 31-38,

17. Tower, W. V.— Report of the Entomologist. Ann. Rpt. P. R.
Agrie. Exp. Sta. for 1908. 1909. pp. 23-28.

18. Tower, W. V.— Report of the Entomologist. Ann. Rpt. P. R.
Agrie. Exp. Sta. for 1909. 1910. pp. 21-28.

19. Tower, W. V. — Insects Injurious to Citrus Fruits and INIethods
foi- Combating Them. Bui. 10, P. R. Agrie. Exp. Sta. 1911. pp.
35, plates 5.

20. Tower, W. V. — Control of the Brown Ant {Sol^nopsis gcmi-
nata Fabr.) and the Mealy Bug {Pseudococciis citri Risso) in Pine-
api)le Plantations. Circ. 7, P. R. Agrie. Exp. Sta. p. 3.

21. Van Dine, D. L. — Report of the Entomologist. Bui. 1 (1st
Rpt.), Exp. Sta. of P. R. Sugar Producers' Assoc. 1911. pp. 17-31.

22. Van Dine, D. L. — Report of the Entomologist. 2d Ann. Rpt.

15

(Bui. 2), Exp. Sta. of P. R. Sugar Producers' Assoc. 1912, pp,
15-22.

23. Van Dine, D. L. — The Insects Affecting Sugar Cane in Porto
Rico. Journ. Eeon. Ent., Vol. 6, No. 2. 1913. pp. 251-257.

24. Van Dine, D. L. — Report of the Entomologist. 3d Ann, Rpt.
(Bui. 5), Exp. Sta. of P. R. Sugar Producers' Assoc. 1913. pp.
25-46.

25. Van Leenhoff, J. W. — Report of the Coffee Specialist. Rpt.
on Agric. Investigations in P. R., 1905. Bui. 171, Office of Exp.
Stas., U. S. Dept. Agric. 1906. pp. 42-47.

16

HISTORY AND CAUSE OF THE RIND DISEASE OF SUGAR CANE.

By John E.. Johnston,
Formerly Pathologist of the Insular Experiment Station.

Introduction.

The rind disease of sugar cane has been one of the most widely
discussed of all the cane diseases. It has been variously considered
by some as being- a harmless saprophyte and by others as having
caused great damage in the cane fields. Chiefly owing to inaccurate
and incomplete observations, literature on the subject is almost hope-
lessly confused as to the real nature of the fungus or the disease
caused by it. That cane fields are still invaded by a serious disease
of the rind which is always accompanied by a destruction of the tis-
sues and a deterioration of the sugar content, render it important
to ascertain the cause of the trouble. It is believed that a careful
study of the literature in the light of numerous field and laboratory
investigations will do much to clear up this subject. The writer has
been studying the matter for the past three years and can come to
no other conclusion than that the rind disease causes a great loss
in many cane fields. When the nature of this disease is described
and its history is shown, it is believed that this conclusion will he-.
justified.

17

EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF THE RIND DISEASE.

So confused is the literature on this subject that it will make
the discussion clearer to state once for all that the rind disease is
considered primarily a disease of the rind of the cane. "Whatever
effect there is upon other parts of the cane is considered secondary
in ascertaining the cause of the trouble, although it may as a matter
of fact be primary in the point of time in the life history of the
fungus itself.

The external symptoms of the rind disease are primarily the
appearance of numerous black pustules breaking through the rind
of the cane. (See Plate I.) From these pustules oozes a coherent
mass of spores which on exposure to the dry air hardens somewiiat
in the form of a stalk, varying in size and form from patelloid to
subclavate or cylindrical, up to 1 or 2 mm. in length. Sometimes
they appear merely as numerous tiny black threads breaking through
the rind. When these black pustules appear, the tissues of the cane
itself are already discolored and diseased. The relations of other
symptoms of disease are complicated with the presence of other fungi
and will be left to a fuller discussion further on. It will be noted
that there are a few eruptions on the rind that are caused by dif-
ferent fungi. These will all be discussed in their proper place. The
preceding brief diagnosis of rind disease will be used as a basis foi-
discussing the history and full nature of the fungus and the disease
caused by it.

THE AUTHOR'S INVESTIGATIONS OF THE RIND DISEASE.

FIELD NOTES IN I^RTO RICO.

Conditions under which the rind fungus have been noted in Porto
Rico are extremely variable. It has never been observed in fields of
young green cane excepting in shoots injured or killed by some other
fungus such as Marasmius- sacchari or by such insects as the changa,
the whitegrub, the root weevil, or the moth stalk-borer. In such
cases it can hardly be considered more than a saprophyte.

In cane over six or eight months old this fungus can almost
invariably be found on the leaf -sheaths of the cane, not universal
on all stalks, nor on all varieties, but at least common in the ciine

18

fields of Porto Rico. The fungus occurs not only at the base on the
outside of the leaf -sheath, but occasionally near the joint of the leaf-
sheath with the leaf-blade. On the leaf-sheaths, the fungus may
hasten the drying of the leaf, but does not necessarily pass from the
sheath into the stalk. Numerous canes have been observed up to
maturity which liad remained perfectly healthy so far as the stalk
was concerned, but which had had the fungus on the leaf-sheaths
for some months.

In contrast with the conditions found in green cane, in mature
or almost mature cane considerable damage has been observed which
appeared to be attributable to this fungus.

In Naguabo in 1912 a certain field of D625 presented an excellent
growth. The planting was wide, i. e., 1 feet between rows, but the
stalks had developed well. Before the cane was considered quite
ripe enough for cutting, it began to appear diseased, i. e., black pus-
tules appeared on the rind, the canes appeared water-soaked, and
the tops died. In some cases moth borers were present, but with
this exception there appeared no fimgus in any quantity except the
rind fungus Melancomum sacchari. In a few weeks' time this dis-
ease had spread over the field, not affecting all stalks, but some
stalks in many stools. The loss in weight and sucrose before the
cane could be cut was considerable.

Near Rio Grande in 1912 was a field of a large yellow Demerara
cane, probably D623 or D116, supposed by some to be identical canes.
The growth of the cane at twelve months was excellent, consisting
of an abundance of large stalks. It was generally known that this
cane contained a comparatively small amount of sucrose especially
on low wet soils such as in this case. It was suggested that possible-
leaving the cane over for another season would produce a larger
sugar content, therefore the canes were left for a period of twenty
months. Long j^efore this time had passed many of the stalks had
become infected with the rind disease and become entirely rotted
down, so that at the end of the period the field was almost an entire
loss.

In tile same vicinity in 1912 fields of the striped (rayada) and
the native white cane (Otaheite) , which were only twelve months old,
behaved in the way.

This latter condition of cane tw^elve to fourteen months old rotting
back with the rind fungus is not uncommon in Porto Rico. The
moth stalk-borer is often associated with the fungus, but is no more
common in diseased fields than in those not diseased. The conditions
under which this disease occurs are not clear, but everything points

19

to a weakness in the cane due either to a weak soil or to drought
or to excessive water. Apparently a variety of these conditions
brings about much the same effect in cane.

Aside from the occurrence of the rind fungus in large mature
canes, it is not uncommon to find it abundant in fields of cane that
have been stunted through the presence of root disease, or some un-
toward soil condition. This is especially true in old ratoons that
are running down. In Canovanas in 1912 an entire field of cane
failed to grow large and vigorous and before maturity almost the
entire field ^vas infected with this fungus and Avas a complete loss.
In adjacent fields first crops have been obtained, but there, too, the
ratoon crops have been lost in the same way.

In all cases in Porto Rico an infection with the rind fungus seems
to be preceded by a weakening of the vitality of the cane through
some other untoward condition. It happens, however, that these
conditions cannot always be foreseen, and therefore the rind fungus
must be considered a serious obstacle to the best results among the
sugar planters. These various untoward conditions in themselves do
not begin to have the effect that they do together with the rind
fungus.

Cane may suffer from root disease, but does not rot out unless
affected by the rind fungus also.

Cane may suffer from drought, but it does not deteriorate unless
attacked by the rind fungus in addition.

Cane may suffer from floods, but that does not render it worth-
less as does a severe infection of the rind fungus.

Altogether the field investigations appear to demonstrate that
31 elanco Ilium sacchari is capable of doing great damage in mature
canes in Porto Rico.

INOCULATIONS WITH THE RIND FUNGUS.

Inoculations with pure cultures of the rind fungus have been
made into green canes and into almost mature canes, but in no case
was there any visible infection. In all these inoculations the cane
was vigorous and the inoculating wounds were slight. This would
tend to show that vigorous cane was not infected by tliis disease.
No inoculating experiments have been made on weak canes.

FIELD INVESTIGATIONS IN SANTO DOMINGO.

Examination of the cane fields at La Komana, San Pedro de Ma-
eoris, and Santo Domingo city show the rind fungus to be common
but not doing much damage. It is present only in canes which have

20

been seriously injured, i. e., when the top has been cut off, and in
these cases the infection has spread only to the first node, leaving
the base of the cane perfectly sound.

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES.

Investigation here revealed quite the same conditions as in Santo
Domingo; i. e., no entire rotting of sound canes, but mere infection
at the point of some serious injury and on the leaf-sheaths.

INVESTIGATIONS IN CUBA.

No extensive investigations have been made here by the writer
of this paper, but stalks completely rotted by the rind fungus have
been observed in the vicinity of Nipe Bay.

GREENHOUSE INVESTIGATIONS, WASHINGTON, D. C.

In the greenhouses in Washington, D. C, cane has been grown
to a greater or less extent for the last seven or eight years. It has
been common to find large stalks completely rotted out by this fun-
gus. It is to be expected from our observations of the behavior
of this organism that this would occur. Cane grown in the green-
house is not as hardy as that grown out of doors; its roots are apt
to be confined and the tops are subject to injury. Altogether the
appearance of this disease in Washington corresponds well with the
condition frequently found in Porto Rico and as casually observed in
one place in Cuba, but not with its appearance as seen in Santo Do-
mingo or the Southern United States.

It may thus be expected that there will be found a similar varia-
tion in the conditions in other countries which might to a large extent
account for the variation in opinions regarding the importance of
the rind fungus.

In the particular cases cited the possibility of confusing the case
with infection by other fungi has been avoided by special search for
such as Colletotricliuni falcatum, so while there is no direct proof
by inoculation that Melanconium sacchari causes the trouble under
all conditions, there is the fairly satisfactory proof of it, arrived at
by the process of elimination.

HISTORY AND IDENTITY OF THE RIND FUNGUS.

The first available description of a fungus breaking through the
rind of the cane is that of Strumclla sacchari by Cooke in Grevillea,

21

Vol. XIX, p. 45. He described this fungus from a specimen of
sugar cane labeled Bailey 871 from Queensland, as follows:

"Pustules gregarious, erumpent, black, patelloid or subclavate, with a short
stemlike base, or cylindrical multiform (Yj mm. diam.), hyphae short, hyaline,
simple; conidia cycindrically elliptical, continuous, pale fuscous, 10-12x3 mi-
crons." This description is purely one of the fungus and does not indicate
the symptoms of the disease other than to say that the pustules are erumi^ent.

In 1878 Cooke published a description (8)^ of one of Berkeley's
species as follows:

Darluca Melaspora Berk, in litt. Pustulis prominulis, nigris, sporis oblongis
binucleatis, cirrhis nigris. . 015 x. 115 mm. From sugar cane in Australia.

In 1892 was published a new species by Ellis and Everhart in a
paper by Cockerell (7). The name of the new fungus was TruUula
sacchari and its description as follows:

Aeervuli innate-erumpent or entirely black, conicglobose, % to Vz mm. diam.,
resembling perethecia. Conidia catenulate, forming at first a continuous, hyaline
filament, 70-75 microns long, soon separating into oblong 2-.3 nucleate, olivaceous
conidia, 8-11x21^-3' microns, rounded at the ends, and closely resembling the
sporidia of some Hypoxylon. The chains of conidia are densely crowded and
simple. The erumpent aeervuli blacken the surface of the culm with the dis-
charged conidia, but some of the aeervuli are entirely buried in the inner sub-
stance of the culm and are apparently never erumpent. Found in Jamaica,
Barbados and Trinidad on sugar cane.

In 1893 Massee (26) described the black erumpent fungus on
sugar cane as a Melanconium stage of Trichosphaeria sacchari. In
a later paper (27) he gave the succession of these various stages
as follows: from Melanconium stage to macro- and micro-conidial
stages and thence to the ascigerous stage which he called Triclio-
sphaeria sacchari. His work was based on material received from
Trinidad and other English colonies.

Fawcett (14) in 1894 wrote that he found Trichosphaeria sac-
chari (the Melanconium stage) present in Jamaica, but he found
other diseased material, which he" sent to Kew and which was exam-
ined by Massee and pronounced Collet otrichum falcatiim. Later he
Avrote (15) that he found Trichosphaeria (Melanconium stage) and
that Massee considered it only a form of Colletotrichum falcatnm.

In 1895 Saccardo (32) changed the name of Cooke's Darluca
melaspora to Coniothyrium melasporum. In the same year Prillieux
and Delacroix (31) studied material from Mauritius which showed
the same black erumpent fungus on the cane as did Darluca and

'Figures in parenthesis refer to bibliography at the end of tlic iirticle.

22

Melanconium and the others. They called the fungus ConiotJiyriiim
melasporum following Saceardo's name, as they believed their fun-
gus to be identical with Darluca melaspora.

Thistleton-Dyer (34) published a summary of the cane diseases
in Barbados, in which he reiterates the statement that at Kew Col-
leiotrichum falcatum Went is considered merely as one phase in the
life history of Trichospkaeria sacchari. It should be noted that it
was not claimed that Colletotrichuni falcatum was the same as any
other stage of TricJiosphaeria, for from its appearance there could
be no confusion as to that. It was stated that Colletotrichum was
considered a stage in the life history of Trichosphaeria. There was,
however, no proof brought forward to support this claim and sub-
sequently the idea was given up. At present they are believed by
investigators in general to be distinct fungi.

Went (39) published in 1896, in an article on sugar-cane diseases^
criticisms of IMassee's work on Trichosphaeria, together with the
statement that Massee's macro- and micro-spores of Trichosphaeria
were remarkably like the macro- and micro-spores of Went's Thiela-
viopsis ethaceticus. Went's opinion was strengthened by examina-
tion of West Indian material. He also found Melanconium spores
in Java and from pure cultures obtained both the Melanconium^
spores and macrospores. Thistleton-Dyer (1. c.) believed Went's
Melanconium was not really the Melanconium sacchari of the West
Indies.

]\Iassee (1. c.) had claimed that Thielaviopsis was the same as
his macro- and micro-spores of Trichosphaeria, thus agreeing on this
point with Went except that the latter did not connect them with
the perfect stage of Trichospliaeria.

Prillieux and Delacroix (1. c.) agreed with Massee in considering
Thielaviopsis ethaceticus to represent the macro- and micro-spore con-
dition of the Melanconium fungus which they called Coniofhiirium.

Finally in the history of the rind disease Howard issues a paper
(19) in which he shows that Colletotrichuni falcatum and Melan-
conium are not stages of the same fungus, but he claims that the
former is the cause of the rind disease and not the latter. As-
Howard has made a most unfortunate confusion between cause and
effect here, it will be necessary to discuss the matter more fully.

In preceding pages of this paper there was given a description
of the fungus causing the rind disease and producing those symp-
toms commonly recognized as belonging to the rind disease, i. c,
numerous eruptions of the rind from which issue black masses of
spores. As to whether this disease causes further destruction of the

23

tissues or as to whether there are other fungi that cause the destruc-
tion of the rind or of other tissues, that matter has not been dis-
cussed. The description of Colletotrichum falcatum. as given by
Went is as follows:

Setis nunc seriatis, nunc in psuedo-conceptaculum, cOngregatis, cuspidatis,
100-200 X 4, conidiis falcatis, 25 x 4, hyalinis, ad basim setulorum, basidiis ovoi-
deis, 20 x 8, hyalinis vel fuscis, suffultis.

Went found the fungus on living cane, but most of the reports
definitely state that while the vegetative hyphae are common on liv-
ing cane, fruiting bodies are very rare except on dead cane. Such
beihg the case, it is not clear how Colletotrichum falcatum produces
any eruptions on the rind. As to whether it does cause a serious
disease of the cane is entirely a different matter.

From the foregoing descriptions it will be seen that five different
names have been given to black erumpent fungi on sugar cane, Stru-
mella sacchari, Darluca melaspora, Trullula saccharic Melanconium
sacchari and Coniothyrium melasporum, the last being admittedly
the same as Darluca. It mil be desirable to ascertain if all these
names may apply to one and the same fungus. It must first be
stated that the common fungus producing these black eruptions on
cane throughout the West Indies, Hawaii, Mauritius, Natal, Aus-
tralia, and other places appears to be one and the same and to be
correctly classed as Melanconium sacchari. More rarely are found
similar forms which might be mistaken for Melanconium. It will
be desirable to review the descriptions of the fungi already men-
tioned in order to judge whether they may be considered to be
Melanconium or distinct fungi.

1. Strumella sacchari. — Said by Thistleton-Dyer (85) to be the
same as Melanconium sacchari. Strumclla belongs in the Tuhercu-
lariaceae, quite a distinct group from that containing Melanconium.
There is nothing in the description to indicate that the fungus is
a true Strumella or that it cannot go in Melanconium. In fact,
investigators seem agreed that these two names really lielong to one
and the same fungus.

2. Darluca melaspora. — INIassee (28) states that this species is
founded on material sent to Berkeley in 1878 from Porto Rico and
not from Australia as stated by Cooke. Furthermore he states that
the material itself shows the fungus to be a Diplodia and not a Dar-
luca. It would seem that Massee's examination ought to settle the
question, but it is not clear how C^ooke's description of Darluca me-
laspora can apply to a Diplodia. Rather does it resemble Melan-
conium with the one-celled binucleate spores, 12 x 5 microns, and

24

Wack threads. To what the "cirrhis nigris" or ''black threads"
applies is not evident whether to pustules or to spores, but in neither
case it would apply to a Diplodia. It would seem more likely that
there were both forms in the material or that the material had been
mislabeled. It would appear that Cooke's Darluca melaspora is really
Melanconium sacchari.

3. Trullula sacchari. — This fungus has been said by Massee (27)
to be similar to the macroconidial stage of Trichosphacria sacchari.
However, ]\Iassee evidently did not note that while his maeroco-
nidia measure 18-20 x 12 microns, the spores of Trullula measure
8-11 X 21/2-3 microns, too great a difference to permit of their being
considered as identical. It is possible that Trullula sacchari cor-
responds to the microeonidia of Trichosphacria sacchari, especially
as the general description answers fairly well for it. Thus "conidia
catenulate, forming at first a continuous, hyaline filament, 70-75
microns long, soon separating into oblong 2-3 nucleate, olivaceous
conidia, " answers fairly well for either fungus. However. "Acer-
vuli innate erumpent or entirely black, conic-globose, ^-^^ vmn- dia.
resembling perethecia" does not apply to the microeonidia stage of
Triclwsphaeria Init to the IMelanconium stage. To no other known
fungi does this description apply, and as the material is reported
from at least three islands it is believed that the description M^as
meant for one of the common cane fungi, i. c, McMnconium, and
possibly mixed with the microconidial stage of TricJiosphaeria.

■4. Melanconium sacchari described by Massee is placed in its proper
genus. Massee, however, believed that he found also other stages
of the same fungus. The perfect stage he called Trichosphaeria sac-
chari. This work will be discussed fully further on. It is sufficient
to state here that Melancomum sacchari is the generally accepted
name for the common erumpent black fungais found on the rind of
sugar cane in many countries.

5. Coniothyrium sacchari. — This is Saccardo's name for Darluca
melaspora, which has already been shown to be in all probability
identical with Melanconium sacchari. Massee (1. c.) states that Pril-
leux and Delacroix in their paper (1. c.) have fallen into an error
in considering Melanconium the same as Coniothyrium. They de-
scribed material from IMauritius as Conioflnjriuni sacchari and illus-
trated their description with a plate. The illustration leaves little
doubt that the material was Melanconium, and the description answers
fully as well for Darluca. Apparently these are all one and the
same fungus.

25

In summing up it is seen that —

Strumella sacchari is generally admitted to be identical witli
Melanconium sacchari.

Darluca mdaspora is said to be a Diplodia, but really appears to
be Melanconium sacchari.

Triilhda sacchari is said to be identical with the macroeonidial
stage of Trichosphaeria but appears to be the same as Melanconium
sacchari.

Melanconium sacchari is the generally accepted and proper name
for the rind fungus of sugar cane.

Coniothyrinm melusporum, same as Darluca rnelaspora, is prob-
ably Melanconium sacchari.

LIFE HISTORY OF THE FUNGUS.

In the foregoing paragraphs there has been given brief mention
of various references to the so-called rind fungus as it has been
understood by A'arious investigators. In the main Melanconium sac-
chari and its various possible forms are considered the cause of the
disease and Mill be treated as such.

Melanconivm sacchari, the ordinary form of the rind disease,
consists of dark septate hyphae running within the stalk of the cane.
Immediately below the epidermis the hyphae often forms a layer of
pseudo tissue from which arise the short conidiophores bearing the
terminal eouidia. These are produced in large numbers and if their
formation is close to the surface of the epidermis, the mass breaks
through and oozes out either forming a black conical heap or a long
slender thread entirely made up of the spores. The variation in
this formation apparently depends upon the rapidity of the forma-
tion of the spore mass, which in turn depends upon the moisture
conditions in the atmosphere. These spores germinate and are sup-
posed to grow into the cane and after increasing vegetatively to
repeat the spore formation. The method of entrance through the
rind of the cane is not positively known. It may be through the
stomata, or through such wounds as those caused by the stalk-weevil,
the moth borer or the ambrosia beetle, or there is the bare possibility
that the hyphae can penetrate the cells of the epidermis itself.

There has been much discussion as to whether this fungus does
not produce more than one kind of spore — that is to say, have more
than one stage of growth. It is common for some fungi to have
various stages of gro\\^h, and it is of the utmost importance to know
them all in order to work out control measures for the disease. As-

2;;

already inentioued the first description of Strumella sacchari, which
has been identified with Melanconium sacchari, describes only the
Melaneoniuin form. IMassee was the first to claim that he had found
more than one stage, i. e., a macroconidial and a microeonidial stage
in addition to the Melanconium stage. In his paper on the subject
he attempted to prove the genetic connection between the forms.
]\Iassee placed four conidia (Melanconium [ ?] spores) in each of three
flasks containing equal quantities of sugar-cane solution, and then
placed the cultures for incubation in a temperature of about 75° F.
At the end of five daj^s the liquid in each of the flanks presented
an opalescent appearance which examination showed to be due to
very delicate, much branched hyphae. Examination of the contents
of a second flask after eight days' growth showed numerous filaments
of myceliiim measuring up to 8 microns in diameter and full of
brilliant, fine-grained, homogeneous protoplasm. These thick hyphae
originated as lateral branches from the delicate hyphae first pro-
duced by the conidia.

A third flask after twelve days' growth assumed a dark olive
color and the entire surface of the mycelium at the level of the solu-
tion presented an appearance of an olive-colored, dense, velvety mass.
The velvety appearance proved to be due to the presence of closely
packed, erect, dark olive conidiophores growing out into the air, each
bearing at its apex a single chain of reddish-broA\'n conidia — called
by ]\rassee microcouidia. The dark olive color of the mass of my-
celium immersed in the fluid was found to be due to immense num-
bers of large conidia arranged in chains and springing from the tips
of the thick hyphae previously described. These latter forms IMassec-
called macroconidia.

It must be observed that Massee's method of procedure is not
sufficiently described in detail to demonstrate clearly the origin of
these various spores. He starts with four of the IMelanconium spores
placed in each of three flasks, but nothing is indicated to show tliat
there might not have been some contamination. The first two flasks
were treated after examination so that their contents were killed.
As a result he found the microspore and the macrospores only in
the third flask.

After the above experiment in wiiich he is assumed to have pro-
duced from IMelanconium spores two other forms in flasks. IMassee
took small portions of cane containing hyphae of Melanconium and
placed them in a nutrient solution. The characters which distin-
guish Melanconium hyphae from others are not given, nor is it stated
that there were no other hyphae present, nor is the operation stated

27

to have been done under sterile conditions. After twelve days the
nutrient solution was croAvded with mycelium bearing both forms
of conidia, that is, the micro- and the maerospores. Further IMassee
took internal portions of diseased cane near the apex and placed
them in a nutrient solution, care being taken to prevent the acci-
dental introduction of other fungi. There resulted rapid growth of
the hyphae and eventual formation of macroconidia.

An inoculation experiment was next carried out by introducing
Melanconium conidia upon the base of an old leaf -sheath of cane
six feet high. After twenty days IMelanconium spores were pro-
duced. At the same time a small portion of diseased cane containing
hyphae of the Melanconium stage were introduced into a slit made
into a cane stalk. ^Mature fruit burst out of the cane after twenty-
two days. Eight days later this cane was split open and it was
found that at the joint where inoculation was performed by wound-
ing the cane, the mycelium had produced the large macroconidia in
the decaying tissue. No macroconidia were present at the point where
infection took place through a dead-leaf base.

An inoculation experiment was made by placing tlie macroconidia
on the basal part of the upper surface of a Yery young leaf; in
five days the infected area became a deep red, and in fourteen days
a dense pile of conidiophores appeared on the surface bearing micro-
conidia. Internal macroconidia were not found. Nothing was said
by Massee about the presence of Melanconium spores.

Another inoculation was made by placing macroconidia on the
broken surface of a lateral shoot which had been broken off close to
the stem. In fourteen days microconidia were formed, but no macro-
conidia. and no mention is made of Melanconium spores.

Two more experiments showed practically tJie same results, the
macroconidia, however, being found in one case.

An inoculation made with microconidia produced ])oth the miero-
and macroconidia but no Melanconium spores.

Neither Massee 's flask cultures nor his inoculation experiments
can be taken as any proof that the Melanconium spores are in any
way connected with either the micro- or macrospore forms.

Massee found two mature perithecia on a much decayed portion
of a cane received from Barbados; they sprang from a point that
had previously borne a crop of microconidia and were surrounded
by old collapsed conidiophores, the conidia having disappeared.
^Fassee says "although the evidence in favor of a genetic connection
between the perithecia found on the cane and the microconidia with
which they were associated, was strong, yet it could not be accepted

28

as conclusive; and it was not until similar perithecia were acciden-
tally discovered on the surface of the material contained in one of
the flask cultures, that this supposition was proved to be correct."
The flask referred to was one filled with a mass of hyphae produced
from a macroconidium. The submerged portion was black from a
copious development of macroconidia, while the surface was covered
with a dense pile of conidiophores bearing mieroconidia. This flask
was accidentally broken. and out of curiosity Massee examined a por-
tion of the contents bearing mieroconidia. Two young perithecia
were found which were almost colorless and without spores but bear-
ing the long characteristic bristle-like, septate hyphae as did the
mature perithecia found on the decayed cane. Two examples of the
initial stage of a perithecium were found. The culture was placed
under favorable conditions for the further growth of the perithecia,
but unfortunately soon became covered with Penicillium and other
growth, and gave no further results. However, from these results
Massee concluded that he had the perfect stage of the fungus which
he named TricliosplMeria sacchari;. and as has already been stated
he concluded this stage to be derived from the macrospore stage,
which in turn arose from the Melanconium stage. The microspore
formation was considered somewhat in the light of a variation of
the macrospore formation, and like it to be derived from the Melan-
conium spores. It has already been shown that the genetic connec-
tion between the jMelanconium stage and the macrospore and the
microspore stages has not been demonstrated by Massee. It is
equally clear that the finding of perithecia amidst macro- and miero-
conidia on diseased cane and finding immature forms of some peri-
thecia .(possibly the same) on a culture of macro- and mieroconidia
which are not demonstrated pure cultures does not prove or any
more in the slightest degree suggest a gentic connection between the
macro- and the microspores and these perithecia. Thus Massee has
constructed the life history of the Melanconium fungus largely out
of assumption.

It has been claimed in reference already quoted that Melanconium
has a fourth stage in the life history, that of ColletotricJium falcatum.
No work, however, was published to prove this assumption.

"Went (39) in 1896 took up the matter of the relationship of the
Melanonium with the macro- and mieroconidia. These two latter
forms appeared to him to be identical with what he called Thicla-
viopsis ethaceticus and especially for that reason he wished to deter-
mine if there was any relationship between the various forms. Un-
fortunately the fungus with which Went worked does not correspond

29

to tlip West Indian Mclanconium, so that the results cannot be taken
as for or against Massee's claims.

In 1900 Howard (20) published a rather elaborate paper on his
researches on this subject. He had already stated in another paper
(21) that he had infected unsterilized pieces of cane with iMelan-
conium spores and five days afterwards macro- and microconidia had
developed. He found later, however, that a repetition of the ex-
periment gave the macro- and the microspore forms as frequently
on control canes as on inoculated canes. He thus concluded that the
genetic connection between the various forms was not demonstrated.
Howard further made many inoculation experiments both with the
i\Ielanconium form and with the macro-spores; he cultivated the
macroconidial stages for over two years; and he had flask cultures
under observation for 18 months, but in no case did he find ^Telan-
eonium spores give rise to macroconidia or vice versa. He states
that several thousand rotten canes were examined, but in no ease did
he find perithecia corresponding to IMassee's TricJiosphneria saccJiari.

From these various discussions it will be seen that no form other
than the one originally described under the name of Strumella by
Cooke has been proven for the Melanconiiim. There is the minor
possible exception of chlamydospores found by Went with his ques-
tionable Melanconium sacchari but corroborated by Howard in flask
cultures. So far as has been shown they have little bearing on the
reproduction of the fung-us as it actually occurs in the fields. Thus,
so far as is known to-day, the life history of Melanconium sacclmri
is very simple, consisting only of the vegetative part producing stylo-
spores, which in turn reproduce the plant.

ASSOCIATED FUNGI.

As has already been seen several fungi have been found asso-
ciated with Mclanconium sacchari, some of them so closely that they
have been assumed to be stages of the same fungus.

Thielaviopsis cthaceticus. — The micro- and macrospores of Melan-
conium as described by JMassee were believed to be identical with the
spores of Thielaviopsis ethaceticus by Went. Howard was also of
the same opinion. Thielaviopsis is not commonly found in standing
cane, but is common in cut cane that has been left standing about
or particularly in seed in the soil. Melanconium is characteristically
found in standing cane. However, when affected seed is used the
fruiting bodies of Melanconium may be found on seed in the soil.

Colletotrichum falcatiim. — This was or-iginally descri))ed l)y Went
in Java as the cause of the red-rot or red smut. It is "supposed to

30

gain entrance through borer holes or wounds in the cane, but does not
usually fruit until the cane has dried out considerably. The fruiting
bodies appear in velvety black patches on the dry part of the cane.
Under a lens small black bristles are found to be abundant, and from
among these arise the single-celled, colorless, more or less falcate
spores. There is no evidence of pustule formation nor of any for-
mation to mistake the Collet otrichum for the Melanconium.

Diplodia cacaoicola. — This fungus has been found on cane in India
by Butler (3), in Barbados by Howard (22), and in Porto Rico by
the author. A fungus was sent to Kew in 1878 from Porto Rico
and was described in manuscript as Darluca melaspora. This was
referred to by Cooke in Nuovo Gionale Bot., Yol. X. p. 26, 1878,
who according to Massee (1. c.) incorrectly gave the locality as Aus-
tralia. Saccardo changed the name to Coniothyrium melasporum,
quoting Cooke's diagnosis incorrectly in Syll. Fung.. Vol. Ill, No.
1799. Prilleux and Delacroix (31) in their paper on sugar-cane
diseases have, according to Massee, wrongly considered Melanconium
sacchari as synonymous wnth Coniothyriiim. Examination of Berke-
ley's type specimen by INIassee revealed the fact that it was a Diplo-
dia. As already shown, however, on previous pages, Prilleux and
Delacroix's description answers to that of Melanconium and not to
Diplodia. When ^lassee examined the material he must either have
seen another fungus or examined the wrong specimen. A fungus
answering to the description of Diplodia cacaoicola occurs at present
in Porto Rico on cane. This fungus forms pycnidia, which break
through the rind in conical projections, thus resembling to some extent
the eruptions of IMelanconium. This fungus, however, has not been
reported as common in any country, so that there is little danger
of confusing it with Melanconium.

Cytospora sacchari. — This fungus has been reported by Butler
(3), who states that it might be confused with Melanconium. It
forms similar black eruptions on the surface of the rind. It has so
far been reported only from India and from Porto Rico.

Melanconium saccharinum. — This fungus was originally reported
from Java, but is common in Porto Rico, Santo Domingo and the
Southern United States. Under certain conditions it might ])e mis-
taken for M. sacchari. This latter, besides occurring on the stalk,
is abundant on the leaf sheaths and on that part of the leaf blades
immediately ad.ioining the sheath proper. In these locations it sel-
dom sends out the long threads, but usually appears as conical erup-
tions. Much the same appearance is presented by M. saccharinum
ajid in the same part of the leaf. The two fungi may be present

31

at the same time. So far as is known M. sacchariniim does not occur
on the cane stalks, with the exception of the flow^ering stalk, and is
not as yet known to cause serious damage.

Gnomonia iliau. — This fungus occurs in Hawaii and in Louisiana.
The perfect or Gnomonia stage might at a casual glance be mistaken
for Melanconium sacchari, but the necks of the perithecia are slen-
der and hard and do not spread out as do the black spore masses of
the rind fungus. The imperfect stage of Gnomonia iliau is called
Melanconiufn iliau and to the writer does not present satisfactory
means of identification to the naked eye, so closely does it resemble
M. sacchari. Under a lens, or more especially under a compound
microscope, the differences are readily apparent.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE DISEASE.

United States.- — ^The rind fungus {Melanconium sacchari) was re-
ported by Dr. Stubbs in the Louisiana Planter for May 21, 1910.
Edgerton (11) reported it as occurring only on seed cane. H. R.
Fulton, formerly of the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station,
sent to Washington specimens of Melanconium sacchari on cane.
This was sent from New Orleans on October 19, 1907. About 1905
Dr. Erwin F. Smith was growing cane in the greenhouses in Wash-
ington, D. C, for studies on the gumming disease. On much of
this cane Melanconium sacchari appeared. In the summers of 1911
and 1913 more cane was grown in other greenhouses in Washington,
and on tliis cane appeared much of this disease. Further than these
notes there are no records of the occurrence of this disease in the
States, with the exception of the author's notes. These notes report
its occurrence in Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.

Cuha. — The fungus was reported as common on dead canes, leaf-
sheaths and dead leaves that had been kept in a moist place and
also as frequent on dead or injured parts of living canes, by Home
and Cooke (10). The writer has also seen this disease on standing
cane at Nipe Bay, Cuba.

Jamaica. — As already mentioned, TrululUi sacchari E&E iden-
tical with Melanconium sacchari was sent from Westmoreland County,
Jamaica, and reported on by Cockerell (7) in 1891-93. Fawcett (15)
in 1895 reported the rind disease due to Melanconium sacchari to
be common on certain estates, especially in cane tops affected by the
moth-borer.

Santo Domingo. — The author reported the rind fungus common
in most of the cane districts of this fsland in 1913.

Porto Bico. — Cane diseased by Melamconium sacchari was sent
from Porto Rico to the United States Department of Agriculture in
"Washington in 1906 ( ?) and was identified by the writer. Tower
(36) reported the fungus present especially on the south side of
the Island. Fawcett (16) the following year reported it, stating
that it was very common on the east end of the Island. In the
report of the writer (23) for 1910-1911 the fungus is said to be
prevalent all over the Island.

Barbados. — Bovell (2) reported in 1895 in regard to the rind
fungus that ' ' in many instances so badly has the disease attacked
the canes that instead of an acre giving from two to three hogsheads
of sugar it will require many acres to give one hogshead."'

South (33) in 1909-1910 rei)orted this fungus as always present
on dead canes which are dry.

British Guiana. — Harrison and Jenman (18) stated that until
early in 1894 the canes in British Guiana appeared to be quite free
from fungoid disease, although the fungus Trichosphaeria sacchari
could be found in greater or less abundance on dead canes and on
the dead parts of dying canes in probably every field in the colony,
but in February, 1894, they noticed that several varieties of seed-
lings were affected with rind fungus. Specimens of this fungus on
cane were received from botli Demerara and Essequibo.

Other English Colonies, in the West Indies. — Prof. Harrison
(1. c.) visited Trinidad, St. Vincent, Barbados, Antigua, Grenada,
and Carriacou and found the rind fungus present in all of them.
South (1. c.) reported, as follows:

St. Vincent. — The rind fungus occurred to a considerable extent,
but chiefly in fields of the Bourbon variety of cane.

Antigua. — The fungus was not prevalent, but cases were somewhat
more frequent than formerly. It was often noticed in fields badly
attacked by root disease.

St. Kitts. — It was not observed to any extent.
Nevis. — It was observed on some estates. Seedling cane B147
was always more subject to attacks than any other variety.

Argentine. — Engler and Prantl (13) record Melancouuim sac-
chari IMassee on cane in Argentine.

Mauritius. — Prillieux and Delacroix (31) record the fungus in
Mauritius. In an article entitled La Maladie de la Canne in La
Sucrerie Indigcnie et Coloniale, pp. 361-363, Vol. VII, 2d semester,
1894, is correspondence between Thistle-Dyer, of Kew, and AI. W.
Scott, of Mauritius, and discussion of the rind disease caused by

33

Melanconium sacchari. The Melanconium form was found to be very
abundant. Massee records it from INIauritius in 1894.

British India. — Melanconium sacchari is stated by Butler (3) to
be rare in British India. It is also reported from India by Massee
(29). Barber (1) also records the fungus from India.

Tonquin. — The fungus was reported in this part of Indo-China
by Prilleux and Delacroix (1. c).

Java. — Went (38) describes its appearance in Java. His descrip-
tion in the Annals of Botany (39) is such, however, to lead one to
suspect that he did not have the West Indian Melanconium sacchari.
Thistleton-Dyer (35), in discussing the subject, thinks he had a very
different fungus. Went describes black spherical conidia as being
connected with the Melanconium with which he was working, and
no one else has as yet published a description of such a form. He
mentions chlamydospores, so that it cannot be certain just what
Went had, although these were also found by Howard (20).

Natal. — Fuller (17) reported in this colony a fungus on sugar
cane supposed by him to be Strumella sacchari, which, as we have
seen, is identical with Melanconium sacchari.

Queensland,. — The first description of Strumella sacchari was by
Cooke (9) from a specimen received from Queensland. Tryon (37)
also also records the occurrence of the rind disease in this country.

Xew South Wales. — Cobb (4) reported Strumella sacchari as oc-
curring there.

Hawaii. — Perkins (30) in 1904 stated that "nearly a year ago,
* * * an unusal outbreak of some parasitic leaf-fungi was no-
ticed, and this was shortly followed by a similar spread of fungous
diseases affecting other parts of the cane. It must not be supposed
that these fungi are new to this country; they have been known to
us for at least some years sporadically, but are now epidemic. The
present epidemic is clearly due to the abundance of the leaf-hopper.

"At present by far the most widespread and injurious of these
diseases is the so-called Rind Disease. * * * Qn examining the
stripped stem of young cane, I find that the fungus has already
attacked this severely. * * * Whole fields of cane are simply
saturated with the spores of the fungus."

Cobb (5) in 1906 stated that he had "noted the presence of rind
disease in sufficient quantity to call for remedial action." Lewton-
Brain (24) described the rind disease and the loss caused by it in
1907. Cobb (6), writing again in 1909, said that in many fields,
especially ratoon fields of Lahaina cane, it was common to find the
sheaths of Ihe ''lalas" (shoots from the top of the cane) attacked

31

by rind disease. "I have seen fields of this kind in which nearly
every laJa showed the spores of rind disease issuing from the sheaths
of its lowest leaves, and when the higher leaves were pulled away
it was evident that these, too, were attacked and in the first stages
of the disease."

PARASITISM OF THE FUNGUS.

The fact that Melanconium sacchari has attracted such widespread
notice would lead one to assume that it was without question a para-
site. Still careful workers cannot accept the prevalence alone of an
organism to indicate its parasitism. Though it may not in this case
be an active parasite it is necessary at least to know its degree of
parasitism before recommending methods of treatment.

A misleading idea given in many articles on fungous diseases is
that the very presence of an organism to the apparent exclusion of
others, or the preponderance of one organism over another indicates
that it is the cause of whatever disease may be in the host plant.
Thus the presence of Melanconium has been assumed by many to
indicate that it was the cause of the diseased condition of whatever
cane it might be found in.

jMassee (27) was the first to publish the results of inoculation
experiments with this fungus. His experiments were as follows:

Experitnent I. — A sugar cane, 6 feet high and II/2 inch in diameter
at the base, was inoculated by placing Melanconium conidia' upon
the base of an old leaf sheath, the leaf having fallen away. After
twenty days the ]\Ielanconium fruit was fully developed, the long
black filaments of conidia oozing out through minute cracks in the
cuticle about half an inch above the node, and from the point of
inoculation. At the same time as this experiment was made a small
portion of diseased cane containing hyphae of the Melanconium stage
was introduced into a slit made in the cane; this experiment re-
sulted in the appearance of mature fruit bursting out from the cane
after twenty-two days. The cane was cut down ten days after the
last-mentioned experiment, and on being split open it was found
that at the point where the inoculation was performed by wounding
the cane the mycelium had produced the large macroconidia in the
decaying tissue.

Experiment II. — ^^IMelanconium conidia were placed on moistened
patches of young living leaves of sugar cane, some of the patches
being first carefully washed to remove the bloom on the surface of
the leaf, others not being so treated. After twelve days there were
no signs of infection on the unbroken surfaces of young leaves and

35

stems, hence Massee concluded that while Melanconmm was a para-
site it was only a wound parasite. In his own words lie demonstrated
conclusively that the fungus called Trichosphaeria saccJiari (the Me-
lanconium stage) can effect an entrance into healthy tissue quite in-
dependently of the agency of "shot-borer" or "moth-borer."

"Although a true parasite, in the sense of destroying perfectly
healthy tissues, the fungus almost invariably commences as a sapro-
phyte. ' '

Besides IMassee, Went made inoculation experiments to demon-
strate the parasitism of this fungus. As before remarked, however,
we cannot be certain that the Melanconium, with which he worked is
identical with that of the West Indies. With the fungus wdth which
he was dealing he made inoculations into slits made into sound canes ;
the mycelium developed in the cells surrounding the slits, but in
no case (9 experiments) did it attack the healthy tissue of the cane.
Later he sterilized pieces of sugar cane by keeping them in a flame
for some time ; he then divided them longitudinally with a sterilized
knife and placed them in a sterilized glass box. On the cut surface
he placed some of his Melanconium spores, but out of ten experi-
ments only three finally showed pycnidia, and this was on dying
cane. Thus Went does not consider Melanconium, or whatever fun-
gus he was working with, to be parasitic.

So far as publications show Howard has been the only other one
to test the parasitism of the rind fungus. He published a report
(21) of his experiments in 1900, in which he split open healthy
unsterilized canes and inoculated them with Melanconium spores,
and with mycelium developed from a pure culture. Five days after-
wards both micro- and macroconidia developed. Later, however,
Howard (20) decided that these micro- and macroconidia had no
genetic connection with the Melanconium spores, as they appeared
as frequently on control canes as on the inoculated ones. In his
early experiments he had concluded that Melanconium Avas parasitic
as some infection had resulted. As the infection did not s])read,
however, more than three inches above and below in three months'
time, and as the canes showed none of the typical appearance of the
disease he concluded to repeat the experiment. The results are set
forth in the last publication cited.

Experiment I. — On November 27 eighteen healthy Bourbon canes
were selected, of which six were used as controls and twelve for inocu-
lation at wounds, six with Melanconium spores from a pure culture
and six with similar spores and food material. The places where the
wounds were made were cleaned with alcohol and flamed with a spirit

lamp. The holes were cut with a sterile knife, and after being inoculated
were bound up with sterilized tape which had been soaked in parafin.
The control canes were treated in a similar manner, but in this case
no spores were introduced. On Decmeber 28 these canes were exam-
ined. In no instance had the mycelium spread to any extent, except
immediately above and below the wound where it had reached the
nearest nodes. The affected tissues were a bright red, but the cane
exhibited no traces of the rind disease. The controls showed no
infection, although the cells around the wound were bright red and
the bundles cut through showed gumming in the large vessels.

Experiment II. — On December 10 four healthy White Transparent
canes were inoculated mth iVIelanconium spores from a pure culture
at wounds made with a sterile knife as before. Four other canes
from the same stool were used as controls. Thirty days afterwards
the canes were examined. In all cases the tissues were brownish red
above and below the wounds, but no difference was evident between
the inoculated canes and the controls in this respect. On examining
the inoculated canes it was found that the mycelium of the fungus
had in all cases spread in the tissues immediately above and below
the wounds as far as the nearest nodes, but it could not be traced
beyond the vertical column of tissue containing the wound and
bounded by the nodes above and below this aperture.

Experiment III. — On December 19 four healthy White Trans-
parent canes were doubly inoculated — at wounds in an upper and a
lower internode — ^^ath actively growing mycelium of the fungus from
pure cultures. Four other canes were used as controls. On Jan-
uary 22 the results were almost identical with those obtained above.

Experiment IV. — The same experiment was made using only
spores from a pure culture instead of the mycelium. The same re-
sults were obtained.

Howard concluded as a result of his studies that Melanconium
cannot be considered as the cause of the "rind" disease. He appears
to have shown that Melanconium is not an active parasite, but it is
not clear that he has demonstrated this fungus to be only a sapro-
phyte. In fact his inoculations rather point to Melanconium being
a wound parasite. Howard appears to be assuming that the rind
disease is caused by an active parasite, for the proof of which he
presents no facts whatever.

CAUSE OF THE RIND DISEASE.

In discussing tlie cause of the rind disease it will be well to
review briefly the symptoms of this trouble first. As mentioned in

37

an early part of this paper the rind fungus is one causing numerous
tiny black eruptions from the rind or epidermis of the cane stalk.
From first to last there has been only one fungus found in these
typical eruptions. It was first Tailed Strumella sacchari and later
Melanconium sacchari, the name under which the fungus is known
at present. As to the secondary symptoms it is very difficult to
judge for the reason that usually insects, other fungi or unsatisfac-
tory growth conditions are present to complicate the matter. In cane
affected with the rind disease the leaves begin to mther and dry up.
Often a rotten top is found. Frequently there is a reddening of the
stem. Now as to which of these symptoms are connected with the
rind disease no one has as yet attempted to make an analysis. That
being the case we have only the eruptions of the rind for a certain
characteristic of this disease. From these only Melanconium has
been isolated, absolutely no other fungus. How then can we con-
ceive of some other fungus as the cause of these symptoms? It is
manifestly impossible. That Howard failed to obtain successful in-
oculations is not to the point. There has been no work done to show
that Melanconium sacchari was not the cause of the eruptions of the
rind of the cane.

Now Howard has approached the subject from an entirely dif-
ferent point of view. He has selected certain symptoms of disease
in the plant, isolated fungi from the diseased parts, inoculated pure
cultures of the fungus into healthy tissues and obtained the same
symptoms of disease, and has then concluded that the fungus he
is dealing with is the cause of the rind disease, disregarding the fact
that neither the symptoms nor the fungus have much to do with the
rind and have nothing whatever to do with the eruptions on the rind.
The symptoms of the rind disease as he gave them are the drying
of the leaves, which commences at the margins of the older ones and
gradually spreads to the center of the bunch in from four to six
weeks. As soon as this drying of the leaves is well marked, the stem
of the cane shows a brown discoloration in one or more places, after
which the rind shrivels up and the discoloration rapidly extends in
all directions. On splitting such canes the tissues are seen to be
of a general reddish color, in Avhich darker red areas can be seen.
Very freqaently these darker regions contain definite white centers
elliptical in vertical section. He states that the appearance is exactly
like that figured by Went for the Red Smut due to Collet otrichinn
falcatum. Howard isolated this fungus and made successful inocu-
lations and thus concluded that the rind disease was due to Colleto-
trichum falcatum.

38

It is unfortunate, to say the least, that the matter of the cause of
the rind disease should be further involved by confusing the symp-
toms. Howard is here dealing with an entirely different fungus and
entirely different symptoms from those which characterize the rind
disease.

As has been shown neither Howard nor Massee nor any other
worker succeeded in getting good pure culture inoculations of Melan-
conium sacchari. On the other hand, no one has found any other
fungus than Melanconium sacchari associated with the typical con-
ditions of the disease, i. e., the eruptions of the rind. Until more
is done, therefore, to prove the contrary, Melanconium sacchari should
be considered as the cause of the rind disease.

NATURAL INFECTION OF STALK, LEAVES AND CUTTINGS.

Whatever question there may be about the active parasitism of
the rind fungus, there can be no question as to the actual occurrence
of the fungus on the cane in the field. The following is in part a
repetition of what has gone before, but taken altogether it will serve
to summarize the conditions.

OCCURRENCE ON THE STALKS.

Melanconium sacchari commonly occurs on green cane stalks at
such points of injury as those caused by the weevil borer, near the
base of the stalk. These injuries are not sufficient to kill the stalk
and it remains green until infected by the rind fungus, and even
then the infection progresses only according to the vigor of the cane.
The fungus occurs at similar points of injury caused by the moth
stalk-borer which may occur any where along the stalk, perhaps more
commonly near the top. The moth borer or some bud moth often
gets into the top of the cane and kills the heart. This injury is
usually succeeded by an infection of the rind fungus which pro-
gresses downward. Occasionally the top is rotted and a Melanconium
infection is present without any sign of insect injury. The extent
of all this damage depends largely upon the vigor of the cane as
discussed elsewhere.

OCCURRENCE ON LEAVES.

A point that apparently has not been considered of great impor-
tance is the occurrence of this fungnis at the base of leaf-sheaths
and occasionally near tlie joint of the sheath and blade. This occur-
rence is very common in cane over 8 or 10 months old. It has not
been proven to be the same as the stalk fungus, but it cannot be

39

separated from it morphologically. It would seem to the writer that
this point is of considerable, value, for it may be assumed that so
long as the fungus is present in the field anywhere, either on the
leaf-sheaths or elsewhere, that there is a possibility of some damage
whenever the right conditions for it occur. There is some variation
in the different varieties of cane so far as apparent susceptibility is
concerned, and observations have been made on over 50 varieties.
However, the occurrence of the fungus does not seem to be constant
so that up to the present it is not possible to state definitely that
certain varieties are more immune than others. In general the softer
varieties such as T77 are more commonly infected on the leaves than
such as D116.

OCCURRENCE ON CANE CUTTINGS.

Very commonly cuttings that have failed to germinate have been
dug up and found infected with this fungus, apparently killed by it.

On one occasion several sacks of cuttings were kept for a period
of five weeks. When they had been cut they were supposed to be
free from disease, but examination at the end of the five weeks showed
that out of 156 cuttings, 135 had the rind fungus, and of these 135,
71 had the rind fungus and no other.

LOSS DUE TO THE RIND FUNGUS.

In a disease of this kind it is impossible to state definitely the

amount of loss caused. The injury is usually associated with that

due to other causes, and it is impossible to consider them apart. One

may say that a certain field of cane is entirely destroyed by the rind

fungus, whereas the rind fungus might not have infected the cane

in the first place if it had not suffered from root disease, drought,

moth-liorer injury or anj^ one of several factors. It is also just as

true that one may say that the same field was entirely destroyed by

anv one of these factors, where as a matter of fact the loss would j

I
not have been half so great without the rind fungus. In general

terms I would state that the loss due directly to the rind fungus is

often very heavy, involving a partial or complete loss of liundreds

of acres of cane in some seasons.

I

TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE. 1

It is sometimes unsafe to make recommendations for the treatment
of a certain disease when the cause or nature of the disease is not
well understood. If the recommendations are restricted to general

40

(

improved methods of cultivating the cane or of handling it, however,
they may be valuable. Such has usually been the type of advice
given by various investigators when working on this disease.

In 1895 there was published in the Kew Bulletin an article on
sugar-cane disease in Barbados and extracts were included from the
report of the commissioners appointed by the Governor of Barbados
to inquire into the pests and diseases of the cane. This commission
made the following recommendations:

That all plants be soaked in Queensland solution^ before planting.

That whenever deemed possible by the inspector the practice of spreading
trash around young canes be given up ; and that whenever it be resorted to, only
trash from a field which had been inspected and declared healthy or as healthy
as possible be employed.

That rotten can6s on all fields diseased with rind disease should be burnt
on the field, or crushed and burned as mentioned below.

That rotten canes on all fields be regularly burned during the crop. Juicy
•canes could be first crushed and the megass burned, the juice being boiled.

That the trash used as litter be taken from fields which are healthy or as
healthy as can be got.

That each estate i)ut such an area under the so-called hardy varieties of cane
plants as will suffice to replant the whole of the estate in those varieties if
necessary.

That the cane fields be periodically inspected, with a view to cutting out the
•canes infected with borer or fungus, which canes should be bagged upon the spot
and taken away, crushed and burned.

Fawcett, writing in the same year (1895) in the Bulletin of the
Botanical Department of Jamaica, adds to the foregoing recommen-
dations the following :

Only healthy tops of strong canes should be used as seed canes.

To avoid any chance of the fungus existing unnoticed in the tops, they might
"be steeped in a solution of sulphate of iron (one ounce powdered in three gallons
of water) for a few hours, especially if they are pierced by the borers.

Unfortunately no report of experiments is available to show the
value of this latter suggestion. The idea of the sulphate of iron is
purely as a disinfectant, which is well accomplished by the use of
Bordeaux mixture. ^Moreover, it should be noted that the mycelium
of the rind disease may be within the stalk as well as at the surface,
and if there is any of the mycelium within, soaking in any mixture
long enough to kill the fungus growth within will also injure the
cane. Dipping seed in sterilizing mixtures is purely for the purpose
of destroying external fungi and providing a protective covering to
prevent the entrance of fungi.

' Queensland sohition eciuals one pint of carbolic acid to 100 gallons of water.

41

ALLIED FUNGI.

This subject has alreadj^ been discussed so far as other alleged
stages of tliis fungus are concerned. The claim that Trichosphacria
sacchari is the perfect stage of Mdanconium sacchari has been shown
to be without sufficient proof. The so-called microconidia and macro-
conidia of Melanconium have been shown to be in all prol)ability the
same as Thielaviopsis ethaceticiis, apparently an entirely different
fungus.

Other species of Melanconium have been described, among which
are the following:

Melanconium saccharinum Penz et Sacc. in Malphigia, 1901, p. 238; Ic. Fung.
•Tav. t. LXV, f. 3. — Acervulis hypophyllis, gregariis, longitrosiim seriatis oblongis,
1 mm. long., 0.5 lat., nigris, epidermide hysteriodes-rimosa velatis; conidiis ma-
jusciilis globoso-eompressis e fronte 24 microns latis, e latere 14 mierone es., ni-
grantibus, levibus, liyphulis filiformibus tenerrimis, hyalinis suffultis. Sacchari
officinarum prope Buitenzorg, in insula Java. — affine M. bamhusino et M. hyste-
rino, sed satis diversum videtur. (from Saccardo.)

Melanconium iliau Lyon described in a Study of Iliau by H. L. Lyon in
Hawaiian Sugar Planters ' Eeeord and by Edgerton. This f unguis is so descrijsed
as to be in all grosser appearances exactly similar to Melanconium sacchari. Its
method of fruiting is exactly the same, but the spores are very different. They
are large and filled with spherical granules, measuring 7-10x1.5-28 mu.

SUMMARY.

1. The symptoms of the rind disease are the eruptions on the rind
of the cane from which protrude black masses of spores, together
with a drying up of the leaves.

2. The disease has been studied for the last twenty years at least
in various parts of the world.

3. The fungus causing the rind disease has only one known spore
form in its life history.

4. The rind fungus occurs in the Southern United States, all
through the West Indies and Demerara; in Natal, ^Mauritius, British
India, Java ( ?) , Australia, and Hawaii.

5. The fungus is what is known as a wound parasite, i. e., capa-
ble of infecting cane only through wounds, or cane that is in an
otherwise unhealthy condition. It may be classed as an active para-
site on certain weak or soft canes such as Bourbon and D116.

6. The rind disease is caused by Melanconium sacchari, one of
the fungi imperfecti.

7. Treatment of the disease is restricted to the use of hardy va-
rieties, to adopting such metliods as will reduce the moth borer, and
to grinding the cane before it is overripe.

42

8. Melanconium saccharinum and M. iliau have also been described
on cane, but are not to be considered as causes of the rind disease.

9. The rind disease is common in Porto Rico.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Barber, C. A. — Sugar cane in the Godavari and Ganjari dis-
tricts. Dept. of Land Records and Agric, jMadras. Vol. II, No. 43,
1901.

2. BovELL, John R. — Report on the sugar-cane fungus (Tricho-
sphaeria sacchari) at present existing in the Island. In sugar-cane
disease in Barbados Kew Bull. Nos. 100-101, 1895.

3. Butler, E. J. — Fungous Diseases of Sugar Cane in Bengal.
Bot. Ser. Vol. I, No. 3, July, 1906. Memoirs of the Dept. of Agric.
in India.

4. Cobb, N. A.— Agric. Gaz.. New South Wales. Vol. IV, pi. 10,
pp. 777-857, 1893.

5. Cobb, N. A. — Fungus ]\Ialadies of the Sugar Cane. Bui. No. 5,
Haw. Sugar Planters' Asso., 1906, 106-110.

6. Cobb, N. A. — Fungus Maladies of the Sugar Cane. Bui. No. 6,
Haw. Sugar Planters' Asso., 1909, p. 39-40.

7. CocKERELL, T. D. A. — A New Fungus on Sugar Cane. Journ.
Insti. Jam. Vol. I, 1891-1893, p. 159.

8. Cooke, in Nuovo Giornale Botanico. Italiano, 1878, Vol. X,
p. 26.

9. Cooke, in Grevillea, Vol. XIX, p. 45.

10. Cooke, M. T., and Horne, W. T. — Insects and Diseases of
Corn, Sugar Cane, and Related Plants. Bui. 7, May, 1907, p. 25.
Estacion Centr. Agron. de Cuba.

11. Edgerton, C. W. — Some Sugar-cane Diseases. Bui. No. 120,
La. Agric. Expt. Sta., July, 1910, p. 16.

12. Edgerton, C. W. — The Stem Rot or Hawaiian '' Iliau' ' Dis-
ease of Sugar Cane. Phytopathology, Vol. Ill, No. 2, April, 1913,
pp. 93-97, pi. 7.

13. Engler & Prantl. — Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Fungi,
Vol. I, pt. 1, pp. 403-5.

14. Fawcett, W. — Disease Among Sugar Cane. Bui. Bot. Dept.
Jam. n. s. Vol. II, 1894, pp. 57-59.

15. Fawcett, W. — Report on Disease in Sugar Cane. Bui. Bot.
Dept. Jam. n. s. Vol. II, No. 8, pp. 165-167, 1895.

16. Fawcett, G. L. — Report of the Plant Pathologist, An. Rept.
of the P. R. Agric. Expt. Sta. for 1908, pp. 34^5, 1908.

43

17. Fuller, C. — Sec. Rept. of the Govt. Entom. Natal Dept.
Agric, 1901, pp. 72, pis. 3, figs. 23.

18. Harrison, J, B., and Jenman, G. S. — Siigar-eane Diseases.
In report of the agricultural work in the bot. gardens for the years
1893-4-5. Brit. Guiana, 1897, pp. 98-104.

19. Howard, A. — The Rind Disease of Sugar Cane in the West
Indies. Intern. Sugar Journ. Vol. V, 1903, No. 53, pp. 215-225,
pi. 1.

20. Howard, A. — On Some Diseases of Sugar Cane in the West
Indies. Annals of Bot. Vol. XVII, p. 373-412. 1903.

21. Howard, A. — On Trichosphaeria sacehari Mass. Annals of
Bot. Vol. XIV, pp. 617-631, 1900.

22. Howard, A. — Diplodia Cacaoicola. a Parasitic Fungus on
Sugar Sane and Cacao in the West Indies. Annals of Bot. Vol.
XV, No. 60, pp. 683-701, 1901.

23. Johnston, J. R. — First Report of the Pathologist. Yearbook
of the P. R. Sugar Growers' Assd., year 1910-11, pp. 61-74.

24. Lewton-Brain, L. — Rind Disease of the Sugar Cane. Bui. 7,
Haw. Sugar Planters' Asso., 1907.

25. Lyon, H. L.^ — A Study of Iliau. The Hawaiian Planters'
Record, Vol. Ill, No. 3, Sept., 1910, pp. 143-153.

26. Massee, G.— Kew Bull. July, 1893.

27.^Massee, G. — On Trichosphaeria sacehari, Mass. Annals of Bot.
Vol. 7, 1893, pp. 515-532.

28. Massee, G. — Sugar-cane Disease in Barbados. Kew Bui.,
Nos. 100-101, 1895.

29. Massee, G. — Sugar-cane Diseases in the Old World. Kew
Bui., p. 81, 1894.

30. Perkins, R. C. L. — On some diseases of sugar caue specially
considered in relation to the leaf-hopper pest, and to the stripping
of the cane. The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist. Vol. I, No.
4, 1904, pp. 80-84.

31. Pru^leux and Delacroix. — Sur une maladie de la canne a
Sucre prodiiite par le Coniothyrimn melasporum {Berk.) Sacc. Bui.
SoG. Myc. de France, Vol. XI, p. 75, 1895.

32. Saccardo, Syll. Fung. Vol. Ill, No. 1799.

33. South, F. W. — Report on the prevalence of some pests and
diseases in the West Indies, for the year 1909-1910. W. I. Bui. Vol.
XI, No. 2, pp. 74-75, 1911.

34. Thistleton-Dyer, W. — Sugar-cane Disease in Barbados. Kew
Bui., Nos. 100-101, 1895, pp. 84-88.

44

35. Thistleton-Dyer, W. — Note on the Sugar-cane Disease of
the West Indies. Annals of Bot. Vol. XIV, 1900, pp. 609-616.

36. Tower, W. V.— Rept. of the Entom. and Path., An. Rept. of
the P. R. Expt. Sta. for 1907, May 4, 1908, p. 37.

37. Tryon, H. — Some Obstacles to the Successful Cultivation of
Cane. Queensland Agric. Journ. Vol. IX, p. 85, 1901.

38. Went, F. A. F. C. — On the Appearance of the West Indian
Rind Fungus in Java. Med. Proef. Sta., West Java. No.. 23, pp.
6-12.

39. Went, F. A. F. C. — Notes on Sugar-cane Diseases. Annals
of Bot. Vol. X, pp. 585-609.

45

PLATE I.

Stalks of cane severely attacked by rind disease, showing the characteristic

black fruiting pustules.

Vol. 1,

APRIi:,, 1917.

No. 2.

The Journal

OF

The Department of Agriculture

OF

Porto Rico.

Saw .TtTAN, P. R.
BiTHBAc or Scrppuixis, Printino, and TUAirePOKTATIOM

1B17

Vol. 1.

APRIL, 1917.

No. 2.

The Journal

OF

The Department of Agricultuee

tion and other function! „,£'B'„a"d„, c" " "' """ """"" '"'^"'"^'"^ «'»•
direction of t,e Con^i^ione/of l^ti .t'rrr;::;:^ ^^*"""'' """" '^^

'■-ri

Sak Jla>-, p. H.
Bureau of Supplies, F-kinting, and Transpohtaxion

ll>17

Vol. 1.

APRIL, 1917.

]n:o. 2.

The Joumal

OF

The Department of Agriculture

OF

Porto Rico.

Sa> Jl-AN, P. H.

BvHEAU OF Sl-pi'Liks, I'kinting, and Transpobxaxiom

1017

PUBLISHED BY

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUKE AND LABOR

UNI>ER THE DIREOXION OF

Vi\ V. TO^VER.

DIRECTOR, INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATION

Rio PlBDRAS, P. R.

JOHN A. STEVEN.SON. Editor.

II

CONTENTS.

Page
The White-Grubs Injuring Cane in Porto Rico —

I. Life Cycles of the May-Beetles or Melolonthids. E. G. Smyth 47

Diseases of Vegetable and Garden Crops, John A. Stevensox !:>3

III

THE WHITE-GRUBS INJURING SUGAR CANE IN

PORTO RICO.

I. LIFE-CYCLES OF THE MAY-BEETLES OR MELOLONTHIDS.

By Eugene G. Smyth/ Acting Entomologist, Insular Experiment Station.

The larvffi of all injurious Scarabaeid beetles are known popularly
as white-grubs, and those occurring in Porto Rico are injurious either
as grub or as adult to the sugar-cane plant, particularly in the drier
sections of the Island. An economical way of controlling these grubs
is much desired, and it has been with the object of finding some ulti-
mate method of control that the intensive studies of the life-histories
of the species have been made.

Up to the present date ten distinct species of white-grulxs have
been segregated and studied. Of these, four belong to the genus
Phyllophaga (better known as Lachnosterna) and one to the genus
PliytaJus in the tribe Melolonthini, Avhile the other five belong to
three genera in the tribe Dijnastini, which includes the large rhi-
noceros beetles. The present paper deals only with grubs of the first
tribe, known as May -beetles, and is an accumulation of data compiled
from observations and life-history studies made by the author during
the past four years. The work was conducted at the South Coast
Laboratory, located near Guanica Centrale, which is in the heart of
the district suffering most from the attack of white-grubs.

The life-cycles and habits of the five species of Dynastids will l)e
given in another paper, to follow this.

The White-Grub Problem.

Two facts, that sugar is grown over very extensive areas in Porto
Rico, under conditions that are ideal for the development and rapid

' Especial credit is due Mr. D. Ij. Van Dine, the first entomologist of the Experiment
Station of the Porto Rico Sugar Growers' Association, and his successor, Mr. Thos. H .Tones,
for the initial energy given to the study of the white-griib problem in Porto Rico by these
gentlemen. The writer wishes to acknowledge the keen interest in the progress of this work
and the cooperation given by Dr. L. O. Howard and Dr. W. D. Hunter, of the United States
Bureau of Entomology, and by Dr. S. A. Forbes, of the Illinois State University, and
their very efficient aid to those who have been detailed to collect parasites in the United
States. Credit is also due Dr. Robert D. Glasgow, of Illinois University, for his patience
in examining the large series of May-beetles that have been sent him from the Island and
in pointing out characters by which they may be separated. The writer wishes to ihank
Mr. John ,T. Davis, of W'est Lafayette, Indiana, for an excellent series of North .American
species of Phi/UopJiai/a mounted with genitalia exserted.

47

multiplication of l)eotle posts of this sort, and tliat it is grown con-
tinuously year after year on the same ground, without any rotation
of crops, render the control of these insects a very serious and very
difficult problem. Prior to 1918, the year that the present studies
were inaugurated, a considerable amount of experimentation had
been made by different i)arties toward controlling the whitt^-grubs
in cane fields, (1) by putting baits, poisons, or fumigants into the
soil, (2) by spreading various deterrants on the soil near plants to
prevent laying of eggs, (8) by flooding the land with water, or (4) by
killing the adult beetles by means of poison sprays applied to tlie
foliage. The results of many of these experiments were negative ;
and such of them as gave promising results proved inexpedient be-
cause of the high cost of materials or nf application.

It became increasingly apparent that no hope of a solution of
the prol)lem could come from an application of direct methods of
control such as these, but that real benefit t(» the cane-growing in-
dustry could come only through the employment of broadly outlined
cultural methods of control, based upon an accurate knowledge of
the insects' life-histories, or perhaps through the introduction of insect
or fungus parasites to prey upon the whitt^-grubs.

Life-history and close field studies of the several species were
instituted in ^lay, 1913, and have been continued to the present date.
The object constantly in mind has been to determine accurately the
length of life-cycles; the time and conditions of oviposition of the
eggs; the time of emergence, sexual habits, feeding habits, and habits
of flight of the adults; and the inter-relation of these habits and
the factors which tend to hasten or retard the fime of emergence of
the beetles or to affect the amount of damage.

A preliminary report by the author appeared in the Annual
Report of this Station for the year 1913-14 (23)^ and some addi-
tional data in tlic Report for 1914-15 (24). Much of this data is
included in the present paper, togethci- with tabulations and graphic
charts showing life-cycles, and illustrations showing injury, the early
stages, adults and adult parts, parasites, etc., from original photo-
graphs.

^Nletiiods of conli'dl of white-grubs, and results of the intro-
duction of parasites, will be discussed at lengtli in a later number
of this i)ublication, when certain expeiiinents and tabulations now
in progress will have been compleled. Detailed studies of the larvaJ
(or grub) and pupal stages, now being made. l)y wliich it is hoped

' Rpferpnpp is niiidi- liy luiinlni- l<i ■■I,iti>i-,'iliirc cited." i)i>. S8— 89.

48

that these stages of the different species may be as easily separated
as are at present the adults, will also be presented in another article.
The desire at present is to present the life-cycles of the Porto
Rican Melolonthids ; to facilitate the separation of the adults of the
species, where heretofore they have been hopelessly confused : and to
present certain facts in regard to their insect, fungus and bactei'ial
enemies that liave come to light in the course of experiments.

What WIhite-Grubs Are.

All beetles pass through a metamorphosis consisting of four stages,
egg, larva, pupa, and adult, two of which, egg and pupa, arc resting
stages and the other two, larva and adult, active stages. The growth
of the insect is attained during the larval stage; which means that
during this stage the most food is consumed, and hence the most
damage committed. It is with the larval stage of the May-beetles
and "hard backs," known locally as "caculos, " that we are con-
cerned. During this period they gain tlie name of white-grubs (or
''gusanos blancos") through their white color, and theii- luiliit of
grubbing in the soil.

As the term is used in its broadest sense, white-grubs are con-
sidered as including the larvie of all the injurious Lamellicorn l)eetles
of the family Scarahaeidae (3). The word is often used in the United
States in a more restricted sense, as referring to the grubs or larvte
of the May-beetles, since these in the States far outiuimber rdl (ttliei-
white-grubs combined (4).

White-grubs may be known from larva? of other beetles by the
following characteristics: (1) subterranean habits, living entirely in
tunnels in soil or decaying vegetable matter, and moving about very
little; (2) by liaving the body bent roundly toward the ventral side,
so that the ends nearly meet, hence poorly adapted to inovi'ment
above ground; and (3) by their bodies being thick, soft, and usually
glossy white or yellowish with sparse hairs, with a brown, chitiiioiis
head and strong mandil)les ada})ted for chewing roots aiul soil, and
with six well-developed legs not used for walking.

White-Grubs Injurious in Other Regions.

. Larva^ of Scarabaeid beetles are practically universal in tlicir
occurrence as pests, being everywhere known as white-grubs. TI103*
are particularly destructive, and often multiply in alarming innnberH.
in parts of the world where cane is grown, clue to eonditions wliich
greatly favor their development in such localities. Besides Porto

49

Hico. they have attained great prominence as pests of eane in the
islands of Manritius and Java, and on the continent of Australia.

White-grubs of the genus PliijUophaga are l)est known as pests
to crops in the United States, being widely distributed and having
a great many species. As many as forty-two species have been re-
corded from the single State of Illinois, most of them injurious (8).
Damage of the grubs to grass lands, lawns, corn, potatoes, and other
crops is often very extensive (4), and the adults have been known
to defoliate the timber over whole counties (5, p. 270).

A beetle known as Ligifriis nigiceps is a bad pest of cane in
Louisiana, having the habit of boring into the stalks at the surface
of the ground. In irrigated sections of the Southwest the large
green "June bug,'" AUorhina mutahilis, whose larva is a white-grub,
does very great damage to fruit.

In Europe members of the genus Meloloiitha, which is closely re-
lated to PInjUophaga, have been known for over a century as pests,
the grubs of one species {MelolonHia melolontha) frecjuently causing
so much damage to cultivated crops as to necessitate the gathering
of the grubs from the fields by hand. In Russia great damage is
caused by both grub and adult of a beetle known as Anisoplia (nis-
triaca (13).

In Australia several white-grubs of the same tribe (known as
MeloJonthini), notably of the genus Lepidiota, are the cause of
great injury to cane. As much as a shilling a pint has been paid
for the grubs from cane fields by the sugar centrals of Queensland.
The principal pest is known as Lepidiota alhohirta (11).

Five species of white-grub, representing five different genera, are
injurious to sugar cane in Java; namely, HolMrichia helleri, Adoretes
compre sails, Apog.onia destructor, LeucophoUs rorida, and Lepidiota
stigma (10; 14). Trap lights for the adults are used at night.

Various species of the genera Avonialo and Adoreles are destruc-
tive in the Hawaiian Islands, in Japan, and in British East Africa.

In the cane-growing sections of India the roots of the plant are
subject to attack by white-grubs that are the larva^ of a beetle known
as Serica assamensis. Other species of white-grubs have also been
reported as injurious in India.

Among i.sland i)ossessions, next to Porto Rico, pei-haps tlie most
acute iiijm-y to cane by white-grubs has been conunitted by a species
known as PInjtolus smithi in the islands of Barbados and Mauritius.
The adult of this beetle differs but slightly from species of the genus
Phyllophaga. Tiic species is becoming particularly bad in Mauritius,
because of its having been introduced there h-oni Barbados without

50

the wasp parasite. Tiphia parallela (2), which in the hitter ishuid

tends to hold it in control. To illustrate its abundance in Mauritius

(where for a while it threatened to paralize the sugar-cane industry).

in a period of nine months, from August, 1911. to Api-il. 11)12. a

total of twenty -seven and one-half millions of grubs, pupa', and adults

(mostly adults) were collected from the sugar-cane fields over an

area scarcely three miles sciuare surrounding the Botanic Garden (6).

In the West Indies, aside from Barbados and Porto Rico, cane is

known to be injured by a species of Phyllophaga in Antigua (26) and

by grubs of Phyllophaga patnielis in St. Kitts (22). The adults of

P. patens are said to be very destructive to cacao foliage in St. \'iu-

cent (19). A bulletin of the American IMuseum (15) lists 24 species

of Phyllophaga and 2 of Phytahis from the West Indies, V.\ of wliidi

are credited to Cuba and 4 to Haiti, but none to Porto Rico.

In British Guiana a beetle known as the "small black hard Inick, ''
Dyscinetus hidentatus, which is the adult of a white-grub, is con-
sidered a bad enemy of cane, and a related species, Ligyrus chenus,
is occasionally injurious (16). Like the Ligyrus rugiceps of Louisi-
ana, it is the adult stage in wliich damage is done by tiiese two Ijcctles.
.Dyscinetus sometimes attacks young cane shoots in such numbers as
to kill them back as fast as they germinate.

Life-History Work on White-Grubs Done Ei*ewhere.

Because of their subterranean habits, white-grubs are amonir thr
most difficult of insects to rear to maturity and to gain any definite
knowledge of their changes, or molts. Outside of Europe, prior to
1916, very few species had been reared to maturity and theii- lifr-
eycles determined. As late as 1913, a bulletin of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture (4). in discussion of the genus Lachnosirma
{Phyllophaga) , stated: "There is only one pul)lished record, involv-
ing a single species, in which an individual belonging to this genus
has been reared from i^%g to adult." Since that date, however, con-
siderable breeding work has been done in Indiana by Mr. J. J. Davis,
of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, to whom credit is due for Imviiiir
successfully reared to maturity from the egg eighteen species of the
genus, definitely establishing the length of life-cycle of each (5).

In Australia similar difficulties have confronted investigators in
this group of insects. In a bulletin of the Bureau of Kx|»iTiin.'i)l
Stations of Queensland published in 1914 (9), it is stated: ".M Hrs*
rearing was depended upon to give us evidence of tlie ciitirr period
of development, hut we have not as yet succeeded in rejiring ;i simr).-

51

specimen through its stages, but may succeed in doing so by the time
tlie next beetle season arrives."

Outside of Europe, and the work done by Mr. Davis in Indiana,
tlie nearest approach to accuracy in establishing the length of life-
cycle of a beetle of the group Mehlonf hides is the work done in.
Mauritius on Fhijtahis sinithi by ^Ir. d'Emmerez rle Charmoy (6).
He determined the maximum and mininnim number of daj's required
for each stage of the life-cycle, but did not determine the length of
separate instars of the grub.

So far as known to the writer, nothing lias been published here-
tofore on the larvcp of Phijllopliaga or related genera which estab-
lishes accurately the lengths of instars of the grub.

Life-Cycles of White-Grubs.

It has been kno"^^^l for a number of years that the common cock-
chafer of Europe. Meloloniha meloloniha, whose grub is the worst
white-grub pest of that continent, required a period of three years
to pass its life-cycle in the latitude of France and southern Germany,
and four years in the latitude of northern Germany.

In the United States it has been taken for granted that certain
common species of P]iyUopJiaga, such as P. fusca and P. frntema,
because of the regular periodicity of their appearance m numbers
every three years, require that length of time to pass the life-cycle (7).
Certain other species in the States, appearing regularly at intervals
of two years, were supposed to require that length of time to undergo
the change from egg to adult (33). Very recently ]\lr. Davis has
definitely ascertained that out of eighteen species of I'hyUophaga
reared from egg to adult in the latitude of central Indiana eleven
of them have an invariable three-year life-cycle, one (Phyllophaga
tristis) has an invariable two-year life-cycle, three have a life-cycle
varying from two to three years, and two others a cycle varying from
three to four years (5).

The establishment of the fact that all four Porto Rican species
of Phijllophago, as well as the single species of Phgtalus, require but
a year or somewhat less to undergo the life changes, will be somewhat
of a surprise to students of this group of insects. Vet it is what
should be expected in a tropical or sub-tropical climate.

These facts are paralleled, in a measure, liy those established by
.Mr. De Charmoy with regard to the life-history of Phyialns smithi
in Mauritius — with the difference that he found the life-cj^cle of that
species to occupy somewhat over a year ((i).

52

Enemies of White-Grubs.

The natural enemies of white-grubs fall into three classes, namely,
animals (including- l)irds and lizards), insects (including mites and
Avorms), and plants (fungus and bacterial). A noted French natu-
ralist has said of the common European white-grub that "efficacious
animal parasites of the insect are unknown" (29).

Fortunately, in Porto Rico, all three groups of parasites are
present ; yet as all of these are insufficient to keep white-grubs in
check, it is necessary — when other means of control fail — to supplant
these, or rather assist them, by the introduction of parasites not
already occurring here.

ANIMAL AND BIRD ENEMIES OF GRUBS IN PORTO RICO.

There are in Porto Rico no small mammals known to prey exten-
sively upon white-grubs or ]\Iay-beetles as do skunks in the United
States. Perhaps field mice and rats eat occasional specimens, but as
an agency of control they can be of no great economic importance.

An attempt was made in 1913 by one of the sugar centrals of the
Island to introduce and acclimate the European hedgehog, quite a
number of which were brought over from Germany for the purpose.
]Most unfortunately, they were liberated in a hot and arid part of
the Island, so different from their native humid and shady liabitat
that they did not survive. In confinement they ate ]Ma\'-beetles vora-
ciously when fed them, but were not seen to burrow deep enough
into the soil to reach the grubs ; and it is a question if they Avould
have proved of real economic importance as a control measure had
they become successfully established.

In Porto Rico insect-feeding lizards are extremely al)undant. IMie
majority of these, which belong to the genus Anolis, are too small to
devour the larger ]\Iay -beetles. In addition they are diurnal in babit
and live entirely above ground, usually upon plant foliage or trees.
There is one large ground lizard, however, called "siguana" (Ameiva
exnl), which is largely burrowing in habit and which, it is believed,
feeds to some extent upon white-grubs and ^lay-beetles. It inhabits
the sandier soils, and by one close observer has been often seen de-
vouring changas, or mole-crickets. Certainly, white-grubs would be
far easier i)rey for it than the active changas ; and it is altogether
probable that they do constitute a part of its diet.

Of birds, there are at least three species on the Island that Jirc
important enemies of the white-grubs and i\Iay-beetles, and a fourth
that is worthy of mention. These are. in the order of their importance

53

as enemies of grubs : (1) the Porto Riean blackbird or "mosambique,"
Holoquiscalus brachypterus; (2) the bare-legged owl or "mucaro,"
Gymnasio nudipes nudipes; (3) the little blue heron or "garza azul,"
Florida caerulea caerulescens; and (4) the mangrove cuckoo or "pa-
jaro bobo, " Coccyzus minor nesiotes. In Bulletin No. 15 of this
Station, entitled "Birds of Porto Rico," by Alex Wetmore, the re-
sults are given of an examination of the stomach contents of these
four species of birds as follows (the figures being the per cent, of white-
grub and IMay-beetle remains to entire contents of all stomachs exam-
ined) : blackbird, 1.61 per cent. ; bare-legged owl, 2-4.4 per cent. ;
little blue heron, 1 per cent. : and mangrove cuckoo, .05 per cent. Of
twenty-three blackbird stomachs collected largely in cane fields under
cultivation, the proportion of white-grub and ]\Iay-beetle remains to
total contents was 9.47 per cent. Certainly, after a day of activity
of tile birds behind the plows in cane fields, the proportion would
be nuich higher than this.

Another bird, kno^^m as the "ani." or "Juda bird," has been
often spoken of as eating white-grubs ; but the bulletin above referred
to does not give account of the finding of any white-grub or May-
beetle remains in stomachs of this species. And, moreover, common
as the bird is about cane fields, it is a rather shy species and is seldom
seen following the plows.

The blackbird, or "niosanbique." is placed as the most important
bird enemy of white-grubs because of its great abundance in those
parts of the Island where the white-grubs are most injurious, namely,
in the arid coast districts. It is a very common sight to observe con-
siderable flocks of these birds following the plows and picking up
grubs when fields cleared of cane are being broken up. Figure 1,
of Plate VI. is from a photograph taken by the author at Santa Rita,
near Guanica Centrale, during the winter ])lowing season. By actual
observation and count, it was shown that over 90 per cent of the
grubs exposed to light t)y tbe plows are picked up by these birds,
so that the employment of peons to follow the plows and pick grubs
is (piite unnecessary in that district. When it is considered that a
bird is able to consume more than the equivalent of its own weight
of food in twenty-four hours, and that l)lackbirds during the plow-
ing season of five to six months subsist almost wholly upon grul)s,
one may a]>preciate the vast numbers of grubs that they consume.

INSECT ENEMIES OF (JRUBS OCCURRING ON TIIK. ISI>.\\n.

Among the insect enemies of the May-beetle larva' and related
white-grubs there arc at least nine species known to necui' on tiie

54

Island, all native, which makes an unusually good representation as
compared with other islands of the West Indies. These fall into
three groups, six of them being Hymenopterous (all Scoliid). two
of them Dipterous (both Tachinid), and one Coleopterous (Elaterid),
Those of the first and last groups attack only the grubs, while the
Diptera attack only the adults.

We may add to these four others, all of which liave been observed
attacking the grubs (or eggs) under laboratory conditions only. One
of them is a white nematode, not exceeding 5 or 6 mm. in lengtli,
which on several occasions gave trouble l)y destroying the eggs in
experimental jars. More troublesome than the nematodes was a spe-
cies of minute, glo])ular white mite (Tyroghjpkus sp. ?), which at-
tacked all stages of the beetles, from egg to adult, and was the cause
of a high per cent of mortality in experimental jars and boxes.

Of minor importance were a Staphylinid beetle larva (species
undetermined) and a wireworm, the young of an p]laterid I)eptle
(Monocrepidius sp.), both of which were observed to feed upon j\Iay-
beetle eggs in experimental jars. Both were introduced with eartJi
enriched with manure, and it is not l)elieved they would ever cause
mortality of eggs under natural conditions in the field.

The following list will serve as a guide to the known white-grub
parasites of the Island. The more important of them will be dis-
cussed later under the species they attack.

No:

FAMILY

SPECIES 1

HABITAT

ABUNDANCE

]

iScoliulfP. . . .

It
ii
it

(i
a

Tacliinuhr . .
Khd eruhr . .

Efis fiexcinct'i Kab

General

Northern

General

Northern

Southern

Western

Common

2
3
4
5

" xanthnnntuK Koh

Cdiiipsomeris tlor.sata Fab. . . .

" fi-'i/<ici(itn Fal). .

" pufiivfi Koh. . . .
iSc'i/i<t. (itriita Kab.

Abundant

("ommon

Rare

7

8
9

Wal.

Kutri .riiiiirs jaueuli W'ai

I'lirnplidi' II s 1 II in innsnx III

Northern and

Western

AVe.stei'ii

Nortlie 11 aiKl

Western

.Miuudiiut

Rare
Abund'ut

' The deteiminations of the wasps (except Seatia atiata Pab.. which was deterrriiried by
tlie Am. Mils. \at. Hist.) in this list were made by S. .\. Roliwcr, of the flies by W. R.
Walton, and of the beetle by E. A. Scliwaiz.

I'he only one of these parasites wiiii-h lias Ix-en found hyperi)iii'a-
sitized is ('ampsomcris dorsata Feb.. a dead adult of which was found
at Santa Kita containing a single i)i|)t('rous pupariiiiii. about •"> inin.
long, from which issued, on -luiic IS. I!)!:!, ten small Cluilcidids,
wliicli have not been determined.

55

Outside of Porto Kico. El it; snciiu:ta Fah. (?) was collected by
the writer in great abundance on IMona Island in December. 1913,
where it occurred on the leaves of corn infested with Peregrinns
mairlis. Campsomcris pijrura Roh. was taken commonly at Higueral,
Santo Domingo, in February. 1914. and a few also were taken on
jNFona Island.

EFFICIENCY OF WHITE-GRUB PARASITES IX i'ORTO RICO.

Our knowledge of the white-grub parasites of the Island is at
present very limited, and much is yet to be done in the working out
of hosts and life-histories of the various species.

Of the nine species of Avhite-grub parasites listed above, there is
direct evidence of only one of them destroying the grubs of I'hyUo-
phaga. This is the Elaterid beetle. Pyroplwrus InminosHs 111., larvae
of which have been fed upon PhyJlophaga grubs for long periods in
coufineraent in the insectary. Field observations of this wireworm
preying upon white-grubs are still too few to make any definite state-
ment as to its value in white-grub control. The beetle is extremely
abundant in the spring and summer on the north and west sides of
the Island ; if true that it destroys white-grubs under outdoor con-
ditions, its presence may perhaps account in part for the lesser injury
from grubs in the sections where it abounds.

Some of our earlier notes (for the year 1911) credit Campsomcris
dorsata Fab. with being a parasite of Phyllophaga grubs (30, p. 36).
But in all cases the grub determinations were doubtful. It seems
probable that the parasitized grubs in question, if not of DgscineUis,
which closely resembles Pln/JJophaga in the larval stage, were of
Ligijfus tumulosus Burm., whose grub is abundantly parasitized at
all seasons by Campsomcris.

It may develop, with additional observation, that the two species
of Elis occurring here one or l)oth parasitize grubs of Phijllapliaga
in restricted localities. Yet the strange fact remains that of tiiou-
sands of PJiylluphaga grubs collected in cane fields, and examined
by the writer, not one has ever been found parasitized ])y a Scoliid
egg or larva.

THE TACHINID PARASITES.

Our present knowledge of white-grub conditions leads to a l)elief
that the most imi)ortant and active agency in the control of white-
grubs in Porto Rico is the work of the two Tachinid flies, Cit/pfo-
meigenia aurifacies Wal. (PI. VII, fig. 7) and tJidri.roidcs jonem
VVal., upon the adults. Like the Piirophorus I)eetle, these flies seem

56

eontined to the more humid sections of the north and west coasts —
which may further exphiin why white-gruhs are less abundant and
destructive in these sections than on tlie dr\- south coast, where there
are few or no Tachinid parasites or Pyrophorus beetles. An account
of the discovery of these two tlies will be found on page 37 of the
Second Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture of Porto
Rico (30). The adult and pupal case of Vnjpiomeujenia aunfacirs
Wal., which is the commoner species, are shown on Plate VII. iigure 7.

INTRODUCTION OF PARASITES.

From many observations and estimates, it is evident that the inor
tality to white-grubs from parasites in Porto Rico is very low, and
that the native parasites are quite insufficient to cope with these
pests, which continue to increase wherever cane is grown. The only
hope in relieving this condition has seemed to be in the introduction of
other white-grub and May-beetle parasites from abroad. Among the
first elforts made in the artificial control of the white-grubs of the
Island, therefore, were attempts to introduce foreign parasit»^s, which
it was hoped would establish themselves successfully on the new host
grubs (27, p. 52).

The logical field for securing white-grub and May-beetle parasites
was the United States, not alone because they are better known there
than elsewhere in the western hemisphere, but also because, in a large
territory like the American continent, parasites have wider distri-
bution, and necessary conditions for collection that cannot be encoun-
tered in one locality may be met in another. For convenience of
handling, collection of grub parasites is usually made of the cocoon
stage from the soil, and is therefore done during plowing time.
Plowing time in the States shifts from south to north with the ad-
vance of the season, thus permitting the collecting to extend over a
much longer period than would be possible in limited areas.

Parasite introduction was initiated in 1911 by ]\Ir. D. L. Van
Dine, then entomologist of the Porto Rico Sugar Producers' Experi-
ment Statiton. His reports of the early progress of the work will
be found in the First and Second Reports of the Boartl of (commis-
sioners of Agriculture (29; 30).

An entomological collaliorator was employed by the Board for
the purpose of collecting living white-grub parasites, or parasite
cocoons, in the States and shipping them to Porto Rico in living
condition. The position was first held by Mr. C. E. Hood, who began
work on June 16, 1911, and later by Mr. Geo. N. Woleott. The work

57

was continued up to October, 1914, the majority of the parasites
liaviug been collected in the State of Illinois. During this time a
total of about 2,500 parasites (including adults, larvje and pupae)
were received from these workers, and of these a total of about 1,000
parasites were liberated. The great majority of these were wasps
l)elonging to the genus Tiphia. (See Plate VII, fig. 8.) In addition
to the parasites sent here, a number of cocoons of Elis were sent to
Mr. 0. H. Swezey in Hawaii for use against the white-grubs of those
islands.

Following is a list of the better known PJiyUophaga parasites oc-
curring in North America. From these it was necessary for the
parasite collectors to choose those species which could be most easily
collected in numbers and sent to the Island.

North American Parasites op Phyllophafia Labv^.

1. Tipkia inornata Say. — A black Scoliid wasp of wide distribu-
tion in the States, and possibly infesting the grubs of several species
of May-beetles f7, 21, 35). It is the commonest and best-known
American parasite of white-grubs. There are several related species,
for the most part feebly differentiated from it. (In Europe a .species
called Tiphia femorata attacks white-grubs of several MelolontJiids
(82) ; another. Tiphia parallela, attacks Phytalas s»nthi in Barba-
dos (18). and Dyscinetus hidentafus in Demarara) (16).

2. EJis (Myzine) 5-rincta Fab. — A common Scoliid white-grub
parasite occurring in the Central States, but more local in distribution
than the Tiphia. There are otlier species of this genus Found in
restricted localities.

8. Ophion bifoveolatum. — An Ichneumonid wasp that parasitizes
white-grubs, but is far less common in most localities than the Scoliid
wasps.

4. Pelecinus polyturator. — A Proctotrypoid wasp, the female of
which has a very long body, as if for penetrating the soil for ovi-
jiosition. It lias been reared by Professor Forbes from May-beetle
larva' and, being very abundant in timber land in some districts of
the Middle West, may be a more important enemy of white-grubs
than is generally known.

5. SparHopoUus fulvu.s Wied. — A small Boinbyliid fly parasitic
npon white-grubs, of only sectmdary importance, however.

6. Fromaihus vertebratns Say. — A large Asilid fly, larvae of which
are predacious upon white-grubs. The species is said by Mr. J. J.
Davis (5) to be a prominent grub enemy in certain parts of Wis-
consin. A nearly related species in the P]ast is Promaehus fitchii 0. S.

58

7. MtcrophtJialnia disjuncia Wied. Megaprosopis michigancn-
sis). — A large Taehinid fly parasite of white-gTul)s, said to be
common in the Central Western States. Mr. Vassiliev reports the
same Taehinid as parasitizing the grubs of Anisoplia austriaca, and
three other species, in southern Russia (32). Another closely related
species in the States is Micro plith alma pruinosa, also of wide dis-
tribution.

8. Moclilosoma {Prosena) lacertosa V. d. W. — This large Dexiid
fly was reported by J. H. T. Towaisend as issuing in great numbers
from the puparia in the soil in pasture lands near Colonia Garcia,
Chihuahua, northern ]\[exico, and he was certain they were parasi-
tizing white-grub (29). The determination of the fly was made by
Doctor Coquillet. (A related species, Prosena siberita, attacks grubs
of Adoretes compressu)^ in Java.) (10).

9. Ptilodexia (Estheria) tihialis Desv. — Another Dexiid fly, which
Davis mentions as parasitizing white-grubs in Texas (5, p. 271).

10. Pyrophorus sp. — An Elaterid beetle, very abundant in south-
ern Texas, the larva? of which are predacious upon a common white-
grub of that section.

Parasites of the Adults.

11. Pi/rgota undata Wied. — An Ortalid fly, the commonest and
most efficient parasite of adult May-beetles in the Central States,
and also generally distributed. Another species, more local in habitat,
is Pyrgofa valida Har. These are nocturnal in habits, as arc also
the following Taehinid flies.

12. Cryptomeigenia theutis Walk. — A Taehinid fly quite com-
monly infesting the bodies of adult May-beetles in some sections of
the United States. The only other representative of the genus known
to the writer is the common Porto Rican species, Cryptomeigenia
aurifacics Wal.

13. Entrixa exile Coq. {Nemoraea masuria Walk.) — xVnother Taehi-
nid fly parasitizing I\Iay-beetles. It has habits like the preceding,
infesting the beetle body.

14. Biomyia lack nosternae.— This Taehinid, identified by Mr. Wal-
ton, is the one referred to by Dr. Forbes as ViviaJKi s]). iu Bui. 110
of the Illinois Agr. Exp. Station, according to Mr. J. J. Davis (5).
It was reared from the adult of PhyUophaga crenuUta.

15. Sarcophaga heUcis Towns.— This Sarcophagid fly was reared
from adults of PhyUophaga arcuata collected at Washington. 1). C.

59

INTRODUCTION OF FINGUS ENEMIES.

Simultaneous with the introduction of insect parasites of white-
giuhs into Porto Rico, Mr. Van Dine initiated an attempt to intro-
duce certain entomogenous fungi that are known to attack white-
grubs and beetles related to the JMay-beetles in other regions (27; 29)
Cultures were received both from Europe and from Hawaii, the
species of most importance from the former place being Botryfis
tcncUa (or Isaria densa) , which is reputed to have been used with
so iiuich success at one time against the larvae of Melolohtha in France
(29, p. 42).

From cultures received from Hawaii one species, that known as
the Sarnoan fungus, or green muscardine fungus, Metarrhdziinn ani-
sopliae, was succeessfully established on the Island, and large num-
bers of May-beetles were infected by means of soil inoculations (29)
(See PI. IV, figs. 7, 8, 9.) It was later learned that a local form
of this fungus had already existed on the Island prior to the intro-
ductions from Hawaii, as grubs and Ijeetles infested with the fungus
were found in parts very remote from Avhere liberations of spores
had been made (12; 30).

Several liberations of the spores of MetarrJiizium have been made
by the pathologists of the Station, ]Mr. J. R. Johnston and ]\Ir. J. A.
Stevenson, tlie spore material having been grown in large cabinets
on a scale surpassed only by the extensive liberations of Metarrhiziion
against the frog-hopper in Trinidad. The results of these liberations
have been somewhat variable (25).

IMethod of Rearing Grubs.

Because of their subterranean habits, white-grul)s are vi'vy <lifH-
eult to rear to maturity, and to observe their molts. I jiving in tunnels
in the soil, they are apt to be injured or set back in growth l)y being
disturbed. Difficulty rests also in their requiring so long to reach
maturity, their life-cycles in many cases covering a period of more
than a year, which promotes the possibility of their succumbing to
fungus and other diseases contracted through artificial means.

It is possible that the difficulties of rearing white-grubs in con-
finement are less felt in the tropics than in temperate cjimalfs be-
cause of there being no period of cold weather tlirough wliidi the
grubs must be given special care and treatment. This advantage,
however, is in part counteracted by the increased activity of certain
parasitic fungi and other diseases that attack the gi-ubs in warmer
climates.

60

Perhaps the most careful methods of rearing grubs in temperate
(•limates have been worked out by Mr. J. J. Davis at Lafayette,
Indiana (5). His method consists, briefly, in the use of flower pots
twelve to sixteen inches in diameter and height, or of cylinders made
of metal and wire screening, twenty inches in diameter and two and
one-half feet in depth, which are inserted into the ground in
such a way as to give natural conditions of moisture and drainage.
Necessarily cages such as these, even though each many contain sev-
eral grubs, require a rather large amount of space for the rearing
of large numbers of grubs; and it must be remembered that only in
the results from rearing large numbers of grubs can accurate data
be obtained. Under tropical conditions, where there is no winter to
contend with, methods requiring much less space have been found
quite satisfactory and in most respects preferable.

Methods of rearing employed by the writer consisted at first in
the use of flower pots six inches in diameter and of glass battery jars.
The objection to the pots was that they required dumping of the
earth in order to view the grubs, which meant disturbance and often
injury to the grubs. The objection to the jars was that they allowed
for no drainage, and the soil became sour, thus permitting mites
and nematodes to breed. Furthermore, in glass jars grubs would
seldom remain near enough to the glass to be seen, so there was no
advantage gained.

In all respects the most convenient method was found in the use
of two and one-half and three-inch round, seamless tin boxes, one
and one-quarter inches high. One or two grubs were kept in each
box, the larger grubs being kept in larger boxes. These boxes were
conveniently kept in piles and tiers, and were opened and the con-
tents examined regularly at intervals of several days to a week or
more. Pups were examined almost daily. To prevent rust boxes
were first lined with a thin coating of paraffin. Moisture was regu-
lated not by adding water to the box, which experience proved w^as
dangerous, but by using sifted earth of the right dampness to begin
with, and renewing the earth when it became dry or sour.

Food was supplied by adding a kernel of corn to each box. A
new kernel was never added until the old one had been entirely con-
sumed, germinating roots and all, as it was found that greater dan-
ger came from over feeding than from under feeding. Too much
food in a box always led to an accumulation of mites {Tyroffli/phus
sp. .'), which would attack and often sicken the grub, finally causing
its death unless the mites were carefully brushed ott' and fresh earth
supplied. In absence of corn, a small section of cane could be fed;

61

but cane quickly soured and nearly always gave rise to mites, so
that use of corn was preferable.

Movements of the grul) in a can have a tendency to pack the
earth, so that by careful manipulation of a knife lilade the top earth
may be removed and the grul)"s tunnel exposed. A tunnel averages
three to four times the length of the grub's body; and when one
part of the tunnel is opened the grub rushes to tl)e other extremity,
so that there is small danger of injury. The grub may thus be
viewed without disturbing it to any great extent.

When a grub is first added to a can, the latter is filled even
full witli sifted fnot too fine) moist earth, and with the thumb
or finger a pit is compressed in the soil, into which the grub is
placed. It is never covered with earth.

There is little to be improved upon in the matter of convenience
in the methods described here, provided care is taken ; nor is there
any more divergence from natural, outdoor conditions than would
be the case in using larger boxes, jars, or pots. Check experiments
proved that there Avas no difference in the time of emergence be-
tween adults from grubs in tin boxes and adults from grubs out-
doors, provided a grub escaped the attack of mites, fungus, or bac-
terial disease. The presence of these diseases in small boxes was
in most cases induced by over feeding, excessive moisture, or care-
less handling.

Check experiments for each species were run in large outdoor
rearing cages, containing a depth of six to ten inches of earth in
which was grown cane or corn as food. Cages were of uniform
size, three by six feet and three feet high, screen covered with wooden
bottoms, set up on posts as protection from ants and rodents. Adults
were usually liberated in them in quantit}', one species in each, at
about the same time that other series were confined in jai's for eggs.
After a week or so of confinement adults were removed, eggs having
been deposited in the soil. The cage remained undisturbed, except
to be regularly watered and occasionally replanted to fresh cMue or
corn, until sufficient time had elapsed for gi-ulis to mnture and adults
to issue.

In these cages the time recpiired for emergence tallied very closely
with the time required for grubs confined in tin boxes, showing that
soil conditions in the smaller tin boxes did not change the time of
emergence from normal.

In the case of one species, Phytalus insularis, no larvse reared in tin
boxes were successfully brought to maturity, so that results obtained

62

from the large outdoor cages were depended upon in determining
the length of the life-cycle.

OVIPOSITION AND HANDLING OF EGGS.

•Some difficulty was experienced in determining the possible dura-
tion of oviposition by female adults. When beetles were confined
"en masse," that is, a number in a cage or jar, there was usuall.y
a heavy mortality, which may have been due to the fungus disease,
Metarrhizium. being able to communicate itself from one beetle to
another.

The obstacle to confining females singly for oviposition may be
realized when one takes into account the difficulty of giving the
beetle sufficient living food material and freedom of movement, and
at the same time restricting the amount of soil to a quantity not
too large to sift and examine in a reasonable length of time. Beetles
had to be confined in numbers, and the earth examined at frequent
intervals, to give oviposition records value.

At first beetles were confined over potted plants; but it was
fouiid too difficult to extract eggs from among roots without crush-
ing them. Also, tlie effort of supplying a fresh plant for each
l)eet]e at each examination of the soil was considerable.

Later experience showed that a beetle requires neither to fly nor
climb in order to maintain a fairly normal existence in confinement.
A method devised was to confine each female in a small glass bat-
tery jar, four inches in diameter by six inches high, in the bottom
of wliich was placed two inches of moist earth, sifted to a fineness
somewhat smaller than the size of the eggs, so that the latter were
easily sifted out. The soil was packed lightly with the hand, and
a few strips or sections of banana leaf put in above the soil as food
for the beetle, being first dipped in water, after which they remained
green for two or three days and were relished by the beetles.

It was not found necessary to confine adults in pairs in order
to secure fertile eggs. There was no advantage in doing so, as copu-
lation never took place to the writer's knowledge in small jars.
Beetles collected immediately following copulation remained fertile
for two months or more. No cases were observed of infertile eggs
from females confined alone, except those from reared females, which
of r-ourse had never copulated.

The first method devised for rearing the eggs was to place each
out' in a small pit made with the head of a match in the f^at side
of a small ball of damp soil or mud, and to press a tier of these

G3

against the glass on the inside of a jar, around the eircuuiference
of the bottom, so as to expose the eggs to view. The space was tiUrd
in with sifted soil even with the tops of the earth halls, another
tier added, and so on until all eggs of a lot were placed. Corn was
not planted then until all eggs had hatched, as other^vise the ger-
minating roots grew into the egg cavities and smothered the eggs
or obscured them from view. Eggs were never put loose into a jar
and covered with soil, as they must have room to swell, being laid
under natural conditions in small cavities made by the female ovi-
positor which allow for swelling. (See Plate V, fig. 9, and Plate VI,
fig. 3.)

A better and simpler method was to place the eggs over damp
soil in shallow glass petri dishes. Being tightly closed, and of small
size, these dishes maintained the reciuired humidity, and a great many
eggs were thus easily attended to and examined in a sliort time. As
the eggs hatched, the young gru])s were i-emoved to tin boxes. With
this method, care must be taken of two things: one, that the petri
dishes remain in a place of little exposure and of uniform tempera-
ture; and two, that the soil be sterile, to insure it against mites
and nematodes, to both of whose attack iMay-beetle eggs seem to he
very susceptible.

Boxes for grubs just hatched should have thi- soil sifted, quite
moist, and packed very gently if at all. Small pits were made in
the soil with a match, and the grubs placed into these: if placed
on the surface of soil they are often unable to penetrate. No plant-
ing of corn was required in the boxes until grubs were nearly ready
to molt, as very young grubs were observed to feed almost entirely
upon organic matter in the soil, and seldom to touch i-oots.

PUP^ AND EMERGENCE OF ADTM.TS.

Before pupating, a May-beetle giiib assumes a soft, flabby condi-
tion, during which it lies inertly on its back at the bottom of the
tunnel. This is known as the prepupal stage. Prior to changing
to the prepupa, the grub shortens and somewhat broadens its tunnel,
making it very hard and smooth on the inside. In the cell so formed
it undergoes the change to pupa and then to adult.

Whenever possible, it was found i)referab]e to leave the pupa in
its natural pupal cell, simply making an opening in the top of the
cell through which it could be viewed. The use of the shallow tin
boxes made this possible. When necessary, however, a smooth arti-
ficial cell open at the top was made in the soil in a tin box, and

64

the piipn placed in it on its back. Soil during the pnpal stage iiir.st
l)p kept uniformly moist, and mites must be guarded against.

In the field, pupation takes place usually at a depth of one and
one-half to two feet, which is a foot or more deeper than the larva
lives, and this going to a lower level is attributed to an instinct on
the grub's part to avoid changes of temperature, and disturbances
of the soil by plowing, that would take place nearer the surface. Tt
seems, however, that it is simply a provision to so place the pupal
cell that the inactive pupa will not be crowded and eventually
smothered by the penetration of roots into the cell, which would
undou])tedly take place near the surface of the soil in a field. Grubs
in the tin boxes showed no discomfort at being prevented from pene-
trating to a depth in the soil.

The freshly issued adult (PI. IV, fig. 6) was left in the pupal
eell in the box for several days, to observe its changes in color in
leaching maturity. In a week's time or less, before the beetle had
shown a desire to leave the cell, a round disc of blotting paper was
snugly fitted into the box over the earth and cell, and the box was
l)uried. with lid removed, under several inches of damp earth in a jar
or pot, the earth packed somewhat, and a cover or cage put over
the top in order to determine the date of emergence from the soil.

Species of Porto Rican Melolonthids.

All five species of Porto Rican ]\Ielolonthids that have been segre-
gated and studied are new to science. The four indigenous species
of PhyUophaga, or May-beetles, are being described by the author
under the names PhyUophaga vundinei, P. portoricensis, P. guani-
cana and P. citri, and the single species of Phy talus under the name
PJi y talus insularis.

The characters which distinguish the species are sufficiently marked
to readily separate them from allied species occurring on the neigh-
boring islands. In the present pa]ier will be given only the morp
important characters necessary to distinguish one species from the
other.

As the four species of Phyllophmja fall naturally into two groups,
readily distinguishable by size and other gross characters, and as
the two species of each group are restricted to well-defined geogra])hic
areas on the Island, one can almost with certainty determine the
species by tlie locality in which it was collected, knowing the ap-
l)earanee of each group. The males of the four species can be sepa-
rated by tile clirracters shown in figures 4. 5. (i niid 7, of Plate Y,

Of)

Avhicb illustrate the male genetalia viewed from the left side. The
characters of the female genetalia are less well defined in tin- two
species of either group, but those of the two groups are quite distinct
in appearance, as is shown by figures 8 and 10, Plate V. representiny
one species of each group.

The species P]n/fahis i)is}tUi)-is conforms with the described eliar-
acter separating the genus from Pkyllophaga. This consists in the
tooth of the tarsal claw being situated near the end of the claw, and
directed at an acute angle instead of at an obtuse or right angle
to it. making the claw what is termed "cleft." This character is
more or less variable with other species of Phytalus. but holds good
in the case of P. insularis and P. smifhi Ar.

A not worthy fact is that all of the Porto Rican ^Melolonthids,
including Phytalus, in common with the species from neighboring
islands, possess certain marked characters not ocurring in the spe-
cies from the mainland which have been examined. This would seem
to set them apart as belonging to another genus. These cliaraeters
consist in: (1) the presence, on the inner posterior angle of the
femora of the hind pairs of legs, of a longitudinal row of ])romi-
nent, stout, rather blunt spines, varying usuall.v from three to five
in number, and below each spine a long bristle — where in the species
of the continent this angle is 1)are of spines and has few. if any,
bristles; (2) the constriction of the transverse, sub-median ridge
on the outer face of the back tibiae, which in American continental
species is directed downward and bears a prominent row of bristles.
or slender spines, into an anterior and a posterior flattened spur,
the former bearing from three to five bristles and the latter from
one to four bristles; and (S") in the presence, above the posterior
flattened spur and less than midway between it and the base of tibia,
of another flattened spur, bearing from one to three bristles — which
in continental species is indicated, if at all, by no more than a slight
elevation above h pil bearing one bristle. Occasionally, in Insular
species, there is a third flattened spur above this last, having one
to two bristles.

These chai'acters of the rear tibiae occur in the West Indian
species of Pliyfalxs as well as in PhyUophaga, and make it appear
that the West Indian species of Phyllophaya are a link between
Phyfahis and the Phyllophaga of North America.

CHARACTERS IN THK (iKNITAIJA.

It is well known that many species of Phyllophayd of the Anier-
icriu continent are practically indistinguishable from external char-

66

aeters, and that it is necessary to extract and examine the genitalia
in order to separate them. The same is true of Porto Rican species,
especially as regards closely related species in either group. Of the
two sexes, the genitalia of the male are the more highly specialized,
and therefore of greater use in separating species.

The genitalia of a male Phyllophaga may be described as a serai-
chitinous, tubular, protractile organ whose distal end, for about ont -
third of the entire length, is enlarged and modified into a collar,
or theca, which is parted longitudinally on tlie ventral side. The
tliet-a is articulated at the sides to the upper or proximal portion
of the genital organ, the dorsal suture being protected by a tym-
panum. The distal margin of the theca is nearly circular and
cuplike, concealing the fleshy phallus; the aucipital margins on the
ventral side are variously modified into corneous hooks or barbs.
In many American species of Phyllophaga, including such species as
horuii, ilicis and hipartita, the theca is greatly modified, becoming
articulated on the dorsal side and formed into two highly specialized
claspers. which are dissimilar in shape. In other species, such as
quercus, ruhiginosa and forhesi, the theca is bilaterally symmetrical
and more regular in shape, as is the case with Porto Rican species.
In none of the American species, however, is the phallus (which may
be known as the median lobe of the genital organ) highly specialized
as in the species of the Island.

The median lobe of the male genitalia of Porto Rican species
bears, normally, a superior, deflexed, acicular process, or spicula.
which is roundly bent toward the right, and an inferior pair of adnate.
falciform armatures, which cross scissor-like at their bases and re-
cross, or at least meet, at their tips. (See PI. Y, figs. 6 and 7.) In
the group including the two species of smaller size (guanicana and
citri) the adnate armatures are fused into a single spatha, which
is in one case fleshy (guanicana) and in the other case chitinous
{dtri). In the group including the two larger species (vandinei
and port or ie en sis) the adnate armatures are distinct, chitinous. dark
brown and shining, the dextral armature superior and the sinistral
inferior; they are compressed or cylindrical at their bases and
depressed at the tips, which lie one over the other. The distinguish-
ing characters lie in the structure of the tips of these armatures,
which are bicuspidate in one {vandinei) and spatulate in the other
{portoricensis) .

The female genitalia consist, in American species, of two pairs
of flattened plates, an inferior and a superior, the latter extending
beyond the former, and above the superior plates, at their suture, a

67

piibie luoeess of varying form, which is often kicking or concealed.
The inferior and superior plates are often fused together. Among
Porto Ric-an species tliis seems to be the case, and the pubic process is
risible only in species of the larger group {vandinei and portoricensis) .

The following key will serve to separate readily the five Porto-
Rican Melolonthides:

KEY TO PORTO RICAN MELrOLONTHIDES.

A. Theca of male genitalia eyanthiforn, closed ventrally. PhiitaJus.

B. Theca of male genitalia collar-shaped, open ventrally. PhyJIo phage.

u. Adnate armatures distinct and chitinous; spiciila medial; female geni-
talia with prominent pubic process. (Group of larger species.)
I. Armatures bicuspidate at tip; spicula sharply deflexed. P. van-
dinei.
II. Armatures sj^atulate at tip; spicula roundly deflexed. P. por~
toricensis.
1). Adnate armatures fused into a single spatha; spicula dextral: female-
genitalia without pubic jirocess. (Group of .smaller species.)
III. Spatha fleshy, surmounted by minute prostrate spinules. P. gua-
nicana.
IV. Spatha cymbiform, cliitinous and polished above. P. cifri.

Phyllophaga vandinei n. sp.^

This species has been named for Mr. D. L. Van Dine, the first
entomologist of the Experiment Station of the Porto Rico Sugar
GroAvers' Association, who, by reason of his characteristic zeal and
energy, was largely responsible for the extensive importations of
white-grub parasites and for instigating the work carried on with
the sugar-cane white-grubs of the Island in the past tive years.

The larva of this species is the worst sugar-cane pest of the Island,
and is perhaps one of the three most injurious sugar-cane white-
grubs in the world. Its habitat on the Island is restrieted to the
western end, its farthest east recorded occurrence being at Manati
on the north coast and at Peiiuelas on the south. Within this limited
territory it has reached, particularly in the Guanica district, such
great abundance as to often have caused whole fields of cane to fall
prone and to ])egin to sour in a week's time after damage first be-
came evident. It has made the growing of ratoon cane in the Guanica
and San German districts impossible, and in addition to the cost of
replanting for each crop, has levied a tax upon the centrals for
the continued hiring of boys to collect tlie grubs and beetles that
amounts to hundreds of dollars in a single season.

1 Technical description of this and the other species will Ix- i)u)ilished later.

6S

Cases are on record where over fifty grubs of this species have
been spaded out from under a single stool of cane. It is no uncom-
mon occurrence to dig out twenty or more grulis from one cane stool.
So prolific is the species that it requires constant vigilance on the
part of the sugar centrals of the infested district to keep the insect
in check. Boys are paid at a regular rate per quart for beetles
collected on the cane foliage by lantern at night, and women are
paid by the quart for grubs collected in the plowed fields in the day-
time. By these means hundreds of bushels of l)eetles (see PI. II,
fig. 4) and grul)s are collected every season and destroyed, or fed
to hogs.

Some idea of the cost of this propaganda may be derived from
the following figures, available through the courtesy of the general
manager of Guanica Centrale, where accurate records of the daily
collections of grubs and beetles are kept :

In seven months of 1914 during which collections of beetles were
made (February 27 to September 23), the total collections in five
haciendas belonging to Guanica Centrale amounted to 2,255,000 bee-
tles, gathered at a total cost of $833.87.

The collections of grubs for six months of the same year (from
November 27, 1913, to May 14, 1914) amounted to a total of 1,662.000
grabs, gathered at a cost of $1,876.73.

In six months of the following year (March 6 to September 9,
1915), on the same haciendas of Guanica Centrale, tiie collections
of beetles amounted to a total of 2,468,000, gathered at a cost of
$1,425.20.

The numl)er of grubs collected in seven months of 1914 and 1915
(from October 29 to May 27) amounted to a total of 2,425,000, gath-
ered at a cost to the central of $2,018.57.

Figuring 400 l)eetles to the quart, and 300 grubs to the quart,
this makes the rather startling figure of 369 ))ushels of beetles and
426 l)ushels of grul)s collected in two years from a small district by
one sugar central, at a total cost of $6,154.37.

And still this l)eetle is not held in check, but appears to continue
to increase in abundance. It is small wonder that tlie sugar-cane
growers of Porto Rico have become exercised over the depredations
of the "gusano bianco," as the white-grub is known locally.

THE BEETLE.

The adult of PJiyUoplhaga vandinci is a ^lay-beetle of normal
appearance, smooth and faintly shining in both sexes, but not pol-

69

ished, tawny to chestnut brown in color, and varying from 17 to
22 mm. in length. (See PI. IV, fig. 3.) From P. guanicana or
P. citri it is at once separable by its larger size, lighter color and
smoother surface. From P. portoricensis it is distinct in being con-
fined to a different habitat, as well as by the characters cited in
the preceding table.

Unlike most species of PhyllopJiaga, vandinci may be found in
some abundance in the fields throughout at least eight and often
nine months of the year. In the Guanica district, where it has been
closely studied, it makes its first appearance during the last days
of February, and by the last of March is abundant, remaining so
from then up until late in September or tlie middle of October, wlien
it rapidly decreases in numbers ; and by the second week of Novem-
ber few are to be found in the fields. During the two years of 1914
and 1915, figures compiled by Guanica Centrale show that the beetles
were most abundant in 1914 from the last of July to early in Sep-
temlier. while in 1915 they were most plentiful from the middle of
April to early in July. These variations may be due to climatic con-
ditions in indi\adual seasons.

As the life-cycle of the species covers only one year, or a period
of ten months for the actual egg-to-adult cycle, and as there is a
possible variation (as shown by breeding experiments) in this cycle
ranging from seven to tliirteen months, it is evident that there mugt
occur an overlapping of broods, to such an extent, in fact, as to dis-
tribute the emergence of adults over all of the sunnuer months.

THE LIFE-HISTORY WORK.

As this species is the worst cane pest of the Island, and the ulti-
mate object of all the experimental work on white-grubs Avas to find
a practical method of conti-oUing it, the laboratory-insectary erected
for its study, and called the South Coast Laboratory, was located at
Santa Rita, midway between Guanica and Yauco, in the heart of
the district worst infested by this beetle. ]\[ost of the white-gru))
work was put upon the one species, with the result that its habits
and life-history are better known than those of ;iny otlier species
occurring on the Island.

3Iore than twenty individuals of I'liilloplKif/d vanditwi wei'e
reared from egg to advilt. and twice as many more were reared suc-
cessfully to tlie pupal stage. Many hundreds of eggs from confined
adults were kept undei- observation, and the grubs hatching from
them were fed and regularly observed; l)ut a majority of tbese died

70

before reaching maturity, some from disease or from the artificial
conditions of their confinement, others from wrong handling through
ignorance of the essentials for their growth. The total number of
eggs, larva^, and pupa^ of this species whose molts and instars were
recorded was as follows: Eggs, 1,502; grubs in first instar, 852;
grubs in second instar, 209; grubs in third instar, 117; pupae, 46.
The two charts on Plate VIII show in graphic form tiie length of
the egg to adult period of PhyUopliaga vandinei.

LENGTH OF LIFE-CYCLE.

The life-cycle of Phijllophaga vandinei covers, roughly speaking,
one year. The average normal egg-to-adult period covers just ten
months. The average from fourteen complete records of single in-
dividuals run from egg to adult was 306 days; the average obtained
by adding together the average lengths of the three immature stages —
the egg, three instars of larva, and the pupa — was 302 days. The
disparity is easily accounted for.

The maximum egg to adult period of the fourteen individuals
was 395 days; the minimum, 212 days. Or in terms of months, they
were, respectively, 13 and 7 months.

Observ^ation has shown that the adult Ijeetle, after issuing from
the pupa, may remain in the soil in the pupal cell for a period
varying from two weeks to perhaps two months. The period of pre-
oviposition of adults was not experimentally determined, because of
the refusal of reared specimens to oviposit, and the difficulty of being
sure whether specimens collected in the field had just emerged or not.
Calculating the pre-emergence period to average a month, and the
pre-oviposition period to require close to a month, the species is seen
to have a life-cycle of virtually one year.

Tlie possible shortening or lengthening of the egg-to-adult period
by three months, which was demonstrated in rearing boxes, and
whicli would shorten or lengthen the entire life-cycle by an equal
period, gives the life-cycle of the species a proven variation of nine
to fifteen months. This might be still further lengthened by the fact
that the egg-laying period of the female may extend over a period
of more than a month.

It is very conceivable that an egg laid quite late in the fall might
not. under adverse conditions, emerge as an adult until tlie spring of
the second year following; or on the other hand, that an egg laid
in spring might, under very favorable conditions, produce an adult
in the fall of the same year. This last, in fact, happened in one of

71

the rearing boxes (see Plate VIII, No. 1211a), although there is no
way of knowing whether the adult would have emerged from the
ground in the fall, under natural conditions, or would have remained
in the pupal cell until the following February or March. All of
which readily explains the occurrence of adults in the cane fields
throughout most of the year.

THE EGG STAGE.

Tlie average length of the egg stage, from the date it is laid to
the date of hatching, was determined as fourteen days. This average
was secured from a total of 1,089 eggs, the hatching of which was
observed. The niaxinunn length of egg stage was seventeen days,
recorded in ^larch. and the minimum ten days, recorded in Sep-
tember.

Description. — The egg of PhyUophagu vandinci is opaque and
pearly white in color (in that regard resembling the eggs of other-
species of the genus). When first laid it is slender oblong-oval in
sliape. about 2.75 mm. to 3 mm. in length by 1.62 mm. to 1.75 mm.
in breadth. It swells greatly before hatching, and becomes almost
spherical, 3 mm. to 3.25 nnn. in length by 2.35 nun. to 2.65 mm. in
breadth. (See Plate III, fig. 1.)

Eggs are deposited among roots in the soil in small globular pits,
or cavities, which are made by the ovipositor of the female. One
egg is laid in each pit and rests at the bottom. (See Plate V. fig. 9.)
The earth forming the walls of the pit is cemented or compressed in
such a way that even in dry sifted soil the pits usually remain
intact, wdien the soil is sifted, until put under pressure of the thumb.
The pit varies from two to three times the diameter of the egg, and
serves to maintain a uniform humidity as well as to prevent the soil
from touching the egg. When fully swollen the egg does not com-
pletely fill the pit, so that when it hatches the grub, which is half
again greater in diameter than the swollen egg (see Plate III, fig. 2),
has a natural cell in which to move about and begin existence.

THE W^HITE-GRUB, OR LARVAL HTAGE.

In common with other white-grubs, the larva of PhijUophagn van-
iJinci molts its skin three times, passing through three distinct instars.
In computing the length of life-cycle the average, maximum, and
minimum lengths of each instar were found.

Of fifty larv« of this species reared from Q^g. to pupal stage, in
wliicli the exact dates of hatching of egg and of pupation w-n-e re-

72

<jorded, the average length of larval stage was 267 days; tlie luaxi-
miira, 356 days; the mininiuin, 179 days. Or, reduced to months,
the average length of larval stage was about nine months; the maxi-
niiini, twelve months; and the minimum, six months. It is at once
apparent that the astonishing variation in the length of life-cycle
of this species is due to the variation in length of the larval, or grub,
stage, the egg and pupal stages showing very little variation in dura-
tion. (See charts on Plate VIII.)

Nine out of ten months (or 90 per cent) of the insect's normal
life below ground are spent in the larval, or grub, stage. During
most of this time the grub is doing actual damage to cane by feeding
upon the roots.

The length of larval period, secured by adding together the aver-
ages of the three instars, amounts to 266 days. This constitutes a
very good check on the al)ove average of 267 daj^s, computed from
the whole larval stage of 50 larvae, since a good many of the grubs
iiom which tlie instar averages were taken never reached pupation,
and conversely, a majority of the grubs whose exact dates of egg
hatching and of pupation were recorded, were not observed and re-
corded as to their molts; so that the two results were taken to a large
extent from ditferent series of gruljs.

The explanation for fifty grul)s having reached the pupal stage.
Avhereas only about twenty reached the adult, lies in the fact that
at the time of pupation the grub is particularly susceptible to injury
by handling, or by attack of the bacterial disease. Micrococcus nigro-
faciens Nor. (17). Many grubs while active seemed to resist the
disease, which attacked a majority of them, but during the quiescent
prepupal stage they succumbed. The presence of mites on the body
of a grub would often prevent its pupation, or cause the pupa to
be deformed, and the adult would not issue.

TJk first instar. — Technical descriptions of this and the other in-
stais aud stages of Phyllophaga vancUnei will be given in a later
Issue of the Journal, when detailed studies have been completed.
For the present, the plates may be depended upon to give a fairly
accurate impression of the size and appearance of the different instars
of the grub.

The average duration of the first instar was determined as 36 days;
the maximum, 59 days (in December) ; the minimum, 17 days (\n
June). The maxinuun duration was found to be more than three
times the minimum. The duration of this, as well as the other in-
stars of the grub, has been shown to be influenced more by the amount
of moisture in the soil, and by the presence or absence of mites, fun-

73

gus or bacterial disease, than by the ainoimt of food provided the
grub. (When grubs succumbed to the Metarrhizium fungus during^
the second or third instars, it was found that the earlier instars had
been above normal in length.)

From the fact that larvte of ^lay-beetles are always in a coiled
position, and seldom straighten out to crawl as do the grubs of Rute-
lids and Dynastids, it is very difficult to measure their length. It
was ascertained, however, that the length is just double the measure-
ment across the coiled body, so that the length of grubs in the various
instars was determined in this way.

At the time of hatching from the egg, the grub of vandinei is
about 6 nun. long and 1.75 mm. to 1.8 mm. across the head. Before
molting to the second instar (see Plate III, fig. 3) it reaches a length
of 17 ram. to 18 mm., and the head reaches a diameter of 1.9 mm. to
2 nmi. (PI. V, fig. 1.)

The head does not grow like the body, l)ut that it enlarges some-
what in size may be shown by the following brief table, from actual
measurements with sliding calipers from living grubs :^

HEAD OF FJRST-IXSTAR GRUBS.

An average from 5 grubs varying from 5 to 10 mm. in length; head 1.8.5
mm. wide.

An average from 29 grnbs varying from 11 to la mm. in length; head 1.96
mm. wide.

An average from 11 grubs varying from 1(5 to 18 mm. in length; head 2.01
mm. wide.

During the first instar no damage is done by the grub of vandinei,
since it lives entirely upon vegetable matter in the soil. It is only
during the very last days of the instar, or more commonly in the early
part of the second instar, that the grub l)egins to eat living roots.

The second instar. — The average duration of the second instar
(see Plate III, tig. 4) was found to be 47 days; the maximum, 103
days; the minimum, 26 days. Or, reduced to months, the average
was one and one-half months; the maximum, three and one-third
months; and the mininuim, somewhat under one month. It is seen
that the maximum duration of this instar was more than four times
tlie minimum.

At beginning of the second instar the length of the grul) is 17 nun.
to 18 mm.: at end of the instar, and just before molting to the third
instar, the length is 28 mm. to 30 mm. The average width of head,
taken from 43 second instar grubs, was 3.33 nun. (See Plate V, fig. 2.)

1 Note. — ^Measurements of small objects made with sliding calipers are very apt to
average from .1 mm. to .15 mm. above actual size.

74

An idea of the enlargement in the head during the seeond instar
may be gained l\v tlie following figures, taken from measurements
of living grubs :

HEAD OF SEOOND-INSTAK GRUBS.

All average from 23 gi-ubs varying from 18 to 2o mm. in lonstli; head 3.25
mm. wide.

An average from 20 grubs varying from 26 to 30 mm. in length; head 3.42
mm. wide.

The third instar. — The average duration of the third instar. fro'n
records of 25 grubs, was found to l)e 183 days; the maximum 266
days: the minimum. 78 days. Again, the maximum duration of the
instar is more than three times the minimum. Reduced to montlis.
the average length of the third instar is six months; the maximum,
nine months; and the minimum, two and one-half months.

Approximately two-thirds of the larval period is spent in the
third or last instar, or about three-fifths of the entire life of the
immature insect. During more than six months of the year this
insect is doing great injury to crops in the soil as a grub. There
being no winter in Porto Rico during which the grid) is not feeding,
its activity as a root trinuner extends not only through five and one-
half months of the third instar (allowing one-half month for the quies-
cent, pre-pupal stage), but also through the month and a half of the
second instar, so that the period of injury may easily cover seven
months.

At beginning of the third in.star (see Plate 111, fig. 6) the grub
averages about 28 nun. in length, and when full grown (see Plate III,
fig. 7) it reaches a length of 40 mm. to 44 mm. The average width
of head from 96 grubs measured in the third instar was 5.29 mm.
(See Plate V, fig. 3.)

The rate of growth of the head during this instar may be seen
from the following table :

HEAD OF THIRD-] XSTAR GRUBS.

Average from 30 grubs varying from 26 to 30 mm. long; head 5.3 3 mm.

Average from 19 grubs varying from 31 to 3.5 mm. long; head 5.26 mm.

Average from 42 grubs varying from 36 to 40 mm. long; head 5.39 mm.

Average from 5 grubs varying from 41 to 45 mm. long; head 5.45 mm.

Tlie factors which influence the rate of growtli in tlie third instar
of the grub are :

(1) Available food supply: i. e., contiguity of abundant living-
plant roots.

(2) Humidity and texture of soil. Hardness or softness of the

75

sitil naturally retards or facilitates the easy movements of the grub
iu its constant search for fresh roots. For this reason white-grubs
an- worse pest in friable tlian in heavy clay soils.

(8) Temperature (time of year). The length of tliis instar some-
Avhat increases, as do the others, during the winter months, though
at no time of year do the grub's activities entirely cease as result of
cold Aveather. as happens in more northern latitudes.

(4) The presence of disease in the grul). As previously stated,
infection with the Metarrhizinm fungus greatly retards the activity
and growth of tlie grul), as does bacterial infection, thus lengthening
the duration of the instar.

(5) Attack by mites, or by other dermal parasites that molest
the grub.

- THE PRE-PUPAL STAGE.

The so-called pre-pupal stage of white-grubs is the resting period
that occurs at the end of the third in.star tiuring which the grub is
preparing for pupation. It is characterized by a puckering or gather-
ing of the skin, general flahl)iness, and a discoloration or yellowing
in color (see Plate III, tig. 8). The larva lies on its back, dormant,
in a rounded, oblong cell about 35 to 40 mm. long; the body is much
flattened and the caudal end rather sharply bent upward ; the legs
are held stififly outward, close together, and display little or no move-
ment. There is no molt between the third instar and the pre-pupal
stage.

From two weeks to a month prior to the pre-pupal stage, the
grub shows the approach to pupation by its sluggishness, by the l)ody
becoming yellow, more opaque, and harder to the toucli, and by a
disappearance of the dark stain' at the caudal end of the body result-
ing from the earthy excretions matter within.

From about a dozen observations of reared grubs, the pre-pupal
stage varied from four to seven days. There was in each case an
added period of about a week to two weeks during which the grub
Avas sluggish and did not feed, thus indicating its j'jreparation for
the pre-pupa.

ft

THE PUPAL STAGE.

When the pre-pu[)a molts, the ])upa is at Hrst white and mis-
shapen; but within twenty-four hours it has assumed its natural
shape (see Plate III, fig. !* ; also Plate W . figs. 1 and 2) and sinning
yellow-brown color. The pupa lies on its hack in the cell, and the

76

crumpled molt skin (Plate III. fig. 9) remains near it, at the caudal
end.

The average duration of the pupal stage, from 22 observations,
was 211/2 days; the maximum, 26 days; the minimum, 17 days.

From thirteen measurements, the average length of the pupa was
25.1 mm., the average width 11.15 nun., and the average breadth of
the head 8.18 mm.

A day or two before hatching into the adult, the pupa turns over
in its cell and lies with the back upward. In this position the adult
is always found in the cell, never with back downward. On a pupa
about to hatch the skin is wrinkled, and the white color of the elytra
may be seen througii elytral sheaths. (See Plate III, fig. 10.) The
formation and sculpture of the legs may also be seen through the
now transparent pupal skin.

ISSUING AND EMERGENCE OF ADULT.

An adult just issued has only the legs, head, and thorax brown
the elytra being white and soft, and the wings extended their full
length beneath the elytra. (See Plate IV, fig. 6.) In a few hours
the beetle turns tawny yellow in color, then gradually deepens in
shade during the following week.

The term issuing applies to the breaking of the pupal skin, and
the exit of the newly formed adult from the pupa ; the term emer-
gence applies to the appearance of the beetle above ground. The
interim between these two periods is spoken of as the period of pre-
emergence, and is the time spent by the newly-hatched beetle in i\w
pupal cavity in the soil — a time very necessary for the chitinous
parts of the beetle to l)ecome perfectly hard, so that it can dig its
way upward to the surface of the ground.

In many North American IMay-beetles the pre-emergenee of adults
covers a period of several months — usually from the late summer
or fall of one year to the spring of the next. In the Porto Rican
species this period extends rarely over five to six weeks, judging
from observations.

Because of the fact that most of the confined specimens of van-
(liiiii were reared in small tin boxes, in which the adults at time of
pre-emergence were disturbed and did not behave normally, our rec-
ords of pre-emergence are somewhat incomplete. The following notes,
however, prove it to extend over a period of two weeks or more :

(1) No. 547. — On July 1 two adults hatched from pupae in earth in a jar,

77

wliieh were still alive in the cells but had not eonie to the surface of ground wlien
the soil was dumped, July 30. Time, over 29 days.

(2) No 548. — One female and two male adults, hatched in a battery jar on
July 3, 7 and 18, respectively, had not reached surface by July 30, though two
of them were still living. Time, over 3 2 to 27 days.

(3) A o. 117zv. — A female, issued April 12 in a jar, had not come to rhe
surface on April 28, though still living. Time, over 16 days.

(4) No. 1219h. — A female hatched Februai-y 15 and had not come to surface
through four inches of damp soil by March 10, though stdl alive. Time of pre-
emergence, over 23 days.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

PhijUophaga vandinei is confined to the western end of the Island,
a territory equivalent to about one-third of the area of the Island.
Its eastern distribution may be defined, roughly, so far as our present
knowledge goes, by a north and south line across the Island through
the towns of ^lanati on the north and Peiiuelas on the south. Tlie
type of the species is from Santa Rita, near Guanica.

The analogue of this species at the eastern end of the Island is
Phyllophaga portoricensis, which is indistinguishable from the former
species except by means of the genital characters given in the table.
It is indeed possible that the two are but races of one species, for
there seems to be a general intergrading of the characters along the
geographic line separating the two species. Yet at no time have the
two been taken in one locality ; and the specific characters are suffi-
ciently recognizable in specimens from the type localitit^s, Guanica
and Rio Piedras, to set apart the species as quite distinct.

FEEDING HABITS OF THE ADFLT^.

All May-beetles feed upon the foliage of plants and trees, and
are voracious eaters. The adult of vaiuUnci difi^ers from many species
of the genus in being a very general feeder, and there are few plants
which it will not touch. Feeding is done entirely at night, the adults
issuing from the ground at dark, or a little before. After a very
brief flight, they alight upon suitable foliage and begin to feed upon
the margins of the leaves. Feeding continues until very late into the
night, the beetles appearing to be as abundant after midnight as
before. Spending tlms six hours or more of the night in feeding,
they consume quantities of vegetation. Small tress of "quenepa, "
of "salcilla," and of native china-berry have been found completely
stripped of foliage by this species. Cane also sutt'ers from depre-
dations of the adults, but not to such an extent as the foliage of
certain trees. A common ornamental tree of the south side of the

78

Island, the easuariiia. and another of general use along roads in
Porto Rico, the flamboyant, are both very badly attacked by adults
of this species. Banana and coconut trees often show acute injury
from their feeding. (See Plate I. figs. 1 and 2.)

It has not yet been determined at what hour of the night their
feeding terminates, but it must be well toward morning, as they have
been collected feeding as late as 2 a. m. Xor is it known Avhether.
at Termination of feeding, they fly or drop to the ground. When
disturbed in feeding they drop, using the wings usually to carry
them a short distance ; and this is probably the method employed at
the end of the feeding.

So uniformly abundant is Phyllophaga vandinei over tlie in-
fested area that unusual and sporadic appearance of adults in such
numliers as to cause bad defoliation in restricted areas is rare. The
infestation is general, and usually heavy. Cane foliage may always
be found somewhat damaged in the Guaniea district and thp San
German valley.

Following is a list of some of the conunoner plants and trees
occurring in or near cane fields in the infested area, grouped accord-
ing to their attractiveness to the beetles.

(1) Those greatly relished by the adults —

Flamboyant {Poinciana regia) ; Australian pine (Casuariiia equisetifoUa) ;
almendro (Terrmnalia catappo) ; salcilla {Schronlia portoricensis) ; quenepa
(Melicocca bijuga) ; giiasinia (Guazuma giiazuma) ; China-berry {Melia azecki-
rarli) \ tamarind (Tamariiirhif! iridicns) ; jobo (Spoiuliaf: Intea) ; banana (Mn,sa
sp.) : coconut (Cocos nucifew) ; cecropia {Cecropia palmatn) ; pig-weed, or bledo
(Auwranthns spp.) ; mallow {Malachra rottindifolia) ; and Petiveria alliaceu.

(2) Those eaten to some extent, but not apparently as much rel-
ished as trees and plants in the preceding list —

Sugar cane (Saecharum offici)iariim) ; guava (Psidium guajova); almacigo
{Bursera simaruba) ; jaguey (Ficus lentiginosa; bucago {Eriithrina glauca) ;
royal palm {Jtoysionea borinqitena) ; eucalj'ptus (Eucalyptus spp.) (very rarely) ;
Jamaican sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa) ; native cotton (Gossypium sp.) ; Guinea
grass (Panicum moximum) ; malojillo, or Para grass (PaHiciim barhinode) ;
Cosfciria sylvestris; and Cordia corymbosa.

(3) Those which appear to be entirely exempt from attack by
th(^ adults —

Hawaiian algarroba (Prosopis jidifloni) ; papaya (Carica papaya) ; gallito
(f<csbania grandifora) ; gandul (Cojanii'': indicus) ; pepper tree (Schi)ius mollc) ;
black sage (Cordia cylindrostuclut) ; roble (Tabebuia rigida); calabash (Cres-
cotiia cujute) ; berengena cimarrona (Solamim torvum) ; silk cotton weed (Calo-
tropis procero) ; acalypha (Acalypha irilkesiana) ; Citnis spp.; and Clidemia >pp.

79

HABITS OF FLIGHT.

During the day the beetles conceal themselves by burrowing into
the ground, usually near the bases of trees or large weeds. Often
a dozen or more holes may be found around the base of a tree upon
which they have been feeding. At night they begin issuing from
these burrows at about sundown, and their flight seldom lasts for
more than fifteen to twenty minutes.

On one occasion, in October, observations were made at sundown
of a large screened cage into which had been put five hundred adults
a few evenings before. The beetles began appearing from the soil
at 6:25 p. m., Avere issuing in greatest numbers at about 6:35 p. m.,
and had practically ceased to appear by 6 :45 p. m. The majority
took wing immediately upon making their exit from the holes, or
crawled up a near-by weed and then took wing ; a few climbed weeds
and began to feed without flying at all. Nearly all flew westwardly,
against the western side of the cage. The flight of the majority
lasted until a))out 6 :50 p. m. ; the last of them had ceased flying
by 7:00.

Adults of this species do not usually fly for long distances. By
watching up and down a "callejon" (a bare or grass alleyway 20
to 30 feet wide) between cane fields at about dusk, in a place where
infestation by the beetles was known to be heavy, it has been noted
that comparatively few of the beetles flew across the ' ' callejon, ' '
but that the majority hovered over the cane plants very near to
where they had arisen. On various occasions casuarina trees in a
Bermuda-grass lawn were watched at dusk, and it was noted that
the beetles usually hovered around the trees near whose bases they
had made exit from the ground, but never arose high and took direct
flight for more distant trees.

Another observation confirmed the belief that the dispersimi of
vandinei by flight is not extensive. In a large outdoor screened
experimental cage, 6 by 10 feet in area, into which 2,000 beetles
were introduced on April 2, it was observed a week later that the cane
growing at the end of the cage where the beetles had been intro-
duced was entirely stripped of foliage, while cane growing at the
opposite end was virtually untouched, showing decidedly the >\o\v
dispersion by flight.

ATTRACTION TO LIGHT.

Adults of vandinei are quite readily attracted to liglit. as is usual
with May-beetles. Experiments were made with a large 500-c. p.

80

Pitner gasoline lamp, with a view of finding some suitable method of
taking advantage of this fact for the destruction of the beetles. Th(>
lamp was T^laced on the roof of a two-story building near the insee-.
tary at Santa Rita, and a canvas stretched on a vertical frame was
put beneath the light. Since a few individuals often come to an
ordinary lamp in a room, it was expected that the Pitner light, with
its great power, would attract large numbers. This hope was not
justified, as out of tAventy-three evenings in July, August, October,
and November during which the light was run, beetles were taken
on only seven, a total of twenty-four being taken.

The reason for this scarcity of beetles was that the Pitner light
was always started about 8 o'clock, and PhyUophaga adults are ordi-
narily only attracted to light during their flight and before they
have settled on foliage to feed (before 7:30 p. m.). To have any
practical efificiency in attracting vandinci adults for destruction, a
light nmst be close to the ground, and must be started immediately
at dusk, while beetles are flying. It need not be run for over an
hour after dark, as time after that is wasted. There have been cases
where adults of this species and portoricensis have left their feeding
on the foliage and flown to a motorcycle headlight as late as midnight
or after, but these cases are rare. Almost never, while collecting
beetles with a bull's-eye light, have they been known to leave their
feeding and fly to the light.

COPULATION.

This species is not often found in copulation in the field, the
reason being that collecting is usually done after 8 p. m., while
mating takes place before that hour. On one occasion recorded, when
collecting was done between 6:45 and 8:25 p. m. (on October 14),
out of 79 adults collected on cane, "salcilla" and "malo.iillo," only
one pair was found in copula (at 7 p. m.). Lateness of the season
may have accounted for so few being found copulating at that liour.

Pairs were occasionally found copulating on the foliage of small
casuarina tress near the insectary. Pairs thus observed on two ev(m-
ings in April were recorded as follows :

(1) Copulation began before 7:30; ended at 7:45; duration 15 minutes -|->

(2) Copulation began before 7:30; ended at 7:53; duration 23 minutes -)-.

(3) Copulation began before 7:35; ended at 7:45; duration 10 minutes 4--

(4) Copulation began before 7:35; ended at 7:48; duration 13 minutes -f.

(5) Copulation began befoi-e 7:35; ended at 7:50; duration 15 minutes +.

(6) Copulation began before 7:35; ended at 7:50; duration ]5 minutes +.

(7) Copulation began at 7:33; ended at 7:52; duration 21 minutes.
(S) Copulation began at 7:34; ended at 7:53; duration 19 minutes.

81

It is evident that copulation of this species takes place quite uni-
formly between 7 and 8 p. m.. or immediately after the cessation of
flight, and that the average duration exceeds sixteen minutes. It
may possibly be learned, witli further observation, that the oviposi-
tion of the Tachinid parasites, (Jrypfomeigenia aurifacies Wal. and
Eutrixoides jonesii Wal., on the adult beetles takes place during the
copulation and before the total darkness of night comes on.

OVIPOSITION OF FEMALES.

Oviposition takes place in the soil adjoining the beetle burrows
at the bases of trees and plants, where the young larvae will be im-
mediately among the roots. Exact depth at which eggs are laid in
the soil has not been determined, but probably averages from eight
inches to a foot, the depth at which beetles are usually found in their
burrows.

As stated before, to secure eggs in confinement for the purpose
of determining the length of the period of oviposition of females and
the average number of eggs laid by a female, beetles were confined
both singly and "en masse;" and the results from the two methods
did not vary much. The method of confining the females has been
described on page 63. . No eggs were secured from reared females,
unfortunately.

The individual egg-laying records of females of vanclinei are
graphically shown in the two charts on Plate IX. The complete
records are given in the following tables:

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84

Exclusive of reared adults, a total of 75 females were confined
singly for eggs, of which number 45 females laid a total of 718 eggs,
or an average of 16 eggs each, while 30 females laid no eggs.

Average from the 45 females, .345 eggs per day, or 1 egg each 3 days.
Average from the 75 females, .204 eggs per day, or ] egg each 5 days.

It is reasonable to believe that those females which did not lay
eggs were old females, and were exhausted of eggs before confined.
The confined females were collected in the field, and their age from
date of first emergence could not therefore be determined. It is be-
lieved that the average from the forty females that laid eggs can be
taken as nearly the correct or normal figure.

The average length of life of 45 females that laid eggs was 47
days (about one and one-half months) ; the average length of period
of oviposition 11 days (about one and one-half weeks). (The dura-
tion of oviposition is taken as including the time between the recorded
dates of laying of the first and last eggs in confinement.) As the
environment of the beetles in the experimental jars was certainly
quite different from that outdoors, it is possible that these figures
w^ould be materially lengthened in outdoor or natural conditions.

The greatest duration of the egg-laying period was 42 days (or
six weeks), the female laying in that time only 39 eggs, or slightly
under one egg per day. The egg-laying period of 25 out of the 45-
females was less than one week in duration.

The female that lived the longest in confinement, 95 days (or
thirteen and one-half weeks), laid only 12 eggs, all within three days.
One female lived 59 days (or eight and one-half weeks) and laid no
eggs, being fed, however, during the entire period.

The egg laying of adults is periodical. For instance, in the group
of 14 females included in the numbers 1206 to 1219, inclusive, where
the average length of life was 56 days, over half of the 188 eggs
were laid within six days — between the 80th and 35th days of con-
finement. Again, in the group of eight females included in the num-
bers 1284a to 1284/j, inclusive, where the average length of life was
36^ days, over three-fifths of all the 57 eggs were laid in the five
days between the 27tli and 82d days of confinement. There facts,
merely as circumstancial evidence, would make it appear that about
a month is required for mature eggs to form in the female uterus
after copulation.

The largest number of eggs laid in a short space of time l)y a
female was 35 (see No. 1209), laid in two days, or at a rate of IS
eggs per day.

85

The data obtained from the females confined ''en masse" show
that. — a total of 1,406 females laid 1,560 eggs in an average period
of 6.4 days. Or, reduced to the eciuivalents of the preceding table
of averages:

Average from 60 per cent of females, .29 eggs per day, or ] egg each .Si/^ days.
Average from all the females, .172 eggs per day, or 1 egg each 5% days.

INSECT PARASITISM.

The insects which prey upon this species are the same as those
listed for the genus. Probably one of the more important ones is
the predacious wireworm, Pyropiiorus luminosus 111., the exact value
of which, however, as a control of the grub in the fields it is very
difficult to ascertain, from the fact that, in digging or plowing, living
wireworms are very rarely found adjacent to the grulis they have
attacked.

Other important enemies of vandinei, in the more northern part
of its range, are the two Tachinid flies wliich parasitize the adults.

As to the large Scoliicl wasp, Campsomeris dorsata Fab., it has
been found that on the island of Barbados the species, though com-
uionly parasitizing and apparently preferring the Dynastid, Ligyrus
tumuJosus Burni., is occasionally found parasitizing a common Melo-
lonthid, Phytalus smithi Arrow (18, p. 56). In Porto Rico this wasp
is particularly abundant in the Guanica district, where it has been
often found parasitizing Ligyrus tumidosiis grubs. It is possible that
it may rarely attack grubs of Phyllophaga vandinei; but to the
present date none of the records of its attack of this species have been
verified; and the fact is patent that, of manj'^ hundreds of grubs of
vandinei examined by the writer, and many dozens reared in confine-
ment, not one has ever been observed parasitized by egg or larva of
this wasp. Dry grul) remains have been examined attached to num-
bers of Cahipsomcris cocoons collected at Santa Rita, ])ut none of
them proved to be vandinei.

The Tachinid ffies. — Two species of Tachinid fly, Crypfomeigenia
iiarifacies Walton (see PI. YII. fig. 7) and Eutrixoides joicsii Wal-
ton, which have l)een previously discussed, are known to attack tliis
species and porioricensis in the more humid parts of their ha])itats.
and to do nuich to keep tliem in check in those localities. A rather
large percentage of specimens of vandinei collected at A fiasco, at the
west end of the Island, have been found infested witli the ytwyv^ f»f
Crypfomeigenia, and a far smaller number with Eiifri.roidcs. Col-
lections of pupae have been made in April, INIay and September, ))ut
doubtless can be found throughout the year. The number of pupa-

86

found within one dead adult host varies from two to nine, usually
four to six. Infested beetles that have died are always found in
their burrows in the ground.

Work on the life-histories of the two species is in progress now,
l)ut has not yet been completed.

Neither species has been found to occur in the Guanica district,
where the damage from vandinei is most acute. Attempts to intro-
duce the flies at Santa Rita, using infested beetles taken there from
Anasco, were not successful ; and it seems probable that the flies do
not thrive in a dry climate like that of the south coast.

Attacked bij miles and nematodes. — In the experimental jars and
boxes some difficulty was experienced in the rearing of eggs of van-
dinei because of attack by nematodes and mites, the latter appar-
ently a species of Tyroglyphus. The follomng brief notes may serve
as examples of the manner in which this loss of eggs occurred :

No. 1016. — Augnst 25, elexen eggs, laid since August 17, were put into arti-
ficial cells at bottom of a jar. August 26, one egg destroye<l, feurrounded by a
myriad of young nematodes. August 27, two more similarly destroyed. August 30,
all the other eggs but four destroyed by the nematodes.

A'o. lOSl. — August 26, fourteen eggs, laid August IS to 21, were put into
damp sifted earth at bottom of jar. August 27, one destroyed by nematodes and
mites. August 29, two more destroyed. September oO, last two killed by mites,
and being eaten by them.

The injury from the mites was not limited to the eggs, grubs in
all instars often suffering badly, even dying, from their attack. The
following notes give specific examples of mite injury to grubs:

No. 1049d. — January 28, a grub in second, molted about December 12, heavily
infested with mites. February 17, grub died as result, without being able to molt.

No. 1049(1. — .Tanuary 18, a grub in second, molted about December 20, partly
,.(>\ered with mites on head, legs, and front of body. February 2.5, jnolted. June
25, sickly, wdth many mites. June 30, dead, eaten up by mites.

No. 119S. — May 3, grul) preparing to pupate put into box. May 22, died
before pupating; covered with mites.

No. TiUM. — May 15, grub in first, hatched May 15, has mites. June 2. in-
jurcil by mites, and died molting to second.

No. i:i09a. — .lune 18, grub hatched sinre yester.lay put into box. July 29,
half covered with mites, wiiicli prevent its growth. August '^>, sickly, with many
mites. August 14, died witliout nuJting to second.

Eggs devoured by iviretrorm and titaphijlinid larvce. — Occasional
loss of eggs was experienced in experimental jars from wireworins
{Monocveiyidins sp., undetermined) and from larv;v of a small Sta-
phylinid beetle, introduced into the earth with manure. The follow-
ing extracts from notes give specific cases:

87

No. 1032e. — September 'lA, six ejfgs, laid since Se[>teml;er 17, put over ilamp
earth in a box. September 25, two eggs missing, and a wireworni present, eating
a third.

No. 986. — August 14, out of nine eggs, hiid .\ugust 9-11, placed in artificial
cells in earth, two were destroyed by Staphylinid larva', which oi-cupiod the cavities
where eggs had been.

LITERATURE CITED.

(1) Blatchley, W. S.— 1910. Laclmosterua (pp., 958-980. fig. 3.

pi. 5). l)t The Coleoptera or Beetles Known to Occur in
Indiana.

(2) Dash, J. Sydney.— 1916. Rept. of the Asst. Snpt. of Agr. on

the Ent. and l\Iyc. Work Carried Out During- the Season
Under Review. //( Rept. on the Dept. of Agr.. Barl)ados,
1914-15 (pp. 38-41).

(3) Chittexdex, F. H. — 1909. Insects Injurious to Vegetal)les (lit.

pp. 73-78, fig. 3).

(4) Davis, John J. — ]913. Common White-Grubs. Farmers' Bull.

543. r. S. Dept. of Agr. (pp. 20, fig. 12).

(5) Davis, Johx J. — 1916. A Progress Report on White-Grub In-

vestigations. //( Jour, of Econ. Ent., vol. 9. No. 2, 1916 (pp.
261-281 pi. 2).
(6'i De Charmoy, D. d'Emmerez.— 1912. Rapport sur Phytalus
sraithi (Arrow) et Autres Scarabees S'Attac'(iuant a la Canne
a Sucre a ^lauriee, Port-Louis, 1912 (pp. 35, pi. 10).

(7) Forbes, S. A. — 1907. On the Life-History. nal)its, and Eco-

nomic Relations of the White-Grubs and May-beetles. Bull.
No. 116, Univ. of 111. Agr. Exp. Sta. (pp. 447-480).

(8) Forbes. Stephen A. — 1916. A General Survey of the INTay-

beetles {Phyllophaga) of Illinois. Bull. Xo. 168. Univ. of HI.
Agr. E.xp. Sta. (pp. 215-257).
(9i GiRAUi.T, A. A.. AND DoDD, A. P.— 1915. The Cane Grubs of
Australia. Bull. No. 2. Div. of Ent.. Bu. of Sugar Exp. Sta-
tions, (Queensland (p]). 60).
(10) GooT. O. VAX DBR. — 1915. Ou Certain Beetle Larv« Found in
Sugar Plantations (text in Dutch). ^led. Proefstation voor
de Java Suikerindustrie, pt. 5, Xo. 10. Soerubaia, (pp. 60,

fig. 13).
(ll"* J.\RVis, E. — l!)1t). Xotes on Insects Damagint;' Sugar Cane in

Queensland. Bull. No. 3, Div. of Ent., Bu. of Sugar Exp.

Stations, Queensland ('j)p. 48, four plates').
(12) Johnston, John R. — 1!)15. The Green Muscardine (^letarr-

88

liiziuin anisoplicje) hi The Eutoniogenous Fviiigi of Porto
Rico, Bulletin No. 10 of the Board of Coinm. of Agr. of P. R.
(pp. 26-28).

(13) KuLAGiN, X. M.— 1913. The Principal Insect Pests of Field
Crops in European Russia for the Last Twenty Years (text
in Russian). In The Year Book of the Dept. of Agr. of tlir
Central Board of Land Administration and i^riculture. St.
Petersburg, VI, 1913 (pp. 585-638, pi. 1).

<14) Leefmans, S. — 1915. De Cassave-Oerets (The Cassava Grubs).
Dept. Nijverheid. Landbouw en Handel. Med. van het Labo-
ratorium voor Plantcnziekten, No. 13, Buitenzorg (pp. 118.
pl. 7).

(15) Lexg, Chas. W., and Mutchler, A. J. — 1914. A Preliminary

List of the Coleoptera of the West Indies as Recorded to
January 1, 1914. Bulletin of the Am. Mus. of Nat. Hist. vol.
33, art. 30. pp. 391-493.

(16) :Moore, W. H. B.— 1916. General Report on Insect Pests (of

Cane) for the Year 1915. Rept. to ^Messrs. Booker Bros..
^[cConnell & Co., Ltd., and Messrs. Curtis, Campbell & Co.,
Demerara (pp. 8).

(17) NoRTHRUP, Zae. — 1914. A Bacterial Disease of June Beetle

Larvie, Lachnosterna spp. Tech. Bull. No. 18, Mich. Agr.
Coll. Exp. Sta. (pp. 37, twenty-two figs.).

(18) NowELL, W. — 1915. Two Scoliid Parasites on Scarabaeid Larvje

in Barbados. In Ann. of Applied Biology, vol. 2, No. 1 (pp.
46-57, pl. 1).

(19) Patterson, Wm. H.— 1912. Rept. on the Agr. School, St. Vin-

cent. Ill Reports on the Botanic Station, Agr. School, etc..
St. Vincent, 1910-11 (pp. 19-24).

(20) Riley, Chas. V.— 1869. The White-Grub. In First Report of

the Missouri State P]ntomoligist on the Insects of ^lissouri
(pp. 156-159).

(21) Riley Chas. V.— 1874. The rnadorned Tiphia or White-Grub

Parasite. In Sixth Report of the ^Missouri State Entomolo-
gist on the Insects of Missouri (pp. 123-126).

(22) Shepherd, F. R. — 1916. Work Connected with Insect and Fun-

gus Pests and Their Control, hi Rept. of tlie Agr. Dept.,
St. Kitts-Nevis, 1914-15 (pp. 15-16).

(23) Smyth, Eugene G.— 1915. Report of Work at the South Coast

Laboratory. Third Report of the Board of Conuu. of Agr.
of Porto Rico (pp. 40-53).

(24) Smyth, Eugene G.— 1916. Report of the South Coast Labora-

89

tory. Fourth Report of the Board of Coinm. of Agr. of Porto
Kic'O (pp. 45-50, with life-cycle tables).

(25) Stevenson, John A. — 1916. Work with the Green Muscardine

in Report of the Pathologist. //( Fourth Report of the Board
of Comm. of Agr. of Porto Rico (pp. 31^35).

(26) Tempany, H. a. — 1916. Work Connected with Insect and Fun-

gus P^sts and Their Control. //) Report on the Botanic and
Experiment Stations, Antigua, 1914-15 (pp. 20-22).

(27) Van Dine, D. L.— 1911. Third Report of the Entomologist.

In Year book of the Association of Sugar Producers of Porto
Rico, 1910-11 (pp. 43-57).

(28) Van Dine, D. L.— 1912. Report of the Entomologist. In

Second Annual Report of the Exp. Sta. of tlie Sugar Pro-
ducers' Association of Porto Rico (pp. 15-22).

(29) Van Dine, D. L. — 1912. Progress Report on Introductions of

Beneficial Parasites into Porto Rico. In First Report of the
Board of Comm. of Agr. of Porto Rico fpp. 31-47).

(30) Van Dine, D. L.— 1913. The introduction of Parasites of May-

Beetles into Porto Rico. In Second Report of the Board of
Comm. of Agr. of Porto Rico (pp. 36-48).

(31) Van Dine, D. L.— 1913. Report of the Entomologist (with

list and bibliography of Porto Rican sugar-cane insects). In
Third Report of the Porto Rican Sugar Producers' Exp. Sta.
(pp. 25-46).

(32) Vassiliev, I. V. — 1914. Short Notes on AnisopUa anstriaca

Herb, and Methods of Fighting It (in Russian). In Memoirs
of the Bureau of Entomology of the Scientific Committee of
the Central Board of Land Administration and Agr.. St. Pe-
tersburg, VII. No. 2 (|)p. 36, hg. 20, colored pi. 2).

(33) Washburn, F. L.— 1908. Destruction of Lawns by the White-

Grub. Circular of Information No. 11, Office of State Ento-
mologist, ^Minnesota (pp. 2, tig. 4).

(34) WoLcoTT, George N. — 1913. R<^port on ;i Trip to Demerara,

Trinidad and Barbados during the Winter of 1912. In Third
Report of the Sugar Producers' Association Exp. Sta. (pp.
47-68).

(35) WoiX'OTT, George N. — 1914. Notes on the Life- History and

Ecology of Tiphia inornata Say. In .Jour, of Eeon. Ent.,
vol. 7, No. 5 (pp. 382-389).

(36) W()i,c;oTT, George N. — 1915. Report of the Traveling Ento-

mologist. //( Third Rei>ort of the Board of Conun. of Agi*.
of Porto Rico (pp. 25-40).

90

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate II.

Fig. 1. — Baiiiina tree stripped of foliage by May-beetles, chiefly by Phyllopliaga

vandinei n. sp.
Fig. 2. — Leaf of a coconut palm injured by the feeding of adults of PhyllophagC.

portoricensis u. sp.
Fig. 3. — Salfilla tree (SchranJcia portoricensis), a wild species abundant in the

Guaniea district and whose foliage is much relished by adults of P.

vandinei; adaptable for use in collecting the beetles in large numbers

by shaking.
Fig. 4. — A busiiel of adults of P. vandinei collected in one evening by nine boys

in a cane field at Santa Rita, near Guaniea.

Plate III.

Fig. 1. — PhyllopMga vandinei n. sp., eggs lying over soil, x2 (the elongate egg
marked with an "x" is that of Pyrophoru.s luminosus Illiger, an Ela-
terid whose larva is predaceous on white-grubs).

-PhyUopJiaga vendiiiei n. sp. grubs just hatched from eggs, x 3.

-Phyllophaga vandinei n. sp. gTubs at end of first instar, x 2.

-Phyllophaga vandinei n. sp. grub at end of second instar, x 2.

-Phyllophaga vandinei n. sp. grub in act of molting to third instar, x 5.

-PhyUophaga vandinei n. sp. grub at beginning of the third instar, x 2.

-Phyllophaga vandinei n. sp. mature grub (at end of third instar), x 2.

-Phyllo]>haga vandinei n. sp. prepupa (grub about to pupate), x 2.

-Phyllophaga vandinei n. sp. pupa, side view, showing shed larval skin,
x2.
Fig. 10. — Phyllophaga vandinei u. sp. pupa at point of issuing of adult, x 2.

Plate IV.

Fig. 1. — Pliyllophaga vandinei n. sp.. pupa, ventral view, x 2.

Fig. 2. — PhyUophaga vandinei n. sp. pupa, dorsal view, x 2.

Fig. 3. — Phyllophaga vandinei n. sp. male adult, x 2.

Fig. 4. — Phyllo}ih(iga portoricensis n. sp., female adult, x 2.

Fig. .^. — Phyllopliaga j)ortori<^'ensis n. sp. male adult, x 2.

Fig. (i. — PhyUophaga vandinei n. sp. adult just issued from pupa, x 2.

Fig. 7. — Phyllophaga vandinei, n. sp. adult attacked by Meter-rhisinm, dorsal view,

x2.

Fig. 8. — PhiiUophaga vandinei n. sp. same, side view, x 2.

Fig. 9. — PhyUophaga vandinei n. sp. larva infested with iletarrhizium, x 2.

Plate V.

Fig. 1. — PJiylhiplidga vandinei n. sp. heads of grubs in fii-st instar, x 10.
Fig. 2. — Phyllophaga vandinei n. sp. head of a grub in second instar, xlO.

91

Fig.

o_

Fig.

3

Fig.

4

Fig.

o

Fig.

6

Fig.

7

Fig.

8

Fig.

9

Fig. 3. — Pliyllopfiaga vandinei n. sp. head "f a grub in third instar, x 10.

Fig. 4. — Phyllophaga guanicaua n. sp., male genitalia, x6 (with mm. scale).

Fig. 5. — Phyllophaga citri n. sp., male genitalia, x 6.

Fig. 6. — Phyllophaga vandinei n. s})., male genitalia, x 6.

Fig. 7. — Phyllophaga portoricensis n. sp., male genitalia, x 6.

Fig. 8. — Phyllophaga citri n. sp., female genitalia, x 5^4 (ventral view).

Fig. 9. — Phyllophaga portoricensis n. sp., egg in pit made by the ovipositor, x 6.

Fig. 10. — Phyllophaga portoricensis, female genitalia, x.5% (ventral view).

Plate YI

Fig. ]. — Black birds (Holoquiscahts brachypterus) following a plow in cane field

at Santa Rita to pick up white gi'ubs.

Fig. 2. — Phyllophaga guonicana n. sp., egg lying over soil, x 2.

Fig. 3. — Phyllophaga guunicana n. sp., swollen eggs in the natural pits, x 6.

Fig. 4. — Phyllophaga guanicana n. sp., grub at end of second instar, x 2.

Fig. 5. — Phyllophaga guanicana n. s]i., mature grub (end of tliird instar), x 2.

Fig. (i. — Phylloplwga guanicana n. sp., male adult, x 2.

Fig. 7. — Phyllophaga guanicana n. s-p., female adult, x 2.

Fig. 8. — Phyllophaga citri n. sp., male adult, x 2.

Fig. 9. — Phyllophaga citri n. sp.. female adult, x 2.

Plate YII.

Fig. 1. — Phytalus insularis n. sp., eggs lying over soil, x 3.

Fig. 2. — Phytalus iiisularis n. sp., grubs at end of third instar, x 3.

Pig. 3. — Phytalus insularis n. sp., pair of adults, x 3.

Fig. 4. — Phytalus instdaris n. sp., head of adult below that of Phyllophaga van-
dinei to show comparative size, x 6.

Fig. o. — Phytalus insularis n. sp., anal aspect of female adult (with scale in milli
meters to show size), x 6.

Fig. 6. — Phytalus instdaris n. sp. anal aspect of male adult, x ti.

Fig. 7. — Cryptomeigeina anrifacies Walton, adult (right) and pupa! case (left),
x3.

Fig. 8. — Tiphia iuoruata Say, adult male at right, adult female at left over the
cocoon.

Plate VIII.

Life-cycles of individual females of Phyllophaga vandinei n. sp. in Porto Rico.

Plate IX.
Egg-laying records of individual females of Phyllophaga vandinei n. sp.

92

Plate II. — Porto Rican Melolonthids.

y'iWm^,

^^1^

3.

If.

Plate III. — Porto Rican Melolonthids.

Plate IV. — Porto Rican Melolonthids.

Plate V. — Porto Rican Melolonthids.

Plate VI. — Porto Rican Melolonthids.

Plate VII. — Porto Rican Melolonthids.

iPlate VIII.— Life -Cycles of Individual Females of Phyllophaga Vandinei h. sp. I

in Porto Rico. i

F=i:r:

ur::"r:::i :, ;

■Z2M

^% ^ J

i

i

. : . . i 1

i

i

^■..- t

. -- -T ,

I ] ; :

■ '

' i ■ ■ "

2" . ,f

\ v;. :j

II 'ii I r

*<?,>'

Plate IX. — Egg-Laying Records of Individual Females of Phyllophaga Vandinei.

^..A...

-I 1- .^

#3^ f^r^ttjl ^ rf**

~

^ • 1

_ ,

r

1

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I '

J a

DISEASES OF VEGETABLE AND GARDEN CROPS.

By JOHX A. 8TEVEXS0X, Pathologist, Insular Experiment Station.

Ju making inquiries among the agriculturists of the Island as to
why the growing of the common northern vegetables was not taken
up tor at least a home supply, the reply has universally been that
all such attempts ended in failure. At times with the weather favor-
ing one crop would be secured, but a second was apparently imposy-
sible. Wliile it was realized that tropical weather conditions would
not be conducive to the best growth of northern vegetables, still it
was difficult to see why such complete failures resulted. Consequently
a close watch was kept on the various trial plots at the Station and
in so far as possible upon gardens in other parts of the Island; in
particular the public gardens and those maintained in connected with
the normal school at Rio Piedras.

As a result observations have been made upon a very large number
of fungi causing diseases of the various garden crops. In some cases
these have attacked with such virulence as to readily explain the
numerous failures reported, especially those with cucumbers and to-
matos. Practically all of the troubles so far observed are those of
common occurrence in continental America and have all doubtless
be(^n introduced with the seed or other plant parts. ^lany interesting
questions have arisen in the work with these diseases especially as
regards their dependence upon weather conditions (temperature and
humidity), their relation to insects as spore carriers, and above all
their modes of attack. Soil and cultural conditions have likewise
played an important part. Some of these points will be touched upon
in the separate account of the diseases to follow, but othei*s must be
deferred until more detailed investigations can be carried out.

Some previous work has been done on the diseases of vegetables
in Porto Rico, but with the exception of short notes of occurrence
in reports of the Mayagiiez Experiment Station, there are no pub-
lished records. In Bulletin 7 of that Station, issued in 1906, refer-
ence is made, in connection with cultural directions for the various
vegetal)les, to certain of the more common diseases and some sug-
gestions for control are made. Certain ones are definitely reported
as found in Porto Rico, but for the most part it is impossible to tell
whether a given disca.se is so reported or whether tlie note is merely

93

;i warning- against a trouble tliat may appear. In the following ac-
count such data as the records of this office afford are reported, in-
cluding for the purpose of completeness other published notes.

Very little has been attempted as yet in the way of control of
the fungus diseases here given. Such experiments as time has per-
mitted will be touched upon in the individual discussions which follow.
It may be noted, however, that these have been rather uniformly
unsuccessful and tliat methods other than those conunonly advised
for northern conditions must be tried.

Notes and observations on the various diseases found or reported
follow, arranged topically under the various host plants.

Asparagus {Asparagns officinalis).

In so far as noted this crop has not been grown successfully,
although there have been reports of fair yields. The few plants
seen had produced a fair growth of top but no edible shoots. An
undetermined imperfect fungus, causing black lesions on the stems,
has been found on old or dying plants. The rust {Puccinia asparagi)
does not occur.

Beans {Phaseolus spp.).

Two plantings of this crop were made at the Insidar Station, one
in February and the other in May on separate pieces of land. It
is of interest to note that the diseases occurring on the first planting
were lacking or of minor importance on the second; a state of affairs
doubtless to be attributed in part to weather conditions and in part
to the use of seed from various sources infected with different dis-
eases.

As will be noted below there was a marked varietal resistance to
tlie diff'erent diseases and a solution of the problem seems most prob-
able through the use of resistant varieties. Native types already
exist which thrive very well, and doubtless others will be found in
the course of the experimental work wliich will be even more thrifty
and disease resistant.

Anthracose, Si'ottixg of Pods {('oJlctotriclium li)i(le)}ni(Jiioiii(})i
[Sacc. & MagnJ Scribner). — This well-known disease has been very
prevalent and forms one of the greatest obstacles to successful bean
culture in Porto Kieo. It lias been commonly observed on green
beans of local varieties offered for sale in the native shops, as well
as on the northern tyi)es tried experimentally.

The pods, leaves, and stems were subject to attack. On the leaves
Ihe disease was noted as irrsgular. i<'(l-l)i-owii spots oi- more com-

94

moiily as lesions along- the midrib and principal veins. Susceptible
varieties lost a large percentage of their leaves. Similar lesions also
occurred on the stems and petioles, several such often uniting so as
to involve practically their entire length. Young- plants were in
some cases completely girdled, resulting in speedy death, and in other
instances they M^ere so seriously weakened that little growth was
made. On the pods very characteristic spots occurred. These ap-
peared first as circular dark-brown areas, soon becoming sunken,
^nd often coalescing to form irregular cankers. In each of these
spots there was an abundant production of conidia (reproductive
bodies) occurring in the form of numerous pink masses, so that at
this stage the spots had a decided pink color. The fungus grows
from these spots into the seeds, where it remains dormant until ger-
mination occurs, when it attacks the young plant. The necessity of
selecting seed from disease-free pods will be apparent, since there
is no method of destroying the fungus present without destroying
at the same time the vitality of the seed.

As soon as the presence of anthracnose was noted spraying tests
with Bordeaux mixture were initiated. Two applications were made.
While it is impossible to draw definite conclusions from the results
of one year's tests on a small plot, it seems apparent that spraying,
with Bordeaux at least, is not effective, a conclusion which workers
in other regions have also reached. Here as elsewhere the solution
of the problem lies in the production of resistant varieties, a matter
which has already lieen taken up by the plant breeder with excellent
pro.spects of success. A black Venezuelan bean has so far given
excellent results, and if it maintains its freedom from disease will
be very satisfactory.

The first trials included the following varieties arranged here in
their order of susceptibility as indicated by one season's tests in
sliort parallel rows: '

Per cent of
pods spotted.
Saddle blaok wax 42

Burpees round yellow, six weeks bush .S4

Improved black wax 32

Ilendesons bountiful bush 21

Extra early refugee 10

Early bountiful bush S

Early red valentine bush 7

Curry's golden wax rust proof ^

This arrangement is based upon observations of the severity of
infection on leaves and stems and upon counts of the pods, classify-
ing them as free of spots, spotted and rejected. This count seemed

95

to show some benefit from tlie spraying:, but the plantings were not
large enough to give eoneliisive evidence. It is doubtful whether
spraying will prove effective enough to pay for the additional expense.
It must be noted with regard to varietal resistance that seed infection,
a most important point, was not considered.

Later in the season a second crop of beans was grown on a neigh-
boring plot of ground. The varieties were refugee. 1000-1 (both
northern types), a black Venezuelan bean, and the native red bean.
Only the slightest trace of anthracuose appeared, and this on the
''refugee." Whether this freedom from disease was attributable to
weather conditions, to clean seed or to varietal resistance was not
apparent. Further tests are necessary.

Downy Mildew. — A virulent disease, caused by a fungus of the
Phycomycetes or alga-like fungi, attacked the refugee and lOOO-l
beans of the second planting. The Venezuelan black wax and native
red types in adjacent parallel rows were unaffected. The trouble
appeared over night practically, and within a week had destroyed
large portions of the plantings.

A plant once attacked rapidly succumbed, the leaves wilting and
drooping in such a way as to suggest root troubles, but examination
of early stages revealed healthy stems and roots, the tops being
attacked first. The withering and eonsecpient death of an infected
plant, however, occurred very speedily. At times single plants only
were attacked, but more commonly entire sections of a row up to
eight or ten feet in length were killed, the disease spreading rapidly
from the original point of infection. The most striking feature of
this disease was the fungus growth on the pods occurring as floccu-
lent (fluffy) white masses of mycelium obscuring tlie upper half of,
or even at times the entire length of. the pod. Attacked pods were
destroyed by soft rot.

The damage that this disease would be capable of, if bean grow-
ing were attempted on a couuuercial scale, was well illustrated by tlie
fate of a peck of the refugee variety which was left for several days
in the picking basket. When examined the entire lot had been matted
together by the mycelial masses of the fungus and completely soft-
rotted. Shipping this variety at least would have been a decided
failure.

Time has not permitted any further studies of this disease. Hence
the systematic position of the fungus involved has not been deter-
mined. Tt is not J^hytoplwra phoseoli Thaxter, which fungus, how-
ever, has been reported (5)^ on lima beans in Porto Rico.

' Reference is made by number to "Literature c-itetl," p. 11'

96

Gray Leaf-Spot {I.'<ariopsis griseoJa Sace.) — On the first planting
spots due to this fungns were rare, but on the second were fairly
al)iindant on the northern varieties. The black Venezuelan remained
free. A native variety of the red kidney type was noted, in which
the entire planting was spotted to such an extent as to cause a heavy
dropping of leaves and consequent weakening of the plants. It is
a common disease in native plantings. It can doubtless be controlled
])}■ Bordeaux mixture.

This disease was characterized by irregular, brownish gray to
gray spots on the leaves up to half an inch in diameter. The spots
differed from those due to Cercospora in that they were duller in
color and lacked the definite red-brown angular margin. The fungus
fruited freely in the center of the spots and appeared under a hand
lens as numerous erect, rather compact, black clusters of conidio-
phores or conidia-bearing threads.

LeaT Spots (Cercospora spp.) — At least one other type of leaf
spot occurred. The one conuuonly found and due to Cercospora
cancsccns Ell. & ^lartin was eollected on varieties of Phaseolus vul-
garis (common bean), DoUchos lahldh, and Phaseolus lunatus (lima
bean). The spots due to this fungus were more or less angular, up
to one-fourth indi in diameter, gray with a reddish brown definite
margin, and tlieir appearance was the same on both sides of the leaf.
A specimen of Cercospora cruenia Sace. collected on bean in Porto
Kico is in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. Dinie-
riuni grammochs (Kuntze) Gar. is reported on Phaseolus lunatus by
Garman (9).

Powdery ^IiTvDEw (Erysiplir pohjgoni DC?). — A powdery mildew
appeared on the leaves of several of the varieties after the crop had
lieen gathered and the plants were past maturity. Only unsprayed
portions of tlie rows were attacked. It is of very minor importance
since only old, unsprayed plants were found subject to it. The
determination can be only provisional since the imperfect or Oidinm
stage onl.y was found.

Crown Rot {Fusarium sp.) — A crown rot or damping-otf was
noted to a very limited extent attacking the native red variety.
Sunken lesions occurred on young plants at the ground level and
extended for an inch or two along the stem, accompanied by a scanty
production of white mycelium of a Fusarium sp. This was later
noted on northern varieties, attacking young plants at various stages
up to six inclics in licight, in some cases isolated i)lants only, in
others accouiitiiig for several plants in a group or even a doz(>n or

97

more. The Fusarium found is apparently the same as causes a
"dainping-off" of tomato and eggplant seedlings.

Blight (Bacterium pJmseoli Sm.). — While this disease has not
Been definitely identified by exact methods, there can be liut little
doubt of its presence on northern varieties, but fortunately to a very
limited extent only.

Rust (Uromyces appendiculatus [P.] Lk.) — The bean rust is
known to occur on the Island, but has not been collected on the culti-
vated bean at this Station, although of common occurrence on several
of the wild legumes (Phaseolvs adenanthus, Vigna repens), etc. It
forms very small, but numerous brown powdery eruptions on leaves
and pods. It is not of sufficient importance to warrant control
measures.

Root Rot or Wilt. — As many as four types of root rot or wilt
are reported (5, 1). Cercosporium (?) heticola is given as the pos-
sible cause of one form. No further notes are given. This type of
disease has not been observed during the present investigations.

Beet (Beta vulgaris).

The leaf spot [Cercospora heticola Sacc.) has ])een the only dis-
ease so far obsen-ed on this host. The death of mature leaves was
somewhat hastened, but no further damage resulted. The spots were
numerous, of the same appearance on both sides of the leaf, circular,
brown at first, but later dull gray to dirty white, with definite red-
brown margins. The Swiss chard {Beta vulgaris var.) was also at-
tacked, whenever the leaves were allowed to come to maturity.

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) .

Cabbage remained comparatively free of disease, altliough not
making a very satisfactory growth. A soft, putrid, bacterial rot
destroyed individual plants which had been injured in cultivating.
Diseases due to Pseudomonas canipestris, Plasmodiophora brassicae,
Peronospora parasitica, and Macrosporium brassicae are mentioned
by Henricksen (5), but are not definitely re]iorted as found in
Porto Rico.

Celery (Apium gravenlms) .

Celery was slightly attacked by rootknot (Heterodera radicicola),
whicli is described in detail later. Leaf spot due to Septoria petro-
srliiii Desm. was not found.

98

C ASS AV A {Manihot util issi ma).

. WiT,HERTii' (Gloeosporium maniJiot Earle). — In one locality a
;sweet (non-poisonous) variety of cassava was suffering- severely from
die back induced apparently by poor soil, and prolonged drouth, aided
hy the fungus in question. There was a characteristic withering and
■dying of the leaves which remained hanging at the tips of the twigs.
The twigs and even the branches died back for a considerable dis-
tance, at times nearly to the ground level. Examination of the under-
ground portions of the plants revealed no indications of disease. Oji
the dead twigs the fungus formed small black fruiting pustules.
Under favorable conditions this disease probably will give no trouble,
though removal of diseased portions and cultivation should suifice to
check it if it should by any chance get a start.

Leaf Spot (Cercospora henningsii AUesch.) — The characteristic
leaf spots due to this fungus are conunon but of no great importance.
They are angular, small (seldom over one-eighth inch in diameter),
iind dull white or gray in color, with a definite reddish-brown margin.

Rust [Vromyces janiphae [Wint.] Arthur.) — Not common, pro-
ducing brown, powdery pustules on the under sides of the leaves.
A root rot has also been reported (8) on this host.

Chayote {Sechh(7n edule) .

Tiie chayote is very subject to one or more leaf diseases which
v^ery often completely destroy the plant, frequently before any fruit
"has been produced. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture has not given
satisfactory results in so far as observations have been made, nor
■do published records report any success along this line (5).

Miss Young (7) describes one type of leaf spot due to PhyUosficta
iSechii. The spots caused by this fungus are said to be amphigenous.
more or less irregular, often confluent, varying in size from two to
twelve millimeters and dull white in color. Minute dark brown or
black pycnidia are produced in the center of the spots on the upper
surface of the leaves.

A second and much more virulent type of leaf spot occurs. This
is due to an apparently undescribed species of Cercospora or prefer-
ably UelminiJiosporium. The spots are angular, up to ten milli-
meters in diameter, dull brown above, lighter below, sometimes be-
coming a dull white at the center in old spots, margins definite,
fruiting on both surfaces. The leaf area between the numerous spots
speedily dies and the leaf withers and drops. This disease presents

99

a very serious oltstaele to the suecessful eulture of the ehayote. All'
of our collections of leaf spot on this host have been of this latter
type, pyenidia of Phijllosficta being found in only one very old spot,
making it appear probable that the Phyllosticta is but secondary
when present at all.

A root rot has lieen reported by some growers, but no data iias
])een secured.

Corn {Zea mays).

Both the rust and smut were observed, the latter less commonly.
The rust Vredo paUi'la Diet and Holw.) attacked the older and lower-
leaves, generally at a time when the ears were nearly mature so that
little damage could be attributed to it. It appeared as numerous
small b]'own pustules on the under side of the leaves.

The smut (Ustilago zeae [Beck] Ung.) attacked all parts of the
plant, distorting or destroying them, and forming irregular masses
covered by a white membrane, which broke away, liberating the black,
powdery, spore mass. It is of no importance in Porto Rico as yet.

A third disease occurred quite commonly, but is of no economic
importance as yet. This is manifested as numerous black, carbonous
slightly raised spots on the leaves (both surfaces) and leaf sheaths
in which tlie spore-bearing bodies are produced. Each spot is sur-
rounded ])y a yellow or brown circle of dead tissue. The death of
old or basal leaves is hastened, especially when the rust is also present
as is usually the case. The fungus is Phylhiclioro (/rauiinis (Pers.)
Fuekel.

CowPEA {Vigua unguiculnia).

This legume has been used in some gardens between crops to-
improve the soil. Certain varieties thrive very well and th.-ir in-
creased use is reconnnended. The iron variety is especially good for
growing in this connection since it is not sul).i('ct to nematodes, and
in so far as observed does well under Porto Rican conditions, (^ther
varieties are cultivated to some extent under tlie name of "'frijoles"'
as food plants. INIost of these latter types are. however, very subject
to root-knot and proper precautions must hv taken to avoid this
trouble.

Leaf Spot (Cercospora vigna^- Racib.) — Tliis leaf spot as men-
tioned in a previous report (10) caused defoliation of an unknown
variety of cowpea (not tlie iron) grown at tbi- Station. The spots
Avere numerous, circular, up to one centimeter in diameter, reddish
brown in color, with distinct margins, and soon <'onfluent. causing-
tlie death of the leaf.

100

Gray Leaf Spot [Cercospora cruenfa Saee.) — This leaf spot was
found on one of the native edible seeded varieties, causing a serious
weakening of the plants and partial defoliation. The diseased areas
were angular to indefinite, three to eight millimeters in diameter
at first, but rapidly coalescing, a dirty gray in color below, due to
the copious production of conidia and conidiophores and yello^nsh
or chlorotic above, becoming dull rust red. Would doubtless be con-
trolled l\v Bordeaux or other fungicide.

On the iron cowpea a powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni DC?)
was noted in several instances. ])ut causing little harm. The OicHum,
stage only of the fungus was present.

Cucumber {Gucumis sativus).

Attempts to grow cucumbers in Porto Rico have been particularly
disastrous. In some instances a splendid first crop has been obtained,
but the second almost invariably fell prey to disease. A similar state
of affairs occurred in the Station trials. The cause was largely the
disease known as do"\\Tiy mildew and described below. Successful
cucumber culture will depend upon its control.

Downy ]\Iildew {Pseudopcronospora cubensis [B & C] Clinton.) —
This disease was characterized by indefinite yellow spots on the leaves,
which under the luunid conditions existing here were so numerous
or so rapidly coalesced that the death of the leaves quickly resulted
The superficial growth of the fungus itself could be seen as a delicate
grayish purple layer on the under side of the leaves. The older
leaves were attacked first and the disease progressed with the growth
of the vines, usually three to four leaves behind the grooving point.
In wet weather, however, the leaves were attacked before they were
completely unfolded, and in the second planting the cotyledons (seed-
leaves) were attacked and destroyed before the second leaf had com-
pletely unfolded.

The mildew appeared on the first planting when the viiies were
about a foot long and had developed from four to seven leaves.
Bordeaux mixture at a strength of 3-3-50 was immediately applied
and additional applications made at weekly intervals until March 2,
or eleven sprayings in all. As far as it was possible to observe
spraying was without practicable results, except that aphids devel-
oped unchecked by fungus (Acrosfalagmus albus ?). The disease
progressed in the same degree upon sprayed plants and checks. Mar-
ketable cucumbers were secured for a time, hut tlip disease finally
gained the upper hand and the few fruit set after that time Avere
small and misshapen.

101

Even worse results were obtained witli the second crop planted
in the same beds as the first. As noted the disease attacked the plants
almost as soon as the first leaf was formed, although the first spray-
ing had already been given. In all nine sprayings of Bordeaux
(3-3-50) were made at three to four-day intervals. Practically no
salable fruits were produced, the vines making little growth after
the first few weeks.

One peculiar circumstance was noted after the beds were aban-
doned. Certain of the plants which had not been killed outright
made considerable new growth, free of disease, and even produced
normal fruit after the weeds had grown up around them, in spite
of rather heavy rains. This circumstance suggests that infection
occus from the soil. Another year it is proposed to experiment with
mulching and the training of the vines off the ground, since it is
apparent that spraying is ineffective under Porto Rican conditions.

This disease has been reported as occurring upon various other
wild and cultivated members of the cucumber family, but except
for the melon no otlier hosts have as yet been found. Species exam-
ined have ])een :

Luffa eylindi-ica Esponja.

Momordiea cliaraiitia Cundeanior.

Sechiinii edule Chayote.

Lageiiaria leucantha Pipe gourd.

Cueurhira pepo Calabazo, squash.

Anthracnose. — Ripe cucumber fruits and particularly the nub-
bins exposed to the sun on the nearly leafless, mildew-infected vines
were attacked l)y anthracnose (ColletotricJi tnii Iiu/' nan'tdii [Pers.]
E & H). The black fruiting spots of the fungus occurred in more
or less circular sunken spots on the exposed surface and also on
the indefinite dull white corky areas due primarily to sunburn. Va-
rious otlier saprophytic fungi were also present in such cases.

A fungus apparently referable to PJiijUoslicta cucKrhitaceanon
Sacc. v\as found under the same conditions as tlie antliraenosc fun-
gus. In this case the grayish or dirty white iri-egular areas were
dotted with the iniiuitc t)liH'k pycnidia (fruiting bodies).

Neither tb.e fungus noi' bacterial wilt iioi- any roiin of dampiu'^'
off were observed.

Egoim.axt (Soknnni iii< l()ii(j( na).

As was the case with the beans, one serious disease attacked the
first planting and anotliei- (juite distinct, the second. It was not
possible to determine from the data of one season whet her this was

102

due to weather, varietal differences, infected seed, or to a combina-
tion of various causes.

Anthracnose {Gloeosporium melongenae E & H). — The first
planting was of the long purple variety and for some time was
quite free of disease. When in full bearing the fruit on certain
plants was attacked l)y anthracnose. which from that time on in-
creased until at the time the bed was abandoned and the plants
pulled, practically all of the fruit on all plants was affected. It
seems probable that the fruit on naturally weak plants was attacked
first, and then as the other plants were weakened through nematode
attacks and other agencies, the disease spread to all. Tlie fact that.
owing to lack of a market, the fruit was not picked more than a
few times doubtless assisted.

The disease was characterized by sunken, more or less circular,
pits of varying size up to half an inch, often coalescing. Many fruits
were so severely attacked that from a half to three-quarters of the
surface was cankered. Fruit of all sizes was attacked, and when
seriously infected dropped to the ground, leaving the pedicel still
attached to the plant. The conidia occurred in salmon-pink masses
(sjwrodockia) clustered in the bottoms of the pits.

It is not likely that spraying will avail against this disease. Re-
sistant or non-susceptible varieties properly cultivated and kept free
of nematodes or other weakening agencies will prevent serious loss.

Wilt or Crown Rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sace.) — Several plants
Avere killed by this fungus early in the season. The cases observed
were all xery characteristic. There was a rotting of the roots and
of the bark at the crown, accompanied l)y jiroduction of white myce-
lium both on the roots and at the base of the stem. Later brown
sclerotia appeared around the crown and on the surface of the soil
adjoining. AVhen occurring together with root-knot, death of the
])lant was especially rapid. SclfHa phroia and Alfrnionthcra srs-
silis, weeds growing adjacent to the eggplant, were found attacked
in one instance.

Leap Spot, Fruit Rot (Phonwpsis vera us [Sace. & Syd.] ) Unr-
ter.^ — This fungus caiisiMl a leaf spot, fruit i-nt and stem bliglit or
cank'M- of the New York S])ineless variety grown in the second plant-
ing. .\s a leaf-spot fungus it has been conunonly known as Pliyllo-
sficta hortorum Spcg. Xeither the anthracnose nor othej- diseases
were o])serve(l on this variety. Conunercially the ero]) was a total
failure as a result of the combined attacks of this fungus and insects.

1 Identification voi-ified by Mr. L. L. Hartci-, PatholoKi.st, Biupjui of Plnnt I)i(histiv,
U. S. Department of AKvicultiire.

103

Bordeaux and lead arsenate api)lied at intervals of a week siiffieed
to check the disease to some extent and to stop tlie insert attacks, Init
were of no practical value. No salable fruit was ol)tained.

On the leaves this disease occurred as brown spots, varying con-
siderably in size and shape. On seedlings in flats they were small,
hardly over one-eighth inch in diameter, more or less circular, and
attacked the older, lower leaves. At this stage it appeared to be
merely a disease of old over-mature leaves, or of plants held too long
in tilt' flats and so weakened. However, the disease appeared on
])lants in the field, causing large irregular, dull-brown spots on the
leaves and brown, sometimes sunken, lesions on petioles and young
stems. Branches or twigs were often girdled, and in some plants
tins was so common that nothing remained alive beyond a short length
of tht^ main stem. The fungus produced nearly circular, raised areas
on the fruit, hardly different in color at first from the normal skin
of the fruit, but soon coalescing to form black areas covering large
portions of the surface area. The calyx lobes and pedicels were also
often attacked, resulting in irregular, sunken brown cankers. In all
diseased areas the fruiting bodies appeared as minute black points,
T)iit were especially prominent in the fruit and stem cankers. There
was at first a soft rot with same leaking, and the fruit very soon fell
to till' ground, leaving the infected pedicel and calyx on the plant.
Witliin a short time it became a black, wrinkled mummy.

Fruit Kdt {Diplodia sp.) — Fruit of the long purple variety was
I'otted by a species of Diplodia not at present distinguishable from
Diplodia natalensis, the cause of stem-end rot of Citrus. Tnnocula-
tions have not yet been carried out. The fungus apparently attacked
through the stem end, causing the fruit to drop to the ground, where
it was soon mummified by a dry rot. The pedicel and calyx remain-
ing on the plant had nnich the same appearance as when attacked
by Pliomopsis. There were first brown lesions followed by death and
c(tiiii)lete withering and drying. The rot of the fruit progressed very
rafiidly to tlie blossom end, appearing, externally medium brown iu
color, internally light lirown, with no juice exudate. Only young
fruit were observed attacked. The pycnidia produced in a damp
chamber resembled those of D. natalensis on Citrus.

Root Knot {HeU vod< ra radicivola |Greef.] Mill.) — Some few
plants were attacked by root knot. Except where Sckrotium Holfsii
was also present no perceptible damage resulted, although the plants
were undoubtedly weakened by the presence of these parasites.

A \eciria sp. was found at the base of a plant that had been
killed by Sckrotium, so that it can l)e considered only as a sapro-

104

phyte. There were no other disease symptoms than those due to the
iSclerotium.

Damping-off of seedlings in flats was due to Fusarium sp. Care
in watering and in the use of sterile or new soil should obviate this
trouble,

Henricksen (5) reports bacterial wilt {Bacillus solanacearum Sm.)
as Yt'iy common. Such cases of wilt as have been found in the present
investigation were, however, in all cases easily attributable to Sclero-
fiutn and root knot.

Gandul, Pigeon Pea (Cajanus indicus).

The gan lul or pigeon pea is subject to a number of fungus dis-
-eases which tend to shorten the life of the plants.

One of the commonest is Cercospora Cajani P. Henn., causing a
h'af spot. Tht^ spots are numerous, subcircular to irregular, medium
brown in color, margin indistinct, appearance much the same on both
sui-faces. Atfected leaves are shed sooner than normal ones.

Rust (Uromyces Dolicholi Arthur). — The rust, while ciuite com-
mon, causes very little damage. It is characterized by small. dpei>-
browu. powdery pustules on the lower leaf surfaces.

A very serious stem canker, apparently due to a fungus not yet
determined, has been observed in several localities, but studies have
not been carried out. Numerous other fungi aid in the death and
rotting of stems of mature plants, notably Megalonecfria pseudo-
trichia^ and others of the same group.

Lettuce (Lactvca sativa).

Leap Spot (Cercospora lactucae n. sp.) — But one disease was
found on lettuce and that of minor importance. This was a leaf spot
dut' to an a[»parently new species of Cercospora, which is described
below. Till' fungus attacked principally the older and lower leaves
and caused slight injury as long as the leaves were gathered regu-
larly. At the time of production of the flowering stalk, however, it
j-apidly spread to all leaves and. the numerous spots becoming con-
fluent, i^ractically the entire leaf surface of the plant was destroyed.

Cercospora lactucae sp. nov, — Spots amphigenous, drab (Ridge-
way, Plate XLVD. subcircular to angular, slightly sunken, with defi-
nite margin (not raised), one to eight millimeters in diameter, often
<^onfluent especially along margin and tip; conidiopliores amphi-
genous, fascicled, few (four to ten to each fascicle), simple, four

' Determined by Dr. F. J. Seaver, of the New York Botanical Garden.

105

to eight septate, 15-50 by 5-7 am., medium In-own. tips paler; co-
iiidia clavate to long- elavate, often enrved. hyaline to smoky, six
to twelve septate, tips often non-septate, 3.5-5 by 50-100 mu.

On leaves of Lactuca sativa L. in Porto Rieo^ Rio Piedras, 6244r
(type), 5071, 5613.

Marimbo, Gourd (Lagoiana hncn)itJia).

A leaf spot {Cercospora cucurhitae E & E) occurred on this host.
The spots were numerous, nearly circular, up to eight millimeters
in diameter, brown at first, becoming dull white or tan at the center,
with a slightly raised, definite margin, and red brown in color, caus-
ing the death of the older leaves.

INIuSKMELON (Cucumis mclo).

The growing of melons has been as little successful as th.at of
cucumbers. Several diseases are in large measure responsible for
this condition, although unsuitable varieties and poor cultural prac-
tices nuist be blamed in part.

On the early (December) plantings the downy mildew (Pspiido-
peronnspora ruhrnsis) was especially virulent and accounted for the
death of the plants. Spraj^ing with Bordeaux mixture (3-3-50)
w^as without apparent effect. The symptoms w^ere the same as on
cucumbers.

ANTHRACNOgE {CoUetot rich H m l<ig( tKirlion | Pass. | Ell. & Hals). —
Plantings made later in the season were subject to other leaf diseases,
and while not so quickly destructive as the mildew they were quite
effective in cutting down the yield to practically nothing. The most
important of these was the anthracnose which appeared as irregular
browai spots or patches on the leaves. These soon coalesced causing
the death of the entire leaf. Often the centers of the diseased areas
dropped out leaving large ragged holes. Lesions on petioles and
stems were also produced. This disease has been reported as serious
on tlie fruit and would doubtless have proved so in this case if
tlicrc had been fruit present in any amount.

Occurring sometimes in the anthracnose spots and at other times
alone, another fungus was found, PhijlJoslicta ritndlina. Spots
caused by this fungus were light brown, nearly circidar. and with
the minute black fruiting bodies (pycnidia > dustin-ed a1 the center.
Of minor importance.

("iiLORosis. — One case of clilorosis was found in which an entire
plant had taken on a yellow color, poi-tious of llie stem only re-

106

niaining green. The leaves were small, wrinkled and thicker than
normal. Inoculations with material from this plant on other non-
chlorotic plants were without result because of the death of the plants
from other diseases.

Mustard {Brassica spp.).

The common mustard grown chiefly for the leaves, which are used
as greens, is subject to several leaf diseases. The white rust {Albugo
Candida [P.] Rouss.) is common, producing numerous white pustules
on the lower leaf surfaces.

A leaf spot {Cercospora hloxami Berk. & Br.) causes the death
of the leaves in many cases. The spots are at tirst nearly circular
Oiardly spherical as given in one description), white or dull yellow
in color and up to half a centimeter in diameter. They very soon
run together, however, destroying the leaf.

Okra (Hibiscus escuhntus).

Okra was commonly subject to a leaf disease due to (Jercospora
liibisci T. & Earle). This fungus did not occur in definite spots,
but rather in indefinite sooty patches often confluent on the lower
surfaces of the leaves. The leaves were sapped of their vitality,
turned yellow and dropped. The result was a tall stem, bare of
leaves except at the tip and bearing very little fruit. No experi-
ments for control have l)een tried.

Onion (Allium cepa).

Onions are raised to a considerable extent in the western part
of the Island. Opportunity, however, has not been had to examine
any of the plantings. Reference is made by Henricksen (5) to smut
(Urocystis cepulae Frost) and to downy mildew (Peronospora Schlei-
deniana De Bary) but without definitely reporting them as present
in Porto Rico.

Pea (Pisimi sativum).

Wherever observed the garden pea has been subject to powdery
mildew (Erysiphc polygoni Dc?). This fungus formed a thin gray
or wliite coating over leaves and pods, and while it did not actually
kill the parts attacked, it cheeked the groAvth and so lessened, the
yield. In common with all other powdery mildews collected on va-
rious plants, wild and cultivated, the conidial stage only was found.
This disease could be readily controlled if necessary by Bordeaux,

or other fungicide.

107

lu one instance a leaf spot cUie apparently to Ctrcosporu sp.
has been collected. The spots were small (two to three millimeters
iii diameter) amphigenous, circular to angular, without a definite
margin, dull brown to gray, often coalescing and causing a yellowing
and subsequent death of the leaf. Fruiting on both surfaces. Co-
nidia hyaline, long clavate, strongly septate. If, as appears certain
now, this species is undescribed, a complete description a)id name
will be ])ublished later, together Avith more complete notes on the
nature and amount of injury caused by it.

Peanut {Aradiis hypogea).

The peanut was subject to two leaf diseases, both quite etrective
at times in reducing the yield. Other diseases due to Sclcroiinm
Bolfsii, or to other root-rot or wilt inducing fungi, have not been
observed, but doubtless occur, or will with any extension of planting.

Leaf Spot (Cercospora personaia) . — The leaf spots caused by
this fungus were nearly circular, brown to black with an indefinite
margin, and generally numerous enough to practically cover the leaf
surface. The lower leaves were attacked first, but the others soon
succumbed in turn. It was difificult to estimate the damage, some
growers declaring that the disease appeared after the crop was prac-
tically mature and that hence no damage was done.

Rust (Uroynijces arachidis). — This fungus attacked all varieties,
causing innumerable small golden brown to dark-bi-own pustules on
both sides of the leaves, in many cases practically covering them and
undoubtedly doing some harm since the effective leaf surface was
reduced. In fact, experiments in the British West Indies have shown
that decreased yields do result from attacks of this disease. Spray-
ing with Bordeaux at intervals of a week was reported to h;i\c been
Avithout effect in checking or controlling either of these diseases.

Pepper {fapsionn (nnnniDi).

I-'kiit Kdt. — The peppers of the fii'st planting (Neai)olitan) re-
mained comparatively free of this trouble, but those of the second were
seriously attacked. These varieties were Sweet Mountain, Large-bell,
-Chinese Giant and Ruby King, all of which were attacked to about
-thu same degree, in so far as preliminary observations of one year
show. At the time the first picking was made a large percentage
of the fruit was found to have on one side or at the blossom end
rotted areas. These were in general medium to light brown in color
or at times nearly white, with definite margins and often sunken.

108

The aft'coted tissues were softer than the normal, hut •<till quitr tirin,
and there was no juice exudate. In many cases the spots had all
the appearance of sunburn or other non-parasitic causes. Fruit so
alfeeted soon dropped, unaffected portions turning- a deep red and
the whole fruit ultimately munuuifying-. It was noted that the fruit
of certain plants remained comparatively free of the disease, while
all of the fruit on other plants was affected, the weaker plants ap-
parently. Certain fungi were commonly found associated with the
spots, in particular ('ladospori)im hcrhanim, Fusarium sp., Pesta-
lozzia gnepinia, and Macrosporium sp. Macrosporium sp. is ordi-
narily considered the cause of a serious rot of peppers, but in the
present instance it was found in so few cases that it is grouped tem-
porarily at least with the other forms. Further work is necessary
to ascertain the exact relations of these fungi to the disease. This
liiay result in the divisio-n of the disease into both parasitic and non-
parasitic types as is suggested by observations to date.

Anthracnose.— In the early stages it was not always possible to
distinguish this disease from the above. In general, however, it was
marked by more nearly circular areas, often several on one fruit,
and more definitely sunken. The spots showed first as water-soaked
aieas turning brown. The fruit ripened prematurely, became shriv-
eled, but quite often remained hanging to the plant. Two fungi
were found in connection with this disease, Gloeosponum piperafnm
E. & E. and CoUetotrichum ni(/nim Ells. & Hals., which after further
work may prove to be the same, the presence or absence of setae in
the fruiting bodies being the only i)oint of difference, which is a
doubtful character at best, ^t the tirst report of trouble with fruit
rot sju'aying with 3-3-50 Bordeaux was commenced and continued
at intervals of a week until eight applications had been made. Counts
were made of the diseased and sound fruit at each picking. At no
time was it possible to find any constant diff'erence in amount of
disease between sprayed and unsprayed areas. The percentage of
spotting at first very heavy, gradually declined through the season,
due apparently to cultural and climatic reasons; certainly independ-
ent of the spraying.

Wn>T ( SIclfrotiutv Rolfsii Sace). — This common disease of sugar
cane (red rot of the leaf-sheath) attacked sev(M'al of the vegetables
and was especially serious on the peppi'rs. Plants attacked by this
fungus exhibited first a slight drooping of the leaves exactly as
occurs when there is a shortage of water. The wilting increased
each (hiy with i)artial recovery at night until at the end of four or

109

five days the plant was practically dead. Examination of wilting
plants showed healthy tojis, hut further search revealed hrown sunken
lesions at the crown, which grew rapidly until the stem was girdled
and death resulted. A scanty white mycelium was generally present
in these areas spreading down along the roots for some distance,
rotting and killing them, as well as out over the surface of the ground,
attacking weeds or other plants with which it came in contact. At
the base of the diseased plant, there was in most cases an abundant
production of the so-called sclerotia or fruiting bodies, yellow to
dark brown, nearly spherical bodies, of about the size of mustard seed.
Sclerotia from peppers produced typical cases of red rot of the leaf-
sheath when transferred to cane.

All four varieties of the second planting were attacked and to
about tlie same degree. The loss was greatest in the lower ends of
the rows where there was possi])ly more moisture, although plants
in all parts of the field were lost. About three per cent of the plants
were killed.

Leaf Spot {Cercosjyora capsici H. & W.) — This leaf spot was most
abundant and was collected or observed in numerous localities. The
determination is provisional. The spots were circular, varying in
size from a sixteenth to luilf an inch in diameter and were often
very numerous. Their appearance was the same on both sides of the
leaf, not raised, but rather slightly sunken with definite margins.
The color was a dark dull lirown with dirty white center and a sur-
rovinding faint halo of yellow. Centers of old spots often broke out
in-egularly. All varieties were very subject to attack. Older and
lower leaves were first infected, turned yellow, and dropped. At
times no further damage occurred, but quite often nearly complete
defoliation resulted.

This disease was readily controlled by Bordeaux mixture. No
spotting occurred on sprayed rows.

Root Knot (Heterodero radicicola [Greef] Mill.) — Peppers are
very much subject to root-knot and serious damage often results.
Tlic trouble is prevalent in manV parts of tlie Island. See under
tomato.

Potato {Salanum fuherosmn).

Potatoes do not tlirive, at least in the lowlands, and it is extremely
doubtful whether any results can be hoped for in any part of tlie
Island. A root rot has been reported (1), and the opinion is there
given that the disease will prevent the growing of potatoes in Porto
Rico. The fungus concerned was not determined.

110

RosELLE (Hibiscus sahdarijfa) .

Barrett reported (3) a root rot of this plant, possibly due to
bacteria. Not observed in the present investigations.

Sesame (Sesanium orientale).

This plant, locally known as "ajonjoli," is commonly subject
to a leaf spot attacking particularly the lower leaves, although in-
stances have been observed of mature plants which had been prac-
tically defoliated. The spots, due to Cercospora Sesami Zimm, are
very numerous, small (not over two millimeters in diameter) sub-
circular to angular, dull white to gray, with a definite, slightly raised
deep brown margin. Sporulating on the upper surface.

Squash (Cucurbita moschata).

In so far as observed this crop was free of disease, even when
in proximity to other cucurbitaceous plantings, such as cucumbers
or melons. Henricksen (5) reports downy mildew as an enemy of
the squash.

Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas).

The sweet potato is one of the most common of the native crops,
and while no large plantings are made the total of the innumerable
small patches is considerable. As is usual with a crop which is not
planted in large or continuous areas, serious diseases seem to be lack-
ing. There have been reports received of losses, but in so far as it
has been possible to discover from specimens submitted, invsects have
been to blame. However, it is known that some at least of the dry
rots reported for other countries do exist here, and an effort will
be made to find them.

White Rust (Albugo ipomoeae-panduranae [S.] Swing.) — Only
three fungi have been encountered on this host, all leaf parasites.
The most common of these was the white rust, which caused indefi-
nite spots varying from the size of a pinhead to half an inch or
more in diameter. At times whole leaves were deformed and swell-
ings produced on stems and petioles. The spots were yellow to brown
above, and below showed the white pustules formed by myriads of
spores. All of the various types or varieties of sweet potato, both
<:'ultivated and wild, have been found subject to attack.

Le.\p Spot (Phf/Uosticta batatas E. & M.) — In one instance leaf
spots due to this fungus were found. The spots were circular to
.angular, up to one-quarter inch in diameter and light gray in color

111

with a definite brown margin. The minute black pyenidia were clus-
tered at the center.

RuPT {Coleosporiuin Ipomoeae [Schw.] Burrj. — The rust was of
common occurrence but cannot be considered of any economic im-
portanee. Small yt How pustules l)roke out on the under side of"
the leaf.

Two species of sooty mold {Meliola clavidata Wint. and Meliola
Ipoinocji Earle) occur on this host, but without causing apparent
injury.

To:\JAT() {Lycopcrsicon escnhnfum) .

The tomatos in Xhv test plots as well as those observed in gardens;
about the Island have suffered most severely from a numlier of dis-
eases, which can be held responsible in large measure for poor yields
obtained in some cases and the failures in others. There is again
to be noted the occurrence of different diseases at different seasons
of tlie year.

Leap ^Moi.d {('Jndosporium fulvum Cke.) — This fungus also occurs
commonly on the wild berengena {Solanum tori'um), a very common-
weed in all parts of the Island. All varieties of tomatos (Trophy,
Livingstone globe, and Ponderosa) in the first planting (Deceml)er-
February). as well as those in other gardens grooving at this time
of the year were attacked. The disease commenced in the shelter of
the windbreak and spread very rapidly over the entire garden. The
lower leaves were attacked first, but with little delay the balance of
the plant was infected, only the very tips remaining free. Diseased
leaves soon withered and dropped with the result that the plant con-
sisted of but a few long spindling stalks devoid of mature leaves or>
fruit. Removal of diseased leaves was without effect in checking the
spread of the fungus.

Spraying with Bordeaux was commenced before the Ckidosporhim
appeared, and although various strengths, combinations with lead
arsenate, and different kinds such as paste, powder, and home-made
solutions were tried, no differences were at any time observed between
sprayed and unsprayed rows. The number of sprayings varied from
three to eight on the different plots and were at intervals of a week
except in one instance, twice a week.

The fungus was virulently parasitic, occurring on the lower sur-
face of the leaves in irregular velvety patches, which were white at
first, then brown, and finally nearly black. The various patches s(»on
coalesced l)y which time the leaf was yellow and curling.

This di.sea.se was not found on any of the varieties grown in the

112

-second planting (April-June). SoIaniDH tornini was also piesent in
abundance at this time, but was free of disease.

Leaf Spot (Septoria lycopersici) Speg. — This fungus caused very
definite spots in contrast to the effuse irregular areas of the Clado-
sporimn. The spots were more or less circular, appeared the same
on both sides of the leaf and were quite small, hardly ever more than
one-eighth inch in diameter with a definite dark brown margin. They
were l)i'Own to nearly black with the minute black fruiting i)odies
(pycnidia) at the center. When the spots became numerous, as was
the case with all the varieties of the first planting, the leaves turned
yellow, curled, and dropped. Lower leaves succumbed first. In
eombination with leaf-mold this disease was the cause of much damage
through d<^foliation and consequent reduction of yield. Some few
fiiiit only were found bearing the characteristic spots. It was es-
pecially a disease of young plants in flats or pots, tending to produce
weak spindling plants, which if not entirely ruined by this cause
remained weak or fell easy prey to other destructive agencies. As
noted in the leaf-mold discussion, spraying and other measures were
of no avail.

Li the second planting Septoria appeared only after the plants
were well advanced in contrast to its attack of the plants of the
eai'lier crop in the seedling stage. It did not prove serious. Lower
leaves were killed, and together with the Phoma spot some dying of
the upper leaves occurred, but in no way to be considered serious.
Spraying was again without effect.

Blx)Ssom-End Rot. — Considerable trouble was experienced with a
blossom or point-end rot, which was apparently due to cultural con-
ditions rather than to any parasitic organism. A Fttsarium sp. quite*
commonly occurred in the rotted areas, but it is not likely that it
was other than saproyhytic since it was generally present in advanced
rases only and sometimes not at all. It formed pink and white masses
of mycelium and conidia over rotted areas.

The rotted areas were medium brown in color, nearly circular, at
first limited to a small area around the blossom end. but soon en-
larging until one to two inches in diameter, at about which time
the fruit dropped. The spots w^ere only slightly sunken if at all and
but little softer than normal tissues until secondary decay set in due
to bacteria or saprophytic fungi. All varieties of the first planting
were subject, the loss running around ten per cent. The trouble
Avas not experienced in the second planting, possibly due to more
satisfactory moisture or cultural conditions.

Soft Brown Rot. — In the second crop there was some loss from

118

a soft l)rown rot appareiitly due to au undetermined fungus of the
PJiycomycetes or alga-like fungi. This occurred more commonly on
fruit hanging close to the ground or actually in contact with it.
In the latter case there was a surface growth of white liocculent
mj^eeliuni. The rot commenced as a discolored or water-soaked area,
soon becoming dull brown and spreading irregularly over the balance
of the fruit, accompanied by a heavy exudation of juice.

Anthracnose {CoJletotrichum phomoides [Sacc] Chester). — Some
few eases of this disease on ripe fruits were collected. It caused
sunken, circular areas on the side or end of the fruit, often of con-
siderable size, in which appeared the pink (or in advanced cases
black) conidial masses. Of slight importance.

Following cracks, insect and mechanical injuries or other wounds
bacterial soft rot was common.

Root-Knot, Nematodes {Heterodera radicicola [Greef] Miill.) —
The losses due to the attack of this minute worm have been heavy
and much more in fact than is generally realized because of the
fact that it works below ground. Attacks by this parasite will ex-
plain to some extent, it is thought, the weakness of not only tlie
tomatos but of other crops permitting leaf and fruit parasites to
make headway in spite of spraying or other preventative measures.
In the Station plots tomatos sutfered most severely, but eggplant and
peppers were also attacked. At the end of the season examination
showed a lumdred per cent infestation of all varieties, certain ones,
however, maintaining growth in spite of the nematodes and even
giving a crop of fruit.

Where death occurred, the first symptoms were a slight wilting
of the upper leaves, which increased until within a few days the
entire plant Avas involved and death ensued. Upon pulling a wilted
])lant, the roots were found malformed or to consist of a series of
(enlargements or galls. Within these swellings the presence of the
parasitic worms or nematodes in various stages was easily demon-
strable with the microscope. Various fungi contributed to the death
of attacked plants and speedily rotted away roots and crown, liber-
ating a new brood of Avorms into the soil, so that in old eases nothing
remained but the woody tap root and fragments of secondary roots
and galls. The nematodes liberated in this manner remain in the
soil for a number of years and are (•ai)al)l<' of reinfesting any ucav
plants that may be set out.

Certain varieties in particular of the second planting, namely,
Stone. Duke of York, ^latchless, and Beauty were practically de-
stroyed, tlie potting soil having been infested apparently. It was

114

noted that those supplied with manure survived, which suggests a
means of control by supplying improved cultural conditions together
with care in avoiding infested soil. Where possible infested soil
should be sterilized by steam or by fire before using in flats or pots.
This will insure healthy plants.

Black Spot iPhoma dcstvuctiva Plowr. ) — The Livingston Globe
variety and to a less extent other varieties in the second planting
were attacked by this recently described disease (6). The spots,
similar on botli sides of the leaf, were brown with a definite dark
l)rown margin, circular at first, then irregular, and finally confluent,
causing the death of the leaf. Very few spots were found on the
fruit, and these apparently following injuries from other causes,
sucking insects, etc. The fungus agreed with the description given
of Phoma destruciiva.

WiiiT (Bacillns solanacrarnrn Erw. Sm.) — This serious disease has
on several occasions been reported from Porto Rico (1) and dou])t-
less does occur on tomato as well as on other related plants, but it
has not heen found in the present investigations. In the brown-
stained vascular tissues of the lower portion of the stalks of plants
killed l)y nematodes, bacteria were present, but were not capable of
independently causing wilt of otlierwise healthy plants. Nematodes
were the causes of all cases of wilting which it has been possible to
examine.

]\riNOR Troubles. — Splits and cracks were very common. They
can dou])tless be attributed to extremes in the water supply, a drouth
followed by excessive rains, excessive fertilization, and the like.

One case of rosette was observed. No cause was discerned nor
was the juice of the plant infectious.

''Dampiug-off '" of seedlings occni'icd as with eggplant and dne
apparently to the same cause.

Phyfophora i)ifrsfa)is IMont (De Bary) (Downy Mildew) has been
I'eported from near ]\Iaricao by Prof. Whetzel and Dr. Olive, but
has not been with certainty seen here. It is also reported by Hen-
ri cksen (5).

Turnip (Brassica cafupestris and B. Rapa).

A leaf spot (Cercospora Bloxami Berk. & Br.) is reported (11)
on tliis host. This is the same fungus as given under mustard. Not
serious.

Black rot {Bacterium campestris Fa-. Sm.) is also reported (5)
but has not been encountered by us.

115

Watermelon {Citrullus vulgaris).

The leaf spot (Cercospora citrullina) mentioned in the last report
(10) continues to be present and through the killing of the leaves is
most effective in reducing yields. Also reported from Mayagiiez (5).

Blossom-End Rot. — This year a blossom-end rot of the fruit was
observed. The blossom end of a fruit attacked by this disease dried
up and turned brown, although the remainder of the fruit sometimes
continued to enlarge for some time. Fruit of all sizes were attacked.
Various fungi gained entrance and set up a soft rot with juice exu-
date. Diplodia sp. was found in several instances associated with
this rot and also as the apparent cause of a stem-end rot in one
ease. No studies have been made of this fungus.

It was observed that this trouble was most prevalent during a
drouth, but that later when the plants were growing vigorously
under the stimulus of an abundant water Supply, it practically dis-
appeared. Irrigation or frequent cultivation will doubtless check
the disease fairly well.

Yautia {Colocasia sp., Xanthosoma sp.)

The yautias were quite subject to a disease known as ' ' El mal ' '
and probably due to a vascular parasite, although there was no
opportunity to investigate it. Plants attacked by this disease failed
to thrive, the leaves remained small, and were generally yellow. The
yield was greatly reduced. The disease was favored by poor soil
and dry weather. It can be avoided by care in planting only healthy
"heads'" or offsets in uninfected soil.

Phyllosticta colocasieola Hoh. has been reported (7) on Colocasia
sj). Other fungi {Fcriconia sp. and Gloeosporium sp.) are mentioned
as occurring in spots on yautia. Of minor importance.

conclusion.

Studies to date have been merely preliminary, a survey of the
held as it were. However, certain points liave become clear as re-
gards the presence of diseases. It can be taken for granted that
they will appear, and consequently all steps possible should be taken
to control or minimize their attack. Most of the problems must be
met by producing or introducing resistant varieties, a proposition
for the plant breeder and one that requires time. Much can be done,
however, and fair crops of most vegetables realized by following such
corrective measures as are now known, such as proper preparation

116

of seed beds, thorough cultivation, irrigation and drainage, and the
destruction of weeds.

After each crop all old plants and debris should be burned and
a proper rotation maintained. Spraying with the various fungicides
will be found of value for many of the diseases.

LITERATURE CITED.

(1) Barrett, 0. W.— 1903. Report of the Entomologist and Path-

ologist. Ill Annual Report of the P. R. Agric. Exp. Sta.
for 1903, pp. 449-450.

(2) Barrett. 0. W.— 1904. Report of the Entomologist and Path-

ologist. //( Annual Report of the R R. Agric. Exp. Sta.
for 1904. pp. 397-399.

(3) Barrett, 0. W.— 1905. Report of the Entomologist and Path-

ologist. In Annual Report of the P. R. Agric. Exp. Sta.
for 1905. pp. 22-23.

(4) Barrett, 0. W.— 1905. Disca.ses of Yautia. hi BuL 5 of the

Porto Rico Agric. Exp. Sta.. pp. 22-23.

(5) Henricksen, H. C. — 1906. Vegetable Growing in Porto Rico.

Porto Rico Agric. Exp. Sta. Bui. 6, pp. 9-58.

(6) Jamiesox. Clara 0. — 1915. Phoma Destructiva the Cause of

a Fruit Rot of the Tomato. In Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 4,
No. 1, pp. 1-20.

(7) Young, Esther. — 1915. Studies in Porto Rican Parasitic

Fungi-I. In Mycologia, vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 143-150.

(8) Arthur, J. C. — 1915. Uredinales of Porto Rico. /» Mycologia,

vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 168-196.

(9) Garman. Phu.ip. — 1915. Some Porto Rican Parasitic Fungi.

//) Mycologia. vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 333-340.

(10) Stevenson, J. A. — 1915. Report of the Pathologist. //( Fourth

Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture of
Porto Rico. pp. 33-34.

(11) Young. P]sther. — 1915. Studies in Porto Rican Parasitic

Fungi-IT. In Mycologia, vol. 8. No. 1, pp. 42-46.

117

Vol. 1.

JULY, 1917.

isro. 3,

The Journal

OF

The Department of Ageicultuee

OF

Porto Rico.

Sam Juak, P. R.
BcBBAD or SDVPI.IBS, PanrnxG. axd Tbanspobtatiom

1017

Vol. 1.

JULY, 1917.

No. 3.

The Joumal

OF

The Department of Agriculture

OF

Porto Rico.

San .11- an, P. K.

BlRKAl' OF SUPI'I^IKS, PkiNXING, ANU TRANSPORTATION

1017

PUBLISHED BY

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AXD LABOR

UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

^^^ v. to\ver,

DIRECTOR. INSULAR EXPER1>IENT STATION

Rio PlEDRAS, P. R.

JOHN A. STEVENSON,

EDITOR.

CONTENTS.

Page.
A Method of Identification aud Description of Sugar-Cane Varieties, and

its Application to Types Grown in Porto Eico H. B. Cowgill__ 119

The White Grubs Injuring Sugar Cane in Porto Rico. — I. Life Histories of

May-Beetles (Continued) E. G. Smyth— 1H9

The Eggplant Lace-Bug in Porto Eico E. T. Cottox 168

Life History of Haltica jamaicense Fab E. T. Cottox 171

Scale-Feeding Habits of a Porto Eican Millipede _E. T. Cotton 173

iir

A METHOD OF IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF

SUGAR CANE VARIETIES, AND ITS APPLICATION

TO TYPES GROWN IN PORTO RICO.

By n. D. OowGiLL, Plant Breeder, Insular Experiment Station.

The number of varieties of sugar eane {SaccMnim officinarum)
is increasing rapidlj^,* and for tliis reason it is desirable to have a
method of describing and identifying them. In some cases the points
of difference are easily seen, but usually this is not so. This may be
due to any of the following reasons: first, that there is a wide range
of variation within the varieties, so that, as a consequence, the type
is not represented in a single stalk, or in a single plant ; second,
that a large number of varieties tends to make the differences be-
tween some of them very slight; and third, that the differences are
ciuantitative variations of characters common to all, and not the
addition of definite new characters. The distinguishing marks are not
always found on all the stalks. The type is in many cases difficult
to determine, and although two varieties grown side by side may be
seen to be distinctly different, it is not always easy to state wherein
the dift'erences lie.

Cane varieties vary widely in economic characters as well as in
appearance. These characters are yield of cane, sugar content, mill-
ing quality, resistenee to diseases, resistence to unfavorable condi-
tions for growth, and so forth. Some varieties are much better suited
to certain localities than others, and in Porto Rico it may be said that
the four kinds of cane extensively cultivated are most connnonly
grown in more or less well-marked regions. This seems to be largeh'
due to soil and climatic conditions, although it is difficult to state defin-
itely, in every case, the exact factors which control their distribution.

THE PARTS OF THE SUGAR-CANE PLANT.

The sugar cane belongs to the grass family, or Gramiueac, sub-
family Poacoideac, tribe Andropogoneae, and genus Saccharuni. The
stems are unbranched and solid. The leaves are alternate and are

* The increase in the numbei- of varieties is a result of breeding, conducted for the
purpose of securing superior kinds. Tliis is being: done in practically all caneproduc-
ing countries. It was commenced in .Tava in 1887 and in the British West_ Indies in
1888, and was taken up on account of the advance made by the sugar beet industry in
competition, and an apparent deterioration of the standard varieties of cane.

119

deciduous, with the apparent exception of certain varieties whose
leaves adhere to the stalk after tliey have become dry. There is a
bud at each node at the place of attachment of the leaf-sheath. The
inflorescence is a many-flowered panicle. The spiklets are one-flow-
ered, in pairs on an articulate rachis and are enveloped in long, silky
hairs.

The cane, in common with many other grasses, is propagated by
the development of rhizomes from underground buds, by the growth
of buds of the stems when they come in contact with the moist soil,
and by means of true seed. A stool of cane may be large or small,
and may reproduce itself by rhizomes a greater or fewer number of
years, depending on the tenacity of the variety and fertility of the
soil.

The most important differences for purposes of identification are
variations in the parts of the stalk. Differences in floral parts can-
not well be used, because many varieties do not blossom, and because
the period of flowering lasts only a few weeks. The stalk is the part
of commercial importance and it is often desired to identify varieties
by the stalk alone. However, the characters of the leaf are sometimes
distinctive and may be used in identifying standing cane. More or
less distinct differences are seen in the two parts of the leaf, the
leaf-blade and the leaf-sheath.

The Stalk. — Stallcs of different ages are usually found in a single
stool, due to the fact that the buds from which they develop do not
all start at the same time.* As stalks change in appearance towards
maturity, neither very young stalks, nor those completely mature
are most typical of a variety. The appearance of the stalk is also
affected by its state of vigor, due to soil or climatic conditions. For
example, a prolonged drought causes the internodes to grow short,
whereas favorable moisture conditions produce long internodes and
larger and plumper buds. A stalk of cane is composed of nodes,
internodes, and buds, and these parts show characteristics which aid
in distinguishing one variety from another.

The Internode varies in average length, diameter, and shape, being
often nearly round, l)ut frequently more or less flattened, sometimes
tumid, and sometimes constricted, or larger on one side or at one end
than at the other. In many varieties the internodes are more or less
distinctly furrowed on one side, tln^ furrow varying in length, deptli,
and width.

* The cane has a tendency to mature most rapidly in the fall and winter. The blos-
soming period is in November and December, and after blooming it comes to maturity
more quickly, unless the occurrence of heavy rains retards ripening; but new stalks may
appear at different times during the growth of the cane, and therefore the state of maturity
of any stalk depends largely on its age.

120

The node varies mainly in form and size. The leaf-scar varies
more or less in shape and prominence, and it is sometimes beset with
short, stiff hairs. It divides the node into two parts; the part above
the leaf -scar consisting of a band or ring, which varies in width and
in form, and has many rudimentar}- roots, there being differences
in the number, arrangement, and general appearance of these roots.
The portion of the node below the leaf-scar is a more or less depressed
ring extending around the stalk.

The Bud: — This usually shows greater varietal differences than
the other parts of the cane. Buds vary in length, width, prominence,
and shape. The outside scales show differences in shape, size, and
texture; their outer edges form a flattened margin which varies in
width and in form. Buds are more or less acute-pointed and some-
times bearded, or hairy.

The general characters of the stalk are its color, length, diameter,
shape, and amount of glaucousness, or "bloom."

The Foliage, as a whole, varies in color and in relative abundance.
The leaf-blade varies in length, width, shape, position, and color.
The leaf-sheath shows differences mainly in shape, color, vestiture
and tenacity to the stalk. At the place of union of sheath and leaf
there are often characteristic differences. The edges of the sheath,
just below the point of union of sheath and leaf, have appendages or
"auricles," which vary in size and shape. The surface and edges
of leaf and leaf-sheath also vary in amount and character of their
vestiture.

TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING CANE VARIETIES.

It is necessary to take into consideration variations which exist
within the varieties in making descriptions, as it is not always pos-
sible to find distinguishing, and at the same time plainly evident
marks, so that usually the type must be gotten from several canes
of the variety. Average canes should be described, the extreme va-
riant forms being noted but given minor consideration. The most
marked characteristics and their range of variability can be remem-
bered for purposes of identification.

Special terms are used in tbis paper to describe various p;irts of
the cane, as follows. The habit of the plant is described as ci-ect,
inclining, reclining, recumbent, or spreading. The term spreading
indicates a tendency of the clump to recline in all directions from
its center. The term staggered, as applied to the internodes, means
alternating in their main axes, from forward to backward and vice
versa. The term tumid means enlarged or swollen. ''Shoulder"

121

is applied to a sudden increase in size, or an offset. The furrow is
a channel sometimes extending up from the point of attachment of
the bud, for all, or a part, of the length of the internode. Barbate
signifies bearing hairs, or bristles, in a tuft, like a beard. Barbellate
means beset with short, stiff hairs. The term margin is applied to
the flattened edge of the bud, formed by the edges of the outside scales.
Lobes are expanded areas of the lower part of the margin.. Buds are
described as prominent when they project from the stalk, depressed
when the point is turned down upon the stalk, and appressed when
flattened against it. The throat of the leaf-sheath is the region
adjacent to the place where it joins the blade. The ligula is a mem-
branaceous appendage of the leaf-sheath, extending up from the
point of union of the sheath and blade. The auricles are lateral
appendages of the leaf-sheath, just below the point of union with
the leaf. Setae are hairs, or bristles, usually rigid and sharp pointed,
but sometimes soft, which are often, but not always, found on the
back of the leaf-sheath. The term vestiture applies to the setae
or hairs occurring on the leaf-sheath or at its throat.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Following are descriptions of some of the cane varieties which
have been under trial at this Station. The purpose is to show the
application of a method used in identifying and describing varieties,
as well as to give descriptions of some of the most important kinds
in Porto Rico. The names by which they are known here may be
different, in some cases, from their original names, as many of them
came to us indirectly. The descriptions apply to the canes known by
these names on this Island.

Otaheite. — Habit erect to reclining. Length medium. Diameter
medium to large. Shape of stalk curved. Color greenish yellow,
a glaucous ring on the lower half of the node. Internodes varying
much in shape; typically rather tumid, but sometimes with sides
straight, and when tumid most so on the side opposite to the one
which bears the bud; somewhat flattened, usually more or less stag-
gered : furrows medium to shallow. Xodes medium size, longest
on the bud side; leaf-scar set more or loss obli(|ue and projecting
somewluit prominently from beneath the bud ; tlie portion above the
leaf-scar about the same diameter as the internode above, except
when the latter is tumid: the depressed ring, forming tlie portion
below shallow : rudimentary roots in two or three rows. Buds tyi)i-
cally sub-eliptical to ovate in outline but varying in si/e and in rela-

122

five length and widtli : apex semi-elliptieal to acute; margin narrow
and conforming to the shape of the bud ; no prominent lobes ; some-
times hairy on the sides and bearded near the apex. Foliage medium
abundant, light green in color. Leaf of medium width and length,
tapering into a long and fine point. Leaf-sheath rather flattened at
the throat ; auricles medium to large, often long and acute-pointed
on one or l)oth sides of the stalk; ligula medium length, with the
upper edge depressed in the center. Vestiture of leaf-sheath many
setae which are stiff and not closely appressed. Vestiture of throat
of sheath a small amount of medium fine hairs on or ad.jacent to the
auricles. ]\rost important distinguishing characters shape of the buds
and of the intemodes.

Rayada.* — Habit erect to recumbent. Length medium. Diam-
eter variable but averaging about medium. Shape of stalk more or less
curved. Color longitudinally striped with reddish-purple and light
green, the stripes varying in width with different stalks and different
internodes; more or less glaucous. Internodes medium to short,
slightly flattened, typically plump, and more or less tumid on the
side opposite the one on which the bud occurs, sometimes straight-
sided, often staggered ; furrow medium to shallow but usually broad.
Nodes medium size ; the portion above the leaf-sear often a little
smaller in circumference than the internode, and usually a slightly
projecting ring at the dividing line of the node and the internode
above ; the depressed ring forming the portion below typically deep,
especiallj" below the bud: the leaf -scar pro.jecting from beneath the
bud; rudimentary roots in about three rows. Buds varying in size
and in relative length and width, typically broadly ovate-acuminate to
broadly ovate in outline, sometimes obtuse-angular ; usually plump ;
point rounded to medium acute; margin medium to wide, typicallj''
with medium to large lobes on the sides, often bearded at the point.
Foliage abundant, the diy leaves also retained far down on the stalk,
medium green in color. Leaf medium width, medium length, tapering
into a long point. Leaf-sheath flattened laterally ; auricles medium to
small, sometimes pointed on one side of the stalk; ligula medium
length, mth the upper edge rounded in outline. Vestiture of leaf-
sheath a few short setae in a line on the back. Vestiture of throat
of sheath medium coarse hairs on. or ad.jacent to, the auricles and
on the edges of the base of the leaf, also sometimes pubescent on the
surface of the base of the leaf. ^lost important distinguishing ciiar-
acters color and the shape of the buds.

* This is the striped cane which is widely cultivated on this Island. It is appareutl.v
closel.v related to the Crystallina variety.

123

Crystallina. — Habit erect to recumbent. Diameter medium.
Shape of stalk usually curved. Color varying from shades of greenish-
red to straw color, sometimes tinted with violet or purple ; very glau-
cous. Internodes varying in length, but averaging about medium ; va-
rying also in shape, often tumid on the side opposite the one on which
the bud occurs, tj^pically plump, and flattened laterally; furrow me-
dium depth. Nodes medium size, typically larger in the upper part;
the lower portion a distinctly depressed ring, which is deepest below
the bud; the leaf-scar projecting prominently from beneath the bud,
but adhering closely to the stalk on the opposite side; rudimentary
roots in three or four rows. Buds varying in length and width, usually
plump ; typically broadly ovate-acuminate to triangular, with a mar-
gin medium to Avide ; sometimes broadly ovate or semi-elliptical ; lobes
typically distinct ; may or may not start to expand on the standing
cane. Foliage abundant, some of the dry leaves also adhere to the
stalk, medium green in color. Leaf medium width, medium length,
tapering into a long, acute point. Leaf sheath somewhat flattened
laterally at the throat ; auricles medium size ; ligula medium length,
with the upper edge rounded in outline, or occasionally slightly de-
pressed in the center. Vestiture of leaf sheath a few setae in a line
on the back. Vestiture of throat of sheath medium coarse hairs on
auricles, adjacent edges and face of the leaf, and sometimes fine hairs
on the surface of the base of the leaf. ]\Iost important distinguishing
characters color and the form of the internodes and Inids.

Cavengerie. — Habit erect to reclining. Length medium. Diame-
ter medium. Shape of stalk more or less curved. Color dark wine
to greenish-red, with faint greenish to bronze longitudinal stripes;
tlie lower part of the node more or less glaucous. Internodes nearly
round in cross-section, medium to long, typically almost straight-
sided, 1)ut sometimes inclined to be tumid in the lower half; often
more or less staggered ; furrow very shallow. Nodes small ; the leaf-
scar often oblique, usually a slightly prominent ring at the upper limit
of the node; the depressed ring forming the portion of the node
below narrow and shallow ; two, to occasionally three, rows of I'luli-
mentary roots. Buds usually dark in color, typically plump and
very short, with the margin scarcely perceptible, and the point i-ouml
and obtuse, set in a cavity of the stalk ; but sometimes longer and
the point more acute. Foliage abundant, medium green in color.
Leaf medium width, medium to short, semi-erect, tapering to a fine
point rather abruptly. Leaf-sheath slightly flattened at the throat ;
color reddish green, striped with light, longitudinal stripes; auricles
small; ligula medium to narrow, turned in toward the stalk, and

124

with the upper edge depressed in the center. Vestiture of leaf-
sheath man}^ sharp, stiff setae. Vestiture of throat of sheath straight,
rather short hairs on the auricles, adjacent edges of the leaf and leaf-
sheath, and sometimes on the face of the hase of the leaf. IMost im-
portant distinguishing characters color, striped leaf-sheath, and form
of the buds.

Yellow Caledonia. — Habit erect. Length long. Eliameter above
medium. Shape of stalk straight. Color greenish -yellow, tinged with
red on the upper internodes and where exposed to the sun ; with fine,
dark-colored cracks in the epidermis ; more or less glaucous on the
lower part of the node. Internodes long and quite uniform ; typically
straight-sided, but sometimes slightly constricted and sometimes
slightly sub-conical ; no furrow. Nodes rather large : the portion
above the leaf-scar long and about the same diameter as the inter-
nodes; about four rows of rudimentary roots; leaf -scar projecting
prominently from beneath the bud. Buds usually small but uniform,
about as broad as long, typically ovate to sub-elliptical in outline,
plump and with a margin narrow but uniform as to width, and fol-
lowing the shape of the bud ; scales of fine texture ; bearded at the
tip and sometimes pubescent on the sides. Foliage abundant, green
leaves inclined to adhere to the stalk rather far down, but the dry
leaves are shed; medium dark in color. Leaf broad, long, tapering
medium abruptly into a point. Leaf-sheath large in circumference at
the throat, color light green with sometimes a pinkish tinge ; auricles
small; ligula medium length, with the upper edge depressed in the
center. Vestiture of leaf-sheath a few setae in a line on the back.
Vestiture of throat of sheath short hairs on the auricles, adjacent
edges and face of the base of the leaf, and sometimes back of the
ligula; also sometimes finely pubescent on the face of the base of the
leaf. INIost important distinguishing characters color, cracks in the
epidermis, and form of the internodes.

B-347.— Habit erect to reclining. Length medium to long. Di-
ameter medium to large. Shape of the stalk usually straight. Color
yellowish-green, with a tinge of red on the upper internodes; more
or less glaucous; marked with irregular, light-colored spots, appar-
ently caused l)y a loss of the cuticle. Internodes slightly flattened,
medium length, usually staggered ; sides sometimes straight but
usually more or less tumid, mainly on the side opposite the one on
which the bud grows. Nodes medium to large ; the leaf-sear pro-
jecting out a little on all sides; above the leaf-scar often a little
smaller than the portion of the internode just above -it ; rudimentary
roots two to five rows. Buds typically long in comparison to width,

125

ovate to oval in outline, witli the point extended flat a«iaiii«t the cane:
margin narrow, the point of tlie margin typieally long and seiiii-
elliptieal in shape. Foliage medium in aiiiouut, mcdiiuii green in
coloi'. Leaf of medium width, medium to short. su))-erect. edges hav-
ing a tendency to curl. Leaf-sheath flattened laterally at the throat,
glaucous ; auricles medium size ; ligula medium to short, with the
upper edge usually depressed in the center. Vestiture of leaf-sheath
many long and rather soft setae. Vestiture of tliroat of sheath me-
dium ahundant, long, rather soft hairs on the auricles, and adjacent
edges and face of the leaf, and sometimes behind the ligula ; also
sometimes pubescent on the face of the base of the leaf. ^lost impor-
tant distinguishing characters the form of the buds, curling of the
leaf, and light colored spots on the internodes.

B-3412. — Habit erect to inclining. Length long. Diameter me-
dium to small. Shape of stalk straight to slightly curved. C/olor
greenish-red but varying in redness with amount of sun-exposure; a
glaucous ring on the node below the leaf-scar. Internodes medium
to long, nearly round in cross-section, typically straight or slightly
depressed on the side above the bud but tumid on the opposite side;
furrow just perceptible. • Nodes medium size, typically larger above
the leaf -scar than below it, slightly longer on the side of the bud ;
about three rows of nidimentary roots. Buds typically having
started to expand, projecting through the outer scales and standing
out from the stalk; before starting typically semi-elliptical to broadly
ovate in outline, plump, adhering closely to the stalK'. having a uuirgin
of medium width, lobes inconspicuous. Foliage rather less than me-
dium, medium to dark in color. Leaf narrow, medium length, ta-
pering into a long point. Leaf-sheath nearly round at the throat,
often reddish in color; auricles medium size; ligula medium to
short, with the upper edge rounded in outline. Vestiture of leaf-
sheath many medium stiff setae. Vestiture of throat of sheath me-
dium coarse hairs on the auricles and sometimes extending onto the
edges and surface of the base of the leaf. Most im])ortant distin-
guishing characters color and the shape of the buds aiul the inter-
nodes.

B-109. — Habit erect to inclining. Length medium to long. Di-
ameter medium to large. Shape of stalk more or less curved. Color
greenish-yellow, with a glaucous I'ing below the leaf -scar. Internodes
medium length, nearly round in cross-section; typically nearly
straight-sided, but sometimes slightly staggered, and then slightly
tumid on the side opposite the one on which the bud occurs ; furrow
not perceptible, or very shallow. Nodes medium size ; above the leaf-

126

scar about ;is large- or larger than the internodes, usually a prouiineiit
ring at the upper limit of the node ; two to three row* of rudimentary
I'oots. Buds typically variable in size and shape and more or less
triang'ular in shape, usually short for their width, sometimes having
the appeai'ance of being five-sided: margin typicnlly narrow and
uniform in width with the sides of the bud. edges either straight,
eurved or irregular; lol^es small or none. Foliage abundant ; retained
well down on the stalk, including some of the dry leaves; medium
to dai'k in color. Leaf medium to bi-oad. medium length, taiici-ing
into an acute point of medium length. Leaf-sheath almost round
at throat, glaucous; auricles small, sometimes long-pointed on one
side of the stalk ; ligula medium to short, with upper edge rounded
in outline. Vestiture of leaf-sheath a few setae which are short and
soft. Vestiture of throat of sheath medium coarse hairs on the auri-
cles, edges and surface of base of the leaf, and sometimes a few extend-
ing to the area behind the ligubi. Most impoi'tant distinguishing
characters color and the form of the internodes and buds.

B-208. — Habit inclining to reclining. Length medium to short.
Diameter medium to large. Shape of the stalk usually curved, ("ohu*
medium green, more or less glaucous. Internodes nearly round in
cross-section, typically short and tumid, and with a prominent
shoulder on the side oj)posite the one on which the bud occurs: fur-
row very shallow. Nodes small; the portion above the leaf-scar a
little longer, and larger in circumference than that below; tlie de-
pi'essed ring forming the poi'tion below the leaf-scar medium depth
but nai'i-ow. deepest below the bud. Two or three rows of rudiment-
;iiy roots. I>uds typically having stai'ted through the scales ;ind pro-
jecting out from the stalk in a globoid to conical point : before
staiting short and swollen: when very young typically flat, very
broad and ovate-cuspidate in outline, with the margin extending
across the top or rather than on the sides; lobes typically well-marked.
Foliage medium in amount, rather daik in coloi'. Leaf medium to
siiort. lu'oad. gi-owing semi-erect, tajx'i'ing medium al»ruptl\' into a
point. Leaf-sheath bioad. almost I'ound at the thi-oat. light green
to reddish-gj-een in color: auricles medium to small: ligula medium
length, with the upper al^xi' slightly dei)i-essed in the c(Miter. \'es-
titure of leaf-sheath many long, medium stitf setae, not closely ajt-
pressed. \'estitui-e of thi'oat of sheath metlium soft hairs on the
auri<'les and edges of the base of the leaf, and more or less on the
adjacent ai-ea of the face of the leaf. .Most im|»oi-tant distinguishing
chai'acters toini of the interuodes and ImuIs.

B 6450. — Habit reclinijig. Length medium. Diameter medium.

127

Shape of stalk more or less curved. Color green when young, yel-
lowish-green when mature ; the surface is smooth and sometimes
glossy on the young stalks but when old it often contains fine cracks ;
usually glaucous on the lower portion of the node. Internodes me-
dium length ; typically variable in shape, but tumid on the side op-
posite the bud and more or less staggered ; furrow broad and shallow,
deepest underneath the bud. Nodes medium length ; the depressed
ring forming the portion below the leaf-scar medium width and depth,
deepest immediately below the bud ; rudimentary roots far apart,
white, in two to four rows. Buds medium size, typically ovate to
triangular in outline, rather flat when young: margin usually nar-
row and conforming to the shape of the ])ud : sometimes pubescent
at the base. Foliage al)undant, medium green in color. Leaf of
medium length and width, tapering into n medium long point. Leaf-
sheath flattened laterally at the throat ; auricles medium to large,
often a little more pointed on one side of the stalk than the other;
ligula medium to long, with the upper edge rounded to obtuse-pointed
in the center. Vestiture of leaf-sheath rather fine setae. Vestiture
of throat of sheath medium soft hairs on the auricles and edges of
the base of the leaf, and sometimes a few in adjacent area behind
the ligula. Most important distinguishing characters color and shape
of the buds and the internodes.

B-7245. — Habit erect. Length medium. Diameter medium to
large. Shape of stalk straight. Color green to yellowish-green, some
of the upper internodes slightly reddened ; the lower portion of the
node glaucous. Internodes medium to long, nearly round in cross-
section, almost straight-sided, but the shorter internodes are tumid
and the longer ones typically slightly constricted in the lower half
on the bud side, or all around, making the upper half the largest in
circumference; furrow broad but usually shallow. Nodes medium
to large, the portion above the leaf-scar short on the side opposite
the bud; typically smaller in diameter above than below; the upper
portion increasing in size from below upward, and forming a promin-
ant ring at the upper extremity of the node; the leaf-scar and the
depressed ring forming the portion below it oblique ; two to three
rows of rudimentary roots, which are conspicuous. Buds varying in
size, generally adhering closely to the stalk, usually al)out as broad
as long; typically ovate to broadly ovate in outline, with the point
rounded and the margin medium to narrow ; sometimes bearded at
the apex. Foliage abundant, medium green in color. Leaf medium
to wide but variable, medium length, tapering into a medium to long
point. Leaf -sheath distinctly flattened laterally at the throat ; auri-

128

C'les medium to large, those on one side of the stalk sometimes acute-
pointed, and on the young sheaths, overlapped by the others; ligula
medium to short, with the upper edge sub-elliptical, to obtuse-pointed
in the center. Vestiture of leaf-sheath very long, sharp and promin-
ent setae. Vestiture of throat of sheath medium soft hairs on the
auricles, edges of the leaf, and a few back of the ligula. Most im-
portant distinguishing characters the shape and size of the internodes
and the buds.

B-1809. — Habit erect. Length long. Diameter large. Shape of
stalk straight. Color medium green when young, but becoming yel-
lowish-green with age ; a glaucous ring on the node below the leaf-
scar, which becomes dark with the aging of the stalk. Internodes
medium to long, flattened ; typically nearly straight-sided or largest
in diameter just above the node, where there is a prominent ring,
and on the side opposite the bud a shoulder ; furrow broad and rather
deep, but narrower and shallower toward the top of the internodes.
Nodes rather large; typically smaller below the leaf-scar than above.
and increasing in size above until the lower limit of the internode
is reached ; two or three rows of rudimentary roots ; the depressed
ring forming the portion below the leaf-scar shallow on the side
opposite the bud but deeper immediately below it. Buds typically
long and more or less triangular in shape with the point either broad
or acute ; but sometimes about as broad as long, more or less ovate
and acute-pointed; adhering rather closely to the stalk; often in-
creasing in length on the standing stalk, l)ut not usually projecting
much through the scales; margin medium to narrow, and conforming
to the shape of the bud, or forming small lobes at the sides; usually
bearded near the point. Foliage abundant, medium green in color,
many dry leaves also retained. Leaf medium to l)i-oad, medium
length, erect growing. Leaf-sheath somewhat flattened at the throat,
glaucous; auricles medium to small; ligula medium length, with the
upper edge usually depressed in the center. Vestiture of leaf-sheath
medium stiff setae on the back. Vestiture of throat of sheath medium
long hairs on the auricles and edges of the base of the leaf, and some-
times a few on the adjacent areas of the face of the base of the leaf;
sometimes slightly pubescent on the face of the base of the leaf. ^lost
important distinguishing characters the shape and size of internodes,
buds, and leaves.

B-3859. — Habit inclining. Length medium. Diameter medium.
Shape of stalk more or less curved. Color wine to greenish-wine :
a glaufous ring on the lower half of the node. Internodes mediuiii
lengtli, nearly round in cross-section, varying in shape with different

129

stalks, sometimes straight-sided. Imt tyoieally tumid in the lower
part, especially on the side opposite the bud. and sometimes eons-
trieted above; more or less staggered: furrow shallow. Nodes rather
long, considerably longer on the side to which the hud is attached;
leaf-scar usually o])lique; the portion above typically larger in diame-
ter than that below : two or three rows of rudimentary roots ; tiu>
depressed ring forming the portion below the leaf-scar medium depth
and narrow. Buds typically expanded and projecting out from the
stalk, but before starting adhering closely to the stalk and typically
ovate to oval in outline: margin narrow and conforming to the shape
of the bud. ])earded at the point. Foliage abundant, medium green
in color. Leaf medium width, length medium to short, growing erect,
tapering rather abruptly to a tine point. Leaf-sheath tiatteued at
the throat, reddish in color: auricles medium size but sometimes
aente-pointed on one side of the stalk ; ligula medium width, with
the upper edge rounded to obtuse-pointed in the center. Yestiture
of leaf-sheath a few short and tine setae on tlie back, rather closely
appressed. Yestiture of throat of sheath medium long and coarse
hairs on the auricles, the adjacent edges of the leaf, and sometimes
a few l)ehind the ligula. ^tost important distinguishing characters
shape and size of tlie internodes and the buds.

B-6292.— ^Habit erect. Length long. Diameter small. Shape of
stalk straight. Color light green to reddish-green, a glaucous riiu'
on the node below the leaf-scar. Internodes almost round in cioss-
section, usually tumid on the side oj^posite the bud and sliglitly
depressed on the l)ud side: furrow, when i)resent, l)ro:ul and shallow.
Xodes medium size, longest on the bud side: the depressed ring form-
ing the portion below the leaf-scar shallow. Hutis usually having
conniienced to expand and standing out from the stalk, the shoot
being acute-pointed and extending through the scales; when not
having started to develo]) shoots the buds are typically broadly semi-
elliptical in outline, with ;i margin of medium width. Foliage me-
diinii to ;il)un(laiit, mediiuu green in color. Leaf imrrow ami long,
tapering into a long point. Leaf-sheath slightly flattened ;it th"
throat: aiiricles lai-ge and obtuse-angular, except occasionally on
one .side of the stalk they are semi-acute pointed: ligula medium to
long, with the upi)er edge rounded in outline. Vestiture of throat
of sheath mediinn coar.se hairs on tlie auricles and adjacent edges
;iii(l surface of the leaf. Most important distinguishing clniractci-s
the foi-m of the buds and the long, slender stalk.

B-1753. — TIal)it eicct to inclining. Length long. Dianu'ter small.
Shape of stalk sti'.-iight. Color straw roloi' to yellow, a gl;incous

130

ring on the node below the leaf-scar. Internodes nearly round in
eross-seetion, straight-sided or slightly depressed on the side on which
the bud occurs, usuallj^ largest in diameter at the place of union
with the node below ; furrow shallow or none. Nodes medium to
large; the portion above the leaf-scar long, typically large in cir-
cumference and appearing swollen, or expanding from the bottom
upward to the lower limit of the internode ; leaf-scar close to tlie
stalk on the side opposite the bud but projecting out from beneath
the bud; rudimentary roots very close together and in about four
or five rows; the depressed ring forming the portion below the leaf-
scar shallow. Buds close to the stalk, or slightly prominent ; young
buds typically fiat against the stalk, ovate to acute, and with a nar-
row margin, uniform with the sides of the buds. Foliage rather
scant, the leaves being shed far up on the stalk ; light green in color.
Leaf narrow, short, growing erect, tapering into a long point, some-
times breaking off at the throat and falling from the sheath. Leaf-
sheath nearly round at the throat ; auricles medium to large, some-
times long-pointed on one side of the stalk ; ligula medium length,
with the upper edge rounded in outline. Vestiture of leaf-sheath
many soft setae. Vestiture of throat of sheath fine hairs on the
auricles and adjacent edges and face of the base of the leaf. ]Most
important distinguishing characters the shape and size of the nodes
and buds, and the manner of growtli of the leaves.

B-4596. — Habit erect to reclining. Length medium. Diameter
medium to hirge, variable. Shape of stalk usually straight. Color
yellowish-green to reddish given, usually mor(> red just ;iboA<' the
node, sometimes having spots of reddish-brown ; glaucous, especially
the lower portion of the nodes; having fine cracks in the epider-
))HS. Internodes medium to long, more or less flattened, often larger
above than below the node ; typically straight-sided, plump ; some-
times slightly tumid, sometimes subconical ; often a tyj)ieal shoul-
der just above the node on the side opposite the one having the l)ud :
furrow medium depth. Xodes rather short; the depressed ring form-
ing the portion below the leaf-scar distinct; rudimentary roots about
two rows. Huds typically large and coarse but varying with the
coarseness of the stalk, l)roa(l, obtuse to inoi'e or less acute i)ointe(l ;
the margin typically wide, with straight edges and large lobes; some-
times broadly ovate-acuminate in outline ; occasionally starting and
standing out slightly from the stalk but not producing sprouts. Fo-
liage medium in amount, dry leaves readily shed. Leaf medium to
bi-oad, medium length, tapering into a point of medium length. Leat-
sheath flattened laterally at throat; aui'icles mctlium to small; ligula

131

medium length, with the upper edge rounded or slightly depressed
in the center. Vestiture of leaf -sheath medium stiff, fine and short
setae. Vestiture of throat of sheath medium fine hairs on the auricles,
and adjacent edges and face of the base of the leaf ; sometimes finely
pubescent on the adjacent surface of the leaf. ]\Iost important dis-
tinguishing characters color and the form of the buds and the inter-
nodes.

B-376. — Habit erect to recumbent. Length long. Diameter me-
dium. Shape of stalk more or less curved. Color varying from
shades of greenish-red to straM' color, and sometimes showing violet
or purple tints; very glaucous. Internodes varying in length l)ut
averaging aliout medium ; also varying much in shape, sometimes
straight-sided and sometimes more or less tumid, mainly tumid on
the side opposite to the one bearing the bud, typically plump, and
slightly flattened laterally; furrow medium depth. Nodes medium
size ; the depressed ring constituting the portion below the leaf-scar
distinct, deepest immediately below the bud ; the upper portion
usually about the same size as the internode, and often larger than
the portion below ; the leaf -scar adhering closely to the stalk on the
side opposite the bud, but often projecting out prominently from
beneath the 1)ud ; rudimentary roots three or four rows. Buds vary-
ing in relative length and width, usually plump, typically almost as
broad as long and broadly ovate-acuminate to triangular in outline, ob-
tuse to medium acute pointed ; margin medium width, typically with
distinct lobes ; may or may not start to expand on the standing stalk.
Foliage abundant, medium green in color, some of the dry leaves also
adhere to the stalk. Leaf medium width, medium length, tapering
into a long point. Leaf-sheath slightly flattened laterally at the
throat ; auricles medium size ; ligula medium width, with the up-
per edge rounded in outline or sometimes slightly depressed in the ■
center. Vestiture of leaf-sheath a few setae in a line in the back.
Vestiture of throat of sheath medium coarse hairs on the auricles,
adjacent edges of the base of the leaf, and sometimes fine hairs on
the surface of the base of the leaf. ]\Iost important distinguislnnir
characters color and the form of the internodes, and the l)iids.

Seeley Seedling. — Habit erect to inclining. Length long. Diam-
eter medium to small. Shape of stalk slightly curved. Color green-
ish-red, but varying in redness ^v\t'h the amount of sun-exposure ; the
depressed ring of the node below the leaf-sear glaucous. Tnternodes
medium to long, almost round in cross-section; typically straight or
slightly depressed from the bud upwards, but more or less tumid on the
opposite side ; furrow just perceptible. Nodes medium size, typically

132

smaller below the leaf-scar than above it, longer on the side of the
bud; about three rows of rudimentary roots. Buds usually having
started to expand, projecting through the outer scales and standing
out from the stalk ; before starting typically semi-elliptical to broadly
ovate in outline and adhering closely to the stalk ; fairly plump ; mar-
gin medium in width ; lobes inconspicuous. Foliage rather less than
medium, medium to dark in color. Leaf narrow, medium length,
tapering rather gradually into a point. Leaf -sheath nearly round at
the throat, usually reddish in color; auricles medium size; ligula
medium to short, with the upper edge rounded in outline. Vestiture
of leaf-sheath medium stiff setae. Vestiture of throat of sheath me-
dium coarse hairs on the auricles, and a few extending up onto the
adjacent edges and surface of the leaf. !Most important distinguish-
ing characters color and the shape of the internodes and the buds.

B-3747, — Habit erect to inclining. Length long. Diameter me-
dium. Shape of the stalk straight. Color .yellowish-green to red-
dish-green ; more or less glaucous, especially the depressed ring form-
ing the lower portion of the node. Internodes flattened ; typically
slightly larger in the upper portion, and with a tendency to be tumid,
especially the shorter internodes and on the side opposite to the bud ;
the side on which the bud occurs is almost straight immediately above
the bud. but often a little tumid just below the node; sometimes stag-
gered ; furrow rather broad but shallow. Nodes medium size, the
portion above the leaf-scar longer on the side on which the bud is
attacked than on the opposite; rudimentary roots quite abundant
and distinct, in two or three rows ; the depressed ring forming the
lower portion of the node narrow and shallow ; the leaf -scar more
or less oblique and projecting from beneath the bud, ciliated with
more or less deciduous hairs. Buds large or small, depending on
the size of the stalk; often short in comparison with their breadth,
triangular to ovate in outline, occasionally long and appearing
shrunken ; typically obtuse or blunt pointed, and with a narrow
margin and having edges conforming to the shape of the bud. Foliage
medium in amount, medium green in color. Leaf medium to broad,
long, tapering into a long, acute point. Leaf-sheath distinctly flat-
tened laterally at the throat; auricles small; ligula narrow, upper
edge either rounded, slightly pointed, or slight depressed in the cen-
ter. Vestiture of leaf-sheath many rather long and soft setae. Ves-
titure of throat of sheath hairs on auricles, adjacent edges of leaf, and
sometimes a few on the adjacent areas of the face of the leaf. IMost
important distinguishing characters form of the buds and the inter-
nodes, and the ciliated leaf-scar.

138

B-3750. — Habit erect to iiieliniug. Length meeliiiin. Uiameter
medium. Shape of stalk straight to slightly curved. Color greenish-
yellow, sometimes reddened on the upper internodes; glaucous on
the lower portion of the node. Internodes medium to long, sliglitly
flattened; typically almost straight-sided, V)ut slightly tumid on the
side opposite to the one which bears the bud and a little larger on the
upper portion; slightly staggered; furrow shallow or none. Nodes
medium to small, the portion above the leaf -scar medium to short and
longest on the side on Avhich the bud is attached ; two or three rows of
rudimentary roots; tlie leaf-scar and the portion below it usually
somewhat oblique; the former projecting prominently from beneath
tlie bud. Buds medium size ; typically broadly triangular in out-
line, having a wide margin with nearly straight edges; young I)uds
more or less ])roadly ovate ; scales of fine texture. The characteristic
buds of this variety are those occurring more or less frecpiently on
the upper part of the stalk, the margins having sliglitly increased in
length and width. Foliage medium abundant, medium green in color.
Leaf medium width, long, growing semi-ere<-t, tapering into a long
point. Leaf-sheath flattened at the throat; auricles small, soiiu'times
acute-pointed on one side of the stalk; ligula short, with the upper
edge rounded or slightly deju-essed in the center. Vestiture of h^•)f-
sheatli many setae which are long, rather soft, and not closely ap-
pressed. Vestiture of throat of sheath medium coarse bail's on the
edges of the base of the leaf and the auri;-les, and sometimes Hiw hairs
on the surface of the base of the If^if. ]Most important dislingnishing
characters the form of the internodes and of the buds.

B-3390. — Hal)it erect. Length medium to h)iig. Diaiiicti-r luc-
(liiini. Shape of stalk usually straight. Color reddish-green to
green; more or less glaucous. Internodes nearly round in cross-sec-
tion; sides typically nearly straight, but tlie longer internodes larger
abov(^ the node than I)elo\v it. and sometimes slightlx^ eonstrieted :
often curved in abovc^ the hiul and correspondingly tunii<l on the op-
posite sitU' ; t'ui'row shallow and inconspicuous. Nodes mcilinni size;
rather larger above the leaf-scar than helow i1 and largest on the
Inid side; helow it a (h'pi'essed ring of iiiediuni dimensions; rudi-
mentary roots large and promineiil. in two to four rows. IJiids rather
small, usually .•idhering closely to the stalk; margin typically stih-
ovate to acute in outline of luediuin width and coiifoi iiiing to Ihe
sliai)e of the bud. Foliage mediiun ahiindanl. iiiediiiiii giccn in
(oloi'. Ijcaf medium 1o narrow, sub-erect, tapering into ;i long jioint.
Leaf-sheath somewhat liatti'iied at the thi'o;it. sli<:iitly glaucous; auri-
cles medium to lai'ge; ligula medium in width, with the uj)pei' edge

134

slightly depressed in the center. Vestiture of leaf-sheath none. Ves-
titnre of throat of sheath medium soft hairs on and adjacent to the
auricles; also sometimes slightly pubescent on the face of the base
of the leaf. Most important distinguishing characters the form of
the internodes and the buds.

B-7169. — Habit erect. Length medium. Diameter medium.
Shape of the stalk usually straight. Color yellowish-green to red-
dish-green, having a somewhat glossy surface and sometimes with
a -few fine cracks in the epidermis; the lower portion of the node
sometimes glaucous. Internodes medium length, nearly round in
cross-section ; typically almost straight-sided but a little tumid on
the side opposite the bud; the lower portion often slightly the largest
and becoming smaller until the node is reached; furrow none or
very shallow. Nodes medium size ; almost uniform in length around
the stalk, but the portion above the leaf-scar sometimes longer, and
that below a little shorter on the bud side, the leaf-scar then being
set at an angle ; three or four rows of rudimentary roots, which show
as white points. Buds regular in shape; typically ovate to acute in
outline and acute-pointed; usually flat against the stalk but occa-
sionally slightly prominent ; margin narrow, with the edges straight
or conforming to the shape of the bud ; lobes small ; scales of fine
texture. Foliage abundant, medium green in color. Leaf medium
to narrow, medium length, sub-erect, tapering into a medium long
point. Leaf -sheath flattened laterally at the throat ; auricles medium
to small ; ligula medium length, with the upper edge rounded to sub-
elliptical. Vestiture of leaf-sheath a band of setae on the back,
rather long and medium stiff. Vestiture of throat of sheath medium
fine hairs on the auricles, adjacent edges and face of the leaf, and
sometimes a few behind the ligula. ]\Iost important distinguishing
characters color and glossy appearance, and the form of the inter-
nodes and the buds.

B-3405. — Habit erect to inclining. Length medium to long.
Diameter medium. Shape of stalk nearly straight. Color reddish-
green, being reddest in the upper internodes and where exposed to
the sun ; often glaucous on lower portion of the node. Liternodes
medium length, slightly flattened, typically slightly tumid on the
side opposite the one which bears the bud, and sometimes a little sub-
conical ; often slightly staggered ; furrow shallow but usually broad.
Nodes medium size ; leaf-scar often oblique and usually projecting
prominently from beneath the bud; the portion above the leaf-scar
rather long; the depressed ring forming the portion below medium
Avidth and shallow, excepting immediately below the bud where it

135

is deeper; two or three rows of rudimentary roots. Buds typically
having started to expand on the standing cane and projecting from
the stalk ; before starting semi-elliptical to broadly ovate in outline ;
margin narrow in the young buds but appearing wide in the older
ones, typically semi-elliptical pointed ; lobes inconspicuous ; some-
times slightly barbate at the point and barbellate on the sides. Fo-
liage medium to scant, medium green in color, dry leaves well shed.
Leaf medium to narrow, long, tapering into a long and fine point.
Leaf -sheath almost round at throat, slightly glaucous ; auricles medium
to large ; ligula medium ^\ddth, with the upper edge either rounded in
outline or slightly depressed in the center. Vestiture of leaf-sheath
many setae, which are rather long and medium stiff. Vestiture of
throat of sheath long and medium course hairs on the auricles and
adjacent edges of the leaf, and sometimes a few on the adjacent areas
of the face of the leaf. Most important distinguishing characters the
form of the buds and the internodes.

D-117. — Habit erect. Length long. Diameter medium. Shape
of the stalk straight. Color light green to yellowish-green. Inter-
nodes medium to long, slightly flattened ; typically straight on the
side opposite to the one on which the bud occurs, but on the bud
side largest at the base and extending up nearly straight from that
point ; sometimes slightl.y constricted above the enlargement at the
base ; furrow, when present, shallow but rather broad. Nodes large,
typically largest on the bud side above the leaf-scar ; often a slightly
prominent ring at the line of union with the internode above; leaf-
scar projecting prominently from beneath the bud; nidimentary
roots many and close together, in three or four rows. Buds typicalh-
broadly-ovate to triangular in shape and medium acute-pointed;
margin medium to narrow, and uniform in width with the sides
of the bud ; lobes inconspicuous or none ; sometimes bearded at the
point and barbellate on the sides. Tliese buds sometimes start to
expand on the standing stalk, but they ilo not become prominent;
the sprout from the bud is plump and medium obtuse pointed.
Foliage medium in amount, medium green in color, some of the dry
leaves are retained. Leaf medium in Avidth, medium length, tapering
into a medium long point. Leaf-sheath slightly flattened laterally
at the throat ; auricles medium size but sometimes long-])ointed on
one side of the stalk ; ligula short, with the upper edge eitlier rounded
or slightly depressed in the center. Vestiture of leaf-sheath a few
medium soft setae. Vestiture of throat slieath long hairs on the auri-
cles, adjacent edges of tlie leaf, and sometimes liner hairs on tlie
adjacent surface of the base of the leaf; also more or less pubescent

136

on the face of the base of the leaf. ^lost important distinguishing
characters the shape of the internodes, nodes and buds.

D-109. — Habit inclining to recumbent. Length medium to long.
Diameter medium. Shape of the stalk curved. Color dark purple
to greenish-red; abundantly glaucous. Internodes medium to long,
slightly flattened; typically tumid, especially so in the lower part,
making them sub-conical ; furrow shallow or imperceptible. Nodes
medium to small, regular in shape ; usually as dark or darker than
the internodes, when on the lower part of the stalk, but lighter and
greener above ; two or three rows of rudimentary roots. Buds nearly
all having started to expand on the standing stalk; scales usually
lighter in color than the shoot ; the young buds typically plump, fairly
uniform and ovate to oval in outline ; margin narrow, and in the
young buds, semi-elliptical at the point ; having inconspicuous lobes
on the sides; slightly bearded at the tip. Foliage abundant, dark
in color. Leaf medium to broad, medium length, gradually tapering
into ;i fine point. Leaf-sheath compressed laterally at the throat,
reddish in color, very glaucous ; auricles medium size, sometimes long-
pointed on one side of the stalk ; ligula short, with the upper edge
more or less pointed in the center. Vestiture of leaf-sheath a few
setae in a narrow line on the back. Vestiture of throat of sheath soft
hairs on the auricles and adjacent edges of the leaf, and sometiuies
pubescent on the surface of the base of the leaf blade. Most import-
ant distinguishing characters color and the form of the internodes
and the buds.

D-625.— -Habit erect. Length medium to long. Diameter large.
Shape of stalk usually straight. Color light yellowish-green to yel-
low ; reddish brown rings at the upper limit of the nodes, especially
on the upper portion of the stalk; the portion of the node below
the leaf-scar glaucous. Internodes medium to long, nearly round
in cross-section; the sides typically nearly straight but sometimes
slightly constricted and sometimes a little tumid on the side opposite
the bud ; sometimes a little staggered ; furrow broad but shallow.
Nodes medium to large; the portion above the leaf-scar long and
usually as large, or larger, in diameter than the internode above;
rudimentary roots rather far apart, in two or three rows; the de-
pressed ring forming the portion below very shallow. Buds large
and quite uniform in shape ; typically plump and broadly triangular
to ovate in outline ; margin medium to narrow and conforming to
the shape of the bud ; often bearded at the apex and barbellatc on
the sides of the margin. Foliage medium to scant, color medium
green. Leaf medium width, medium length, sub-erect, tapering into

137

a. fine point inedinui abruptly. Leaf-sheath nearly round at the
throat; auricles small; ligula inedium length, with the upper edge
usually rounded, but sometimes slightly pointed, and sometimes
slightly depressed in the center. Vestiture of leaf-sheath many soft
setae. Vestiture of throat of sheath medium fine hairs on the auricles
and adjacent edges of the leaf, and sometimes behind the ligula ; some-
times finely pubescent on the face of the base of the leaf. ^lost im-
portant distinguishing characters form and size of the internodes and
buds, and the brown ring on the node.

138

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate X.

Fig. 1. — A bud of Yellow Caledonia cane, showing a nan-o\v, nuiform margin,
without lobes, and a barbate apex. X about 3i/^.

Pig_ 2. — A bud of B 208, showing a margin with large lobes and a barbate
apex. X about 3.

¥ig. 3. — A bud of the same variety, expanded, showing the globoid point.
X about 3.

Fig. 4. — A portion of the leaf -sheath of Cavengerie cane, showing setae.
X about 3%.

Fig. 5. — The ciliated leaf -scar, occurring on B 3747, B 3355 and B 1356.
X about .^i/o.

Plate XT.

Fig. 1. — Otaheite. Distinguished by its somewhat tumid internodes and its
sub-eliptical to ovate buds. X about %.

Fig. 2. — Eayada. Distinguished by its stripes and the broadly ovate to ovate-
acuminate buds. X about %.

Plate XII.

Fig. 1. — Crystallina. Distinguished by its glaucousness, its typical plump
internodes and its broadly ovate-acuminate to triangular buds. X about %.

Fig. 2. — Yellow Caledonia. Distinguished by its ahuost cylindrical inter-
nodes and the fine cracks in the epidermis of the internodes. X about %.

Plate XIIT.

Fig. 1.- — B 3'47. Distinguished by its long ovate to oval buds, and the

light-colored blotches on the internodes. X about y^.

Fig. 2. — B 3412. Distinguished by the medium thin stalks and the promi-
nant expanded buds. X about %.

Plate XIV.

Fig. 1. — ^B 208. Distinguished by its plump internodes, the shoulder above
the node, and the expanded, globoid buds. X about %.

Fig. 2. — B 6450. Distinguished by the shape of the internodes and the ovate
to triangular buds. X about %.

Plate XV.

Fig. 1. — B 31859. Distinguished by the more or less staggered and tumid
internodes and the plump, expanded buds. X about %.

Fig. 2. — B 4596. Distinguished l)y its straight-sided, almost cylindrical in-
ternodes, and the wide margin and large lobes of the buds. X about %.

139

Plate XVI.

Fig 1. — B 3747. Distingiiisbed by the shape of the internodes and its ciliated
leaf -scar. X about %.

Fig. 2. — B 7169. Distinguished by its glossy si;rface, the almost straight-
sided internodes and the regular, ovate to aeiite buds. X about %■.

Plate XVII.

Fig. 1. — B 3405. Distinguished by its slightly tumid to sub-conical inter-
nodes and its broadly semi-eliptical to broadly ovate, usually expanded, buds.
X about %.

Fig. 2. — D 317. Distinguished by the large nodes, the shape of the inter-
nodes and the broadly ovate to triangular buds. X about %.

Plate XVlII.

Fig. 1. — D 109. Distinguished by the tmnid or sub-conical internodes and
the usually expanded buds. X about %.

Fig. 2. — D 625. Distinguished by the thick, erect-growing stalks, its almost
cylindrical internodes, the brown ring on the nodes, and the regular, jjlunip
broadly ovate to triangular buds. X about %.

140

PLATE X.

CHARACTERS OF VARIETIES OF SUGAR CANE.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 5.

PLATE XL

SUGAR-CANE VARIETIES OF PORTO RICO.

PLATE XII.

SUGAR-CANE VARIETIES OF PORTO RICO.

■ i,/i>V.'iftiiiLj-/ ^".«i'.iiV^-tfi

rr^

PLATE xm.

SUGAR-CANE VARIETIES OF PORTO RICO.

bb

bo

• i-l

Ph

PLATE XIV.

SUGAR-CANE VARIETIES OF PORTO RICO.

PLATE XV.

SUGAR-CANE VARIETIES OF PORTO RICO.

(N
bo

bo

f

PLATE XVI.

SUGAR-CANE VARIETIES OF PORTO RICO.

PLATE XVII.

SUGAR-CANE VARIETIES OF PORTO RICO.

IM

•r>l

PLATE XVIII.

SUGAR-CANE VARIETIES OF PORTO RICO.

bO

■iH

THE WHITE-GRUBS INJURING THE SUGAR CANE IN

PORTO RICO.

1. LIFE-HISTORIES OF MAY-BEETLES— Continued.
By EuGEXE G. Smyth, Acting Entomologist, Insular Experiment Station.

THE SUGAR CANE WHITE-GRUB— Continued.

Infection by the Metakrhizium Fungus.

Infection of Phyllophaga vandinei n. sp.* in the experimental
jars and boxes by the green museardine fungus, Metarrhiziuni anis-
opliae (also known as Entomoptliora anisopliae and Isaria destruc-
tor), has been noted of every stage except the pupa. The number
of specimens that developed the disease, as compared to the total num-
ber kept in confinement under close observation, may be summed up
in the following table:

Of 853 adults kept in confinement, 81 became infected, or 9.5 per cent.
Of 1,502 eggs kept in confinement, 10 became infected, or .66 per cent.
Of 852 grubs, 1st instar in confinement, 3 became infected, or .36 per cent.
Of 209 grubs, 2d instar in confinement, 3 became infected, or 1.43 per cent.
Of 117 grubs, 3d instar in confinement, 16 became infected, or 13.67 per cent.
Of 48 pupae kept in confinement, none became infected.

The majority of diseased specimens were adults, which is possibly
accounted for by the fact that they, moving about freely in the jars,
are more apt to transmit the disease from one individual to another
than are larvae or eggs.

The stage in which the highest per cent of individuals became
infected was the third instar of the grub, in which infection was
necessarily contracted from the soil, which is lielieved to have con-
tained large numbers of spores.

The degree of susceptibility to infection by the disease was, among
the immature stages of the beetle, lowest in the pupal stage and
highest in the third instar of the larval stage.

The following conclusions have been reached regarding attack of

* The habits of this species, and suggestions for control, were discussed in the Third
Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture of Porto Rico (pp. 42—47), under
the name "Lachnoaterna grande," and its life-cycle (except pre-oviposition) given in the
Fourth Report (p. 47) under the same name.

141

May-beetles by M( iarrJiizinm, as result of the behavior of the fungus
in its attack on FhyllopJiaga vandinei:

(1) Judging from its behavior in jars containing niunbers of adults con-
fined togetlier, tlie fungus had every a^ipearance of being transmittable.

(2) In jars containing only two adults, the fungus gave no indication of
being transmittable. Out of 25 such jars in which at least one beetle contra'?ted
the disease, in only two (or 8 per cent of them) did both beetles of a pair become
infected.

(3) In the case of grubs, transmission of the fungus from one grub to
another was not possible, since practically all of the grubs that became infecied
were reared in individual boxes. Infection must have taken place through the
soil.

(4) Comparing the infection of adults and of third instar grubs, it appears
that a higher degree of infectation may be brought about through the medium of
infection from the soil than through transmission of the disease by contact.
There is no proof that transmission by contact ever takes place.

(5) Attempts to artificially infect grubs Ijy the introduction of dry spores
into rearing boxes were unsuccessful.

(6) Since all infected specimens, when found, were at once removed from
rearing boxes and preserved, artificial increase of the number of spores in the
soil used was certainly very limited. It obviously required a very small quantity
of the spores to infect a large number of grubs and beetles.

(7) Spores were at no time introduced into the soil by the writer, so must
have existed naturally in the soils of the district where the experiments were
made. This w'as proved by the finding, outside the insectary, of the following
insects infected with the fungus:

Aphodius sp., two adults under manure in stock lot.
Canthon sp., a dozen or more adults in an outdoor cage.
Strategus titanus, one adult in an outdoor cage.
Ligyrus ttimulosm, several adults in an outdoor cage.
Phytahts insiilaris, several grubs in an outdoor cage.

(The last four si'ecies were in separate cages, removed some feet apart, with
no intermixing of soil from one to another.)

(8) Shipments of MetarrMzium spores were made by Mr. Van Dine, in
3911 and 1912, to Mr. T. C. Murphy of Guanica Centrale, who propagated the
fungus extensively on May -beetles in the same hacienda (Santa Rita) where the
writer 's experiments were conducted. Later shipments of spores to the some
district were also made by the pathologists of the Station, Mr. Johnson and Mr.
Stevenson. This may have accounted for the prevalence of the disease in the
insectary.

(9) Neither in grubs nor adults was there, ordinarily, any sickness or other
visible abnormal condition immediately preceding death. Often grubs in perfect
condition would succumb to the disease in a week's time or less, making it appear
that death was caused by the disease alone.

(10) In some cases infection was aggravated by ]>revious attack of fhe
grub by mites or bacterial disease. In case of the latter, tlie dead grub usually
became only in part infected by the fungus, as though the latter were a .sapro-
phyte, whereas in grubs perfectly healthy before infection the entire body became
covered with iiivfelium, and later with spores, following death.

142

(11) Xoiniallv, the disease had the effect of delaying inoltiug, or pupaaou,
thus leiigtheniiijj the instar. The exceptions were: two grubs in first instar that
died respectively four ami twenty-six days after hatching from eggs; and six
grubs in third instar tliat died witliin Ihree months after last molting (one m
thirteen days and one in two weeks).

(12) In the case of several grubs that died of this disease, it was noted that
the preceding instar was above normal in length, indicating that a rather long
jieriod (if infection by the disease precedes the outward and visible signs of
disease.

Infection ol<^ Grubs by Bacterial Disease.

A very high fatality of grubs in the experimental boxes was
caused, or had every appearance of being caused, by a bacterial dis-
ease tliat is supposed to be identical witli a disease described as
Micrococcus nigrofaciens by Zae Northrop. (See Technical Bulletin
No. 18, ^lichigan Agr. Sta,. entitled, "A Bacterial Disease of June
Beetle Larvae, Laclinostevna spp.") The symptoms of the disease
are a turning black, and final droi)ping off. of one or more of the
legs at the joints, and the appearance on the body or head of black,
sliining spots, or lesions, which increase slowly in size and may cover
consideral)le portions of the body before death finally ensues. These
symptoms, as observed in grubs in rearing boxes at Santa Eita, are
identical with those described in tlie bulletin by Miss Northrup.
Further reason for believing the two diseases identical may Ik- found
in a paragraph of that bulletin, which states: "One hundred per
cent of larvae received from Porto Rico (IMarch. 191-1) were more
01" less infected."

After examination of tlie breeding notes, a careful compilation
was made of the data concerning the infection of sugar cane wliite-
grul)s (P. vandinei) by this disease, and as result it was found that
sixty-two grubs were noticeably infected, of which number only three
])upated and became adult in spite of the disease. Tlie other fifty-
niiji- died, apparently as a result of the disease.

Only th<^ larval stage is attacked by the disease, eggs, pupae and
adults lieitig appai ciitly iiiiiiiuue. Of the sixty-two hii'vae attacked,
fiftx-uiiie wei'e ill tlie thii-d instar (which rejiresents .")() per cent of
till' total mimhcf reared), and only tlii-ee in the secoiitl instar. No
gniiis of tlie first instar were at any time observed .-ittacked l>y this
disease. 'I'his is somewh;it at \ariance with the reiiiai-k made In"
,Miss Xorthnip that the younger grups are the iiiore susceptilile.

it is notable that at no time were grubs collected in the cane fields,
or elsewhere out-of-doors, found affected by this disease. Vet within a
few weeks' time after they were placed in the confinement of boxes, the
(lisej'.se would iii;;ke its apjx'ai'aitce on fifty per cent of tln^ grubs. This

143

may have been due to one or more of three causes: (1) that the soil
used in the experiments contained the disease to an extent above
normal; (2) that the confinement produced a predisposition to the
disease through mechanical injury, since it is supposed to require
an abrasion of the skin in order to permit the bacteria to gain access to
the grub's body; or (3) that excessive humidity in the boxes was
favorable to the progress of the disease.

The fifty-nine grubs that died in experimental boxes apparently
as a result of the bacterial disease were divided into four groups, as
follows :

(1) Grubs with sure sigus of infection, that died while still iu the larval
stage.

(2) Grubs with lesions, or other signs of the disease, that reached the pupal
stage and then died.

(3) Grubs with lesions or other signs of disease that died, but were also
infected with Metarrhizium fungus, so that the exact cause of death was uncertain.

(4) Grubs that showed a characteristic blackening of segments after death,
but of which no previous symptoms had been noted.

Of these four groups, forty-five of the grubs fell in tlie first,
four in the second, six in the third, and four iu the fourth.

Some idea of the progress of this disease, prior to death of the
grub, may be gained by the following records of ten individual
infected grubs:

(1) Jan. 18. — Lesion of ly^ m"!- on side.

Feb. 3. — Pupating; lesion is 2 mm. across.
Feb. 8. — Pupated. (Adult issued March 3.)

(2) Feb. 17. — Has black lesion l^o mm. in diameter.

May 26. — Same lesion now 2 mm. across; another lesion of 7 mm. Grub
died as result of these.

(3) June 2.- — Two right legs with bacterial lesions.
June 3'0. — Three legs on opposite side now infected.
Aug. 14. — Grub died; discolored.

(4) June 2. — Right middle leg infected at tij).
June 30. — Same leg half off.

July 3. — Tip of left middle leg infected.

July 7. — Tips of all legs but one infected.

July 26. — Preparing to pupate; sickly.

Aug. 5. — Died without pupating; infected with Mdnrihizimn.

(5) May 3. — Has one leg with bacterial lesion.

.Tune 7. — Pupated; pupa with tarsi of tliat leg missing.
.Tune 25. — Pupa died.

(6) Feb. 5. — Has four small black lesions.

May 26.^ — Three legs infected, ;i fourtli lialf eaten off; a lesion of 21^ mm.

May 30. — Grub dead, discolored.

(7) Feb. 18.^ — A lesion 1*^ mm. one one side.
May 26.- — Lesion is 2 mm. in diameter.

144

June 30. — Two more lesions of 2 mm. on other side.
Aug. 5.— Dead and black, including head.

(8) May 26. — Tip of one leg with bacterial lesion.
July 7. — Half of same leg off from disease.
Aug. 21. — Grub dead and discolored.

(9) June 28. — Grub pupating; left middle leg eaten off.
July 2. — Pupa has a left leg, but small.

July 20. — Adult issued, imperfect; died.
(10) June 27. — Grub has lesion on head; two back legs infected (2d instar).
July 5. — Has molted to third instar; two back legs smaller.
Dec. 11. — Grub dead; discolored.

This bacterial disease can hardly be considered as possessing any
great possibilities as a means of artificial control of white-grubs, for
as seen by the observations cited above, its action in producing deatli
of the grub is slow, requiring in some cases months, under conditions
that may be considered ideal for its development. Whether it ever
produces fatality of grubs on a large scale in the fields in Porto Rico,
at such times as during periods of heavy rainfall, as it is credited
with doing in some sections of the United States, is a question open
to further investigation.

THE COMMON WHITE-GRUB.
Phyllophaga portoricensis n. sp.*

This species is the eastern analogue of P. vandinei occurring at
tlie western end of the Island. Its distribution covers approximately
the eastern two-thirds of the Island, being defined in the west by
a line running more or less north and south through the towns of
Vega Baja on the north coast and Ponce on the south. So far as at
present known, its eastern limit on the Island is defined by the east
coast. Specimens that have been recently collected on the Island of
Vieques, adjoining Porto Rico to the east, appear to ])elong to this
species, so far as genital characters show, though being somewhat
larger and lighter in color.

In spite of its wider distribution, tliis species has not gained as a
pest the prominence of the preceding. Damage by it, while most
accentuated in the sugar plantations, is by no means confined to them.
Its grub is particularly injurious in coffee groves and pineapple plan-
tations. As pines are usually not plowed up until some time after
the main crop is harvested, damage from white-grubs may often
go unnoticed, or be attributed to poor soil. AVe have received fre-

* This species has been mentioned, as a supposed variety of P. vandinei, under (he
name of "Laclinosterna (/raiHle (northern form)," in the Fourtli Report of the Board of
Commissioners of Agriculture of Porto Rico, page 48.

145

qiient reports of piuoapple fields turning yellow in spots, and when
the plants were npi'ooted the soil was fomid to contain many white-
grubSj which turned out to l)e the larvae of this species. Coffee
groves are subject to attack of tliis May-beetle due to the fart that
they are grown under shade of certain forest trees, the foliage of
which is much relished by tlie beetles. After feeding, the beetles
descend to the coffee trees beneath the larger shade trees, burrow
doAvn into the soil in great iininViers at their bases and tliere deposit
the eggs. Naturally, the eggs are found, and the wliite-grubs that
hatch from them do the damage, in whatever locations the beetles
descend into the groiuul. One of tlu^ principal shade tr-ees of coffee is
the '"gnama" {Inga lauri)ia), and its foliage is often bjuUy damaged
by May-beetles of this species. Mr. Van Dine in a note of Ai^ril 27,
1912, reports tlie finding of seventy-four ]May-beetles at 1lie base
of a "gnama" tree in a coffee grove, and one hundred aiul sixteen
beetles at the l^ase of one coffee tree near by. It is not uncommon
to find thirty or more May-beetles of this species at the l)ase of a
coffee tree. The beetles do not feed \\]^ou the coffee foliage, but
that fact does not. liowever. in-event the larvae from attacking the
coffee roots.

In sugar i>lantations. tiiis species has been known to do local
damage, sometimes even extensive damage, particularly in tlie For-
tuna and Aguirre districts, and at Hiuuacao, Fajardo, and Cano-
vanas. Xo doubt there has been damage in otliei- districts, not so
far reported. Outbreaks to an injurious extent seem however to he
sporadic, and in none of tlie infested districts mentioned has attack
been so severe as to necessitate the continued employment of women
and boys to gather the grubs and beetles, as is done in the (iuaniea
district in the casi^ of thi^ preceding si)eeies.

I'lll-: l>KETLE.

The adult very closely rc>eml)h s that of the lU'eceding species,
but is iisnally somewhat greater in size (averaging 1 to 2 millimeters
more in length), dai'ker in color, and with the surface somewhal
polished. In these characters it varies greatl.w It is at once dis-
tinguishalilc. in the male, by the sexual chai-acters given in the table:
i. p.. ill the adnate armatures nf the male genitalia i'ciiio- spatiilate
at the tip w hei(^ ill /'. rniHliiici they are hit'urcate.

Like the prec('(liiiu-. the adult of this species may he foiuul in
the Held fliiring eight to nine months oi' the year. It ap|)eais the
latter pai't of Fehniary to early .March, and disappears (lining .\o-
A'ember. Stragglers are occasionally found in the wintci' months.

14fi

LIFE HISTORY.

While the life-history of PJiyllopJiafja [xnioriccnsis has not been
studied to the extent and with tlie thoroughness of the preceding
species, such studies as have been uuide clearly indicate tliat the
entire generation of the .species is passed in one year, and that
there is sufficient variability in the length of life-cycle to give rise
to a considerable overlai)ping of ])roods, if indeed the species may
be said to have broods. The seasons of appearance in abundance
seem to depend largely upon conditions of rainfall, which would
indicate that the stage of the life-cycle displaying the greatest varia-
tion in length, next to the third instar of the grub, is the period
during wliich the newly issued adult is in the pupal cell in the soil,
awaiting the proper soil conditions (i. e., of moisture) to dig to the
surface and emerge for feeding and egg laying.

A single individual of the species was reared through from egg
to adult, recpiiring for the transformation (from date of laying of
egg to date of issuing of adult) two hundred and seventy -six and a
lialf days.

The average time required to undergo these transformations,
found by adding together the averages for the several stages of the
insect, each secured from a number of records, was 2961/2 days;
the maximum duration, by adding together the maximums of each
stage, 343 days; the minimum, 268 days. Reduced to months, these
figures show an average egg-to-adult period of approximately 10
months, a maximum of III/2 months, and a mininmm somewhat
under 9 months. If larger numbers of individuals had been reared
through the various stages, the latitude of variation would undoubt-
edly have been increased.

The Egg Stage.

The description of the egg and the method of laying given for
the sugar cane white-grub (P. rroidiiiri) will s(M-ve ('(jually well for
Ibis one.

The average length of the egg stage (fi'oiu tlate of laying to date
of liatching), from records of the hatcliing of fifty-four eggs kept in
confinement, was computed to ix' 13'/. days, with a maxinuim period
of 16 days and a mininmni of 12 days. The length of this stage
is practically the same as for P. vaiKlinei.

The Wiiitk-Grib, or Lau\.\i- Stac^e.

The average duration of the lai-val stage of /'. ix^iioricf iisis, ol)-
tained by adding the average lengths of the three instars, jii'oved

147

to be 262 days, which lacks four and a half days of being the same
as the recorded average duration of the larval stage of P. vandinei.

The lengths of larval stages of two individuals reared through
from egg to pupa were, respectively, 242 and 252 days, both below
the average for the species.

The First Instar. — This instar of the grub, computed from six
records, had an average duration of 32 days, a maximum of 40 days,
and a minimum of 26 days. During this instar the grub increases
in length from about 6-7 millimeters, when first hatched, to 18
or 19 millimeters at the end of the instar. The breadth of head
varies from 1.9 to 2.1 millimeters.

Tlw Second Instar. — This, computed also from o])servations of
six individuals, had an average duration of 61 days, a maximum
of 93 days, and a minimum of 43 days, w'hich makes the second
instar of the grub of this species appear to be much longer than
the corresponding instar of the sugar cane white-grul). This is
due to the small number of individual records upon which the av-
erage is based, two of the six having required in excess of two months
(one of them over three months) to pass the instar, which is ab-
normally long. True averages can be secured only from large num-
bers of observations, which will require additional study in the case
of this species. The average length of instar from four records
not exceeding two months in length was 50 days, which is nearer a
correct average.

In length the grul) increases, during the second instar, from about
18 to 30 millimeters, and the head varies in breadth from 3.3 to
3.6 millimeters.

77(6 Third Inslar. — This instar of tli.' grub, as in the case of the
preceding species, is taken as including the pre-pupal stage and is
figured as the time elapsing between the second molt and the date
of pupation. The pre-pupal stage seldom exceeds a week in any of
the Porto Rican species of PJujUophaga.

The average duration of tlie third instar, from records of two
reared grubs, was 169 days. The time recpiired by each oT the
grubs was respectively, 164 and 174 days. To gain accurate knowl-
edge of the average duration of this instar will require the rear-
ing of additional grubs in confinement.

The lengtli of grub increases in the third instar from about 30 to
46 millimeters, and the head varies from 5.5 to 6.2 millimeters in
breadth. The average breadth of head, computed from seventeen
grubs of an average lengtli of 39 millimeters, was 5.78 millimeters.

148

Pupa, and Pre-emergence of Adult,.

The length of duration of the pupal stage of six individuals,
Avas observed and recorded, the average from them being 20.9 days.
The maximum was 23 days, the minimum 19 days. The average
measurements, from nine pupae, were as follows : length, 27.72 mm. ;
width at middle, 12.14 mm. ; breadth of head, 6.8 mm. It will be
seen from these figures that the pupa, like the adult, is somewhat
larger in size than that of P. vandinei.

We have not as yet secured figures to show the average length
of time spent by the adult of this species in the pupal cell, following
its issuing from the pupa, before it digs to the surface of the ground.
In all probability the time varies from two weeks to a month or more,
depending both upon the season of year and the moisture content
of the soil. During the winter months the beetle might be expected
to spend as much as two or three months in the pupal cell before
digging to the surface.

Feeding Habits of Adult.

The feeding habits of adults of this species, and their preferences
as to food plants, correspond exactly with those of its near ally,
P. vandinei. The beetles feed upon the foliage of a rather wide
range of plants, but show decided preference for certain species.
Some of these, as for instance, the banana, casuarina, or fiamboyant
trees, may be almost stripped of foliage by the beetles. Other trees,
of larger size or with heavier foliage, such as the almendro, guama,
coconut, breadfruit and trumpet tree, may have the foliage badly
eaten, but do not show the injury so much as do the species first
named. Some other trees observed or reported to be fed upon to an
injurious extent by May-beetles are : bamboo {Bambusa vulgaris), avo-
cado {Persea gratissinia), achiote {Bira orellana) , cacao {Theohroma
rncao), guano (Ochroma logo pus), roseapple {Jambosa jamhos) , numgo
{Mangifera indica), and mamey {Mammea americana) , though it has
not been definitely ascertained in every instance whether the species
doing the damage is this one.

Besides the trees named al)ove, and those previously mentioned
of P. vandinei, the following plants are fed upon to some extent by
tbis species: Ficus laevigata, Cordia corymhosa, (^ordia horinqw na,
Albizzia lebhcl- and the corozo palm (Acrocomia media). Grasses,
aside from cane, are not as a general rule eaten. Sugar-cane foliage,
though sometimes showing injury from their feeding, is not as a
usual thing noticeably damaged, except where other and more pala-
tal)le foliage is not near at hand.

'f^

149

A strange thing regarding the feeding habits of this species,
which has been noted, is that tlie adults are often found in abundance
in the soil at the bases of trees and weeds upon which they do not
feed, such as coffee or young citrus trees, or beneath tlie wild beren-
gena {Solanum torvum), while on the otlier hand tiiey are seldom
found at the bases of certain trees the foliage of which they are very
fond of, such as banana and coconut trees. This is not due to a
deliberate choice of the beetles as to the kind of roots among which
to deposit their eggs. l)ut is explained l)y tlie fact that the beetles,
before retiring to the soil for the day after feeding, take Hight and
alight upon small trees or weeds, or upon any upright object afford-
ing them good foot purchase, down which they crawl to the soil and
enter it. Their holes are thus often found around the bases of posts
and dead weeds. Banana trees are too smooth to offer good foot
purchase, hence are not settled upon; and coconut palms are pro-
vided with a heavy abutment of closely interwoven roots at the base
that prevent the beetles from reaching the ground from them.

Among trees and plants that are much fed upon by adults of I'hijl-
lophaga citri, but are shunned by tliis species, may be mentioned
orange, grape-fruit. Acalypha, Grevillea. guava. Lantann. .Micouia,
Clidemia, Triumfetta and Urena.

Fl.KillT, AND .\tTH.\("I'J()N TO Ll(illT.

The adults of this ^lay-beetle begin coming foi-th from the soil
very soon after dusk, and befni'e actual dai'kuess. As obsei'vc^d in
a, large outdoor rearing cage during the month of Se])tember, the
f'ight ma.y be said to begin at 7 :()•") I*. M. and to last approximately
three cjuarters of an hour.

The following observations were made on an evening of Sep1e;.i-
bci' first: The first beetles appeai'ed abov(^ ground and took wing at
~ ■^)'^ ['. M., and they conlinued to inei'ease in nunihei- until 7:2(f. Ilieii
r( niained liea\y in Hight until 7 :-"^"). .\ lew heilles were still Hying
when ()l)ser\ations ceaseil at 1 ■.^)i) W .M.

The adidts are occasionally :it1i-ae1e>l to street lights, but only
rare!\- ar'e iiioi-e than thi'ee or four found arouiul a light at one time.
(>ii oni\' one occasion has the wiiler ohsei'\-ed an exception t<i this
rule. < In .\pril ]~) of tlie |)resen1 yeai-. around a strong arc liu'lit
(.11 the ((tnihrd at .Martin I'ena, near IJio IMedras, o\-ei' two hundi'ed
adults of this spt^cics wei'c ohserxcd on the paveiiKMit. as late as nnd-
niuiit. Th(- probable cause of their aluiudauce was the close |)rnxiiiiiiy
o'' a luunbei' of large laurel trees ( Fliiis iiilida ). upon w hidi the beetles
had perhaps l)een feeding before the turning on of the street lamps.

COPUr.ATION AND OviPOSITIOX.

Copulation takes place immediately upon the cessation of fliglit.
and before feeding begins, normally between 7 :30 and 8 :15 F. M.
In rearing cages it takes place a little earlier, because the Higlit
lasts a shorter length of time than under outdoor conditions. Copu-
lation lasts about thirty minutes.

In the same cage in which the observations on flight were made,
the following notes were recorded on an evening of September 2 :
Quite a number of females were seen at about 8 :40 P. ^l., resting
both on the screening and on foliage with the genitalia protruded, in
receptive condition. The scarcity of males in the cage accounted
for the fact that no copulation was seen. Beetles remain quiet in
this position for some minutes before they begin feeding.

Experiments to determine the rate of egg laying of this species
are in progress, but have not been completed. The beetle's life
above ground is believed to last normally between two and three
months, and the egg-laying period to cover in the neighborhood of
a month.

Insect Parasitism.

The insect parasites of this May-beetle are identical with those
of P. vandinei, the Tachinid parasite Crypfomeigenia aunfacies; AYal-
ton being the most useful parasite of adults, and the predacious wire-
worm. Pjfrophorus luminosus llliger. the most efficient insect enemy
of the grubs. These two parasites are very doubtless responsible,
in large measure, for the fact that this May-beetle has not cr*rsed
the disastrous and widespread damage to sugar-cane properties on
the north and east coasts that P. vandinei has caused in the Guanica
district, where neither of the two parasites occur.

Thifortunately, all of our notes relating to the Tachinid parasite
Entri.roides jonesii Walton, which were made previous to 1916, fail
to indicate wOiat species of Phyllophaga were the hosts, since at that
time the different species were not distinguished. Necessarily, in
the Aiiasco district the host was one of the two species P. vandinei or
P. citri, or perhaps both, and in the San Juan district must have been
either P. citri or tlie present species, if not both. Further observa-
tions will be necessary to determine the exact host of this fly.

A Scoliid wasp known as Elis xanthonotus Rohwer, the female of
which is black with a red spot on the thorox and the male black with
yellow cross bands, found very commonly in the fall in the vicinity
of Rio Piedras, may prove to be a parasite of this species or of P. citri,
01" both. Observations have not thus far revealed the host of the
wasp.

151

Attack by the Metarrhizium Fungus.

The only stages of P. portoricensis which have been recorded
attacked hy the green miiscardine fungus are the adult and the third
instar of the larva. From the rearing jars and boxes have been taken
at different times, altogether, thirteen adults and two grubs attacked
by the fungus. The infected adults all came from two jars, each
of which contained a good number of specimens, which would seem
to indicate tliat tlie disease had been communicated from specimen
to specimen. The grubs, on the other hand, were from individual
boxes, and seem to have contracted the disease from the soil, which,
there is reason to believe, contained an abundance of spores of the
disease.

Ot a total of twenty-four grubs reared past the first instar in con-
finement, the death of two by the disease represented an infection of
8 per cent. This may have been higher, as grubs were often pre-
served in alcohol innnediately after their death, giving no chance
for possible development of spores of the disease.

The per cent of infected adults, to the total number kept in con-
finement, was still higher than of grubs, but there is no reason to
think that such a fatality results from the disease under normal
outdoor conditions, since adults showing the disease have been very
rarely found in the field.

THE SOUTH COAST WHITE-GRUB.

Phyllophaga guankana n. sp.*

This species derives its name from the locality in which the type
specimens were collected, namely, the Guanica District of the south-
w^est coast of the Island. So far as observations inform us. to date,
the species is peculiar to that district.

As a cane pest, it is of comparative unimi)ortance beside the larger
species (P. vandinei) frequenting that district. Yet it nuist be in-
cluded among the pests of sugar cane, since the grubs occur to a
certain extent in the cane fields among those of the commoner species.
In the nightly collections of :\Iay-beetle adults that are made by boys
employed for the purpose there is usually to be found, during the
months in which the species is active, a small ]n-oportion of adults of
P. gnunicana. Actual counts made l)y the writer in 1914, at weekly
or semi-weekly intervals for a period of thi-oe months (from the latter

* This species was first mentioned in tlie Tliird Report of the Board of Commissioners
of Agriculture of Porto Rico (pp. 42-43), under Hie name of "Lachr.nsternu media, and
a summary of its life-cycle (except pre-oviposition) given in the Fourth Report ot the Jioara
(p. 47) under the same name.

152

part of Mareli to the latter part of June), of the entire nightly col-
lections made by the beetle pickers in cane fields, showed that less
than one per cent of the ^lay-beetles collected from sugar-cane foliage
belonged to this species, the remainder being adults of the common
sugar-cane white-grub (P. vandinei).

The following table, which is reprinted (revised) from the Third
Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture (page 43),
gives the actual numbers of beetles of the two species collected on
the various nights:

Santa Rita, 1914

P. guanicuna
n. sp.

P.

vandi
n. sp.

71 ei

Marcli
April

30.
1.

0.

n

32

12

80

9

40

43

5

12

5

0

1

1

2,968
2,868
3,226
3,188

Mnv

20.
28.
17
24.

1.

8.
14.
21.

2.690
2,692
1 279

1,838

June

> (

2181
2,384
1.322
1,655

Total . .

240

28,291

The period of activity of adults of this species is much shorter
in duration than that of P. candinei. Appearing at about the same
time of the spring, during the latter part of February, it reaches a
maximum abundance about middle April to early May, then begins
to decrease in numbers and entirely disappears from the fields by
the middle of July. In fact, usually only a few are to be found after
the middle of June. Having a life-cycle of one year, like P. van-
dinei, it is hard to account for the fact that this species confines its
appearance in the adult stage to a short season of the year.

Collections of adults recently made by the writer at Yauco and
Santa Rita on May 3 and 4 have shown that tliis species, outside
of cane fields, is equally abundant to P. vandinei in tlie Guanica dis-
trict in the spring of the year. It was noticeable, however, that the
beetles fed largely upon trees and plants not frequented by the larger
species. They were particularly abundant on the foliage of Lantan^
camara, the black sage {('ordia cijlindrostachya), and the near tree
(Bncida huceras), all of which grow in the upland, along fences or
scattered through pasture land, and none of which are extensively
fed upon by P. Vandinei. This leads to the belief that the grub of
this species is a sod-fre(iuenting one, preferring dry upland soils,
and has not yet taken to the cane fields to any extent.

153

The Beetle.

This species is very easily distinguished from P. vandiiui by its
smaller size and somewhat darker color. The largest individuals are
smaller than the smallest of P. rundinei. In length the adult varies
from ]3 to 17 millimeters, in width from 7 to Si/o millimeters. The
average length is about five-eighths of an inch.

The thorax of the beetle, in both sexes, is polished, rich mahogany
brown ; the elytra are somewhat paler, and polished in the female,
but covered with a very fine plumbeous pubescence in the male. The
species is very readily distinguished from P. vandinei by an examin-
ation of the genital organs of either male or female. The characters
by Avhich the two are separated are given in the table in the preceding
part of this paper, and are quite clearly shown in the plate.

Life-History.

This species has received more study in the immature stages than
any other, next to P. vandinei, due to its occurrence in the Guanica
district, where the South Coast Laboratory was located and where
most of the white-grub studies and experiments were conducted.
Prior to the work done by the writer, the presence of this species
in the Gruanica district as distinct from P. vandinei seems to have
been overlooked, as there is nothing in the earlier notes to indicate
that two species occurred together there, and no specimens of the
species were in the collection of the Experiment Station.

The life-cycle agrees in a general way with those of the two pre-
ceding species in re([uiring one year. The immature stages require
approximately' nine months.

For some unaccountable reason, while a large number of the
larvae, or grubs, of this ]\[ay-beetle were reared successfully to past
the middle of the third instar, only four individuals were successfully
reared to the adult. Two others successfully reached the pupal stage,
but a great majority died in the latter part of the third instar. "Most
of the fatalities occurred within a single week of the summer, and ii
is believed that the tin boxes, in which the grubs were being reared,
were allowed to become too hot from resting against a side of the
building exposed to the sun.

Of the four individuals reared through from egg to adult, the
shortest required between 226 and 240 days and the longest between
321 and 331 days, which displays a range of duration of from eight
to eleven months.

The average duration of the egg-to-adult period, obtained as a

154

sum of the averages of the egg. pupa and separate instars of the
grul). aniounted to 268\-> days, witli a inaxinium of 336 days and a
miniinum of 207 days. Reduced to mouths, this gives an average
duration of 9 nine mouths, a maximum of approximately 11 months,
and a minimum of 7 months.

It is notable with regard to the life-cycle of this species that no
eggs were laid by adults in confinement later than the middle of
May, and that all but nine of the total number of eggs were laid in
March and April. Tliis shows that individuals recjuiring the shorter
length of time to pass the immature stages would reach the adult
stage during the winter months, and would therefore pass the remain-
ing time in the soil as adults until the regular time of emergence
(in the latter part of February and March). Those requiring the
maximum of eleven months (which w'ould be very few), even though
coming from eggs laid in May, would still reach the adult stage th'?
following April, in sufficient time to mate and laj' eggs by ]May again.
This may account for the species having but one brood, appearing
Avholly between February and June.

The Egg Stage.

The egg of this species does not noticeably differ from that of
P. vandinei except in being smaller. When first laid it is slender,
oblong-oval, about 2 mm. in length by 1.2 mm. in breadth, and opaque
pearly white in color. At the end of ten days it is greatly swollen
and less opaque in color : it becomes nearly spherical, being then
about 2.4 mm. in length bj^ 2.2 mm. in diameter. Just before hatch-
ing, the brown mandibles and the segmentation of the young grul)
become plainly visil)le through the shell of the egg.

The duration of the egg stage, from an average of 505 eggs whose
hatching was observed in confinement, amounted to 131/2 days. The
maximum duration was 19 days; the mininuim, 11 days.

The White-Grub, or Larv.\l Stage.

As in other May-beetles, the larval period of this species includes
four distinct stages: the first, second and third instars, and the pre-
pupal stage. Between the first and second instars, and again between
the second and third instars, there is a molt of the larval skin, follow-
ing which the head and legs of the grub increase very perceptibly in
size. At the end of the pre-pupal stage there is also a molt, to form
the pupa. There is no molt between tlie Inst instar of the grub and
the pre-pupal stage, and the change from one condition to the other
is quite gradual. This change in condition does not take place until

155

a week to ten da.ys immediately preceding the pubation of the grub.
In our figures, therefore, the pre-pupal stage is considered as included
in the third instar of the grub.

The average duration of larval period from the sum of the average
lengths of the three separate instars, was 233 days; the maximum,
295 days; the minimum. 174 daj^s. Reduced to months, this gives
an average duration of 7% months, a maximum of 9% months, and
a minimum of 5% months.

The average length of the larval stage, obtained from the six indi-
vidual grubs that successfully reached the pupal stage, was 245 days,
which was twelve days in excess of the average for the species. This
was due, it is believed, to the fact that the soil in the cage in which
these five grubs were reared was allowed to become very dry at times,
for periods of weeks, which retarded the growth of the grubs to a
marked degree.

The First Instar. — The average duration of this was 24 days,
the maximum 35 days, and the minimum 13 days, computed from a
total of sixty records of reared grubs.

In measurement, the first-instar grub varies in length from about
5 millimeters, when first hatched from the egg, to a maximum length
of 12 or 13 millimeters.

The average diameter of the head, from measurements of thirty-*
two grubs whose average length was 11.3 millimeters, was found to
be 1.33 millimeters.

The Second Instar. — The average duration of the second instar was
found to be 31 days, or just a month; the maximum 39 days; the
minimum, 23 days. These figures are from the records of tliirty-
eight individual grubs reared through this instar.

The length of the grub in the second instar increases from 12
or 13 millimeters just following the molt, to a maximum of 20 or
21 millimeters. The average width of head, from measurements of
thirty-three grubs whose average length was 15.7 millimeters, was
found to be 2.38 millimeters.

The Third Instar. — The average length of the last instar. taken
from six grubs that reached the pupal stage, was found to be 178
days; the maximum, 221 days; the minimum, 138 days. Or. re-
duced to months, the average was 6 months, the maximum 7% months,
and the minimum about 4i/> months.

In length, the third instar grub increases from about 20 to about
31 or 32 millimeters. The average width of head, from measurements
of five grubs whose average length was 25 millimeters, was found
to be 4.09 millimeters.

156

From the above measurenients of grubs, it will be seen that larvae
of this May-beetle may be at once distinguished from those of Phyl-
lophaga vandmei, in whatever instar, by simply measuring the diame-
ter of the head with a sliding callipers. Furthermore, by means of
the head measurements and a consideration of tlie locality, the grubs
of any of the five species of j\Iay-beetle occurring on the Island may
be easily distinguished, one from the other, without the need of labor-
iously studying minor characters, which at best are variable.

PtTPA AND PRE-EMERGENCE OF ADTTLT.

The length of the pupal stage of Phijllophaga giKDiicana w&h
determined as 22 days, recorded from a single pupa. The meas-
urements of this pupa were as follows : length 18 millimeters ; width
at middle, 7.9 millimeters.

The pupa may be very readily distinguished from that of P. van-
dinei by its smaller size, and its somewhat darker color.

As has been stated before, the length of time spent by the adult
of this species in the pupal chamber before emergence is supposed
to very often exceed a month, and may perhaps, in cases where the
adult issues during November, approach or even exceed three months.
No experiments were conducted to determine this fact. In confine-
ment, however, three adults issued during late November and early
December; and it is well known that in the field beetles of this
species never emerge from the soil during these months.

Food Plants of Adult.

This species, as was mentioned in the beginning, frequents the dry
upland pastures and brush land, and is not often encountered in cane
fields. It is natural, then, that its food plants should diifer con-
siderably from those most palatable to the sugar-cane May-beetle (P.
vandinei). Among the few trees upon which both species are known
to feed may be mentioned the flandioyant, casuarina, salcilla {Schra)i-
kia portoricensis) , guacima, and tamarind.

.Among those trees and bushes which are fed upon peculiarly by
this species, and are rarely or never eaten by the sugar-cane May-
beetle, are the guava {Psidium guayava), the ucar tree {Bucida huce-
ras), the l)lack sage {('ordio, cgUndrostachya), Lantana camara and
Hamelia sp. All of these are favorite food ])lants of the beetle.

Flight and Attraction to Light.

The flight of this species wfis observed in a rearing cage at Santa
Rita on April 28. 1915. The first beetles took flight from the soil

157

at 7:06 P. ^L. the tiight was at its height at 71."i, and eeased at about
7 :26. The duration of flight was thus twenty minutes. Perhaps it
would be somewhat lengthened under outdoor eonditions, with no
screening to confine the radius of flight.

No tests were made to determine the usual distance of flight, but
it is probably limited largely l\v the proximity of agreeable food
plants, as is the case with the larger species.

This species has the habit, common to all of the Maj^-beetles, of
flying to lighted lamps and electric lights in the early evening. At
Santa Rita, where the experiments were conducted, it was less com-
monly taken at light than the larger species, even during its season
of greatest abundance, from March to June.

Copulation.

. Records of the time and duration of copulation were made on the
same night as the flight observations. The time of joining and separ-
ating of three pairs M-as as follows: (1) started 7:17, ended 8:05,
lasted 48 minutes: (2) started 7:22. ended 8:14, lasted 52 minutes;
(3) started before 7:24, ended 8:12, lasted over 48 minutes.

From these it appears that copulation usually" takes place, at this
time of year, between the hours of 7 :15 and 8 :15, and has an average
duration of about three-quarters of an hour.

OviPOSITION.

To determine the length of life of the adult, the length of egg-
laying period and the average number of eggs laid hy a female, six-
teen pairs of adults of this species were confined separately in jars
and fed regularly until their death. They were fed upon strips of
banana leaf. Twelve pairs were confined on Marcli 19, the other
four pairs on April 6. The female of one pair died within three
days, so that the records of only fifteen pairs are used in the calcula-
tions. The last female died on May 18.

From the fifteen females, the average length of life of the female
adult was found to be 36 days. The longest life was 55 days, or
somewhat under two months.

The average length of egg-laying period (the time included be-
tween the dates of laying of the first and last eggs) was 19.47 days;
the maximum, 41 days; the minimum, 2 days.

The average number laid by a female Avas 15.6 eggs. The maxi-
mum number laid by one female was 40 eggs, which were laid in a
period of 36 days, a rate of somewhat over 1 egg per day.

158

The average imiul>ei' of eggs laid per day, for tlie beetles' wiiole
life, was .51; the average uuinber per day for the egg-laying period
only was 1.19 eggs.

The luaximuni rate of egg laying was 13 eggs laid in one day !)y
one female. Xo other eggs were laid by the same female within 10
days before or after the date of laying the 13 eggs.

Comparing this species with /■*. vandinei, it will hv seen that the
average number of eggs per female, and the maxiiuuiii IcMigtli of egg-
laying period, is about the same for the two.

The average length of life of a. female, and the luaximuui numl)er
of eggs laid in 24 hours, is considerably less for this species than for
vandinei.

On the other hand, the average number of eggs laid per day,
and the average duration of the egg-laying period, is noticeably
greater for this species than for vandinei. The average female of
gnanicana laid eggs at a rate of one every two days; the average
female of vat\di)u i laid at the i-ate of one every three days.

Insect and Fcngts Enemies.

Xo insect |)arasites oi' pi-edacious enemies are yet known to prey
upon this ^lay-beetle or its larva.

The stages of this insect that became infected by the green mus-
cai'dine fungus in experimental boxes were as follows: Eight eggs,
one grub of first instar, one grub of second instar, and nine ( or proba-
bly more) adults. The hightest per cent of infection was among the
adults; the next highest among the eggs. Xo grubs of the Inst instai-
wei'e recoi'ded as infected by the fungus.

THE CITRUS WHITE-GRUB.

I'll i/lloplKn/d lifri n. sp.*

This s])ecies receives its name from the fai-t that, although i1 fctnls
upon a larg(^ vaiiety of plants, it is distinetly an inii.-ibitant of tlie
citrus oi'chards. and its lai'va is a pc-st that often gives mncli ti'otiblc
to young citi'us trees. Tlu- damage the grub;j do to older ti'ees is
usually not known, and goes unheeded because of the gi-catiT ai)i!ity
of older trees to stand 1he reduetien in feeding roots ransed by the
grubs. Young trees (piiekly show the damage of tlie i-oot trinuiiing
done b\- the grubs. Inqnii'ies that have been made of citrus yrowei's

' Tliis species liiis lieeii ineiitioiied :is ;i supposed variety of P. yitainratia, under the
name of "Lnrhiuixtpiiin media (northern form)." in the Fourth Report of the Board of
ComniissiiiiM IS <if' .\'.;iicnlture of Pnrtu Kiin. page 48.

i-)9

over much of the north and west sides of tlie Island as to the presence
of this May-beetle in their orchards, and the damage done by it,
have in many instances brought reply that the damage is considerable,
and that little can be done to prevent it, except picking the beetles or
grubs by hand or spraying with arsenate of lead. These are said to
give only temporary relief.

While grubs of the two larger species, vandinei and porioricensis,
may also be found to some extent at the roots of citrus trees, their
occurrence is usually accidental. Adults of these species feed rarely
if ever upon citrus foliage, and consequently do not often seek the
soil at the bases of citrus trees to lay their eggs.

The citrus white-grub is also a pest of sugar-cane, of pasture grass,
and of a variety of other crops. The grubs are sometimes found as
abundantly as those of the larger species in cane fields that are being
plowed. It is therefore quite as important a general crop pest, in
some localities, as either the common or sugar-cane white-gruh.

!:-'

Distribution.

This seems to be the most widely distributed species of Ph ijJlophaga
occurring on the Island. Specimens have been collected at ^laya-
giiez on the west coast, along the entire length of the north coast
from Aguadilla to Fajardo, at Lares, Utuado, Aibonito, Cayey, and
other towns inland, ami on the south coast from Aguirre eastward.
Specimens have also been conected on the Island of \'ie(iues. to the
east of Porto Rico.

The type of this species is from Rio Piedras, in the San Juan dis-
trict, which is midway (or a little east of midway) of the Island on
the north coast. Specimens from other localities do not seem to vary
much from the type, though it is possible that future study will
reveal the presence of sub-species.

On Vieques Island, where sugar cane is the principal crop, this
species is less abundant than porioricensis, and tlicrefore less impor-
tant as a pest.

Till'] Beetle.

Superficially, this May-beetle very closely resembles /'. f/iioin'caxn.
The average size is a little larger, about one ni ill i meter more in lenutli.
As in lluit six'cies, the elyti'a of the male are covered with a very
fine, i)lnmbeous pubescence, that makes it dn.ller in coloi- than the
female. The latter differs from the female of P. guanicana in having
the elytra, instead of uniformly polished over the surface, polislied
only on the disc back of the middle, while the sides and fore-part

160

of the elytra are plumbeous as in the male. This character raa.y
viiry somewhat in individuals of any one locality, but is fairly con-
stant for the species, from whatever locality.

The sure character by which to distinguish this species from /'.
guanicana is in the male genitalia, which has been figured in the
preceding section of this paper. That part of the medium lobe of
the male genitalia which has been called the spatha is depressed,
chitinized and polished above, and unsyinmetrical, being curved or
hooked upward on the left side, where it terminates in a serrated
edge.

The spatha of the male genitalia of P. guanicana, on the other
hand, is thicker vertically than horizontally, is bilaterally symmetri-
cal, and is fleshy except for two rows of minute, brown, prostrate
spinules (directed forward) that form a V on the dorsal surface,
and two similar rows, or edges, of spinules on the ventral surface.

Life-History.

Insufficient work has thus far been done on the life-history of this
species to warrant saying more than that it is very similar to that
of F. guanicana. It probably differs in no essential detail.

While the adults of this species appear in the earliest spring (in
the last days of February) their occurrence seems to extend over a
greater portion of the summer than does that of the other species,
for specimens may be found even as late as October.

THE EGG.

In size and appearance, the egg does not differ from that of /'.
guanicana, which has been described. The average length of the egg
stage, from a large number of observations, was ascertained to be
12.88 days, or practically 18 days, which is aliout the sanic as the
i'^^ stage of the other small Pln/Uophaga.

THE WIIITE-GRUB, OK I.AKV \I, STAGE.

The ascertained length of the first two instars of llic gnil) was
tlic same as for /'. guanicana, and it may be expected tliat tin- last
instar will also prove the same.

First Instar. — From three grubs carried through this instar, the
average duration was 24 days, or exactly the same as tlie duratien
of that instar in P. guanicana. The only recorded measurement of a
first instar grub was: length, 18 millimeters: bi-eath of he;i(l. 1.4.")
)iiillimeters.

161

Second I itstar. -^Thh was observed of but one gr\ib, which i-(M|uirt'd
from 30 to 32 days lietwcen the tirst and second molts. The measure-
ments of a single grub in this instar were: length, '22 millimeters;
breadth of head, 2.65 millimeters.

Third Insfar. — The duration of tliis instar has not yet been ob-
tained. It is doubtless the same as that of P. guankana. The av-
erage dimensions of four grubs in this instar were: length. 28 milli-
meters; breadth of head, 4.4 millimeters.

The Pupa.

The duration of pupal stage, fi'om a single observation, was 23
days. The measurements of this jiupa were: length. 20 millimeters;
breadth at middle, 9.2 millimeters.

Food-Plant^ op Adult.

Some of the connnoner trees and plants of th(^ iini-th side of the
Island upon which this species feeds in common with tlie bii"'.'.cr species
{vavdiixi or po) fnricens'Ls) are: Hamboynnt. casujiriiia. aluumdro,
bucar ( Erijfhiiiio fda^ica). i|uene])a ( Melicocva hijiif/a). Jobo (Sjxni-
dias lutea), sonnadera {Albizzia Tehhel-), muiieco {Cordia horin-
quena^ . and Cordia corunthosa. T]\(' list is not a coinplctc one, but
would include a large munber of comumn forest and fi'uit trees, on
which sufficient observations have not yet been made to know what
species attack them.

. A few trees and plants on which lliis species feeds abundantly 1o
the exclusion of tln^ two largt-r si)eci(s ai'c: gra|)efruit. oraniie. guawi.
silk o;d< i (lrardl( (t rohiisfa) , Ac(d!jj)li(i irilLrsi'ino, garden I'ose, .1//-
cDin'i rac/ iiiDsd. Clidfimia liirfa, fjiiilniKi idimtrd, Triiiiii pliclffi s|)p.,
and I'mid Inhala. I^'urther obsei-vations will lengthen the list.

II A 15 ITS OK Anri.Ts.

The attijiclion of the beetles to light, and the hours of Highl and
of copulation in the evening, ai'e pr;;ctically the same as for the adult
of the Guanica white-grul). Flight has been obsei'ved up to 7 :.')() P. M.,
;'.nd copulation up to 8:1;") P. M.

Studies ;ii'e being made to ascei-tain the ax'crage length of the
beetle's life, the duration of the period of oviposition. and the num-
ber of eggs laid by a female, but are not yet complete. .

Insect a.vd Frxcas Kxi:.Mn:s.
Subsequent to the segregation of the dift'ercnt species of I'luilJo

162

phaga, no accurate observations have been made as to the parasites
l^eeuliar to each species ; and tlie earlier notes of the Station do
not in any instance indicate what species were the liosts of the para-
sites reared. It is possible, however, that both species of Tachinid
fly. Cryptomeigenia avnfacies Walton and Eutrixoides jonesii Walton
l)rey npon the adults of this species as well as upon those of tlie two
larger species of Phyllophaga.

The predacious wireworni, Pyruphorous ltiyni)iosus lUiger, is as
trulj^ an enemj- of this white grub as of the two larger species.

The only stages of the species that have been found infected by
the fungus are the egg, five of which were found covered witli sjiores
in June, in experimental jars, and the adult.

THE LITTLE BROWN MAY-BEETLE.

Pliy talus i}tsularis n. sp.*

This ^lay beetle is so nnu*h siuMller than tlie four preceding
s])ecies as to be at once distinguishable from tliem, even to the lay-
man. The type specimens of the species are from Santa Rita, in
the Guanica district, collected by tlie writer. The species lias also
becm collected at Aiiasco. Garrochales (near Arecibo). San Jiuiii. Rio
I'iedras and La Plata, so that its distribution is probal)ly general
over the western two-thirds of the Island. Whether it occni-s at the
eastern pni't of the Island is not knowu. More specimens by far
have come from the Guanic;i distri( t than from all other loejilities
combiued.

As both larvae and adults have been collected in the cjiiie belda
at Santa Rita, this species is considered among the cane pests. It
is not, however, of iiuich imi>ortance as a pest either to cane or to
other crops, because of its scarcit.y. The mature grub l)eing no larger
than the sugar-cane white-grub is ;it the end of the first iiistar, it
would require ten or more of them to equal in weight one mature
grub of the lai'ger species. rin<l Ihe .l.iiuage committed by e;ieli must
be coi-respondingly small.

Usually, among the grubs gathered in the plowed c;ine fields :it
Santa Rita by the grub pickei-s emi)loye(l by Guanica Centtnle. were
to be founil fewei- th.in ;i dozen gi'ubs of this ]\Iay-beetle to each
thousand of the sugnr-cane white-gi'u.b. Often there wei-e none; only
certain fields contained grubs of this species. On the (tci-jision when

* This species was first im-iitioiifd in ilic Tliinl Ropoit of llii- Boaid i)f ('ciiiiiiiis.-.ion(ns
of .\sriculture of Porto Rico (page 42), under the name of "Lachnosterna pequefia," and
:i siinuiiiiry of its lifecyclc ((•.\<c])t the pri' -oviposition ) ffivcii in the Fnurtli Report of tlie
Board Cpase 47) under the same name.

163

the largest recorded number of these grubs was taken from a plowed
cane field (tablou 21, hacienda Santa Maria, Feb. 25, 1915), actual
count of a pailfull of grubs gave the following results: Phytalus
insularis (all 8d instar), 88: PhjjlJopliaga vdiidiuei (2d and 3d in-
star), 970.

The Beetle.

The adult is dark, burnished l)rowu with somewhat lighter mar-
gins, more noticeable on the thorax. The length varies from 9yo to
llVi' millimeters, the breadth about half of that.

While not belonging to the genus PhyUophaga, this insect can very
rightly be considered a May-beetle, because of its very close relation-
ship to that genus in every particular. In fact, some of the charac-
teristics upon which the genus is founded are so unstable as to cause
some specialists to question whether the genus name should be re-
tained. In the writer's oi)inion the genus is a valid one, because of
the marked characters of genitalia, distinguishing it from Phyllophaga.

Life-History.

The life-cycle of this species, like the four preceding, covers just
one year. In confinement, no grubs were successfully reared to ma-
turitj^ in the smaller boxes, but in a large outdoor cage a large number
came through from egg to adult. The eggs from which these came
were laid between August 25 and September 25, and the first adults
of the new generation were observed in the cage on August 20 of
the following year, clearly proving the life-cycle to be one year.

Unfortunately, the soil in this cage was not dug up and examined
at the right time of year to find pupae, and preserve specimens of
them. The pupa of this beetle is still unknown. On January 19.
a part of the soil in the cage Avas examined, and 60 grubs were found,
of which 57 were in the flnrd instar and 8 at the end of the second
instar. On April 80 all tlie soil was examined, and 134 grubs found,
all of which wei-c in the third instar, 2 of them dead and covered
with Metarrhizium spores. No pupae wci-c present at that date.

In the tin boxes, two gi-nbs reached the ])rc-pupal stage, but \)<)\h
failed to pupate. From them, howcvei-. Ihc length of tlie third instar
was ascertained.

If we may estimate the pupal stage of this species as reciuiring
20 days, adding to this the averages for the other stages and instars,
the average duration of egg-to-adult pciiod is found to lie 801 ;lays
(the same as for the sugar-cane white-grul)) ; the maxiuunn. 816 days;
the minimum, 283 days.

164

THE EGG STAGE.

The average leugth of egg stage, calculated from the hatching
of 146 eggs ill confinement, was III/2 days, the maximum 12 days,
the minimum 1014 days.

The dimensions of the egg are : when first laid — length, 1.5 mm. ;
breadth, 1 mm.; when much swollen and shortly before hatching —
length, 1.9 mm. ; breadth, 1.7 mm.

The eggs of this May-beetle are laid singly in the soil, in tiny pits,
of about three times the diameter of the egg, and do not diifer in any
noticeable detail, except size, from the eggs of Phyllopliaga.

THE WHIT,E GRUB. OR LARVAL STAGE.

The larval stage requires, from our figures, an average duration
of 2681/1. days (or about 9 months). The maximum duration, ob-
tained by adding together the maximum lengths of the three instars,
was 284 days; the minimum, 252i,l> days.

No larvae younger than the third instar are found in the fields
after the latter part of January ; no larvae of the first instar are
found after November.

First Instar. — The average duration of this instar. from 30 grubs,
was found to be 30 days; the maximum, 391/-. days, the minimum.
21 I/O days. The measurements of the grub in this instar were not
obtained, but can be easily estimated from the size of the egg.

Second Instar. — The average length, from records of 10 grubs,
was 4514 days; the maximum, 54 days; the minimum, 37 days.
The dimensions of the only second-instar grub measured were : length,
10 millimeters; width of head, 1.5 millimeters.

Third Instar. — The length of the last instar, averaged from but
two grubs, was 194 days. One of these required 186i-l> days and
the other 197 days to reach the pupal stage.

Of twenty grubs in this instar that were measured, varying from
16 to 22 millimeters in length, the average width of head was 2.63
millimeters.

PUPA AND PRE-EMERGENCE OF ADULT,

The length of the pupal stage has not been determined, but doulit-
less requires in the close neighborhood of 20 days.

Pre-emergence in the Guanica district at least, where the adults
first appear in the fields in August, probablj^ requires a shorter time
tliaii in those species which issue during the cool winter months, and
wait until spring to emerge from the soil.

165

Seasonal distribi'tiox.

The season of appearance of the adnlts seems to vary considerably
in different localities. All adults that have heen collected at Santa
Rita were found between early August and the middle of October.
A specimen was collected at Aiiasco in September.

A number of specimens from La Plata, in the center of the Island,
were colilected in the middle of June.

At Garrochales, near Arecibo, the writer collected 35 specimens,
on one Lantana plant hy the road, on April 26.

Single individuals collected by electric light at San Juan and
Rio Piedras bear the following dates: June 6, July -4, August 25,
October 15, November 8 and December 1, thus covering a range of
seven months.

Food Plants of Adults.

At Santa Rita, all specimens collected by the writer were found
feeding upon "bledo," or pig weed (Amardnthus spp.), or upon
"malojillo," or Para grass (Paiiiriim Ixirhiitodt ) . the majoi'ity uj^ou
the former. A single specimen was feeding upon "salcilla" {Schra)i--
lia portoricensis) . In experimental cages adults were seen feeding
ui)on corn foliage. Xo specimens were seen feeding u{)on cane,
though they occurred plentifully in the cane tields. and doubtless tlie
grubs attacked cane roots.

The series of l)eetles collected at Garrochales were all feeding upon
Lantana inrohicrata, though there was a great variety of other vege-
tables near at hand.

Flight and Attractjon to Ligjit.

Flight of the species was observt^l at Santa Hita in a large i-eai-ing
cage on the night of September 1. 1!)14. The iirst individuals left
the ground and took wing at exactly ti :•').") P. M. The ninnbers in
Hight increased most rapidly fioni f>:.').') to 7:il(). .uul eontiiiiied heavy
until nearly 7:1(». then gradually dropped off. l'>y 7:20 Hight was
quite light, but coutiinied to some extent until 7 ::>(•. when a Nci-y lew
wei-e still Hying. The last beetle ceased flyin'j- about 7::!."). .Most of
the beetles Hew against the west side of the cage.

.\ll till' specimens of this beeth' eolleeled ;it Rio l*ie(li-as or San
Juan ha\-e been taken ;it li^hl, and ;i vcyy few wci'e taki'U at Santa
Rita at a. large gasoline laiii|).

166

COPULATIOX AND OviPOSITIOX.

On September 1 these observations were made :

Pairs began mating at 6 :57 P. ]\I. At 7 :05 over a dozen pairs
were mating. At 7 :07 pairs were beginning to separate. At 7 :15
the majority had separated. At 7 :25 the last pair separated.

And on the following evening, similar observations: First pair
united at 6:57: largest number copulating. 7;05: last pair separ-
ated, 7 :28. Total time consumed, 31 minutes.

Exact records of six copulating pairs on the same night were
as follows:

(1) United, 6:58; separated, 7:06: time spent, 8 minutes.

(2) United, 6:59; separated, 7:08; time spent, 9 minutes.
(S) United, 7:01; separated, 7:10; time spent, 9 minutes.

(4) United. 7:02; separated, 7:12; time spent, 10 minutes.

(5) United, 7:01; separated, 7:11; time spent, 30 minutes.

(6) United, 7:08; separated, 7:23; time spent, 15 minutes.

Average length of time spent in copulation, 10 minutes.

Those pairs on or near the ground copulated without taking Might.
In no case was a beetle seen to take flight after copulation. As with
the species of Phi/llopliaga, they immediately begin to feed after copu-
lation; and if resting on a leaf, the female usually feeds during
copulation, the male never. About 50 per cent of the beetles copu-
lated without first taking flight.

The females, in the receptive mood, rest with the abdomen slightly
raised. and with the genitalia protruded in a conspicuous florescence,
which is pale yellow in color and fully three times as great in diam-
eter at the tip as at base. In this position they rest for ten minutes
or longer until a male appears.

No females of this species were confined singly to secure eggs.
Females were, however, confined in numbers at different times in jars
with food to secure eggs. The average rate of egg laying computed
from tiie eggs thus secured was one egg in three days by each female.
At which rate, a female living two months would lay only twenty
eggs. This figure may not be accurate since, in confining numbers
of beetles together, some eggs are necessarily destroyed by the beetles
in boring into the soil.

*f^

Insect and Fungus Parasites.

No insect parasites have yet been discovered preying upon either
larva or adult of this May-beetle.

The only stages of this ]\lay -beetle that became infected by the

167

green fungus were the adults, and grubs of the last instar. No record
was kept of the number of adults, but it exceeded a dozen. Of the
grubs reared, a rather astonishingly large number became infected,
in the jars and boxes, by this disease. Out of 142 third-instar grubs
kept in confinement under observation, there is record of 13 becoming
infected by this fungus, which is 9 per cent of the total number, a
higher per cent than was noted of the grub of any other May-beetle
except Phyllophaga vandinei.

Summary of Life-cycles and Measurements of May-Beetles and White-Grubs.

THE SUGAR-CANE ■WHITE-GRUB, Phylloghaga vandinei n. sp.

Maximum

Minimum

Average

Number

Long

Wide

Head

Ears Staere

16

59

103

226

26

10
17
26
78
17

148

14
3614
47
188

302

1.089

184

71

25

22

2.97

6-17

16-28

27-45

23-27

1.7

(irub, 1st Instar

1.94

2d

3.32

3d

5.31

Pupal Stage. .

10-12

Total

430

1,391

THE COMMON WHITE-GRUB, Phyllophaga portoricensis N. sp.

Maximum

Minimum

Average

Number

Long

Wide

Head

Eee Stage

15
40
93
174
23

12
26
43

164
20

13)4
32
61
169
21)4

54
6
6
2
5

3.0

6-18

18-30

30-48

25-29

1.75

(irub 1st instar

2.10

2d

3.45

3d

5.70

Pupal stage

11-13^

Total

345

265

297

73

THE SOUTH COAST WHITE-GRUB, Pfuillophaga guanicanct n. sp.

Maximum

Minimum

Average

Number

Long

Wide

Head

Eee Staere

19

35

39

221

(22)

336

11
13

23
13H

(22)

207

24

31

178

22

505

60

38

6

1

2.05

4)4-12

12-20

20-32

18

1.2

Grub 1st Instar

1.33

0(J

2.38

': 3d

4.10

i'upal stage

7.9

Total

268)4

610

THE CITRUS WHITE-GRUB, Phyllophaga citri N. sp.

Maximum

Minimum

Average

Number

200
3

1
U
1

Long

Wide

Head

Esre Stage

13
24
31

23

2.12

5-13

13-22

22-34

20

1.25

Grub, ist instar

2d

1.45

2.6

3d

1.4

Pupal Stage

9.2

Total '

269

168

THE LITTLE BROWN MAY-BEETLE, Phi/talUS insalariti X. SP.

Maximum

Minimum

Average

Number

Long

Wide

.90

Head

12

39^

54
197
(20)

10^

37
191^
(20)

11^
30 '
4514

194M

(20)

146

30

10

2

0

1.45
14-22

(irub. 1st Instar. . .

0,1

1.5

3(1

2.(i3

I'lipal Hiage

6.1

Total

3221^

280^

301

188

■

* The columns of figures in tlie above table (wliicli were all obtained by actual observa-
tion or actual measurement), numbered from left to right, may be explained as follows:

(1) Maximum duration in days of the immature stages, the totals being the maximum
egg-to-adult period for each species, in days.

(2) Minimum duration in days of immature stages, etc.

(3) Average duration in days of immature stages, etc.

(4) Numbers of eggs, grubs, or pupae, averaged to obtain the figures of the first three
columns.

(5) Average length in millimeters of each of the immature stages, taken from a number
of measurements made with sliding calipers.

(6) Average breadth in millimeters of egg and pupa of the various species, from
measurements with sliding calipers.

(7) Average breadth in millimeters of the head of grub in each mstar of the five
species, from measurements with sliding calipers.

169

THE EGGPLANT LACE-BUG IN PORTO RICO.

L'urythaica iiionavha Stal.
By E. T. Cotton, Assistant Entomologist, Insnlar Experiment Station.

The growing of the eggplant Solanwui melongena, is made difficult
by the ravages of a great many insect pests, the worst of which is
imdoubtedly the lace-bug Corythaica monacha Stal. This bug is
Avidespread over the Island and attacks the eggplant wherever it is
grown, causing heavy damage when not controlled by spraying. It
feeds normally on the so called wild eggplant, Solan um torvum, and
it is on this plant that it is able to survive during the intervals
between crops. Solanum torvum is one of the most abundant of
weeds on the Island, growing luxuriantly in all parts and at all times,
and it is undoubtedly owing to this fact that the lace-bug is so abun-
dant. If it were dependent solely on the cultivated eggplant for its
food supply it would soon die out. but as the eggplant is seldom grown
at all times of the year even in the most favorable localities.

The injury to the plant is occasioned by the feeding of the nymphs
and adults, which congregating in hundreds on the undersides of the
leaves, suck the vital juices from tlie plant. Their presence on the
leaves is first indicated by the appearance of small yellowish-brown
patches, which growing in size soon involve the entire leaf causing
it to dry up and fall off. It is not an uncommon sight to see a whole
patch of eggplant entirely denuded of its leaves. The insect has a
very short life cycle and multiplies so i-apidly that once introduced
into a field it soon spreads to every plant.

Life-History.

Tliis insert hi'eeds continously tlirough tlic year. The iiiatui'<>
female lays a large number of small, flask-shaped eggs, wliich she
inserts into the tissue of the leaves, until only a little more than the
crater-like tops protrude through the epidermis. The eggs are placed
singly on the undersurfaees of the leaves and are scattered over the
entire area. The length of the egg stage varies from five to seven
days with the majority hatching in six days. The following table
is an extract from breeding notes taken at various times of the year:

170

Table 1. — Length of Egg-Stage of Lace-Bug.

No.

Eggs laid

Eggs iiatchcd

Incub.
period

No.

Egg.s laid

Eggs hatched

Tucub.
peri od

Day.s

Days

1

July r,

Julv 11

6

7

Dec. 2

Dec. 8

6

0

Julv 10

Julv 15

5

8

Dee. 4

Dec. 11

7

3

Julv 20

Julv 26

6

9

Dec. 10

Dee. 16

6

4

Aug. 4

Aug. 10

6

10

Jan. 8

Jan. 9

6

5

Aug. 16

Aug. 22..

r.

11

Jan. 7

Jan. 14

7

6

.*ept. 2

Sept. 7

0

12

Jan. 8

Jan. 14

6

The young nymphs are quite active at first but soon settle down
to a quiet existence, feeding together in large colonies on the under-
sides of the leaves. Occasionally a few may be seen feeding on the
upper surface of the leaves and when feeding on the weed Solamim
torvilm they feed as much on the upper as on the lower surface of
the leaves. The nj'^mphs develop quite rapidly, passing through
five successive moults before attaining adult form. The period between
moults is remarkably constant being in practically all eases of two
days duration. The following table is a record of the moulting pe-
riods of some of the individuals reared in the laboratory :

No.

Table 2. — The Moulting Stage of Nymphs of Lace-Bug.

Date
hatched

First
moult

Julv 23 .... July 25.

Julv 23 ! July 2.T.

July 23 1 July 25.

Aug. 2 I Aug. 4..

Aug. 2 I Aug. 4..

Aug. 5 Aug.

Oct. 4....
Oct. 4....

.Second
moult

July 27.
July 28.
Julv 27.
Aug. 6..
Aug. 5..
Aug. 9.

Oct.5 1 Oct. 7.

Oct. 6 ; Oct. 8.

Third
moull

Fourth
moult

Julv 28
Julv 30
July 29
Aug. 8
Aug. 7
Aug. 11
Oct. 9.
Oct. 10.

Fifth
moult

July 30 ' Aug. 1.

Aug. 1 ' Aug. 3.

July 31 ' Aug. 2.

Aug. 9 Aug. 11.

Aug. 9 Aug. 11.

Aug. 13 Aug. 15.

Oct. 11.
Oct. 12.

Oct. 13.
Oct. 14.

Adult

The time taken from the hatching of the nymph to the appearance
of the adult is thus only ten days, an extremely short time, and as the
females are quite prolific in their egglaying, the increase in numbers
of the insect is very rapid.

Description of Stages.

The Egg. — Length .48 mm., width .22 mm., flask-shaped with the
neck bent to one side. Top of egg crater-like, having a ragged border
and a circular impressed area that is cross-hatched witli delicate
markings. Tliis circular top is .13 mm. in diameter and acts as a
lid that is pushed aside when the young nymph hatches. Egg white
in color, translucent: surface smooth and shinv.

171

NYMPHAL STAGES.

First Stage. — Length .65 mm., width .36 mm. ; body slender, gen-
eral color pale yellowish dorsally, fading to white on the ventral sur-
face. Eyes red, antennae short, and club-like at the tip.

Second Stage. — Length 1.09 mm., width .52 mm. ; body oblong-
ovate, general color a pale yellowish white ; margins of abdomen and
thorax and dorsal surface of head, thorax and abdomen armed with
spiny tubercnles, tubercules on dorsal surface dusky ; tips of anten-
nae and tarsi a light brown.

Third Stage. — Length 1.53 mm., width .8 mm. : similar in form
to previous stage only larger, and has rudimentarj'^ wingpads ; dorsal
spines darker in color and regions round them dnslrs-. forming a dis-
tinct color pattern.

Fourth Stage. — Length 1.75 mm., width 1 mm. : similar in form
to previous stage only larger, body markings darker: wingpads much
longer, their tips dusky-brown.

Fifth Stage. — Length 2.3 mm., width 1.2 mm. ; body oblong-ovate,
dorsal surface more or less flattened ; general color a yellowish-grey,
"o^itli a few dark brown markings. Last six segments of the abdomen
provided on each side with a marginal tubercule armed with one
long and several shorter spines, the abdomen apparently terminating
in two of these spiny processes ; first two pairs of marginal abdominal
tubercules a dusky-brown. The metanotvm provided with two large,
dark-colored tubercules armed with spines, the abdomen provided with
three median, dorsal tubercules similar to those on the metanotum ;
wingpads each armed with a marginal tubercule and several marginal
spines. Head armed with three tubercules and two anterior marginal
spines; head light in color except posterior margin which is dusky;
prouotum light in color with two dusky bars near the anterioi" end
arranged in the form of a V. Metanotum dark, abdomen light in color
Avith dusky segmentation marks and dark-colored tubercules. Wing-
pads light colored with a dark spot on the disk, and with dusky tips.
Antennae about one-third the length of bodj', clothed with a few short
liairs, the tip somewhat club-shaped and dusky-brown in color. Legs
fairlj' long and slender, terminating in chitinizod claws, general color
light except tarsi whicli are dark brown.

Adult. — This lace-bug is a delicate lace-like little insect belonging
to the lieteropterous family Tingitidae. It is one of the very few
representatives of this interesting family that inhabit the Island of
Porto Rico. It is about 3.5 mm. long, body dark, hood and lace-like
wings grey marked with brown.

172

Natural Enemies.

Several predaceous insects feed on the soft-bodied nymphs of this
laee-bug, among which are the Coccinelid beetles Megilla innonata
Vauls. and Cycloneda sanguinea Linn., and the Rerhiviid bugs Zelus
rt(hid4ts Lap. and Serv. and Z. longpipes Linn.

Control.

This insect may be effectively controlled by a soap-and-water
spray, eight pounds of soap to fifty gallons of water being a good
strength to use. The plants should be sprayed as soon after the
appearance of the lace-bugs as possible, since it is much easier to
control them then than later.

LIFE HISTORY OF HALTICA JAMAICENSIS FABR.

By R. T. Cotton, Assistant Entomologist, Insular Experiment Station.

In 1792 Fabricius described this beetle under the name of Galle-
ruca jamaicensis, but a year later becoming uncertain of his species
he changed the name to G. hassiae. In 1808 Olivier gave the name of
G. plehja to this species, and Sturn in 1843 gave it the name of
Grapfodera farsata. In 1875 Harold recognized jamaicensis as the
correct name calling it Halfira jamairnisis Fab. and relegating the
other names to synonymy.

It is recorded as occuring in Jamaica, Santo Domingo, Haiti, Porto
Rico, Costa Rica, and Cuba. It apparently varies, quite a little in
color in different localities, but there is doubtless but one species
concerned.

This beetle is the largest of the flea-beetles found in Porto Rico
and at times is extremely abundant. Confining its attention chiefly
to one of the common weeds, Jnssiaea leptocarpa and two closely allied
plants '/. su-ffruticosa and /. erecta, it occasionally feeds on garden
beans and ccmceivably might do great damage if for any reason its
ordinary food supply should give out.

Botli adult and larva feed very voraciously on the foliage of the
Jnssiaea plants, usually entirely stripping the plants in their imme-
diate vicinity.

Life History.

The eggs are laid in batches of from one to thirty, sometimes side
by side in a regular row, sometimes massed together one on top of
the other. They are a pale buff yellow color, oblong-oval in shape

173

and are placed on the leaves and stems of the plant. Althoug-h some-
times concealed in folds of the buds and flower-heads they are more
often in plain view, placed on the upper surface of the leaves. The
adult females are very productive, one female in captivity producing
eight hundred and eighty-seven eggs during a period of sixty-eight
days. The average, taken from the laying record of thirty females,
was five hundred and tAventy eggs.

Tlie eggs hatch in from four to six days, and the young larvae
that emerge begin at once to feed upon the foliage. Growing rapidly
the larva moults at the end of five days and again three days later.
Growth continues rapidly for a few days, then becomes slower and
slower until no further increase in size is perceptible, yet it is not
until fifteen days later after the second moult that the larva descends
to the soil to pupate. Five days are spent in a prepupal state and
six more in the true pupal state before the adult beetle actually
emerges, thus making a total of thirty-nine days from egg to adult.

Technical Description of Stages.

Adult. — A large steely blue beetle. Original description by Fa-
brieious.

Ohlonga cyanea antennis pedil)usque nigris affinis C. alni at alia et minor,
thorax et elytra cyanea, nitida, imma'cidaia, abdomen ohscurum. Pedis niger.

Egg. — The egg is pale yellow in color, oblong-oval in shai')e, and
provided with an exterior covering that is usuall>- broken in places,
showing the inner shell. This exterior covering is finally reticulated
and dull in appearance. The inner covering is slightly shining and
is sculptured with hexagonal-shaped markings. Length 1.2-1.3 mm.
Width .45-.5 mm.

Larva. — Robust, tapering graduall}^ from the fourth abdominal
segment both cepheled and caudad ; general color yellowish-lirown,
with numerous black tubercules on each segment; head black, thoracic
and anal plates black and strongly chitinized ; legs black, head and
body well supplied with numerous spine-like hairs. Length 14 mm.,
greatest width 3 mm.

The immature stages of the larva are smaller, and the tubercules
closer together, giving the first-stage larva the appearance of being
almost black.

Bibliography.

1792. Fabricius, J. C — Entomologia Systematica Emendata et
Aucta secundum, classes, ordines, genera, species, adjectis, synonimis,
locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Tom. 1. 2. p. 16.

174

1796. . — Index alphabetieus in Entomologiuni, sys-

teuiatieani emendatnm et auctaum, ordines, genera et species con-
tineni. P. 69.

1801. . — Systema Eleutheratorum secundum ordi-
nes genera, species, ad.jectis, synonymis, locis, observationibus, des-
criptionibus. Kilac. Biblopol. acad. 1, p. 484.

1808. Olivier. — Entoiuologie on historic naturelle des insectes, avec
leurs caracteres generiques et specifiques, leurs description ; leurs
synonymic et leur figure enluminee Coleopteres, Paris, Baudenin VI,
p. 626, t. 2. f. 27.

1848. Sturm. — Catalog seines Kafer, Saunlong Xurnb. p. 281.

1868. SuFP^RAiN, E. — Yerzeichniss der von Dr. Canalach auf del
Insel Cuba gesamelton chrysomelinen. Wiegm. Arch. 1, p. 196.

1875. Herold, E. V. — Ueber cinige amcncanische Haltica — (grap-
tod(M'a ) — Arten, p. 66-67.

1880-1892. Jacoby, M. — Biologia Centrali Americana, Coleop. VI,
p.-irt 1. p. 295.

SCALE-FEEDING HABITS OF A PORTO RICAN MILIPEDE.

KJuxocricus arhorcus (Saussure).
By K. T. Cotton, Assistant Entomologist, Insular Experinieiit Station.

While investigating the feeding-habits of some of the common
millipedes <»f the Island, to ascertain whether or not they were injn-
i-ious to truck croi)s, I \v;is surprised to find that one of the species
had the very interesting luil)it of feeding on the ]inr]ile scale of citrus,
Lc pido.sa ph es heel' ii.

This millipede is ;i iMi-ge. dai'k ■■('(Idisli-l)rowii form ;ibout SO mm.
long. Dr. K. V. ('luiiiihcrlin of tlic .Museum of Coui]);irative Zoology,
Cfiniliri(lg(\ .M.'iss.. luis vci-y kindly identified it for mc ;is Ithiiincriciis
(irhoicus ( Sdiis.siirt ) i\]n\ says that it is known fi'oiii scvci'al other
West Indian Islands, St. Thomas, St. Croix, Antigua, etc.

it was while walking through a citrns giove at Kio I'iedias. P. H.,
that my attention was attracted by seeing several specimens of this
millipede, among the hfjinelies of the grape-fruit tre*- that was heavily
infested with the pui'ple scale. Pausing to watch them for a few
minutes, I noticed that they were feeding voi-aciously <mi the srjiln.
and smooth, clean patches on the scale-infesled hi'anches imlicated
wliei'c they had tieen at work. Tiansfci'ring them to the lal)oi'atory
1 placed them on gi'ape-fi'uit twigs that wei'(^ completely co\'ered wilh

175

scales, and in a very short time the twigs were cleaned off. Some idea
of the voracity of this millipede may be gained from the fact that
one specimen, by actual count, consumed two thousand scales in a
period of three hours, and after a short rest continued feeding.

This species of millipede is quite abundant in this locality, and
in order to satisfy my curiosity as to whether or not I could entirely
clear a tree of scales by them, I captured a number of them and placed
about a dozen, in each of several small grape-fruit trees that were
badly infested with the purple scale. Thej^ seemed perfectly con-
tended with their new surroundings and commenced at once to feed
on the scales. At the end of two weeks the trees were perfectly clean
and free from scales and the liark took on a fresh green color. At
this time most of the millipedes left the trees in search of more food
although one or two remained and are still in the trees, four or five
months after they were introduced. Singularly enough these trees
are still perfectly clean although they have had no other treatment,
Avhile other trees in the block that were sprayed with an oil emulsion,
but did not have any millipedes, are again very heavily infested with
scale. Although they are never likely to be of any great importance
in controlling scale insects in the grove, it is interesting to note this
habit of a supposedly vegetable feeding myriapod.

Although preferring the purple scale, this millipede will feed on
other scales, as T have found by experiment with specimens in the
laboratory. I have not observed them in the field feeding on any
but the purple scale. I do not wish to leave the impression from these
notes that the millipede in question feeds entirely on scales, because
it does not. the scales being but a part of its diet.

In dissecting out the alimentary canals of some specimens of this
millipede, I was interested to find that they were all very heavily
infested Avith w^orms, which according to Dr. B. H. Ransom, "represent
four different species of nematodes, none of which appear to have
been described. The largest and most numerous form agree very well
with the genus Isakis Lespes. 1856, the type species of Avhieh occurs
in termites." The other three species have not as yet been placed
generically.

176

Vot. 1.

OCTOBER, 1917.

The Journal

OF'

The Department of Agriculture

OF

Porto Rico.

S^-t Jvjm. P. R,
axTKSAV or Scrri.i'BS, PKLXtrrsra, xxtj ItR.uravoBXA'ZlMC

1017

Vol. 1.

OCTOBEK, 1917.

No. 4.

The Journal

OF

The Department of Agkiculture

OF

PoETo Rico.

San Juan, P. R.
BuBBAiT OP SoppLJisSi Printing, and TRANsrORXATiOK

1017

PtJRLISHED BY

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND LABOR

UNI>ER THE DIRECTION OK

W. V. TOW'ER.

DIRECTOR, liVStTLAR EXPERIMENT STATION

RrO 1»1EDHAS, P. R.

JOHN A. STEVENSON. Editor.

II

CONTENTS.

Page.
SUGAR-CANE FUNGI AND DISEASES OF PORTO RICO.

John R. Johnston and John A. Stevenson 177

III

SUGAR-CANE FUNGI AND DISEASES OF PORTO RICO.^

By John B. Johnston, formerly Pathologist and John A. Stevenson, Pathologist

Insular Experiment Station.

INTEODUCTION.
THE NEED FOR INVESTIGATIONS OF CANE FUNGI.

.The sugar cane {Saccharum officinarum) as an economic crop
lias been grown in Porto Rico since at least 1548, when the first mill
was erected and during all this i)eriod has doubtless suffered from
the various common diseases, although no published reports are avail-
able until about 1870-80. During this latter period there occurred a
most serious epidemic in the western section of the Island, occasioning
heavy loss. From that time on, although the epidemic as such passed,
there was continued loss through cane diseases, combatted as inform-
ation given by planters indicates, by change of land and the intro-
duction of new varieties. Following the American occupation, which
gave a great impetus to the industry, the greatly increased areas
given over to cane have meant increased losses from fungus attacks,
more especially where the extra care in cultivation, so necessary
when one crop is grown continuously, has not been given.

In some years it has been common to find whole fields ruined
by one or another disease; and in certain areas it is impossible to
grow more than one or two crops of cane without a period of rest,
in contrast to many parts of Cuba and Santo Domingo where an
indefinite number of ratoon crops are obtained without replanting.

' T)iis paper was originally prepared by Mr. Johnston previous to his resignation in
September, 1914, as pathologist of the Insular Experiment Station and was at that time
nearly complete, including drawings and photographs. Circumstances not having permitted
of its publication before the present date it has now been completely revised and rewritten
to permit of the inclusion of all data obtained in the past three years by the junior author,
who has carried on the work since Mr. Johnston's departure as well as having been con-
nected with the pro,iect for a year previous to that time as assistant pathologist. A con-
siderable number of additional species, some of them new, have been added, and others
orginally only provisionally named have been determined and inserted, together with many
supplementary notes and observations on the other species. The drawings are the work of
the senior author, the photographs were for the most part originally prepared .jointly, and
the present selections and arrangements have been by the junior author, including some new
additions.

Acknowledgment is made for assistance in the matter of determinations to Mrs. F. W.
Patterson, U. S. Department of Agriculture; Dr. E. A. Burt, Missouri Botanical Garden;
Dr. F. J. Seaver, and Dr. W. A. Murrill, New York Botanical Garden; Prof. C. G. Lloyd:
and Dr. W. C. Sturgis. Further acknowledgment is made in connection with the description
of each species on which help has been had.

The junior author assumes responsibility for the form in which the paper is here pre-
sented as well as for any errors that may occur.

177

In some cases it is impossible to grow any cane whatever on what
apears to be fairly good soil. Furthermore, in many fields of healthy
looking cane it is not uncommon to find an enormous number of
stalks completely rotted.

In the course of the field work carried on by this department,
numerous cases of loss (totalling many acres) from root disease,
rind disease and other causes have been investigated. To the losses
from the all-sufficient array of common diseases heretofore known,
is now added the epidemic in the northwestern quarter of the Island,
where the monetary loss has already reached a total of some hundreds
of thousands of dollars. It should by no means be considered that
diseased cane is more abundant than healthy, but rather that it is
often found very abundant over large areas, and far more prevalent
than should be the case.

Although sugar cane diseases have been studied for many years,
yet even today there is considerable contradiction to be found in
the literature on the subject as to the cause of certain diseases and
as to their relative importance. This lack of unanimity of opinion
is partly due to inaccurate, or to incomplete work on the part of
some of the investigators, but is also due in part to the fact that certain
fungi causing disease vary in their behavior in different localities,
in different countries, and in different varieties of cane.

For these reasons the work of sugar cane pathologists in other
countries may be taken as only suggestive as to the probable con-
ditions in Porto Rico, and the local problems must be worked out
here on the Island itself. In addition to working over parasitic
fungi that have been studied by others, there are also constantly
arising new problems more or less peculiar to this country.

The following report is intended to be a complete discussion of
the cane fungi of Porto Rico, so far as they have been determined
and so far as definite knowledge has been obtained regarding them.
The report includes not only popular descriptions of the fungi,
and the diseases which they cause, but tecvhnical descriptions of
the important forms as well, since it is desired that the planters
may be informed of the various destructive fungi present in their
cane fields, and at the same time it is important that other workers
in the subject may be in a position to know what fungi occur, together
Avith the symptoms of the resulting diseases.

It is perhaps needless to say that there is still much to be learned
about the cane fungi of Porto Rico, especially as regards problems
of control, but nevertheless it seems eminently desirable at the present
time to issue in one report such data as is available, inasmuch as

178

all the hitherto published data occurs as scattered notes in various
publications, and many notes are here published for the first time.

The identification of the fungi mentioned in this paper has been
accomplished with considerable difficulty, owing to the lack of the
necessary literature and authentic specimens for comparison. The
material, however, has been worked over and over for a period of
nearly seven years, and it is believed that the specimens here reported
actually represent the various species as designated and at least as
they are commonly accepted. With regard to the new species named
by the authors, such action has been taken to facilitate reference to
forms of common occurrence which it has not been possible to con-
nect with previously established names, although it is freely recog-
nized that our scanty resources in the way of mycological literature
may have resulted in some errors. It is held, however, that it is
preferable to give a complete name to such fungi together with n
description and illustration, than to merely refer them to their genera
or leave them out entirely.

Between twenty and thirty other fungi, many of them of tlie
family Agaricaceae, have been collected but are in large part omitted
from the present paper, because of insufficient material for study.
None are of any known economic importance, and for the most part
have been collected but once. A list of these is given in so far as it
has been possible to place them in the proper genera.

PREVIOUS WORK IN PORTO RIO(3.

In as much as the present paper is based upon investigations
carried on since November, 1910, and as there have been no studies
along this line in Porto Rico since that time, other than those of
the authors' or than those carried out in cooperation with them, it
will include the whole history of the study of cane fungi and diseases,
if a short resume of work prior to the above date is given, together
with an account of the various publications issued from this Experi-
ment Station since that time.

It has been difficult to obtain information eitlu3r oral or published
concerning the epidemic of 1872-80, although it is known to have
been most severe. It was investigated by a eonnnission of three
members, including Dr. Agustin Stahl and a report issued in
1878 (1^). In spite of their earnest endeavors no cause was found
and their principal recommendation was the introduction and cul-
tivation of new and more resistent varieties.

1 Figures in parenthesis refer to literature cited, page 238.

179

Some years later Don Manuel Fernandez Unipierre (89) pub-
lished an account of his observations and experiments for the con-
trol of the situation in his Manual Prdcfico de la Agricultura dr la
Cava. According to his statements the disease, if such it were, was
completely controlled by thorough preparation of the soil, and sub-
sequent careful cultivation with especial care to provide projier
ditching. This latter detail was considered of great importance for
the providing of a uniform moisture supply, avoiding the extremes
of a water logged soil or a parched condition due to excessive drain-
age and evaporation in times of drought.

According to Massee (61) a cane fungus was sent from Porto
Rico in 1878 to M. J. Berkely, who named the species in a letter
Darluca melaspora. Cooke in publishing this species ascribes the
fungus to Australia, which is considered an error by Massee. The
identity of the fungus, whether with Diplodia or with Melanconium
saccharic is not positive but with little doubt pertains to Melanconimn,
although both fungi occur here.

With these exceptions there appear no available notes on the
cane fungi up to the time of investigations by the staff of the Maya-
giiez Experiment Station. In 1903 Prof. F. S. Earle (21) of the
New York Botanical Garden made a brief investigation of the insects
and the diseases of the economic plants of Porto Rico in the course
of which he encountered a sugar-cane root rot. He describes this
disease (found between Yaueo and Ponce) as one in which the
young ratoon canes ^^'ere very pale in color, almost milk white, and
their growth very feeble. The old stubble and the base of the young
cane was enveloped in a mass of white mycelium of some hymeno-
mycetous fungus. No fruiting bodies were found on tlie stubble or
young cane but specimens of a ScMzopliyllum Avere found and the
suggestion is made that there may be some connection between the
fungus and the diseased condition. On succeeding pages it will,
liovvev(M". be noted tliat what was seen by Prof. Earle was undoubtedlj''
a case of chlorosis of cane together with one of the root fungi, pre-
sumably Mara.<imii(s sacchari or the stellate-crystal fungus, Himantia
stcUifcra.

In the report of the Mayagiiez Experiment Station i'oi" 1!>(>7
W. V. Tower (86) reported an outbreak of the rind disease (due to
Melanconium sacchari) on the south side of the Island.

In the report for 1908 G. L. Fawcett (26) reported the sugar cane
of Porto Rico as largely free from fungus diseases, with tlic exception
of some districts on the east coast where there had hccii' excessive
rainfall. The canes in one field were found to he suff<n"ing ninch

180

from the attack of a soil fungus which was not identified. Slight
attacks of the root disease were noticeable in many comparatively
healthy fields in other parts of the Island. The rind disease was also
present to some extent in some of the fields.

In the report for 1909, Fawcett reported "that root disease of
cane caused by the attacks of various organisms is quite prevalent,
especially on poorly drained fields of old ratooned cane. Two of
the fungi reported as prominent in causing this disease, {Marasmius
sacchari and the stellate-crystal fungus have been found. Up to
this time the latter fungus has been noticed only on old leaf-sheaths,
never on freshly decaj^ed roots. * * * The rind disease is com-
mon but as it is invariably found following the attacks of stalk-borers
and does not affect plants except those already spoiled by these insects,
it is hardly to be considered. For the pineapple disease which des-
troys the new planted seed cuttings, dipping of the seed cane in
Bordeaux mixture is practiced on some of the large plantations with
results reported as successful. ' '

A bulletin (63) of the Mayagiiez Station published in 1910 devotes
a page to a general discussion of diseases of the sugar cane, stating
that the root and pineapple diseases occur in Porto Rico, and referring
the former to Marasmius pUcatus, an error.

During the same year ]\Ir. John R. Bovell, Superintendent of the
Local Department of Agriculture of Barbados visited Porto Rico at
the invitation of Guanica Centrale, confining his studies to the fields
of that company. In liis report (9) he lists the following diseases
found attacking the cane:

Root disease Marasmius sacchari Wakker.

Stem (red-rot) disease Colletotrichum falcatum Weut.

IMneapple disease Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Seyues) v. Holn.

Rind disease Afehmconinm socchari Mass.

Ring spot Leptosphaeiia sacchari v. B. de H.

A general discussion follows of the value of producing new seed-
ling varieties, of the necessity of cleaning badly diseased fields of
all infected material (the burning of trash is recommended), of the
proper methods of cultivating, and of treating seed. The use of
legumes, in particular of cowpeas, is recommended as well as tlie
making of silage of cane tops. The report concludes with notes on
the prevalence and symptoms of each of the diseases listed.

Work on the diseases of sugar cane was taken up at the Experi-
ment Station of the Sugar Producers' Association of Porto Rico in
November, 1910, as already noted, and the first report (45) of i)ro-
gress was published in the following year. This included a general

181

discussion of the subject of cane diseases and their treatment, fol-
lowed by specific accounts of the more important diseases encountered,
their symptoms, causes, and methods of control. Eleven diseases
are so treated, root disease, rind disease, red rot, red spot of the leaf-
sheath, red rot of the leaf-sheath, dry rot of the stalk, leaf spot, top
rot, and chlorosis.

Tn the report of the next year (46) progress is reported in the
field and laboratory studies of various fungi, and the results of pre-
liminary experiments for the control of the various diseases are given.

The senior author presented before the December, 1912, meeting
of the American Phytopathological Society a paper entitled ''Notes-
on the Fungus Diseases of Cane in Porto Rico," an abstract of which
appeared in "Phytopathology" (47). This paper listed some twenty-
three species of cane fungi, not all of them completely determined^
and gave some notes concerning their economic importance.

The third report (50) of the pathologist contained a list of projects
then under way, including studies of root diseases, red-stripe disease,
and field experiments for control of some of the other cane maladies.
Two further publications (48, 51) issued at about this time deal
in general with cane diseases and their control.

In the third report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture,
issued at the time when the Sugar Experiment Station had been but
lately turned over to their direction as the Insular Exi)erimt'ut Station,
occurs a statement of projects, some of which concern sugar-cane-
fungi and diseases. Additional notes on the subject have been in-
cluded in the fourth and fifth reports (74, 75) of the Board issued
since that date, further mention of which will be made in the specific
account.s to follow.

DISEASES KOX OCCURRING IN PORTO KICO.

AYhile Porto Rico has its full measure of cane diseases, it is, how-
ever, fortunate, to the extent that quite a number of diseases serious
in other parts of the world do not occur here. Foremost among
these may be mentioned Sereh, the mysterious malady of Java and
the East Indies. In some respects the mottling disease, or whatever
term mtiy be given the present epidemic, resembles Sereh without
the distinguishing symptoms of the latter being present. It has in
its progress to date, however, resulted quite as seriously as any Sereh
attack could.

The gumming disease due to the action of a bacterium (Bacterium
vascularum Er. Sm.) and present in New South Wales, Hawaii, and
other parts of the world, is a serious cane disease not encountered

182

here. The iliau {Gnomonia iliau Lyon) of Hawaii and Louisiana
is still another disease that has not reached the Island. Among nunor
maladies are the rust {Uromijcoi Knhnii [Kriiger] Wak. & Went),
the smut ( Vstilacjo sacchari Rabenhorst) , an internal rot due to Ceph-
alosporium sacchari Butl., black rot {Sphaeronema adiposum Butl.),
and a number of leaf spots. No phanerogamic parasites have been
collected.

A plant (juarantiny service was established in 1910 and cane
cuttings brought to the Island since that time have been carefully-
inspected and treated. Many importations have l)een destroyed or
planted in (piarantine for observation. Through the continuance of
this service it is hoped that Porto Rico will be spared the necessity
of combating any new additions to tlie already long list of sugar-cane
maladies.

DISEASES ATTACKING THE ROOTS AND BASE OF THE STALK.

THE ROOT FUNGUS (Marasmixs saccJiari).

Marasmius saccJiari has been collected from practically all parts
of Porto Rico, some of the determinations being based only ui)on the
vegetative condition, but for the most part upon the fruiting bodies
so that the determinations are to be relied upon. The sporophores
are found commonly only in the rainy season when the ground and
surface layer of vegetable matter are completely soaked. They occur
both upon cane trash and upon the lower leaf sheaths of the standing
cane.

This fungus occurs commonly only on fairly heavy or heavy soils,
seldom on sandy soils. It is most abundant in low lands that are too
heavy to plow with any convenience, or in land that has not been
well plowed through neglect or other reason. It is found most abun-
dantly in fields of ratoon cane, and the poorer the soil and the culti-
vation given, the greater is the damage from this fungus. Fields
affected with chlorosis were examined to see if such a condition
favored the development of the root fungus. In no case did there
seem to be any correlation between chlorosis and Marasmius sacchari.

Examination has also been made many times of cane stools whose
roots were injured by the white grub or the root weevil. Affected
roots of this sort also usually show the root fungus. Supposedly
the injury would give a free entrance to the fungus, but on the con-
trary, it is also true that the root fungus is coimnon on roots not
apparently injured by insects.

In connection with studies of tlie mottling disease, while con-

183

siderable root disease has been found, the lack of evidence of the
presence of Marasmins sacchari in any amount, transfers the discus-
sion to the account of the mottling disease itself.

Injury. — The injury caused is primarily upon the roots. The
mycelium enters the roots, distintegrates the tissues and prevents a
proper absorption of water and nutriment from the soil. As a result
of this injury to the roots there is the secondary effect upon the
development of the plant. According as the attack is sever or mild,
the host shows a varying amount of leaf curling, a dwarfing of the
stool, and often an early succumbing to less vigorous parasites such
as Melanconium.

Injury to the roots can be ascertained by direct examination, a
slow tedious process, or to a certain extent can be diagnosed by
symptoms above ground. The fungus itself eventually appears on
the cane above ground, growing within and upon the lower leaf-
sheaths, some times one-half or two-thirds the height of the stalk.
The external appearance is a white mycelial growth, which is con-
spicuous by its rather smooth membranous appearance in contrast
to a distinctly filamentous growth. Tearing away the affecteci leaf-
sheaths reveals the fact that they are decayed, and are glued together
as it were by the membranous growth, to the underlying sheaths and
the stalk. The decay of the lower leaf -sheaths may not in itself be
of great importance, but the binding of the leaf-sheath to the stem
is very undesirable from the point of view of the mill worker who
prefers clean cane.

This fungus, like some others, appears to make great headway
when once it has attained a strong foothold on the host. Thus the
fungus may develop well on plant cane without doing appreciable
injury, but may so increase its foothold on the ratoons as to do double
the injury. As a result of this action it is a common sequence that
plant crops are fair in certain localities, the first ratoon is consider-
ably poorer, and the second ratoon often dies out completely. The
damage may be restricted to one or a few stalks in a stool, or more
commonly it may affect an entire stool as well as one or more adjacent
stools to form the eharacteristic disease spots, or more rarely large
portions of fields are entirely affected.

The injury to the plant may he considered threefold : the growth
of the plant is checked often to tlic point wlun-e no merchantable
cane is produced, the matter of clean cane is rendered difficult, and
file cane becomes more susceptible to other diseases.

Loss. — To estimate the loss caused by a disease of this nature is
alw.-iys a complicated innftcr niid foi- tli;i1 fejison nsiially highly nnsat-

184

isfaetory. Cane diseased with Marasjmus sacchori may also be
affected by poor soil, poor cultivation, drought, insect injury, and
other fungi, and therefore to distinguish the injury done directly
by the root fungus is almost impossible.

In general terms, some idea of the tremendous loss that may
safely be attributed to this fungus can be given. In certain areas
on the north coast in the district from Canovanas to and beyond
Eio Grande, it is in some yeai's impossible to obtain more than one
ratoon crop, and in one large area the plant crop was a failure, largely
owing to a decay of the roots due to this fungus. In a certain area
of a few acres, in the Fajardo district in 1913, the plant crop refused
to develop normally, at nine months of age appearing no larger than
the normal cane at three months should. In adjacent areas in liill
land third ratoons were a failure over several hundred acres.

On the south coast not far from Ponce in 1911, a large area of
Otaheite cane failed to give a plant crop. Fields to a total extent
of several hundreds of acres have been investigated (Report 1914—15)
during the past two seasons in the Juncos, Fajardo, Toa, and Anaseo
districts where the cane had been practically destroyed by root disease,
aided by unfavorable weather.

Host Plants. — In order to thoroughly work out control methods,
it is essential to know on what plants other than sugar cane the fungus
occurs, if any. Marasmius saccliari has been definitely collected on
wild pineapple, (Bromelia pinguin), on the common malojilla or Para
grass {Panic mn harhinode), on Andropogon hicornis, and on rotting
coconut husks. The sporophores were found abundantly on wild pine-
apple leaves that were still upright l)ut badly diseased from some cause.
The plants were heavily covered with vines creating a very damp
situation. The material on the nudojiUa occurred in a similar situa-
tion. It is not, however, considered that the fungus was tlu' cause
of any disease on these plants, but rather that it was present as a
mere saprophyte in which condition it is very common on cane tiasli.

Occurrence in other countries. — Lewton-Brain (55) gave the first
description of the fungus in the AA^est Indies, together with an illus-
tration. Since then there have been many references to the occur-
rence of this fungus in various parts of the Pritisii Islands, and tlicy
may be found in the publications of the Imperial Department of
Agriculture and of the various local departments. They include
reports from Barbados, Trinidad, St. A^incent, St. Lucia, Dominica,
Antigua, St. Kitts, Nevis, A^irgin Islands, Grenada, and Alonserrat.
In British Guiana the disease was first definitely studied by Bancroft
(7) although first reported by Stockdale. Bancroft's account deals

185

with the history, symptoms, and prevention of the disease wliieli
had in some districts proven serious.

The occurrence of the fungus in St. Croix, American Virgin
Islands, is noted hy Dr. Longfield Smith (68. 69) in his annual reports.
It has been collected by the senior author in Santo Domingo.

Home (39) reported in 1909 Marasmius sacchari as occurring in
Cuba. He states that, "Vigorous first-year canes may have the lower
leaf-sheaths matted together with fungus and show no sign of injury,
while plants attacked at the root may not have the sheaths matted."
Symptoms of the disease are rather fully described and recommenda-
tions are given for its eradication.

Root disease was first reported from Hawaii by Lewton-Brain in
1905 but was not definitely determined as due to Marasmius sacchari.
Cobb (14, 15) reported a variety of Marasmius sacchari which he
named var. Hawaiiensis. His description, however, agrees so well
in detail with that of the West Indian material seen by the authors
that it is believed to be identical with it, and typical of M. sacchari
rather than a true variety. The damage done by the fungus is given
as considerable.

This fungus has been described in several publications (90, 91)
from the Javan Stations, and also in Kruger's "Das Zuckerrohr und
Seine Kultur," and Wakker and Went's "De Ziekten van bet Sui-
kerriet op Java." Injury caused by this fungus was said to be
serious in the seed beds and in the growing cane. The description
of the Java fungus differs from that of the West Indian in a few
details but it is generally understood at present that they represent
the same species. Marasmius is given as the cause of one of the
more important cane diseases of Mauritius by Stockdale (78).

Description. — As ordinarily seen in the field Marasmius sacchari
is represented only by the white mycelium at the base of the stalks.
During periods of rainy M'eather, however, the distinctive fruiting
bodies also appear. These are small, more or less umbrella-shaped
mushrooms, grayish-white in color, and growing near the base of
the stalks on the outside of the leaf-slieaths. The top of the fungus
varies from about one half inch to one and one-half inches in diameter.

The following is the technical description :

Marasmius sacchari Wakker.

Gregarious or fasciculate at the base, persistent, fleshy-membra-
nous; pileus white, widely campanulate, then dingy white, plane or
cup-shaped ; 15 mm. diam. ; lamellae white, simple or bifurcate ; stipe
central, white, 15 mm. long, tubiform at apex, villous at the base.

186

Hyphae white, sporidia hyaline, continuous, irregularly oblong, every-
where attenuate, rotundate, 16-20x4r-5 mu.

Porto Rico. — On eane. Ponce, June 8, 3911, 4062,^ 4063; Fortuna,
June 10, 1911, 4064; Rio Piedras, Aug. 19, 1912, 4530, Sept. 19, 1912,
4597, Sept. 25, 1912, 4615 ; Canovauas, Oct. 10, 1912, 4627 ; Mameyes,
Dec. 3, 1912. 4691; Rio Piedras, 1915, 3051, 3168. On Panicum bar-
hinode, Cambalache, I\Iay 19, 1911, 4060; Patillas, Jan. 30, 1913, D. L.
Van Dine. On Bromelia pinguin, Rio Piedras, Nov. 12, 1912, 4730.
On Andropogon hicornis, Rio Piedras, May 30, 1914. On coconut husk,
Santurce. Mrs. E. G. Britton, Feb. 12, 1914, 1471. Also collected a
number of other times at Santa Isabel, Loiza, Carolina, Fajardo, Jun-
tos, Camuy, Quebradillas, Toa Baja and Rio Piedras. Of common
occurrence in all parts of the Island. (PL XX. fig. 1 ; pi. XXVI,
figs. 8, 9, 10.)

THE STELLATE-CRYSTAL FUNGUS {Himaiitia stelUfera) .

There is probably no form more common on cane in Porto Rico
than the so-called stellate-crystal fungus which is commonly found
at the base of the stalks, cementing together the leaf-sheaths, as do
other species growing in this situation, and penetrating the roots as
well. Although of such constant occurrence the ciuestion of its para-
sitism is as yet doubtful and Avill remain so until studies under con-
trolled conditions of this form in comparison with other root fungi
can be carried out.

Field observations have demonstrated its presence on a consider-
able range of plants other than cane, particularly those grasses which
have a similar habit of growth. It has been found externally at
the base of the following plants:

Andropogon hicornis Paspalum pUcatulum

Cymbopogon citratus Paspalum schreberianvm

Cy penis sphacelatus Paspahim underwoodii

Bichromena ciliata Paspahim virgatum

Heliotropium indicum Byncospora cyperoides

Panicum laxum Sporoholus jucquemontii

Panicum maximum Stenotaphrum secundatum

Paspalum panicidatum Syntherisma digitata

The first mention of this fungus outside of Porto Rico is by
Lewton-Brain (57) who described and figured it in connection with.

» In the citations in this paper all collections up to September, 1913 (accession numbers
4000—5000) are by the senior author, those from that date until July, 1914 (accession num-
bers 1000—2100), are joint collections and all since that time, (accession numbers 2100—6500.

omitting the 4000 series) by the junior author, unless other^v^se stated. Specimens of all
collection_s, except ofsome of the earlier numbers, are deposited in the herbarium of the

Porto

r Yorl

187

Insular Experiment Station, Rio Piedras, Porto Rico, and in so far as duplicate material
was available in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden.

his studies on root disease in Hawaii. It was again mentioned by
Cobb (15) in a succeeding Hawaiian bulletin. In neither instance-
Avas it named, although a possible connection wdth Marasmius sacchari
was suggested. Bancroft (7) in British Guiana in reporting on a
root disease which he attributed to ^larasmius, mentions stellate
crystals as one of the characteristics of the mj'celium. What is
apparently the same fungus was reported from Porto Ricn l)y Faw-
cett (26), from St. Croix by Longfield Smith (69, 70) and from
Jamaica by Ash by (3).

The presence of this fungus on other plants than cane suggests
an error in the current method of combating root disease, the turn-
ing of the land to pasture. It will be much more effective to plant
a legume (eowpeas or velvet beans), and so starve out the fungus.

Himantia stellifera Johnston sp. nov.

Mycelium cob-webby, or somewhat dentritic, white, ascending the
lower leaf-sheaths and penetrating the roots. Hyphae with clamp
conections, and bearing on short side l)ranches stellate crystals of
calcium oxalate. No fruiting bodies known.

Differs from Himantia sacchari Speg. and Himantia guttulifera
Speg. in the presence of the stellate crystals as well as in other essen-
tial points.

Porto Rico. — On cane, Rio Picdras, Jan. 12, 1914, 1183, (type) ;
Juncos, Aug. 23; 1915, 3050; Cambalache, March, 1914, 5136. On
Cymbopogon cih-atus, Rio Piedras, Oct. 26, 1914, 2282, Oct. 1915,
3212. Collected or observed on cane and many other hosts commonly
in all parts of Porto Rico. (PI. XIX, fig. 2; p1. XXXI, figs. 1-4.)

XHE GRANULAR LEAF-SHEATII MJNGUS {Odonim sdrchaHcola) .

This is a very common fungus occurring at tlic base of cane stalks
l>inding, (as is usual with fungi of this nature) the lower leaf-sheaths
firmly together and to the stalk itself as well, so as to make their
removal difficult. Whether or not tlie fnii<ins ix-nctratcs hdow
ground to the extent of attacking the roots is a point which it has
not yet been possible to investigate. The only visible (himagc is the
rotting of the leaf-sheaths whieh are permeated by the wliitc mycelial
elements. Fruiting areas occur as uniform thin white patches with
a granular somewhat poAvdery surface encircling the stalk from the
ground level to a lieight of eight inches or a foot. (I'l. XTX, fig. 1.^

This fungus is very commonly found on all varieties of cane and
occurs apparently independent of whether the stool is liealthy or
otherwise. It is very commoii on canes attacked l)y the mottling

188

disease but no more so than the canes in the Experiment Station
fields. In all studies of root disease made heretofore, however, this
form has been beyond much doubt confused with other forms present,
and the presence of root disease has been assumed where it occurred.
This form may easily be confused with the much less common
species 0. sacchari, which is treated under minor fungi. To quote
Dr. Burt, "0. saccharicola is thinner and is composed of shorter-
celled hyphae which are not suberect, not nodose-septate and do not
bear spores in the interior of the fructification. The stellate crystals
are present abundantly in all specimens * * * and appear to
be of aid for recognition of this species."

Odonitia saccharicola Burt, Mo. Bot. Garden 4, No. 3, 1917.

Fructification resupinate, efl'used, adnate, very thin, pulverulent,
not cracked, whitish, drying cartridge-buff, the margin narrow and
thinning out, granules minute but distinct, about 6-9 to a mm., in
structure 30-50 mu. thick with the granules extending 45-60 mu.
more, composed of loosely and somewhat horizontally arranged
branched, short-celled hyphae, 2.5-3 mu. in diameter, not nodose-
septate, not inerusted but having in the spaces between hyphae nu-
merous stellate crystals 4.5-7.5 mu. in diameter from tip of ray to
tip of opposite ray, cystidia hair-like, flexuous, not inerusted, septate,
weak, often collapsed, tapering upward to a sharp point, 1.5-3 mu.
in diameter, protruding 8-18 mu., about 1-3 to a granule at the
apex; basidia simple, cylindric-clavate, with 4 sterigmata; basidio-
spores hyaline, even 5.5X5.5 mu.. flattened on one side. Dr. Burt's
description.

Porto Rico. — On cane, Vega Alta, July 5, 1912, 4525; Rio Pie-
dras, Jan. 9, 1914, 1172, Jan. 13, 1914, 1184, Jan. 1915, 2657. 2657-«,
Oct. 5, 1915, 3176, Dec. 1915, 3617, Feb. 9, 1917, 6193, July, 1917. 6589 ;
Canovanas, June, 1916, 5502. Also observed at Juncos, Toa Baja,
Camuy, Quebradillas, Arecibo, and Fajardo. Very common every-
where. Original determination by Dr. Burt, 1916. (PI. XIX, fig. 1.)

The exact status of root disease with respect to the pai-a'«;itism of
Marasmiiis, Himantia, Odontia, or possibly other forms is uncertain
and Avhile it is generally held that Marasmius at least is a true para-
site, really definite evidence is lacking. Studies under controlled
conditions must be carried out working with pure cultures of the
fungi, which has not 3^et been possible. As is the case with so iiuk-Ii
of the work in tropical pathology to date, root disease studies of a
necessity have consisted of field observations only, valuable \u as
far as they go, but hardly to l)e used as a basis for exact determina-
tions of matters of parasitism.

189

It has been suggested, and it is believed with good basis, that |
Odontia saccharicola is the perfect stage of Himantia stelUfera. This j
possibility affords a further point to be included in the above pro- j
posed investigations. The presence of stellate crystals in the fruit-
ing bodies as reported by Dr. Burt affords further evidence of such
a connection.

The need of a greenhouse (a lack which has now been remedied) j
from w^hich wind and insects can be excluded and where moisture
supply and other factors can be controlled to a large extent has lieen
one reason preventing careful studies of root disease up to this time.
Pot cultures in the open have proven very disappointing, and more ]
often than not complete failures. i

BOOT-KNOT {Heterodera radicicola [Greef] Miill.) *

While not due to the work of a fungus, some mention of root- 1

knot for the sake of completeness is desirable in a paper of this '
nature. Although a considerable number of economic plants suffer

from nematode attack in Porto Rico (75, 76) particularly some of !
the vegetables, cane in so far as observed suffers but little. In one

instance a considerable amount of infestation was found in 1915 in i

certain fields near Juncos which were suffering from unfavorable !

weather conditions, and a rotting of old stools (root disease). So ■
many conditions were involved that it was impossible to say as to

whether the nematodes were playing any large part in the destruc- !

tion of the cane. In experimental plantings artificially infestetl hy I

burying typical root -knot material from Colcvs, only slight infesta- i
tions resulted. Root-knot apparently does not tln^eaten any great

amount of harm to cane in Porto Rico. Other species of nematodes ;

have not been encountered. ]

Porto Rioo. — On cane, Juncos, July 29, 1915, 2934; Rio Pie- '
dras, 1917. Also collected on a wide range of other hosts, reported i
in other j^ublieations (75, 76). '

I
DISEASES OF THE STALK.

THE \w,D ROT {Colleiotrichiim falcatum). 1

The red rot or red siiuit as it is known in Java can liardly be con-
sidered as one of the serious cane diseases of Porto Rico, althougli
the fungus causing it is one of the most common forms encountered,
usually as a saprophyte. As a parasite it attacks the stalk and leaves
causing in the first instance an internal red rot, and in the second

190

a red stripe of the inid-rib. This latter phase is discussed in detail
under leaf diseases.

Occurrence in other countries. — Colletotrichum falcatum was first
reported and described from Java in 18f>8 by Went (93, 94), and
lias been treated in great detail by M^akker, Went, and other work-
ers (53, 97, 98), in that country, where it is considered one of the
most serious of cane diseases. Its parasitism was proven by inocu-
lations and life history studies were carried out.

The disease has been of equal, if not greater importance in British
India and in fact a perusal of the literature leads to tlie conclusion
that it is far and away the most serious cane disease of that part of
the world. Butler (10, 11) has carried out extensive and conclusive
studies with this disease, although the first report was by Barber (8),
who noted that the disease was apparently parasitic in one district
and saprophytic in another. Butler 's investigations led him to believe
that the fungus was readily transmissil^le from cutting to shoot, and
that this was the chief method of infection of growing cane.

Lewton-Brain (59) gave a complete account of the disease report-
ing, however, that in Hawaii it was of little importance.

In. the southern United States. Edgerton (23, 24, 25) has inves-
tigated red rot in Louisiana and reports finding a loss in stand due
to the killing of young plants and decrease in per cent of sucrose
through inversion by the action of the fungus. Fawcett (27, 28)
reported the fungus from Florida and the senior author has observed
it in Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.

Considerable work has been carried out with this fungus in the
West Indies. Howard (43, 44) in particular conducted studies with
it, maintaining that it and not Melanconium was the cause of rind
disease. He describes the disease as follows : ' ' The disease appears
about four or five months before the canes are cut, generally at the
beginning of the ripening period. * * * The first outward sym-
tom of the malady is the drying up of the leaves which commences
at the margins of the older ones, and gradually spreads to the center
of the tuft in from four to six weeks. When this drying of the leaves
is well marked, the stem of the cane shows a brown discoloration in
one or more places, after which the rind shrivels up, and the discolor-
ation rapidly extends in all directions. On splitting such canes, the
tissues are seen to be of a reddish color, in which darker red areas
can be seen. Very frecpiently these darker regions contain deHnite
white centers, elliptical in vertical section."

South and Dunlop (72) present a review of the literature and the
results of inoculation experiments carried out by them in Barbados

191

and St. Kitts. They concluded that the fungus is merely a facul-
tative wound parasite, gaining entrance largely through borer holes,
and that the disease was not communicated by infected cuttings.

In addition to the above there are reports of occurrence by South
(70, 71), Ballon (4), No well (64, 65), and Dash (18), in Barbados,
Antigua, St. Kitts, and St. Lucia. The senior author reported (49)
it from Santo Domingo. It is mentioned by Averna Sacca (100)
as one of the cane diseases of Brazil.

Tryon (87) mentions red rot as one of the cane diseases of Queens-
land and Stockdale (78) in reports of the agricultural department
of Mauritius gives an account of its occurrence on that Island.

Bed Rot in Porto Rico. — The losses due to this fungus in Porto
Eieo in no way compared with those reported from other countries.
It is of interest to note that this fungus, which occurs in most cane
countries, varies greatly in its virulence as indicated in the discus-
sion above, Porto Rico being one of the regions in which it is for
the most part a wound parasite only. In a very few instances it
has, in connection with a lack of water, destroyed cane over small
areas, one field of less than one hundred acres being the only serious
case observed. There are indirect losses through a decrease in effec-
tive leaf surface, and through its growth in connection with borer
injury, or Melanconium and other fungi, l)ut these are of sucli a
nature that it is impossible to give any estimates.

The fungus very commonlj^ occurs in stalks injured by the moth
stalk-borer {Diatraea saccharalis) or other causes, producing a red
discoloration internally, but no external sjrtntoms, at least as long
as the cane remains green. Development of the fungus may be fast
or slow according to the variety and the vigor of the cane. The
damage caused is, however, more than is apparent since the fungus
very quickly inverts the sucrose to a considerable extent, raising
the glucose ratio. The relation of Colletotrichum to the inversion
of sucrose has l)een considered by all of the various workers who
have investigated the matter to any extent, and all have agreed tliat
this represents the serious phase of the disease.

To a more limited extent, the fungus occurs independent of borer
holes but it is generally possible in such instances to find some other
weakening influence, drought, root disease, or other fungi. It fre-
quently happens that young shoots are crowded out hy more vigorous
ones in a stool and wither away, and in such cases this fungus may
commonly be found, although, even then, the moth-borer, or otlier
insect or root disease may be the initial cause. Where large areas
of cane are attacked it has generally been found that there have

192

been pre-disposing causes, particularly drought. Colletotrickum is
often found following after the rind disease, that is in so far as
external appearances show. As to which is primary internally
appears to be immaterial, sometimes one appearing first and some-
times the other. Both are considered wound parasites or as capable
of attacking weakened canes only. A further note on the occurrence
of this fungus mil be given under ''Diseases of Cuttings."

There are other forms which are morphologically similar to Col-
letotrickum falcatum. For this reason the finding of what is sup-
posed to be C. falcatum on other plants should be demonstrated by
cross-inoculations. It has not as yet been proven that this fungus
does occur on other plants. Edgerton (25) has attempted by cross-
inoculations to ascertain whether C. lineola on Jolmson grass (Holcus
liahpense) may not be the same as C. falcatum on cane, as it appears
to be morphologically, but as yet he has been unsuccessful in this.

Although not definitely proven to beC. falcatum a form identical
with it in appearance has been found on dead leaf-stalks of the com-
mon papaya (Carica papaya). As a matter of fact more than one
form has been found on cane, as is noted on another page, and until
more is known about the relationships of these various forms the
question of the occurrence of C. falcatum on other plants can not
be satisfactorily determined.

Description of Colletotrichnm falcatum. — The fungus produces an
internal red rot of attacked canes, often limited in otlierwise healthy
stalks to the injured internodes only, but in more severe cases pro-
gressing up and down the stalk, more rapidly along the vascular
bundles than in the surrounding tissues. After the rot has progressed
some time characteristic whitened spots appear in the center of the
red areas. Beyond a withering of the leaves no other symptoms
are present. The fungus does not fruit until the stalk has become
dead and thoroughly rotted, when it produces black velvety patches
on the surface more generally near the nodes. It is very common
to find tlie fungus fruiting on dead leaves, or on the margins and
tips of leaves which are dying.

COLLETOTRICnUM FALCATUM Went.

With setae sometimes seriate, sometime congregate in a pscudo-
concentacle. 100-200X4 mu.. sooty, pale above; conidia falcate
25X4 mu., at the base of the setae supported by basidia. ovoid,
20 X 8 microns, hyaline or dark.

Porto Ktco. — On cane Rio Piedras, April 10, 1911, 4050. April
21. 1911. 4055. June 5. 1911. 4068, April 20, 1912, 4336, May, 1912.

193

4334, 4342, May, 1912, 4351, Feb. 3, 1914, 1342, Nov. 28, 191G, 5816,
Feb., 1917, 6313, 6403 ; Ponce, Jan. 11, 1912, 4150, 4155, 4160 ; For-
tuna, April 27, 1912, 4356 ; Fa jardo, March 25, 1912, 4292 ; Yauco,
March, 1912, 4299, 4300 ; Canovanas, May 29, 1912, 4343 ; Carolina,
Jan. 9, 1915, 2521. On Carica papaya, Rio Piedras, Oct. 24, 1912,
4645, Dec. 1912, 4731. Common in all parts of the Island on dead
and dying cane stalks and leaves. (PI. XX, fig. 4; pi. XXVIII, fig.
9, 13, 14, 16, 17.)

RIND DISEASE {Melancomum sacchari).

The rind disease of cane has been the subject of a paper recently
published in this Journal (52) and was there treated in .such detail
as to make it unnecessary to give more than a summary for the sake
of completeness in the present account.

Rind disease has been reported and studied under a variety of
names and with much confusion with other fungi,, (in particular with
Thielaviopsis) , in practically all of the cane growing countries of
the world, including Louisiana, Georgia, Texas, Florida, Cuba, Ja-
maica, British Guiana, Barbados, Trinidad, St. Vincent, Antigua,
Grenada, St. Lucia, Nevis, Argentina, Brazil, ^Mauritius, Java, Indo-
China, Queensland, New South Wales, and Hawaii. In some instances
it has been considered as a serious parasite, and in particular has
been held to be the cause of a serious epidemic of disease wliieli nearly
destroyed the cane industry of Barbados in 1895-99. i\Iost workers
are now agreed, however, that as a general rule Melanconimn is but
a wound parasite or an enemj- of weakened or over-mature canes.
This view is held for Porto Ricrai conditions where it is one of the
commonest, if not the commonest fungus present in the cane fields.

Circumstances under Avhich the rind fungus have been noted in
Porto Rico are extremely variable. It has never been observed in
fields of young green cane excepting in shoots injured or killed by
some other fungus such as Marasmius sacchari or by such insects as
the changa, white grub, or the moth stalk-borer. In such cases it
is certainly only a saprophyte.

In cane of six or eight months, it can commonly be found on the
leaf-sheaths of many stalks and especially on certain varieties. The
fungus occurs not only at the base on the outside of the leaf-sheath
but occasionally near the union of the leaf-sheath Avith the leaf-blade.
On the leaf-sheaths it may hasten the dying of the leaf but does not
necessarily pass from the sheath into the stalk. Numerous canes have
been watched 1o maturity, which remained perfectly healthy as far

194

as the stalks were coiieerned, but which had luid the fuugus on tlic
leaf-sheaths for some months.

In contrast to these conditions, damage which can be attributed
to Melanconiiun has been observed, where weak varieties or over-
mature cane was involved. A variety known as D-625 has been
particularly noted suffering with typical rind disease, moth-borer or
other fungi not being present in sufficient amount to account for the
loss. It has also been a common experience to have fields, which
had been left over from one crop season to the next, either because it
was hoped the yield would be increased, or because it was impossible
to cut them before the grinding season closed, destroyed or rendered
worthless as far as the yield of sugar was concerned. Rayada, white
(Otaheite) and D-625 have been noted suffering in this manner.

In addition to attacking over-mature cane, it is not uncommon
to be preceded by a weakening of the vitality of the cane through
the presence of the root disease, or some untoward soil condition.
This is especially true in old ratoons that are "running out," and
instances have been seen where such a state of affairs resulted in
total loss.

In all cases in Porto Rico an infection with the rind fungus seems
to be preceded by a wealcening of the vitality of the cane through
some other unfavorable condition. Unfortunately these conditions
can not always be foreseen, and therefore rind disease must be con-
sidered as something of an obstacle to continuous good yields in spite
of its lack of a truly parasitic nature. In general, however, the
use of hardy varieties, not allowed to become over-mature and prop-
erly cultivated, will avoid any serious loss from this malady.

The fungus will be further considered as a disease of cuttings
under that heading.

Description. — The fungus produces a souring of tlie juice ;tnd
a soft wliite rot of the tissues, affected i,talks withering and drying
up. Fruiting pustules form in great numbers on thoroughly rotted
stiilks or on the base of leaf-sheaths, appearing first as small l)lack
slightly raised areas, several times longer than broad. The epiderm
covering these is soon ruptured permitting the black spore mass to
exude which, depending upon the moisture present, varies in shape
from a flattened mass to long thread-like processes.

Melanconium sacchari Massee.

Conidia produced in pycnidia (acervuli) formed imder the epi-
dermis, unicelluh.r, pale brown, cylindrical, straight or curved. 14-
15 X 3.5-4 mu. : -^ onidia extruded in long black eirrhi.

195

Porto Rico.— On cane, Yabueoa, Mareh 27, 1911, 4040 ; Rio Pie-
dras, April, 1911, 4052, 4056, June 5, 1911, 4066, Feb. 10, 1912,
4211, March 25, 1911, 4295, April 14, 1912, 4340 ; Fortuna, April 27,
1912, 4356; Jan. 10, 1912, 4152; Aguadilla, April 7, 1916, 5135-
Camuy, Jan. 4, 1917, 6074. Very common in all parts of the Island.
Observed but not collected at Fajardo, Canovanas, Carolina, Juncos,
Arecibo, Barceloneta, Central Alianza, Quebradillas, Utuado, Isabela,
Anasco, Guanica, Vega Baja, Toa Baja, Bayamon. (PI. XX, fig. 3;
pi. XXXI, fig. 7.)

CYTOSPORA SACCHARI.

This is a comparatively new disease of cane for which no common
name has as yet been proposed. It was first found in February, 1912,
by the senior author on dead cuttings of various Barbados seedlings
at Rio Piedras. In succeeding months it was noted on dead stalks
of other varieties of the same origen, and in 1913 was discovered
at Fajardo, again on Barbados seedlings. In this instance, it was
causing some loss. Still later investigations were made in this
locality, the disease having spread to other varieties and occasioned
some alarm. The only other locality in which the fungus has been
seen to date is Carolina where in 1914 a small infected area in rayada
(striped) cane Avas observed. The varieties which have suffered
injury have been the softer white canes and for the most part intro-
duced varieties. It would appear that the disease had been brought
in on some one of these prior to the establishing of the plant quar-
antine.

The following varieties have been found infected to date, Rayada,
B-71G9, B-6385, B-1753, B-8660, B-7245. B-3696, B-3859, B-1355,
B-3922. D-109. D-117. G. C.-759. and G. C.-47. Of tliese B-3922
and R-3696 liave been most severely attacked.

Th(- first report of the occurrence of Cytospora is from British
India. Butler (10) who originally described the fungus stated that
"on one stool examined the stem, at one of the upper internodes was
affected and the fungus was present on the leaf-sheaths as \vell."
For tbe most part, however, it was merely a saprophyte. Averna-
Sacca (100) has recently given an account of a disease which he
ascril)es to this same fungus, occurring in the State of Sao Paulo,
Brazil. He claims to have found the perfect stage, but without hav-
ing made any pure culture studies. His results are considered very
doubtful.

The symptoms of the disease are very marked. Young shoots
are killed outright, others checked in their growth, and the lower

196

leaves prematurely killed. The leaf-sheaths are bound firmly together
by the mycelium, so that the shedding of the lower leaves one by
one as occurs normally with most varieties or at least their loose
adherence to the stalk only, does not take place. The leaf blades
bend over at the junction with the sheath and hang parallel to the
stalk giving diseased stools a most characteristic appearance. All
exposed portions of leaf-sheaths are a very dark dull red, darker
than the color produced by Cercospora vaginae, as well as more uni-
form as to area covered. The orange-red discoloration produced
by Sclerotium Bolfsii could hardly be confused with it, even if scle-
rotia were absent. The reddened area is profusely covered with the
fruiting bodies, the comparatively long pointed necks of which project
beyond the surface sufficiently to be readily seen, and to give a rough
sensation when the finger is rubbed over them. During wet weather
a minute yellowish globule of conidia can be seen with a hand lens,
exuding from the mouth of the beak of each pycnidium.

A more serious effect of the fungus is its attack on the stalks of
certain susceptible varieties. Young stalks are very quickly killed
and in fact those of some size are often overcome, in particular any
that have not formed any hardened internodes. The fungus produces
a dry rot which of course renders the cane worthless for sugar pro-
duction. On canes which are mature or nearly mature, very typical
cankers or lesions are produced. These may be one, or several on
eacli internode. and they are often confluent so as to completelv
encircle the stalk. Infection apparently occurs through the leaf traces
from infected leaves since the lesions in practically every case com-
mence at the nodes and spread downward along the internodes. One
or more infections may occur at each node, but never extend over
more than one internode except in advanced stages, where fusion of
the separate diseased areas occurs. An exception to the manner of
entrance of the fungus occurs along cracks, which are commonly
present in the soft white varieties. Nodal infections take on a very
characteristic shape, that of an inverted cone with a blunt point, the
broad base lying along the node, and the point extending down toward
the node below. The diseased areas have regular margins except
toward the apex and are a deep brown in color, lighter toward the
lower end. The most advanced portions present merely a water soaked
appearance of the tissues. The lesions are slightly sunken in the
older portions, or near the nodes, and along any cracks that in.iy
appear. The cracking in itself is not considered a symptom since
it is a phenemenon which occurs naturally in many varieties and also
accompanies a number of other diseases. The brown coloration ex-

197

tends into the tissues a short distance only, rarely more than an eighth
of an inch. Rind disease very often completes the destruction of
the attacked stalk.

Because of the fact that this fungus, a saprophyte only in other
parts of the world, was acting as a virulent parasite in l*orto Rico
towards several varieties, fears Avere entertained that it might become
epidemic. However, there has been in the past year no further spread
and it would appear that the disease had reached its limit. The sus-
ceptible varieties growing at Rio Piedras have been eliminated and
there are at present no signs of the fungus. A similar procedure
was recommended for the other localities know^l to be infected.

Cytospora sacchari Butler.

Stromata verruciform, arranged in rows, erumpent, pluiilocular^
black, ostiole elongate, single, rarely double ; sporules minute, cylin-
drical, slighty curved, obtuse at both ends, 3.5X1-1.5 mu. ; basidia
branching, septate, 12-18 mu. Description after Butt<r.

[^ORTO Rico.^On cane, Rio Piedras, Feb. 1912, 428(\ :\l;iy 24. 1912,
4352, Aug. 1912, 4335, July 10, 1912, 4656, Jan. 15. 1914, 1646. Oct.
1915, 3217: Carolina, Feb. 18. 1914, 1408; Fajardo. July 6. 1913,
4983. Aug. 4, 1913. 1012, Dec. 30, 1914, 2526. June 14, 1915, 2829,
Dee. 27, 1916, 5907. On leaf-sheaths, and stalks of living cane. PL
XXir, figs. 1. 2: pi. XXVTTT, figs. 1-4.)

TOP-ROT.

This is i\ t'Tiii that lias been employed to some extent in tiie litera-
ture and i.s used by a great many planters to indicate a diseased
condition oF tlie to]). Considerable attention has been given to this
disease in Porto Rico hut up to date it has not been possible to arrive
with any certainty as to the cause. When a stalk is badly injured
by the moth stalk-liorer. tlie top ultimately dies and in tlie rotten
mass at tlie center will be found small borers, fly larvae, etc. This
is the most common type of top-rot found in Porto Rico, and is ch^irly
due to the borer. It is, however, quite possible to find (le:i(i t<»ps or
''dead hearts" as they are called locally, which do not show any
signs of in.sect work. In fact a former entomologi.st of this Station
in the course of his studies of Diatraca reported that a considerable
proportion of ''dead hearts" examined by him were not due to the
borer. Cultures of such cases have yielded bacteria and several types
of fungi, none of which have produced any results upon inoculation.

The senior writer observed a plantation in Texas in whicii the

198

cane was growdng poorlj', and where the stalks with dead tops were
very numerous. The dead tops showed at the heart a soft Avhite
putrid mass indicating a bacterial rot. liorei's were present in the
stalks but not in the tops.

Top-rot has been reported in Java but no definite conclusions were
reached as to its cause, nor was it clearly diagnosed as a specifie
disease.

DISEASES OF THE LEAF.

THE RED SPOT OP THE LEAP-SHEATH {Cercospora Vaginae).

The red spot of the leaf-sheath is an extremely common disease
of many varieties of cane, so much so in fact that the reddening of
the lower leaf-sheaths becomes almost a distinguishing character of
some types. Infection occurs on the upper sheaths while they are
still green and closely appressed to the stalk. The areas are at
first quite regular in shape, bright red in color, and sharply set off
from the normal green tissues surrounding. They increase in size
rapidly, becoming irregular in shape, and finally cover the larger
portion of the sheath. The fungus not only spreads over a given
leaf-sheath but invades those beneath, the area attacked on each
successively becoming smaller and smaller as it passes toward the
center. However, several to many points of infection may be set
up on each sheath. This action is sufficient to insure the spread of
the disease to all the leaves of any one stalk. The leaf blades have
not been found subject to attack. Occasional lesions ascribed to
this fungus are found on the stalks. Fruiting areas occur as black
patches often several inches in diameter at the center of the infected
regions of the outer sheaths.

This disease has been reported from the West Indies by Banci*oft
(5, 6), from Java by Wakker (92), and by Kruger and Went (53).
and from Reunion by Colson in his work on the sugar industry of
that island.

As is the case with so many leaf diseases it is somewhat dititiciilt
to make any definite statements as to the amount of damage caused.
It ordinarily passes without notice, and is in fact considered a natural
phase of the growth of the cane by most planters, but it is certain
that it is responsible for some decrease in sugai' content because of
its action in l>ringing about a ])remature death of the leaves.

Such experiments as have been carried out during two seasons
Avere contradictory. In the experiment of 1911, cuttings of Oris
talina cari'j were used, all badly diseased. One hundred of these were

199

planted without the removal of the diseased sheaths aiid two hundred
were planted after stripping. The germination was as follows, count-
ing shoots per hundred seed, the planting being made March 27 :

April 17

April 24

May 1

■ May 13

May 24

Sheaths removed

Sheaths not removed

13
69

64
167

104
206

156
229

158
241

This apparently showed that better germination followed non-
removal and that red spot did no injury. In the mature cane of
this planting there was no difference in the respective amounts of
the disease present.

In the experiment of 1913, three hundred seed with the leaf-
sheaths on and three hundred with them removed Avere planted in
alternate rows of one hundred and lift}^ seed each. At the end of
the counts of the germination, the two rows planted with the sheath
on gave seven hundred and eight shoots, the other two rows one thou-
sand and three, a result exactly opposite to that obtained the first
year. In the latter experiment the leaf sheaths may have presented
a mechanical obstruction to germination. The use of a different
variety (Otaheite) may also explain the difference in part. Subse-
quent growth showed no observable difference in the amount of disease
present on the two lots.

There is a very marked varietal resistance to the fungus. Cris-
tallina and B-1753 are usually badly affected, Otaheite somewhat less
and yellow Caledonia, D-116, and the red or purple canes such as
cavengerie, etc., are seldom much infected. It can not be determined
that the amount of infection sho^^■s any definite relation to the so-called
hardiness of the variety. No environmental conditions have been
noted which appeared to have any connection with the amount of
disease present.

Cercospora vaginae Kriiger.

Hyphae dark, cobwebby, arising from the center of a red discolo-
ration on the leaf-sheath ; sporophores more or less erect, rigid or
flexuous at the tip; spores solitary usually at the tip, occasionally
borne on the side of the sporophore, one to several celled, 4^8
mu. X 15-40 mu.

Porto Rico. — On cane leaf -sheaths, Rio Piedras, March, 1912,
4293, 4296 ; Los Canos, Dec. 8, 1911, 4118 ; Fajardo, March 25, 1912,
4290; Arecibo, March, 1916, 5088. Observed in all parts of the
Island, on practically all varieties of cane. fPl. XXIX, fig. 19. 20;
pi. XXIV, fig. 1.)

200

RED ROT OF THE LEAP-SHEATH {ScleroHum Bolfsu).

This is again one of the diseases of cane which, though very com-
mon everywhere, has not been considered of economic importance.
In fact there have been no observed cases of serious loss in cane fields
attributable to this fungus in Porto Rico, although such instances
have been reported from St, Croix and Georgia.

The fungnis favors the more moist situations and apparently heavier
soils. In cane fields it does not appear to any extent until the cane
has closed in creating a moist situation. Upland fields show but little
of the fungus, except in wet weather. It is not uncommon to find
fields practically every stool of which shows an abundance of infection.
It has not been possible even in such cases to observe that any damage
was being done, the stand apparently being entirely normal. Young
shoots will be commonly found dead and covered with the sclerotia.
but the death of these young shoots occurs under all conditions and
is considered a natural phenomenon due to smothering or lack of light
or food. The lower leaf sheaths are undoubtedly prematurely killed,
but since the fungus rarely attains to any height on the stalk the
leaves so destroyed are those already shaded and hence rendered
more or less useless, so that the injury due to reduction of leaf surface
is considered negligible. Whether the fungus attacks the roots as
it does those of other hosts is not known. This is a point which must
be taken up along with a detailed study of the root disease fungi.

The fungus appears as a white, more or less feathery mycelium
growing up the lower leaf-sheaths binding them together and pro-
ducing a red rot of the infected tissues. The color of the rot is a
bright orange-red quite distinct from that of Cercospora vagitme or
of any other disease attacking at this point. The areas ni-e very
irregular, Avith indistinct margins, seldom extending over a foot oi-
a foot and a half above the ground level. The only fruiting stage
known consists of the sclerotia produced particularly along the edges
of the leaf-sheaths, in the folds, or between two diseased sheaths and
to a less extent on the reddened areas of the outer surface. They
are first noticed as white, very small, masses of hyphae forming on
the strands of mycelium. They finally become from one thirty-second
to a sixteenth of an inch in diameter, more or less spherical, flattened
at the poles. The color varies from white through yellow-brown to
a very deep red-brown or brown, when mature. The sclerotia when
mature are quite firm and but loosely attached to the substratum.

This fungus has been observed (76) as the cause of a serious wilt
disease of various vegetable crops, particularly the egg-plant, pepper.

201

and tomato. It lias been found causing a damping off of citrus seed-
lings and doubtless attacks a range of other hosts here, many otliers
being reported from the Southern United States.

As a disease of cane Sclerotium Rolfsii was first studied and de-
scribed from Java by Kriiger (53). Howard (4-1) has reported it in
Trinidad and Longfield Smith (70) in St. Croix. Mention of its
occurrence is also made by Home (39) in Oiba and Ashliy (3) in
Jamaica. The senior author has seen it in abundance in Florida,
Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.

Porto Rico. — On cane, Hormigueros, July 17, 1911, 4070; Rio
Piedras, September 18, 1915, 3078, June, 1917, 6560. Observed in
all sections of the Island. Also collected on Lycopi rsicum esculentum,
Capsicum annuum, Solanum melongetia, Citrus sp. (PI. XXV, fig. 3.)

THE EYE-SPOT OP THE LEAF {HelmintJiosporiuni sacchari).

The leaf blades of the sugar cane are subject to a number of
diseases, so commonly in fact, that a field of mature or nearly mature
cane that does not show a large per cent of infected leaves is a rarity.
Several fungi are concerned in producing the spotting, some more
common in one section, others in other parts of the Island. Certain
districts suffer much more than others, the Fajardo area for instance
being much more free of leaf disease than some others. It is difficult
if not impossible to make any statements as to the losses occasioned
by these diseases since their effect is indirect. There is undoubtedly
some loss due to the destruction of leaf surface, the amount varying
with the per cent of infection, and the age of the cane when attacked.
The exact relationships of the various fungi and resulting leaf spot^
have not been completely worked out, but such notes and observations
as their economic importance warranted have been made.

One of the common types of leaf -spot is that called by some workers
the ' ' eye-spot. ' ' Several varying forms have been encountered, doubt-
less due to the varietal differences of the host or environmental factors.
That most generally noted was one encountered very commonly in
studies of the mottling disease in the Arecibo-Aguadilla region. The
spots were a medium to dark brown in color, with definite margins,
much longer than broad, from one to five millimeters in breadth, from
one to five centimeters in length, very numerous, often coalescing,
and very often the apparent cause of death of the leaf. In other
instances the spots are elongate-oval not coalescing, or causing death
of the leaf, medium brown in color, 2-4 mm. by 8-15 mm. Still a
further type was encountered in which the spots were oval, about
one by two centimeters, distinctly zoned, with a rather indefinite

202

margin, and yellowish brown in color. It has been observed on T. 77,
Otaheite, Rayada, Sarangola, and in fact all varieties growing in
the western end of the Island.

Relminthosporium sacchari has been reported (generally as Cer-
cospora sacchari) from Hawaii (54), the Philippines by Barrett in
1911, Java (53, 93), Reunion, and British India (12). It was orig-
inally described by Van Breda de Haan and redrescribed by Butler
who placed it in its present genus. By none of these workers has
any serious damage been attributed to it.

Helmint^hosporium sacchari Butler.

Cercospora sacchari Van Breda de Haan.

Hyphae dark, cobwebby, arising from the center of an elongate
brown spot on the leaf-blade ; sporophores more or less erect with
single terminal spores; spores several septate with very thick walls,
rounded at both ends, 32-90 X 9-14 microns, on conidiophores 120-160
mu. long.

Porto Rico. — On cane leaves, Rio Piedras, January 22, 1914, 1642.
April, 1917, 6418, June, 1917, R. C. Eose, 6550 ; Camuy, Jan. 4, 1917,
6078 ; Quebradillas, December 1916, 5900. Original determination
by J. A. S. (PI. XXIX, fig. 4, 5.)

RING SPOT OF THE LEAF {Leptosphacria sacchari.)

This is one of the most common cane fungi of Porto Rico. It is
found in practically all cane fields, being usually most abundant on
the windward side. Practically every variety will show some infec-
tion, although there is great variation in susceptibility, yellow Cale-
donia and the white bamboo for instance being quite free as a rule.
The amount of disease present also varies in different sections of the
Island. Some loss is occasioned by destruction of leaf surface, and
in connection with poor growing conditions, or other weakening in-
fluences, there may be a heavy loss.

The spots produced by this fungus are usually very numerous,
oval in outline, 5-10 millimeters in breadth by 7-15 in length, dull
graj' at the center with a definite red or red-brown margin several
millimeters in width. There is often an indistinct yellow halo sur-
rounding each spot. The spots not only have a tendency to coalesce
but the tissue between turns yellow and the entire leaf as a result
withers. This action, however, takes plaee slowly. Conidia are pro-
duced on the lower surface of the spots, obtuse angled, black. 3-5
septate, the central or two central cells being larger than the apical

203

ones. The perithecia appear as minute black immersed bodies at the
center of old areas.

The disease was first described by Van Breda de Haan in West
Java and was later treated in some detail by Wakker and "Went (93).
Butler gives an account of the disease as it occurs in British India
(10) and Cobb (15) makes short mention of its presence in Hawaii.
It has been reported several times from Cuba (38, 39) and is known
to be present in the British West Indies (5). The senior author
collected it in Santo Domingo. Averna-Sacca (100) gives an account
of it as it occurs in Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Spegazzini (73) describes two species of Leptosphaeria on cane as
new, but neither fits the description of the present species although
one is called L. sacchari Speg. Neither produced definite .spots, nor
was more than a dweller on dead leaves or stalks.

A smaller leaf spot very closely resembling that just described
occurs to a limited extent but has not been found in fruiting condition.
It may in fact be only an abnormal type of the Leptosphaeria spot.
What is apparently the same thing has been mentioned in Cuban
publications (39). (PI. XXV, fig. 12.)

Leptosphaeria sacchari van Breda de Haan

Hyphae hyaline to dark, hypogenous, arising from oval gray spots,
unbranched ; conidia dark, 3-5 septate, obtusely angled, central cell
larger than apical cells, 20 X 9 mu. Perithecia minute, 120-150 mu.
diameter, black, formed beneath the stomata, paraphysate; spores
3-septate, center cells larger than apical cells, 20-24X5 mu., brown-
ish. Producing a leaf si)ot of cane. Description after Butler.

Porto Rico. — On living cane leaves, Juncos, July 27, 1915, 2924;
Eio Piedras, Nov. 1916, 5849, June, 1917, 6552 ; Cambalaehe, March
28, 1916, 5089; Quebradillas, Dec, 1916, 5849; Arecibo, Jan. 1917,
6210. Common everywhere. (PI. XXV, fig. 1; pi. XXXI, figs. 5, 6.)

BROwisr LEAF SPOT. {Cercospora longipes.)

This is one of the rarer leaf spots in Porto Rico and is of interest
chiefly because of the fact that, although of no importance here, it
is considered in British India as a very serious source of loss. It
again serves to illustrate how the various fungi vary in their severity
in the different cane regions.

The spots produced by this fungus are quite typical although they
may be at times confused with those due to nelminthosporium. They
are elongate oval in shape, w ith a definite margin, a deep brown in
color, appearing the same on both sides of the leaf, averaging one

204

centimeter long by four to six millimeters wide. Spots due to Hel-
minthosporium are generally larger, more irregular, and more numer-
ous. The spots rarely coalesce as mentioned by Butler, nor does the
leaf appear to die prematurely. Spores are produced on the under
surface, and are typical. A second conidial (pyenidia) stage de-
scribed by Butler has not been found in Porto Rico. It has been
collected on two varieties only, Otaheite and P. R. 217. Other than
from Porto Rico this disease has been reported only from British
India by Butler (10).

Cercospora longipes Butler.

Elongate spots on both sides of the leaf, often confluent, at first
red, drying to a straw color with a brown ring; liyphae collected in
gregarious heads, and generally on the under surface of the leaf,
flexnons. brown, above geniculate or denticulate, 100-20 X 4 mu., coni-
dia obclavate, tapering upward, straight or curved, 4-6 septate,
40-80 X 5 mu. Description after Butler.

Porto Rico. — On living cane leaves, Rio Piedras, Feb. 10, 1914,
1641, March, 1917, 6315. Not common. (PI. XXXI, fig. 11, 12.)
Original determination by J. A. S.

RED STRIPE of THE LEAF.

This disease is characterized by a reddening of the midrib, which
may vary in length from a mere spot to almost the entire length of
the blade. The stripes may be continuous or as is a very marked
characteristic at times may occur in sections of varying length with
apparentl}^ normal areas between. In advanced stages the center
of the stripes on the upper surface becomes a dull brown and fruiting
pustules will be found. (PI. XXV, fig. 6.)

The injury due to this disease is neglible under Porto Ricau con-
ditions, but Edgerton (2'5) has demonstrated that in Louisiana the
red stripe characteristically gives Colletotnchum falcatum when cul-
tured, and may be taken as an early symptom of infection of tlie
plant by this fungus. Stevens of Florida corroborated Edgerton 's
findings. For this reason some studies have been conducted to ascer-
tain the significance of red stripe in Porto Rico.

These liave been carried out by isolations from red stripe specimens,
by inoculations, and re-isolations. A number of different fungi have
been encountered in the course of this work, mostly forms of Cnllcio-
irichum.

In a series of isolations commenced October 1, 1912, four of nine
tubes yielded a form called Collet otrichum C and one tube Collcio-
trichum. A. Those remaining were discarded because of contamina-

205

tions. The two fimgi obtained remained true to type in cultures.
October 22 a second series was commenced from which Colletotrichum
C was obtained from ten tubes, Colletotrichum B from two, and Melan-
Gonium saccharinum from one. Further cultures were made in De-
cember, from which form C only was obtained. No inoculation tests
were made at this time.

In 1916-17 further tests were made of the red-stripe disease.
In the first series of inoculations ^ using a culture of Colletotrichum
falcatum isolated from a diseased stalk, typical striping resulted in
all cases (ten) and but one of ten checks showed any signs of infec-
tion. A second series of twenty-nine inoculations gave the same
result, two out of nine checks also showing striping. All inoculations
were made with a hypodermic needle. The cane showed some red
striping other than the inoculations, explaining the two checks
diseased.

A third series of puncture inoculations of the midrib was made
using pure cultures of Melanconium sacchari, Thielaviopsis paradoxa,
Cytospora sacchari, Sclerotium Bolfsii, and Trichoderma lignorum.
With the exception of the latter all produced red striping, varying
somewhat in tlie shade of red, but otherwise characteristic of the
disease. Sclerorotiuni stripes were of a decided orange-red color.

A similar series, using Melanconium, Colletotrichum C, Colletotri-
chimi falcatum, Cercospora vaginae, Cytospora, Thielaviopsis, and
Sclerotium, gave .similar results. There was considerable variation
in color, the two Colletotrichum s giving the typical color. Melan-
conium, [indThielaviopsis gave doubtful results. It was possible to
reisolate a majority of the fungi used.

A further series of laboratory dam])-cliamber tests, short externally
sterilized sections of reddened mid-ribs being used, gave C. falcatum
four times, Colletotrichum C. once, and an ascomycete (undet.) once.

It is apparent from these studies that more than one form is con-
cerned in the red stripe disease, although Colletotrichum falcatum
and related forms are most abundant. A wide range of fungi when
introduced into a wound are capable of producing red stripes. Red
striping is common where a leaf has been injured, but is also equally
common where there are no signs of injury. Certain forms commonly
found in this connection are here tentatively described.

CoLLETOTRICHUiM .\.

Typically small hyaline, slightly falcate spores, forming a cottony
white growth on potato cylinders, which become somewhat bluish in

1 Inoculations made by K. C. Rose, assistant pathologist.

206

the lower part ; spore masses inconspicuous, pink ; no setae known ;
spores varying" in shape from cylindrical to falcate; in size from
3.4-10.2 mu. or to 25.5 mu. in length, or 5.2 to 22.1 ; from 1-eelIed
to 3-eelled. (Plate XXVIII, fig. 15.)

This variation in septation ni^turally throws this fungus out of
the genus CoUetofrichum but as its manner of growth and spore forma-
tion is typical of ColletotricJium it is here considered in this group.

COLLETOTRICHUM B.

]\Iycelial growth in cultures scanty, white, cottony, spore masses
conspicous, pink ; spores cylindrical, rounded at both ends, 3.4—5.1 X
13.6-14.4 mu., spore formation typical of the genus, setae not seen.
(PI. XXVIII. fig. 18-20.

COLLETOTRICHUM C.

Found on the cane in the field as well as on cane in damp cham-
bers ; profuse cottony white growth in cultures ; minute slightly
pinkish spore masses arising from tiny black spots on midrib or blade
of leaf; setae absent or commonly present, straight or flexuose, aver-
aging 80 mu. long ; spores thick, falcate, averaging 6.8 X 17 mu.
(PI. XXVIII, fig. 10-12.)

The above data combined with the fact that red rot has never
been found in connection with red striping at any stnge of growth
renders the latter worthiness as a means of diagnosis of the former
disease in Porto Eico.

WITriERTI]\

This disease is, as its name indicates, characterized by a withering
of the tip of a green leaf or the margin of the leaf. The aifected
portion becomes brown and dead, and on it appears one or more
fungi. Hormiacfella is common in such cases. In addition, the form
of Collet oiriclunn described above as CoUetotrichum C, is common;
as well as Periconia sacchari, and Spharrella saccJiari.

Under ordinary conditions these fungi may be found on almost
any withered leaf. In 1913, a case was noted at Naguabo in which
D-625 was severely affected by wither tip at about eight months of
age, a very unusual circumstance, but other than these fungi nothing
could be found to account for the condition. The plants w-ere all
well rooted, w^ere not unusually affected by insects, and seemed to
be green healthy plants excepting for the tips of the leaves.

Cobb (15) described a similar disease from Hawaii and figured
setae and spores Mdiich correspond to those of HonniacteUa, but with-
out suggesting a name.

207

FUNGI AND DISEASES OF CANE CUTTINGS.

THE PINEAPPLE FUNGUS {TMelaviopsis paradoxa.)

The injury caused by this fungus is restricted to the cane cuttings.
An affected cutting is usually killed either before any shoots are pro-
duced or before the new shoots can establish themselves on their
own roots. The loss due to this disease varies considerably, depending
upon the variety of cane, moisture condition of the soil, and possibly
other factors. As will be noted in more detail later not all seed
which fail to germinate have been invaded by this fungus, but it is
responsible for the death of a large proportion. Out of one lot of
■dead seed examined, twenty-five per cent showed this disease and
of another lot but ten per cent. The loss in some instances, however,
must be much higher. Of healthy seed growing under normal con-
ditions a negligible per cent will be attacked. The disease makes
great headway whenever conditions for prompt germination are lack-
ing, and becomes especially severe if the seed has been left in piles
or sacks for some time after cutting. For this reason all seed that is
to be shipped or which it is not possible to plant at once should be
treated.

It is difficult to obtain satisfactory data as to the resistance of
the various varieties of cane from field observations alone because
of the fact that other fungi are so often involved in the death of
seed pieces. To overcome this difficulty seed of a considerable number
of varieties was obtained and inoculated with TMelaviopsis. After
these cuttings had l)cen planted a definite time they were dug up
and careful measurements of the amount of infection were taken.
The results are given in the following table and it will be noted that
there is a very decided varietal difference in susceptibility.

Vaiiety

No. seed
planieil

Total No.
joints

No. joints
in felled

9
12
17
21
23
23
27
24
37
39
35
51
38
38
53
40
43
31
'13
(10

No. seed
iiifecteii

';', injury

B. 306

Cavengerie

D. 109

20
14
20
17
18
17
2i
18
18
18
19
21
18
19
16
15
14
11
18
16

61
49
58
49
62
52
'19
55
47
60
59
72
56
65
56
54
56
36
49
63

9

8
11
12

i:;

13
16
IT
15
18
18
17
17
17
15
1 1
11

i:;

16

15

to

30

Sealv Seerlling

40

D. 625

10

Oialieite.

40

B. 3289

T. 77

45
60

B. 1753

D 116

B. 109

65
65
65

Cristalina

70

D.117

70

B. 3696

B. 1355

70
80

B.376

B. 4506

B. 3708

B.1376

B. 1356

SO
85
85
90

90

208

Thielaviopsis is a much more serious trouble of pineapples than
of eane. It is the cause of practically all of the soft rot or shipping
rot as well as a base rot of slips, and spotting of the leaves. The
loss from the rot is exceedingly heavy, five to ten per cent of a ship-
ment being not uncommon, and cases are known which ran as high
as seventy-five per cent. The fungus has been also reported by Faw-
cett of the Mayagiiez Station as causing a ''stem-bleeding of
coconuts.

Sufficient inoculations have been made to demonstrate that but
one form is involved in the attacks on the various hosts.

A number of experiments have been carried out in seed treatment
(51). It was found that when the seed was planted under good con-
ditions no perceptible improvement in germination resulted between
treated and untreated lots. When disinfectants were applied to in-
fected seed or to good seed planted under poor conditions, there was
considerable improvement. As a consequence of these results, which
are in accord with those of other workers, treatment is recommended
only where the seed can not be planted at once, or where for some
reason conditions are not favorable. Bordeaux mixture is the only
practical material now in use for this purpose.

Occurre.7ice in other countries. — This disease was reported by Gough
(36) in 1911 from Trinidad, and by Edgerton (21) from Louisiana
as rare. Of Hawaiian conditions Cobb (14) says "according to my
observations the pineapple fungus causes the decay of more cane cut-
tings in Hawaii than any other one cause. The expense of replanting
is largely due to the loss of cuttings through this rot." Butler (10)
states that in British India he had found it on three occasions only,
all being on recently imported seed from Java and Mauritius. It
is of considerable importance in Java where it has been studied by
Went (95, 96.) The disease also occurs throughout the British West
Indies, (18, 64, 70, 71), particularly in Barbados.

Description. — The presence of the fungus can be readily noted by
the characteristic blackened sooty area running through the center
(PI. XIX, fig. 3,) of the stalk. There is also a very distinct odor of
pineapples present, hence the common name of the disease. There
has been much confusion in the literature between Thielaviopsis and
Melanconium, the macro and micronidia of the former having been
considered as further stages in the life cycle of the rind disease.

Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Seynes) J. Hohn.

Sterile hyphae hyaline, or pale fuscous, septate. Fertile hypliae
septate, not branched. Macroconidia ovate, fuscous, catenulate, at
length separating ,thick walled, usually vacuolate, 16-19 X 10-12

209

mil. IMieroeonidia cyliiidrie, liyaliue. thin walled, eatenulate, produced
within the hyphae and issuing through the ruptured apex, 10-15 X
3.5-5mu. Microconidiophores 100-200 mu., swollen toward the base.
Description after Went and Larson.

PoETO Rico. — From cane cuttings, Yabucoa, j\Iarch, 1911, 4041 ;
Rio Piedras, March, 1912, 4566, June, 1915, 2779. Common every-
where. Also occurs on coconut, and pineapples. (PL XIX, fig. 3;
pi. XXIX, fig. 8-10.)

•OTHER FUNGI ATTACKING CANE CUTTINGS.

As has been already noted Tliieaciopsis is not alone responsible
for the death of seed or their failure to germinate. A considerable
number of other fungi are commonly found in this connection, as
would be expected from the position and unprotected condition of
a cutting, presenting ideal conditions for fungus growth. All of
these will be greatly favored by conditions which make germination
slow or difficult, too deep planting in wet soils, and shallow planting
in dry porous soils or in times of drouth.

Melanconium saccliari is one of the important fungi found in
this connection. In its initial stages it is more difficult to discover
than Thielaviopsis, a fact which presents a serious obstacle to seed
selection. In one instance of a quantity of seed which had been
sacked for some time and finally discarded, 110 seed were infected
with Melanconium sacchari, 67 with M. saccharinuni and 289 were
still sound apparently. Two weeks later, of this latter lot, 135 were
infected with M. sacchari, 91 with M. saccharinum, and 8 with Thiela-
viopsis.

In another experiment, conducted primarily for other reasons,
the following fungi were encountered on dead seed pieces, not neces-
sarily the primary cause of death but contributing factors: Melan-
conium saccliari, Schizophyllmn commune, Scleroiium Iiolfsii, Tricho-
clertna lignorum, Diplodia cacaoicola, Moriilia sitopliila, and Thiela-
viopsis. The effect of an unexpected period of dry weather was es-
pecially noted as a primary cause of death. Seed inoculated with
Collet otrichnm falcatum suffered severely, some varieties losing as
high as thirty-five per cent.

MTNOE FUNGI AND DISEASES.

Of the various fungi here-in-after considered very few can in
any sense be considered as causes of disease. Some act as wound
parasites or in some instances have been found apparentlj^ as true
parasites, but all are of relatively minor importance.

210

It has been found difficult, if not impossible, to draw a line be-
tween those of economic importance and the others, so that all forms
found are included. Such a procedure will be of value since some of
these fungi may at some time assume a parasitic role or they may
be those reported as causes of disease in other cane growing regions.

All are grouped in this one division since it would be rather dif-
ficult to assign them to the other sections satisfactorily, gro\\dng as
they do to a large extent on cane trash or debris, including leaves,
stalks, roots and cuttings. Descriptions are given where the original
has been modified or changed and of such species as are recorded
as new.

Arcyria cinerea (Bull) Schum.

Porto Rioo. — On dead leaves, Rio Piedras, Jan., 1914, 1169, Nov.,
1916, 5806. Also common on dead wood. Determination by Dr. W.
C. Sturgis. (PL XXV, fig 5.)

A gray, stalked form with cylindrical to elliptical heads, resem-
bling the following species except in color.

Arcyria denudata Fr.

Porto Rico. — On dead leaves, Rio Piedras, Jan., 1914, 1170, 1915,
3379. A delicate, red, stalked form common on dead wood every-
where. Determination bj'- Mrs. F. W. Patterson.

Craterium aureum (Shiim) Rost.

Porto Rico. — On cane trash, Mereedita, Jan., 1912, 4167 ; Rio Pie-
dras, Oct., 1915, 3167, Nov., 1916, 5801. Original determination by
Dr. Sturgis. A small stalked form globular to ovoid.

Craterium leucocephaltjm (Pers) Rost.

Porto Rico. — On cane trash, Rio Piedras, July, 1916, 5642. Not
common. Determination by Dr. Sturgis.

Dictydifm cancellatum (Batsch) Macbr.

Porto Rico. — On cane trash, Oct. 1915, Rio Piedras, 3172. Rare.
Determination by Dr. Sturgis.

FuLiGO septica (L) Gmel.

Fiiligo ovata (ScJtaeff) Machr.

Porto Rico. — On cane trash, Rio Piedras, April, 1912, 4314, July,
1912, 4492; Juana Diaz, March, 1915, 2645. (Comm. Wolcott). Com-
mon on plant debris of all kinds. Determination by Dr. Sturgis.

211

Lycogala epidendrum (L) Fr.

Porto Rioo.— On dead cane stalk, Rio Piedras, Feb., 1914, 1319.
Also collected on dead bamboo sections and dead wood. Globose,
ashen-colored, sessile fruiting bodies, resembling small puff-balls, .5-1
em. diameter. (PI. XXIII, fig. 5.)

Physarum cinereum (Batsch) Pers.

Porto Rioo. — On living leaves, Manati, Wolcott, Feb., 1915, 2592.
Also collected on living leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris. Lachica Sativa,
and several common weeds. Determination by Dr. Sturgis.

Physarum compressum Alb. & Schw.

Porto Rico. — On dead leaves, Cortada, Jan., 1912, 1166. Rare
Determination by Dr. Sturgis.

Physarum nodudosum (Cooke et Balf.) Mass. |

Porto Rico. — On green leaf-sheaths of cane, Rio Piedras, Jan., i

1914, 1177. Determination by Mr. F. W. Patterson.

Stemonitis fusca Roth.

Porto Rioo. — On cane trash, Rio Piedras, Nov., 1915, 4115. De-
termination by Mrs. F. W. Patterson.

Stemonitis splendens Rost.

Porto Rico. — On cane trash. Rio Piedras, Sept., 1912, 4618. Feb..

1915, 2574. Also common on rotten wood. Original determination
by Dr. Sturgis.

EuROTiuM argentinum Spcg.

Porto Rico. — On dead cane leaves and stalks, Rio Piedras, Nov.,
1915, 3245. Observed especially on herbarium specimens. It forms
very numerous, minute, yellow, globular fruiting bodies. An Asper-
gillis sp. with dull gray heads occurs in connection with \\\eEurotium.

Chromocrea gelatinosa (Tode) Senver.

PoRT.o Rioo. — On dead and dying leaf-sheaths of sugar cane, Rio
Piedras, Jan., 1913, 4751, Jan., 1914, 1171, Feb., 1914, 1409, Feb..
1917, 6380. (PI. XXVII, fig. 8-10.)

This species produces fleshy. l)right yellow stromata on the h\if-
slieaths, becoming much darker with age.

212

Chromocreopsis striispora Stevenson sp. nov.

Stromal scattered, tubercular, subglobular to flattened, constricted
at the base, often substipitate, 1-3 mm. dia., less in height, brick red
at first, duller in dried specimens, with the black necks of the peri-
thecia protruding; asci cylindric; spores uniseriate, dark brown,
elliptic-ovoid, ends rounded, 1-guttulate, 20-22 X 5-7 mu., striate,
striations showing best when spores are partially mature.

PoBT;0 Rico. — On dead cane stalk, Grurabo, July, 1915, 2026 (type).
Rare, This species is characterized b}^ the shape and striations of
the spores. It was first examined by Dr. F. J. Seaver, who suggested
the name.

GiBBERELLA PULiCARis (Fries) Sacc.

Porto Rico. — On dead cane, Rio Piedras, April, 1911, 4053, Jan.,
1912, 4169, Sept., 1912, 4586, Jan., 1914, 1179; Las Monjas, April,
1911, 4048. Also collected on Panicum harhinode and Eriochloa siib-
glahra. (PL XXVII, fig. 14-15; pi. XXIII, fig. 2.)

The minute, ovoid perithecia of this species are superficial, gen-
erally seated on a stroma, black to the unaided eye, but blue with
transmitted light.

Hypocrea rufa (Pers) Fries.

Porto Rioo. — On dead cane stalks, Rio Piedras, Jan., 1914, 1199,
Feb., 1914, 1322, 1345. Also collected on dead wood. (PI. XXIII,
fig. 1; pi. XVII, fig. 1-2.)

The stromata of this species are subhemispheric, irregular at times,
2 mm. to 1 cm. in diameter, brick red, darker mth age, and rough-
ened by the necks of the perithecia.

Nectria plavociliata Seaver.

Porto Rico. — On dead cane stalks, Rio Piedras, Jan., 1914, 1213,
Feb., 1914, 1333, 1346. Also collected on dead wood. The less com-
mon of the Nectria s. Characterized by a covering of sulphur-yellow
hairs. (PI. XXVIT. fig. 16-18.)

Nect.ria laurentiana Marshal.

With stromata somewhat broad, convex, superficial, 1-2 mm. dia.,
seated on a hyaline web, delicate and evanescent ; parenchyma white ;
l)erithecia densely caespitose, globose, 250-350 mu. diam., strongly
rugose to subsquamulose, ferruginous; asci 8-spored, oblong-cylin-
drical, attenuate-truncate, finally obtuse, subsessile , 60-70 X 7-8 mu.,
aparaphysate ; spores uniseriate, equilateral, 1-septate, constricted at

213

the septa, 12-13.5 X 4.5-5 mu., at first strongly granulose, epispore
rarely subasperulate. Translation of the original.

Porto Rico. — On dead and dying cane stalks, April, 1911, 4012;,
4047, 4067, Jan., 1914, 1644, 1915, 5164, March, 1916, 5102, July,
1916, 5637 ; Loiza. June, 1916, 5591. Common. Further study will
probably prove it distinct from N. Laurentiana, an African form.
(PI. XXVII, fig. 21-23.)

This is a very common fungus on canes primarily injured by borer
or other causes, producing a white dry rot,

Valsaria subtropica Speg.

Porto Rico. — On rotting cane stalks, Rio Piedras, Jan. 1914, 1175.
Determination by ]\Irs. F. W. Patterson. The perithecia are erumpent,
scattered or aggregate, black, snbglobose, carbonaceous, ostiolate.
(PI. XXI, fig. 3^; pi. XXVII, fig. 24-26.)

Physalospora t,ucamanensis Speg.

Porto Rico. — On dead cane stalk, Carolina, Jan., 1915, 2520.
Rare. Determined by Dr. Seaver. This fungus was originally de-
scribed from Argentina by Spegazzinia (73) on cane leaves, particu-
larly the sheaths. The perithecia are minute, black and emersed
in the substratum.

RosELLiNiA paraguayensis Stark.

Porto Rico. — On rotting cane stalk, Rio Piedras, Jan., 1914, 1179..
Determination by Mrs. F. W. Patterson. (PL XXXI, fig. 16-18.)
The black gregarious perithecia are immersed, then erumpent, and

arc clotlKM"! with a bhick tomentose subicle.

ROSELLINIA PT'IAERACEA (Ehrh) Fuch.

Porto Rk-o. — On dead cane stalk. Rio Piedras, Dec, 1916, 5S53,
Determination by Dr. F. J. Seaver.

The perithecia are crowded, often aggregate ci'ust-liko, superfi(dal,.
globular, very minutely tuberculate, smooth, ostiolate.

Spiiaeret.la sacchari Speg.

Spots none, or indeterminate; perithecia hypophyllous, densely
crowded in series, globose, 130-180 mu., smooth, immersed, ostiole
scarcely perforating the epidermis, not exserted, membranous coria-
ceous, subopaque, dark olive. Asci cylindric, 70 X 12 mu., upper end
obtuse, lower end, slightly attenuate, abruptly and minuately nodu-

214

lose-pedicellate, aparaphysate ; spores ellipsoid, 16-20 X 5-6 mu., 1-
septate, scarcely constricted, hyaline, smooth. Description after Spe-
gazzinia.

Porto Rico. — Common on dead cane leaves, often in connection
Avith Periconia sacchari, as the apparent cause of wither-tip or dying
of leaves, Fajardo, Dec, 1914, 2536. Commonly observed in all
parts of the Island. P^'irst described by Spegazzinia (73.)

Xylaria apiculata Cooke.

Clubs black, stipitate, simple, .5-1 em. long, apiculate, rarely ob-
tuse ; surface with fine raised lines ; stipe black, filiform, about 1 mm.
thick, smooth, varying much as to length, .5 to 4 cm. ; perithecia pro-
minent, papillate ; asci cylindrical ; spores uniseriate, mostly 6 X 12-
14, rarely up to 24 mu. long, when young with a large gutta, when
old Avith an indistinct septum. Description after Llovd, Myc. Notes
48: 675.

Porto Rico. — On dead cane stalks, Rio Piedras, Dec, 1913, 1109,
Oct., 1915, 3216, Jul}^ 1917, 6603. Very common on dead wood every-
Avhere.

Lachnea cubensis (B&C) Sacc.

Porto Rico. — On dead cane leaves, Rio Piedras, 1914, 1288. De-
termination by Dr. F. J. Seaver.

The cups are small, concave, and red Avith broAvn marginal setae.

GuEPiNiA PALMiCEPS Berk.

Porto Rico.— On dead cane stalk, Rio Piedras. Feb., 1912, 4288.
Determination by Dr. Burt.

Ditfers from G. spatltulata macroscopically in the yelloAV-red tips.

GUEPINIA SPATHULATA Juilg.

Porto Rico. — On dead cane stalks, Rio Piedras, Feb., 1914, 1330.
Common CA^erywhere on rotten wood. Determination by Prof. Lloyd.
Producing cartilaginous spatulate, erect, yelloAv liymenophores, 1-3
cm. tall.

ASTERiOSTROMA CERVICOLOR (B&C) MaSS.

Asterostroma alhido-carneum (Schwein) Mass.

Porto Rico. — On dead leaf-sheaths at base of living cane stalks,
and on soil and cane trash surrounding them, Rio Piedras, Dec, 1911^
4109, Sept., 1912, 4632, June, 1917, 6557. Determination by Dr.
Burt. (PI. XXVI, fig. 4-7.)

215

Forming a thin white layer over the substratum, microscopically
characterized by 3-4 armed stellate appendages on the hyphae.

Peniophora cinerea (Fr.) Cke.

Porto Rioo. — On dead cane stalk, Rio Piedras, July, 1916, 5638.
Determination by Dr. Burt. A very common form on dead wood,
particularly on dead branches of citrus, forming cinereous fruiting
patches.

Peniophora flavido-alba Cooke.

Porto Rico. — On dead cane stalks, Rio Piedras, Dec, 1916, 6068.
Determination by Dr. Burt. Common on dead wood.

Tremellodendron simplex Burt, Ann. Mo. Bot. Grarden 2 :742.

1915.

Fructifications about 2 cm. long, 2 mm. thick, scattered, erect or
suberect, drying hard, brittle somewhat longitudinally wrinkled and
sometimes compressed, black above, olive-ocher with the hymenium
towards the base; hymenium amphigenous on the lower half of the
fructification, olive-ocher, hyaline under the microscope, with the
surface consisting of colorless clavate paraphyses 5 mu. thick, and
with basidia and spores at base of the paraphyses; basidia longi-
tudinally septate ; 11 X 7 mu. ; spores hyaline, even 7.5-9 X 5-G niu.
Descrii:)tion after Dr. Burt.

Porto Rico. — On cane trash, Rio Piedras, 1911. Rare.

Hydnum sacohari (?) Spreng.

Porto Rico. — On dead cane, Rio Piedras, Jan.. 1914, 1174. De-
termination by Mrs.F. W. Patterson.

Odontia sacchari Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Garden 4. Xo. 3. 1917.

Fructification resupinate, effused, portions may be peeled from
substratum when moistened, floccose, white, becoming ivory-yellow
to pale olive buff with age or in the herbarium, not cracked, the
margin thinuinff out, fioccosc-reticulate under a lens: granules mi-
mite, crowded, altout 8 to a iiiiii. : in structure lOO-.'iOO mu. thick
with the granules extending 15-45 mu. more, composed of suberect,
branched, loosely interwoven hyaline hyjihae 3.5-4 mu. in diam.,
occasionally nodose-septate, not incrusted, bearing singly along their
sides in their middle region hyaline, eylindrie, even spores 9-11 X 3-4
mu. ; basidia simple, 2 sterigmata : basidiospores hyaline, even, sub-
globose, 3.75 X 3-3.75 mu. ; cystidia septate, eylindrie, more or less
granular incrusted, hyaline, 6-9 mu. in diam., protruding 20-60 mu.,
about 1-3 to a granule at the apex. Description Dr. Burt's.

216

Porto Rico. — On dead leaf-sheaths at the base of living cane stalks
and on dead cane stalks, Rio Piedras, July, 1912, 4509, July, 1915,
2908, July, 1916, 5628, April, 1917, 6382. Determination by Dr.
Burt. PL XXVI, tig. 11, 12.)

This s.nrae form has been referred to by Home in Cuba as Penio-
phora sp. and later as probably Hypochnus sacchari Speg. (38,39).
The latter has also been suggested as the proper designation for the
Porto Riean fungus, but Spegazzinia's (73) description of the Hy-
pochnus as the cause of a disease of the bud (cogollo) of the stalk
rather effectiyely disposes of this possibility to say nothing of the
characteristics of the fungus itself. This form is quite clearly a
saprophyte only, although at times occurring as does 0. saccharicola,
the more common species, at the base of living cane stalks.

^lERULms BYSSOiDETTS Burt sp. nov.^

Porto Rico. — On dead cane and soil, Rio Piedras, Aug., 1912,
1664. Forming a thin layer on rotten cane trash and soil.

POLYPORUS OCCIDENTALIS Klotzsch.

Coriolopsis occidenfalis (Klotzsch) Murrill.

Porto Rico. — On dead cane stalk, Rio Piedras, Dec, 1913, 1212.
Very common on dead wood every-where. (PI. XXI, fig. 2.)

POLYSTICTUS SANGUINEUS L.

Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) ]\Iurrill.

Porto Rico. — On dead cane stalks, Rio Piedras, Jan., 1914, 1181,
Feb., 1914, 1294. Very common everjnvhere, particularly on dead
wood. A striking form because of the bright red color of the pileus.

PoLYST^CTUs siNuosus (Fr.) Sacc.

Color from white to yellowish, mostly resupinate; pores broad,
tlexuous daedaloid ; spores hyaline, cylindric-curved, 5-6 X 1-1.3 mu. :
basidia clavate 15-16 X4r-5 mu. ; hyphae of context tubidar, 2.5-3.5
mu. diam. Description after Saecardo.

Porto Rico. — On dead cane stalks, Rio Piedras. Feb., 1914. 1291.
Feb., 1917, 6206; Juneos, July, 1915. 2905. Determination by C. G.
Lloyd, Myc. Notes No. 45. (PL XXIT, fig. 3.)

1 To be descrilied by Dr. Burt in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gardon IV, Xo. 4, Xov. 1917.

217

Trametes nivosa (Berk) IMiirrill.

Porto Rioo. — On dead cane stalks, Rio Piedras, Dee., 1913, 1211,
Oct., 1914, 2277, Dee., 1914, 2672, Dec., 1916, 5859. Determination
by Prof. Lloyd. A common white form, sporopliores often sessile
and somewhat abnormally shaped.

Lentinus crinitus (L) Fr.

Porto Rioo. — On dead cane stalks, Rio Piedras, Feb., 1914. 1295,
Jan., 1914, 1198, Feb.. 1916, 6113. Common everywhere on dead
wood. Sporophores 4-7 cm. broad, pale-fawn colored to dark red-
dish brown, covered with stiff squamose hairs.

Marasmius borinqiiensis Stevenson sp. nov.

Pileus minute, delicate, single or gregarious, hemispheric, later
expanding, subumbilieate, reaching 3 mm. broad, Init commonly 1-2
mm. only; surface radiate-sulcate, glabrous, white, yellow on drjdng,
membranous, margin involute, concolorous; lamellae few, usually
about 10, occasionally forked, distant, white, yellow on drying, ad-
nate; spores broad elliptic or ovoid with a small point at one end,
5.1 X 6.8 mu., hyaline ; stipe fiiliform, concolorous with pileus, slightly
villous at base, 2-6 mm. long. Near Marasmius JIarhlcac Murrill.

Porto Rioo. — On cane (Otaheite) Rio Piedras, Sept. 10, 1912,
4604 (type) Rare. (PI. XXVI, fig. 15-17.)

Marasmius hiorami Murrill.

Porto Rioo. — On cane IcMf-sheaths, cane tras-h, Rio Piedras, Sept.,
20, 1912, 4600. Rare.

Marasmius synodicus (Kze) Fries.

Port.o Rico. — On dead cane trash, Rio Piedras, Jan., 1917, 6195.
Also collected on dead leaves and stalks of other grasses. Common.

The sporophores of this species are gregarious, 6-10 mm. broad,
white or pallid, and 1-2 cm. high, with adnate gills.

SCHIZOPHYLUUM OOMMUNE FricS.

Porto Rico. — On dead and dying cane stalks, Rio Piedras, Feb.,
March, 1911, 4029, 4051, 4058, 4065: Plazuela, July. 1911, 4071.
Connnonly observed in all parts of tlie Island. Also very common
on dead wood. ^Pl. XXII, fig. 4.)

This is one of the commonest forms observed on dead and dying

218

f'nnc stalks. Tii one ease it was found on a stalk wliich was otherwise
normal, and in many instances it has been noted acting as a wound
parasite. It is quite usual to consider it as a cause of a dry rot of
cane stalks. It has been reported in this connection from both Java
and Brazil (100.)

ScyTiNOTus DiSTANTiFOLius Murrill.

Porto Eico. — On dead leaves, Rio Piedras, Jan., 1914, 1197. On
dead leaves of PaspaJum sp., Rio Piedras, June, 1917, 6494. Deter-
mination by J. A. S.

A delicate, white, sessile form, 5-10 mm. broad.

Lyooperdon albidum Cooke.

Sessile, globose, white, 8-12 mm. diam. ; spores smooth, clay-col-
ored, globose, 3 nm. diameter.

Porto Rico. — On cane trash, Rio Piedras, Oct., 1915, 3171; Cor-
tada. Jan., 1912, 4168. Determined by Prof. Lloyd. These are the
iirst collections other than the type.

Lycoperdon pusillum Fr.

Porto Rico. — On cane trash, Rio Piedras, Feb., 1915, 2576. De-
termined by Prof. Lloyd. Not common.

Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaef¥.

Porto Rico. — In cane fields, Rio Piedras, Jan., 1912, 4187. Apr.,
1912, 4324; Plazuela, July, 1911, 4075. Very common.

Cyathus poeppigii Tulasne.

Porto Rico. — On dead cane stalks, Rio Piedras, Nov., 1911, 4082.
Common on dead wood. First determined by Prof. Lloyd. (PI.
XXIII, fig. 6.)

SPJIAEROBOLUS STET.LATITS Tod.

Outer peridium stellate-lacinate, lobes 5-8, averaging 1.5 mm.
diam. ; inner peridium covered by an orange-colored gelatinous en-
velope which at maturity swells and causes the single sporangiole to
be forcibly ejected, spores hyaline, cylindrical-ovate 5.1 X 10.2 mu.
Description modified.

Porto Rico. — On rotten cane trash, Rio Piedras, Jan., 1913, 4750.
Also collected on rotten bamboo, leaf -mold, etc. (PI. XXTTT, fig. 4:
pi. XXVI, fig. 1-3.)

219

Phyllosticta sacchari Speg.

Spots very numerous, with a tendency to occur near the midrib^
often confluent, especially at the ends, long linear, occasionally oval,
rimuiug out into long points, .5-2 cm. X 1-2 mm, at times much
larger, red brown at first, then dull tan or brown at center with red,,
definite, not raised margin; pyenidia hypophyllous on older spots,
few to many, uniformly scattered, immersed, membranous, sub-glo-
bular, 125-175 mu. diam., prominent ostiole. conidia hyaline to smoky,
ovoid to cylindric, ends rounded, 12-16 mu. X 2.5-4 mu., one or two
guttulate. Description from specimens.

Porto Rico. — On living cane leaves, Juncos. July. 1915, 2924;
Rio Piedras, March, 1917, 6278. (PI. XXIV, fig. 4.)

In common with some of the other leaf spots, this form has not
been worked out satisfactorily. It is probably not P. sacchari of
Spegazzinia (73) but it has not been thought Avorth while to name it
anew. If it should appear in some abundance hereafter warranting
further studies, an attempt will be made to place it exactly. Our
specimens differ from one determined by Miss Young from the Stevens'
collection as P. mcchari. The frngment of this material seen was
apparently Leptosphaeria sacchari.

Vermicularia graminicola West.

Porto Rico. — On dead cane stalk, Rio Piedras, Feb.. 1914, 1270.
(PI. XXVIII, fig. 6-8.)

This species is characterized by erumpent.spherical pyenidia, with
long black erect setae. It differs very decidedly from V. sacchari,
described recently by Averna-Sacca, (lOO) in that the latter possesses
biciliate spores, and those of the present species are muticate.

DiPLODIA cacaoicola P. Heuu.

Pyenidia scattered in the cortex of the host, innate. l)lack; conidia
ellipsoid oblong or sub-ovoid, 1-septate, obtuse at both ends, loculi
1-guttulate, black, 18-22X12-14 mu.

PoRT.o Rico. — On dead cane stalks, Rio Piedras, Jan., 1912, 4169^
Feb., 1914, 1321, 1347, Oct., 1914, 2278, Oct., 1915, 3169, March,
1917, 6308; Vieques, Jan., 1917, 6194. Fairly common everywhere.
(PI. XXI, fig. 1; pi. XXXI, fig. 8-10.)

This fungus is most commonly found on dead seed pieces or rotten
stalks, where the fruiting Ijodies appear as tiny black bodies Iniried
in the tissues. In some instances, however, it is jipjiarcntly able to-
act as i\ partinl parasite, and to cause some loss. Tins action lias

220

been observed in isolated eanes, (generally insect injured stalks),
of a number of varieties.

In the (7ase of one variety only, D-625, has it been noted acting
apparently alone. Other surrounding varieties in this instance re-
mained normal, but of the D-625 fully twenty-five per cent of the
stalks were attacked. The only external symtom was the withering
and dying of attacked stalks from the top downward, in no way dif-
ferent from the death of a stalk from any one of many other causes.

Internally was found a very striking rot, which at once distin-
guished the disease from any other. The rotted areas extended from
the top downward, rapidly covering the entire length of the stalk,
and attacking the bundles first, which became red in color. The red
coloration soon became uniform throughout the central pith region,
bordered by an outer periphery of normal tissues. The attacked tis-
sues were somewhat rubbery in consistency, lacking in juice, and
rapidly turned brown on exposure to air. The rot finally worked
through to the surface producing irregular brown patches on the
internodes which finally coalesced. Canes after three months in the
laboratory have not yet produced fruiting bodies. Melanconiiim sac-
chari was occasionally present as a secondary organism. The color
of the rot was much deeper than that produced by CoUetotrichum,
the areas were more uniform, and the white patches characteristic
of red rot were lacking. Diplodia was obtained in cultures.

This fungus, originally described from twigs of cacao, ha.s been
reported on cane l)y Butler (10) in British India and by Howard
(41) in Barbados. The former described it as usually saprophytic
only, but the latter found it at times parasitic and was able by inocu-
lations to reproduce the disease said to be caused by it. Averna-Sacca
(100) gives an account of a disease ascribed to Lasiodiplodia theo-
hromae, which is doubtless the same species.

It is extremely doubtful if it will ever be of -any real economic
importance in Porto Rico, since it attacks only injured canes or Aveak
varieties. D-625 being notoriously of such a nature.

3IELANC0NIUM SACCHARINUM ( ?) PcUZ. Ct SaCC.

Acervuli hypophyllous, gregarious, longitudinally seriate, o])long,
1 mm. long, by ..i wide, lilack, hysterioid eruriipcnl: conidin large,
globose compressed. 24X14 mu. black, smooth, borne on filiform,
hyaline pedicels. Description after Saccardo.

Porto Rico. — On cane leaves, Rio Piedras, Dec, 1911, 4111, 4112,
4142, 4143, 4144, 4145, 4146, March 1912, 4294, June, 1917, 6559;
Mercedita, Jan., 1912, 4171 ; Fajardo, March, 1912, 4291. On Cijm-

221

hopogon citratus, Iiio Piedras, Oct., 1911:, i;281. On Bamhusa vul-
garis, Trujillo Alto, Nov., 1914, 2396. Very common in all sections.
First determination by Mm. F. W. Patterson. (PI. XXIV, fig. 2;
pi. XXVIII, fig. 5.)

This fungus is extremely common on many varieties of cane, occur-
ring on the back of tlie leaf-blades and sheaths and particularly on
the back of the mid-rib It also occurs on the flower stalk. It does
very little harm beyond hastening the death of leaves already weak-
ened by other causes. The fimgus is conspicuous because of tlie
long lines of black immersed sporodochiu opening by long slits, the
black spore masses often being visible with a hand lens. Macrosco-
pieally it can not bo distinguished from Marsonia sp.

Arthrobotrys superb a Cda.

Porto Rioo. — On dead and dying cane, Eio Piedras, July, 1912,
4493. July 1917, 6607. First determination by Mrs. F. W. Patter-
sou. (PI. XXX, fig. 7-9.)

Aspergillus flavus Link.

Porto Rioo. — A very common saprophytic form on dead cane,
particularly on seed pieces in the ground, and on material after it is
brought to the laboratory. A form morphologically not distinct at-
tacks the mealy bug (Pseudococcus sacchari) of cane, often over wide
areas. Also isolated from soil, moldy tobacco, and other sources.

AsPEKGii;Lus NIGER Van Tieghem.

Porto Rico. — A common saprophytic form, particularly noted on
imperfectly sterilized material in damp chambers. It produces a
reddening of cane tissue.

MONILLA SITOPHILA (Mout) SaCC.

Effuse, beautiful deep rose in color, primary hyphae as(;ending
from the procumbent mycelium, 120-130X12 mu., scantily septate-
constricted, above divided into dichotomous branches; branches and
branchlets somewhat broad, crowded, septate and easily separating;
conidia acrogenous, shortly catenulate, globose, 10-12 mu., bases dis-
tinctly apiculate where joined by isthmi. Description after Saccardo.

Porto Rioo.— On burnt cane, Rio Piedras, March, 1911, 4042. 4057.
Also observed at base of Gynerium. sagitatum and Sahal causiarum
where injured by fire. (PI. XX, fig. 2.)

This very interesting fungus occurs on all debris remaining after

222

a cane jBeld has been burned over, the very striking orange-pink
clumps thickly clustered on every available bit of material over acres
and acres make a most striking sight. Where the trash is not burned
it very rarely occurs, and never more than as small scattered sporo-
dochia at best. The fungus also causes a mold of bread much more
serious than that due to Aspergillus or Mucor. In the laboratorj^ it
evinced a great ability to grow into other cultures and culture media
through the cotton plugs and after one experience, during which con-
siderable difficulty was had in getting rid of it, it has never been
brought into the laboratory again.

Trichoderma lignorum (Tode) Harz.

Forming more or less cottony, finally powdery sporodochia, sub-
circular to indefinite, up to 5 mm. diameter, white at first, then deep
green with white margin ; hyphae interwoven, subcompact, filiform,
continuous, fertile hyphae erect, 2-4 lageniform branches or conidial
bearing organs; conidia formed in globules of 8-10, spherical to
elliptical, light green, 1.^3 X 3-4.3 mu ; heads averaging 7 mu.
Description amended, after Saccardo.

Porto Rioo. — On dead and dying cane stalks and leaves, Aug.,
1912, 4548, 4667, 4666, Jan., 1914, 1173, Jan., 1914, 1201, Oct., 1914,
2275, July, 1915, 2831, Sept., 1915, 3073. Apr., 1917, 6402, June, 1917,
6561. Very commonly observed in all parts of the Island. First
determination by :\Irs. F. AY. Patterson. (PL XXI, fig. 4; pi. XXX,
fig. 6, 10-12.)

This is an exceedingly common form in and about cane fields and
has appeared a great number of times in damp chamber tests and in
cultures. It is especially to he found on the lower leaf-sheaths, in
connection with Cerospora, Sclerotium, and other fungi, at times
apparently acting as a wound parasite aiding in the death of the
leaf-sheaths. Because of the great frequency of its occurrence in
the course of laboratory studies on the cane cankers of the mottling
disease, internal rots of various types, etc., attempts were made to
prove its parasitism, if any, by inoculations. Negative results were
obtained, it not even being capable of producing red striping, hence
it is now considered only as a saprophyte.

Arthrinium saccharicola Stevenson sp. nov.

Forming small black masses on the substratum, 1-1.5 mm. diam.,
not coalescing; sterile hyphae scanty, recumbent: fertile-hyphae si^n-
ple, suberect to erect; aggregate, hyaline, with broad, black, nu-
merous septae, swollen at base, about 100 mu. long; conidia sessile,

223

iu a dense spiral about the sporophore, concave-convex when young,
becoming doubly-convex, dark brown, 7.25 mu. diam. X 4.4 mu. thick.

Porto Rico. — On dead cane leaves, Rio Piedras. Feb., 1914. 1269
(type). (PL XXIX, fig. 1-3.)

Basisporum gai.larum Moll.

Porto Rico. — On dead cane stalks and leaves, Rio Piedras, Aug.,
1912, 4545 ; Juncos, Aug., 1915, 2930. Determination by Miss Charles.

Observed on material from all parts of the Island. This is one
of the very common saprophytic forms encountered in the work with
cane fungi, it being found on all parts of dead and dying cane plants,
often forming black irregular patches especially on leaves and dead
seed pieces. It has turned up in cultures several times, in one instance
of a top-rot case, and of various leaf -spots, but inoculations with it
have not been successful. It also occurs on other grasses {Panicum
barbinode, Eriochloa siibcilabra).

It is characterized by comparatively large black circular or disk-
shaped spores, borne on jar-like basidia. The hyphae are hyaline to
broAvn and scanty, and all that is commonly seen are great masses
of the conidia.

Cladosporium herb arum (Pers) Link.

Porto Rioo. — On cane trash, Rio Piedras, Jan.. 19] 7, 8094, April,
1917, 6383. Very common on cane tops and trash lying in the fields
after the cane is cut. Appearing as numerous, bright green, slightly
raised masses uniformly distrilmted on the wilted leaves and discarded
stalks over all fields, becoming dark green or black. Also common on
other host material in mnny other situations.

Hormiactella sacchari Johnston sp. nov.

Sori small, black, scattered, about 1 mm. diam., consisting of sterile
erect hyphae mixed with the fertile; sterile hyphae black, septate,
more or less straight, 500-900 mu. long ; fertile hyphae shorter, 200-
300 mu. liigh, branching sparsely, bearing at intervals short lageni-
form branches or conidiophores ; conidia in short irregular chains,
spherical, rugulose, 6 mu. diameter.

Porto Rioo. — On dead cane leaves, Rio Piedras, Feb., 1911, 4017,
Dec, 1911, 4141, April 1912, 4313, ]\Iay 1-12. 4353, 4357, August, 1912,
4538, 4567, Oct., 1912, 4638; Mercedita, Jan., 1912, 4153; Yauco,
March, 1912, 4315; Canovanas, July, 1915, 4525, Oct., 1912, 4642;
Mameyes, Dec, 1912, 4731; Anasco, May 1916, 5350. Very common
everywhere. Often associated with the M-ither-tip disease of the

224

leaves. More common on certain varieties. (PI. XXX, fig-. 1-5; pi.
XXV, fig. 4)

Periconia sacchari Johnston sp. nov.

Fertile liypliae erect, scattered but very numerous, not blackening
tlie substratum, dark 200-300 mu. high, with short branches at the
tip ; branches appressed, cylindrical, or more or less lageniform, some-
times constricted ; conidia ovoid or elliptical to finally cylindrical in
the mature form, rounded at both ends, brown, finally tuberculate,
11.2X22-24 mu.

Porto Rico. — On dead and dying cane leaves, often associated
with wither-tip, Rio Picdras. April, 1917. 6384 (type). Very com-
mon. A common associate of Sphaerelhi saerhari. (Plate XXIX,
fig. 16-18.)

Septonema sacchari Johnston & Stevenson sp. nov.

Forming small black fruiting patches on tlio substratum, sterile
hyphae recumbent, often not apparent or anastomosing to form a
loose net-work; fertile hyphae short but little different from the
conidia; conidia catenulate, 1-3 septate, more often 2-septate, basal
cell truncate, brown, lighter where the chains branch, minutely spiny,
one end cell larger, rounded, and 7.25X13-25 nm.

Porto Rioo. — On cane leaves. Rio Piedras, Feb., 1914, 1650, May,
1917, 6404 (type). Macroscopically resembles Spegazzima ornata.

Tetracoccosporis sacchari Stevenson sp. nov.

Foiming small, sooty, black, subcircular to ivn^gular masses on the
substratum, 1-2 mm. average diam.. occasionally coalescing to form
masses up to 1 cm. diam. ; sterile hyphae recumbent, generally not
apparent; fertile hyphae erect, hyaline to smoky, strongly septate;
septae appearing as broad black bands at short intervals ; spores pleu-
rogenous, sessile, completely covering conidiophore. arranged in regu-
lar series, more or less flattened-hemispherical, distinctly rugulose,
cruciate-divided into 4 cells, averaging 10 mu. diam.

Porto Rioo. — On dead cane leaves, Rio Piedras, Feb., 1914, 1421,
Nov. 1916, 6049 (type). Macroscopically not distinguishable from
Spegazzinia ornata. (PI. XXVII, fig. 19, 20.)

Tetraploa aristata (B&Br).

Plants scattered, few in number, generally among other fungi,
olivaceous to black; conidia oblong, biseptate-muriform, brown to
sooty, guttulate, 20-30 mu., apex formed by four liorns, 60-90X4
mu., pluriseptate, lighter in color than body of spore. Description
modified after Saccardo.

225

Porto Rioo. — On dead cane stallis, Rio Piedras, March.. 1911,
4010. Very commonly observed when studying other forms,, inter-
mixed sparingly with them. (PL XXIX, fig. 11.)

Verticicladium gTaminicolum Johnston & Stevenson sp. uov.

Effuse, forming a uniform layer over the substratum, separating
readily, dull brown to gray ; sterile hyphae interwoven into a fairly
compact net work, fertile hyph?e erect to reclining, ])rown, regular,
verticillate branched, 3-4 branches at each node ; branches cylindrical,
short ; spores eliptical to cylindrical, hyaline, 3-4 X 6.8-11 mu.

Porto Rico. — On cane leaves, Rio Piedras, Sept., 1912, 4596, Feb.,

1914, 1645 (type). (PI. XXIX, fig. 14, 15.)

Graphit'm sacchari Speg.

Porto Rico. — On dead cane stalk, Rio Piedras, March, 1911, 4010,
Sept., 1912, 4621, Jan., 1914, 1180, Dec, 1916, 5858; Juneos, July

1915, 2925. Quite common. (PI. XXXI, fig. 13-15.)

Myrothecium verrucaria (A«&S) Dtm.

Porto Rioo. — On dead and dying cane leaf-sheaths, Rio Piedras,
April, 1917, 6423. Sporodochia small, flat, dark purple to black
with a white, villous margin.

Spegazzinia ornat,a Sacc.

Porto Rico. — On dead cane leaves, Rio Piedras, Nov., 1911, 4079,
Dec, 1911, 4108, April, 1912, 4311, 4318, July, 1912, 4490, Sept., 1915,
3072, June, 1917, 6551; Ponce, Jan., 1912, 4154; Sta. Isabel, Jan.,
1912, 4164. Also collected on dead liamboo. pineapple leaves, and
dead leaves of various weed grasses. Very common everywhere.
First determination by Mrs. F. W. Patterson. (PI. XXIX, fig. 6, 7 ;
pi. XXIV, fig. 3.)

The sporodochia are jet black, flat, subhemispherical to irregular,
and several mm. in diameter.

Tubercularia saccharicola Speg.

Porto Rico.— On dead cane stalks, Rio Piedras, Aug., 1912, 4667,
Jan., 1914, 1214, Feb., 1914, 1340; Carolina, Jan., 1915, 2522; Las
I\ronjas, Apr., 1911, 4049. First determination by Mrs. F. W. Patter-
son. (PI. XXTTI, fig. 3: pi. XXVTT. fig. 5-7.)

226

Undeterminate.

Botrytis sp. — On dead cane leaves, Rio Piedras, 1914, 1422.

Capnodium sp. — On living cane leaves and stalks, Rio Piedras,
1912, 4507, 45] 5. Spermatia and Triposporium stages.

Corticium sp. — On dead cane leaves, Rio Piedras, 1195, 3224. A
pink, sterile form.

Crepidotus sp. — On rotted cane stalks, Rio Piedras, 1203, 1304.

Dasycypha sp. — On cane trash, Rio Piedras, 2511.

Fusarium spp. — A number of species are commonly found on
cane trash, material in damp chambers, in cultures of cane soils and
in one instance as the apparent cause of a red-rot of cane stalks.

Lasiosphaeria sp. — On dead cane, Rio Piedras. 1911, 4110.

Lophodermium sp. — On dead leaf-sheaths, Rio Piedras, 1420.

3Iarasmius spp. — On cane trash a great variety of undeterminable
species have been collected.

Marsonm sp. — On midribs of dead cane leaves, Rio Piedras, 6416,
6429. Macroscopically not distinguishable from Melanconium sac-
charinum.

Odontia sp. — On dead cane stalk, Rio Piedras, 1916, 6062. Dis-
tinct from the other species, but not yet named by Dr. Burt.

Peniophora sp. — On cane trash, Rio Piedras, 1204. A yellow
species, the only collection being sterile. (PI. XXVI, fig. 13, 14.)

Polydesmus sp. — On dead cane leaves, Rio Piedras, 1914, 1651.
^lacroscopicalty indistinguishable from Spegazzinia and Tetracoccos-
poris. (PI. XXi:^, fig. 13.)

Sclerotium sp. — On dead and dying cane leaves, particularly the
leaf-sheaths, Rio Piedras. April 1911, 4044, Aug., 1911, 4077, May,
1912, 4312, Oct., 1912, 4651, May, 1917, 6471. A gray form very
distinct from S. Rolfsii.

Stilhum sp. — On dead cane stalks, Rio Piedras, 1343, 1267. Not
8. incarnatum reported on cane in Java.

Tapesia sp. — On dead cane stalks, Rio Piedras, 1266. (PI. XXVII,
fig. 3, 4.)

Trogia sp. — On dead cane, Rio Piedras, 1197. (PI. XXVI, fig.
18, 19.)

Valsa sp. — On dead cane-stalks, Barceloneta, June 1917, 6433.
The same species has also been encountered in cultures of leaf spots.
It is not parasitic, as far as tests to date show.

Voluiina sp.— On dead cane, Rio Piedras, 1914, 1 200. (PI. XXVH
fig. 11-13.)

227

DISEASES DUE TO NON-PAEASITIC OR DOUBTFUL CAUSES.

CHLOROSIS.

Chlorosis of sugar-cane has been noted only in the southern and
southwestern portions of the Island, the irrigated sections. It is found
in varying degree of severity from cases with absolutely white leaves
through various shades of yellow to those in which the affected leaves
show only yellow stripes. Affected areas vary in size from a fraction
of an acre to several hundred acres. It has been especially noted
near Ponce, Yaueo, and Santa Isabel.

Studies of the phenomenon from a chemical standpoint, have been
conducted by Mr. P. C. Gile, (33, 34) of the Mayagiiez Experiment
Station. He made a soil survey of affected spots, analyses of the
soils, and a series of experiments with manure and ferrous sulphate.
He ascertained that bleached cane occurred where the soil was exces-
sivel}^ calcareous, but that the real cause of the trouble lay in lack
of sufficient assimilated iron. Plants treated with a solution of ferrous
sulphate either when applied around the roots or painted on the
leaves, regained a normal green color.

As a result, however, of the field experiments, the conclusion
was reached that while increased yields and a measure of control
were secured by applications of iron, the amount necessary made its
use on a practical scale, prohibitive.

Field observations show the presence of fungi on chlorotic canes,
l)ut to the same extent as on normal cane, so that they have no direct
relation with the disease, nor do insects. Earle (21) observed chloro-
sis near Ponce, confusing it with root disease with which it was
associated. Chlorosis of sugar-cane has not been reported from other
countries.

YELIiOW STRIPE.

Yellow stripe is more or less of a chlorotic condition in which
tile chlorosis is restricted to stripes in the leaves. In Porto Rico
this has never been seen in more than isolated stools of a tield, with
the exception of those cases where it occurs in connection "sWth chlo-
rosis on the south side of the Island.

In Java mucli lins been made of this disease, l)ut with no other
conclusion than that it was a physiological condition, varying with
the different varieties of cane.

MOTTT;ING.

About tw(i ycais ago thci'c was brouglit to the attention of the
junior author a situation in tlic cane fields of tlie Arecibo-Aguadilla

228

district which was at that time already causing considerable loss.
Since that time much attention has been given to the disease, several
reports have been prepared^ (75) and extensive field observations
and laboratory studies are under way.

Since the initial observations were made the trouble has not only
continued its ravages in the original territory, but has greatly enlarged
its boundaries so as to include an area extending from near Bayamon
to Anaseo, or approximately a quarter of the Island. As to how long
the disease had been present before the first report was recieved it
has not been possible as yet to ascertain, but certainly a 3'ear, so
that as near as is now known it has been active about three years.
The disease is as yet confined to the upper reaches of the river val-
leys, to smair inland valleys, and particularly to fields among the foot
hills. The broad stretches of the coastal plain, but little above sea
level, are still free of disease, although they are planted to the sus-
ceptible varieties of cane, and form great continuous areas. The
rolling stretch of country between Arecibo and Aguadilla, a region
M^hich suffers much from drouth has been the most severely infected,
ai)d hundreds of acres have been abandoned to cane culture.

Losses. — The loss occasioned is very difficult to estimate since the
diseased fields will show a variation of from one to a hundred per
cent of infection. There appears to be a regular course followed
by the disease. A few stools are infected the first year, scattered
about the field. The second year infection becomes quite general and
there is a decided falling off in yield. The third year the growth
of the cane is so poor, and such stalks as are produced are so small,
and lacking in juice that the crop is a total loss. The loss is still
further increased by the fact that the Centrals refuse to receive any
cane that shows evidence of the disease. There is no doubt 1)ut that
the monetary loss already runs into the hundreds of tliousands of
dollars.

Name of the Dv^ease. — Various names have been used for this
disease. It is universally known among the planters as ''La enfer-
raedad — the disease," and it has been called "the new disease," the
''mottling disease" and "cane canker." The mottling disease is
the preferred term. Chlorosis is of course already in use for another
trouble.

Symptoms. — The one marked and constant symptom of this disease,
and the one by which it is easily recognized by any one who has

1 Stevenson, John A. — La Enfermedad Niieva de la Cana. Circuhii- 11, Tnsular Expori-
nient Station. 1917,

In La Revista Azucarera, aiio 2, no. 24, p. 4-5, and no. 25, p. 5-6. 1917.

In El Mundo Azucarero, v. .'>, no. 1, p. 19-24, fig-. 10. Aug. 1917.

Cane Disease in Porto Rico. /ti La. Planter, v. 49, no. 5, p. 76-78. Aug. 4, 1917.

229

occasion to visit diseased elds, is the peculiar mottling" of the leaves.
In contrast to the uniform yellowing or whitening of the leaves
characteristic of chlorosis, there occnr innumerable white or at times
yellowish spots and stripes with irregular, indefinite margins. In
light cases the back ground may be practically normal green, but
more often and especially after the first year the leaves are yellow
green to yellow, interspersed with the white markings. It is not
apparent that mottled leaves die any sooner, or are more subject to
parasitic leaf fungi than normal leaves.

For some time there are no further symptoms than the mottling
it being impossible to distinguish, except for this one point, diseased
from normal stools. ^lottled leaves do not die and fall any sooner
than normal ones, nor do they cling abnormally to the stalk. The
stalks are not stunted or visibly changed internally. It is cjuite pos-
sible to find stalks which show from one to ten or twelve lower leaves
apparently normal, with all those above mottled. The mottling is
apparent as soon as the leaves iinfold. The reverse condition of
normal leaves above, has not been observed. It is not certain yet
as to whether a leaf which unfolds normally may become mottled later
on. A varying number of stalks in a stool may show mottling, often
only one, more often three or four out of a dozen.

The above represents conditions the first year of infection. The
ratoon shoots from all infected stools, and from a varying propor-
tion of those that were apparently normal, show mottling from the
instant the new shoots are observable. Very seldom does this crop
reach normal conditions of height and stand, more often around
thirty to fiftj' per cent only.

At this stage in addition to the mottling another marked charac-
teristic appears, a cankering of the stalks. These cankers or lesions
appear first as far as observation show, before the leaf sheaths fall,
but after they have become somewhat loosened, as linear spots, some-
what sunken, and brown in color. The soon become ashen or dull
gray, and often coalesce to form continuous patches practically cov-
ering the internodes. They never, however, pass from one internode
to another. They are superficial only, never penetrating for more
than 1-2 mm., except along such cracks as occur. Even here the
reddening that is found is seldom more than that usually found in
such locations in normal cane.

The cracking or splitting is not considered a symptom, being
merely a result of the drying up of the cane. Splitting normally
occurs in many varieties, although of course it is more marked wnth
this disease. There is no internal red-rot or other form of rot accom-

230

panying the cankers, but there is a shrinking of the internodes and
a general condition of pithiness and lack of juice. All cankered
canes show mottling of the leaves, but the reverse is not true.

It may be noted at this point that not only is there a lack of
.juice in cankered canes, but what does occur is of an objectionable
nature from the mill stand point. A very high glucose ratio is
reported (non-crystallizing sugars) and the juice behaves badly dur-
ing clarifying and other processes to which it is subjected. A com-
prehensive series of chemical tests is about to be made at this Station,
to be reported upon later.

Causes. — No definite cause lias as yet been found although many
have been suggested. The juice of diseased stalks has not been found
to be infectious. No fungi have been found in connection with it
which could reproduce the trouble. It has been found that apparently
normal seed pieces from stalks showing mottling, even after disinfec-
tion and planting in sterile soil, produced mottled shoots.

The entire question of degeneration or running out of varieties,
together with the effect of abnormal weather conditions and exceed-
ingly poor agricultural practices have been studied as far as time
and circumstances permitted, and are treated of more fully in other
publications on this epidemic.

Varieties attacked. — Most of the cane of the infected district has
been of two varieties, the striped or rayada, and the white (hlanca)
or Otaheite, probably the same as the old Bourbon cane. The white
cane was first attacked and is at present most subject to the disease,
the cankers being especially characteristic of this variety. Its elim-
ination, as has already occurred in other parts of the Island, seems
certain. The rayada during the present year has been in many places
as badly attacked as the white, although there is still the possibility
that strains from outside districts may remain immune.

Other varieties grown on a smaller scale and brought in for trial
have been quite uniformly attacked, hamhoo, penang, B-3412, B-208,
yellow Caledonia, Cavengerie, and others. A dark red variety, locally
known as sarangola has been quite resistant but unfortunately is not
a good milling cane, nor is it probable that it would have any great
degree of resistance if planted on a large scale.

Comparison iritJi other cane diseases. — This disease can not be con-
fused with any of the stalk or leaf diseases described in the earlier
part of this paper, the essential symptoms being sufficiently different.
Moreover, in no instance has it been possible to find any more evi-
dences of any of these than occur in normal fields. Rind disease
has been especially watched for since it is the reputed cause of an

231

epidemic, that occurred in the British West Indies in 1893-7. It
is very easy to find a great variety of fungi but none of them have
as yet been capable of reproducing mottling.

The connection of root disease has been a more difficult problem,
but it has finally become clear that root disease is not directly con-
nected with the mottling. Either, may and does occur alone, and
both are often found acting together, the cane suffering severely in
any case.

The more the disease is studied the more it appears to resemble
the mj^sterious "sereh" of Java. It is quite unlikely that it is that
exact disease, but it is not improbable that it is of the same general
nature, produced by the same or similar environmental factors. Many
of the symptoms are the same, although none it must be admitted
are those that are considered essential ; for instance the course of
the disease over three j'ears, the stunting of stools and shortening of
internodes (in advance cases), the fact that the disease is carried
from old plants to new ones by cuttings, and a poor development
of the root system. On the other hand this new disease in addition
to the leaf mottling and stalk cankers not ascribed to "sereh," does
not show gumming, internal red lines, more disease at the base of
the stalls, or the abnormal stooling giving the grassj- appearance
from which the "sereh" takes its name.

Control. — Practically every conceivable measure which has ever
been recommended for the control of cane diseases and especially
those usually given as efficacious for root disease have been tried,
and without any otlier result than the continued progress of the
disease. Liming, increased cultivation, treatment with Bordeaux mix-
ture, seed of estalilished varieties brought from outside regions, seed
of new varieties, and the use of land not before planted to cane, all
these, and more have been tried.

It is apparent that very drastic measures will be necessary to
check the epidemic. The foremost requirement will be the introduc-
tion of a rotation system, (a heretofore unknown practice in Porto
Rican cane culture), and one which will include a legume. It is no
easy matter to give a satisfactory outline for such a rotation, particu-
larly tlie legume, and even after by such experimentation such is
found, it is going to be e(|ually or more difficult to get it adopted.
In the meanwhile continued efforts are being made with new seedling
varieties, particularly those produced at this Station, and it is hoped
that some will ultimately be found wliicli under proper care will
succeed.

A complete account of the disease to date together with such

232

studies as have been made will occur in the forthcoming report of
the Experiment Station, (1916-1917).

IXJUEIES DUE TO NATURAL AGENCIES.

In order to round out the subject of cane disease, it has been
considered proper to include a consideration of injuries due to .such
pliysieal phenomena or natural causes, as lightning, wind, drouth,
and floods, often important sources of loss to the cane growers of the
Island.

LIGHTNING.

Lightning injury to sugar-cane is apparently rare, but one instance
having been observed (75). In this case all the cane, including the
I'oots, in an area of approximately a square rod was killed, producing
an open spot sharply set off from the surrounding normal cane.
Nothing was left of the cane but charred remains of leaves and
a few short pieces of stalk, some remaining erect. A growth of her-
baceous weeds followed. No insects or fungi weve present, even a
considerable time after the cane was killed.

WIND.

Under normal conditions cane is quite resistant to direct injury
from Avind, although of course there is the indirect effect of the in-
creased evaporation of the soil water supply, and checking of growth
or even death when a shortage occurs.

The occasional hurricanes, however, often cause considerable losses
depending somewhat upon the season in which they occur, or upon
the age of the cane. With extreme wind velocities the cane may be
uprooted over large areas, making practically a total loss, or young
ratoons may be so wrenched and loosened as to give greatly decreased
yields. Over the eastern end of the Island a decided falling off in
estimated production was acredited to this cause in the season just
ended.

Cane does not, however, suffer from wind to the extend that other
crops, coffee and citrus, for example, do.

FLOODS, AND EXCESSIVE WATER STTPLY.

Cane, a shall rooted crop is much subject to damage by floods.
During the periodic overflows, characterizing the rivers of Porto
Rico, much low land cane is washed out or the hold of the i)lants
so weakened Iw the washing away of the soil that an effort must ])e
put forth to recover, which must mean decreased yields. Cane is,
however, the most resistent crop to this soit of condition.

233

It is generally considered that an excessive water supply, due
to heavy soil or poor drainage, is very harmful. Such a condition
is doubtless beneficial to the growth of many injurious fungi and
there is a decrease in yield through loss of roots by disease or drown-
ing (suffocation). Observations, made in connection with the mottling
disease, have indicated that cane suffers more readily from a lack of
water than from an over abundance.

DROUTH.

Tliis is undoubtedly the most important of the various factors
considered under the general heading. Large sections of the Island
are so habitually dry that irrigation is absolutelj^ necessary, and there
are other important districts which suffer from periods of drouth of
greater or less length at various seasons of the year. The influence
of lack of sufficient water has been readily noted in those places where
irrigation has been applied to some fields only. It often spells the
difference between a crop and no crop.

One very important effect credited to lack of water is increase
of root disease. There is undeniably an increase in the amount of
fungTis present, and it is not uncommon to find whole fields of
stunted, yellow cane, apparently ruined by root disease. The exact
relation of drouth and the fungi found in connection with the roots
and the stalks of the cane is debatable.

It seems altogether probable that the most trying situation for
cane is a succession of excessive rains and long drouths, a state of
affairs often existing over large sections of Porto Rico.

ABNORMALITIES.

In Java the various abnormalities of the cane plant have been
considered at great length (58). Many of the types reported for
that Island occur in Porto Rico, but in isolated cases so that no sig-
nificance is attached to tliem in the patliological work.

Canes are quite commonly found with buds or eyes missing from
some of the nodes, or sometimes with two or more eyes at a node.
Germination of the eyes in situ often with the production of lengthy
shoots is common, being quite characteristic of certain varieties. It
also occurs at times in connection with stalk-borer or other injuries.

There have occurred types of growth resembling those described
for "sereh," the short grass-like habit for instance, and the produc-
tion of adventitious roots along the stalk, but without other symptoms
being present. Such cases have occurred in connection with root
disease or insect injury.

234

CANE FUNGI OF SANTO DOMINGO.

Because of the close proximity of Santo Domingo and the fact
that cane for milling is brought from there in large quantities by
one of the Central companies, there has always been considerable
interest taken in the cane fungi of this Island and the possibility
of introducing new diseases to Porto Rico through this channel.
Because of this threatening danger the senior author visited Santo
Domingo some years ago making special search for diseases not al-
ready occurring Porto Rico and at the same time collecting all cane
fungi found. A report of this trip was published at the time (49)
and included mention of some five fungi causing the common diseases
noted. Since that time determinations have been made of the other
fungi collected and a complete list is here given with the localities
in which found. It will be noted that no fungi are contained in
the list not already reported as occurring in Porto Rico. All collec-
tions were made by Mr. Johnston, between April 4 and 20, 1913.

Cercospora vaginae Kriiger. — Common at Higiiral and other points.

Collet otricuni falcatum Went. — ^^San Pedro de Macoris, Santo Do-
mingo City.

Craterium aureiim (Shiim) Rost. — La Romana.

Diplodia cacaoicoUi. P. Ilenii. — La Romana, San Pedro de Ma-
coris.

Graphium sacchari Speg. — La Romana.

TJelmintliosporium sacchari, Butler. — Higiiral. Linear leaf spot.

Hormiactella sacchari Johnston. — San Pedro de IMacoris.

Lfptosphapvia sacchari. Y. Breda de II. — La Romana. Common
in all fields.

Lycogala epidendrum (L) Fr. — Higiiral.

Marasmius sacchari Wakker. — Higiiral, Santo Domingo City. As
sterile mycelia only.

Mclanconium sacchari Massee. — San Pedro de ■Macoris, La Ro-
mana. Common on aid cane.

Melanconium saccharinum Penz. & Sacc. — Higiiral.

Ne^ctria lanrentiana ]\rarchal. — San Pedro de Macoris.

Odontia sacrharicola Bnrt. — La Romana.

Sclerotium sp. The gray form. — San Pedro de Macoris.

Schizophyllum commune Fries. — La Romana.

Sclerotium sp. The gray form. — San Pedro de Macoris.

Tctraploa aristata B & R. — San Pedro de INIacoris.
Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Seynes) V. Hohn. — La Romana,
Higiiral.

235

Trametes nivosa (Berk) ]\riirrill. — La Romana, Higiiral.
Tuhcrcnlaria fsarcharicola Speg. — Santo Domingo City.

CONTROL OF CANE FUNGI.

It is impracticable, in fact impossible, to entirely eliminate fungi
from the cane fields. It is, rather, the aim of the good agriculturist,
to produce as vigorous cane as possible and so reduce the fungi to
a minimum. There are very few cane diseases that will not yield to
proper agricultural methods combined with certain principles of con-
trol to be outlined here.

Space will not permit a consideration of the various points in-
cluded under "proper agricultural methods," such as good drainage,
irrigation when necessary, selection of seed, proper planting and cul-
tivating. They are fully covered in other publications of this Station.

Among the control principles may be mentioned the following, a
brief exposition of each being given.

1. Healthy seed only should be used for planting, since normal
cane can hardly be expected from diseased seed. This means that
all seed should undergo a careful selection to eliminate any that show
borer or other insect injury, tlic presence of the mycelium of Odontia
or other fungi, internal discolorations or rot due to Melanconiuni, Col-
letofrichum, Diplodia, or other cane-destroying agent. Seed selection
should be carried out in the field where the cane is cut and not where
it is to be planted.

2. Certain varieties of cane are more resistent to a given disease
or diseases than others. An efifort should be made to discover these
liy comparative tests and to use those that give the best results. The
root disease often yields to a change in variety as do other diseases.
Care should be exercised not to mix different varieties in the same
field.

3. Certain diseases, particularly TJtielaviopsis, are prevented by
disinfection of the seed or by providing a protective covering. Bor-
deaux mixture is the only practicable substance for this purpose
and gives good results where conditions are not favorable for quick
germination or where the seed can not be planted at once.

4. Various oilier plants which harbor cane fungi should not be
grown in rotation with cane or in the case of weeds they sliould be
kept down as tlioroughly as possible. This will apply especiall.y to
pineapples, wliicli are very suljject to Thielaviopsis and to various
grasses attacked by Odontia, some of them of econonuc value. Per-
mitting the land to revert to pasture after the cane is abandoned does
not serve to kill out tliose fungi that attaclc the cane i-oots. It will

236

be far better to rotate cane with some legiiminons crop, such as sword
beans, cow-peas, or velvet beans.

5. Effort should be made to reduce to a minimum cane injured
through attacks by borer, other insects, cattle, rats, or other agencies ;
such injured canes being readily attacked by various fungi. Gaining
a foothold on injured canes, the fungi may spread to adjoining
healthy cane.

6. Cane should not be allowed to become overmature, since many
diseases are capable of causing severe damage to such cane. This
applies i)articularly to Meancomum and CoUetotriclium which often
ruin whole fields of certain varieties. It must be noted that some
varieties can be left until a second season without cutting, provided
they are growing under good conditions, but they must be watched,
since the disease, once it gets a foothold spreads very rapidly.

SUMMARY.

Fungi liave caused heavy loss in the cane fields of Porto Rico.
Diseases have been present in serious amounts since at least 1870
and are quite prevalent at the present time, presenting a number of
difficult problems. Cane diseases have been studied in Porto Rico
by various agronomists and commissions of the Spanish times and
since the American occupation to some extent by the Federal Experi-
ment Station. Most of the work in this field has been carried out
by pathologists of what is now the Insular Experiment Station.

There are a considerable number of important cane diseases not
occurring in Porto Rico, "sereh," gumming, etc.

Of the fungi found chiefly on the roots or base of the stalk are
Marasmius sacchari, Himantia stcllifera, and Odontia sacchari. These
are all concerned to a greater or less extent in the so-called root
disease. Studies on their exact relationships and parasitism have
not yet been carried out.

The principal diseases of tlie stalk are red rot (Colletoirichum
falcatum, rind disease, (Melanconium, sacchari), and a new disease
due to Cytospora sacchari, which proved threatening to certain varie-
ties. The two former diseases especially attack overmature or injured
cane.

A ninnber of leaf diseases are found, none of which cause appre-
ciable loss although they are of universal occurrence. Those described
are red spot of the leaf -sheath (Cercospora vaginae), red rot of the
leaf-sheath (Sclerotium Rolfsii), eye spot {Helminthosporium sac-
chari), ring spot (Leptosphacria sacchari), brown leaf spot {Cercos-
pora longipes), red stripe, and wither-tip.

237

The only important disease of cane cuttings is that due to Thiela-
viopsis paradoxa, readily prevented by dipping the seed in Bordeaux
mixture.

Under the heading of minor fungi and diseases seventy-two fungi
are listed, together with notes of occurrence, and the symptoms of
any diseases they may cause.

Chlorosis a disease characterized by a yellowing or whitening of
the leaves and occurring in certain districts on the south coast, is
described together with experiments for its control. Yellow striping
is a phenomenon occurring to a very limited extent.

An account is given of the new disease, or mottling of cane, a
phenomenon existing in the western end of the Island. It is charac-
terized by a peculiar mottling of the leaves, and later by a cankering
of the stalks. All varieties are attacked, and it has occasioned very
heaw losses. No certain control measures are known.

Injuries due to natural agencies, lightning, wind, floods, and
drouth are discussed.

Certain abnormalities are mentioned, but are of little importance.

A list of the cane fungi of Santo Domingo is appended.

Certain of the principles of control of cane diseases are briefly
outlined.

LITERATURE CITED.

{!) AoosTA, JosK Julian, Grandoourt, Grivot, and Stahl, Agustin.
1878. Informe so])re la enfermedad de la cana de azucar en el
4°. Departamento de la Isla, p. 1-42. San Juan.

(2) Anon.

1894. La Maladie de la canne a Maurice. T)i La sucrerie indigene
et coloniaU', v. 44, pt. 2, p. :}61-363.

(3) ASHBY, S. F.

1915. In report Uept. Agric. Jamaica to Marcli 31, 1915, p. 31.

(4) BaiAjOV, H. a.

1913. Report of the prevalence of some pests and diseases in
the West Indies during 1912. //( West Indian Bui. v. 13,
no. 4, p. 341-342.

(5) Bancroft, C. K.

1910. Fungi causing diseases of cultivated plants in the West
Indies. West Ind. Bui. v. 10, no. 3, p. 235-269.

'This list is iiitendod to incliido all ref«i-( nces to eiuie fungi or diseases of Porlo Kico
and to siuli other pupiTS :ik Iiave been referred to in the text. No attempt is made to Rive
a complete bibliography of the subject, partirularly on those diseases not oeeurrinu' in
Porto Rico.

238

(6) Bancroft, C. K.

1910. A handbook of fungus diseases of West Indian plants.

(7) Bancroft. C. K.

1914. The "New disease" or "dry disease" of the sugar eane.
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(8) Barber, C. A.

1901. Sugar cane in the Godavari and Ganiari districts. h\
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(9) BovELL, John R.

1910. Report on the fungoid diseases and insect pests attacking
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(10) Butler, E. J.

1906. Fungus diseases of sugar cane in Bengal. In Mem. Dep't
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(11) BuT,LER, E. J., and Khan, Abdul Hafiz.

1913. Red rot of sugar cane. In Mem. Dep't of Agric. in India.
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(12) Butler, E. J., and Khan Abdul Hafiz.

1913. Some new sugar cane diseases. In Mem. Dep't Agric. in
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(13) Cobb, N. A.

1893. In Agrie. Gaz. N. S. W., v. 4, no. 10, p. 777-857.

(14) Cobb, N. A.

1906. Fungus maladies of the sugar cane. Hawaiian Sugar Plant
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(15) Cobb, N. A.

1909. Fungus maladies of the sugar cane. Hawaiian Sugar Plant
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(16) Cooke, M. T.

1906. In Informe del departamento de patologia vegetal. Pri-
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(17) Cooke, M. T., and Horne, W. T.

1907, Insects and diseases of corn, sugar cane and related plants.
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(18) Dash, J. Sydney.

1915. In Report Local Dep't of Agric. Barbados. 1913-14, p. 143.

(19) Deerr, Noel.

1905. Sugar and the sugar eane. Chapter on diseases and ene-
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(20) Deerr, Noel.

1911. Cane sugar. Chapter on pests and diseases, p. 127-158.
Manchester.

',>'<(

•39

(21) Earle, F. S.

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(22) ECKHART, C. F.

1906. The influence of strij^ping on the yields of cane and sugar.
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(23) Edgerton, C. W.

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(24) Edgerton, C. W.

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(25) Edgerton, C. W.

1911. The red rot of sugar cane. La. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bui. 133,
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(26) Fawcett, G. L.

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(27) Fawcett, H. S.

1910. Red I'ot of sugar cane. Fla. Agric. Exp't Sta. Press
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(28) Fawcett, H. S.

1911. Sugar cane red rot disease. In Ann. Rep't Fla. Agric.
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(29) Fawcett, W.

1894. Sugar cane disease. In Bui. Bot. Dept. Jam. v. 1, no. 7,
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(30) Fawcett, W.

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(31) Fuller, C.

1901. In Second Rpt. Gov. Ent. Xatal Dept. Agric, p. 72, 3
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(32) Fulton, H. R.

1908. The root disease of sugar cane. La. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bui.
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(33) Gile, p. L.

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240

(34) GiLE, P. L.

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(35) GrEERLIGS, PrINSEN H. C.

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(36) GouGH, L. H.

1911. List of fungoid parasites of sugar cane observed in Trini-
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(37) Harrison, J. B.

1895. In Rpt. on Agric. work in the Bot. Garden for the years
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(38) HoRNE, W. T.

1905, Los hongos y bacterias en relacion con las enferuiedades
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(39) HoRNE, W. T.

1909. In Rept. Veg. Path. Second Rpt. Estac. Cent. Agion.
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(40) Howard, A,

1900. On Tricliosphaeria sacchari. In Ann. of Bot. v. 14, p.
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(41) Howard, Albert,

1901. Diplodia cacaoicola, a parasitic fungus on sugar cane in
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(42) Howard, Albert.

1902. The field treatment of cane cuttings in reference to fun-
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(43) Howard. A.

1903. The rind disease of sugar cane in the West Indies (CoUefo-
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(44) Howard, Albert.

1903. On some diseases of the sugar cane in the West Indies. In
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(45) Johnston, J. R.

1911. Report of the Pathologist. In Bui. 1. (1st Ann. Rpt.)
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(46) Johnston, J. R.

1912. Report of the Pathologist. In Bui. 2. (2nd Ann. Report)
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241

I

(47) Johnston, J. R. I
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(48) Johnston, J. R.
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(49) Johnston, J. .R.
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(50) Johnst;on, J. R.
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(51) Johnston, J. R.
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(52) Johnston, J. R.
1917. History and cause of the rind disease of sugar cane. In

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(53) KRtJGER, W.

1899. Das zuckerrohr und seine kultur. Chapter on diseases^
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(54) Larson, L. D.
1911. An attack of the eye spot fungus Cercospora sacchari on

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(55) Lewton-Brain, L.

1904. Lectures on the diseases of the sugar cane. Pamphlet 29,
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(56) Lewton-Brain, L.

1905. Principal diseases of sugar cane. West Ind. Bui., v. 6,
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(57) Lewton-Brain, L.
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(58) Lewton-Brain, L.
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Hawaiian Sug. Plant. Exp. Sta. Bui. 7, p. 1-38, fig. 16.

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(59) Lewton-Brain, L.

1908. Red rot of the sugar cane stem. Div of Path, and Phys.^
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(60) Marchal, Emile.

1894. Sur quelques champignons nouveaux du Congo. Bui. Soe.
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(61) Massee, G.

1893. On Trichosphaeria sacchari. In Ann. Bot. v. 7, p. 515-
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(62) Massee, Q.

1893. Rot disease of sugar cane, hi Kew Bui. 48.

(63) May, D. W.

1910. I7i Sugar cane in Porto Rico. P. R. Agric. Exp. Sta.,
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(64) NOWELL, "W.

1914. Report on the prevalence of some pests and diseases in
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(65) NOWELL, W.

1915. Report on the prevalence of some pests and diseases in
the West Indies during 1914. In West Ind. ]'>ul. v. 15, no. 2,
p. 133-134.

(66) Perkins, R. C. L.

1904. On some diseases of cane especially considered in relation
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(67) Prilleux, and Delacroix.

1895. Sur une maladie de la canne sucre produite par le Conio-
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(68) Smith, Longpield.

1913. hi report of work done by Agric. Exp. Sta. St. Croix,
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(69) Smith, Longpield.

1914. In report of work done by Agric. Exp. Sta. St. Croix,
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(70) South, F. W.

1911. Report on the prevalence of some pests and disases in the
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(71) South, F. W.

1912. Report on the prevalence of some pests and diseases in the
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(72) South, F. W. and Dunlop, W. R.

1913. Red rot fungus and the sugar cane in the West Indies. In
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(73) SPEG.4ZZINI, C.

1896. Hongos de la caiia de azuear. In Rev. de la Fac. de Agron
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(7-4) St,evenson, J. A.

1916. Cane diseases. Report of the Pathologist. In 4th Ri)'t
of B'd Comm. of Agric. of P. R. 1914-15, p. 39-41.

(75) Stevenson, J. A.

1917. Cane Diseases. Report of the Pathologist. //( 5th Rpt.
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(76) Stevenson, J. A.

1917. Diseases of vegetable and garden crops. In Journ of
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(77) Stockdale, F. A.

1908. Root disease of sugar cane. In West Ind. Bui v 9 no 2
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(78) Stpckdale, F. A.

1914. Cane diseases. In Rpt. Dept. Agric. Mauritius for six
months ending June 30, 1914.

(79) Tempany, H. a.

1909. Passing of the Bourbon cane in Antigua. In West Ind
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(80) Tempany, H. A.

1910. The root disease of sugar cajie in Antigua, hi West lud.
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(81) Thistleton-Dyer, W.

1893. Sugar cane diseases. Kew Bui. 79.

(82) Thist,leton-Dyer, W,

1894. Sugar-cane diseases in the old world. In Kew Bui 85-86
p. 81-84.

(83) Thistleton-Dyer, W.

1895. Sugar-cane disease in Barliados. In Kew Bui 100-101
p. 84-88.

(84) Thistleton-Dyer, W.

1896. Sugar-cane disease in British Guiana. /// Kew Bui 113-
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(85) Thistleton-Dyer, AV.

1900. Notes on the sugar-cane disease of the West Indies, h,
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244

(86) Tower, W. Y.

1908. In Report of the Ent. and Path., Auu. Kept. P. R. Agric.
Exp. Sta. 1907, p. 37.

(87) Tryon, H.

1901. Some obstacles to successful sugar-cane cultivation. In
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(88) TuERo, Fernando Lopez.

1895. Enfermedad de la caiia de aziicar. In cafia de azucar, p.
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(89) Umpierre, Don M^vnuel Fernandez.

1884. La caiia dulce, y su enfermedad en Puerto Rico. In ma-
nual practico de la agricultura de la caiia de azucar, p. 89-100,
San Juan.

(90) Wakker, J. H.

1895. De ziekte der kweekbeddingen en het plot-selling dood goan
van het riet veroorzaakt door Marasmiiis sacchari. In Ar-
ehief. v. Java Suikerind., 1895, p. 569-583.

(91) Wakker, J. H.

1896. Ein Zuckerrohrkrankheit verursacht durch Marasmiiis sac-
chari, 11. sp. 1)1 Centrabl. f. Bakt u Par, abt, 2, Bd, 2. p.
45-56.

(92) Wakker. J. H.

1896. De oogrelekken ziekte der bladscheeden veroorzaakt door
Cercospora vaginne. In Med. van. het Proef. Sta. Oost Java,
n. s. no. 26, p. 1-14.

(93) Wakker, J. H., and Went, F. A. F. C.

1898. De Ziekten van het Suikerriet op Java. Leideo

(94) Went, F. A. F. C.

1893. Het rood snot. Meded. van het Proof sta.. West Java.
(Also Arch. Java Suikerind. v. 1, p. 265-281.)

(95) Went, F. A. F. C.

1893. Sugar cane disease or black rot due to Thielaviopsis rtha-
ceticus. Meded. Proefsta. West Java, no 8, p. 8. (Also Arch.
Java Suikerind. v. 1, p. 121-128.)

(96) Went, F. A. F. C.

1894. Eenige op meckingen over bestrijding der Ananasziekte.
In l\Ied<'d. Pi'oef. voor Suik. in West-Java, no. 15, p. 12-13.

(97) Went, F. A. F. C.

1894. Red smut in sugar cane. In Sugar Cane, v. 26, no. 297,
p. 173-176.

245

(98) "Went, F. A. F. C.

1896. Notes on sugar-cane diseases. In Ann. Bot. v. 10, p,
585-609.

(99) Went, F. A. F. C.

1896. On the appearance of the West Indian rind fungus in
Java. In Meded. Proef. Sta. West-Java, no. 23, p. 6-12.

(100) Aveena-Sacca, R.

1916. Molestias crytogamicas da canna de assucar. In Bol. de
Agric. (Sao Paulo, Brazil), v. 17. no. 8. p. 610-641, figs. 26.

246

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE XIX.

Fig. 1. — Odontia saccharicola (Slightly reduced,)
Fig. 2. — Himantia stellifera. ]\Iycelium on leaf-sheath. X 1.
Fig. 3. — Tkielaviopsis paradoxa. Section of infected cane cut-
ting. X 1.

PLATE XX.

Fig. 1. — Marasmius sacchari. Sporophores X 1.
Fig. 2. — Monilia sitophila. X 1.

Fig. 3. — Melanconium sacchari. Showing pustules on stalk. X 1.
Fig. 4. — Golletotricum falcatutiv. Black fruiting areas on exposed
surface of inoculated seed piece X 1.

PLATE XXI.

Fig. 1. — Diplodia <:acaoicola. Enimpent clusters of pycnidia. X 2.
Fig. 2. — Polysticiiis occidentalis. X 1.
Fig. 3. — Valsaria siibtropica. X 2.
Fig. 4. — Triclwderma lignorum. X 2.

PLATE xxn.

Fig. 1. — Cytospora sacchari. Showing beaked pycnidia. X 2.
Fig. 2. — Cytospora sacchari. Cankers produced on cane stalk.
Slightly reduced.

Fig. 3. — Polystictus sinuosus. X 1.
Fig. 4. — Schizophyllitm commune. X 1.

PLATE XXin.

Fig. 1. — Hypocrea rufa. X 2.
Fig. 2. — Gihherella pidicaris. X 2.
Fig. 3. — Tuhercularia saccharicola. X 2.
Fig. 4. — Sphacroholus stellatus. X 2.
Fig. 5. — Lycogala epidendrum. X 2.
Fig. 6. — Cyathus Poeppigii X 2.

247

PLATE XXIV.

Fig. 1. — Cercospora vaginae. X 1/2.

Fig. 2. — Melanconium saccharimim X 2.

Fig. 3. — Spegazzinia ornuta. X 4.

Fig. 4. — Phyllosticta sacchari. Slightly reduced.

PLATE XXV.

Fig. 1. — Leptosphaeria sacchari. X 1.
Fig. 2.— The "smaller" leaf spot X 1.
Fig. 3. — Sclerotium Folfsii. X 2.
Fig. 4. — Hormiactella sacchari. X 2.
Fig. 5. — Arcyria cinera. X 2.
Fig. 6.— Eed stripe of the leaf. X 1/0.

PLATE XXVI.

Fig. 1, 2. — SphaerohoJus stellafus. Gross appearance.

Fig. 3. — Sphaeroholus stellatus. Spores.

Fig. 4. — Asterostroma cervicolor. Stellate appendage of mycelium.

Fig. 5. — Same, immature condition.

Fig. 6, 7. — Asterostroma cervicolor. Basidia and spore.

Fig. 8, 9. — Marasmius scbcchari. Gross appearance.

Fig. 10. — Marasmius sacchari. Spore.

Fig. 11. — Oclo))fia >;acr]iar{. Cystidiuin.

Fig. 12. — Odontia sacchari. Basidium with one spore.

Fig. 13. — Pcniophora sp., Basidium and spores.

Fig. 14. — Peniophora sp., Cystidium.

Fig. 15, 17. — Maras})iius horinqiiensis. Gross appearance.

Fig. 16. — Marasmius horinqiiensis. Spore.

Fig. 18. — Trogia sp. Gross appearance.

Fig. 19. — Trogia sp. Spore.

PLATE XXVII.

Fig. 1. — Hypocrea rufa. Diagrammatical section of stroma, show-
ing position of peritheeia.

Fig. 2. — Hypocrea rufa. Ascns and spores.

Fig. 3. — Tapesia sp. Apothecia in various stages.

Fig. 4. — Tapesia sp. Ascns and spores.

Fig. 5. — Tuheixularia saccharic ola. Diagrammatic vertical section
of sporodochia.

Fig. 6. — Tvhercularia saccharicola. Spores.

Fig. 7. — Tnhcrcularia saccharicola. Conidioi)hores.

248

Fig. 8. — Ckroniocrea gelaiinosa. Diagrammatic vertical section
of stroma.

Fig. 9. — Chromocrea gelaiinosa. Portion of ascus.

Fig. 10. — Chromocrea gelaiinosa. Spore.

Fig. 11. — Volutina sp. Sporodochiiim, much enlarged.

Fig. 12. — Volutina sp. Conidia.

Fig. 13. — Volutina sp. Portion of seta.

Fig. 14. — Gihherella puUcaris. Ascus.

Fig. 15. ^Gibherella pulicaris. Spores.

Fig. 16. — Neciria flavociliata. Perithecium.

Fig. 17. — Neciria flavociliata. Portion of seta.

Fig. IS. — Xectria flavocilata. Ascus and spores.

Fig. 19. — Teiracoccosporis sacchari. Fertile hypha.

Fig. 20. — Tetracoccosporis sacchari. Conidium.

Fig. 21. — Neciria laurentiana. Habit sketch of perithecia.

Fig. 22. — Neciria laurentiana. Ascus.

Fig. 23. — Neciria laurentiana. Spore.

Fig. 24. — Valsaria suMropica. Ascus.

Fig, 25. — Valsaria siibiropica. Spore.

Fig. 26. — Valsaria subiropica. Diagrammatic vertical section,
showing perithecia.

plat;e XXVIII.

Fig. 1. — Cytospora sacchari. Diagrammatic vertical sections of
stromata.

Fig. 2. — Cytospora sacchari. Conidium.

Fig. 3. — Cytospora sacchari. Diagrammatic cross-section of
stroma.

Fig. 4. — Cytospora sacchari. Conidiophore.

Fig. 5. — Melanconium saccharimim. Conidia.

Fig. 6. — Vermicnlaria graminicola. Habit sketch.

Fig. 7. — Vermicularia gramimcola. Conidium.

Fig. 8. — Vermicularia graminicola. Pycnidium.

Fig. 9. — Colletotrichum falcaium. Conidium.

Fig. 10. — Collet otrichum C. Conidium.

Fig. 11. — Colletotrichum C. Condia, setae, eonidiophores.

Fig. 12. — Colletotrichum C. Setae.

Fig. 13. — Colletotrichum falcaium. Acervulus.

Fig. 14, 16, 17. — Colletotrichum falcaium. Conidia and eonidio-
phores, showing variation in conidia.

Fig. 15. — Collctofrichum A. Conidia and conidiophore.

Fig. 18, 19, 20. — Collet otrichum. B. Conidia and eonidiophores.

249

PLATE XXIX.

Fig. 1. — Arthrinium saocharicola . Fertile hyplia.
Fig. 2. — Arthrinium sacchnricolo . Base of fertile hypha.
Fig. 3. — Arthrinium saccharicola. Conidiiim.
Fig. 4. — Helminthosporium saechari. Conidiuin.
Fig. 5. — Helminthosporium saechari. Conidiophores.
Fig. 6. — Spegazzinia ornaia. Conidiophore and conidia.
Fig. 7. — Spegazzinia ornata. Tmraatnre conidia.
Fig. 8. — Thielaviopsis paradoxa. Mieroeonidia.
Fig. 9. — Thielaviopsis paradoxa. Macroconidia.
Fig. 10. — Thielaviopsis paradoxa. Miero-and macro -conidio-
pliores.

Fig. 11. — Tetraploa aristata. Conidimn.

Fig. 13. — Polydesmiis sp. Conidia.

Fig. 14. — Verticicladium graminicolum. Conidiophore,

Fig. 15. — Verticicladium graminicolum. Conidium.

Fig. 16. — Periconia saechari. Condidiophore and conidia.

Fig. 17. — Periconia saechari. Mode of branching.

Fig. 18. — Periconia saechari. Conidinm.

Fig. 19. — Cercospora vaginae. Conidiophores.

Fig. 20. — Cercospora vaginae. Conidia.

PLATE XXX.

Fig. 1. — Bormiaetella saechari. Portion of conidiophore.
Fig. 2. — Hormiactella saechari. Portion of conidiophore and co-
nidia.

Fig. 3. — Hormiactella saechari. Mode of branching.

Fig. 4, 5. — Hormiactella saechari. Habit sketches.

Fig. 6. — Triehoderma lignorum. Conidiophores.

Fig. 7. — Arthrohotrys superha. Conidiophore and conidium.

Fig. 8. — Arthrohotrys superha. Conidinm.

Fig. 9. — Arthrohotrys superha. Portion of fertile hypha.

Fig. 10. — Triehoderma lignorum. Same as fig. 6. Enlarged.

Fig. 11, 12. — Triehoderma lignorum. IMode of formation of co-

nidia.

PLATE XXXI.

Fig. 1. — Himantia stellifera. Diagrammatic cros.s-scction of cane
rootlet, showing at X location of crystal bearing hyphae.

Fig. 2. — Himantia stellifera. Portion of section shown in Fig.
1, enlarged.

250

Fig. 3. — Himantia stellifera. Hyplia aud crystal.

Fig. 4. — Himantia stellifera. Swollen tips of hypliae.

Fig. 5. — LeptospJiaeria sacchari. Ascus, and paraphysis.

Fig. 6. — LeptospJiaeria sacchari. Spores.

Fig. 7. — Melanconiiim sacchari. Conidium.

Fig. 8. — Diplodia cacaoicola. Habit sketch.

Fig. 9, 10. — Diplodia cacaoicola. Conidia.

Fig. 11. — Cercospora longipes. Conidiophore.

Fig. 12. — Cercospora longipes. Conidium.

Fig. 13. — Graphium sacchari. Synnema.

Fig. 14. — Graphium sacchari. Conidia.

Fig. 15. — Graphium sacchari. Portion of conidiophore.

Fig. 16. — Rosellinia paraguayensis. Asei and paraphyses.

Fig. 17. — Bosellinia paraguayensis. Spore.

Fig. 18. — Rosellinia paraguayensis. Diagrammatic vertical sec-
tion of stroma.

251

PLATE XIX.
Sugar-cane Fungi of Porto Rico.

PLATE XX.
Sugar-cane Fungi of Porto Rico.

PLATE XXI.
Sugar-cane Fungi of Porto Rico.

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PLATE XXII.
Sugar-cane Fungi of Porto Rico.

PLATE XXIII.
Sugar-cane Fungi of Porto Rico.

PLATE XXIV.
Sugar-cane Fungi of Porto Rico,

PLATE XXV.

Sugar-cane Fungi of Porto Rico.

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PLATE XXVI.

Sugar-cane Fungi of Porto Rico.

PLATE XXVII.

Sugar-cane Fungi of Porto Rico.

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1

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PLATE XXVIII.

Sugar-cane Fungi of Porto Rico.

PLATE XXIX.

Sugar-cane Fungi of Porto Rico.

PLATE XXX.

Sugar-cane Fungi of Porto Rico.

PLATE XXXI.

Sugar-cane Fungi of Porto Rico.

INDEX VOLUME I.

Page.
A list of the Coceidae of Porto Rico.

(Paper) 1-16

Abnormalities of cane 234

Aclerda tokionis S

Acrnstalafjmuf albus 101

,^ Adoretes —

colli /ircsstis —

host of Prosena siberita in Java_ 59

injxiring cane in Java 50

spp., destructive in Hawaii, .Ja-
pan, and East Africa 50

Alhuyo ii>nmeaepandurauae 111

Allium repa. Diseases of 107

Allnrhina nnitabilis, damaging fruit

in irrigated Southwest 50

Aineivn p.xid, lizard, probably preda-
cious on white-grubs 53

Andropogon bicomis 187

Ani^

See Grotophaga ani.
A niiiopHa austriaca — •

damaging crops in Russia 50

host of MicrophthuhiM din}uacta_ 59

A iiolix spp

lizards, possibly predacious on

may -beetles . 53

Anonuda spp.

destructive in Hawaii, Japan, and

East .\frica 50

.\nt, tending mealy-bug 5

Ant, tending scale 5

Anthracnose of bean.

See Colletotrichum lindemuthia-
num.

-Vnthracnose of cvuiimber 102

-Vnthracnose of eggplant 103

Anthracnose of pepper 109

.\ntliracni).se (if tomato 11 i

Bacillu/i solanacearum 105, 115

Bacterial disease —

See Micrococcus nigrofaciens.

Bacterium campestris 115

BarferiuiH phfiMeoli 98

Bare-legged owl —

See GyinnaMo nudipcs nudipes.

Basisporum gallarum 224

Beau —

See rhasenlu-t spp.

Page.

Aphediniis dia.ipidis 11

Apinni graveoleas. Diseases of 98

Apogonia destructor, injurious to sug-
ar cane in Java 50

Arachis hypngea. Diseases of 108

A rcgria —

cinerea 211

denudata 211

Arrhenophagus chionaspidis 2

Arthrinium saccharicola 223

Arthrobotrys .niperba 222

A.silid fly —

See Promachns.

.Vsparagus —

See Asparagus officinalis.

.Asparagus officinalis. Diseases of__ 9 4-

Aspergillus—

flavus 222

niger 222

Aspidiotiphayus citrinus 1, 2, 9

.1 spidintvs —

I'yanophylii ij.

destructor i, n

destructor, parasite of 11

ficus 12

forbesi n

lafaniac j-j

sacchari 1.12

A.'iterolecanium —

aureum 4

bambusae .4.

lanceolatvm 4.

pustulans 4.

A.i'terostroma —

albido-carneum 215

cervicolot' 215

.inlacaspia pentagima 0

Beet —

See Beta vulgaris.

Beta vulgaris. Diseases of 98

Biomyia lacnosternae, Tachinid para-
site of Phyllophaga in the

United States 59

Birds that prey upon while-grubs

and may-beetles 53-54

Blackbird, Porto Kican —

See Holoquiscalua brachypterus.

253

Page.
Bluck-spot —

See Phoma destmctirn.
Blight of beans —

See Jiacteriunt phnxfaU.
Blossom end rot of

tomato 113

watermelon 110

I5omhyIikl fly —

See fiparnopolius ivlvvs.
Botnjtia sp 227

Botrytis tenella, fungus disease of
Melolontha in Enrope

Brasmca —

ramj>e>ifri.i. Diseases of

nleracea. Diseases of

Rupa. Diseases of

spp. Diseases of

Brown leaf spot —

See (Jercospnra longipea.

Page

60

115

98

115

107

Cabbage —

See Brasftica oleracea.

Oajanu^ iridicufi. Diseases of 103

t\int pso m e ris —
(Inrsttta —

apparent hyperparasitization of_ 55

ofcvirrence in Porto Rico 55

parasite of Ligyrus in Porto

Ricu 56

parasite of Ligyrus tumnlosua

in Barbados 86

possible parasite of Phyllophaga

viiiuUnei 86

pyrura —

in Mona Island and Santo Do-
mingo 56

of-fiiiTenee in Porto Rico 55

tiifasciata —

occurrence of, in Porto Rico__ 55

Gapnodium sp 227

Capsicum annuum. Diseases of 108

Carica papaya, host plant of Golleto-

trichum falcatinn 193

Cassava —

See ilanihof iitilissi)iia.
Cecidomyiid, in colonies of mealy-
bug '<■')

Celery —

See Apiu)n grareolens.

Cephttlunporium lecanii 5, 7, 8

Cereospora —

beticoUi 98

Bloxami 107, 115

Cajani 105

canesceiis 97

capsici 100

citridlina 116

cruenta 97, 101

cucurbitae 106

henniiigsii 99

hihisci 107

laclxtcae 105

longipes 204

peraonata 108

sp 99

rignae 100

Cereosporium (?) beticohtm 98

Ceroplastes —

cp rife nis 6

cirripediformis 6

flnridensis 6

Ghaetoeoccus bambusae 6

Chayote —

See Sechiuni edide.

Ckianaspia citri, parasite of 9

Cladosporium —

fidruni 112

herbarum 224

Cldorusis —

(if niuskmellon 106

of sugarcane 228

Ghromocrea gelatinoaa 212

Ghromocreopaia atriiapora 213

Ch rys<i mphahts —

aonidium 2, 12

aura III it 13

bifiirmis 13

dictyospprmi 13

ticux I'i

personatus 13

(■itriiUiis vvlgaris. Diseases of 116

Cladosporium herbarttm 109

Coccidae of Porto Rico, list of (pa-
per) 1-16

Coccidoxenua portoricenaia 1, 2

Corcinae 6

Coccus —

hisperidnut 7

inanyiierae 7

Cocyzua minor neaiotes, bird enemy

of white grubs in Porto Rico_ 54

Cockchafer —

See Mi'lolontiia mehdontha.

Colcosporinm ipuinoeae 112

Colletotrichuni —

A 206

B 207

C 207

('oUetotrichum —

falcatum 190

description 191

in Porto Rico 192

occurrence 191

luyenarium 102, 106

254

Page.
Colletotrichum — continued.

lindemuthianum 24—96

niiirum 109

phoiiioitle< ^- 114

Colnrasia up. Diseases of 116

Ooiichaxpittae 4

Conchaspin angraeci 4

Coniothyrium melasporwn Syn.

Melanconi.im swchari 23

Coriolopxis arddentalis 217

'Jl^'Corn —

See Zeu iiiay.s

Corticium sp 227

Cnrythaira nionacha —

control 173

description of stages 171

distribution 170

food plants 170

injury caused hf 170

life histoi-j- 170

natural enemies 173

Cotton, R. T. (Paper), Life His-
tory of Haltica jamaicenms 173

Cotton, R. T. (Paper), Scale feed-
ing Habits of of P. R. Mil-

lipide 175

Cotton, R. T. (Paper), The Egg-
plant Lace-Bug in Porto

Rico 170

Cowgill, H. B. (Paper), A Method
of Identification and Descrip-
tion of Sugar-cane Varieties. 119
Cow-pea —

See Ti(/na ungiculata.

Pag?.

Creteriuni aureian 211

leucocephalum 211

Crepitodus sp 227

Crotophaga ami, possible bird enemy

of white-grubs in Porto Rico_ 54

Crown rot 97

Crytomeigenia —
aurifacies —

attempt to introduce, into Gui-

nica district 87

control of white-grubs by 56-57

parasite of adult of Phyllophaga

vandinei 86—87

parasitizing Phyllophaga porta-

ricensig 151

possible manner of oviposition

of 82

thevtis, parasite of Phyllophaga in

United States 59

Cuckoo, mangrove —

See Curcyzus minor nesiotes.
Cucubano —

See Pyropltorus linniwisiix.
Cucumber —

See Cucuuiin sativvs.
Cucvmis —

melo 106

sativus. Diseases of 101

Cucurbita moschata. Diseases of__ 111

Gyafhus Poeppigii 219

Cyclonada xanguinea, predaceous on

Corythaica monacha 173

Cytoxpora sacchari —

Associated with rind disease 31, 196

Dactylopiinae 4

Dariylopius citri 5

sacchari 5

Damping oflF 115

Darluca Melaspnra Syn.

Melanconitnn sacchari 22,-24

Dasycypha sp 227

Dexiidae. attacking Phyllophaga lar-
vae in United States 59

Diaspinae 9

Dianpis —

caU/ptroides var. optintiae 9

erhinocacti 9

Diatraea saccharalis

Relation to top-rot 198

Dictydium cancellatum 211

Diphidia —

cacaoicola —

Associated with rind disease 31, 220

sp 104, 116

Diptcra —

See D e.r i i d a r ; Starmphnqidae;
Tachinidae.

Dipterous parasite, probable, of

Cainpsiinipris dorsata 5.5

Diseases of —

sugar-cane cuttings 208

sugar-cane leaves 199

sugar-cane stalks ISD

vegetable and garden crops (pa-
per) 93-117

Downy mildew of beans 96

Downy mildew of cucumbers 101

Drouth, causing injui-y to cane 234

Dynastini —

mentioned as injuring cane 47

See Ligyrvs: Dyscinetus.
Dyscinetus —
liidentahix —

enemy of cane in British Gui-
ana 51

host of Tiphia parallela in

Demerara 58

spp., possible host of Campsomeris

dorsata in Porto Rico 56

255

Page.

Eggplant —

affected by lace-bug 170

lace-bug in Porto Rico (paper) __ 170
See Solanum melonfiena.

El Mai 11*^

Elateridae —

See Monncrepidiun; Pyrophorus.
Elis —

S-cinta —

cocoons sent to Hawaii from

United States 58

parasite of Phylloghaga in the

United States 58

nexeincta —

occurrence in Porto Kico 55

on Mona Island 56

Xfmthoiintiis —

occurrence in Porto Rico 58

possible parasite of Phyllophaga

portoricensis 151

spp., possible parasites of Phyllop-

haya larvae in Porto Rico__ 56

Eiiipu.fa frcsnii 5

Page.
Entoinophthora anisopUae —
See Metanldzium.

Eriochloa svlglabra, host plant 213

Erysiphe —

polygoni 97, 101, 107

F.stheria tibialis —
See Ptilodexia.

EuroHum argentinum 212

Eutrixa exile, Tachinid parasite uf
Phyllophoi/a in the United

States 59

Eutrixoides jonesii —

control of white-grubs by 56—57

occurrence of, in Povto Rico 55

parasite of adult of Phyllophaga

randiiiei 8()— 87

probable parasite of Phyllophaga

vandinei 87

confinement of, to liumid sections

(,f Island 56-57

Eye-Spot of the Leaf —

See Helminthosporium sacchari.

Flea-beetle.

Floods, causing injury to cane 233

Florida caerulea caerulescens, bird

enemy in Porto Rico 54

Fiiligo —

ovata. Syn.

Fuligo septica 211

neptica 211

Fungi —

;in<l diseases of sugar cane in

Porto Rico (paper) 177

Fungi — continued.

•ittacking Lfpidosnjihen heclcii 14

beneficial in scale control 1

Fui)gu.s —

attacking scale 7, 8

Green Muscardine —

See Mi'tfirrhiziiiiii anisopliae.

(in mealy-bug 5

See Botri/lix; I.saria; Metan-hi-
zium.

Fiisarivm sp 97, 105, 109, 113, 227

6

0 alter uca —

bassiae 173

jamnicensis 173

plebeja 173

Gandul —

See Cajanim indicns.

Garza azul —

See Florida rnerulea caerulescens.

OibbereUa pulicaris 213

(lloeoftiwrium —

manihot 99

inelongenae 103

piperntuiv . 109

sp 110

Gnomonia iliau. Association with

rind disease 31, 42

Gi'anular leaf-sbeatli fungus —
See Oduntia saccharicola.

Oraphium sacchari 226

(iraplodera tarsata 17-3

Gray leaf-spot —

See Isariopsis griseohi.

Guepinia paliniceps 215

spathulata 215

Gumming disease 182

Gyiiinasio inidipcs nudipcs, bird en-
emy of white-grubs in Porto

Rico 54

Gynerium sagitatum, host of Moniiia

sitophila 222

256

H

Page.

Ualtira jamaicensis —

distribution 173

food plants 173

life history 173

immature stages 174

Hedgehog, European, attempt to in-
troduce into Porto Rico 53

nelminthosporium sacchari 202

Hemirhionaspis aspidistrne 10

Hendehionaspis minor 8, 10, 11

Heron, little blue —

See Florida caeridea caerulescens.

IJet/'rodera —

radicirola 98, 104, 110, 11!

Page.

Heferodera — continued.

Attackink sugar cane 190

Hibiscus —

esculentus 107

sabdariffa m

Himantia stelUfera 187

Holoquiscahis hrachypterus, black-
bird, enemy of white-grubs — 51
Uolotrichia heUeri, injurious to sugar

cane in Java 50

Hormiactella sacchari 224

Howardl biclaris 9

Hydnum sacchari 216

Hypocrea rufa 213

Ifi'rya UHnitaerrati'iinis 3

Ichneiunonidae —

See Ophion hifovcolntinii.

Inglisia vitrea 7

Injuries to cane due to natural agen-
cies 233

Ipomoea hatatag. Diseases of 111

T.sario —
densa —

See Botrytis t/nieUa.
destructor —

See Mefarrhizium anisopliae.

Isariopsis yriseola

Ischnaspis Innyirostris

97
14

Johnston, John R. (paper), History
and Cause of the Rind Dis-
ease 17—15

Johnston, John R. (paper), Sugar-
cane fungi and diseases of
Porto Rico 177

KartichoDiyia cocci 6

Lace-bug, affecting eggplant 170

Lachnea cubensis 215

Lachnosterna —

See Phyllophaga.

Lactuca satirni. Diseases of 105

Lageitaria levcantha lOo

haslodlplodia theobromae 221

Lasioxphaerifi sp 227

I>eaf Mold —

See Cladosporium fidvum.

Leaf spots of beans 97

Lecanium — ■

/( emtHphaerictim 7

iiitimm, 8

var. depressum 8

Lentinufi crinitus 218

Lepidintn —

albohirta. injurious to cane in

Australia 50

stigma, injurious to cane in Java_ 50

.Jones, T. H. (paper), A List of the

Coccidae of Porto Rico 1—16

Juda bird — ■

See Crotophaga ani.

Lipidosaph es —

hecUi 1, 2, 13, 14

preyed upon by millipedes 175

lasianthi 14

Leptosphaeria sacchari 203

Lettuce —

See Lactuca sativa.

Leucaspis iitdica 11

LeucophoUx rnrida, injurious to su-
gar cane in Java 50

Life History of IlaUica jamaicensis - 173

Lightning injury 233

Ligyrus —

chenus, injurious in British Gui-
ana 51

rugiceps, pest of cane in Louis-
iana 50

(toHulnsus —

host of Campsomeris dorsata in

Porto Rico 56

257

Ligyriis — continued.
tuniulo»us — continued.

parasitized by Campsomeris dor-
sata in Barbados

Little blue heron —

See Florida raeridea raerulescens.

Lizards —

as destroyers of white-grubs in

Porto Rico

See Ameiva exul

Page.

86

53

Page.

Lizards — continued.
See Anolis spp.

Lophodermiurn sp 227

Lycogala epidendntm 212

Lycoperdou —

albvm 219

pusillum 219

pyriforme 219

Lycopersinim esculentum.. Diseases

of 112

M

Macrosporium sp. 109

Mangrove cuckoo —

See Coccyzus minor nesiotes.

Manihot ■utiUssima. Diseases of 99

Marasmius —

borinquensis 218

hiorami 218

sacchari-^

description 186

host plants 185

injury 184

loss 184

occurrence in other countries 185

up 227

synodictis 218

Marimbo —

See Lagenaria leucantha.

Marsonia sp 227

May-beetles —

See Melolonthids.

Mealy-bug 5, 6

Megalonectria psevdotrichia 105

Megaprosopis michiganensis —

See Michophthalma disjr'.ncta.
Megilla innotata, predaceous on Co-

rythaica monacha 173

Melaneoninm sacchari —

allied fungi 42

associated fungi 30—32

bibliography 43—45

cause of the rind disease 37—39

description 195

external appearance 18

geographical distribution 32—35

history and identify of the

rind fungus 21—26

investigations in Cuba 21

investigations in Porto Rico 18

investigations in Santo Do-
mingo 20

investigations in the United

States 21

life history of the fungus 26-30

loss due to the rind fungus__ 40

natural infection of stalk, leaves.

and cuttings 39-40

occurrence 194

Melanconivvi sacchari — continued.

parasitism of the fungus 35-37

summary 42

treatment of the disease 40

Merulius byssoideus 217

Associated with rind disease 31, 42

Meliola —

clavulata 112

Ipomoeae 112

Melolontha —
melolontha —

damage to crops in Europe by. 50

larvae controlled by Bntriitin

tcnella 60

length of life-cycle of, in Eu-
rope -52

ilftolonthids —

characters in the genitalia of__ 66-6S
introduction of parasites of into

Porto Rico 57-58

key to Porto Rican 6S

life-cycles of species attacking

sugar cane 68, 141

North American parasites of 58—59

species of Porto Rican 65-68

Tachinid parasites of Porto

Rico 56-57

Melolonthini —

See Melolonthids.

Merulius byssoideus 217

yfetarrhiziv m anisopliae —

attack on white-grubs in conjunc-
tion with bacterium 141

behavior on May-beetle grubs in

Porto Rico 141

infection of P. guanicana by 159

infection of P. portoricensis by_ 152

infection of P. vandinei by 141

infection of Phyllophaga citri

by 162

infection of Phytalus insularis

by 167

infecting Phyllophaga vandinei- 141
introduction of, into Porto Kico

from Hawaii 60

liberations of spores iu Porto

Rico 60

258

M

Page.
Method of identification and descrip-
tion of sugar-cane varieties
and its application to types
grown in Porto Rico. (Pa-
per) 119

Mice, as enemies of white-gi'ubs in

Porto Rico 53

il icrococcus niyroiaciens —

artificial control of white-grubs

by 143

infection of grubs of Fhyllop-

haga vandinei by 143

mortality of grubs by, rate of 143

ilicrophthalma —
(liajuneta — •

parasitizing May-beetles in Uni-
ted States 59

reference to, as parasite of Ani-

soplia in Russia 59

/irniunsa, parasite of Phyllophaga

in United States 59

Millipede feeding, on Lepidosaphen

herJiii 175

Mites — •

See Tijrogluphus sp.
ifachlosiua lacutosa, Dexiid fly par-
asite of whi*«-grubs in north-
ern Mexico 59

Monilia sitophila 222

Page.

Monocrepedius sp. —

attacking eggs of Phyllophagus

vayidinei 87

larvae feeding on May-beetle

eggs 87

Monophlekinac :>

Mosambique —

See H(ilo(]uini-aiu6- hrachyplerus.
Mottling —

causes 231

comparison with other cane dis-
eases 231

control 232

losses 229

name of the disease 229

symptoms 229

varieties attacked 231

Mucaro —

See Giitnnasio nudipex nudipea.
Mu.scardine Fungus, Green-
See Metarrhizium anisopliae.
Musk-melon —

See Cucumis melo.
Mustard —

See Brassica.

Myriangiuiit duriaei 14

Myrmelachista ambigua ramuloruni- 5

Myrothecivm verrucaria 226

MytUaspis citricola Jl

N

Nectria —

flavociliata 213

laurentiana 213

sp 104

Nematodes —

attacking May-beetle eggs 55

Nematodes — continued.

destroying eggs of rityllophaga

vandinei

parasitic on millipedes

Semoraea masuria —
See fhttrixa e.rili'.

87
176

Odontia —

sacrliari 188

Kaccharicola 216

sp. 227

Okra —

See Hibiscus esculentus.

Onion —

See Allixim ceyin

Ophion bifoveolatum, para.site of
Phyllophaga in United
States

Ortalid fly —

See Pyrgota.

'Jrtheziinae

Orthzia in^^iquis .

Owl, bare-legged —

See Gymnasia nndipes nvdipes.

58

PAjaro bobo —

See Coccyzus minor nesiotes.
Panicum barbinode, host plant.
Pea —

See Pisum sativum.
Peanut —

See Arnrlii" hujogea.

213

Pelecinus polyluratvr, parasite of

Phyllophnga in U. S 58

Peniophora cinerea 216

flavido-alba 216

sp •'•'"'

Pepper —

See Capsicum anniium.

2:>9

Page
I'erironia —

i-acehari 225

sp 116

Peronospora —

paraxitica 98

Schleideiiiana 107

I'eDlalozzia guepinia 109

Phaseoh's spp. Diseases of 94

Phenacoccus —

gosnypii 4

hfUanthi viir. gossiipH '. 4

Phoma desfrvctiva 115

Plioiitopsis rexans 103

PhifUachoia grantinis 100

Phyllophaga —

arcuata, host of Sarcopliaga helicis

in Uiiitod States 59

fUri —

attack of, by Metan-hizitDU ^'un-

giis i 162

<>haractevs distinguishing adult

of 160

voncerning size of 70

distribution and habitat of 160

food plants of 162

genital chavaetevs of 67—68

habits of adults of 162

insect parasites of 162

larval stage of 161

life-cycle of in Porto Rico 161

life-history and habits of 101

measurements of grubs of 162

possible host of Elis xantho-

notus 161

seasonal occurrence of 160

summary of life-cycle of 168

crenulata, host of Biomyia in Uni-
ted States 59

jiatcrna, life-cycle of. in the Uni-
ted States 52

jusc.a. mention of life-cycle of, in

United States 52

iiuaiiicana —

abundance of, conipnrfd to P.

randinei 152

adult of, description of 154

adults of, feeding habits of 157

copulation and oviposition of__ 158

distribution of 153

egg stage of 155

first mention of, as LarhnoH-

terna "media" 152

flight and attraction to light of_ 157

genital characters of 67—68

indigenous to Porto Kico 65

insect and fungus enemies of__ 159

larval stage of 155

life-history of 154

pre-emergence of adult of 157

pupal stage of 157

Page.
Phillophaga — continued.
guanicana — continued.

seasonal activity of 153

table giving characters of 68

portoricennis —

adult of, description of 146

copulation and oviposition of — 151

distribution and abundance of — 145

egg stage of 147

first mention of, as Lachnos-
terva "grande" ( northern

form) 145

flight and attraction to light of_ 150

food plants of 149

fungus infection of 152

genital characters of 65— 6S

indigenous to Porto Kico 65

insect parasites of 151

larval stage of 147

life-history of 146

pre-cmergenee of adult of 149

pupal stage of 149

relation of. to P. vandinei 78

table giving characters of 68

tri.\tis. life-cycle of, in the United

States ' 53

vandinei —

abundance of, compared to P.

guanicana 152

adult of, description of 69-70

adults of, issuing and emerg-
ence of 77-78

attraction of, to light 80-81

l)acterial disease, infection ijy — 143

copubttion of 81—82

co.st of control of, to sugar cen-
trals 6S

distribution of 78

egg laying of. table showing

rate of 83-84

egg stage of 72

feeding- habits of adults of 78-79

flr.st mention of, as Lachnos-

tenia "grande" 141

flight of adults of 80

genital diaracters of 65—68

indigenous to Porto Rico 65

insect parasites of 86—88

of growth of 75-76

larval stage of 72-76

life-history of 70-78

iletarrhizivm fungus, infection

of — by 141

oviposition by females of 82—86

pi-e-pupal stage of 76

pupal stage of 76-77

seasonal abundance of 70

riii/lUixticta —

lintatn.1 111

ritnillina 106

260

Page.
Phyllosticta — continued.

rolocafneola 11 '5

cucurbitacearum 102

hurt (I rum If!

nacehari 220

sechii 99

Phiisalospora tucamcnsi.i 214

Physarum —

einereiim 212

compressum 212

nndulosom 212

J'li/ilaliis —
inxularifi —

appearance of adult of 164

copulation and oviposition ot"__ 167

distribution and habits of 163

e!>:g stage oT 165

first mention of, as Lachnos-

tenia "pequena" 163

flight and attraction to light

of 166

insect and fungus enemies of 167

larval stage of 165

life-cycle of 164

lueasuremeuts of early stages

of 16.5

pupal stage and pre-emergence

of 165

regarding life-cycle of 62—63

seasonal di.stribution of 163

summary of life-iycle of 169

fiinithi —

host of Ca)np.<soitieris (?oc.s(/?o__ 86
injury from, in Barbados and

Mauritius 50—51

parasitized by Tiphia parallela- 58
work on the life-history of. in

Mauritius 52

■spp. —

genital characters of 68

reported from the West Indies. 51

t;n:-iil characters of 66

J'hjjtophthora —

injestans 115

phaseoU 96

Pine-apple disease —

See Thielavinpsis paradoxa.

Pinna/ipifi bii.ri 11

Pisum sativum. Diseases of 107

Plasmodiopkora brassicae 98

PoludfSiKUn xp 227

Polyporns occidentalis 217

Page.
Poli/stirtits —

sanffvineits 217

sinuosus 217

Potato —

See Solanum tuberosum.
Powdery mildew of beans —

See Ery.<iiphe poluf/nni.
Promachtts — •

i-ertebratus. predar-eous enemy of
P h y 1 1 0 p h ay a in United

States 58

fitchii, predaceous enemy of May-
beetle in eastern United

States 58

Prototrypoid wasp — ■

See Pelecinus polyturator.
Prosena —
lacertosa —
See Mochlosoma.
inberita. mentioned as parasite of

Adoretes in Java 59

Pseudaonidia tesserata 12

Pseiidischna.9pis bovreyi 13

Pseudococcus —

ealceolariae 4, 5

ciM 5

nipae 5

sacrhari 5, 6

Pseiidomonas campestris 93

Pseudoparlatoria ostreata ■i3

Paeudoperonospora cubensis 101, 106

Ptilodexia tibialis. Dexiid parasite of

Phyllophaga in Te.xas 59

Pulvinaria p.vdii 6

Piienoporus .sanguineus 217

Pyryota —

midafa, Ortalid parasite of Phyl-
lophaga in the United States- 59
raJidn. also parasitizing Phyllop-
haga in United States 59

Pyrophorus —
luminosus —

confinement of, to humid sec-
tions of Island 56—57

larvae of, destroying Phyllo-
phaga grubs 56

occurrence of, in Porto Rico__ 55

predaceous on Phyllophaga van-

dinei grubs 86

predatory enemy of Phyllophaga

portoricensis ^_

sp.. predaceous on white-grub in

Texas 59

B

Hats, as enemies of white-grubs in

Porto Rico

Red rot —

See Colletotrichnm falcatum.

53

Red rot of the leaf-sheath —
See >Sclerotiinii Polfsii.

Red spot of the leaf-sheath-
See Ccrcospora vaginae.

261

Page.
Red stripe of the leaf 205

Rhinocricus arborexts.

Description of 175

distribution 175

feeding habits 175

parasitized by nematodes 176

Rind disease —

S;h^ Melanconium .lacchari.
Rind disease, Historj- and cause, of

(paper) 17—45

Ring spot of the leaf —

See Leptosphaeria sacchari.
Root disease —

See Marasmivs sacclniri. Uhnantia
stellifera.

Page.

Root-knot —

See Heterodera radicicola.

Root rot of beans 98-

Roselle —

See llihisi-i'.s xahdariffa.
Ro.seUinia —

Paraguay ensis 214

pulveracea 214

Rust of —

beans 1»S

cassava 99

corn 100

peanuf IDS'

s

Sabal causiarum, host of Monilia

sitophila 222

Sacchariim officinarum —

control of diseases of 336

fungi and diseases of 177

melolonthids 47, 141

parts of the plant 119

rind disease 21, 194

varieties 119

Saissetia —

hemisphaerica 1, 7

nigra 8, XI

olear 8

Santo Domingo, cane fungi of 235

Sarcophaga helicis, fly reared from
Phyllophaga in United

States 59

Sarcophagidae — •

See Sarcophaga helicis.
Scale feeding habits of a Porto Ri-
Scale insects —

can milipede (paper) 175

parasite of 1, 2, 11

of Porto Rico 1-16

Scale parasite of 8,9

tScarahaeidae —
See White-grubs.

SchizophyUum commvne 218

Sclerotixim —

Rolfsii 103, 109, 201

sp 227

Scolia atrata, parasite of white-grvibs

in Porto Rico 55

Scoliid wa-sps —

list of species indigenous to

Porto Rico 55

parasites of Phyllophaga in the

United States 58

See Campsomeris; Tiphia; Elis.

iScytinotitit distantifolius 219

Sechium edule. Diseases of 99

Selanospidtts articvlatiis 12

Septonema sacchari 225-

Septoria lycopersici 113

Sereh 182, 232-

Serica asf>amensis, attacking sugar-
cane in India 50-

Sesame —

See SesamiiDi orienfale.

Sesamum orientale. Disease of 111

Siguana —

See Amelia rxtd.
Skunks, control of white-grubs by,

in United States t»

Smut —

See Ustilago zeae.
Smyth. Eugene G. (Paper.) The
White-Grubs Injuring Sugar
Cane in Porto Rico. I. Life-
Cycles of the May-Beetles or

Melolonthids 47-92, 141

Solavuyn —

melungena 102, 170

tuberosum 110

Sparnnpolius fnlvKS, parasite o f
Phyllophaga in United

States S»

tSpegazzinia ornata 226

Sphaerella sacchari 214

Sphaerobolus stellatus 21&

Sphaerostilbe coccophila 14

Splits (tomatoes) US

Squash —

See Ciieurbita iim/tcliata

Staphylinid —

attacking eggs of Phyllophaga

vandinei 87-88

larvae feeding on May-beetle

eggs 87

Star scale 6-

Stellate-crystal fungus —

See Himnnlin stellife.ra

Stemonitis —

ivJica 212

262

s

Page.
Stemonitis — continued.

splendens 212

Stevenson, John A. (Paper.) Di-
seases of vegetable and gar-
den crops 9.3-117

Stevenson, John A. (Paper.) Su-
gar-cane fungi and diseases
of Porto Rico 177

Stilbuin sp

Strumella sacchari. Syn.

Melanconium sacrhari

Sugar cane —

See Sardiarniii officinnruin.
Sweet Potato —

See Ipomoea batatas.

Page.
227

21

Tachinidae —

attacking May-beetles in Porto

Rico :>5

attacking May-beetles in United

States 59

attempt to introduce, into Gua-

nica district 87

parasitic on Phullophaga van-

dinei 86-87

possible manner of oviposition

of 82

Tapesia sp 227

Terms used in describing cane va-
rieties 121

Tetracoccosporis sacchari 225

Tetraploa aristata 225

Thielaviopsis —
ethaceticus —
See T. paradoxa.
paradoxa —

associated with rind disease__ 30

description 208

occurrence in other countries 209

Tiphia —

femorata, parasite of white-grubs

in Europe 58

Uredo pallida 100

Vrocystis ceptdae 107

Uromyces —

appendiculatus 98

arachidis 108

Talsa sp. 227

Talsaria subtropica 214

Varieties of sugar-cane. Method of
identification and description

of (paper) 119

B-109 126

B-208 127

B-347 125

B-376 132

B-1753 130

B-1809 129

u

Tiphia — continued.

inornata. parasite of Phyllophaga

in United States 58

spp., introduction into Porto Rico

from the States 57—58

Tdmato —

See Lycopeisicum esculentum.

Top-rot of sugar cane 198

Trametes nivosa 218

Tremellodendron simplex 216

Trichoderma lignorum 223

Trichosphaeria sacchari. Syn.

ilelaiiconium .sacchari 23, 25

Trngia sp 227

Trulhda sacchari. Syn.

Melanconium sacchari 25

Tubercvlaria saccharicola 226

Turnip —

See Brassica campestris.
Tyrogloyphns sp. (?) —

attacking all stages of May-
beetles 55

predacious on eggs of Phyllop-
haga randinei 87

Uromyces — continued.

DoUcholi 105

janiphae 99

Ustilago zeae 100

Varieties of sugar

cane — continued.

B-3390

134

B-3405

135

B-3412

126

B-3747

133

B-3750

134

B-3859

129

B-4596

131

B-6292

130

B-6450

127

B-7169

135.

263

Page.
Varieties of sugar-cane — continued.

B-7245 128

Cavengerie 124

Ci-ystallina 124

D-109 137

D-117 136

D-625 137

Otaheite 122

Rayada 123

Seeley Seedling 132

Page.

Varieties of sugar-cane — continued.

Yellow Caledonia 125

Vermicularia graminicola 220

Verticicladiiim graminicolum 226

Yiyna unffuicvlata. Diseases of__ 100

Vinsonia stellifera 6

Vivia7ia sp. —

See Biomyia lachnosternae.

Tolutina sp. 227

w

Wasp parasite of White-grubs 55

See Campsomeris ; Elis; Tiphia.
Watermelon —

See Citndlus vulgaris.
White-Grub —

'citrus, the 159

common, the 145

south coast, the 152

White-Grubs Injuring Sugar Cane
in Porto Rico. I. Life-Cy-
cles of the May-Beetles or

Melolonthids (paper) 47-92, 141

White-grubs —

finimal find bird enemies of in

Porto Kico 53—54

control problem in Porto Rico 47—49

efficiency of parasites of in Porto

Rico 56

injurious in other regions 49-51

insect enemies of in Porto Rico__ 54—56
introduction of fungus enemies of,

into Porto Rico 60

introduction of parasites of, into

Porto Rico 57-58

White-grubs — continued.

life-cycles of 52-53

life-history work on, done else-

wliere 51—52

list of local parasites of 57

methods of rearing 60-65

oviposition, and handling of eggs,

of adiilts of 63-64

parasites of, indigenous 54—36

pupation and emergence of adults

of . 64-65

Tachinid fly parasite control of,

in Porto Rico 56-57

White rust of sweet potato 111

Wilt —

of eggplant 103

of tomatoes 115

Wind, causing injury to cane 233

Wireworms^

See Monocrepidivs sp.

Pyropliorxts luminosvs.
Withertip.

See Gloeosporiitm manihot

Xanthoaoma sp. Diseases of-

116 I Xylaria apicnlata.

215

Yautia —

See Colnrasia .«p.

Yellow stripe.

228

Zea Mays

Xehix longipes predaceous on Cory-
thaica monacha

100

173

Zeliis rtthidus predacious on Cory-
thnirn mnnafha

173

264

The Journal

OF

The Department of Agriculture

or

Porto Rico

Volume IL October, 1918.

Published by

The Insular Experiment Station

OF

The Department of Agriculture and Labor
of porto rico

&AN Jtjan, p. R.

BORKAO OF arPPLllES, PrXNTING, AND TRANSPORTATION

1919

CONTENTS.

No. 1.— JANUARY.

Page.
Experimental Work on the Control of the "White

Grubs of Porto Eico R. T. Cotton 1

The Green Muscardine Fungus in Porto Eieo ,JoKX A. Stevexsox ]',)

Studies in Inheritance in Sugar Cane IT. B. Cowgill .'!.'{

No. 2.— APRIL.

Cifrus Diseases of Porto Eico JoHx A. Stevenson 43

No. 3.— JULY.

A Check List of Porto Eiean Fungi and a Host

Index JoHX A. Stevenson 125

No. 4.— OCTOBER.

Irif-ecls attar-king vegetables in Porto Eico E. T. Cotton 265

Vol. II.

JANUARY, 1918.

No. 1.

THE JOURNAL

OF

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OF

PORTO RICO

CONTENTS

Page
Experimental Work on the Control of the White Grubs of Porto Rico 1

R. T. Cotton.

The Green Muscardine Fungus in Porto Rico. . . . JoHN A. STEVENSON. 19

Studies in Inheritance in Sugar Cane H. B. CoWGItL. 33

PUBLISHED BY

THE INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATION

OF

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND LABOR

OF PORTO RICO

THE JOURNAL

OF

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OF

PORTO RICO

A Quarterly Journal containing scientific contributions from the mem-
bers of the Staff of the Insular Experiment Station, Rio Piedras, P. R.
Four numbers constitute a volume, issued in January, April, July, and Octo-
ber. Offered in exchange for bulletins and other publications of the experi-
ment stations and Federal Government, and for agricultural, horticultural,
bottanical, and entomological journals, reports, or other similar publications.
Sent free to all residents of Porto Rico upon request.

JOHN A. STEVENSON, EDITOR,

(Chief, Division op Botany and Plant Pathology.)
{Insular Experiment Station, • ■ Bio Piedras, Porto Rico.)

SAN JUAN, P, R.

Bl'EKAU OF SUPPLIIS, PRINTING, AND TRANSPORTATION

1918

THE JOURNAL

OF

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OF

PORTO RIGO

Vol. II January, 1918 No. i

EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON THE CONTROL OF THE WHITE

GRUBS OF PORTO RICO.

By R. T. CooTTON, Entomologist, Insular Experiment Station.

The white grubs of Porto Rico are known to have been present
and doing damage on the Island for the last twenty-five years. How
serious their ravages were previously we do not know, but since that
time they have become gradually more and more destructive, until
at present it is impossible to grow ratoon cane in some sections oT
the Island.

During the year of 1908 the sugar cane in the district of Gua-
nica Central began to suffer very noticeably from the attack of the
white grubs, and the following year, matters becoming still worse,
strenuous measures were started for discovering methods of con-
trolling this serious pest.

From that time until the present, numerous and varied experi-
ments have been conducted by various entomological workers of
the Insular Experiment Station of Rio Piedras and the Federal
Experiment Station, both independently, and in co-operation with
the management of Guanica Central and other centrals of the Island.

No report has ever been published on the results of the vast amount
of experimental work conducted .along these lines, and althougli the
majority of the results are of a negative nature, tliey are of con-
siderable interest and some value to entomological workers. There-
fore the writer has prepared this brief review.

A considerable portion of the work was carried out hy tlic lat.'
Mr. C. T. Murphy, in charge of the experimental work at Guanica,
.in co-operation with Mr. W. V. Tower, formerly entomologist of
the Federal Experiment Station at Mayagii(>z, and Mr. D. L. Van
Dine, former entomologist of the Experiment Station of the Sugar
Producers' Association of Porto Rico. Portions of the work have
also been conducted by INIessrs. Thos. H. Jones and G. N. Wolcott,

»»

.lOUENAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. K.

former^ entomologists of the Insular Experiment Station, and by
former assistant entomologist Eugene G. Smyth. Mr. R. H. Van
Zwaluwenbnrg. entomologist of the Federal Experiment Station at
^Mayagiiez. has also earried out work along this line, as is noted liero-
iifter. Credit is due to all of these workers for the data given below.

Mr. Eugene G. Sm.vth. who has recently published an article^
on the white grubs injuring sugar cane in Porto Rico, states that
ten distinct species of white grubs have been segregated and studied.
Of these, four belong to the genus Phyllophaga and one to the genus
Phytalus in the tribe Melolonthini, wliile the otlier five belong to
three genera in the tribe Dynastini.

It was in connection witli the members of the genus I'liyllo/ihaya
that most of the experimental work was conducted and to which
the following data apply.

The various experiments liave been grouped according to the fol-
lowing headings: soil fumigants, soil insecticides, mechanical iiictli-
ods, poison sprays, and parasitic insects and diseases. Space does
not permit the publication of all the experiments conducted in some
cases, so selections have been taken that represent tiie tj^pical results
obtained in each group.

SOIL FUMIGANTS.

Under this heading liave bcM'ii grouped tlie experimt-uts conducted
Avith carbon bisulphide, gasoline, tobacco extract, potassium cyanide,
and vaporite, since in all cases the gases or fumes given olT by these
substances were (i«^pended upon to kill the grubs.

Carbon bisulphide.

To test tlie value of carbon })isulphi(l<' as a killing agent. t<» dc-
tei'jiiine the best method of application, and the most etHicient amount
of the liquid to use, the two following experiments were made. J'hey
were conducted in cane land severelv infested with grubs.-

Experiment 1. — Use of Carbon Bisulphide

in Killing the

White Grub.

No. ; No.
of of stools

Amount

CS2

How
api>lie<l

Wlieii
examined

Average

No.

gnihs

No. of grubs after
treatment

Per oent
of Rrubs

plot of cane

applied

Hole iu cen-

per stool

Alive Dead

killed

^ i *

25cc.

48 hour:i laler

8

11 21

65

1

ter of stool.

^ 4

50cc

16

5 60

it2

3 4

25CI-.

In 2 holes at

16

52 9

14

side of .stool

* i •*

50fc-.

'*

••

10

35

6

11

4

25CC.

In 1 hole at
side of stool

17

52

15

24

6 3

oOcc.

(i

25

1

4

* Journal of the Dept. of Agric. of P. R., Vol. 1, no. 2., pp. 47-92, no. 3, pp. 141-169.

CONTROL OP WHITE GRUBS.

3

Experiment II. — Use of Carbon Bisulphide in Killing White Grubs.

No.

No. of

Amount

<if

stools of

CS2

plot

cane

applied

1

10

12.5ce.

25 ec.
.50 cc.

4

25 cc.

5

50 cc.

6

■•

1

1

How applied

Center of stool.

12.5 cc. eacli side of stool

25. cc. on each .side of stool.
In center of stool

Depth of i When
injection i examined

5 inches. .' 5 days later

i> inches..

Per cent

of grub.s

killed

60
65
75
78
76
90
66

As a result of these experiments it was seen that car])on bisul-
phide was a good killing agent, and that the best results were ob-
tained by putting the charge in the center of the stools of cane at
a depth of about three inches. It was also noted, however, that se-
vere injury resulted to the cane plants from the carbon bisulpliide
when amounts greater than 12.5 cc. were used.

An experiment was then conducted at Guanica Central, under
the direct supervision of Mr. C. T. Murphy, to test out the value
of carbon bisulphide on a field scale. Some thirty-three odd acres
of land planted to sugar cane were used, arranged in five different
sections of 3, 3, 4, 6, and 4 plots, respectively. One check plot was
left in each section.

The carbon bi.sulphide was injected by the use of several "Pal
Injectpurs" imported from Germany at a cost of .^^31 .57 each. Tliey
were so arranged that any amount of liquid desired could be injected
at one time. The only drawback in the use of these instruments
Avas the action of the carbon bisulphide on the rubber <'onnections
and leather washers. These very quickly disintegrated, and the small
pieces of rubber and leather clogged up the holes througli which the
liquid was forced. Specially devised rubber connections finally over-
came this difficulty, however.

Carbon bisulphide was found to be a most disagreeable and dan-
•lerous li(|ui(l to handle, for although no serious accidents happened,
numerous burns about the hands and face were experienced by tlie
men who applied it.

Tn all. eight thousand eight hundred pounds of this material
were used in the experiment at a cost of six cents a pound. The
•;ost of application was $67.05. The cost of material and labor for
the application of fifteen grams per stool of cane amounted to $15.53
per acre; for the application of thirty grams per stool. $31.0(5 pei-
acre. The following tables give the results of the experiment :

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

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CONTROL OF WHITE GRUBS.

5

All plots in this experiment received the same cultural treatment.
The only factor that could not be controlled was the condition of
the soil. In section four the check plot unfortunately fell upon a
piece of bad soil which reduced the yield at least ten tons below the
average normal crop per acre. If we disregard this plot, we then
find that on six of the ten treated plots the yield fell below the check
plots. In all cases where a double dose was applied the yield was
lower than on the check plot. The carbon bisulphide had a detri-
mental effect on the growth of the cane plants.

Altogether the results do not warrant a further use of carbon
bisulphide as a means of control for the white grubs in growing
cane, for although it may kill the grubs in the stool when first ap-
plied the effect is not lasting, and as the egg-laying season of the
beetle extends over a rather long period the land soon becomes re-
infected and at least three applications a season would be necessary
to keep the land free from the grubs. The expense of the material
would in any case render such an operation prohibitive. The liquid
is dangerous and disagreeable to handle, and furthermore it is in-
jurious to the cane, stunting its growth and often killing the plant.

Carbon bisulphide and gasoline.

In an endeavor to find a mixture that would be cheaper and less
injurious to plant life than carbon bisulphide, experiments were tried
with gasoline and various mixtures of gasoline and carbon bisulphide.
The following table shows the results obtained :

Experiment IV. — Use of Carbon Bisulphide and Gasoline Against White Grubs.

Grubs found after

No.

. No.

Ainoiuit

Where

treatment

Per cent

of
l)lot

ot stooU
of cane

Liiiuid used

per stool

applied iu
stotd

grubs
killed

Alive

Dead

1

10

I'll re OS 2

20 grams

Center

fi

150

06

o

10

(iasoline

20 •

"

20

117

m

•>

10

US 2-^
«as— %

10

179

95

1

;>

.,

10 ••

**

31

.57

65

10

CS-J-L^

10 "

2

59

97

<;as-i.^

■20

"

18

127

87

7

H

1(»

"

9

18

66

8

5

40 ■•

6

66

91

All experiments conducted with these two liquids consistently
showed that they had almost equal killing powders and could be mixed
MS desired. However, when applied to young cane all the mixtures

(»

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

iu quantities of twenty grams or more severely burned the plants,
and even with mature cane severe injury resulted.

Hence it was found impossible to use gasoline as a sub:^titute
or as an adulterant for carbon bisulphide. The great increase in
the cost of gasoline at the present time would of course preclude
its use, even had it proved to be non-injurious to plant life.

Potassium cyanide.

In view of the deadly nature of potassium cyanide and of i-e-
ports of its successful use in controlling certain forms of subterra-
nean insects, it seemed desirable to try it out against the white gru])s.
Experiments were accordingly carried out in which potassium cya-
nide in both liquid and crystal form was applied in various amounts
and at varying depths in the soil, around the roots of the sugar cane.

The - potassium-cyanide solution was prepared by dissolving two
hundred grams of the crystals iu a liter of water. Five grams of
the crystals w'ere thus equivalent to tw-enty-five cc. of solution. For
purposes of comparison equivalent amounts of potassium cyanide
were used in both experiments. The following tables show the i-e-
sults obtained :

Experiment V. — Experiment with Potassium Cyanide in Liquid Fonn.

Plot

No.
of stools
of cane

Amotint
applied

How applied

Depth
applied

When
applied

When
examined

No. grubs found

No.

Alive

Dead

1

2
3
4

8

?

7

25CC.

50 ;;

Center of stool

.3 inches
5 •■
3 •

Veb. 21

It

March 8

81
87

74

13

7

25

16

Experiment VI. — Experiment with Potassium Cyanide in Crystal Form.

Plot

No.
of stools
of cane

Amount
applied

How applied

Depth
applied

When
applied

When
examined

No. grubs found

No.

Alive

Dead

1

1

5 grams

Center of stool

5 inches

Feb. 21

Feb. 28

11

2

2

1

'* "

"

3 "

•1 ••>

•• M

27

0

3

2

10 •'

5

"

March 2

26

8

4

5

?T

3 ••

"

3

45

18

o

4

5 ■'

■'

5 "

"

•' ■•

64

')

6

4

T» '1

3 "

M "'

" '•

68

26

7

5

10 "

5 ••

i»

78

5

8

0

"

3 ■•

»» T'

HI

12

From the abovc^ tables w^e see that there was very little difference

CONTROL OF WHITE GRUBS. 7

in favor of either form of the cyanide as a killing agent. In all eases
the injection at three inches gave better results tlian at live inches.
However, neither form of potassium cyanide gave results that would
warrant its use as a soil fumigant in controlling the Avhite grub.

The experiments tend to show that the poison has but small
powers of penetration when applied in such a manner. The dan-
ger incident upon the application of such a powerful poison under
existing labor conditions, would in any case render the advisability
of using this substance very doubtful.

Tobacco.

Tobacco is an old-time remedy for insect pests, and although it
is only effective when used against delicate soft-bodied insects, fre-
quent attempts were made to control the white grubs with it. Tht-
following experiment indicates the average results obtained with thi??
substance. Tobacco water was made by steeping eight ounces of cured
tobacco in three gallons of water. It was then applied in pint doses
to holes in the soil around the cane stools.

Experiment VII. — Experiment with Tobacco Water Against the White Grub.

No.

No. of

of

st'iols of

Amouiit

plot

caue

applifd

1

6

1 pint

■>

6

I ••

3

6

1 "

4

6

1 '•

How aitplieil

Hole in center of slool
Hole each side of stool

When
applied

March 28

When
examined

April 2

No. of grnbs found

Alive

45
33
45
42

Dead

R
5

It is readily seen that the tobacco in this form had but very lit-
tle effect on the white grubs. It is too weak in action and too ex-
pensive as well to apply in this mauner.

Vaporite.

The last substance to be discussed under the heading of soil fu-
migants is vaporite, a commercial preparation put out in the form
of a gray powder, which on coming into contact with moist soil grad-
ually gives off a vapor. In accordance with directions for the most
efficient method of using this material, it should be applied at some
depth below the root system of the plant treated so that the vapoi-
given off will kill the grubs and other insets infesting the roots as
it rises to the surface.

&

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTUEE OF P. R.

The following table shows the general trend of all the experiments
conducted with this substance:

Experiment VIII. — Experiment with Vaporite Against the White Grubs.

No.

No. of

Amount
applied

of

stools of

plot

cane

I>er
stool

1

9

4 oz.

2

4

2 oz.

?•

6

1 oz.

4

1

2oz.

.)

1

2oz.

How applied

Hole in center of stool

When
applied

.June 8
Mav 23

When

examined

June 14
May 27

No. of grubs found

Alive

G

8

17

14

20

Dead

0
0
1
0
0

The above results would tend to show that this substance had
no effect whatever on the grubs. It is possible tliat the material
had deteriorated somewhat before application.

SOIL INSECTICIDES AND DETERRENTS.

Under the heading of soil insecticides and deterrents have been
grouped experiments with a large number of different chemicals and
manurial agents in their relation to the control of the white grub.
No special order lias been observed in presenting them other than
to arrange them as logically as possilile.

Experiments with lime and various chemicals and chemical compounds mixed
with lime.

Experiment IX. — Experiment with Ammoniac ' and Lime Against the White

Grub.

No.
of

Amount
applied

MiMure u.sed

Depth
applied

How aiiplicd

No. grubs found after
treatment

stool

Alive

.'■)

li
8

Dead

1

.">
.'{

4

a

7
8

3 ounces

4

8

% Lime

% Ammoniac

14 Lime
'/a Amoniac

6 inches

Kach side of stool
Center of sttxjl

0

0
0

2
•J

i

2
2

'Sal ammoniac (ammoiiiuin chloride).

As may be seen by the al)0V(' tal)h'. the animoiiiiic and lime lin.i
little or no effect on tlie wliitc gnibs.

CONTEOL OF WHITE GEUBS.

Experiment X. — Experiment with Carbolineum and Lime Against the White

Grub.

No.
Of

No. of

stools
cnne

Amount per stool
material used

How aiiplied

When
examined

No. of grubs found
after treatment

[ilot

Carbolineum

Lime

Alive

Dead

1

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

25 cc.
50 cc.
25 cc.
.50 cc.
25 CC-.
50 cc.
25 cc.
25 cc.
50 cc.
100 cc.
25 cc.
50 cc.

In side of striol

Kticli side of stool

In cenier of stoul

3 days later.

27
19
18
20
21

6

2

3 -
21
14
10
25

•)

2

0

3
4

5
6

4 0'/..
4 oz.

0
1

1
3

7

8

4 oz.

0
0

<t

0

10

1

n

12

4 oz.
4 oz.

0
0

The carbolineum, both alone and mixed with liiiu". had appar-
ently no effect at all upon the grubs as a killing agent. Whether
or not it had any value as a deterrent was determined in a field trial
together with a number of other chemicals. The results are shown
in the following table:

Experiment XI. — Experiment with Lime and Combinations of Lime and Other

Chemicals Against the White Grub.

No.
Of

plot

Amount and kind of
materials used

No. acres
treated

Tons

yield

per

A

Hrix

.Sucro.se

l'\uily

85.9

78.6
69.0
80.3
80.1
85.6

Avail-
able tons

si'gar
per acre

No.

grubs

found

per stool

1

2
3
4
5

Kreso dip 3 gals. Live

lime 300 lbs.
20 ^ carbolic acid 5 gals.

Lime 500 lbs.
Carbolineum 5 ga Is.

Lime 500 lbs.
100^ carbolic acid 5 gals.

Lime 500 lbs.
Live lime 250 lbs.

.183
.275
. 298
.298
.138
.275

31.83
35.36
40.86
30.45
28.08
35.82

20.5
19.6
14.2
19.8
19.1
19.5

17.6
15.4
9.8
15.9
15.3
16.7

4.45
4.19
2.75
3.65
3.28
4.54

10
10
14
13
14

6

Check

15

The sugar cane used in this experiment was phuitcd in January,
lino, and reaped in April, 1911. The lime and other chemicals were
applied Alay, 11)10. As is shown hy the table, none of the treated
plots did so well as the check plot. Plot 3, although higher in yield
per acre, was extraordinarily low in i)\irity, but wlietiier this was
due to the treatment received or to some other factor, it is difficult
to say.

The fact that more grubs were found per stool in the check plot
Mould suggest that some of the chemicals applied exercised a slight
deterrent power, but not sufficient to liave any practical value.

10

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTUEE OF P. R.

Experiments with manurial agents.

To test the value of various fertilizers or manurial agents as
deterrents of the white grub an extensive series of experiments was-
eonducted. At first, trials were made on a limited scale with beetles
in confinement. Flower-pots containing soil and a small amount nf
fertilizer were placed in a cage with the beetles. Each pot liad a
different fertilizer mixed with the soil and the beeth's had tlie oppor-
tunity to burrow in the pot that was most attractive to them. In
this experiment advantage Avas taken of the haliit of the beetles of
hiding in the soil during the day. Examination was made of the
pots each day and a count of the beetles in eacli made. Thus at the
end of a Aveek the total number of visits per pot was known and some
idea of the repellent or attractive powers of each material could
be formed.

After a number of tliese preliminary trials, an experiment was
conducted on a field seale witli certain of the manurial agents, to
determine tlieir effect on the yield and quality of the cane, as well
as their deterrent effect as exhibited over an entire growing season.
The results are shown in the tabulations that follow.

In the fii'st experiment nine pots of soil, eaeh eontaining a small
amount of fertilizer, were placed in a cage with fifty beetles. Tlu'
following table gives the amount and kind of fertilizer in each pot.
and the number of beetles that visited each pot daily for a week :

Experiment XII. — Bepellant Effect of Various Manurial Agents on May Beetles.

No.

of

pot

Manurial Agent

Amount
used

Num

ber of beetles found in p

ot on

he

Total

for
week

1st. day

2nd.

3rd.

4th.

5th.

6th.

7th.

1 '
2
3
4

Ammoniiini Sulphate
Potassium Chloride..
Potassium Sulphate..
Blood

I ounce

6
2
4
9
0
0
16
9

2
3
5

12
0
0
9
7

12

3
1

4

'I

0

11

13

5

9
0
5
3
7
0
4

13
10

9
0

1
7
2

11

14

2

4

12
o

0
21
0
0
0
•5
10

17
o

4
17
0
0
5
4
11

48
10

23
80

5

Cvanamid

11

6

Lime

11

7

Check

59

8
9

Bone meal

Phosphoric Acid

53
61

In the experiment that follows the same materials were used and
in the same proportions. However, in this ease ten beetles were placed
in each pot and at the end of a. week the pots were examined anrl
the living and dead beetles in each counted. Thus some indication
of the killing power as well "as the repellant action was given.

CONTEOL OF WHITE GRUBS.

11

Experiment XIII.— Repellent and Killing Effect of Various Manurial Agents

on May Beetles.

No.
of

Manurial agent

Amonnt
u^red

1 ounce

Beetles found at end
of week

pot

Dead

Alive

1

Ammonium sulphate

3.T

3
6

A

'?

10
10

•1

o

Potassium chloride

0

3

Poia-ssium sulphate

0

4

Blood

Cyanamid

Lime

0
0
0

I

9

Check

Bone meal

Phos. acid

12

1
I

From the data given in the two preceding tables tlie followintr
facts are suggested:

Ammonium sulphate does not act as a repellent l)Ut shows good
killing powers.

Chloride of potash acts as a good repellent.

Potassium sulphate and acid phosphate do not repel but liavr'
some killing action.

Cyanamid and lime are good repellents, whereas blood and bone
meal are very attractive to the beetles.

Whether or not these qualities hold up under held conditions
may be seen in the data given under Experiment XV.

The following experiment was conducted in the same manner as
Experiment XII, with the exception that different chemicals werc^
applied to the soil in the pots.

Experiment XIV. — Repellent Effect of Various Chemicals to May Beetles.

No.
of
pot

Number of beetles found in

the pot

son

Chemical added

.\mount
used

Total

Istday

2d day

3rd day

4th day

.5th day

6th day

I

Lime 9 pts., sulphur 1

2 ounces

0

12

6

2

0

3

23

2

Carbolic acid ]4',i....

2

0

11

8

19

0

1

3!»

3
4

5

6

Boiled lime sulphur
2-2-50

Self-boiled lime sul-
phur 2-2-50

Caustic soda 1 lb.,
su 1 ph u r 3 lbs.,
water .50 gals.

Filter-press cake

1 ounce

1 "
1

•2 ounces

0

0
10

0

4

0

6*

6

6

6

8
2
2

10

1

8
3

■ )
t

23
27

27

3»

<
8

Kerosene emulsion

1-8
Check

2

20
12

IC)
-1

7
0

26

6
12

5?)'
5»

12

JOUBNAL OF AGEICULTURE OF P. E.

With the exception of the kerosene emulsion, tliere was apparently
very little difference in the repellent properties of those chemicals.
None of them can be considered as first-class repellents. An experi-
ment with the same chemicals to test their killing ])owers gave such
conflicting results that it has not heen included in this report.

The following experiment was carried out to test the value of
aome of the fertilizers previously referred to. when used under field
conditions. Plots of one hundred stools of cane were used tor each
different fertilizer, and at the end of the season the effect on the
yield and quality of the cane, and the number of white grubs was
<letermined.

Experiment XV. — Manurial Agents as Deterrents for White Givib.

Xo.

Amount

Yield in

Average

Average

of

Manurial agent used

per .
stool

tons

Bri.x

Sue.

Glue.

Pur.

96^ sugar
per acr.

No.
grubs

viol

applied

per acre

15.8

in tons

per stool

1

Ammonium Sulphate

8 ounces

26.53

19.4

2.50

79.0

3.15

11

2

Nitrate of Soda

4 '•

37.22

19.2

15.8

2.38

82.3

4.45

6

3

Cvanamid

4 '•

22.57

20.1

15.4

2.38

76.6

2.55

1

4

Muriate of I'otasli. . . .

,.

25.74

18.7

16.8

2 27

89.8

3.44

8

5

Potassium Suliitiate..

22.97

19.7

16.7

2.17

84.8

2.98

. in

fi

Acid Ptios

'• '•

29.30

20.4

17.4

1.78

85.3

3.97

10

Lime

1 lb.

4 ounces
8 "

25.74
28.93
28 12
29.30

20.2
19.fi
21,0
18.9

17.3
16.1
18.4
15.8

2.08
2.17
1.92
2.27

81.7
82.1
87.6
83.6

3.48
3.27
4.08
3.70

14

8

Check

10

9

Kainit

7

10

Kainit

5

From the data presented in the preceding table it is seen that of
the materials used cyanamid alone maintained its repellent effect
throiigliout the season. Its effect upon the yield, however, was not
good, and the cost of such a treatment, without obtaining a fertiliz-
ing compensation to partly offset tliis cost would make such a prac-
tice i)rohibitive. Further experiments with cyanamid alone have
moreover given but poor results and have failed to confirm the re-
sults previously obtained.

The nitratt' of soda had an cxceUeiit effect on tlie yield and ap-
))arently had some slight deterrent power.

Hotli applications of kainit gave an increase in yield over the
check plot and exercised some (h'terreiit effect over tlie whit" grubs.
None of the fertilizers, however, can be considcired as giving results
of any very pfactical value in controlling the white grubs.

•Mr. R. H. y<\\] Zwaluwenburg, entomologist of the Federal Ex-
periment Station, has recently (-arried out a series of four experi-
ments with cyanamid and with cyanamid and acnd phosphate, as
agents for killing white grubs (Plujllopliaga spp.) in cane lands.
His results are api)ended herewith.

CONTEOL OF WHITE GEUBS.

18

Summary of Results.

HACIENDA SANTA RITA, GUANICA CENTRALE. APPLIED MARCH 13, 1917;

COUNTS MADE APRIL 3, 1917.

Average grubs i>er stool

Cyanamid ^ lb. per stool
No. application (check) ..

4.1
3.6
3.8

HACIENDA PULIDO, CENTRAL ROCHELAISE, MAYAGuEZ, P. R., APPLIED OCTO-
BER 8 TO SIX-MONTHS-PLANT CANE; COUNTS MADE NOVEMBER 23, 1917.

Cyanamid and acid phosphate 1 lb. per stool..
Cyanamid and acid phosphate 21bs. per stool . .
No. application ( check)

Number of stools Average grubs per stool

3.2
3.3
5.1

In this experiment there was so inueh variation in soil conditions,
a ledge of tosea coming out near the surface over much of the field,
that not nmeh reliance can be placed on the figures obtained.

At Central Aguirre applications were made in the absence of
sufficient grubs to obtain any reliable figures. In one field it was
noted that first-instar grubs were present in treated stools, indicating
that the eggs are not killed by applications of one pound of cyanamid
per stool.

The applications made at Corsica Central were not disturbed.
Applications of one pound of cyanamid and one pound of cyanamid
and acid phosphate caused no injury at all to young ratoon cane.

Cyanamid alone and cyanamid mixed with an equal weight of
acid phosphate are of no practical value against white grubs wiien
applied in amounts up to two pounds to the stool, either when ap-
{)lied as a surface dressing or when worked into the top four inches
of soil.

Poison sprays.

Numerous attempts have Ikmmi made from time to time to kill
the beetles by spraying their food plants witii arsenical poisons.
Since the beetles have biting inouthparts, are hearty feeders and
do not fly far, but confine their feeding activities to the immediate
vicinity of the cane fields, it seemed highly proliable that such
methods of eoutrol would meet with some success. The arsenicals
used in these experiments were arsenate of lead and Paris green.
Of the numerous experiments conducted the following four have
been selected as lieing indicative of the results obtained.

14

JOUENAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

Experiment XVI.

Five hundred beetles were caught while feeding on the foliage
of young cane. They were placed in a cage and fed for ten days
on a common weed, "bleda," {Amaranthus spp., a favorite food
plant of the beetles), the foliage of which had been sprayed with
a solution of arsenate of lead three pounds to fifty gallons of water.
At the end of this time the cage was examined and four hundred
iind sixty-eight of the beetles were found dead while tlie remain-
ing thirty-two were very sluggish. An analysis of the dead beetles
revealed traces of arsenic.

Experiment XVII.

A patch of "bleda*' in the vicinity of some cane fields was sprayed
Avith a solution of ai*senate of lead of the same strength as that used
in tlie previous experiment. At night five hundred and sixty-five
beetles were caught feeding (m this poisoned "bleda" and were im-
mediately placed in a cage and fed on fresh, unsprayed materia!.
At the end of a week one hundred and fifteen were found dead, ami
i\ week later two hundred more. Analysis shoAved traces of arsenic.

Experiment XVIII.

This experiment was a repetition of Experiment No. XVI, with
the diiference that a solution of Paris green was used to poison the
^' bleda" in place of the arsenate of lead. The solution was made
up of one pound Paris green, one hundred and twenty-five gallons
of water, twelve and one-half i)ounds of flour and two and one-half
gallons of milk of lime. At the end of ten days an examination re-
vealed two hundred and nineteen dead beetles, two hundred and
eighty-one still being alive.

Favorite food plants of the beetles in the fields were sprayed
with different strengths of arsenate of lead and Pai'is gi'een. Beetles
were collected at night feeding on these sprayed plants and wei'e
kept in cages without food to Wiitt-li the effect of the poison on them.

Experiment XIX. — Experiment with Arsenate

of Lead and Paris

Green.

No. of
experi-
ment

■ Host |ilaiit useii
Cane

I'oison iisefi

Arsenate of lead.
I'aris j;ieen

SlreiiKlli K|>|

5 ounces. 5 a
3 ■ • 5
5 ' • 5
15 sraras. 5
15 ■■ 5
15 •■ 5
30 '^ 5

.lied
alons

No.
beetles

col
lected

Beetle.s
dend

after 10
days

0

2
1.5
23

0
0
2

Hour
of

eajitnrf

1

9

16

.35

116

6

4

96

9 l>- 111.

o

•' .

9-10

3
4

5
6
7

Casiiarina '

Salcllla2 ...'.'.'.'.'.'.
Casuarina

9-45 ■■
9-15 ••

10-30

10-10
9-15 ■•

Camiarina fiiuiiieHfoHa.

" fSrlirniilia iinrtriyiri'iixix.

CONTROL OF WHITE GBUBS.

15

In this experiment the death rate of the beetk^s was not greater
than would be normal with healtliy beetles kept 'without food. It
seems probable in this case that the beetles were eaptured l)eforv'
tbey had consumed any considerable ({uantity of the poisoned foliage.

As a result of these experiments it would appeal- that the spray-
ing of tlie food plants of the beetles would undoubtedly cause the
death of a portion of the beetles: that the working of the poison
is slow and that the beetles would probably crawl to their burrows
in the soil before dying-; and that arsenate of lead is more effective
as a poison for the beetles than Paris green. Unfortunately the
practice of spraying large fields of cane and the trees in the vicinity
of the fields is too expensive to be practical.

MKCIIANICAL METHODS.

Use of dynamite against the white grubs.

To test the value of dynamite as an agent with wiiich to destroy
the white grubs in infested land an (Experiment was carried out, in
which various charges of dynamite were exploded at different depths
in the soil and at distances of five feet apart. Previous to the blast-
ing a careful estimate was made of the number of gru1)s present
in the field. Three areas of eight scpmre feet were seiei-ted in dif-
ferent parts of the field and a count made of all the grubs found
within those areas. By this method it was estimated that there were
one hundred and ninety-six thousand and twent}^ grubs per aei-e.

Experiment XX. — Experiments with Dynamite Against the White Grub.

Kxp.
No.

No.

of blasts

made

r,
1

Amount

dynamite

used per

charge

Distance
between
charges

Depth of
charge
in .soil

Diameter of

hole made

by blast

Soil left

untouched

by blast

Per cent
grubs
killed

1
2

14 stick

5 feet

8 inches
16 ■■
8

2 feel

3 feel

52
52
72

As may be seen from the chart, best results were obtained hy
using a charge of one-half stick of dynamite. However, even tluit
amount exploded at distances of five feet apart left one-hall' the
surface of the ground undistur))ed. and in the art^a that was thrown
up by the exi)losi()n only seventy-two per cent of the grubs were
killed. ^lany of the grubs wei-e thrown out on the surface of tiie
soil without injury. With charges at five feet apart it would have
required one thousand seven hundred and forty-two charges pei- acre,
which would have made the cost per acre. excliisi\-c of fuses, caps.

](>

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

or labor, $239.46. This, of course, made such a practice prohibi-
tive, even had it been successful in destroying the grubs.

Flooding as a method of controlling the white grub.

In localities where there is an abundant supply of water, it was
thought possible that by flooding the infested fields for a certain
time that the white grubs might l)e destroyed. To test this theorj'"
the following experiments Avere made.

Several lots of white grubs were submerged in a tank of watei-
for varying lengths of time. They were then taken out and examined.

Experiment XXI. — Effect of Flooding on White Grubs.

No.

of

Exp.

No. of grubs used

No. of hours kept
uiider water

I'er cent

of grubs alive after

treatment

I'er cent

of grubs dead after

treatment

1
2
3
4

100

100

50

15

2 hours
4 ■

4
4

96
100
100
100

4
0
0
0

In practically all cases the submergence had no other effect than
to make the grubs rather sluggish and limp. They soon regained
their normal active condition after being exposed to the air. A fur-
ther experiment was conducted along these lines to determine whether
or not a longer submergence Avould have different results. Several
ditches were plugged at each end and filled Avith water. A largo
number of white grubs were then placed in the ditches and left for
a period of two weeks. The water was then drawn off and the grubs
found to be still alive and active. It would seem from the results
of these experiments that flooding would ])e useless as a method of
controlling the white grubs.

Use of light to attract beetles.

Knowing that tlic majority of insects arc attracted to ligltt, at-
tempts were made to destroy the beetles by taking advantage of this
natural phcnouienon. Ai^c lights and five huiidri'd candle f)()wcr
Pitncr gasoline lamps were used in these experiments, and were run
througli the beetle season from ^farch to November. The lights were
erected over large basins filled with molasses and watei", so that the
beetles attracted to the lights woukl fall in and be drowned. In
the following experiment two of the lights were erected in the midst
of ccinc fields heavily infested with the white grub, while the thiiul
was erected on the i-oof of » two-story building in the vicinity.

CONTROL OF WHITE GRUBS.

17

Experiment XXII. — Use of Light Against the Beetles.

No.

of

light

Where located

In cane field.

On roof of bldg.
near cane tieltf

Kind of light

Arc light.

500 c. p. Pitner
gasoline lamp

Time when run

No. [Average
ofbeetles ^<5-
caught

Niglitly from April 20 to May 31.

Run for 23' evenings in July, j
Aug., Oct . and November

250
65
24

caught
per night

6

1.5

1

' On ciiil.x 7 iiiirlits \x-crc Mu.\' l)(.'(.'tles taken.

The results ot* these trials clearly show that little success can be
expected with light as a means of attracting the beetles. Since these
experiments were conducted it has been found that PJiyllopJtaga
beetles of the Island are ordinarily attracted to light only during
their flight to their food plants in the early part of the evening.
The flight only lasts about an hour, and once they have started
feeding the beetles are no longer attracted by light. Hence it would
be useless to run the lights for more than an hour each night.

Collection of the grubs and beetles.

The most successful method of controlling the white grub tliat
has yet been found is that of collecting the grubs and ])eetles. The
method is rather expensive but it is the only sure way of keeping
the pest from increasing.

Some idea of the expense may be obtained from the following
figures supplied by Guanica Central, where this method is practiced.
During seven months in 1914, a total of 2,255,000 beetles and 1,662.000
grubs were collected at a cost of $2,710.60. The following year
2,46S,000 l)eetles and 2,425,000 grubs were collected at a cost of
.t:j,448.77. ^lore of the grubs and beetles are being collected each
year by this central in an endeavor to reduce the numbers of this
pest, but unfortunately the method is not very generally practiced
by the cane growers of the Island, and in fact the majority of the
growers use no method of control whatsoever.

Collections of the grubs should be made when the land is being
plowed, fjarge numbers of the grubs are tuimed up at this time and
should be collected by boys and women following the plows. Where
tui-keys, chickens, and hogs are available they .should be turned into
the fields at plowing time, as they w^ill And and devour those grubs
that the pickei's fail to see.

The beetles feed at night on the foliage of the cane and the trees
in the vicinity of the cane fields. They are rather sluggish in their

l.S JOURNAL OF AGRTC'ULTt'RE OF P. E.

V

luoveiiioiits ami may ln' readily captui'i'd. Jioys and men can go
around at night with bags and lanterns and colici't the beetles in
large numbers liy shaking them from their food i)lants.

The beetles fly during the months of IMareh to Noveiiilxr. ijielusive,
l)ut they are more abundant and hence more easily collected at cortaiii
times during this period. These i)eriods of abundaiici' vary some-
what with the locality and it is necessary to watch conditions care-
fully in ni-dei' to tidce advantage of them.

INSECT I'AKAsrPKS AND Kl'XCTS DISKASES

In view of the fact that the white gi'ubs ol-' I'oi-to Kico suffer but
little from the attacks of insect parasites, attempts wen- made to
introduce some from other parts of the world, lleports on these
efforts have been made in other publications of this station, so that
no further mention will be made of this woi-k here.

In addition to the introduction of insect parasites attempts were
made to utilize a disease of the.gi-ubs and beetles known as the gi-een
muscardine fungus, Mftarrhizhnu (Uiisoplia. A i-eport on this work
has been made by Mt-. John A ytevenson, pathologist of this Station.
and may be found in this nuudxM' of the Jnnnidl.

coxcLrsiox.

in conclusion it may bi^ stated that control of the white grub is
■still one of the laitgest entomological j)i"obleins of the Island and
that undoubtedly a vast amount of work still remains 1(t be can-ied
out. The collecting of the grul)s and Ix'etles is at present the only
practical method of holding them in check, and.it is far from being
entirely satis factoi-y.

It seems likely that the most pi'omising I'oad to success in white-
grub conti'ol for Porto Rico will be in the introduction of predacious
^ind parasitic i'n<'mies.

THE GREEN MUSCARDINE FUNGUS IN PORTO RICO.

{M( tarrhizinni anisoplici' [Metsch.] Sorokin. )

By .loiix A. 8TEVEXS0X, Pathologist, Insular Experiment Station.

The green Diuseardine fungus is ont^ of the best-known of tlie
fungi attacking injurious insects, and as such lias been studied and
observed in many parts of the workl. It occins a])i)<irently indige-
nous in some countries, and has I)een introduced into vai'ious others
in an endeavor to make use oi' it in the tiglit against insect pests. It
is pi'obable that with the exception of the work with Sporolricli iiin
fjlohuliferiOH, an enemy of the chincli bug jind othiM- insects, more
lias been done witli this fungus than with any other of a simihn- na-
ture. Although oi'iginally described from Euroi)e. most of the stiul-
ies uj)(m it and attempts at its artiticial dissemination have lieen
made in the ti-opics or subtropics and in conn.'ction with sugar-cane
insects.

HISTORY OF THE FUNGUS.

The fungus was first noted and described by Metschnikoff (28)^
in Russia in 1879 as Entomo phi horn auisopHm. Since tliat time
it has been redeseribed under several other names or new combina-
tions.- Rorer (29) has given a full account of these nomenclatural
details. The combination adopted by him in 1!)1() has been used 1)y
other workers since that time, and is also used in this ])a|M r.

Since the original discovery in Russia. Mctarrhizinm has been
found occurring naturally in France (6), United States (25), Mexico
(40). Trinidad (4, 12). Samoa (Si. Philippine Islands (2). Queens-
land CW). Java (2G. 41). Hawaii (l(i, 17). and Porto Rico. In ad-
dition the fungus has been introduced foi- 1ii;il under artiticial con-
ditions into -Mauritius (5). -lava ill. :51 ). Porto Rico (42). Cuba,
and Argentina (7j. ('u1tui-es from tliis laboratory have been sent

' Kijjures in paiciitlicsiK refer to literature eited. )). 28,
- }fi'tarrhiziinii niiiiiripHnv (Melscli.) Sorokin.

E)i'niii<iiilith(ini aitixii/iliiif (Mctsi-li.) {'J'-').

Mitiinhizhitii atiix'i/ilidf Soi-okin (^jS).

Ixnria dcKlrtirtur Xfetseh. (24).

itospura dextnirtiir Delacroix (6).

I'enicilUum anisopliae Vuillemin (-13).

Septocylindrium nuxpectiim Massee (22).

Ghromostiilim anisopliae Sorokin (?).

PeiiicilUiim anijiopUae Vuillemin (43).

19

20 JOURNAL OF AGRICTJLTTJRE OF P. E.

to Java and the two latter countries. Speare (34) reports that no
introductions were made into Hawaii from Japan or other sources,
as far as the availahle records show, although statements to the con-
trary have been made.

HISTORY OF THE INTRODUCTION OF METARRHIZIUM INTO PORTO RICO.

The following paragraph from Bulletin 10 of this Station gives
the history of the introduction of MetarrMzium into Porto Rico:

" Metarrhizium was introduced under the name of Hawaiian beetle fungu'<
by D. L. Van Dine, January 12, iOll, and was identified by the writer, whose
identification was confirmed by Prof R. Thaxter. * * * This material con-
sisted of infected beetles, some of which were sent to Mr. C. T. Murphy at Gua-
nica Central. More fungus in the form of infected soil was received by Mr. Van
Dine, March 30, 1911. On June 3, a letter accompanying material was received
at the Sugar Planter's Station" (now the Insular Experiment Station) "from
Mr. D. W, May of the Mayagiiez Experiment Station. This material was origi-
nally from Hawaii. ' '

It was supposed at that time that the fungus was not intligenous.
but since then the finding of infected insects in regions distant from
the points where the introduced material has been worked with, makes
it appear that it did exist in the Island previous to the Hawaiian
importations. The native type has at no time been abundant, hav-
ing been found on single, isolated insects only.

THE FUNGUS.

Although the fungus has been placed at different times in such
widely different genera as Entomophihm'a, Isarm, Oospora, and others,
a study of actual material leaves no doubt as to its position near
Penicillium in the Moniliaceae. With one exception, no spore form
other than the chains of cylindrical conidia have been rei)()rte(l. Trvon
(38) from Queensland makes mention of having i'ound a Cor-
dyceps or ])erfect stage associated with Mciarrliizium. He assumes
the two to be stages of the same fungus, but apparently jiiadc no
careful cultural studies to prove this assumption, oi- at h^ast none
are given. In as much as no other instances have been recorded,
in all of the many references to the subject, of any other spore form
such a possibility seems remote. In Porto Rico the fungus has been
studied in the laboratory, inseetary, and in the tield by practically
all of the various men who have been connected since 1911 with the

THE GREEN MUSCARDINE FUNGUS. 21

divisions of Pathology and Entomology, and there has never been
the slightest evidence to support a theory of anothei- stage in the
life history.

Mr. Johnston (14) records two conidial forms, forma major and
forma minor occurring on different hosts. Sufficiently complete ac-
counts of the appearance and behavior of the fungus on artificial
media as well as technical descriptions will be found in several of
the articles cited in the bibliography, in particular those by Rorer
(29), Speare (35), Johnston (14). and the earlier papers by Metsch-
inkoff (23, 24).

HOSTS.

The number of species of insects attacked is very large, and in-
cludes many that are of considerable economic importance. A list
of the more important host species, together A\nth the country from
which the report was made, follows:

Adoretuft eompressvs. Java (41).

Adoretus ieuuimamilaius, Hawaii (16-18).

AdoreUis unibrosus, Hawaii (35).

Agriotis vianci, New York (25).

Anisoplia austriaca, Russia (22).

Anoniala, sp., Hawaii (35).

Cleovvs punctivcutris, Russia (32).

Cyrtaeanthracris nigricornis, .Java (31).

Eolotrichia helleri, Java (11).

Lachnosterna sp., Illinois, reported by Woleott.

Lepidiota alhohirta, Queensland (38).

Leucophiliis rorida, Java (31).

Oryetes rhinoceros, Samoa (8).

Phytalus sinitki Mauritius, (?) (5).

Shahdocnemii obscura, Hawaii (29).

Tonutspifi postico, Mexico (40).

Tonuispis varia, Trinidad (9, 28).

It will he noted that this series includes the froghopper of Tri-
nidad, as well as a number of other serious cane pests; the rhinoceros
beetle, a pest of the coconut; the cockchafer of Europe, and other
well-known dei)redators. The silk-worm has also l)eeii reported as
a host by Delacroix in France (6).

A consichM-ablc vHUgv of hosts has also been found in Porto Pico
but for the most part only insects in conHnenient in the breedin"-
cages. These have been collected by the several entomologists of

22 .lOT^ENAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

Ihc Station, hut inorv particularly by Mr. E. G. Smyth (82) who
carried on work with the wliite grubs oVer a number of years.

The insects found diseased by McforrJiizium in Porto Rieo are as

follows:

Aphodius sp.

Conthon sp.

Diiscincinft harhatus.

Li/fiynis tumidosits.

M eta masius hemipterus.

Phj/Ilopliafja citri.

Phfillopliafio fiiian iccnsis.

Phyllophaya portorwensis.

Phyllophaga vandinei.

Phytalus insularis.

Slrategus titaims.

Tiphia inornata. (Received from Illinois.)

The fundus has been found in addition en a number of undeter-
mined Searabaeids. an earwig, a roach, and some other uiuiamed
hosts. The localities of the many collections made have been Rio
Piedras f E.xpei-iuu'nt Station), Santa Rita (Guanica). and Anasco,
localities into which the fungus was introduced. Speeinu'iis have
also been taken at Fajardo {fln/Jlopliafia sp.). Hacienda Santa
Isabel of Agnin-e ( I'ln/llopJuifja sp.), antl Sierra de Naguabo
(earwig), localities into which the fungus was not introduced, a]^-
parently tending to prove that the fungus is indigenous to the Island.

Fui'ther information on the stages of the various hosts attacked,
]>revalence, pi'ogress of th(> disease on the individual insects, and
related points will he found in tiie report by Smyth (32).

EXPERIMENTS IN ARTIPICIAI, niSSEMINATION.

Metsehnikoff (23) conducted the first experiment with M< larr-
hizium, using it to fight the cockchafer of wheat. lie obtained his
spore material fi'om infected insects. Krassilstchik (19, 20) used
the fungus in a similar fashion in this work on the siigar beet curculio
and reported fi-oni fifty to eighty pel- cent of the insects inicctc<l.
These earlici- cNpcriiiients were necessai'ily on a limited scale bcc;insc
of the difficulty of obtaining spore iiiatci-ial in (piantity.

During I'eccnt years extensive tests have been carried onl in
•lava, Hawaii, Trinidad. Porto Rico, and other regions.

The most important of the efforts in this connection has been
Rorer's (27-29) work in Trinidad directed against the froghoppei-

THE GREEN MUSCARDINE FUNGUS. 23

{Tomaspis vnria). p]]itomologifsts and others (1, ;3, -t. 9. 10. 13, 3!))
<'Oiine('t('d with the awricultural work of that Island have also as-
sisted in the tests. In the preliminary experiments adidt t'roghop-
pers in wire (-ages were inoc^ulated by spraying, and a high percent-
age of iiioi-tality resnlted. Resnlts w<M-e also obtained in infecting
the nymphs. A tield ('xi)eriment, using u mixture of flour and
spores, in which over one hund)'ed (-ane plants were dusted, resulted
very favoral)ly in the death 1)y the fungus of a large number of the
insects.

Work was then commenced on the j)roduction of spore material
in great quantities so as to permit of the dusting or spraying with
si)ores of entire fields. Vov this purpose large cabinets capable of
being sterilized by steam were devised. The manner of construction
of these cabijiets and the course of procedure in producing the spore
material have been fully described by Rorer. The results obtained
were sufficient to cause these spore-producing plants to be erected
on a number of the sugar estates. These are operated at such times
as <-onditions seem favorable for rapid increase of the froghoppers.

Tlie experiments in Java have been carried on in several sections
of the Island by diffei'ent workers l)ut iiave ;ill beim confined to tests
on a small scale, mostly in breeding cages ai)parentl\'. Groenewege
(11) infected soil with the spores and then added larv;ii of various
insects, varied proi)ortions of which were killed by the fungus. He
concludes that since most of them were killed near the close of the
larval period, and aft<i' the full damage to the host would have been
caused, that the mctliod is not efficacious. He furthenuore stated
that the cost wonid be ])iohibitive for field operations.

Rutgei's CU ) eari-ied out experiments at praeticallx' the same
time, nsing culluics obtained tVoni Hawaii. For infection he em-
ployed spores mixed with ;i donble (jnantity of floui'. The insects
used were Lciicapliiliis rorida and locusts {('ijrlac(iiil}iacns nigri-
cornis). In one expei-iment a moi-tality rtf eighty per cent was ob-
tained, but sneeeeding tests gave only slight results. It was found
that infeetion. excM when the insects wei'e enclosed in a small space
and wei-e in in1ima1e eonlaet with (|uantities of s])0i-es. was dependent
upon exiernal conditions, particularly the moisture .content of the
air. Foi' litis reason and since Mvlarrliizium is found under natural
conditiojis attacking a wide i-ange of insects he concluded that it
is a dangei-ous parasite oidy under favorable conditions, and that
attempts to spread the fungus artificially would be useless.

24 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

Speare (35) in Hawaii carried out an extensive series of labor-
atory inoculations with the fungus, workinp; with Rliahdocnemis
ohscura as the host. The mortality varied considerably in the dif-
ferent trials, not exceeding sixty per cent, however, in any ease.
No field tests are reported. '

Tryon (38) has also conducted tests upon the parasitism of
Metarrkiziurn. using the spores mixed with a fine soil rich in organic
matter. Final results and conclusions are not given beyond the
statement that the fungus appears to have possilnlities.

In Samoa (8) excellent results were re])orted in controlling on aii
extensive scale the rhinoceros beetle, an enemy of the coconut. In-
fected beetles were placed in trap ])iles of rotten coconut husks and
other debris, scattered about through the coconut groves. Tlic
beetles gathci'cd in these piles foi" egg la,\ing. and it w;is claimed
that practically all the larvae were ultimately attacked and killed
by the fungus.

Porto Rico.

Work witli this fungus was begun immediately upon the receipt
of material from Hawaii. Infected beetles and soil containing
spores were sent to Mr. C. T. ■Nlurphy in charge of experimental
work at Central (iuaniea. In June, 1911. he reported as follows:
"The Hawaiian beetle fungus seems to l)e working well and the
beetles kept untier control in the cages seem to take it u]) rapidly
At present several thousand are under control and in a few days
time, 1 shall stai't letting them loose in tli;' Melds * " *. I am
also propagating the spores artificially so as lo more tlioroughly infect
the beetles." About a year later (April, 1912) he reports that
""Inoculating ])eetles with the Hawaiian fungus started earliei- in the
month. The fniigus took readily aiul apfxars to lie increasing in
virulence; about a fortnjght aftei- inoculating tiie cage, eighty-
seven beetles were found killed by the disease. During the nt'xt
month liheiations of dead and sickly beetles will be made about
every ten days in a lield where the work can be watched."'

Mr. Murjiliy stated that in May he found evidence of beetle!-
having heen killed by the disease, and in -Inly ;i linal mention ol'
Metarrhi/.ium occnis in his reports to the effect that "'Beetles in-
fected with the Hawaiian fungus have been liberated during the
month in cane fields, and at the roots of trees around the nursery

THE GREEN MUSCAEDINE FUNGUS.

25

beetU^s kille<l liy tlif fungus have been buried so as to infect the
soil." It is not apparent that any practical results canfe from this
work.

At the Experiment Station at Rio Piedras in connection witli
cultural studies of the fungus Mr. Johnston, then pathologist, carried
on in 1912 a series of inoculation tests in screened cages. Beetles
and larvai {I'hifllophaga vaiKlinri for the most part) were obtained
from the vicinity of Aiiasco. and Santa Rita, Guanica. These were
stored in tlii'cc cages until transferred to the inoculating cages. It
may be noted that ten beetles were found infected in these supply
cages as the transfer was being made, pointing again to the natural
■occurrence of the fungus.

In addition to the Metarrhizium trials, other entomogenous
fungi secured from France were used in a similar fashion. These
were Sttrif/nialocijstis fcrrugiunis, Sporotrichiim globiilifermn, Isaria
ilensa, and Bolrijtis Bassiana. No positive results were obtained
witli these, ])ut on the other hand the beetles in each of the boxes
in which these fungi were employed showed infection with Metarr-
hizium, as will be noted hereafter.

The Metarrhizium material used was a transfer from an. isola-
tion made from infected insects received from Hawaii. In each case
the fungus material was scraped oflf the surface of the medium (yam
<?ylinders) and placed with distilled water in an atomizer. The sur-
face of each box was thoroughly sprayed with the spore suspension,
and the culture medium itself placed on the surface of the soil. The
beetles were then added from the supply boxes and observations taken
from time to time. All beetles found dead were held for full devel-
opment of any fungus that might be present, so as to permit of exact
determinations.

As the results obtained were much the same for all, details of
the examination of but one box are given, as per the following table :

Infection of May-Beetles by Metarrhizivm (Box No. 1).

Date

May 24

June 1

6

10

15

21

26

Jul.v 1

8

Head on siirtace.
Infected

1
9

18
8

17

8

6
6

7
o

•■j
1
<)
3

2
l'

5
o

Dead in soil

Infected

2
1

Totiil flci'd. liHi; intri-i.d liv M rtftnhizhim. 38.

•->G

JOl'RNAL OF AURICULTURE OF P. K.

A Summary of rosults from all the boxes follows;
Infection of May-Beetles by Mitarrhi:ium.

Box
No.

Iiioc'iiIaU'il will)

Metnrrhi/imii. . .

Pteriginatoi^yslis
Sporotvicliiim. . .

<heck

Supply

Isarla

Botrytis

Supply

No. of l»i'i-ilts 1

t'Hil

No.

iiifecteil

w

itii

I'OI

Meta

rrh iz

U)tl

KM)

38

ii;i

22

!)K

■Ah

102

18

St"

29

I'l .'.s

H3

!'2

.•:l

104

29

1I:;l>

li'O

I'or cent infection

38
19
35
17
29
14
33
27
16

It eaii very clearly be seen from these results tliat the fungus
was, first of all, not especially virulent toward the May-beetles and
that above all it oceuri-ed independent of inoeulatons.

In order that thorough field trials might be carried out, there
was eonstrueted at the Station an apparatus (see Fig. 1) consisting
of two cabinets and a five-horse-power ui)right boiler, following the-
plans of Ror( r (27. '■)()). The medium used was rice, spread (mt in
thin layers on the shelves and cooked /// sllii. No particular diffi-
culties other than mechanical ones were encoiinlered, and the first
batch of spore material was taken off by Mr. .lohnstoii in August,
1913. A low-grade fiour was used to (liliite the spore mass and t(v I
make removal fi"om the rice media more easy. \

The resulting mateiiid consisting of about lil'ly poiiiuls of thc' ]
flour-spore mixture and a similar amount of the rice residue was^
taken to Yauco on the soutii coast, and ap])lied to one (jf the fields
of the Guanica Central. About an acre of young plant cane was ,
dusted, using two tyy)es of hantl dusters, the Furet and the (Jyclone.
The foniiei- was the more convenient and serviceable. The rice resi-
due material was applied by hand around stools of cane adjoining
the dusted area.

In October a <-onsidei'able numbei- of adults were collected from
the dusted area hy .Mi-. Siii\tli and confined to Santa Rita. Only
one of file entire number showed at any time signs of Mrfarrhiziimi.

The following year another lot of spore material was prepared
by the writei' and again api)lied to tiie field previously dusted at |
Yauco and in the same manner, it has nevei- heen apparent that '
any infection resulted among the beetles in this field. A third lot

THE GKEEN MUSCABDINE FUNGUS. 27

of material was some months later ajiplied at Rio Piedras not only
to cane, hut aronnd the hases of a niimher of eoeonut trees, wiiidi
had been severely attacked by PliyUophaga sp. Infected insects
have never been recovered.

CONCLUSIONS.

As a result of the tie'ld observations and tlie varied experiments
carried out l)y the members of th(- Station staff and others who have
I)een (connected with the project, the conclusion seems justified that
tile green muscardiue will not serve as a practical means of control-
ling the white grubs or ]\Iay-beetles in Porto Rico.

It is true that in confinement various stages of PliyUophaga sp]».
are subject to attack, as are also other cane pests, 1>ut even in tiiese
instances the disease has not been virulently parasitic. No positiv<»
results have been obtained in the field tests and it appears that the
fungus is indigenous, but so dependent upon humidity and otiier
natural conditions that it is a negligible factor in controlling iuscci
pests and will remain so.

This conclusion is borne out by the reports of workers in Java,
both Rutgers (i^l) and Groenewege (11) stating that while consid-
erable numbers of insects were attacked in confinement, results iii
the field were so absolutely dependent upon the weather tliMt no
artificial attempts .(t dissemination of the disease would avail. Tiic
favorable results obtained in Samoa in the control of the coconul
beetle may be easily accounted for by the fact that conditions a]>-
proximated confinement, the piles of debris retaining moisture, sn
that for all practical purposes they were no different than so many
insect cages. None of the Torto Rican insects l(Mid themselves tn
this method of trapping.

In Trinidad nmst favorable results have been re]>orted, it is tine
hut in this ca.s(! the insect pest involved has an entirely ditfcicui
mode of life from the May-l)eetles, which it is thought will account
foi- the (litferciice in the efficiency of the fungus in tlie two regions.
It is also quite possible that the weather conditions |)i-evailing at
times of severe froghopper infection may favor the fungus.

It does not seem advisal)l(^ to carry out any further work witir
the green inuscardine in I'orto Kico. at least in connection with tlu-
white-grubs or May-beetles.

28 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

LITERATURE CITED.

(1) Anon.

1909. In Bui. Agric. Inform., Triuidad, v, 8, p. 45.

(2) Barrett, O. W.

1914. A fungus parasite of tlie coconut beetle. In Phil. Agric. Re-

view, V. 7, no. 3, pp. 133-4.

(3) Carlee, J. J. A.

1912. The froghopper. In Proc. Agric. Soc. Trin. and Tobago, v. 12,
no. 8, pp. 265-272.
Discussion, no. 9, pp. 288-316.

(4) OOLLENS. A. E.

1908. Sugar-cane blight and the froghopper. In Proc. Agric. Soc. of
Trin. and Tobago, v. S, p. 152.

(5) De CHARlklODY, D. DE E.

1912. Rej)ort on Phytahis .smillii. Port Louis, Mauritius.

(6) Delacroix, G.

1893. Oospore! destructor, eliampignon produisant sur les insectes la
nniseardine verte. In Bui. de la Soc. Myc. de France, v. 9,
])p. 260-268, 1 pi.

(7) Fawcett, G. L.

1915. In La Rev. Ind. y Agric. de Tucuniiin. ano 5. no. 11, pp. 497-S.

As an introduced species only.

<S) Friederichs, K.

1913. Metarrhisium anisopliac. In Tropenplanzer, v. 17, j(. 660. Re-

viewed in Agric. News (Barbados), v. 13, no. 309, p. 78, Feb.
28, 1914.

(9) Gotjgh, Lewis H.

1911. The froghopper fungus and its jiractical applii-atioii. Circulars
6, 8, Dept. Agric. Trinidad.
<10) .

1910. Results of experiments with the frogho))per fungus. //( Proc. of

the Agric. Soc. of Trin. aiid Tobago, v. 10, p. 463.

(11) Groenewege, J.

1916. Bestrijding van insectenplagen van het suikerriet door schinimels

en bacterien. Med. van het Pioefsta, voor de .Tava-Suikerind.,
v. 6, no. 18, pp. 1-10.
ri2) H.\rt, J. 11.

1890. Report on sugar-cane blight. In .Xgric Rec Trin.. v. 2, p. 127.
Reprinted in Bui. Misc. Inform., iiot. Dept.. Trinidad, v. 7.
p. 153.

(13) .

190(). Cine diseases. In Bui. Misc. Int'ovm.. Bot. Dept. Trin., v. 7,
p. 153.
<14) Johnston, J. R.

1915. The green muscardine. In The Entfunogenous Fungi of Porto
Rico. B'd of Conim. of Agric. of P. R. (Insular Exper.
Station), Bui. 10, pp. 26-28.

THE GREEN MUSCARDINE FUNGUS. 29

(15) Jones, T. II.

1915. Diaprepes spengleri. Bui. 14, BM Coram, of Agrie. P. E., (In-
sular Exper. Sta.), pp. 1-19.

(16) KoEBELE, Albert.

1898. In report of Government Ent. In Hawaiian Planters' Mo. v.
17, pp. 262-4.

(17) .

1900. In report B'd of Comm. of Agric. and For. (Hawaii) for 1900,
pp. 18 and 44.

(18) KOTIXSKY. ,TAfX)B, AXD NeWELL, B. M.

1905. The Japanese beetle fungus. In Circ. 2, Div. of Ent., B'd of
Comm. Agric. and For., Hawaii. Also (/' 2nd Ann. Kept, of
same, pj). 163-166, fig. 11.

(19) KRASSIL.STCHIK, J.

1886. De insectorum morbis tjui fungus parasiticis etlicinntur. Mem.
de la Soc. des Nat. de la Nouvellerussie. Odessa, vol. 11,
fas. 1, pp. 75-172.

(20) .

1888. La production artificelle des parasites vegetaux pour la destruc-
tion des insectes nuisables. Rev. Geu. d 'Agric. et de Vit.
Merid., June, 5.

(21) Marsh, H. O.

1911. The Japanese beetle fungus. //* Report B'd of Agric. and For.
(Hawaii) for 1910. p. 155.

(22) Mas.see. G. .

1910. In Bui. Misc. Inform., Royal Gardens, Kew, no. 1, j.. 4.

(23) Metschnikoff, E.

1879. In Zeit. der Kaiser. Land. Gesell. fiii- Ncurussland, Odessa,
pp. 21-50, 1 pi.

(24) .

1886. In Fvir Lehre iiber insectem. Zoolog. Anzcigor, .'{ pp. 41-47.
Abstract by C. V. Riley in Amer. Ent., v. ^^, p. 103.

(25) I'ETTIT, R. IL

1895. Entomogenous fungi. Biil. 97, Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta., 5 pi.

(26) ROEPKE, W.

1915. Locusts in Java. In Teysmannia, year 26, no. 1-2, 6-7, and
12, pp. 115-124, 337-58, and 758-90, 2 fig., 7 pi

(27) RouRER, James Birch.

1910. /" Ann. Report Myc, B'd of Agrie. Trinidad.

(28) .

1910. The green muscardine of froghoppers. /)( Proc. Agric. Soc.
Trill., V. 10, pp. 167-482, Soc. paper No. 442. Contains a
bibliography.

(29) .

1913. The use of the green muscardine in the control of some sugar-
cane pests. In Phytopath., v. 3, no. 2, pp. 88-92, 1 pi.

•{() .101IR^^\L OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

(-0) .

39 K). 'riit' gieeii iiiuscarcline fungus ami it« use iu rano tiekls. Board
Agric. Trin. & Tob., Circ. No. 8. Contains references to
other articles piiblislied in Trinidad.

(.-.'l) Rt'tgers. a. a. I..

191*). rnfecticjiro^ven nieteen sehimniel, die pathogeen is voor insecten.
Med. van liet Lai), voor Plantenziek, No. 25. (Java).

(H2) Smyth. Kugene G.

1917. The ^vhite-grubs injuring the sugar cane in Porto Eico. In
, Journ. Dept. of Agric. of P. E., v. no. 2, p. 60 and too. 3,
pp. 141-169.

C.V.',^ SOROKl.X. N.

1879. In Zeit. der Kaiser. Land. (Tesell. fiir Xourusshind, Odessa,
p. 26S.
(34) Speare. Aluen T.

1912. A fungus disease of the borer beetle. In the Hawaiian Plant.
Rei-., v. 6, no. 2. pp. 121-126, jil. 1.

(35) .

1912. lit Fungi jjarasitic ujioii insects injurious to sugar cane. P>ul.
12. I'ath. and Pli.vsi. Sor., Hawaiian Sug. Plant. Ex()er. Sta.
l(p. +()-."):i.

(o6) Stevenson. John A.

191 (i. Work witli tlie green muscardine. In 4th Report B'd of Comm.
Agric. P. E.. 1)].. :U-.l.
(:^7) Terry. F. W.

1907. The sugar-cane borer. Ciic. .">'. I)i\. of Knt., Kxp. Sta., llawaiiar,
Sng. riaiit. Assoc.

(.38) Tryon, II.

1911. <'aiie grid) ami luuscardiiu' fungus al Cairns. //( (.Queens. Agric.

.Fourii., V. 2, no. (i, pp. 402-10). Contains other references
to earlier publications by the same author.
CM)) Urich, F. W.

190(;. l"i-oglio|i|icrs. //' The Mirroi. 1 'oi-t-of-8pain. Trinidad. Sejit.
19.

(40) Urich. F. W.

19K'). Notes on some Mexican sugar-cane insects. In .louiii. l*]con.
I'hit.. \. (i, no. 2. p. 2 17.

(41 ) Y.\X DER (ionr. r.

]91:". Obsei-xations on some ( 'ol('()|it era in sugar-i-ane plantations.
/(' Arcliief xooi' de Suikciiuil. in Ned. hid., year 2;>, |>t. 20
pj.. 7S9-.s:!0.

(42) Van Dink. i). L.

1912. Progress report on iiiti-oductions of beneficial parasites into

Porto Rico. //' 1st. K'eixiit P.M. Comm. .\gric. P. R.,
pp. :'.4-.5.
iVA) Vrii,M:.\ir.\, P.

1904. l^a I.sarid du genere PcnicUUum. Bid. de la Soc. Myc. de
France, v. 20, pp. 214-221, fig. 8.

THE GREEN MUSCARDINE FUNGUS.

31

PLATE I.

THE GREEN MUSCARDINE FUNGUS IN PORTO RICO.

Fig. 1.

i^i^Wpij::^

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

32 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTI^RE OF 1'. K.

EXPLANATION OP PLATE L

Fig. 1. — Cabinets used in the production of MetanhUium sport' nijilfi i:il^
nnd boiler, the source of the steam supply.

Fig. 2. — Pupa of Lumnis tnmuhisuii infected witli Mctarrliieium, showiiij^
also molted larval skin.

Fig. 3. — Pupa\ of Strategiis litanus infected witli MttarrJmium, showing
characteristic conidial masses.

Figs. 2 and 3 from photographs by Smyth.

STUDIES IN INHERITANCE IN SUGAR CANE.

By II. B. ('owyiLL. Plant Breeder, insular Expevinient Station.

INTRODUCTION.

Although only a few experiuieiits liavc Inn-n conduL'tcHl in the
breeding work with sugar eane at this Station, for tlie soh' purpose
of studying inheritance and related subjects, it has bei'u tlie pur-
pose, as the work progressed, to secure as many useful data as pos-
sible from the seedlings which were ])eing propagated and selected.
Points which are of interest are the extent to wliich characters are
inherited from the parent varieties wiien the latter are self-pollin-
ated : whether new types are produced in the natui-e of mutations :
and in what manner and to what degree varieties can be expected
to transmit their characters to seedlings when crossed. Various cane
varieties have been tried as seed-producers, and it has become evident
that, in general, when cross-pollination has not been attempted, there
is clearly a difference in the appearance and apparent value of seed-
lings produced from the different varieties, and that there is also
consideral)le difference in the amount of I'esemblance to the |)arent
varieties. In many cases this reseinblancc is i)lain, and in others
there is very little similarity. The reason for this may l)c that all
cane varieties arc probably more or less heterozygous. Ilic cases of
<'losei' resemblance l)eing due to more homozygous parentage. It is
also jiossible that accidental intercrossing sometimes takes place be-
tween varieties growing in the same locality, and that this affects
the appearance of the resulting seedlings. Resemblance to both par-
ents has also been observed, when cross-pollination has been affected
between varieties, and it is worthy of note that in some cases simil-
arity to the pollinating parent is very plain.

SKEDLLNGS SHOWING UESEMBI..\X("K I'O SEEP I'ARENT.'

A very close resemblance of seedlings to parent cane, as to visual
characters, has been observed everv vear since l*)l:i in seedlings pi-o-

^ For descriptions of i-aiie varii-lics sec "A Method of IdiiUiflciitioii and Deseription of
Sugar Cane Varieties and its Application to Types Orown.in Porto Kioo" ; H. B. CowRill.
Plant Breeder, Insular Experiment Station, Porta Ujeo : .lournal of tlie Department of Agri-
ettUure, Vol. 1. No. 3, .luly. 1917.

3H

34 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF I'. K.

duced from seed of D-lOf).' This is a dark* greenish-red 1o purple
cane, usually reclining in liabit. witli buds before expanding semi-
elliptical in shape. Many of the seedlings idainly sliow some or all
of these characteristics, while the resemblance as to color is ("S])ociall>'
noticeable.

A great majority of the seedlings of T-77 are very imicli like
this variety in color and habit, and resemble it more or less as to
the form of the bud.

Out of thirty-four seedlings produced in 1916 from 1)-31:7. a
light-colored cane, only two were of a darker shade than the parent,
and seventeen of them showed spots on the internodes more or less
like the characteristic spots on the parent variet3^

The B-109 seedlings produced in 1916, one bundred and ninety-
two in all, were all yellowish-green in color, being like tlu^ parent
variety in this respect. They also resembled the parent more or
less as to the shape of the internodes and tlie ))uds. One seedling
was darker green than the parent variety and had a tinge of red
on the upper internodes ; one was a shade dai'ker green. l)ut without
the reddish tint; three were greenish-yellow like the parent, but
tinged with red on the upper internodes; three were the same color
as the parent with the addition of bi-ownish-i-ed blotches on the
stalks.

Other variations occurred among these seedlings as follows. Two
were markedly glaucous; one had especially prominent buds; one
had extremely short joints ; two had many adventitious roots ; one
had especially thin stalks; one was very thick-stalked. There was
also a great difference among these seedling as to vigor of growth.
Those growing in the area of bettei- soil wei'e taUer and of lai'ger
girth, while a majority of those on |)oori"r soil appeared more or
less stunted, some of them producing almost no stalks.

Out of three hundred and sixty-six seedlings from the variety
D-448, which is a red cane, two hundred and twenty-one or sixty
per (;ent, showed redness on the stalk, though some in a less degree
than the j^ai'ent variety. Thirty-four per cent wei-e i(>d all over
the stalk, but some were a lightei- i-ed tlian Ihe pai-ent i-ane. Twel vi-
per cent were as dark or dai'kei- Ihaii the pai-eiit.

'Those seedlings and tliose of snli.seiiiicnt iiisl.iiKis i-ilcil, cMcijt w liere cro.ss-jxjIliuiitiDn
is indieiited. were raised frdni seed from (ipen-pollinatefl tassels. Kor that reason the purity
of the p()llen_can not he guaranteed. However, it does not seem probahle that sugar-cane
pollen is carried more than a short distance )>y the wind. It has no special adaptation for
being transported and is soft and delicate. Iii some cases ob.served the stigmas of the florets
were in close contact with the dehiscing anthers. The anthers are shed in great nunil)ers,
and possibly they pollinate other florets as they fall. For these reasons it seems probable that
the tassels in the center of a field of a pure variety are. without exception, pollinated by pol-
len of the same variety. The similarity of the seedlings in many cases also tends to verify thiK
belief. It is planned to hag tassels for self-- ollination to obtain furthei- data on this point.

INHERITANCE IN SUGAR CANE. 35

Amono- these seedlings two uou-glaiieous wine-colored canes oc-
curred; two were greenish-yellow; two wei-e reddish-green and
glaucous; three were light i-eddish-green and glaucous: one had
distinctly tumid joints.

All seedlings produced from D-llT seed have shown marked re-
semblance to this variety in color and in liahit of growth, but they
have shown more variation in the type of the internode and the bud.
Abnormalities such as dwarfed canes, extremely short internodes,
wedge-shaped internodes, and buds of unusual form have been com-
mon. In using the term abnormalit.v the writer includes only stools
distinctly different from the varieties cultivated for commercial pur-
poses, and especially those unfit for commercial cultivation.

Approximately nine hundred D-llT seedlings were grown to ma-
turity in 1916-17. In color they were almost uniforndy like the
parent variety. No dark-colored canes whatever were found among
them. One seedling only out of this number was a slightly different
color, being green instead of yellowish-green. ^ The most marked va-
riations were in length of stalk and length o/ internode. Some of
the stools were reclining in habit. Init most of them were as erect -
growing as the parent variety.

In all, twenty-four abnormal stools were found among these seed-
lings.^ Nine of them were classified as "'dwarfs.'" They had stalks
not over three feet long and almost uniform in length ; internodes
one-half to one inch long; usually semi-prominent buds; erect-grow-
ing leaves; and .often few or many shoots growing from the base of
the stool. Some of the abnormal cepas were similar to the dwarfs,
but had one or more long stalks.

Other unusual characters in these abnormal canes were stalks
with all or many of the buds sprouted, and stalks with many ad-
ventitious roots. Still other unusual characters, especially among the
dwarfs, were the presence of dead stalks in the stools and a tendency
for the entire stool to have withered oi- weak toi)S. Some stools also
had stalks with wedge-shaped internodes, each averaging about an
inch long on one side of the stalk, and narrowed down to sometimes
practically nothing on the opposite side. It is planned to grow sonu'
of these variations to see whether the abnormal characters are in-
herited.

' It might be assumed that tlic unusunl types whicli are found anion}? eane seedlings
are due to characters acquired by intercrossing of various ty))es of cane at an early stage
in the development of the species, and that these characters have been hidden by reason of the
dominance of others, since cane has l)een propaijated by sexual means for an unknown period
of time. But the question also presents itstlf whether sucli abnormalities are not of the
character of mutations, and whether some of the other variations in cane seedlings may not
also lielong to the same class.

30 JOTTRNAL OF ACiRICULTFRE OF P. Ji.

RESEJVIBLANCE OK SEEDLINGS TO PARENTS IX CANES KUOM t'KOSS-

POELINATED TASSELS.

Seedlings produced from tassels of ("rystallina cane, which had
been bagged and pollinated by D-IOH in 191ti, sliowcd n'scin})lanc('s
to both parent varieties. Some of them were almost identical in
appearance with the pollinating variety, while a few closely n-sciii-
bled Crystallina. BetAveen these two types many vai'iations couhl
be found.

The method followed in crossing is described in the Fourth An-
nual Report of this p]xperiment Station.^ A bag of closely-woven
cheese-cloth is supported by means of a bamboo pole ovei- a tassel
of a variety which is, for practical purposes, pollen-sterile. Cut
tassels of the variety Avhich is to furnish the pollen arc tied in posi-
tion inside the bag, so that the wind Avill carry the pollen, as it is
shed, to the stigmas of the tassels of the other variety. This metliod
has proven very satisfactory for oui- purposes, as a large numbei-
of crossed seedlings are produced, and there is very little possibility
of any pollen fertilizing the ovaries of the female parent tassel ex-
cept that from the tassels introduced into the l)ags. or occasionally
that from its own anthers. If the variety used foi- a pollinator hap
pens to be a dark-colored cane and the other lighter coloi'ed. as was
the case in this cross, i1 is then possible to observe many seedlings
which show this character of the malt' jiai-ent. Thei-e is then little
possibility of doubt but that they are the result of cross-pollination.
Where the parents are not so distinctly different it is impossible to
be absolutely certain whethei- individual seedlings ai'e fi-om ci-oss-
poliination or from self-pollination of the variety intended foi- the
seed parent. The progeny taken as a whole, however, can be con-
sidered largely cross-pollinated seedlings.

The canes resulting fi-om cross-pollination last year have gi-own
well and many of th'em appear promising foi- commercial culture.
Only one abnormal stool was found among them. This was a vei-y
small stool, the stalks being oidy about one-fourth inch to one-half
inch in diameter and proportionately short. The leaves were also
relatively small. Except for its size this can<' was quite like D-10!).
the variety used as a pollinator.

The following types were observed among these seedlings:

1. Typical D-l()9.

2. Typical Crystallina.

■■Fourth .Aiimiiil Kiporl, Board of Commissioners of Afrrii'ult\irc of Porto Rirn. pp. 22— 3S,
191 4-1.';.

INHERITANCE IN SUGAR CANE. S7

3. Like D-109 as to color but witli internodes and l>iids lik.'

Crystallina.

4. Like D-109 in shaj^e oi" internodes and buds, l)ut of a lighter

color and very glaucous.

5. Canes greenish-red to wine color, very little glaucousness. with

buds more resembling those of Crystallina than D-IO!), and
with internodes intermediate between the two.

6. AVith internodes like those of D-109, color likt' Crystallina.

but larger in diameter than either. «

7. With internodes and Inids like Crystallina, l)ut the color

darker and somewhat like that of D-109.

8. Like D-109 as to internodes and buds, but like Crystallina

in color,

9. Like D-109 in color but with large nodes, constricted inter-

nodes and with buds somewhat like those of Crystallina.

10. Like Crystallina as to buds and internodes but more glau-
cous.

The following data concerning these canes were also noted:

Number. Per cent.

Total stools ,560 100

Stools as red as D-109 147 28,3

Stools darker than Crystallina 29-i 52, .5

Stools having internodes like D-109 246 43. 9

Stools having no eharaeter like D-109, and with color and inter-
nodes like CrystaUina 42 7. a

These observations were made when the canes were quite mature,
so that there was the. least possible chance of subsequent change in
appearance; but cane varieties are extremely variable and their ap-
pearance' is affected in many ways by outside influences, such as soil
conditions, moisture and sun-light, so that it is difficult to separate
diiferent types. Should varieties still more distinctly different be
chosen for crossing, inore definite results would possibly be secured in
the resulting seedlings. The above data, however, show certain points
which are worthy of note. They indicate that there is a form of
combination of characters in some, at least, of the seedlings result-
ing from a cross between two varieties of cane. This ma\- be due
to certain characters derived from each parent variety, being domi-
nant in the heterozygous seedlings. It also appeai-s that there is
greater variation in seedlings so produced, than in those obtained
from tassels not cross-pollinated.

As to the economic value of the seedlings produced by cros.sing,

38 JOURNAL OF AGRICtTLTTTRE OF P. R.

there is little to be said at present. Many prodiieed hy this cross
appear very proniisino;. and a relatively large number were selected
for extension and further trial, although their true value will not
be definitely known until they have been tested further.

Available data as to the sucrose content of the juice of three of
the groups of seedlings under consideration, as well as of two other
groups which were germinated in 1912, are given here. The disti'i-
bution is in classes which diffei- by one |)er cent, grouixMi on tlit-
nearest half per cent.

INHERITANCE IN SUGAR CANE.

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40 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

There are some differences shown in the frequency distributions
of these populations; however, seedling- canes are very much af-
fected by environmental influences, and no data are at hand to sliow
that frequency distributions of subserjuent generations of such groups
would show the same relation as tiiat shown here. .Moreover, it is
the individual seedlings that are of interest, as new varieties ai-e
formed by asexual multiplication of these: and even though we
assume the above to he the case, we still cannot say tliat the chances
of selecting superior seedlings are greater in a percentage group
showing a relatively high frequency distribution, than a low one.
until it is shown that the individual ranges of variation of subse-
quent generations of the separate seedlings of these groups bear
a relation corresponding to that of these first generation seedlings.
The coefficients of variability of these groups of seedlings range
from 9.6 = .934 of the D-117 parentage group of 1916, to 12.5 ± .873
of the Crystallina X D-109 parentage group, the latter being a little
greater than that of the D-448 parentage group, wliicli was 12.4 .959.
Statistics of different years are prol)ably not comparable, though it
is notable that the coefficient of variability of the D-llT canes was
the same for both years. In both years the coefficient of variability
of the D-117 canes was the smallest, and in the 1916 seedlings those
of D-448 and Crystallina X D-109 were about the same. The number
of individuals in any group is not sufficiently large, and the data at
hand are not sufficient to allow conclusions to be drawn. The table
is included with the other data at hand at this tiiue. uuiinly for the
purpose of pointing out a line of work which uuiy give results when
it has been completed.

CONCLUSIONS.

1. Seedling sugar canes in their fii-st genej-ation show a degree
of resemblance to the varieties from which they were produced.

2. Till' results of the woi-k at this Station indicate that resem-
blance of coloi' is more marked than that of any otliei- cliarader-
istie.

3. There is wider variation in seedlings than in canes prodnce.l
from cuttings of the same variety.

4. TIk; greatest variation in seedlings produced from tassels of
a single variety is in the size and form of the plants, and of theit-
component parts.

5. Certain varieties, produce better seedlings tlian others.

6. Abnormalities are common in seedling canes, whereas in canes

INHERITANCE IN SUGAR CANE. 41

produced from cuttings they are rare. Certain varieties produce
many more abnormal seedlings than others.

7. New types of cane are produced by crossing varieties.

8. Variation is apparently increased by a single combination of
two varieties.

9. Crossing seems to produce a recombination of characters of the
parents in some of the resulting seedlings, this probably being due
in a measure, to dominance of certain characters derived from each
parent.

10. Only slight differences in sugar content of the juice have
been observed between groups of seedlings produced from differ-
ent varieties.

Vol. II.

APRIL, 1918.

No. 2.

THE JOURNAL

OF

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OF

PORTO RICO

CONTENTS

Citrus diseases of Porto Rico JOHN A. STKVENSON.

PUBLISHED BY

THE INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATION

OF

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUITURE AND LABOR

OF PORTO RICO

THE JOURNAL

OF

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OF

PORTO RICO

A Quarterly Journal containing scientific contributions from Vjq mem-
bers of the Staff of the Insular Experiment Station, Bio Piedras, P. B.
Four nunsers constitute a volume, issued in January, April, July, and Octo*
ber. Offered in exchange for bulletins ai.:\ other publications of the experi-
ment stations and Federal .Government, and for agricultural, horticultural,
botanical, and entomological journals, reports, or other similar publications.
Sent free to residents of Forto Bico upo^ request.

SAN JUAN, P. R.
Bdbbav of Suppi.iss, Pbintinq, and Transpoktation

1918

JOHN A. STEVENSON, EDITOR, ■

(Chief, Division of Botany and 1'lant Pathology.) ^

'if
{Insular Experiment Statioji, - - Bio Piedras, Porto Rico.) i

THE JOURNAL

OF

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OF

PORTO RICO

Vol. II April, 1918 No. 2

CITRUS DISEASES OF PORTO RICO.'

By John A. Stevenson, Pathologist, Insular Experiment Station.

INTEODUCTION.

The citrus industry in Porto Rico, in so far as the production of
fruit for export is concerned, dates from about 1902, and for a
number of years was confined to orange growing ahnost exclusively,
grapefruit production not having reached a figure of any importance
until 1907. The early exportations were from seedling trees growing
in groups, or as scattered specimens through the upland coifee dis-
tricts of the Island, where they were used to a considerable extent for
shading the coffee, fruit production being a secondary consideration.
Limes and lemons existed as individual trees for a home supply only,
and the grapefruit was practically unknown.

Once initiated, the planting of citrus groves, for the most part
limited to several varieties of oranges, w^as taken up rapidly, and
before many years extensive groves were in existence along the north
coast between Carolina and Arecibo. For a number of years atten-
tion was concentrated on the orange, but the grapefruit rapidly
came into favor, so that for the past few years practically nothing
but the latter fruit has been set in new groves, or extensions of
old ones.

^Moreover, the practice of budding over orange to grapefruit has
been common, so that at the present time the production of grape-

' Tliis paper is based on the work carried on by the writer as jjart of his official dn-
ties over a period of nearly four years. Acknowledgment is made of assistance received
>jQ to Mr. R. C. Rose, assistant pathologist now on leave for war service; to Mr. W. V.
Tower, formerly director, for encouragement at all times; to the citrus growers of the
Island wlio have shown all possible courtesies in the course of the field work; and to the
Porto Rico Fruit Exchange, which has given most substantial assistance to the project.

7.1 order that the greatest possible amount of information on the various diseases
•aig'.it be presented to the growers, the publications of the experiment stations of Florida
and California, and of the United States Department of Agriculture, as well as other sources,
have been drawn upon, where the matter contained was applicable to local conditions.

43

u

JOUENAL OF AGRTCULTUEE OF P. R.

fruit greatly exceeds that of cultivated oranges. The continued
heavy marketing of the so-called wild oranges will explain the large
total of the orange exports. The basic reason for the change from
orange to grapefruit in the cultivated groves has been economic,
better returns at lower cost of production having been realized from
the latter fruit in the opinion of most growers.

The progress of the industry, and the relative importance of the'
two fruits is graphically shown by the following table, which gives
the value of the exports from 1901 to date:

' Value of Exports of Citrus Fruit from Porto Rico.'

Year

1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
191;-)
1916
1917

Orange

1,

884,475
51,364
230,821
352,646
125,422
295,63^
469,312
630,720
401,912
582,716
703,969
584,414
740,091
752,180
378,181
790,797
009,737

Grapefruit

$7,586
44,535
76,310
162,749
309,698
525,048
762,811
751,769
834,440
837,014
939,677

I From Report of the Governor of Porto Rico, 1917.

Limes, lemons, or citrus varieties other than oranges and grape-
fruit, have, as already notecl, never been grown on any extensive
scale, the trees being limited for the most part to individual speci-
mens for domestic purposes only. At no time liavc shipments been
sufficient to warrant separate statistics.

In the early years of the industry, lemon culture was tried by j
a number of gr-owers, and some quite extensive groves were set out, j
but on the north coast at least no success was attained. This was
due to the ravages of foot-rot and scab, and to cultural conditions,
lemon growing requiring considerable skill. The growing of this |
fruit could beyond much doubt be carried out most successfully in ;
the irrigated sections of the south coast by anyone possessing the '
requisite knowledge. . ,

CITRUS DISEASES. 45

Progress of disease investigations.

It has been true, most unfortunately, that along with the rapid
development of the citrus industry certain diseases, several of them
very severe, have made their appearance. As early as 1901 the
presence of scab was mentioned in the first report of the INIayagiiez
Experiment Station, and in several succeeding reports, particularly
those for 1903, 1904, 1909 and 1913, reference was made to this and
other citrus diseases.

Investigations commenced in 1915 hy this Experiment Station,
revealed that for a consideral)le period the groves had been suffering
from the attacks of certain diseases, particularly scab and foot-rot.
The first disease to assume importance was foot-rot, which for a time
• took on an epidemic character, but had by 1914 practically subsided
as a result of the use of resistent stocks and improved cultural
methods.

Tlic situation with regard to fruit rots or shipping rots became
so serious that in 1913 help was asked of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Observations were made of the condition of the
fruit as it appeared on arrival at New York, and the fungi involved
were studied in the laboratories at Washington. Mr. C. W. Mann,
of the Bureau of Plant Industry, was sent to the Island and made a
tour of the citrus-growing sections to investigate the status of
affairs here. The report of his work has been published as Bulletin
No. 7 of this Station.

Since about 1913, the scab situation has been serious, the bulk
of the fruit of some growers commonly being so badly disfigured as to
be unsalable, excepts as culls. Other diseases, of minor importance
in themselves, have in the aggregate produced no inconsiderable
losses.

It is impossible to arrive with any degree of accuracy, at the total
loss to be charged to diseases, so many separate items composing the
whole, and this being in turn so intimately connected with the damage
to be charged to insect pests and mechanical injuries. Then again,
^he loss from many diseases — for example, die back or bark rot,
. ivhich lessen the crop production over a series of years, or may even
•destroy a tree — cannot be figured on any definite basis.

A very rough estimate, but at the same time a most conservative
one, will place the annual financial loss suffered by the growers and
to he charged to the various diseases including shipping rot. at five
per cent of the crop, or approximately .^100,000. In the case of

46 JOURXAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

the wild orange crop this estimate is very low, the loss from shipping
rots alone commonly amounting to ten per cent, and often going as
high as fifty.

The need for investigation of the citrus diseases was recognized,
and immediate attention given, following the turning over of the
present Insular Experiment Station to the Government by the Sugar
Producers' Association. Progress reports and publications have been
issued from time to time on certain phases of the problems investi-
gated. These are noted in the bibliography on page 110.

As the work has progressed it has become apparent that, consider-
ing the groves as a whole, there is taking place a gradual spread of
the various diseases, and that certain ones are becoming more virulent.
Several have been discovered of comparatively recent introduction,
or at least of recent activity on citrus hosts, and these may at any
time assume a virulent state. The increased plantings, for the most
part of one species, the grapefruit, and often in practically continuous
stretches, tend to favor the increase and spread of injurious fungi.

The entire subject then, and particularly the matter of control
measures from the grower's view point, becomes increasingly im-
portant. Many who have in the past ignored or given scant atten-
tion to the matter of grove sanitation, spraying, and improved
cultural conditions, are now confronted with the vital necessity of
prompt action along these lines.

While much has been accomplished in disease control in other
citrus-producing regions, we find that recommendations applicable
there often fail to give results under Porto Rican conditions, and it
becomes clear that our disease problems must be worked out in large
part here. The life histories of the various fungi involved and the
principles of control can be studied out in the laboratories, or in such
field experiments as are possible, l)ut the practical working out of
control measures lies very largely in the grower's own hands.

Citrus diseases not present in Porto Rico.

Althougli Porto liico has an all-too-long list of diseases present
in the groves, there are still a considerable number of diseases,
recorded as serious, which exist in other parts, of the world and have,
not yet reached the Island.

Probably the best known of these at the present time is the canker,
a most virulent bacterial disease of leaves, fruits, and young twigs,
which was aecidently introduced from Japan into a number of the
Southern States some years ago. Several millions of dollars have

' CITEUS DISEASES. 47

been expended in the attempt to eradicate it, and the fight has not
been concluded.

Among otlier diseases which can be mentioned in this connection
are the brown rot (Pythiacystis) , which caused enormous losses to
the California citrus industry before a means of control was devised ;
the cottony rot or mold, attacking the fruit as well as the twigs;
several types of gummosis due to fungi not known in Porto Rico;
and a new bacterial disease of twigs, citrus blast. In Florida there
is a disease known as nail-head rust or scaly bark, due to a certain
fungTis also as yet unknown to us. Jamaica reports a fungus gall
on the branches, and in Ceylon a powdery mildew is so serious that
it is said to be impossible to raise citrus fruits even for home con-
sumption.

A considerable number of other diseases, all capable of causing
heavy damage, could be mentioned, but these few will suffice to bring
out vividly the importance of keeping at arm's length, by means of
quarantine, any addition to the already formidable list of Porto Rican
citrus diseases. Growers can cooperate most effectively in this im-
portant work by not attempting to import any citrus stock, and by
reporting anyone who does. Specimens of any unknown disease,
or type of injury appearing in the grove, should be sent to the Ex-
periment Station for determination. Quick action in cases of this
kind will make it possible to check a new disease in the incipient
stage.

In studying the diseases of citrus in Porto Rico, it speedily be-
comes apparent that they are much the same as those reported for
Florida, differing on the other hand very widely from those of Cali-
fornia. That this should be the case seems reasonalile, when it is
remembered that the bulk of the groves of the Island originated di-
rectly or indirectly from budwood brought from the former State.
There is, as might be expected, an even greater similarity to condi-
tions existing in Cuba and the Isle of Pines, since the industry in
those islands is but an offshoot of that of Florida, and in addition
the soil and climate of Porto Rico and Cuba are much alike.
Certain diseases, black melanose for example, which are of very minor
importance or non-existent on the mainland, occur in the two regions.

In presenting the following information at this time, it is realized
tliat to a considerable extent it is fragmentary, and that much
intensive work remains to be done; but it has been prepared in the
ho])e that such data as is available will be of sufficient value to

48 JOUENAL OF AGRICULTURE C)F P. R.

warrant its publication, and that it may serve as a bgsis for futnn'
work by pointing ont the problems yet unsolved.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

Before taking up the specific diseases, there are certain general
considerations which will be treated in some detail, since they are
of the utmost importance to the growei'S. These, in brief, arc the
relation of cultural practices to health and disease in the grove, and
general account of methods of control and prevention.

It is most difficult to draw a line between health and disease in
plants. In a broad sense a tree may be said to be sick or diseased
when it departs from the normal, but here again the difficulty is en-
countered of determining just what constitutes a normal tree. The
normal of certain groves would in others be considered as decidedly
abnormal. Without attempting to settle the question, consideration
will be given tg such a])normalities or injuries as are capable of caus-
ing, either directly or indirectly, financial loss by cutting down yield
or rendering fruit unsalable.

Disease in a broad sense may be due to any one of a great variety
of causes, principal of which, as far as the present subject is con-
cerned, are those due to fungi, insects, cultural conditions, and
physiological or unknown causes, the last so intimately connected
with the preceding point as to be hardly separable. Insect injuries,
while serious, are excluded from this paper, their study coming in
the field of entomology. Bacterial diseases, though serious in other
regions, are fortunately as yet unknown, or of negligible importance,
in Porto Rico. A detailed exposition of the specific deseascs due
to fungi or to unknown causes will constitute the body of this paper.

This leaves for consideration at this point the important topic
of the effect of cultural practices on disease. This will be of par--
ticular value at this time, when so many of the groves are suffering
from an apparent decadence, although still comparatively young. It
is the writer's belief that the cause for this condition lies in neglect
or faulty application of the points about to be considered.

RELATION OF CULTURAL PRACTICES TO DISEASE.

Many growers fail to realize the effects, both direct and indirect,
that cultural practices (cultivation in a broad sense) can have ju
the general health of their groves, and the resulting amount and
character of the fruit produced. There are indeed several common
diseases, of no little importance, which are directly accounted for by

CITEUS DISEASES. 41)

neglect of these principles, and the disease is rare that is not in-
fluenced to some extent by them. It is too often the common atti7
tude to expect the plant pathologist, or extension worker, to provide
some cure which will eliminate in short order all the ills the grove
is heir to : and there has been much disai)pointment when iiot only
was such a cure not provided, but suggestions were mad-e that what
was needed was improvement in cultural practices.

SELECTION OF A GROVE SITE.

The first i)oint to be given attention is the matter of selecting a
grove site. The question of the character of the soil, or the soil type,
is of minor importance, since citrus can be grown on a very wide
range of soils, but the depth, possibilities of drainage, and related
points must be carefully looked into. More than one grove in Porto
-Rico has been set in land where hardpan. or even rock ledges, were
so close to the surface as to effect the growth of the trees witliin a
few years. Hardpan is the reason for a number of decadent groves
at the present writing. Even where the trees are not checked com-
pletely in their growth, they are so weakened as to fall easy prey to
various diseases.

Of equal importance is the necessity of thorough drainage. ( 'itrus
trees are very susceptible to injury by standing water around their
roots, and irreparable damage can be done by a sudden rise in the
water table, or bj- flood water, in a few days' time. Where there is
persistently poor drainage not only do weakened trees result, but
the way is opened liy the death of the roots to attack by specific
diseases of the roots and crown.

In some districts drouths are of common occurrence, antl it
would be most advisable to arrange for irrigation where possible.
This would provide for maximum, normal growth at all times. Here
again, trees weakened by lack of moisture not only fail to make desired
growth, through the loss of leaves, but the resulting weakening paves
the way for withertip and similar troubles. A most direct result of
drouth is of course the dropping of a large proportion of the fruit
before maturity, or at such times as shipment is impossible.

vStill another point, while on tlie topic of site selection, is that of
slope. Blocks of trees set out on even moderate slopes thrive poorly,
or even at times prove utter failures, where the soil is light and hence
easily washed away, or where on heavier soils such precautions as
are necessary to prevent this are not taken. Hillside groves are
entirely feasible, if the grower cares to go to the trouble and expense

50 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

of installing a systera of terraces, which will retain the soil around
the roots; otherwise such sites are better avoided, or abandoned if
already planted.

THE NURSERY AND PLANTING STOCK.

Too much attention cannot be given to selection of planting stock,
since a productive grove is hardly possible without a solid founda-
tion in the way of healthy trees from the nursery. "Where time is
available it will pay each grower to produce his own trees, thus as-
suring himself of healthy, vigorous trees of known variety and pro-
ductive parentage. If this is not possible, a careful inspection be-
fore purchasing should be made of the nursery from which the trees
are to come, to make certain that they are free of serious diseases or
insect pests. Tn the event that diseases or ingects are present,
thorough spraying, pruning, or other corrective measures should be
insisted upon before delivery. In addition the nurseryman should
give a written guarantee as to variety.

In establishing nurseries, a site as far as possible from existing
groves should be selected, in order that the rapidly growing seed-
lings may be kept free from infection by disease, or infestation by
insects. The custom of planting nursery stock between the gTOve
trees is particularly undersirable, not only because of the disease
problems, but for other important considerations as well.

It need hardly be said that all possible care in cultivation and
fertilizing will be amply repaid by the increased health of the trees,
and their resistance to attack by fungi or to unfavorable growth
conditions, when set in the grove.

A point deserving the greatest attention, although not directly
related to the subject in hand, is the improvement of the industry
by bud selection. Of late years considerable attention has been given
to this phase of the work in California, and its value has been fully
demonstrated by the studies of Dr. Shamel, of the United States
Department of Agriculture. Briefly, this work consists in obtaining
"tree-performance" records over a period of years (that is, the
actual production as well as the character of the fruit of each tree)
and then using for propagating material, buds from those trees that
have given the highest yield of the desirable grade of fruit. This
subject is discussed in detail in Farmer's Bulletin No. 794, which
is distributed free by the United States Department of Agriculture,
and will well repay a careful perusal.

As the woi'k with citrus diseases progresses attention will be given
to the possibility of checking certain of them by using buds from

CITEUS DISEASES. 51

resistent trees. The grower could well afford to give this matter
some attention by searching for trees of this nature.

PLANTING IN THE GROVE.

The actual setting of the young trees in the grove involves a
number of factors, which have a more or less direct bearing on the
future health of the trees, and their resistance to disease. Care is
necessary to prevent a drying out of the roots through too long
exposure to air, and all ])rokeii or injured roots should be cut aw^ay,
leaving smooth, clean wounds. Treatment of these cuts will hardly
be practicable or necessary because of their small size. Such points
as careful preparation of the soil, straightening out of the roots, and
planting at such time as to avoid severe drouths, are so obvoius as
to need no further elucidation.

The practice of setting the trees high, practically on the surface
of the ground, so that when the roots are covered a mound of earth
results, has much to recommend it, particularly where drainage is
at all difficult or uncertain. In the older groves large numbers of
trees, set with the crowns level with the surface, have settled so that
they are now in basins, which if the soil is at all heavy, hold water
for considerable leng-ths of time. Low setting increases the danger
of injury from faulty drainage, and also adds to the possibility of
the heaping of soil around the crown and base of the trunk, a condi-
tion that favors foot-rot and other bark diseases.

It might be thought that distance of planting would be without
effect on the susceptibility to disease. It is, however, true that wh^re
trees are so close together as to interlock and so shade the ground
completely, the resulting dampness and shade prove very favorable
to bark diseases, foot-rot and pink disease in particular.

CULTIVATION. ,

Little need be said on the subject of cultivation. It will be readily
apparent that tliere is an important relation, though indirect, i)e-
tween the cultivation given in a grove and the amount of disease.
In general, the better the cultivation the healthier the trees, and
hence their greater resistance to attack l)y unfavorable influences
or parasites. Methods will vary greatly, depending upon age and
location of the grove, character of tlie soil, and other circumstances,
so that the actual cultivation practices to give best results are some-
thing that each grower should work out for himself by observation
and experiment.

52 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

WIND PROTECTION.

Wind protection is likewise necessary, since a constant sweep of
the wind such as occurs in Porto Rico prevents proper growth, and
by favoring the increase of the scale insects paves the way for the
anthracnose fungus, and other fungi of a similar' nature which at-
tack dying or unhealthy tissues. There is also a direct loss, where
proper wind protection is lacking, through scarring, thorn punctur-
ing, and dropping of the fruit.

Although wind protection is essential, it can nevertheless bt'
overdone, or be carried out in such manner as to be harmful. It
is a common observation that the use of bamboo means the complete
loss of at least two rows of trees, and that from three to four more
are influenced to the extent that they grow slowly, are misshapen,'
produce small crops of fruit, and have a decided tendency to with-
ertip, or a dying back of the crown. This is produced by both the
e.ffect of the excessive shading and the strong root development of
the bamboo. Ditches sufficiently deep to cut off the roots of the
latter are required, and lines should be put in only at such distances
as are necessary. In many 'places, at least every other line can be
cut out without harm resulting, and w4th a saving of at least tliree
rows of trees.

To some extent at least windbreaks, by producing quiet, humid
conditions, aid in the spread and development of certain diseases,
notably scab. This does not by any means make it desirable to
abandon all breaks, but only to eliminate such as are unnecessary.

The ideal windbreak would be one of the leguminous trees, such
as the guava ijnga vera), which are used for coffee shade. As tem-
porary breaks the gandul {Cajanus indicus), the gallito (Agati
grandiftora), and other shrubby plants are used. The second one
named has given most excellent results, and it is especially recom-
mended, being particularly free of diseases. The gandul, so generally
used, is subject to a number of diseases, and is suspected of harboring
several citrus maladies. Care sliould be taken to ronio\'e the plants
of this species at maturity, when used for windbreak.

FERTILIZATION AND LIMING.

Fertilization, like cultivation, has an indirect though important
bearing on the subject of disease or unthriftiness in tlie grove. It
is well known also that the kind and quantity of fertilizer used has
a direct influence on the quality of fruit produced, excessive nitrogen
for example, tending to produce large, tliick-skinned, puffy fruit.

CITRUS DISEASES. . 53

Lack of fertilizer becomes readily apparent in the yellowing- of the
leaves, followed by a dying back of terminal twigs, and it may even
induce a tendency to premature dropping of fruit. Certain recog-
nized diseases, or types of diseases, are attributed to excessive amounts
of nitrogen supplied in organic form. This point is considered more
specifically later.

It is a surprising but true fact that soils of the majority of citrus
groves of the Island are decidedly acid, in spite of the fact that they
are in large part surrounded by or adjoin limestone hills, and in
many cases are cut up by them into irregular-sized blocks. The use
of lime to improve the physical condition of the soil, and to supply
the other benefits derived from its use, has always been strongly
recommended. It has been said, by those who have studied the
matter, that, as a general rule, the lime required per acre to neutralize
the soil acidity would amount to a considerable number of tons. '

Lime may be applied in various forms, such as live lime, air
slacked, or ground limestone, the second form being the one most
commonly used in Porto Rico. No reports have been received of
injury to Island groves from applications of lime in any form. Its
use will be of value in promoting a better tree growth, with the ac-
companying result of more satisfactory yields of disease-free fruit.

A precaution is, however, necessary at tliis point in view of
certain results reported from Florida. It has become apparent there
that finely ground limestone, a form but little used as yet in Porto
Rico, is capable under certain conditions of producing marked injury
to the trees. This injury takes the form of a yellowing of the leaves,
partial defoliation, multiple buds, bushy terminal growth, and a dying
back. Studies by Prof. Floyd of the Florida Experiment Station
have made it seem probable that this trouble is most apt to occur
on light soils, and particularly on those lacking in humus. While
it is considered doubtful that this trouble will appear here under
present conditions, ground limestone should be used in moderation,
and in conjunction with any such applications means should be
taken to supply humus by growing a cover crop of velvet beans, sword
beans, or similar legume, or even by light application of manure.
Mulching the trees would also be of benefit.

PRUNING.

It would be foreign to the subject to enter into any discussion of
])runing, other than to direct attention to the necessity of removing
all dead and dying, or fungus-infected, twigs and branches. This

54 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

matter will be referred to in greater detail under various of the specific
accounts to follow.

The important topics of picking, packing, and shipping are very
directly concerned in their relation to losses sustained in the industry,
hut as they are more particularly related from a practical stand-
])oint to blue-mold decay, their consideration is deferred to that
point.

In the foregoing paragraphs an attempt has been made to outline
the relation, often indirect, l)ut none the less important, that cul-
tural* practices have in the prevention or control of disease. The
grower who gives proper attention to this matter has the battle
against the disease enemy half won.

GROVE SANITATION.

In addition to the above considerations, and as a general measure,
aimed more or less at all fungus maladies, certain sanitary precautions
are of importance, so important in fact that results can not be ex-
pected from specific measures if the general principles of grove
hygiene are neglected. Briefly these are the removal, by pruning
or otherwise, of all fungus-infected material, or that which in the
usual course of events would become infected, and the prevention of
reinfection by spores or other fungus parts brought in on field crates,
wagons, 01" by implements used in cultivation.

Not only should all prunings be removed or burned, but all
dropped fruit should be promptly disposed of. This material has
a recognized fertilizing value, and if properly handled, can be used
to advantage. In California prunings are sometimes run through
l)ortable cutting luachines, and cut into small pieces easily incor-
]>Orated with the soil. If no virulent diseases are present, this
method is unobjectionable and could be adopted here. Drops are
often buried in the grove, but are so poorly covered that at the first
cultivation or even before, they are again exposed, and generally at
a time when the rot fungi are sporulating freely. A deep pit at the
edge of the grove or near the packing-house is the preferable manner,
all things considered, for disposing of worthless fruit.

Simple quarantine measures should be devised to keep out any
diseases that have not yet made an entrance, but which are present
in neighboring groves. Field crates, wagons, tools, or other items
of equipment sliould not be allowed to enter from infected groves.
This matter becomes of more importance at the present day when
the sound principle of building cominunity packiTig-houses is gain-

CITEUS DISEASES. 55

ing ground. For disinfection of fields crates and other equipment,
the most efficient and commonly used substances are corrosive subli-
mate (mercuric bichloride), copper sulphate solution, and formal-
dehyde. Formulas and directions for use are given in .the appendix.

GROVE DIAGRAMS.

Most growers fail to appreciate the benefit, and even the necessity
of having a diagram or plan of each block of trees. The system
enables one to keep an exact record of individual tree production,
and of other important data, such as character of the fruit, in as
great detail as desired. Drone trees can thus be located and elimi-
nated, and bud-selection work is not only greatly facilitated, but
absolutely dependent upon some such scheme. From the disease
standpoint a plan enables the grower to watch more accurately his
sick trees. In brief a grove plan eliminates guess work, and makes
for general efficiency in all phases of grove activity. Several schemes
have been evolved, varying according to the manner of marking
the trees, and to the method of taking and arranging the data. Sug-
gestions and tentative outlines for orchard plans are given in
Farmer's Bulletin 794. The adoption of some plan of numbering
trees and taking individual tree data is most emphatically recom-
mended, as a scheme that will pay handsome dividends.

TIME SPENT ON SICK TREES.

As a general problem, which may be taken up at this point, there
arises the question of how much effort to expend on a sick tree before
removing it. Some growers, especially those with the smaller groves,
have a tendency to give considerable attention to attempted cures of
such trees, however hopeless their condition, wasting both time and
money. It is difficult to determine whether a tree will repay tiuK'
spent in cutting out diseased tissues, in excessive pruning, or other
corrective measures, but as a general rule it seldom pays to spend
more than the time and money necessary to remove them.

A young, healthy tree properly planted and eared for, will very
soon more than make up in returns for the tree it replaced. This ad-
vice will apply ir. cases of serious foot-rot, root rot, wood rot, scaly
bark, and similar diseases. In undertaking that most difficult task,
the restoration of abandoned or neglected groves, an interplanting, with
the gradual removal of the old wrecks, will be found more feasible
than a long, costly, and generally hopeless struggle to bring back
the original stand to a productive condition.

50 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

SPRAYING.

An important pbase of grove practice, and one which with the
spread and increase of certain diseases will become increasingly so,
is spraying or some system of applying fungicides to the leaves,
fruits, and other parts of the tree in order to prevent fungus growth.
It is generally overlooked or not thoroughly understood that spray-
ing, as far as fungus diseases are concerned, must be entirely pre-
ventive, and can not be curative. This explains in large measure
the numerous failures experienced in spraying operations carried
out heretofore, although other points also enter into the situation.

Bearing in mind that fungicides must be applied in time to prevent
infection, it is clear that the time of spraying must depend upon the
periods Avhen infection takes place, or in other words, upon the life
histories of the fungi involved. In the specific accounts to follow,
an attempt is made to indicate in as great detail as possible the proper
time of application of the fungicides recommended.

Another reason for failure in spraying operations is the use of
improper materials as, for instance, oil emulsion, which is an insec-
ticide only, when a fungicide is required. In some instances spray-
ing material is used at too great a dilution. A still further source
of difficulty lies in the unsatisfactory nature of available labor, re-
sulting in improper application. To secure perfect protection the
entire surface of all susceptible growth must be covered with the
spray material. This is very difficult, but the more care exercised
in the actual spraying operation, the more nearly this ideal is ap-
proached and the higher will be the percentage of clean growth.
The average laborer tends to miss a considerable proportion of the
fruit and leaves of each tree, and to over spray the balance, which
results in loss of material and may lead to injury through burning.

The machinery used is often inadequate for the task in hand be-
cause of lack of power or other mechanical defects. Improper spray
nozzles are often a cause of trouble, particularly in the higli-powered
machines, where the opening tends to become enlarged by wear, and
as a result the liquid is not sufficiently broken up into mist for best
results.

Scarcely a grove on the Island is adequately equipped with spray-
ing machinery. A machine or machines that require two or three
weeks to cover a grove (provided everything runs smoothly, which
is seldom the case) are not sufficient, since efficient control of certain
diseases, scab in particular, necessitates more frequent applications.

The make or type of machine is of little importance from our

CITEUS DISEASES. 57

viewi)oint.. the requireiuents heiug a machine that will ^ve satisfac-
tory, sustained service. To avoid delays, spare parts for engine, and
hose and nozzle equipment, should be at hand. Special men should
be trained to manipulate the spray leads, and to operate them cor-
rectly without waste of material, ])ut in such way as to cover each
tree thoroughly. Watch must be kept to maintain sufficient .pressure.
Material applied in large drops is valueless if not harmful, a fine
mist, uniformly applied, being the desired aim. The requisites then
for a successful spraying campaign are adequate equipment, and the
proper material applied at the proper time, and in thorough manner.

SPECIFIC DISEASES.

DISEASES OF THE SEED-BED.
DAMPING OFF.

Considerable losses are sustained by fung-us attack in the seed-
bed, by what is commonly known as damping oif, since delicate seed-
lings are peculiarly subject to infection. Several fungi are doubtless
involved, acting either independently or together, but the symptoms
are practically identical. Infection occurs most commonly near the
ground level, and is first noticed as watersoaked areas on the stems,
that soon become brown and sunken. Following infection the seed-
lings fall over and death ensues. Isolated plants are first attacked,
but small patches are soon involved, which enlarge and unite if
prompt measures are not taken to check the trouble.

Control lies in careful management of the seed beds. The im-
portant point in this connection is to provide for thorough drainage.
Excessive shading should be avoided. An inch of dry sand applied
over the bed at the first appearance of the disease often checks its
spread. The greatest possible cai-*' nuist be exercised in artificial
watering. Thorough applications at as long intervals as possible are
preferabh' to frequent sprinklings, which wet only the surface of the
soil, and so aid the fungus. Since infection takes place at or near
the crown of the plant on tlie ground level, care should be taken to
keep this region as dry as i)ossible to inhibit fungus action.

In selecting new areas for seed-beds, land should be taken which
has not been used previously for this purpose, or land on which at
least, damping oflC luis not occurred. If this is not obtainable, the
soil should be sterilized, either by steam applied under pressure for

5S . JOUENAL OF AGRIGULTUEE OF P. E.

twenty minutes, or by a one per cent formalin solution applied at
the rate of one gallon of solution per square foot of surface. In the
latter event the area treated is covered with sacking or other cover-
ing for several days to permit the formalin fumes time to act, and
the soil is then worked over thoroughly before planting.

CROWN ROT.

True damping off attacks the seedlings only in the very early
stages, and before the stem tissues have hardened. Another type
of disease similar in its action has l)een noted which, however, at-
tacked after the seedlings were some months old and had attained
a considerable length of woody stem. The bark at the surface of
the ground and finally for several inches upward was soft rotted, and
the infected plants girdled. This disease also occurred in spots
which enlarged rapidly.

The cause was a fungus tc^-hnieally known as ISclcrotium Rolfsii,
which is also the cause of a leaf disease of sugar cane, and a serious
wilting of eggplant, pepper, tomato, and other crops. Under very
moist conditions the vegetative growth of the fungus itself can be
seen at the base of infected plants as a delicate, white membrane,
on which are produced the sclerotia, or fruiting bodies. These are
hard, globular, and yellow to brown in coloi', much resembling
mustard seeds.

This disease is somewhat more difficult to control than ordinary
damping off, but much again can be accomplished by careful drainage
and prevention of overcrowding of seedlings, conditions very favor-
able to the parasite. Seedlings of the age attacked by Sclerotium
can usually be transplanted, so that the fungus can be headed off
by moving all healthy plants to a new location, spacing them prop-
erly, and arranging for drainage.

BENCH BOOTING.

A mechanical defect of citrus seedlings of very frequent occur-
rence is that known as bench rooting or twisting of the root. A sim-
ilar trouble has been studied in rubber seedlings in Ceylon, and doubt-
less is to be found in seedlings of other economic plants. The twisting
of the root interrupts or interferes with the passage of the sap and
so finally may cause a stunting of the tree. It is apparent that these
abnormalities originate during the germination of the seed, and are

CITRUS DISEASES.

59

caused by the inability of the delicate growing point of the young
plantlet to force its way through the tough seed-coats in normal
fashion. Eocks or other external influences are not concerned.

Fig. 1. — Bench rooting of grapefruit seedlings.

Absolute prevention could be secured by removing the seed coats,
but as this is not practical, resort must be had to either planting
the seed fresh before they liavc had opportunity to dry out, or after
soaking them from tliirty-six to forty-eight hours. This should re-
duce bench rooting to a uiiniiiiuin.

ROOT DISEASES.

Root diseases to date have caus-d comparatively little damage,
so little, in fact, that practically no attention has been given to a
study of this phase of citrus disease, beyond field ol)servations. Losses
have never been more than scattering trees, or rarely small groups.
For this reason no attemiit will be made to distinguish various specific
diseases, but the tei-iii will l)c used in a broad sense to cover the loss
of trees through any cause opei-ating below ground.

In one grove a number of trees died suddenly and investigation

60 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTUnE OF P. R.

revealed that a high-water table was the primary cause, it being
in some places within two feet of the surface. Neighboring trees
on slightly higher land were unaffected. The trees had grown nor-
mally for a number of years, until their roots began reaching down
below the water level. From this time on they became unthrifty,
as evidenced by a yellowing of leaves, and dying back of twigs and
branches. After a longer or shorter such period, death came sud-
denly. The final wilting of the leaves and drying out of the bark
often took place within a very few days', as a result of girdling at
the crown by a fungus, which had worked up along • one or more
of the main roots. This fungus {Vstiliua vulyaris) is very common
on dead wood, and is not generally considered parasitic. In the
present case it had undoubtedly acted as a wound parasite, gaining
entrance through the ends of the roots killed by the water. The
fruiting or reproductive bodies were produced around the crown
shortly after the death of the tree, as black, carbonous, crust-like
layers, pitted wdth the innumerable openings into the spore sacks.
Affected roots and trunks showed a characteristic dry white rot.

No indications have been found at any time of the presence of
the truly parasitic root fungi reported from other citrus regions,
RoseUinia spp., SpkaerosHIhe, Fomes, or Arm ill aria mellea. These
fungi are serious for the most part only where there is an abundance
of dead wood in the form of logs or stumps scattered through the
groves, on which they gain a foothold, and from which tliey spread
to adjoining citrus trees. The fact that most Porto Rican citrus
groves have been set in what was formerly open pasture lands of
long standing, will make extremely improbable any infection from
fungi of this nature. One fungus {Valsa sp.) has been commonly
noted on exposed roots, and crowns of dead and dying trees. It
is also common on dead wood, and beyond imicli doubt has only
been able to attack, as did the Ustilwa, by working in through
wounds, or roots killed by standing water. It produces a di> rot.

Fn all cases of death of trees in this manner, the first steps shovdd
be to look for poor drainage, which is [)rimarily responsibU' as far
as observations to date show. When this cannot be corrected in
low-lying sections of blocks of trees, replanting is not advisable, since
the same conditions will almost certainly recur. All dead and dying
trees should be removed, and care taken to dig out at least all of
the larger roots, which would otherwise serve to harbor injurious
fungi. Except where drainage is impossible or other factors inter-

CITKUS DISEASES. ,j_L

fere, replanting almost immediately is entirely feasible, following
?. thorough working over the soil.

In addition to this type of trouble, due for the most part to faulty
drainage, there has been present in a number of grapefruit groves
a condition for which it has been impossible to locate a cause. Af-
fected trees become unthrifty, there is a gradually increasing amount
of dying back, and after a number of years, death. Older trees only
are affected, and in so far as noted only those growing on the lighter
sandy soils in the Manati and Garrochales districts. Individuals may
be attacked, or small groups. In the latter case the disease progresses
outward from the center, attacking approximately a new line of
trees each year. There is some tendency on the tw^igs to multiple
buds, but no gumming, and no fungi are constantl}^ associated with
the trouble. A number of measures, particularly variations in fer-
tilizing and cultivation methods, have had no effect. Very severe
pruniugs have only delayed the inevitable death. Where it has been
possi])le to make examinations, the roots have been to a considerable
extent dead.

Some observers have associated, this malady with Florida blight,
which it resembles in some respects, though differing in others. It
is not improbable that it is at least a closely related phenomenon.
Blight was at one time the most dreaded of all Florida citrus diseases,
and caused heavy losses. The cause was never ascertained, and but
one recommendation was made with, regard to it. to remove and
destroy all affected trees as soon as possible. The same advice will
apply here.

rOOT-ROT OK MAL-DT-GOMMA.

Tliis is one of the best known and most wide spread of all citrus
diseases, having been first noted in the x\zores as early as 1834, since
which time it has gradually spread to practically all other citrus-
growing regions. The damage caused by this one disease in the
various y)arts of the world, where it has l)een jiiwalent, will total
millions of dollacs; the loss in m sixteen-year period (1862-1878)
in Italy alone being estimated at two million dollars. Florida has
suffered very heavy losses.

The disease has long been known in Porto Rico, it having heen
in fact the first malady to cause appreciable loss to the industry.
Many of the earlier groves, particularly lemon i)lantings, suffered se-
verely, even to the extent of the loss of a large percentage of the

02

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

T®r-«t?y^

trees. Of late years, however, the disease has been distinctly on the
wane, possibly due to natural influences, but attributed in large
part to improved cultivation, use of resistent stocks, and increased
knowledge on the part of the growers.

Foot-rot, or mal-di-gomraa as it is known to many, is readily
recognized. In the majority of cases the first symptom noted will

be tbe exudation of gum Mt one or
more points at the crown or base of
the tree. On examination the l)ark at
these points and for varying distances
around will be found dead and gum
infiltrated, resulting in a deep brown
color. The wood beneath infected bark
also dies. The disease is accompanied
by a very characteristic odor, so dis-
tinct at times as to be readily noted
some distance from the infected tree.
The diseased areas are generally irreg-
ular in shape, extending ultimately, if
not checked, a distance of one or two
feet up the trunk, and a similar dis-
tance out along the main roots.

The disease progresses with great
rapidity at certain seasons, commonly
during the spring months, and remains more oi- less dormant at
others. During this latter period the tree makes an attempt by the
formation of callus to throw off the disease, but is seldom successful,
unless aided by the grower. These alternate periods of growth and
((uiescence result in rough scaly cankers at the crown. A tree will
survive one or several seasons following attack, all depending upon
the I'apidity with wliicli the disease girdles the trunk. The
presence of t'oot-rot is evidenced in the top by a yellowing of the
leaves, a general unthriftiness, dying back of terminal twigs, and
very often by an exceedingly heavy bloom, which sets very little
fruit. Such fruit as is present is dropped in the final stage of the
disease, together with the leaves. As would be expected where gird-
ling is involved, the death of an affected tree occurs very suddenly.

Cause.

Fig. 2. — Foot rot. Base of grape-
fruit tree, showing cankers
and wood rot of an advanced
case.

The exact cause of mal-di-goma has been in some doubt, several
theories having been advanced by the numerous workers who have

CITRUS DISEASES. 63

studied this problem. The Italian botanists have favored the theory
of fungus origin, assigning the blame to a white mold-like fungus
(Fiisarium limonis), eommonly found in connection with foot-rot
cases. This fungus, or one practically identical with it, has also been
found in Porto Rico, ])ut it has not been evident through inoculations
that it has any causal relation with the disease in question, acting
rather as a follower or saprophyte only.

Of recent years, the most widely accei)te(l idea lias l)een tluit
of a non-parasitic, or physiological disease, due to certain environ-
mental factors. Briefly these have been considered to be alternating
l)eriods of drought and excessive moisture, close planting, poor drain-
age and excessive use of organic fertilizers. Observations have quite
clearly shown that the disease is more prevalent in lowlands, or
where drainage is poor, and that there is undoubtedly a relation
])etween it and close planting. In spite of this, however, it is the
writer's opinion, based on observations, that foot-rot is due to a
definite fungus (not Fusarium), although studies to date have failed
to locate it. The progress of the disease from one locality to another,
and from tree to tree as well as the result of recent work in Florida,
would seem to confirm this theory. The fungus now held responsible
in Florida, also occurs in Porto Rico as the cause of a disease of
beans and tomatoes, but preliminary inoculation tests have given
negative results here.

Control,

It is interesting to note, that the method of handling affected trees
is exactly that which would be followed if a fungus were known for
certainty to be the cause. In brief this is tree surgery. All diseased
bark should be cut away, well back into healthy tissue, using sharp
instruments to insure smooth cuts. Care must be exercised that
narrow points or bands of diseased tissue running out into normal
areas are cleaned out, since otherwise these will remain as infection
centers from which the disease will continue to spread. This cutting-
out process must be performed not only on the trunk, but out along
the main roots as well, in fact wherever diseased tissue exists. It
is failure to observe this precaution that has negatived so many
attempts at control. The practice has very commonly been to work
down to the surface of the soil and there stop. The soil must be
dug away from the crown roots, so as to expose them to light and
air, and make possil)le a thorough search for all infected bark. Fol-

64 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

•

lowiui,' treatment the roots should be left exposed for a time at
least, and preferably, treated portions should not be recovered
at all.

In addition to eutting away infected bark, all discolored wood
should likewise be removed with a gouge, or chisel, although this
is not so vitally necessaiy as the first step. The instrument used
in this work should be sterilized at frequent intervals by dipping
in disinfecting solutions (see appendix). All diseased bark and
wood should be removed from the groves and destroyed.

"When the wound has been thoroughly cleaned, it should then be
protected against reinfection. As a preliminary treatment Bordeaux
paste (see appendix for formula) is ordinarily recommended, and
is efficient, a thick coating being applied over the entire wound
surface. After a week or ten days some permanent covering is nec-
essary, and for this purpose gas tar is recommended, although there
are other substances that serve the same purpose more or less effi-
ciently. This phase of the subject is discussed more fully under wood
rot. In the majority of eases there is no reason why the tar could
not l)e applied without the preliminary treatment, delaying several
days until the wound has dried out somewhat. Where entire roots
have been cut away in the Mork of eliminating infected areas, a cor-
responding cut in the top will be desirable.

This line of work properly carried out (and it is utterly valueless
unless it is properly performed) is an expensive operation, and should
not be undertaken when the disease has made any great headway.
A common rule of thumb is to take out all trees more than hall'
girdled. The loss in yield in seriously deseased trees, combined with
the expense of treatment, make it preferable to replant.

As with many other diseases, much can l)e done in the way of
prevention, and it should be the ultimate aim to control by tliis incaiis,
rather than by the more laborious and expensive cutting-out method.
In this connection one of the most successful factors is the use of
resistent stocks. As noted, lemon and to a less extent sweet orange
roots are most susceptible. Sour orange and grape fruit, on the
other hand, are very resistent. A few cases of disease have been
noted on grapefruit, but it is thought that it will prove satisfactory
as a stock, although it has not been in general use in Porto Rico suf-
ficiently long to judge its ultimate behavior. To avoid foot rot, then,
sour orange or grapefruit stocks should be used, particularly when
planting in low lands, or Avhere the disease has been prevalent.

CITRUS DISEASES. 65

As a further step in tlie same direction, close planting should be
avoided, or in old groves, which have closed in, some pruning or
even the removal of part of the trees to admit light and permit
better air circulation around the trunks will be desirable. When the
disease is present, or its presence due to natural conditions is feared,
care should also be taken to keep the dirt away from the crown of
the tree. A rank growth of vegetation should not be permitted under
the trees. A very important*point will be to prevent injury to the
trunk or roots from hoes, or other cultivation implements.

fn Florida excessive applications of organic fertilizers are some-
times supposed to aid the disease, but it is not thought that this
po sibility need he feared under Porto Rican conditions.

GUM DISEASES, GUMMOSIS.

Several distinct diseases attack the trunk and limbs of citrus trees,
with symptoms so similar that much confusion has resulted in at-
tempts at classifying them. Fawcett '^ in a very clear presentation
of the subject recognizes seven types of gum disease, of which at
least three are known to be present in Porto Rico. The others, root
rot due to Armillaria mellea, a mushroom ; Florida scaly bark, or
nail head rust; lu-own i-ot, or Pythiacystis gummosis; and Botrytis
or gray fungus gummosis do not, to the best of the writer's knowl-
edge. oc(;ur here. Of the other three mal-di-gomma has already been
dealt with, and an account will follow of the remaining tw^o, psorosis
or California scaly bark, and Diplodia guuuiiing.

PSOROSIS OR SCALY BARK.

This disease, wliich is of consideral)l(> importance in Florida and
California, is fortunately one which causes little concern in Porto
Rico. In its characteristic form it is primarily a disease of the orange,
and has been found in a few groves only. In as much as orange
growing, as far as the cultivated groves are concerned, is decreasing
little fear need be entertained of this disease ever becoming serious.
It must not be confused with the nailhead rust, or scaly l)ark disease
of Florida, which while very similar in outward respects, is due to a
specific fungus, and attacks the fruit in addition. For this reason

' Cal. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bui. 262. See Bibliography;

GG

JOURNAL OF AGEICULTURE OF P. R.

the terms psoi-osis or California scaly bark are to be preferred to
simply scaly bark for the Porto Rican disease.

The trunk and large limbs are the principal areas attacked, al-
though in very severe cases the smaller branches and even the twigs

will be affected. The disease is marked by
the scaling off in flakes of the outer bark,
a characteristic which accounts for the name
of the disease. These diseased areas com-
mence as small spots, often a fraction of an
inch in diameter only, on tlie trunks or larger
limbs. They increase slowly in size, ultimately
coalescing to involve areas often several feet
in length, and more or less completely gird-
ling the trunk or ])ran('h. Some gumming
accompanies tlie scaling off of the bark, l)ut
is more marked as gum jjockets in tlu' af-
fected bark tissues than as an exudation on
the surface.

New bai'k, irregular and much roughened,
forms beneath the dead bark patches, so that

I'*"" verv soon the ulcerated areas, due to a suoces-

■■ — '■ '' " •^' sion of he-^liug and breaking out anew and so

Fig. 3. — Psurosis, or characteristic of the disease, appear. Tlti-

scaly bark. On branch a i • 4.1 i ii i 1 t

of orange matelv, in the larger areas the bark dies

througli to the wood, ami the res\iltin<j open

wounds ar(> snou infected by var-ious wood-rotting fungi.

Aifeeted trees after some time, often several years, begin to show
signs of until riftiness by a yellowing of leaves and the presence of
dead wood. Limbs here and there are completely girdled and die.
destroying the synnnetry of the tree. Death of the entire tree, how-
ever, is generally long delayed, and it may linger on as long as ten
years, bearing more or less fruit each season.

Cause.

No cause has ever been found. Certain fungi have been noted
at times in connection with disease lesions — for example, the Corti-
cium of pink disease — but there is no evidence that there was any
causal relation. The malady is held by most workers to be due to

CITKUS DISEASES. 67

non-parasitic influences, in particular to irregular water supply, or
other environmental factors. It has not been apparent, as far as
local conditions are concerned, that the nature of the soil, cultural
practices, or temperature changes have any relation to the disease.

Control.

There is but one possible course of action against scaly back.
Where a tree is very seriously attacked its removal is advised. A
young, healthy tree iii its place will soon more than make up for the
diminishing returns obtained from a scaly bark tree. As far as
observations show there is no danger of re-infection in replanting.
Where only small lesions occur, or where they are limited to one
or a few limbs tree surgery^ can be called into action. Diseased
branches can be removed, and areas on trunk and main limbs cut
out. as described under foot-rot. All precautions in the way of sterile
instruments, clean cuts, thoroughness in removal of affected tissues,
and final treatment of the wound are most advisable. The usual
reason for failure in this line of work is neglect to cut deep enough,
or far enough out around each lesion. Scraping off the dead scaly
bark is not sufficient ; the affected bark must be removed to the wood.

Wliere this disease is present, regular inspections should be made
several times a year, followed by prompt treatment of all lesions
found. A system of tree numbering as recommended will aid m
keeping track of affected trees.

GRAPEFRUIT GUMMOSIS.

A type of disease very similar to psorosis appears to a limited
extent on the grapefruit, and is in fact by some workers considered
identical. This supposition is borne out by the observation that
where grapefruit and orange trees occur in the same block of trees
and are diseased, the oranges exhibit typical psorosis symtoms. the
grapefruit the somewhat different gummosis signs. Again this form
of disease cannot be clearly differentiated from foot-rot, the two
grading into each other, so that a line can be drawn only by calling
one a disease of the roots and crown, and the other a disease of the
trunk and limbs.

Generall}^ speaking, this type of disease can be distinguished from
psorosis by the more copious gumming, the fact tliat it is limited to

68 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

the trunk and large limbs, and because the bark is more quickly
killed down to the wood, so that open wounds or cankers, through
which wood rot infection can occur, are formed early in the progress
of the disease. The scaling of the bark so typical of the first form
is much less marked in this, often almost completely absent. Nor
does the disease enter into any long chronic state as does the other,
but is more apt to be thrown off by the tree, or to complete its covirse
within a comparatively short time by girdling. •

As with psorosis the cause is unknown, although observations
point to a parasitic origin. Various fungi are commonly encountered
in the gumming areas, but neither local studies nor the very extensive
tests carried out in Florida have definitely connected any fungus
with the disease.

Control.

If taken in time verv effective control can be had by the methods
outlined under psorosis. The same precautions '' are necessary."

DIPIX)DIA CANKER AND DIEBACK.

While little loss, except in one or two groves, has as yet been
occasioned by this disease it may easily become most alarming. The
writer regards it as the most threatening of all bark diseases. The
trunk, branches, and even the twigs are subject to attack. Infection
may take place at any point as manifested by gum exudate and
browning of the inner bark. Infected bark finally becomes black and
dries out. The wood beneath is also attacked, and in the case of the
branches penetration in this manner may be complete. The infection
may spread over very extensive areas, involving entire limbs and
sufficient of the trunk to cause death. There is practically none
of the scaling off' of the outer bark noted in psorosis, but merely the
death of the bark, with more or less gum flow from cracks and open
lesions.

CITEUS DISEASES.

(ii)

This form of disease is due to the work of a eominoii fungus Di-
plodia natalensis. The fruiting bodies appear in great numbers on

the surface of the dead liark, as small
1)1 ack carbonaceous, slightly i-oughened,
hemispherical to flattened ])ycnidia, with
in which are borne the reproductive bod-
ies or conidia. These latter are distrib-
uted by wind, water, and probably in-
sects, as well as I)y various insti'unients
(Muployed in gi-o^'e work.

I n attacking
the twigs, Diplo-
(lia p r o d u c .- s
symptoms ver;
similar to tlios'
of withertip, and
in fact till' injury
caused has been
called Diplod^a
withertip, or di''-
back. T h e r e is
usually a slight
production of
g u m t o distin-
guish this malady
from true withertip. In cases where this is
not produced the disease may spread back
into the larger limbs, or even the trunk, the
gum apparently serving to check the growth
of the fungus. The presence in advanced
stages of the very characteristic fruiting bod-
ies also helps to distinguish it from Colleto-
IricJnoii. The latter, however, will also gen-
erally be present. In addition to the con-
trol measures outlined below, the general discussion under witliertip
will be applicable.

Fig. 4. — D i jj 1 o d i a cauker.
Showing black fruiting
bodies of the fungus on
dead grapefruit branch.

Fig. u. — Diplodia die-
back. Note the sharp
transition between
dead and living tis-
sues.

Control.

Pruning of all diseased branches or twigs, and cutting out of
lesions on the trunk, or main limbs will serve to control the malady
if all precautions are taken. Exactly the same steps are necessary
as have already been described for other bark diseases, but witli

70 JOURNAL or AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

greater need for care, since a virulently parasitic fungus is present,
and in great quantity. All prunings and other diseased .material
cut out should be destroyed, and all sanitary precautions observed.

Gumming will often occur where no specific diseas(? is present,
and is often due to mechanical injury, insect work, or other similar
causes. Citrus trees form gum freely at any wound, apparently as
a first step to healing, the gum being slightly antiseptic. In all such
instances the wound should be thoroughly cleaned out and treated
with a protective dressing, the cause l)eing removed or corrected if
present.

WOOD ROT.^

Some idea of the importance of this trouble may be gained when
it is stated that there is not a grove on the Island which will not
show some cases at least, and that there are groves in which prac-
tically every tree is infected. Instances have been seen where the
disease had progressed so far that many trees were dead and the
bijlance of a given block or grove in advanced stages of decay. Con-
sequently there is no hesitancy in saying that this disease will play
a most important part in grove decadence in the not very distant
future. In fact, it is doing that at this very time, but the effects
when considered at all have been referred to other causes, and it
has been but seldom that any steps have been taken to prevent or
control the trouble.

Characteristics and causes.

Wood rot is here used as a general term to cover a rot or decay
of the wood of the trunk and larger branches, caused by a number
of different fungi; for while several different types of rot may be
distinguished, it is sufficient from the practical view point of control
or prevention to consider them as one.

This disease has been well characterized as insidious. A tree may
be in an advanced stage of decay without there being any surface
evidences visible, unless careful search is made. The damage often
becomes apparent only after a storm or other agency has brol\en
a limb or split the trunk, exposing the rotted interior.

Several quite distinct types of decay occur, in some instances of

■ the sap wood or outer wood layer only. In this case the bark will

as a general rule also be involved, resulting in large trunk or branch

cankers. In this type the wood through the action of the attacking

^A partial reprint of Circular 10, Insular Kxperiment Statimi.

CITEUS DISEASES. 7]

fnngi becomes soft and crumbly, so that eventually cavities are pro-
duced, which increase slowly in size as the rot works into the tree.
Decay of this sort should be, and in most cases is, readily apparent
to the grower, so that steps may be taken to check its spread, or
eliminate it entirely.

However, there is another type, one that is more prevalent and
much more dangerous, because not so easily located. This is a rot
of the heart or center of the trunk or branch. An entrance is gained
through a wound and from this point the rot spreads slowly up and
down the trunk, and eventually into the larger limbs. Once an
entrance is effected, decay progresses slowly (often over a period
of many years) though none the less certainly, until the tree is
destroyed. Lateral progress is not as rapid as that along the main
axis of the tree. Rot of this type is generally dark colored and not
less firm than normal wood until an advanced stage, when it becomes
soft and friable. Rotted wood is, however, always much weaker
than normal or healthy wood, which permits breakage by heavy
M'inds, and other destructive agencies.

In the former type (sap rot or rot of the outer wood layers and
bark) there is. of course, direct harm to the tree in that the water-
and food-conducting tissues are destroyed, and the normal life pro-
cesses of the tree interfered with, to an extent depending upon the
size of the diseased areas. This would vary from a slight weakening
to death, where the tree was girdled. In the case of heart rot, while
possibly no direct injury results since heart wood is composed of
dead tissues and takes no part in the transport of food or raw mate-
rial for the use of the tree, the way is paved, through its slow but
persistent action, for a premature death of the tree by helping to
bring about a general weakening, in which condition other harmful
agencies can complete the work of destruction.

Wood I'ot of all kinds is produced not by the action of the weather
or by exposure to moisture or the air (although these are important
contributing factors), but l)y the work of certain fungi. Several
at least are concerned, it being possil/le to distinguish the work of
one from that of another. Certain ones rot the sap wood only, others
the heart ; some produce a light-colored rot, and others a dark
colored type. However, since the treatment or prevention of all
types is practically the same, there is no need of going into further
details on this point.

Without exception the fungi under consideration gain entrance
only when some other agency has made an opening — or that is to

72

.TOTRXAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

say, .'J wound — and for this reason fungi of this kind are known as
wound parasites. In the presence of moisture the spores germinate
on the surface or preferably in the crevices of the wound, producing
<•( tlireadlike structure \v!'ieli penetrates^ the wood, dividing and sub-
dividing as it progresses, and ultimately forming a complete net
(invisible to the eve^i in the iny;idcd areas. Penetration of the hard
wood tissues is brought about by the action- of certain digestive
fluids secreted hy these fungus threads, or hyphae as they are called.
After the growth of the fungus, and the accompanying break-
ing doAvn of the wood, have progressed for a considerable length

of time, often for many years, fruiting bod-
ies are formed. These are always produced
at some points where tlie decay has reached
tlie surface, and take different forms with
the various species involved. The more com-
mon of these are tlio familiar shelf or bracket
fungi {Polystictus spp.). (See Fig. (i.)

On the lowTr surface of each bracket or
fruiting body will Ix' found a layer of very
small, cylindrical
i)ores, in w h i e h
:ire produced the
spores. Each of
these spores, and
great numl)(M's
are produced in
each pore, is ca-
|)abl(' of again starting wood rot wlicn it
reaches a suitable location. They are car-
ried ])y wind, water, birds, and other agen-
cies to fresh wounds. Another very com-
mon type {Svhizoplnjllum) produces nu-
merous gray, oyster-shell shaped fruiting
bodies, hairy on the u])per surface, and

Ix'low in place of a layer of pores, producing a sei-ies of gills or la-
iiiella^ on which the spoi'es are borne. (See Fig. 7.)

The tiia liner in wliich infection occurs has already been suggested,
but because of 1he importance of this point in connection with pre-
vention, some details will be given. Under normal conditions, the
outer bark presents an effective barrier to the entrance of rot, but
as soon as this protective area has been broken, a way is ojieiied for

Fig. 6. — FoUisllvtus inn-si-
lus. The fruiting bofl-
ies of one of the cmii-
iTion wo()(l-rottin<>- t'nnyi.

Fk;. 7. — Schizophyllnm com-
wuiic. Fruiting liodies of
tlio split gill niushrooni, Ji
very common wood-rotting
fnngns.

CITEUS DISEASES. 73

infection. There are many means by which wounds may be produced,
including those caused by mechanical agencies such as hoes, or other
instruments or machines used in cultivation, animals, and sunburn.
Injuries from tliese soui'ces are commonly taken care of, but these
resulting' from the attacks of parasitic fungi are but seldom given
proper attention. Foot-rot gives excellent opportunities for the en-
trance of wood-rot, and similar results follow attack by the pink
disease (Corticium salmonicolor) , psorosis, Diplodia branch and trunk
cankers, and other trunk diseases.

A third source of wounds occurs as a result of routine pruning
operations. Faulty or careless work, the leaving of stubs which delay
or prevent healing, combined with improper treatment, or none at
all, make this class of wounds the most common point of entrance
for decay.

As a general rule the rebudding or top working of citrus trees in
Porto Rico has not been successful, and there can be but little doubt
but that wood rot, following sunburn of unprotected branches and
trunks, and untreated or poorly treated pruning wounds, will explain
in large measure the poor results obtained here from a system so
successfully carried out in other citrus regions.

Treatment and prevention.

Under the head of treatment, little need be said. For while it
is ([uite possible to apply the usual methods of the tree surgeon to
infected trees, it is not advisable from a practical standpoint under
Porto Rican conditions. The expense of cutting out diseased wood,
filling cavities, putting in braces, and caring for other details would
be prohibitive. Treatment is advised only in incipient cases, or
where the entire diseased area can be readily reached. This will
practically apply only to sap-wood or bark-rot. A word of caution
is necessary with regard to attempts at treatment. The removal of
part of the rotted wood, only, the part that can be reached readily,
for instance, and the scaling over of the wound will prove of no
avail, liut on the contrary will permit the decay to progress more
rapidly than otherwise, since the wound can not dry out. Moisture
is H re((uisite for decay.

Ft is recommended as a practical and economic measure that trees
badly diseased or unthrifty because of wood rot, or any other cause
for that matter, be dug up and replaced with healthy trees from the
nursery.

It is to prevention that most attention must be given. Siniply

74 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTUEE OF P. R.

stated, this consists of preventing wonnds in so far as possible, and
of the proper treatment of those that do occur, in order to prevent
infection by wood-destroying fungi.

Mechanical wounds due to cultivation instruments, animals, or
other agencies should be prepared for treatment by having all pro-
jecting stubs, loose bark and ragged edges of bark and wood cut off
or smoothed down so that healing over by growth of new bark tis-
sues can proceed as easily and as rapidly as possible. The wound
itself may be treated according to recommendations given in latter
paragraphs.

In those cases where foot-rot, pink disease, psorosis, or other
primary diseases are the causal agents more care is necessary. Dis-
eased branches should be removed by cutting well back to a healthy
limb, or to the Trunk itself. Cankers on branches and trunk due to
specific diseases must be carefully worked over to remove every
trace of diseased tissue. This involves removing not only the dis-
colored bark, but the diseased wood beneath as well. As a precau-
tionary measure cutting out should extend well into healthy bark
and wood, a half inch at least. All diseased material removed should
be buried deeply or preferably burned. A piece of sacking laid
around the tree will serve to catch small fragments as they are cut
away from the tree.

In ordinary pruning operations for the removal of dead wood
and the shaping of the tree, certain precautions should be observed.
In so far as possible branches which threaten at some time to inter-
fere with others or to spoil the symmetry of the tree should be
removed. Superfluous limbs should be removed at as early a stage
as possible to avoid large w^ounds, and other difficulties attendant
upon their removal. Most important of all is the necessity of close,
clean cuts. The careless habit of leaving stubs of various lengths,
even if only an inch or le^s in length, is responsible for a large per-
centage of wood rot. To avoid splitting, the precaution should be
talven of removing large branches in two pieces, the first cut made
a foot or so above the base of the branch to be removed, and then
the second, final, careful cut, at tlie point of union with limb or
trunk.

Where there is any tendency to bleed, further treatment of wounds
should be postponed until the surface is dry. Witli citrus, however,
this is rarely necessary. In the case of wounds resulting from foot-
rot, Diplodia canker or other diseases, the next step after cleaning
out all diseased tissues and making the edges smooth to permit of

CITRUS DISEASES. . 75

rapid healing, is sterilization of the surface to kill any spores which
may be present. For this purpose either corrosive sublimate or
Bordeaux paste may be used.

These substances, it must be understood, are not permanent in
their effect, and must be shortl}- followed by m permanent wound
dressing. In the case of pruning" wounds, or those produced by
causes other than fungi, the first application of a disinfectant is
not usually necessary.

There is not at present available an ideal wound dressing, but
several which are in general use, or which are recommended for use,
will be mentioned.

The substance most commonly used in Porto Rico for this pur-
pose is Carbolineum Avenarius, a propietary compound. Because^
however, of the difficulty of making sure of obtaining the genuine
article (other types of earbolinium being, so far as known, injur-
ious), and the unsatisfactory features of the substance itself, its use
is not recommended. It is quite possible for injury to follow its
use; in fact, such cases have been reported.

Common white lead or white-lead paints are also in common use.
These are far from satisfactory, although of some value if the pre-
cautions given in a following paragraph are adhered to. There have
also been used to some extent various propietary wound dressings.
These are fairly satisfactory but their use should be preceded by
the use of a disinfectant in all cases.

Of all the many substances at present available for this purpose
in Porto Rico, gas tar stands first. This is a product of the destruc-
tive distillation of coal in making gas, and can be obtained locally
at a relatively small cost, an important point in its favor. Gas tar
is given second rank by tree surgeons and others who have studied
the question of wound dressings. Certain asphaltum compounds are
considered best, but are not available here. Tlie tar has been under
trial at the Experiment Station with most satisfactory results, which
fact, combined with field observations in groves where it has been
used and the general favorable reports given it by experts in the
North, leads us to recommend it alone for this purpose. No cases of
burning have been reported or observed. As a general rule the only
treatment necessary is a good coating of gas tar carefully brushed
on after the wound has been thoroughly cleaned and prepared. It
will penetrate a short distance into the living bark, but no more
tissue will be killed than dries out normally in untreated wounds.

Finally, there must be considered the renewal of the dressings.

76 .JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

for 110 dressing, no matter how carefully applied, will be permanent.
In fact, the usual method of covering the wound with paint or car-
bolineum and then considering the matter finished, often results much
M'orse than if 'no care were given at all. This is because of the cheek-
ing or formation of cracks in all wounds of any size, no matter how
well they may have been covered originally. Such cracks provide
ideal lodging places for spores, and subsecpient infection by rot.
This will explain why it has been the experience of some growers
that more wood rot apparently Avorked in through treated than
through untreated wounds.

The method of procedure to be followed to overcome this dif-
ficulty is simple. At the time the pruners go through. the grove all
old wounds should be re-inspected, and any showing cracks or other
evidence of unprotected wood should be given another coating of
gas tar, or whatever other material is in use for the purpose. Large
wounds will in this manner often require an annual coating for a
number of years.

PINK DISEASE (Corticium .sdlmouirolor).

One of the striking diseases of the bark is the so-called pink
disease, due to a fungus technically known as Corticium salmoiii-
color. In other parts of the world, Java and Ceylon in particular,
this is a most serious disease, attacking a large nuinber of economic
plants, and much attention has been directed to it. xVmoiig the many
hosts reported have been Citrus spp. rubber {Ilevea and Castilloa),
tea. coffee, chinchona, cocao, nutmeg, pepper, coca, gandul oi- pigeon
pea, mango, and cinnamon.

In Porto Kico this disease has been foinul so far on l)iit Iwo hosts,
the grape fruit and sweet orange, and in isolated instances only.
It is ver-y pi-obable that at least the gandul (Cajauus indicus) is
also attacked, since it is so wddely planted in citrus groves, ])ut no
certain cases have yet been found.

The first report was received during a very wet period of weather
in the fall of 1915, and additional cases have been found from time
to time since. There are no indications that the disease will ever
become serious. The absence of large tracts of woodland, in which
the disease could vegetate during dry periods, will probably explain
in large measure the failure of this potentially serious disease to
assume alarming proportions here.

In such instances as it has been found, it has been present on

CITRUS DISEASES.

t i

trees in low or very sheltered places, indicating that it is dependent
iipon humid conditions. In no ease has an entire tree been killed,
attack ha.ving been limited to one or at most several branches onh'.
The disease very often begins at the l)ase of a liuil), or at a point
where several originate, probably due to the accumulation of mois-
ture at these points, permitting the germinating spores to gain an
entrance. Once established the spread of the fungus is quite rapid
along the limb. If very moist conditions prevail, the limb may ])e
speedily girdled, but more frequently one side only (that which is
most shaded) is attacked.

The presence of the thin, bright pink, fruiting layer of the fun-
gus is striking, so much so that this disease could not be confused

with any othei-. Tlie pink area with
its narrow white margin often reaches
an extent of several feet, advancing
with the rot of the bark produced b.v
the vegetative portion of the fungus,
and even at times growing out over
tlie sound bark in advance of the root.
Not oidy is there a soft rot of the
I)ai'k witli a characteristic odor, but
till' wood beneath is attacked as well,
]vsulting in its drying out. and be-
coming discolored. Various insects,
particularly wood borers, soon ai)pear
in the wounds, as do also various sap-
rophytic and wood-rotting fungi.

The fruiting layci-. at tii-st a bi-ight
salmon pink, fades with age to a dull
gray oi- dii-ty white'. It also eracks
into small irregiilai'ly. rectangular
pieces, giving the characteristic ap-
pearance which has resulted in its hav-
ing been sometimes called the "writ-
ing fungus," the fragments being
thought to resemble hieroglyphics
(Fetch). Reproduction is brought
about by spores developed in immense numbers on the pink areas
and spread by wind, insects, and rain. • Although acting in some
cases as a wound parasite, it is quite capable in the presence of some
moisture of penetrating otherwise uninjured bark.

Fig. S. — Cortirium saJmouicolor.
Illustrating the fniitiiig layer
of the fungus causing ' ' pink
disease. ' ' Note the normal
twig on the uninjured side of
the l)7-anf'h.

78 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. K.

Control.

The absence of any extensive infections makes unnecessary such
drastic measures as painting the trunk or limbs with Bordeaux mix-
ture. Very effective control is possible by pi-ompt removal of all
diseased liml)s, making sure to cut well back of any infected areas.
All wounds should be immediately treated with- gas tar or other
wound dressing. If taken in time areas on the trunk or main limbs
(ian be cut as described for gummosis, observing all precautions.

It is desirable that attention be given to the possibility of its
occurrence on the gandul, or other plants in and about the grove.
Any such plants which come under suspicion should be destroyed.

DIEBACK OR EXANTHEMA.

Dieback or exanthema, a common disease in Florida and to a
less extent in other citrus-growing regions, is of very limited occur-
rence in Porto Rico. In fact in but one instance has it been found
to be present to a serious extent. This was in a block of orange
trees, several of which were already dead, and others dying or in
advanced stages of the disease.

The symptoms of true dieback are very distinct and have been
worked out in detail by Swingle and Webber. Briefly they are as fol-
lows: Growing shoots turn yellow and become stained reddish-brown,
finally dying back. On new unhardened growth distinct swellings,
due to an accumulation of gum, appear. In serious cases the bark
on both old and jiew twigs, and even the smaller branches, bursts
and reddish-brown stained, corky ridges form. Young shoots very
often droop in a striking manner, described as S-shaped. One of
the most marked signs is the production of multiple buds in the
axils of the leavefe on young twigs. This results in a bushy terminal
growth, most of which finally dies back. Many of the larger limbs
eventually succumbing, a crop of water sprouts is produced from
the lower part of the tree, giving a most ragged appearance. The
foliage is said to take on a deep green color, although individual
leaves sometimes show stained areas. The fruit loses its deep green
color, and there is a tendency to split. Brown irregular stains appear
on the surface as well as gum exudations, and a large percentage
falls. Finally there is present an infiltration of gum in the angles
of the segments at the center of many of the fruit.

It is only rarely in Porto Rico that any number of these symptoms
are found together. Multiple buds and dieback are common enough,

CITEUS DISEASES. 79

but the additional signs are usually absent. Exanthema is not to
be considered of any importance at present.

The cause of the disease is problematical, but it is usually con-
sidered to be a mal-nutritional disease, due to an excess of nitrogen
supplied in barnyard manure or other organic form. Poor drainage
is also thought to be a factor. Instances have, however, been noted
in Porto Rico where trees located near stables or heavily manured
were in the best of health, and on the other hand trees which had
received no organic applications whatsoever showed dieback symp-
toms.

The disease is generally controlled by stopping for a time all
cultivation and using mineral fertilizers only. Many growers have
claimed that the disease could be cured by the use of blue stone
(copper sulphate) applied to the soil around affected trees, and this
idea has been apparently verified by experiments carried out in
Florida by the United States Department of Agriculture. It was
found that from four to eight pounds of copper sulphate in two ap-
plications gave most excellent results in restoring to normal con-
dition even very sick trees.

WITHERTIP, AXTHEACNOSE (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) .

The withertip or anthracnose fungus is one of the most common,
if not tlie commonest fungus, in and about citrus groves. Very exten-
sive studies have been made of the fungus and the several phases
of disease caused by it. It is one of the forms universally distributed
in all citrus-growing districts, and if the view of some workers is
accepted, it ia also, the cause of important diseases of apple, guava,
mango, avocado, and a wide range of other economic plants. At
least all varieties of citrus are very subject to attack by it. Of late
years there has been a tendency to consider it more in the nature
of a saprophyte or weak wound parasite, than the virulent parasite
it has so often been pictured. It is true that it is of universal occur-
rence on dead and dying twigs, and in leaf spots, lu fact, citrus
leaves and twigs, to all outward appearances normal, will almost
invariably develope the fungus, when cxtei-nally sterilized and placed
in sterile damp chambers.

On the other hand cases have been observed where death of
branches, or spots on leaves or fruit were quite clearly due to the
initial action of this fungus. As a result of observations and studies
to date, it is believed that under Porto Rican conditions the fungus

80

JOUENAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

is ordinarily a saprophyte or weak wound parasite, except in certain
instances as will be noted hereafter.

Leaf spots.

On the leaves the spots produced are medium to deep brown,
finally gray, in color with definite margins, circular to irregular
in shape, and up to an inch and often more in diameter, even at
times involving the entire leaf. The spots commonly have a charac-
teristic zoned appearance, due to the production of tlie numerous,
minute, fruiting pustules in concentric lines. The appearance of
the spots is practically the same on both surfaces of the leaf. Repro-

FiG. 9. — Anthraenose spots on leaves of lemon seedlings.

duction is brought al)()nt by means of the minute spores produced
in great numbers ni the sporodocliia or fruiting pustules.

In a great majority of cases anthrac nose leaf spots will be found
in connection with scale infestations, they being particularly al)iin-
dant on old leaves infested by purple scale. They are also commonly
found on leaves partly consumed bj^^ biting insects, infection having
occurred along the injured margins. Occasionally in contrast to
this type of occurrence, cases will ])e found where no other initial
injury is present. In one instance a large grapefruit tree was noted,
apparently normal, except that a large percentage of the leaves was
badly affected with anthraenose spots.

CITRUS DISEASES. 8L

A much more virulent condition commonly exists among lemon
seedlings in the nurseries. Here the spotting occurs in connection
with scab, and not uncommonlj^ reaches such proportions as to cause
complete defoliation, with a resulting setliack to the young trees. Ex-
cept for their greater extent, and tendency 1o irregularity, the spots
do not differ from those on other host species. The fungus involved
is apparently Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes, although careful cul-
tural studies may reveal it as another species, as has been the case
with the anthracnose of limes in Florida and California, or at least
as a distinct variety.

A distinct type of leaf spotting, but probably due to the same
fungus, has been observed in several newly set groves. After a
se.'ison practically all traces of this form have disappeared. On
the older and lower leaves, small deep-brown spots occurred, few
to many, nearly circular, from two to seven or eight millimeters in
diameter, and with slightly raised, very definite red-brown margins.
It is thought that these spots were due to infection in the nurseries
from the overabundant fungus material present there, but that the
trees once they were removed to clean surroundings were able to
resist, and finally eliminate the fungus.

Anthracnose of the fruit.

On the fruit typical anthracnose spots are produced. These are
deep brown in color, generally sunken, and vary in size from minute
points to areas several inches across. Any part of the fruit may
be attacked. It is seldom that more than isolated cases will be
found in a given tree, and most of these can be traced to som<^ initial
cause, a bruise, insect bite, or similar injury. Trees suffering from
root rot, foot-rot. or other disease seriously impairing their health,
show a large percentage of anthracnosed fruit. Fruit become more
susceptilile with maturity.

Surface infection, known as tear staining, is considered elsewlicre.
as is also the phase in wliich complete rotting occui's.

Withertip.

The most serious damage inflicted by this fnngns results from
attacks on twigs and branches, although here again it is difficnlt to
say how much of the loss is really to be charged to this fungus, and
how much to other agencies affecting the general health of the tree.

In the virulent form there is a sudden withering of terminal
twigs, the leaves drop, and the wood dies back for varying distances.

82 JOURNAL OF AGEICULTURE OF P. R.

In some cases branches of considerable size are involved, and more
rarel}' even the major portion of a tree. The presence of the disease
in this case will be very evident, the dead limbs standing out clearly
from the normal portion of the tree. Affected trees show numerous
dead twigs, a yellowing and shedding of leaves, and a general un-
thrifty appearance.

It is often difficult, in fact impossible, unless observed in the
initial stages, to determine whether the death of the twig is due "to
actual attack by the withisrtip fungus, or whether some one of the
many other causes which accomplish the same result has been opera-
tive, and the fungus merely a follower. A citrus tree tends to pro-
duce more wood than can be cared for, so that there is a constant
natural pruning going on. Branches whose leaves fail to receive
sufficient light to enable them to produce the necessary food supply,
die, as well as those which because of their position fail to receive
sufficient water. In mose instances the wither-tip fungus, as well as
various other fungi, will be found fruiting on wood of this kind.

Much of the actual disease of this nature that occurs is due to
attacks of other fungi, or to the combined attack of one of them and
CoUetotrichum. Diplodia, of which more detailed mention -is made
elsewhere, is common in such situations.

Control.

Preventive measure are primarily recommended, since the pres-
ence or absence of the disease is so directly dependent upon . the
state of health of the tree, Avhich is in turn influenced by cultural
methods under the control of the grower. The most important fac-
tors are cultivation and fertilization. Wlien these are given proper
attention, the tree will of itself be able to throw off the disease to
a large extent. The use of an excess of nitrogen, either as nitrate
of soda or in organic form, is to be avoided, since such a practice
tends to produce succulent growth with little resistance. A balanced
fertilizer (as nearly as the times warrant), whicli will give a nor-
mal healthy growth, is recommended.

Where the disease has actually gained a foothold and some cor-
rective measure seems necessary, a thorough pruning out of all dead
or weak wood is desirable, combined with sucli corrective steps as
are possible. Pruning, if carefully done and reinforced with proper
sanitary and cultural steps, will keep the disease in check. Spraying
with Bordeaux has often been recommended, but this will seldom
if ever be advisable under Porto Rican conditions.

CITEUS DISEASES. 83

MISTLETOE (Dendropemon spp.).

Parasites belonging to this group occur in a number of localities,
particularly in the western part of the citrus district. The plants
may be present as isolated specimens only, or at times may be so
abundant as to cause considerable injury to the host tree. Mistletoe
is a true flowering plant in contrast to the other parasites of citrus,
which are fungi. It reproduces by means of seed enclosed in a
sticky pulp, which causes them to adhere firmly to a branch or other
object with which they come in contact. Birds are very efficient
carriers, and are largely responsible for the spread of the parasite.

The seeds germinate and send root-like processes into the tissues
of the host, erect shrubby plants developing. Possessed of green
leaves, the mistletoe to a considerable extent manufactures its own
food supply, but draws entirely, of course upon the host for raw
materials, water and dissolved mineral salts. The limbs attacked die
beyond the point of entrance of the parasite, the water supply being
diverted to the latter. This results in an unsightly appearance, as
well as a reduction in the bearing surface of the tree.

At least two species are found on citrus (orange and grapefruit)
Dendropemon hicolor and D. caribaeum, both of which also occur
on a considerable range of other hosts, some of economic importance.

As a control measure, the pruning out of infested limbs is feas-
ible, together with similar action in neighboring non-citrus host trees,
or even the removal of the latter if they are of no particular value,
or heavily infested.

SCAB.^

Of the various diseases of grapefruit in Porto Rico, citrus scab,
or lemon scab, has beyond much doubt assumed a position of first
rank, and has been one of the chief agents in sending fruit to the
cull pile and in the lowering of grades. During the past four or
possibly five seasons — the time in which the disease has been espe-
cially virulent — it has l)een not at all uncommon in certain districts
for the larger part of the crop of a number of groves to be so dis-
figured as to be worthless, representing a total loss on the season's
work.

This has been especially true in those seasons when low prices
have made it impracticable to ship anything but the highest quality
of fruit. It would be extremely difficult to give any estimate of
the losses that have been sustained, but they will reach a total of

' Abridged from Bulletin 17, Insular Experiment Station.

84 JOUENAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. E.

many thousands of dollars, including not only that caused by the
immense quantity of fruit consigned to the cull pile, hut that which
comes from placing in the lower grades all that is disfigured by
the disease.

Citrus seal) is an introduced disease, which has been present many
years, probably having been introduced originally from Florida, it
first appeared on the sour orange and lemon, particularly on the
seedlings of these varieties in nurseries, but as they were of no
economic importance or were soon budded over to the immune orange
or grapefruit, no attention was paid to the disease.

This was the status of affairs until the excessively wet season of
1911-12, when the grapefruit was attacked suddenly, and in the
most severe fashion in the Bayamon section. Since that date there
has been no decrease in virulence, and furthermore most of the
other citrus districts have been invaded in turn.

Varieties attacked.

As has been noted above the sour orange (Citrus aurantium),
and the rough lemon (Citrus limonia var.) have always been es[)e-
cially subject to attack, it being quite usual for one hundred per cent
of seedlings in the ni;rsery beds to be badly distorted and stunted.
The other varieties of the lemon according to reports, were equally
diseased at the time when they were grown in commercial groves
here.

Shoots from the lemon roots of grapefruit trees are very subject
to scab attack.

The .lime (Citriis aurantifoUa) . the satsuma, and the mandariji
(Citrus nohilis var.) have not been noted as susceptible in Porto Rico.
The king orange (Citrus nohilis var.) is attacked, ])ut not seriously.
The kumquat (Citrus japouica) is free of the disease in so far as
known.

The sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) is usually considered as im-
mune, but in several instances trees have been found bearing a few
scabby fruit, generally when in close proximity to diseased sour-
orange trees. It is, however, considered not at all unlikely that it
may lose this immunity at any time, as has but recently hrippened
in the case of the grapefruit.

Of the grapefruit (Citrus decumana) , three principal types are
grown in Porto Rico on a commercial scale, the Duncan, the Marsh's
seedless and the Triumph. The latter has at all times been imnuine,
with the exception of slight infections found on seedlings. Because

CITEUS DISEASES.

85

of its poor shipping qualities and other eonimercial defects, furtlier
extensions of the planting of this variety are out of the question,
even though its use would eliminate the scab.

The two other varieties are both very subject to the disease, no
diffei'ence in their relative susceptibilities having been found, al-
though, in the opinion of some growers, the Marsh is less severely
attacked than the Duncan. Such differences as do occur from grove
to grove can be readily accounted for, it is thought, by environ-
mental or other local conditions.

It has been stated ^ that certain non-citrus i)lants, the gandiil
{Cajanus indicus) in particular, are subject to the same disease
or one not distinguishable from it. No evidence was given to support
this theory, nor has any developed since, and it is, not believed that
any fears need ])e entertained that the disease is present on phmts
other than citrus.

Appearance of the disease.

Citrus scab attacks the fruit, leaves, and young twigs. 'IMic

Fig. 10. — Citrus f^cal) on young gia|)i>fruit.
*

first signs of infection are circular, minute, translucent areas, fol-

' Report Agricultural Experiment Station, MayagUez, 1911.

86

JOUENAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

lowed by a rapid production of the corky outgrowths so character-
istic of the disease. On the fruit these corky outgrowths, wartlike
in appearance, vary much in size and shape, often running together,
or occurring in such numbers as to cover a large percentage of the
surface of the infected fruit. At times ])lateau-shaped areas are
produced, of an inch or more in diameter, irregular in shape, and
marked by the dying of the epidermis and its breaking up into
silver\^ scales. Again it may take the form of ridges, conical eleva-
tions, or other shapes.

The corky areas are dull brown in color in some instances, but
very commonly are a dull red with bi-own margins. This latter

s t a g e occurs

where tlie dis-
ease is espe-
cially virulent,
the ridge and
plateau condi-
tinii l> e 1 n g
m ore oft e n
noted in in-
stances where
hut little dis-

FiG. n. — Citrus scab on full-
grown lemon.

ease is present. Fig. 12. — Young grapefruit
^, . , . (lefornied Ijv citrus seab.

This latter is

the type found on oranges.

Young fruit are frequently much distorted, assuming triaagular or
ether peculiar shai)es. Those most distorted fall to the ground soon
after attack. Tt may be noted that a larger i)erccntage of scabbed
fruit fall than of normal ones. Infected fruit remaining tend to
regain their nonnal slia])e by subsequent growth, and as there is
no increase in size of the initial infections, the great increase of
the surface areas of the fruit gives all appearance of a partial re-
covery or "cleaning up" from the disease. This, of course, is not
what takes place, but merely means that there has been no further
spread of the scab areas.

Leaves are frequently distorted, the same corky areas ai)pear-

CITRUS DISEASES.

87

ing on them as on the fruit. Wliere infection is not general, very

ijuirked conical pro-

jections, often

a s

much as a centimeter

iiJ height, appear.

(Pig. 14.)

The diseased areas

are surface infections

only, there 1) e i n g

practically no pene-

V

/ ^'''^■■hHI

^'^.im

ms\. I M

\

Fig. 1.3. — Citrus scab on lemcn leaves.

Fig. 14. — Character-
istic conical pro-
jection caused hy
citrus scab on
grapefruit leaf.

t ration in e i t h e ^
leaves or fruit of the
inner host tissues. In
fact so effectively are
- the inner tissues pro-

tected that scabbed fruits are no more subject to decay than nor-
mal ones.

Cause.

The disease is produced by the action of a parasitic organism.
This spreads from place to place by means of exceedingly minute
spores or spore-like bodies. Many workers have confused, in this
connection, certain fungi with the casual organism, so that further
work is necessary to properly place and name l)otanically the latt(M-.

It is quite connuon to find one or more fungi in and about scab
areas which are, however, merely secondary. The scab organism is
not visible at any time to the unaided eye, either as a black mold
or otherwise.

88 JOUENAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

The reproductive bodies of the disease are carried in different
Avays by rain and dew, by wind, and quite probably by insects, and
other agencies. Most of the mischief is accomplished by the first
two, one affording a ready means of spread through any given tree,
and the other, accounting for the spread from tree to tree as well.
The presence of the disease in each of the many infected groves can
generally be accounted for by its having been present on the young
trees, when they were brought in from the nursery for planting.

In the presence of sufficient moisture on the young unfolding
leaves or newly formed fruit, the spore washed down from an infected
leaf or fruit above, or blown in by the wind, begins its development
by sending a delicate thread-like structure into the tissues of the host.
As this growth continues, the plant reacts to pr6duce the charac-
teristic corky outgrowths, which represent its efforts to throw off
the disease. It is successful in this to the extent that the disease
never penetrates to any great depth, nor continues to develope any
great length of time. The organism, however, remains alive in the
corky lesions, and is capable whenever conditions are right (a period
of wet weather) of producing a new crop of reproductive bodies.
It ap])ears to liold over to a greater extent in the leaves than in the
fruit.

Contributing factors.

Scab attacks only the very young growth, so that the critical pe-
riod during which infection is possible is quite short. In the case of
the leaves, this period includes the time from the first breaking of
the bud (when the leaves first show as green points) until the leaves
are full size. ]\Tost of the infection occurs while they are from a
quarter to a half an inch long and while the two halves are still folded
togetlier. Infections at this time cause distortion or the l)road scabby
patches over large portions of the surface, while later infections
occur as isolated points only and the leaf remains normal in shape.
New shoots coming out from old. infected ones are peculiarly subject
to attack.

The small fi'uit are susceptible from al)out the time of the fall
of the petals, possibly before, until they are about an inch in diam-
eter. Infection is especially apt to take place where several fruits
touch, or where one is partly covered by a leaf.

The most important factor influencing the prevalence of scab is
the nature of the weather prevailing at the time the flush and bloom
appear. For the initial growth of the disease, moisture in the form

CITRUS DISEASES. S9

of rain or dew on the j^oiing tissues is necessary to permit of the
germination of the spores and the entrance of the organism into the
tissues. The ordinary heavy dews of the Island arg quite often suf-
ficient to permit of this, but a period of wet, cloudy weather produces
an especially favorable situation for a severe attack.

Except as a carrier of the infection, wind has an indirect influence
only, in so far as it serves to dry up the moisture in the trees and
so prevent infection. In this connection it has often been noted
that low-lying blocks of trees, or those protected by hills or heavy
Mdndbreaks, are, other conditions being equal, most susceptible. In
most groves scab has first appeared in just such situations. The
elimination of windbreaks to check scab is not recommended, except
possibly in isolated cases where they have been put in too close or
have become too large.

In any block of trees the amount of scab may vary from year
to year, and to a less extent from tree to tree. Observations make
it quite clear, that this is due in large part to weather conditions
at. the time of blooming and for a short time thereafter. Wet, cloudy
weather will ordinarily mean a heavy visitation of scab, while clear,
sunny weather means that the frvdt comes through comparatively
clean. There are, of course, many exceptions to this rule. In those
groves which the disease has not yet reached all fruit remains clear
in spite of the weather prevailing. In those blocks of trees which
have been subject to disease, some infection will occiu' no matter
how bright and clear the weather may be. It has been often noted
that there are in most groves a number of trees, often only one or
two, that are peculiarly susceptible, and doubtless serve as infection
centers from which the disease may spread rapidly when conditions
become favorable.

Very often the presence or absence of the disease in the trees of
a grove depends upon the time at which the bloom and flush appear,
it being quite common for great variations to occur in eacli block
of trees iii this latter regard. For example, those trees that bloom
during the first two weeks of Fe))rui'.r"y might escape the bulk of
infection owing to dry Aveather, while trees in the same l)lock and sim-
ilar in all respects, except as to later blooming, might some weeks
later be very severely attacked.

No evidence has been secured to indicate that the stock on which
the grapefruit is budded, (rough lemon, sour orange, and of late
years, grapefruit,) has any effect on the relative amount of the
disease present.

90 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTUKE OF P. R.

Unlike many other plant diseases, citrus scab shows a decided
preference for healthy, vigorons trees, and it has been generally
observed that, other conditions being equal, the best-kept grove or
the most thriving trees fall easiest prey. It is rare indeed to find
trees suffering from foot-rot, dieback, or advanced cases of wood rot
also attacked by scab. In the many abandoned plantings examined
no traces of it have been found, even though the trees are well pro-
tected, and infected groves are close by.

It is not, however, recommended that there be any lessening in
the cultivation and fertilization of the grove in an attempt to con-
trol scab.

Control.

During the years when the grapefruit was free of the disease
no steps were taken to check it beyond the budding over of the
seedlings in the nursery as speedily as possible. No care was taken
in setting out young trees to free them of what little scabby growth
might be pi'esent. As this state of affairs occurred in practically
every grove, it is not surprising that the disease has been able to
spread so rapidly, once the resistance of the grapefruit was destroyed.
Since then great efforts have been made to control the disease, par-
ticularly by the use of various sprays.

One very vital fact, that has been largely overlooked, is that all
measures must be preventive and that a "cure," once the disease
has a hold, is impossible. Once penetration of the host tissues has
been effected, any amount of spraying is without avail, other tlian
to kill such slight surface growth as there may be, which is readily
replaced from within, after the spray material has washed off. To
be effective the fungicide applied must reach and kill the spore
before it begins its growth. Hence for absolute protection it would
be necessary to keep the surface of the leaves and fruit cotnpletely
covered during the susceptible period.

Removal of infected sour-orange and lemon growth.

This is a step generally recommended and one that should be
followed out most carefully. It will be desirable to destroy, not only
any wild sour-orange trees that may be present on the finca, but
to search for any that may be growing in the vicinity in waste land,
windbreak lines, or other holdings, especially small native plantings.
In the case of lemon trees, removal is advised if they show any con-
siderable amount of scab; but if, as has been observed in several

CITEUS DISEASES. 91

eases, single trees are free of disease, nothing will be accomplished
by their destruction. The same recommendation will apply to other
types of citrus grown as isolated specimens for home use of the fruit,
or for the seed — destroy only when they become diseased.

The destruction of the lemon or sour-orange root sprouts, so com-
mon and so generally scab infected, is, of course, very desirable.
Similarly in the nurseries there should be no delay in getting rid
of infected material, and as a further step at this point, the young
budded trees should be given such pruning as is necessary to keep*
the disease in check, aided when needed by spraying.

Pruning.

Heretofore it has been customary for writers on this subject to
advocate the pruning of diseased leaves and twigs, and the removal
of scabby fruit as important points in control. Recent observations
made in groves, where such steps have been taken, have made it
appear that no particular good is accomplished, and that, at best,
results sufficient to pay for th(^ expense involved are not received.
It appears that no matter how thoroughly scabby material is removed,
reinfection occurs in a propitious season, and apparently with un-
diminished intensity. Moreover, there must be considered the effect
on the trees of removing such a large proportion of the bearing sur-
face as is often involved in work of this kind.

On a small scale — that is to say, in small isolated groves or
blocks of trees, or in instances where but a very few trees are in-
volved— pruning, if properly performed, can.be made effective. All
scabby growth must be removed, and the trees examined sufficiently
often to ket^p out all such material. When it is realized, that a
single scabby fruit or cluster of leaves left after pruning, will suf-
fice to reinfect the tree and probably others adjoining as well, the
necessity of great care in this work will be seen. It will also be
clear that the limit of practicability in this regard (number of
trees that can be handled) is soon reached.

Tt lias l)een observed that scab often makes a beginning in a
grove by infecting over a period of several years one or a few trees
only, scattered about through the planting. After gaining sufficient
headway in these susceptible trees, it spreads over the balance of
the grove, often in a single season. When such instances have been
found, the budding over of the trees, using buds from nearby, thrifty,
scab-free trees, has been recommended. Such a course, it is thought,
will in the long run prove more effective than a series of prunings.

92 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. E.

As a preliminary to spraying: and as an aid thereto, as mucli
as possible should be done in the course of routine operations to
remove all sources of infection; that is, the scabby leaves and fruits.
As far as the fruit is concerned, this merely means the picking and
shipping of it before the new bloom comes on, and need take no
particular extra time or nionej^ outlay. With regard to the leaves
it should be the aim to take them out, in so far as practicable in
the course of ordinary pruning operations. If is quite certain that
this work as a special operation will not pay, even if time could be
found for it. The point to be remembered in this connection is that
the more of the infected material removed, the less there will be
required of the spray applications.

Spraying.

That scab can be controlled in a practicable manner, though noi
eliminated, is certain. Very satisfactory results have been obtained
in Florida, and some growers here have had measurable success.

Practically only two materials have been used or considered as
fungicides for scab control. Bordeaux mixture and sulphur, the let-
ter generally as lime-sulphur. Tests carried out in Florida, as well
as such limited work as has been possible here, have demonstrated
that Bordeaux mixture, properly applied, has an efficiency of from
pighty-five to ninety-five per cent, while lime sulphur reaches a point
of approximately thirty-five to forty pei* cent only. The former
has, however, proven very objectionable because of the great increase
in the amount of scale following its use, due in large measure to
the destruction of various l)eneficial fungi which occur in enormous
■quantities in all Porto Rican citrus groves. If not taken care of
in time the scale will, after several Bordeaux applications, become so
plentiful as to cause very severe damage, or even tlic deatli of many
trees. It has also been suspected of having an injurious effect on
citrus trees from a physiological standpoint, and is inore tlian apt
to burn the tips of a new flush.

Lime-sulphur has an opposite effect in so far as it prochiccs re-
sults at all. At the strengths (tommonly used it destroys only vcn-y
small amounts of scale, but on the other hand does not apparently
affect injuriously the beneficial fungi. It is. of course, very effi-
cient in destroying rust mites and red spider, in decided eontrast
to Bordeaux.

Sulphur or sulphur compounds in the form of dust have been

CITRUS DISEASES. 93

tried out during the season just past, and found wanting in so far
as scab control was concerned.

The situation arises then of two available materials, one effective
but injurious, the other only partially effective but otherwise de-
sirable. An attempt to arrive at a satisfactory solution of this dif-
ficulty is given as part of the suggested spray program.

The great difficulty in deciding upon the time of spraying and
the number of applications, lies in the fact that it is impossible to
know just when the principal bloom period will occur, or how many
secondary blooms will follow. A heavj^ flush and bloom mav be ex-
pected any time after the first of the year, but may not come until
March in some districts. Following this there is scattering bloom
and new growth until late April when, between that period and
the middle of June, a second heavy bloom generally occurs. Through-
out the balance of the year scattering, bloom may occur at any time ■
very often in August or the late fall months. New leaves, of course'
are coming on at practically all times. This seasonal variation makes
It practically impossible to lay down any set program, but rather
an attempt must be made to outline a tentative scheme to cover all
possibilities, leaving to each grower the task of fitting it to his own
individual circumstances.

Bearing in mind that all young growth is susceptible, it would
theoretically be necessary to spray throughout the year, an impos-
sible course. Practically, the best that can be hoped for is to give
a limited number of applications at such times as thev will accom-
plisli a maximum amount of .good.

Where the scab does not thivaten to become serious, lime-sul-
phur or other similar sulphur compounds should be used the first
application being given shortly before the first bloom and flush of
the season begins to expand. This is to be followed bv another as
soon as the bloom is at its height. The third application will come
from a week to ten days later. Other applications may follow at
the same or much greater intervals of time, all depending upon the
rate of progress of the bloom, the coming of secondarv flushes and
above all upon the weather. Periods of bright, sunny weather will
make spraying unnecessary.- wet, cloudy weather will necessitate
frequent, careful applications; These points must be decided by
each grower for himself.

Some growers have adopted the system of spraying once a week
ough the bloom period, making a total of eleven or twelve appli
ions. This IS unnecessary; three or four at the proper time being

94 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

equally effective. The weekly program is, however, much to be pre-
ferred to none at all.

As to the strength of solution to use, 1 to 30 is that usually rec-
ommended. This strength is very effective for rust mite, but does
not kill a very large percentage of scale insects, nor is it as efficient
a scab preventive as is desired.

It is therefore recommended that a strength of at least 1 to 2")
(concentrate at 32^ B.) be used for the second and third applica-
tions. Further tests may even make it desirable to use a greater
concentration than this, but care must be taken to prevent excessive
injury to young growth. It would be advisable for each grower
to conduct experiments of his own as to the strengths that can be
used without burning.

The important thing to be remembered is to make thorough ap-
plications at the critical time, using the material as strong as is con-
sidered safe.

The preceding lime-sulphur program may well serve for many
groves, but it is unfortunately true that there are others so severely
disease-ridden as to require a more, strenuous program. For these
the Florida schedule is recommended. The first spraying may be,
as before, of lime-sulphur (1 to 25) before the bloom appears, a
sort of clean-up spray to remove old scabby leaves and help pro-
tect the new growtn. Then the second application is Bordeaux mix-
ture (,3-3-50) at the height of the bloom, followed witliin a week
or ten days by another at the same strength or by strong lime-sul-
phur, depending upon the weather and other conditions. The first
application, however, other things considered, should be all the Bor-
deaux given, except in very exceptional cases, though this again
must be left in large part to the grower's discretion. One or more
additional lime-sulphur sprays may be given, if necessary, at the
usual intervals.

MELANOSE (Phomopfsifi eitri).

Melanose, a serious disease in Florida, has been reported several
limes from Porto Rico, but it appears that for the most part these
reports have been erroneous, or tliat true melanose has been con-
fused with greasy spot, a phenomenon of universal occurrence. True
melanose has been found in a few groves only, and even in these
cases has been confined to one or at most a few ti-ees only. The most
characteristic example found was cm a sweet-orange seedling, which
was severely infected, together with one adjoining grapefruit tree
partially overhung by tlie orange. It has l)een observed by Faw-

CITEUS DISEASES.

95

cett ' that melanose is more serious in the more northerly citrus dis-
tricts of Florida, decreasing to the south, and practically lacking
in Cuba. For this reason it will probably never assume any im-
portance in Porto Rico.

Melanose is a disease of the fruit, leaves, and young twigs. It is
characterized b}^ numerous, very small (seldom over one-sixteenth

of an inch in diameter), raised
corky areas, yellow to deep
brown in color, and often de-
scribed as having the appear-
ance of masses of burnt sugar-
j These corky projections are su-
perficial only, never penetrating
the inner tissues of the organ at-
tacked. They may be scattered
irregularly, oi- in the case of the
fj'uit. be arranged in lines or
partial circles. They have the
additional characteristic on the
fruit of being encircled by a
break in the epiderm, giving a
scaly appearance. Melanose-affected fruits have a russeted appear-
ance and feel rougli to the touch.

Leaves and twigs are subject to attack only while very young
and before they have hardened. The fruit is susceptible until prac-
tically mature.

Melanose is due to surface infection by the spores of a fungus
known as Pliomopsis citri. Tt develops in dead twigs, producing
very minute, black, immersed fruiting bodies, and the spores are
carried by rain or other agencies to the new growth. The melanose
riiarkings themselves contain very little fungus growth and never
produce spores.

In Florida the same fungus causes a rot in the mature fruit.
almost exactly similar in outward appearances to the stem-end rot
of Porto Rico, but this phase has not been noted here.

The disease can be satisfactorily controlled under local condi-
tions by pruning out all dead wood. If at any time the disease should
become more serious, a spraying schedule can be outlined for liold-
ing it in check.

Fig. 35. — Melanose markings on orange
leaves.

' Bui. 262, Cal. Ex. St;

96 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

BLACK MELANOSE OR GREASY SPOT.

This almost universally present spotting of the leaves is known
to many of the growers as melanose, and hence much confusion has
resulted. Greasy spot is a common disease in Cuba and the Isle
of Pines, but is less prevalent in Florida. Grapefruit leaves are
especially subject to it, although it can be found on practically any
citrus species.

It is characterized by generally numerous, somewhat irregular
areas, occurring on both leaf surfaces, but more prominently on
the upper, and varying from an eighth to a quarter of an inch in
diameter. The markings are only slightly raised, and vary in color
from a light yellow or mere translucenee of the tissues through vari-
ous shades of brown to a very deep brown or black. In the younger
stages there is a greasy appearance, suggesting the name. Tliey
can easily be distinguislied from melanose markings by the larger
size and the fact that tliey are very slightly, if any, raised.

Trees of all ages and in all conditions of health and disea.se are
apparently subject to this phenomenon, and although no fungi or
other organisms have been found associated with it, indications point
rather decidedly to parasitic origin. Inasmuch as no appreciable
damage is caused, affected leaves falling very little if any sooner
than normal ones, control measures are not considered necessary.

STELLATE MELANOSE.

Certain peculiar markings, given the name of stellate melanose,
have been found on grapefruit leaves, but never to such an extent,
as to be causing damage. These markings, which occur on eithei*
side of the leaf, though more commonly above, may be few or many,
and in their raised character and color are similar to melanose mark-
ings. They are, however, much more extensive, often from four
to eight millimeters across, and irregular to stellate in shape. An
especial characteristic is the longitudinal splitting of the branches
of the individual spots.

The cause is not known. It is interesting to note in this connec-
tion that this spotting has been found in but three groves, and in
each case following Bordeaux spraying. Orange trees and unsprayed
grapefruit in the same groves were free of the Tuarkings.

ALGAL LEAF SPOT (Cephaleuros virescens).

The lime is especially subject to this leaf spot, to such an ex-
tent, in fact, that it almost serves as a distinguishing characteristic

CITRUS DISEASES.

97

of the species. The other citrus types are also subject to it, but to
a less extent, heavy infections having been noted only in the vicinity
of lime- trees. In addition to citrus, a very large number of other
evergreen-leafed trees and shrubs serve as hosts, among them being
the breadfruit, camphor, hibiscus, guayaba, nispero. and many orna-
mentals. Very little damage can l)c attributed to this disease be-
yond the slight reduction in leaf surface;

The nearly circular spots occur, for the most part, on the upper
surface of the leaves, vary in number from a few only to many,

and in size range from a few millimeters
to nearly a centimeter. They are slightly
raised, at least after the initial stages, and
in color vary from dull red to brown, and
finallN' become deep dull bi'owii. On dead
leaves tliey take on a grayisb tinge. The
leaf tissue beneath each spot is killed, show-
ing on the under surface as a l)rown area,
otherwise unchanged, and more or less the
size of the spot above. At certain stages
of growth, the surface of the spot shows
a deep orange or red fuzzy appearance,
due to the presence of a large number of
short, erect hairlike processes, which bear
the I'e I ) reductive bodies at their tips.

The parasitic organism involved is not
a fungus, as with various of the otiier maladies with which we have
been dealing, but an alga, a low type of plant related to the pond
scums and sea weeds.

In addition to this form on the leaves, a type, verv similar if
not identical as far as the cause is concerned, occurs to a limited ex-
tent on the twigs and branches, particularly of sour orange and
grapefruit, and is common on the gandul {Cajanus indicus). In
this type the areas are irregular, several often coalescing and ex-
tending for considerable distances along the twig or branch. The
fruiting stage has much the same appearance as in the leaf form.
Some doubt is entertained as to the identity of the two forms, not
only because of the slight differences in appearance, but because
they have never been found in the same tree, or even in the same

Fig. 16. — Algal leaf spot
(111 linio leaf.

grove.

■ Corrective measures are hardly necessary, attacks on orange and
grapefruit being so slight. It is probable that ordinai'y spra.ving

98

.TOI^RXAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

operations tend to keep it in cheek. The removal of affected, ma-
ture gandnl plants will also doubtless aid in checking- the twig type.

FRENCHING, MOTTLED LEAF.

The yellowing of leaves of orange and grapefruit trees is a very
common phenomenon in Porto Rican groves, and may be due to any
one of several causes. Various specific diseases, due to both fungi
and unknown causes, are marked in part by a yellowing of the foli-
age, and this state of affairs is especially prevalent in abandoned
blocks of trees, or those suffering from neglect. Trees which have
borne a heavy crop of fruit will show considerable yellowing be-
fore the spring application of fertilizer is given, resuming normal
color very quickly after this operation.

Yellowing of this nature is generally easily diagnosed and cor-
rectives can be applied, but there is a distinct type, commonly known

as frenching or mottled leaf, the

cause of whicli is obscure. In
this case the knaves show irregu-
hu' yellow spots, with definite
margins, tlie background re-
remaining green (Fig. 17.)
Very often isolated trees only
are subject to this spot, oi" a
few limbs only in a given tree.
Studies made in California seem
to indicate that this trouble is
due to a lack of humus in the
soil, which is being supplied
there by a syslein of mulching.
The disease is hardly of sufficient importance to wa riant any de-
tailed attention here.

Yellow spotting, a similar trouble of the leaves occuri'iiig in
Florida, has not been noted here.

Fig. 17. — Fienching or mottled leaf of
grapefruit.

SOOTY MOLD.

The black, sooty layers of growth so couunonly seen in the groves,
and known to all as sooty mold, are fungus growths, Init not of a
parasitic nature. They live on the honey-dew or seci-etions of cer-
tain insects, in particular of the hemispherical and turtle-back scales
and the wooly white fly.

CITRUS DISEASES. 99

No damage is caused, except through the cutting off of light from
the food-manufacturing tissues of the tree by the lihick fungus layers
growing superficially over fruit, leaves, and twigs. A variety of
spore forms are produced, but whether they are of one species or sev-
<eral has not been definitely worked out.

Sooty mold can be eliminated by killing the scale or other in-
sects, which it follows, by the use of oil emulsion or some other scale-
cide. Freedom from scale and hence from sooty mold, will elimi-
nate in large part the necessity of washing the fruit, a procedure
which increases the amount of rot.

FRUIT ROTS, OR SHIPPING ROTS.

The several fruit rots, or shipping rots as they are also known
because of their developing during shipment, qnite probably cause
the greatest financial loss of any of the citrus diseases. They \v\\\
even take first place over scab, since all rotted fruit is a dead loss,
but much of that which is scabby can be sold in the lower grades.
The amount of rot varies from season to season, depending upon
moisture conditions, and other factors. The time of year, or in other
words the maturity of the fruit, has an inijiortant bearing on the
prevalence of rot, the percentage running high, as a rule, during
the latter part of the shipping season, when much of the fruit is
overmature. The actual loss will vary from one to fifty per cent
::;f each shipment, possibly averaging five per cent for the season,
wild oranges excepted, which have a much higher percentage. In
estimating the loss, there nuist be taken into account not only the
actual rot, but the lowering of price of the remaining sound fruit,
the cost of repacking at New York, and the damage to the reputa-
tion of a brand showing heavy rot.

Several fungi are involved in the rotting, so that distinct types,
stem-end rot, blue mold, anthracnose, and blossom-end r'ot are dis-
tinguished.

STEM-END HOT, DII'LODIA ROT.'

This rot may attack the fruit at any tim(> from ])artia] maturity
to delivery on the market. Certain groves oi' l)l()('ks of trees ai'c
much more subject to it than others, due in part at least to the greater
abundance of the causal fungus on dead wood in the trees.

In a great majority of cases infection occurs at tlie stem end
of the fruit, and hence the common name. A soft i-ot ensues, in-
creasing very rapidly in extent until the entire fi-iiit is involved.
The rot works through the eenti'iil pith portioti of the fruit. api)earing

100

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

Fig. 1 8. — Portion of fruit
rotted by TUplocUo in damp
chamber. Note the floccu-
lent mycelial masses, each
of which encloses a pycni-
diiim or sj^ore-producing
sac.

at the blossom end by the time the softened area at the opposite
end is an inch or two in diameter. Externally at this sta^c it aji-
pears as if infection had occurred at both poles of the fruit. The
two areas rapidly coalesce. If attached to the tree at the time of
infection, the fruit remains hanging but a short time only. Two
or three days is ordinarily sufficient for the complete rotting of a

fruit. Rotted areas at first show only a
vc'!'y slight cliange in color, but so<m be-
come light brown or tan, sometimes with
lilack bands corresponding to the sections
of the fruit. Tlu^re may or may not be
present an amber-colored juice exudate.
After falling the fruit is rapidly con-
sumed, shrinking, and ultimately liecom-
ing black and mununified. At this latter
stage it will be covered with numerous
minute, pimple-like projections, each of
which represents a fruiting body of the
causative fungus, DipJodia nainlcnsia.
The .s])ores or conidia are produced in
these pycnidia in enormous numbers.
There is seldom any loss from this source of rot until the fruit is
full growm, but from that period on, there is an increasing tendency
to decay, particularly during periods of very wet weather.

In addition to this typical stem-end form, attack may tak(^ pUice
at any point on the surface, particularly through insect punctures,
bruises, or other injuries. Where one of a cluster of fruit is infected,
the fungus, by w^orking back into the fruiting twigs, attacks suc-
cessively the others, killing back the branch as well for some dis-
tance. This is especially liable to occur where props are used, such
a procedure apparently weakening the resistance of fruit and bi-anch
by cutting off the sap flow.

Rotting may occui- at any time during the operations of picking,
packing, and shipping, and i;nder present conditions is very preva-
lent during the latter stage. Lack of refrigeration and the conse-
quent high tem})erature and humidity make ideal conditions for
excessive rot on shipboard.

Several types of soft rot are distinguished by those who handle
the fruit in New York, principally based on the portion of the fruit
first attacked and the presence or absence of the juice exudate, but all
are due to the one fungus.

CITEUS DISEASES. 101

Control.

No one method will suffice to control or even to check this seri-
ous trouble, and it will only be by a judicious combination of the
several points to be considered that any success will ])e obtained.

The first consideration should be given to a careful pruning out
of all dead and dying wood, much of which under usual conditions
harbors the fungus. A large proportion of the infection comes from
this source. All precautions in disposal of prunings and treatment
of wounds should be observed. In connection with this work all
drops should be gathered up and buried, since, as already noted,
they also serve as infection centers. Drops should be removed at
frequent intervals.

The control of scale insects, particularly the purple and the chaff,
has an important bearing on the problem, since scale-infested fruit
are very liable to infection, particularly when the insects gather
around the stem end. The puncture made into the fruit tissues af-
fords the fungus a ready means of entrance. Scale insects are readily
controlled by various spray compounds. Circular 9 of this Station
treating of this phase of the problem.

Care in picking, packing, and shipping will aid in decreasing
loss from this source. Since these points, however, more directly
concern blue-mold decay, they are treated in detail under that
heading.

BLUE MOLD.

Blue-mold decay was formerly more prevalent than at present.
since control measures are better understood and are being prac-
ticed. This type of decay commences as a soft spot at any point
on the surface of the fruit and spreads rapidly, two days being
generally sufficient to bring about complete destruction. The af-
fected area is soon covered by a thin white mold, which later turns
blue-green or olive-green, the color being due to the layer of spores
produced. If undisturbed an infected fruit becomes uniformly cov-
ered by the fruiting layer, giving off a dust-like cloud of spores if
disturbed. Two fungi may produce this type of decay. PenicUUim
italicum, which is blue-green in the fruiting condition, and Peni-
cillmn difiitatum, which is olive green. Tlie first is marked by a
narrow edge of white mycelium around the fruiting area, the whole
fungus growth not covering the entire rotted surface; while with
the latter species the opposite is true, a broad white mold layer ad-
vancing with the rot of the fruit.

102 JOUKNAL OF AaRTCULTUEE OF P. E.

Control.

The control of this decay is based upon the fact that uninjured
fruit cannot be attacked by Penicillium, in contrast to Diplodia
which is quite capable, some moisture being present, of attacking
sound fruit. With the above fact in mind it will be clear that any
and all of the points included under the phrase, careful handling,
will be of importance in the operations of picking,, packing, and
shipping.

In picking, clippers with rounded points are necessary to pre-
vent "clipper cuts," and fruit should be cut with as short stems
as possible. To attain this result the stems are cut long at first, and
then recut when the fruit is in the hand of the picker. Fruit should
be placed carefully in the picking sack or ])asket, not t]iro\\Ti or
dropped. There should be no sliarp edges, broken slats, or protrud-
ing nails in the field crates. Considerable care is necessary in ma-
nipulating ladders to avoid bruising the fruit. The wagons or carts
on which the fruit is hauled to the packing liouse should not be of
the usual springless type, and in loading and unloading the boxes
should be handled with all care. They should not be filled so full
that part of their contents protrude, since such fruit will be injured
by crates piled on top.

In the packing house the careful handling must l)e continued.
All machinery should be arranged to cause a minimum of injury
to the fruit, with elimination of all sharp corners, protruding nails,
splinters, or other obstructions capable of breaking the rind of the
fruit. A very good plan is to r(Miuire ])ickers, packers, and others
who handle the fruit to wear cotton gloves to avoid finger-nail
scratches.

One of the most important matters to be guarded against is the
accumulation of rotting fruit in and about the packing house. All
rejected fruit should be removed daily and all field crates, wagons,
and packing machinery should be kept clean, and those contami-
nated by rotting fruit dipped in some disinfecting solution.

There are many other details in this matter of careful liandling
in the packing and shipping operations, all of which have been
treated in various other available publications to which the reader
is referred, in particular to Farmer's Bulletin ()9(), "Handling and
Shipping of Citrus Fruits."

.VNTHRACNOSE.

The anthracnose fungus {C'llh'h'fricli iidi (jlocosporioides) . in

CITEUS DISEASES. 103

addition to the forms of disease already described, produces a soft
rot of the fruit to a limited extent. Typical anthraenose spots first
appear, and under favorable conditions the rot spreads so as to in-
volve the entire fruit. In a majority of cases, however, anthrac-
nosed fruit is rotted by Diplodia or blue mold, which gain entrance
through the anthraenose lesions. Held under ordinary room con-
ditions, a very large percentage of the anthraenose spots fail to con-
tipue their development, and an infected fruit ultimately dries up,
unless attacked by one of the other fungi.

As already noted, the fungus involved in this t_ype of decay is
only weakly parasitic, and uninjured fruit from liealthy trees will
be practically free of it. To prevent loss from this source the meas-
' ures outlined a))ov(^ for blue mold will be applicable.

Several fungi of decidedly minor importance have been noted
on rotting fruit, for the most part merely secondary {Aspergdllwi
spp., Rhizopus sp.), though occasionally as ])rimary agents, but al-
ways entering through wounds. Control will be the same as for
blue mold.

BLOSSOM END ROT.

Two types of blossom end rot have been distinguished in Porto
Rico, which for convenience have been designated as the pink and
the black. Both have similar external symptoms, the course of
the infection and rotting is the same, and control measures are iden-
tical. Apparently only oranges are subject to attack, the navel
orange to some extent, but other varieties more in particular. The
disease is more prevalent, or at least causes most visible damage,
at the beginning of the shipping season, infected fruit becoming
less and less as the season advances and seldom being found after
November. The disease is more prevalent in some years than in
others, apparently dependent upon certain climatic influences.

The only marked external symptom is the bright orange color
of infected fruit in marked contrast to the yellow or yellow-green
of the normal fruit. Porto Rican oranges, at least those from cul-
tivated groves, seldom become so highly colored. Following the high
coloring, and sometimes to be seen liefore the fruit drops, there
appears a brown, sometimes slightly sunken area at the blossom
end, from four to ten millimeters in diameter.

On cutting into the fruit there is most commonly found a brown
rot along the rag, which ultimately involves the sections as well.
In the early stages there appears merely a discoloration in the skin

lOi JOUKNAL OF AGBICULTUEE OF P. E.

\

and underlying rag tissue, which later assumes a pink color, fol-
lowed by the brown rotting. The apparent cause in this case is a
fungus {Fusarium sp.)- This form has been isolated a consider-
able number of times and by inoculation has been found capable
of producing the rot. Investigations of this disease have shown
that the anthracnose fungus is commonly present as a secondary
agent, the rot progressing very slowly until this form enters.

Occasionally instead of the pink staining in the tissues at the
blossom end there will be a black decayed area, which spreads even
more slowly than the pink rot. and may remain confined to one
section of the fruit only. The fungus in this ease is kno'wai as Al-
ternaria citri, and is common, though not serious, in California and
Florida. The Fusarium type has been reported only from Porto
Rico.

Infection in the case of both of these fungi occurs probalily in
the blossom, or while the fruit is very young. A certain pr'rcen+-
age of infected fruit drops immediatel.y, but in the others the fun-
gus after a limited development becomes dormant until the fniii
approaches maturity, and loses its power of resistance.

The complete life history of the eausMtive fungi not having been
worked out. control measures are somewhat uncertain, but will in
the main consist of grove sanitation, the picking up of all dro]>s,
and removal of dead wood.

JUNE DEOP.

A common phenomenon in commercial groves, and one whicli i-e-
suits in heavy losses at times, is the dropping of immature fi'uil.
Following the bloom ])eriod there is always m Iicmyv shedding ef
the newly fonned fruit, and again in May or June tiiere is very
apt to be a second period, when dropping of fruit, by this time from
an inch ro two inches in diameter, occurs to a serious extent. A
considerable portion of this dropping must be considered nornui!,
the tree merely having set more fruit than it is capable of carry-
ing through to maturity. If this natural thinning did hot occui'.
steps to tlie same end would be necessai'v on tbe |)aT't of the grower.

However, miu-li of the dropping must be considered abnormal,
particularly that occurring during tlie seeond or June period. At
this time many of the fallen fruit show irregular, brown, gumming
areas on the surface and a brown stain at the blossom end. In the
many cultures made of this class of material but one fungus ha-
ever been found with any degree of regularity. Collect otrichunt.

CITRUS DISEASES.

10;

making: it apparent that conditions other tlian fungus attacks ar(>
primarily responsible. Observations show that the chief factor in
volved is the moisture supply, the drier the weather prevailing v.i
the critical time the greater the drop. Fruit lost under these con-
ditions would naturally be attacked by the omnipresent anthrac-
nose fungus, which is responsible for the browning and gunnning

OIL BUENING OF FRUIT.

Avery common form of injury to citrus fruits is one marked
by a sinking of the tissue between the oil cells, causing them to

project prominently. The sunken areas

arc normal in color at first, but finally
become brown. The spots produced are
irregular, may be one or several in num-
ber, and vary in size from the extent of
a few oil cells to large portions of the
surfac(\ This type of injury, although
noted on oranges, has been most serious
on grapefruit.

The amount of fi-uit affectd varies
fi'oiii grove to grove and from time to
time, being correlated with the amount
of moisture jiresent. and the nature of
file handling received. It is commonly
observed that the spotting occur-s most
seriously during wet weather, and thai
green fruit is more subject to it than
that fully mature. It has been demon-
strated in California, and verified by ex-
periments here, that this tyi)e of blem-
ish is due to the injurious action of the
oil of the fruit itself, when liberated by bruising or othei- surfaci-
injury, in the presence of moisture. Even very minute quantities
are sufficient to cause the burning.

After the initial burning there are no further developments un
less rot sets in. Ultimate disposition of fruit of this character d» -
pends upon the packing-house numagement. Tn some instances when
shipping ]-ot is very prevalent it is discarded, but it is generallv
merely placed in tlie lower grades, and has Ix^en found to carry
very well. The edibility of the fruit is, of course, not harmed.

l'''i(;. HI. — Oilluirniiiu on
grHpofniit.

106 JOUENAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

Control.

Certain suggestions can be made which should be effective in
reducing to a minimum losses from this source. Until the fruit
is fully mature, avoid as far as possible ])icking when the fruit is
wet, and when this is not practicable, at least keep the rain aiiJ
dew off the picked fruit. Pile the field crates in the packing hous^
so that a maximum of ventilation will be possible. Since the actuj'l
burning follows injuries, every precaution must be taken to pre-
vent scratching or bruising.

RUSSETING OR TEAR-STAINING.

Russeting is caused by several distinct agents, most important
of which are the rust mite and the withertip fungus. Rust-mit:*
injury is typically brown to black, occurring on tbe side of the irivi
exposed to medium light, shaded and full-lighted areas remaining
clear. The causal agent in this case is a minute mite, or spider-like
animal, which is readily controlled by one to tliree sprayings with
lime-sulphur or other sulphur compound, at the time the trouble
makes its appearance.

Russeting due to fungus infection is bro^\^l in color, slighily
rough to the touch, and more apt to cover the fruit uniformly, and
independent of shading. Infection very often occurs in lines or
bands running from the stem to the blossom end in very character-
istic manner. This appearance has resulted in the name, "Tear-
staining." The markings are entirely superficial, and are produced
by slight infections by the withertip and possibly other fungi. In
most cases the source of the infection will be found in dead twigs
above the fruit which harbor the fungus. The carrying qualities
of the fruit are not lowered and there is no further injury, the loss
arising from the necessity of placing all such fruit in the lower
grades.

The. points outlined for control of the withertip fungus in its
other phases will also apply here. The pruning out of dead wood
is of special importance.

SILVER SCURF.

A rather common form of l)lemish on citrus fruits is that known
as silver scurf or "thrips marks." These are irregular silvery areas,

CITEUS DISEASES.

107

due to the breaking up of the epiderm into small irregular flakes
or scales. That the injury is superficial is readily shown by the
ease with which the scales may be removed, exposing the normal
tissue beneath. Small fruit sometimes become misshapen, but ordi-
narily there is no harm other than the lowering of grades. This
injury is readily distinguished from scab in that raised corky areas
or conical projections are lacking.

A number of possible agencies have been considered as the cause,
and all are probably involved at one time or another. Slight in-
juries when the fruit is young, rubbing against thorns or branches,
and the use of too strong spraying solutions cause some of the mark-
ings. A large percentage is thought to be due to the work of mi-
nute insects know^l as thrips. In Florida a fungus is commounly
found in connection with the scurfing, but is probably secondary.
The program of grove sanitation, pruning, and sulphur spraying rec-
ommended for other more serious troubles should keep silver scurf-
ing down to a minimum.

SPLITS AND CREASING.

Splitting is a mechanical injury due to unequal pressure between
the inner and outer tissues of the fruit. It is thought to be caused
in part at least by a succession of periods of drouth and wet weather,
the rind being unable to keep pace with the growth of the pulp, when

the moisture supply is suddenly in-
W^-'-^-^^^j^L^^.^^y -""^ creased after a shortage. Addi-

'^^^^^^'^^*^ tional cultivation or irrigation dur-

ing a drouth would probably obvi-
ate this trouble if it ever assumed
serious proportions. At present
only the naval orange, an unsatis-
factory variety, is at all subject to it.
Creasing (Fig. 20) is a similar
type of injury in which there is a
partial break only, tlie skin remain
ing whole, and the injury being ap-
parent by a depression of the rind
The cause and control ar'c the same

Fig. 20. — Creasing of orange.

along the line of the break,
as for splitting.

208 JOURNAL OF AGRTCULTURE OF P. R.

BUCKSKIN OR SHARK SKIN.

Buckskin is a disease -of the epidenu or outer skin of the fniit
only. The outer layer of cells is killed and takes on a character-
istic gray, scaly appearance. The entire surface of the fruit is in-
volved. An affected fruit ceases to grow and in addition to a very
thick rind is generally lacking in juice so as to be of no economic
value. ]\Iost affected fruit fail to reach any considerable size.
Buckskin is readily distinguished from rust-mite injury, tear stain-
ing, melanose, and similar injuries to the surface by the fact that
it covers the fruit uniformly, is light in color, and comparatively
smooth to the touch.

It is more common on lower branches or in the center of the
tree. The amount present varies greatly from year to year, being
very abundant one season and entirely lacking the next. Tn some
cases spraying with Bordeaux mixture has apparentl}^ increased the
amount, and in others has been reported as preventing it. It is al-
together probable that several causes operate to produce the same
effect. Those suggested have been the combined action of mites and
surface-growing fungi, and the alternation of periods of drouth and
heavy rainfall.

SMOKY FUNGUS (Lepiothyrium sp. ?)

This fungus is of comparatively common occurrence, particularly
on the orange, but is, as a rule, overlooked by the grower. It forms
irregular and often very extensive patches on the surface of the
fruit. The fungus growth is confined, for the most part, to the re-
gioiis between tin oil cells, dimming the color of the fruit, and giv-
ing rise to the common name. Because of this scanty hal)it of growtli,
it has generally been considered as dust only. The brushes in the
packing houses generally eliminate it sufficiently well, so that there
is no loss through lowering of grades. Where lime-sulphur is used
in the grove, this fungus will be siLfficiently well controlled.

MINOR DISEASES AND DEFECTS.

Many minor diseases and blemishes occur on the fruit, leaves,
and twigs, but all are either of so slight importance as to wai-rant
no control measures, or are checked by operations designed to pre-
vent more important troubles.

CITEIIS DTSEASER.

109

Fig. 21. — Spots on grapefruit leaves
cine to Plii/lhisfictd sp.

A leaf spot (Fig. 21) due to an as yet undetermined fungus oc-
curs widespread, but on hardly more than a few leaves at a time

The spots are brown, slightly
raised, plateau-like appear the
same on both leaf surfaces, and
vary in size up to one centimeter
in diameter. Their shape is cir-
cular to irregular. Larger and
older spots become gray at the
center with definite, raised brown
margins.

A pecidiar condition of ter-
minal leaf clusters has been o1)-
served in grapefruit nursery
trees, in which all the leaves are
distorted, stunted, and one sur-
face (generally the back) glazed.
This is thought to be due to thrips injury.

Spraying injury may assume several forms. Bordeaux causes
a burning of young unfolding tips, and on more fully developed

leaves may produce a pitting
(Fig. 22). the pits corresponding
to the position of drops of spray
material respcnisible for the burn-
iiiL;. Limc-sulphui- m;iy cause in-
jiii-ies on fruit, with much the
a])pearance of aiitlu-aenose spots,
which fungus in fact generally
follows.

Knots in the rind occur in
grapefruit, and jiossibly the or-
ange. They are characterized by
a slight raising of the skin, which
feels hard. Internally they show
as gum infiltrated areas. The
cause is not known.

A common blemish on grape-
fruit consists of minute (a milli-
meter, more or less, in diameter), bi-own to bhu-k. sliglitly depressed
markings on the surface. The epidenti only is nft'ccted. but since

Pk;. 22. — Spottiiio diu' t(
niixtiii-c.

I '.or

ileal IX

110 JOURNAL^ OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

the marks occur in great numbers the appearance of the fruit is
marred. The cause is difficult to ascertain because of the absence
of any fungus-fruiting bodies, and the minute character of the mark-
ings, which are probably due, however, to surface infections by some
fungus, much after the nature of melanose. The withertip fun-
gus is again suspected.

Leaves may show at times, irregular brown, very slightly raised
areas which are caused by gum infiltrations. The initial cause is
not certain, but in some instances is due to sun-burning.

Citrus trees commonly harbor a great variety of mosses, lichens,
and other epiphytes (air plants). Several species of orchids and
bromeliads grow on the trunks and limbs, as well as a number of
ferns. None of the.se plants do any harm to the trees. On the leaves,
several simple moss-like plants occur abundantly in shaded and damp
parts of the grove, .and may have some slight influence by cutting
off light. Circular, silvery .spots due to lichen growth (StrigtiJa
sp.) occur in similar situations.

Various minor fungi, occurring for the most part on dead wood,
are recorded in the appendix. The several entomogenous fungi,
which might at times, because of tlu-ir al)undaii('(>. come undei' the
suspicion of the grower^ are also enumerated and briefly described
at the same point. It is desirable that the grower should be famil-
iar with these beneficial forms, in order that sucli protection as is
possible may be given them.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The hi-ief list of references given here merely aims to mention
such publications as it is thought will be of value to the Porto Rican
citrus growers, and which are at the same time easily obtainable.
There is, of course, a wide range of other publications on all the
various phases of the subject, in large part technical, the substance
of which, however, will be found in the ones listed.

Citrus fruits and their culture. Hume. Published by Orange-.Tudd Co., New

York.
Citrus fruits. Coit. Published by McMillan, New' York.
California citrus culture. Cooke. l*ul)lishod by Calif onii;i State Cnnmiission of

Horticulture, Sacramento.
Citrus scab in Porto Rico. Bui. 17, Insular Experiment Station.
The handling of Porto Rican oranges, grapefruit, inn! pincMpjilos. Rul. 7, Tnan-

lar Experiment Station.
Scale insects and their control. Circular 9, Insular Experiment Station.
Wood rot of citrus trees. Circular 10, Insular Experiment Station.

CITEIiS DISEASES. Ill

Preparation of lime-sulphur. Circular 1.3, Insular Experiment Station.

Citrus diseases. In report of the Insular Experiment Station, 1916-17.
Agriculture of Porto Rico.

Citrus diseases. In report of the Insular Experiment Station, 1916-17.

Propagation and marketing of oranges in Porto Rico. Bui. 4, Mayaguez Experi-
ment Station, Porto Rico.

Insects injurious to citrus fruits and methods for combating them. Bui. 10,
Mayagiiez Experiment Station.

Handling and shipping citrus fruits in the Gulf States. Farmer's Bui. 696, U. S.
Dept. of Agriculture.

Citrus fruit improvement. Farmer's Bui. 794.

First report of the San Pedro citrus pathological laboratory. San Pedro, Isle
of Pines, Cuba.

Diseases of citrus fruits. Bui. 108, Florida Experiment Station.

Melanose and stem-end rot. Bui. Ill, Florida Experiment Station.

Injury to citrus trees by ground limestone. Bui. 137, Florida Experiment Sta-
tion. •

Dieback, or exanthema of citrus trees. Bui. 140, Florida Experiment Station.

Citrus diseases of Florida and Cuba compared with those of California. Bui. 262,
Cal. Agricultural Experiment Station.

A spotting of citrus fruits due to the action of oil liberated from the rind. Bnl.
266, Cal. Agricultural Experiment Station.

The .lune drop of Washington navel oranges. Bui. 290, Cal. Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.

APPENDIX I.

FORMULAS.

BORDEAUX MIXTURE.

Copper sulphate (bluestone) .3 pounds.

Live-lime 3 pounds.

Water 50 gallons.

The most convenient method of making Bordeaux, at least when
large quantities are needed, is by preparing stock sohitions. These
are made by dissolving one or two pounds of copper sulphate in
each gallon of water, to any amount desired, and similarly with the
lime. These .solutions may be kept for considerable lengths of time
in their separate containers. Metal containers should not be used
for holding them. The copper is best dissolved by placing it in
a sack and hanging so it will be suspended just beneath the sur-
face of the water over night. If needed in a hurry hot water must
be used.

To prepare Bordeaux from the stock solutions, add three gal-
lons of the copper solution to approximately forty-six gallons of
water, and then stir in three gallons of lime stock, or a gallon and

1X2 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

a half of each stock if they are double strength. The concentrated
solutions should not be mixed directly.

It is essential that all the copper be neutralized, since free cop-
l^er will cause serious burning. This fonnula ordinarily provides
a wide margin of safety, but a weak solution of ferrocyanide of po-
tassium can be used for testing where there is any doubt. A black
color, showing when a few drops are placed in a saucerful of the
Bordeaux mixture to be tested, indicates free copper and nion- litrio
must be added.

BORDEAUX PASTE.

Commercial Bordeaux paste or powder can be used by adding
sufficient water to make up a paste of the necessary consistency,
or it can be prepared as follows:

One pound of cof)per sulphate is dissolved in one gallon of water.
Two pounds of live lime are slaked in one-half gallon of water. The
two mixed together give a satisfactory compound. This material
deteriorates rapidly and should be made up only as needed. Stock
solutions for Bordeaux mixture can be conveniently used by tak-
ing proper amounts of each.

LIME-SULPHUR.^

Unslaked lime 50 pounds.

Sulphur 100 pounds.

Water 50-60 gallons.

Any of the several form of sulphur, sulphur flours, flowers of
sulphur, or powdered commercial sulphur, will be found to yield
satisfactory results. The only requirement in this connection is
pure sulphur (at least 99 per cent), no matter what its form.

This combination has been found to give most uniform results.
It can, of course, be modified to any extent desirable as long as the
ratio of 1-2-1 between lime, sulphur, and water is maintained. In
the case of the water, enough should be used to allow for evapora-
tion or else more added from time to time so that there will be ap-
proximately fifty gallons of product at the finish. Using more than
fifty gallons of water will give a concentrate of less density, but
one containing less sediment.

Equipment. — A great variety of kettles or boilers can be obtained
for the preparation of lime-sulphur and in any size, adapted to
the need of each grower. The large iron kettles used in the old open-

' Partial reprint of Cirriilar l.T, Insular Experiment Staticin, the English edtiion of
■which is exhausted.

CITEUS DISEASES. 113

pan method of sugar making have been used successfully in a num-
ber of instances. On a large scale an upright 5-horsepower boiler
supplying steam to a number of 50-gallon barrels works very well.
Plans for the erection of a lime-sulphur plant of any size are avail-
able, and can be supplied to anyone wishing them. Wliatever the
type of cooking outfit used the size of each batch should be sufficient
to fill it not over two-thirds full, for othei-wise there is danger of
the solution boiling over the top.

Preparation. — Weigh out the required amounts of lime and sul-
pliir (it is essential that the weighing be accurate in order to ob-
tain the proper ratio), and place the former in the kettle or boiler
with sufficient water to slack it. Start the fire beneath the boiler
at the same time, and as soon as the slacking process is well under
way, add the sulphur, either dry or as a paste. Better results, how-
ever, ^vill be obtained if it is stirred up with water first to form
a thin paste and all lumps broken up. A sifter or screen will help
in this latter regard. When the two ingredients are thoroughly
mixed and the slacking is completed, add enough water to bring
up to the total amount required (50-60 gallons). If steam is used,
no further additions are necessary, but otherwise wat^ must be
added from time to time, to make up for evaporation. Tf desired,
the sulphur paste may be placed in the boiler first, followed by the
water, and finally the lime. Results will be the same.

Stirring is quite essential, particularly during the first half of
the boiling. Care sliould be taken to break up all lumps of sulphur.
Working over open kettles will necessitate the use of goggles, the
fumes and sulphur particles being injurious to the eyes. To main-
tain the proper volume a measuring stick adapted to the particular
cooker in use will be found desirable.

The time required for boiling will vary somewhat, but is ap-
proximately an hour, or until the sulphur granules are all dissolved.
To ascertain whether this point has been reached, take a sample
and pour from one container to another, observing closely. If at
the proper stage the solution will be of a dark-red color and free
of sulphur granules. Too much or too little boiling will increase
the amount of sediment, but of the two the latter exreme is prefer-
able.

The soluion (concentrate) may be diluted and used immediately,
or may be stored for future use. In either case it should be strained
to remove the sediment, using a screen of from 30 to 40 meshes to
the inch. The sludge which passes through is not objectionable.

114

JOURNAL OF xVGRICULTURE OF P. R.

The principal points to be guarded against daring storage are
evaporation, exposure to the air, and presence of acids, surplus lime,
or other chemicals ii\ the containers. Clean barrels may be used,
and if it is not possible to close them air-tight a layer of heavy oil
will protect the concentrate. This can be skimmed oif before using
the lime-sulphur. Changes in temperature will not aifect the mate-
rial.

Dilution. — This is the most important point in the entire process of
using lime-sulphur, and is of equal importance whether the commercial

brands or the home-made material be used.
Two solutions may appear to be the same,
but in fact may be found to vary greatly"
in density, so that unless dilution is properly
carried out, burning may result. A concen-
trate will change in density from time to
time due to evaporation, and it is therefore
essential that a test be made each time por-
tions of it are used. Safe and satisfactory
dilutions are obtained by the use of a simple
instrument known as the hydrometer (Fig.
23). These are made for a wide range of
uses, and hence to obtain best results one es-
pecially adapted for lime-sulphur work should
be used.^ The best type is graded in two
scales, the specific gravity or decimal scale,
and the Baume or degree scale. The concen-
tration of lime-sulphur solution is gener'ally
given in terms of tlie Baume scale but the
other is necessary in making the calculations
for final dilutions.

To obtain a spray of any certain concen-
tration, obtain the density of the concentrate
M'itli the hydrometer, and then divide the
decimal of this i-eading by the decimal of
the density of the spray desired, and dilute according to the figure
obtained. For example, if tlie concentrate has a density of 1.283
(32^ Haume^ to obtain a spray solution of 1.02fi (a 1-10 spray) the
figure .283 is divided by .026, giving 10 plus, the number of dilutions.

^

Fig. 2.3. — A lime-s\ilpliiir
hydrometer showiiifj the
Baume «cale. On tlie
right a cylinder of the
type sold with the in-
•strument. Any ves>el
of sufficient dej)th may
be used in its ])lace.

' These may lie jjurchiisfd together with the cylinder for about one dollar from the
Bausch and Lamb Optical Co.. Rochester. N. V.; Arthur Thomas, Philadelphia; Einier and
Amend Co., New York; iuid other dealers in scientific supplies.

CITRUS DISEASES.

J 15

It should he noted that this gives the total number of dilutions, and
that the amount of water used would be nine i)arts to one of con-
centrate.

In using' the liydrometer care nuist l)e taken to see that it is
cleaned between readings. A little vinegar will help if it becomes
coated with lime. The material to be tested should be free from
sediment and at air temperature. Best results will be obtained by
testing several days after the solution has been made. Read the
hydrometer scale at the general surface of the liquid, and not at
the point to w^hich the liquid is drawn up by capillary attraction
about the stem.

While it is preferable that the proper dilution be figured out
from direct readings, using the rule given above, the following table
has been prepared as being more convenient. It gives the approxi-
mate dilutions necessary to prepare the strengths most connnonly
employed. Thirty-two degrees Baume has been taken as the stand-
ard strength

Lime-Sulphur Dilution Table.

If

concentrate

To Make up One Hundred Gallons of Spray Mixture

tests

.\t I-IO

At 1-1.5

At 1-20

At 1-25

At 1-30

At 1-35

At 1-40

At 1-50

At 1-75

15.

Sp.Gr.

use

use

use

use

use

use

use

use

use

(ial.s.

Gals

Gals.

(Jals.

Gals.

Gals.

Gals.

Gals.

Gals.

Pts.

Pts.
90

Pts.

Pts.

Pts.

Pts.

Pts.

Pts.

Pts,

25°

1.208

13-4

6-6

5-3

4-4

4-0

3-3

2-6

1-7

26°

1^218

13-

8-5

6-3

.5-1

4-2

3-6

S-2

2-5

1-6

27°

1.229

12-3

8-2

6-2

5-0

4-1

3-5

3-0

2-4

1-5

280

1.239

11-7

7-7

5-7

4-6

3-7

3-4

3-0

2-3

1-4

29°

1.250

11-3

7-4

5-5

4-4

3-6

3-3

2-7

2-2

1-4

30°

1.261

10-7

7-1

5-3

4-2

3-5

3-2

2-6

2-1

1-3

31o

1.272

10-3

6-7

.5-1

4-1

3-4

3-1

2 5

2-

1-3

32°

. 1.283

10-(»

6-5

5-

4-0

.■i-3

3-

2-4

2_

1-3

S30

1.295

\i-')

6H

4-6

.3-7

3-2

2-7

2 8

1-7

12

34°

1.306

l»-2

6-1

4 -.5

2-6

3-1

2-6

2-2

1-7

1-2

350

1.318

8-7

r>-~

1-4

3-4

3-

2-5

2-2

1-6

1-1

Spec

ilic

-itr

1 .026

1.016

1.014

l.OU

1.009

1.007

1.004

1.002

1.001

Note. — One hundred gallons is the total dilution. To find the anKuint of water t(
1)1' used subtract the amount of eoncentrate indicated from oni- hundred.
Sp. Gr. r= Specific gravity.

1-L(j JOURNAL OF AGBICULTUEE OF P. E.

Compatibilities.

It is very often (lesiriil)le to eoml)ine other materials with the
lime-sulphur, especially poison for biting insects. This permits of
a saving of time and consequently of money. Lead arsenate (neu-
tral) may be used in this manner without any fear of injuries result-
ing, although it does produce a chemical change in the lime-sulphur
which shows as a darkening of the solution. As a matter of fact,
the addition of the arsenate, actually increases the fungicidal value
of the sulphur.

Substances other than the lead arsenate should be used with
extreme caution. Those of an acid nature — Paris green, for exam-
pi — are dangerous, and even an acid lead arsenate shoidd be avoided.
Lime-sulphur and soap form an inefficient but non-injurious com-
bination. Sulphur and oil emulsions are dangerous if used together,
the emulsion being destroyed and free oil liberated.

DISINFECTANTS.

For disinfecting field crates, pruning instruments, and other equip-
ment, the following may be used:

Copper sulphate. — Used as a solution made up at the rate of
four pounds of copper to one hundred gallons of water.

Corrosive suhlimate {mercuric hichloride) . — Used in solution at
the rate of one part of the poison to a thousand of water. The most
satisfactory method of obtaining this substance is in the form of tab-
lets to be purchased at most drug stores. A tablet in a pint of water
gives a solution of the desired strength.

Formaldehyde. — Formaldehyde or formalin is purchased in liq-
uid form, forty per cent strength. For disinfecting purposes one
part of this s;tock is to be added to ninety of water.

APPENDIX II.
CITRUS FUNGI.

A considerable number of fungi have been collected on the leaves,
fruits, twigs, and other parts of the different citrus species. A list
is given here to afford some idea of the prevalence and distribution
of the various forms determined.

A.fpcrfjillv.'i flavtui Link, frreen mold on rotting frnit, generally secondary. Not

common.
Aspergillus niger Van Tiegh. Black mold on rotting fruit, generally secondary.

Not common.

CITRUS DISEASES. 117

Capnodium citri Berk. & Desm. Very common in all sections, forming black,
superficial, sooty layers over fruit, leaves and twigs of all types of citrus
fruits. Follows turtle-hack, hemispheric scale, wooly white fly, and other in-
sects. Not parasitic.

Vephaleuros virescens Kunze. Forming spots on living leaves, twigs and liavk of
lime/ lemon, sweet lemon, sweet and sour orange, and grapefruit. Very
common in all sections.

Cladosporium citri (?) Massee. On living leaves, twigs, and fruit of grapefruit,
lemon (all types), sour orange, sweet orange (rare), king orange. Common.

Cladosporium herbarum, Link. On dead leaves, or in old anthracnose spots, Rio
Piedras, Pueblo Viejo. Saprophyte.

ColletotricJmm gloeosporioides Pen/. On living leaves, twigs, and fruit, and dead
citrus material of nil kinds. The cause of leaf spotting, withertip, fruit,
S])otting, fruit rot, and russeting. Exceedingly eounnon everywhere, :ui<i on
all host species.

Corticinm. conflueiis Fr. On dead wood of grapefruit, Ciunpo Alegre.

Cortieivm salmovicolor B. & Br. Causing the deatli of branches of grapefruit
and orange, Pueblo Viejo, Garrochales, Espinosa, Bayamon, Rio Piedras.

Dnldinia conc^ntrica (Bolt.) E. & E. On dead citrus wood, T'ueblo Viejo, Palo
Seco, Garrochales, Espinosa.

Diplodia natalensis Evans. Causing fruit rot, twig blight, bark canker of or-
ange and grapefruit, and collected in fruiting condition on mummified fruits
twigs, bark, and roots, in all sei-tions of tlie Island.

Hypoxylon fitscopurpurea Berk. On dead grapefruit branches, Campo Alegre.

Lecanidion cyaneum (Cooke) Sacc. On dead twigs, grapefruit, Campo Alegre.
Leptothyrium pomi (?) (M. & P.) Sacc. On fruit of orange and grapefruit,
common.

Myrothecium verrucaria (A. & S.) Ditm. On dead grapefruit leaf, Rio Piedras.

Nectria episphaeria (Tode) Fries. On dying bark, grapefruit, following Corti-
cium salmonicolor, or other injury, Bayamon.

PenicilUum crustaceum L. On dead grapefruit wood, Sabana Liana.

PenieilUum digitaUim (Fr.) Sacc. Olive-green mold, attacking all species of cit-
rus fruits. Exceedingly common everywhere.

Pe7iicillum italicum Wehmer. Blue-green mold on all types of fruit. Not com-
mon.

Peniophora cinerea Fr. On dead wood and twigs, orange and grapefruit, Pueblo
Viejo, Campo Alegie, Espinosa, Bayamon.

PeinopJiora flavido-alha Cooke. On dead wood, grapefruit, Vega Baja.

Pestaloszia guepinia Desm. On grapefruit leaves, Espinosa.

Phomopsis citri Faweett. On living leaves, twigs, and fruit; and dead twigs of
orange and grapefruit, Rio Piedras, Palo Seco, Bayamon.

' The following scientific names for the citrus species are recognized :
Citrus decumana, grapefruit, pomelo.
Citrus sinensis, sweet orange.

Citrus Hmonia, lemon, sweet lemon, rough lemon.
Citrus aurantiuvi, sour orange.
Citrus aurantifolia, lime.
Citrus nobiHs, king orange, mandarine, satsuma, tangerine.

1J8 JOURNAL OF AGRICTTT.TURE OF P. R.

Polystictus occidentalis Klotzsch. On grapefruit, in eonneetion with wood rot,

Sabana Liana.
Polystictus pinsitus Fries. On grapefruit (dead wood), Espinosa.

Bhizopus nigricans Ehr. Causing a rot of fruit. Not common.

Schizophyllum commune L. Common as a wood-rotting fungus, and in one in-
stance as a fruit rot.

Sclerotium Eolfsii Sacc. On dead grapefruit wood, and as the cause of crown
rot of seedlings, Bayamon, Rio Piedras.

Septobasidium lilacinum. Burt. A superficial papery layer around grapefruit
trunks, Bayamon, Espinosa, Palo Seco.

Stcreum albo-badinm Schw. On dead limbs, grapefruit, Espinosa, Vega Baja.

Stereum coffearum B. & C. On dead wood, sour orange, Rio Piedras.

Stictis radiata Pers. On dead twigs, grapefruit, oranges, Sabana Liana, Espinosa,
Campo Alegre.

Tryblidium rufulum Spreng. Very common on dead wood, particularly pruninga
left beneath the trees.

Ustilina vulgaris Tul. In connection with root rot of orange and grapefruit,
Palo Seco.

ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI.

Aschersonia ctibensis B. & C. Growing on various scale insects, which are gen-
erally undeterminable, in the form of hemispherical masses, two to three
millimeters in diameter, scattered, commonly on lower leaf surfaces, buff,
finally red at the center. Common in all districts.

Aschersonia turbinata Berk. Very similar to the above, except that the fungus
masses are top-shaped, attacking various scales. Common.

Cephalosporium lecanii Zimm. Forming a white powdery layer on hemispheric
and turtle-back scales,' Sabana Liana.

Mierocera Fujiluroi Miy. & Saw. On Florida red, and chaff scales, on orange
and grapefruit. Infected insects assume a bright scarlet color, the fungus
appearing as small erect, pink, flask-shaped bodies, Mayagiiez, Bayamon,
Pueblo Viejo. ' ' The pink-headed scale fungus. ' '

Myriangium duriaei Mont. & Berk. Forming small, sessile, black masses on white
and purple scale on lime, lemon, orange, and grapefruit. ' ' The black fun-
gus. ' ' Common.

Scoleconectria coccicola (E. & E.) Seaver. On wliite and purple scale, forming
small white masses, and finally minute spherical, gray to buff perithecia.
Common. "The white-headed fungus."

* The various scales mentioned as hosts of the above fungi are technically known ui
follows :

Star scale, Viiisonia stellifera Westu.).

Hemispherical scale, Saixuftia hemispherira (Targ.).

Turtle-back scale, Saissetia oleae (Bern.).

White or snow scale, Chionaspis citri Comst.

Chaff, or articulate scale, Pseudaonidia artirulatui (?)■

Florida Red Scale, Chrysomphalus nonidum (Linn.)

Purple scale, Lepidosaphes beckii (Newni.)

CITRUS DISEASES. 119

Septobasidium spongia (B. & C.) Pat. Forming a brown weft-like layer over
white and purple scales, and often reaching an extent of several inches on
fruit, leaves, and twigs. Found sparingly in all districts.

Sphaerostilbe coccophila (Desmaz) Tul. On purple, and chaff scales, producing
small, red, flask-shaped fruiting bodies, and later clusters of minute, scarlet
spherical perithecia. ' ' The red-headed fungus. ' ' Common everywhere.

Tubercularia coccicola Stevenson. Forming sessile pink masses on white and pur-
ple scales, grapefruit, Espinosa, Rio Piedras, Pueblo A'iejo, Bayamon. Com-
mon. ' ' Pink scale fungus. ■ '

In addition to these named species at least three others occur
more or less commonly, attacking for the most part the white and
purple scales. These are ( 1 ) a form producing a thin black layer
with white margin, over large areas on trunk, and limbs; (2) a
form producing small, globular, gray to black fruiting bodies boriK^
on a short, erect stalk; and (3) a form consisting of small masses
of loose brown mycelium (not forming continuous patches as does
the Septobasidium).

INDEX.

AlgaJ leaf spot, 96.
AUernaria citri, 104.
Anthrai-nose, 79, 102.
Armillaria mellea, 60.
Aschersonia cuiensis, 118.
aleyrodis, 118.

Asperf)ilht''i flavus, 116.
niger, 116.

Bench rooting, 58.
Bibliography, HO.
Black melanose, 96.
Blight, 61.

Blossom end-rot, 103.
Blue mold, 101.
Bordeaux mixture. 111.

paste, 112.
Buckskin, 108.
Burning, oil, 10.5.

Cajanus indicus, 96.
Canker, Diplodia, 68.
Capnodium citri, 98, 117.
Cephaleuros virescens, 96, 1 1 1 .
Ccphulo-sporium lecanii, 118.
Citrus diseases:

investigations of, 45.

not present in Porto Rico, 46.

relation of —

cultivation, 51.

cultural practices, 48.

fertilizing, 52.

liming, 52.

nursery and planting stock,

50.
pruning, 53.
wind protection, 52.
Citrus industry in Porto Rico, 43.
Citrus species, 117.
Cladosporium citri, 87.
Collctotrk-huvi fiJoeosporioides 79, 102,

117.
Copper sulphate. 116.
Corrosive sublimate, 116.

Corticiinn confiuens, 117.
Cortiehm salmonicolor, 76, 117.
Creasing, 107.
Crown rot, 58.

Cultivation, relation to disease, 51.
Cultural practices, relation to diseases,
48.

DaJdinid concenirica, 117.
Damping off, 57.
Dendropenwn bicolor, 83.

caribaeum, 83.
-Diagrams, grove, 55.
Dieback, 78.

Diplodia, 68.
Dilution table, 115.
Diplodia canker, 68.
dieback, 68.
Diplodia natalemis, 68, 99, 117.
Diplodia rot, 99.
Disinfectants, 116.
Drops, .Tune, 104.

Kntoniogeuous fungi, 118.
Epiphytic plants, HO.
Exanthema, 78.

Fertilization, relation to disease, 52.

Foot rot, 61.

Formaldehyde, 1 1 6.

Freuching, 98.

Fruit rot, 99.

Fungi, citrus, 116.

entomogenous, 118.
Fusarmm sp., 103.

limonis, 63.

Gandul, 96.
Greasy spot, 9().
Grapefruit gummosis, 67.
C.rove diagram, 55.

sanitation, 54.

planting, 51.

site, selection of, 49.

121

122

JOUENAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. E.

Gum diseases, 65.
Gummosis, 65.

grapefruit, 67.

Hypoxylon fnscop^irpttrea, 117.

Insect, scale, 118.

.June drop, 104.

Leaf spot, 80.

algal, 96.
Leco n idion cya n en m, 117.
Leptoihyrium pomi, 108, 117.
Lichens, 110.
Limesulphur, 112.
Liming, relation to disease, 52.

Mal-di-gomma, 61.
Melanose, 94.

black, 96.

stellate, 96.
Mercuric bichloride, 116.
Mistletoe, 8.3.
Mosses, 110.
Mottled leaf, 98.
Myrianjiium duriaei, 118.
Myrothecium verrucaria, 117.

Nectria episphaeria, 117.
Nursery, citrus, 50.

Oil burning, 105.

Penicillium crustaceum, 117.

digitatum , 101, 117.

italicum, 101. 117.
Pe.niphora cinerea, 117.

flnvido-alba, 117.
Pestalozzia guepinia, 117.
Phomopsis cilri, 94, 117.
Pink disease, 76.
Polystictus spp., 72.

occidentalis, 118.

pinsitus, 118.
Pruning, relation to disease, 53.
Psorosis, 65.

Bhisopus nigricans, 118.
Root disease, 59.
Rot, anthracnose, 102.

blossom end, 103.

black, 104.

blue mold, 101.

Diplodia, 99.

fruit, 99.

stem end, 99.
Russeting, 106.

Sanitation of grove, 54.
Scab, 83.

appearance of the disease, 85.

cause, 87.

control, 90.

varieties attacked, 84.
Scale insects, 118.
Scaly bark, 65.

SchizophyUnm commune, 72, 118.
Sclerotium Eolfsii, 118.
Scoleconectria coccicola, 118.
Scurf, silver, 106.
Seed-bed, diseases of, 57.
Selection of grove site, 49.
Septohasidium lilacinum, 118.

upongia, 119.
Shark skin, 108.
Shipping rot, 99.
Silver scurf, 106.
Smoky fungus, 108.
Sooty mold, 98.
SplKicrostilbr cocrophila. 119.
Splits, 107.
Spraying, 56.
Spray injury, 109.
Stellate melanose, 96.
Stem end rot, 99.
Stereum olho-baditim, 118.

voffearum, 118.
Stirlis radiata, -118.
Stock, citrus jilanting, 50.

Tar, gas, 75.
Tear staining. 106.
Tryblidium rufnlum, 118.
Tubereularia coccicola, 119.

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

123

Vstilina vulgaris, HS.
Valsa sp., ,60.

Wind protection, 52.
Withertip, 79.
Wood rot, 70.

Vol. II. JULY, 1918. No. 3.

THE JOURNAL

OF

THE DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE

OF I

PORTO RICO

i

CONTENTS 1

j

A Check List of Porto Rican Fungi and a Ho8t Index JoHN A. STEVENSON. j

i
^

\

1
I

(

PUBLISHED BY j

THE INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATION |

OF ;

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND LABOR \

OF PORTO RICO

THE JOURNAL

OF

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OF

PORTO RICO

A Quarterly Journal containing scientific contributions from the mem-
bers of the Staff of the Insular Experiment Station, Rio Piedras, P. R.
Four numbers constitute a volume, issued in January, April, July, and Octo-
ber. Offered in exchange for bulletins and other publications of the experi-
ment stations and Federal Government, and for agricultural, horticultural,
botanical, and entomological journals, reports, or other similar publications.
Sent free to residents of Porto Rico upon request.

JOHN A. STEVENSON, EDITOR,

(Chief, Division of Botany and Plant Pathology.)
{Insular Experiment Station, - - Rio Piedras, Porto Rico.)

SAN JUAN, P. R.
Bureau of Supplies, Printing, and Transportation

1918

THE JOURNAL

OF

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OF

PORTO RICO
Vol. II July, 1918 No. 3

A CHECK LIST OF PORTO RICAN FUNGI AND A HOST

INDEX.i

By John A. Stevenson, Pathologist, Insular Experiment Station.

INTRODUCTION.

Published information concerning the fungi of Porto Rico is scat-
tered through a considerable number of articles, which have been
issued to a large extent outside the Island, so as not to be readily
available to those attempting the study of this group of plants lo-
cally. For this reason it has been considered desirable to compile
and present in one publication a list of all fungi reported from or
known to occur in Porto Rico, together with the host plants or sub-
strata on which the various species occur. For convenience of ref-
erence an index to the hosts is also given, as well as a list of such
publications on island species as have l)een encountered.

It is very clearly realized that the species here listed do not by
any manner of means represent the complete fungus flora of the
Island. The list may rather be considered as a starting point for
more intensive work, and it is hoped that the publication and dis-
tribution of this preliminary paper may stimulate interest among
local collectors, and so bring about important additions to the list.
It should be easily possi])le to double the number of species here
reported. In fact, the working up of the undetermined material
now in the herbarium of this Station will add considerably to the
number of species known, and similarly the as yet unnamed por-
tions of the collections of Dr. Stevens and other collectors give prom-
ise of many species new to the Island.

History of work with Porto Rican fungi.

The earliest recorded collection of the fungi of Porto Rico was
made in 185-1 by Carl Schwanecke, for tlie most part in the vicinity

^ Exclusive of the lichens or aliiicolous fungi.

125

12(5 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

of Huniaeao,. and the specimens were- determined by Klotzsch, who
listed them in Linntva (50). ^ It was not until 1884-87 that farther
collections were made, during which period P. Sintenis visited va-
rious parts of the Island. The fungi gathei-ed by him were worked
over by J. Bresadola, P. Hennings, and P. ^Magnus and their deter-
minations were publislied in 1893 (76). A recapitulation of these
two lists was given by Heller (35) in 1900.

The work of these two collectors was a])i3arently all that was ac-
complished during the time of Spanish sovereignty. As far as knoM'n
to the writer the late I)i'. Stahl made no mention of fungi in his writ-
ings, althougli he did serve at one time on a royal commission ap-
pointed to study a cane disease.

Since the change in government in 1898 the collecting and study-
ing of tlie fungi li;is been carried on by workers connected with tlie
experiment stations, and by a number of northern botanists who
have made collecting trips to the Island.

Since the yeai- 1903, the reports of the Federal Experiment Sta-
tion at Mayagiiez have contained references to various fungi from
an economic standpoint. These have included notes by Barrett (6-9)
on diseases of oranges, tjautia, vegetables and other crops, by Hen-
ricksen (36) on diseases of vegetables, and by Fawcett (22-32) on
diseases of eoffoe, sugar cane, citrus. l)anana, cacao, and vanilla.
The latter has in addition to his annual reports as pathologist of
the Station pid)]islied a ])ulletin on coffee diseases (31), and a short
article on PcUioHlaria (28) . Some of the entomogenous fungi have
been mentioned ])y Tower (100). A banana disease due to a vascu-
lar fungus parasite has been studied by Prandes HO. ^^) of the same
institution.

Work on the fungi as disease-producing agents of sugar cane was
immediately taken uj) at Ihe experiment station of the Sugar Pro-
ducers' Association following its estal)lislimeut iu 1910. Keports of
this work were issued from time to time as ])ublications of the sta
tion (38-48). Following the transl'ei- of Ihe institution to the Insu-
lar Goverinuent, studies were begun on diseases of other crops in
addition to the sugai'-cane investigations. Results obtained have been
issued in the various station publications ])repared by the present
pathologist (84-96). These have been concerned with diseases of
citrus, vegetables, and minor economic plants.

The first of the American botanists to collect fungi, at least fn
any great extent, was A. A. Hellei-, who together with Mrs. Heller

^ Fisures in rareiitlicsis icfcr to "liitcriitiiir cited," p. 250.

PORTO RICAN FUNGI. 127

made an extensive collecting trip during the early part of 1900. The
determinations of their specimens, including seventeen new species,
were made hy Prof. F. S. Earle (19). Some time later the same
mycologist published additional notes on the same collection, for the
most part as new si)ecies (21). Professor Earle himself (20) made
a visit of exploration in 1903, giving most attention to fungi attack-
ing economic plants.

Dr. G. P. Clinton, at the request of the Experiment Station, spent
some time on the Island in 1904, in connection with a threatened
outbreak of coffee rust, and collected some fungi, particularly thf^
smuts. Prof. E. D. Holway collected rust fungi in about 1910. His
specimens are rciJortcd upon by Dr. Arthur (3), in connection with
the Stevens' collection.

Fungi have been collected to some extent on the various field
expeditions of Dv. N. L. Briton, director-in-chief of the New York
Botanical Garden, and members of -liis staff. These specimens have
been described or mentioned in the publications of the mycologists
of the Garden.

Dr. Bruce Fink of ^liaini University s]ient several months in 1915-
16 collecting in various parts of the Island, giving particular atten-
tion to the lichens and Ascomycetes, but lias as yet published only
a preliminary ]iaper(33). A report of his finding's should very
materially add to the number of known species.

During tlie same year Dr. E. W. Olive of the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden, and Prof. H. H. Whetzel of Cornell University, made a very
complete collection of the rusts, together with some otlu'r fungi. The
rusts w<'re ^vorked over and reported by Dr. Arthur (4), and in part
by themselves (71).

The most extensive fungus collections have been made by Dr.
F. L. Stevens, now of the University of Illinois. These specimens
were gathered during tlie period of his deanshij) of the College of
Agriculture of Porto Rico and during one subsequent trip (79).
The number of specimens obtained totaled several thousands. The
.rusts of this collection liavc been enumerated by Di-. Arthur (3),
and Dr. Stevens and several of his students have worked on other
groups (16, 17, 34, 51, 60, 61, 80, 81, 82, 83, 103. 104). Their studies
have resulted in a very large number of species being reported as
new, particularly in the genera Meliola, Cercospora, Phyllosticta, and
Mycosphnrrlla.

An interesting phase of the subject of Porto Rican fungi, and
one of no little importance, is that of species connected with certain
human diseases. One article only has been seen treating of fungi

128 J(Jl KNAL OF AGKICULTUEE OF P. E.

from this viewpoint, but there doubtless are others. Dr. King in
the paper in question (49) mentions Epidermophyton cruris {tinea
cruris), Cladosporium Mansoni (black ringworm), and Malassezia
tropica {tinea flava), all causing skin diseases.

Acknowledgments.

Acknowledgment must be made for help received during the
preparation of this list from a considerable number of sources. Sev-
eral mycologists have worked over portions of the collections of the
Insular Experiment Station and furnished determinations. These
have included Dr. F. J. Seaver, and Dr. Wm. A. Murrill, New York
Botanical Garden ; Dr. E. A. Burt, Missouri Botanical Garden ; Prof.
C. G. Lloyd ; Dr. W. C. Sturgis ; and Dr. C. R. Orton, Pennsylvania
State College. I am also indebted to Dr. Seaver for permission to
use data from a preliminary list of the Porto Rican fungi deposited
in the portion of the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden
under his charge, as well as for other favors. Drs. Burt, Sturgis.
and Orton and Professor Lloyd have examined and made suggestions
as to corrections in portions of the manuscript submitted to them.
Mr. H. E. Thomas, formerly of the Mayagiiez Experiment Station,
has furnished information from his notes. From Dr. Olive and Pro-
fessor Whetzel I have received a set of the specimens collected by
them during their visit to the Island, in so far as the material has
been worked up. This has afforded a considerable amount of addi-
tional data.

To Dr. Stevens of the University of Illinois 1 am particularly
indebted for copies of his publications on Porto Rican fungi, and
for the loan of a card index of fungi and hosts, based on his collec-
tions.

Plan of the work.

It is the aim of the present list to record the fungi reported as
occurring in Porto Rico, together ^nth the hosts or substrata, the
localities in which they have been collected, the name of the respec-
tive collectors, and all bibliographical citations. When the collector
has been other than a member of the staff of the Insular Experiment
Station, past or present, his name is given in parenthesis following
the localities. Semicolons, it will be noted, are used to separate the
work of different collectors. Our own collections are cited first, fol-
lowed by such others as have been made. Wliere more than one col-
lection has been made in the same locality the earliest in point of

POETO RICAN FUNGI. 129

time is given as a rule. In some instances the first collection found
in working up the list has been used.

Those who have made the collections represented in the herba-
rium of the Insular Experiment Station are Mr. John R. Johnston,
pathologist 1910-1914, to whom credit is due for initiating not only
the herbarium but the other botanical work of the Station ; the writer,
assistant pathologist 1913-14, pathologist and botanist to date; Mr.
R. C. Rose, assistant pathologist 1916-17.

No attempt has been made at a critical study of the species listed.
It is realized that many of those given will in the course of time be
reeombined, reduced to synonomy, or . otherwise changed in name,
but neither time nor facilities are available here for systematic work
of this nature. The system of classification used is entirely one of
convenience and has no other significance, either as a proposed new
plan, or even as the personal views of the writer.

MYXOMYCETES.^
CERATIOMYXACE^.

Ceratiomyxa fructiculosa (Muell.) Macbr.
On rotten wood, Palo Seco.

PHYSARACE^.

Physarum cinereum (Batsch.) Pers.

Fruiting on living leaves and stems of Phaseolus vulgaris, Sac-
charuni officinarum, Lactuca sativa, Vigna ungmculata, and
other plants, Rio Piedras, Martin Peiia, Manati (48).
Physarum columbinum (Rost.) Sturgis.

{Tilmadoche compacta [Wing.] McB.) (82).
On rotten wood, Rio Piedras.
Physarum compressum Alb. & Schw.

On Sugar-cane debris, Cortada (48).
Physarum didermoides (Ach.) Rost.

On rotten wood, Rio Piedras.
Physarum pusillum (B. & C.) List.

{Physarum nodulosum [Cooke & Balf.] Mass.)
On rotten sacking, and also found fruiting on living sugar-cane
leaves, Rio Piedras (48).
Physarum viride (Bull.) Pers.

On rotten wood, Moca, Rio Piedras.

^ The determinations in this group were made for the most part by Dr. William C. Stnrgis.

130 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

FuLiGo SEPTIC A (L.) Gmel.

(Fuligo ovata [Schaeff.] Maebr.) (48).
On dead eaue leaves, banana debris, rotten wood, Pueblo Viejo,
Sabana Liana, Rio Piedras, Jiiana Diaz (48).
Craterium aureum (Scliiira.) Post.

On humus and cane trash, fruiting at times on living stalks and
leaves, Ponce, Rio Piedras (48).
Craterium leucocephalum (Pers.) Ditm.

On dead leaves and debris, fruiting at times on living sugar-oane
leaves, Pueblo Viejo, Rio Piedras (48).
Diderma epfusum (Schw.) j\Iorg.

On dead leaves of Pandanus utilis, Rio Piedras.
Diderma spumarioides Fr.

On dead leaves and rotten wood, Martin Peiia.
Diach^a leuoopoda (Bull.) Rost.
var. GL/OBOSA List.
On dead grass and leaves, Rio Piedras. Reported by Stevens
on Pifcairnia aDc/usfifolia, Naguabo, Sta. Ana (82).

didymiace;e.

DiDYMIUM nigripes (L.) Fr.

Fruiting on living leaves of Wedclia trilohafa, and Commolitia
nudiflora, Pueblo Viejo, Rio Piedras.

STEMONITACE^E.

Comatricha langa Peek.

On dead wood. Porto Rico (Stevens) (82).
Stemonitis fusca Roth.

On sugar-cane trasli. Rio Piedras (4S).
Stemonitis h erratic a Pk.

On rotten wood, Pue]:)lo Viejo.
Stemonitis splendens Rost.

On rotten wood and can(> trash, Rio Piedras, Martin Peiia, Vega
Baja (48).

CRIBRARIACE/E.

DicTYDiuM cancellatum (Batsch.) Macbr.

On dead sugar-cane leaves and stalks, Rio Piedras (48).

tubulinace^.

Tubifera ferruginosa (Batsch.) Gmel.
On rotten wood, Palo Seeo.

PORTO BIG AN FUNGI. I'U

LYCOGALACE^.

Lycogala epidendrum (L.) Fr.

On rotten wood and sngar-cane trash, Rio Piedras, El Diiqiu'

(48).

ARCYRIACE^.

Arcyria denudata (L.) Sheld.

On rotten wood and sugar-eane trash. Kio Piedras, INIartin Peiia,
(48).
Arcyria cinerea (Bull.) Pers.

On rotten wood and sugar-cane trash, Rio Piedras, Puel)lo Viejo
(48).
Arcyria punicea Pers.

Reported from Fajardo in the Sehwaneeke collection (50).

trichiace^.

Hemitrichia vesparium (Batsch.) Machr.
On rotten wood. Rio Piedras.

Hemitrichia clavata (Pers.) Rost.
On rotten wood. ]\lartin Peiia.

SCHIZOMYCETES.

COCCACE^.

Micrococcus nigrof.\ciens Northrup.

Causing a disease of various stages of PJtyllophagn spp.. Rio
Piedras, Guanica (69, 78).

bacteriace.^.

Bacillus carotovorus Jones.

Producing a soft rot of carrots, cahhages, celery, and other vege-
aliles, Rio Piedras.

Bacillus mesentericus (Flligge) L. & N.

Causing "ropy" bread, Rio Piedras, San Juan.

Bacillus prodigiosus (Ehr.) L. & N.

Occasional as a contamination of cultures, Rio Piedras.

Bacillus radicicola Bey.

Common on a wide range of leguminous hosts.

Bacillus subtilis (Ehr.) Cohn.

Common as a contamination in poured ])lates. Rio Piedras.

132 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTLKE OF P. R.

Bacterium campestris Pamin.

On Brassica oleracea, Mayagiiez (Thomas) (36, 90).

Bacterium phaseoli Er. Sm.

On Phaseolus vulgaris. Causes a serious leaf and pod disease,
Rio Piedras (90, 94).
Bacterium solanacearum Er. Sm.

Causing a serious wilt disease of Lycopersicum esculentum, Sola-
mini melongena, Nicotiana tdbacum, Solanum Uiberosum,
Rio Piedras. A wilt disease of Helianthus annuus, probably
attributable to this species reported by Thomas (15, 36, 56,
77, 90, 94).

PHYCOMYCETES.

CHYTRIDIACEyE.

Oepidiella uredinis Lagerh.

On Puccinia Icvis on Bylilix gramdaris (Manisuris granularis) ,
Maricao (Sintenis) (76).
Synchytrium decipiens Farl.

On Bhyncliosia reticulata, Palo Seco ; Quebradillas, Cabo Rojo
(Stevens) (82).

PERONOSPOR ACE/E .

AlbuCtO bliti (Biv.) Kuntze.

On Amaranihus viridis, Rio Piedras, Barceloneta.
Amuranthus spinosus, Barceloneta (82, 101).
Albugo Candida (Pers.) Kuntze.

On Brassica integrifolia, Rio Piedras.
Brassica japonica, Barranquitas.

Lcpidiuni virgin ic inn, Comerio, Bayainon: Rio Taninna (Ste-
vens) (82).
AijBuck) ii»OMCE/i':-p.\NDURANyi-: (Schwoin.) Swingle.

On Iponio'n sj).. P]spiiios;i ; Rio Piedras, Pcnnchis. Mona (Ste-
vens) .
1 pom oca hatafas, Rio Piedras, Vega Baja, Pucldo Viejo : i\Ionte
de Oro, Rio Tanama, Cousuino, Arecibo, Manati, Corozal,
Luquillo, lioqueron, Guanica, Guayanilla (Stevens) (82,
90, 94).
IpomcBa pcs-caprie, Catano, Punta Cangrejos; Dos Bocas,

Guanica, Boqueron, Mayagiiez (Stevens) (82).
Ipomma pes-tigridis, Guayama.
Ipomma rubra, Rio Piedras.

PORTO EICAN FUNGI. 133

Albugo ipomce^-panduran^ (Schwein.) Swingle — Continued.

On Ipomcea tilyncea, Garrochales, Rio Piedras; San German
(Stevens).
Jacquemontia nodiflora, Guayanilla, Mona Island (Stevens)

(82).
Jacquemontia pentantlia, Vega Baja.
Tkyella iamnifolia, Rio Piedras (101).

Albugo platensis (Speg.) Swing.

On Boerhaavea erecta, Guanica (Stevens) (82).
Boerhaavea hirsuta (Goll.) (101).
Boerliaavea panniculata, Culebra (Britton).

Albugo portulac^ (D. C.) Kuntze.

On Portulaca oleracea, Mayagiiez (Stevens) (82).

Peronoplasmopora cubensis (B. & C). Clint.

On Cucumis melo, Rio Piedras, Mayagiiez (36, 90, 94).
Cucumis sativ'us, Rio Piedras, IMayagiiez.
Cucurhita moschata, Rio Piedras, Mayagiiez.
Luff a cylindrica, Rio Piedras (Stevens) (82).

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary.

On Lycopersicum esculentum, Mayagiiez; Maricao (W. & 0.)
(36, 90, 94).
Solanum tuberosum, Mayagiiez (Thomas).

Phytophthora phaseoli Thax.

On Phaseolus lunatus. Reported by Henricksen (36).

Phytophthora terrestrlv Sherb.

On Capsicum annuum, Rio Piedras.

Lycopersicum esculentum, Rio Piedras, San Juan.
Phaseolus vidgaris, Rio Piedras (90, 94).

The cause of a serious disease of beans and tomatoes.

MUOORACE^a:.

Ohoanepora cuouRBiTARUM (Berk. & Rav.) Thax.

On Hibiscus esculentus, Rio Piedras. Causing a disease of the
flowers and young pods.

Pilobolu!^ crystallinus Tode.

On horse manure, Rio Piedras.

Rhizopus nigricans Ehr.

Producing a soft rot of sweet potatoes, also as a bread mold,
and contamination in cultures, Rio Piedras (89, 96).

134 JOUENAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

entomophthorace.^..
Empusa Fresenii Now.

On Pscudococcus )up(v on Chrysopliijlbon argrntcinn, Rio Pie-
dras.

on Acalijplia Wilkesiana, Rio Piedras.
on Eryihrina glauca, Rio Piedras.
Phenococcus sp., on Psidium guayaha, Rio Piedras (46) .
Empusa sphj^rosperma (Fres.) Tliaxt.

On LapJiygma frugiperda, Rio Piedras (46).
Entomophthora auliCzE Reich.

On E( pantheria eridanus, Nagiiabo, Rio Piedras (46).

ASCOMYCETES.

saccharomycetace^.

Saccitaromyces apiculatus Reess.

Isolated from fermenting cacao and coffee (Loew) (57).
Saccharomyces cerevisi^. Hansen.

Bread and brewer's yeast.
Saccharomyces ellipsoideus Hansen.

Isolated from fermenting cacao and coffee (Loew.) (57). and
fermented grapefrnit .juice, Rio Piedras.

PHYMATOSPH^RIACKE.

Myrtangium duruei ^lont. & Berk.

On Aulacaspis peniagona on Sohn>in)i nif}(>.'^)())i, Rio Piedras, on
Cajanus indicus, Sabana Liana.
Hemicliionaspis minor on undct. vine, Palo Seco.
Howardia hiclavis on Guettarda scahra, Rio Piedras.
LepidosapJies heckii, and Chionaspis cifri on Citrus spp., Sa-
bana Liana, Rio Piedras, Pueblo Viejo, Bayamon. Santurce,
Espinosa, Vega Baja, Garrochales.

Very common everywhere on scale insects, parasitic ta
some extent at least (20, 46, 96, 100).

erysiphace^.^

Erysiphe cichoracearum D. C. (?).

On Cosmos caudal us, Sta. Ana, Rio Tanama (Stevens).
Eupatoriwni microstemum, Maricao (Stevens).
Solanum torvum, Rosario, Naguabo, Cal)o Ro.io, ]\r<iri(\io. Are-
cibo, Peiiuelas, ]\rayagiiez (Stevens) (82).

* All determinations in this f;iimly iiro provisionnl only. Ilic conidial or Odiutit stage only
liaTing been found in all cases.

POETO KICAN FUNGI. 135

ErySIPHE G-VLEOPSIDIS D. C. (?).

On Eupatorium sp.. Ponee (Stevens) (82).
Erysiphe polygoni D. C. (?).

On Arracacia xanihorrhiza, Indiera Fria (Stevens).

Cassia occidentalism Guayama, Rio Piedras, Rosario, Penue-

las, Arecibo-Lares, Cabo Ro.jo, i\Ianati (Stevens).
Cassia tora, Palo Seco: Maricao, Qnebradillas. Aguada, Pe-

nuelas, Guayauilla, San German, Gnayania, Adjuntas, Ma-

yagiiez (Stevens).
Chammcrista ceschynomene, Palo Seco.
Chamrecrista dipliyUa, Espinosa.
CliamcBcrista sp., Penuelas (Stevens).
Dolicholus minima, Carolina.
DolicJios hifforus, Rio Piedras.
Phaseolus adenanlhus, Aguada (Stevens).
Phaseolus max, Rio Piedras.
Phaseolus vulgaris, Rio Piedras.
Pisum sativum, Rio Piedras.
Vigna repens, Mayagiiez (Stevens) (82).
Vigna unguiculata, Rio Piedras (90, 94).

MlCROSPH^RA DIFFUSA D. C. (?).

On Crotalaria retusa, Sta. Ana, Coamo (Stevens).
Meihomia sp., Rosario, Mona Island (Stevens).
Meihomia adsccndens, Utnado (Stevens).
Meibomia scorpiurus, IManati, Guayama (Stevens).
Meihomia supina, Utuado, Jayuya (Stevens).
Meihomia tortuosa, Sabana Liana. Rio Piedras; Peiiuelas,
(Stevens) (82).

MlCROSPH.^SRA EUPHORBLF. (Pk.) B. & I. (?).

On ChameBsyce hraziliensis, Mona Island (Stevens).

Cliamcesyce hypericifolia, i\Iona Island, Jajome Alto (Ste-
vens) .

Ilihiscus sahdariffa, ]\Iayagiiez (Stevens).

Manihnf nuiniliol, Rio Piedras (Stevens) (82).
SPIIiEROTHECA JIIMILI ( D. ( '. i Biirr. f?).
On Bidcns leucanlJia, l*alo Seeo.

Bidens reptans, Vega Baja, Maricao (Stevens) (82).

Cosmos sp., Jayuya (Stevens).

Melanthera cancsccns, Utuado (Stevens).

Ocimum micrantlium, Utuado (Stevens).

Bosa sp., Maricao (Stevens).

Verbena sp., Maricao (Stevens).

136 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

PERISPORIACE/E.

Antennularia (?) TENUIS Earle.

On Musa sp., and Inga vera (Heller) (21).
Capnodium citri Berk. & Desm.

On Citrus decumana, Sabana Liana, Espinosa, Campo Alegn*,
Pueblo Vie jo, Vega Baja (96).
DiMERiELLA CORDIS (P. Henn.) Th.

On Cordia sulcata, ]\Iayaguez (Stevens) (82).

DiMERIELLA ERIGERONICOLA StCVenvS.

On Erigeron pusillum, Maricao (Stevens).

Erigeron spathulatus, Quebradillas, Maunabo, Yauco, El Gi-

gante, Maricao (Stevens) (82).
Leptilon canadcnse, Rio Piedras, Trujillo Alto, Vega Baja,
Camuy, Arecibo.^
DiMERIELLA OLYRE Stevens.^

On Olyra latifolia, Rio Piedras, Preston's Ranch, Maricao, Ma-
yagiiez (Stevens) (82).
DiMERiNA JACQUINL3E Garman.

On Jacquinia harhasco, Mona Island (Stevens) (34).

DiMERIOPSIS ARTHROSTYLIDICOLA StevenS.

On Arthrostylidiuni sarmentosum, Monte Alegrillo (Stevens)
(82).
DiMERiuM CAYAPONiyE Garman.

On Cayaponia americana, Utuado (Stevens) (34).
DiMERiuM GRAMMODES (Kuntze) Gar.

On Crotalaria retusa, Trujillo Alto, Pueblo Viejo; Guayama,
Cabo Rojo (Stevens). From Mayagliez as Parodielh. peri-
sporioides (Heller collection) (19).
Meihomia adscendens, Rio Piedras.
Mcibomia barbata, Rio Piedras (Stevens) ; Aiiasco (W. & 0.)

(82).
Meihomia sp., Espinosa, Rio Piedras.
Phaseolus lunatu.s, Aguadilla (Stevens).
Phaseolus vulgaris, Rio Piedras (81).
Vigna repens, Rio Piedras (34).

1 In comparing the descriptions, the great similarity between those of Dimeriella Olyrae
and Asterina fiimagina was noted. In response to a request for an opinion in the matter,
Dr. Stevens replied as follows:

"The species as published by Dearness and Barth. is based upon specimen No. 190 of
my collection. My species, Dimeriella olyrae, is based upon my specimen No. 6770, but th«
two are co-specific and the publication of Dearness & Barth. clearly has the prioritf.

"In the light of modern publications on this group, I believe that this fungus shouW
be placed in the genus Dimeriella of Spegazzini, and therefore suggest the following:
"Dimeriella jumagina (Dearn. a Barth.) Stevens, comb. nov.
"{.Astenna fumagina Dearn & Barth.)
"(Dimeriella olyrae Stevens.)"

POETO EICAN FUNGI. 137

DiMERiuM MELioLOiDEs (Berk. & Curt.) Gar.

On Clusia rosea, Maricao (Stevens) (34).
DiMERiuM Stevensii Garman.

On Cordia corymbosa, Rio Piedras ; Quebradillas, Mayagiiez, JMa-
ricao (Stevens) (34).

DiMEROSPORIUM APPENDICULATUM Earle.

On Asterina sidm on Sida carpini folia (21).

DiMEROSPORIUM TROPICALE Speg.

On Meliola sp., on melastomaceous plant. Col. N. Y. Bot. Gar-
den.

EUROTIUM ARGENTINUM Speg.

On dead sugar-cane stalks, Rio Piedras (48).

EUBOTIUM HERBARIUM Lk.

On dried herbarium specimens, Rio Piedras.
Hyadoderma piliferum Pat.

On Meliola on a grass, Santurce. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden (82).
Meliola aibonitensis Stevens.

On dicotyledonous plant, Aibonito (Stevens) (80).^
Meliola ambigua Pat. & Gaill.

On Laniana camara, Dos Bocas, below Utuado, Rio Arecibo (Ste-
vens) .
Lantana odorala, Quebradillas (Stevens).
Lantana sp., Quebradillas, Dos Bocas (Stevens).
Meliola amomicola Stevens.

On Amomis caryophyllata, Mayagiiez (Stevens).
Meliola ampiiitrica Fr.

On Randia aculeata (?), Caguas (Heller collection).

Tetragastris halsamifera {Hediuigia hcdsamifera) . Sintenis
collection (76).
Meliola andir^e Earle.

On Andira jamaicensis, Canmy, Mayagiiez ; Arecibo, Martin
Pefia, Yaueo, Santana, Maricao, Dos Bocas, Vega Alta, La-
res, ]\ranati (Stevens) (21).
Meliola arecibensis Stevens.

On AcahjpJia hisetosa, Vega Baja, Dos Bocas (Stevens).
Meliola bicornis Wint.

On Bradhurya pnhescens, Espinosa.

Bradhurya vvrginiana, Areeibo-Lares Road, Manati, Dos Bo-
cas, Vega Baja, Quebradillas (Stevens).

' Since all species of Meliola known to the Island are treated in Dr. Steven's paper, "The
Genus Meliola in Porto Rico," further citations to it are omitted.

]38 JOUENAL OF AOETCTU.TrRE OF P. E.

iViELiOLA BicORNis Wiiit. — (Jonti)iiied.

On Dalbergia inonetaria, Mayagiiez, Arecibo-Lares, INIaricao (Ste-
vens).
Dalbergia sp., Mayagiiez. Rosario (Stevens).
Dolicholos rcticulatus, Kio Piedras; Florida Adentro, Vega
Baja. Lares. Quebradillas. Barceloneta. Rio Tanama (Ste-
vens).
Erjjthriiia tnijcroph ri/.r. El INliradero (Stevens).

Lonchocarpus glaucifolius, Quebradillas (Stevens).
Meihomia adscendens, Rio Piedras: El Alto do la Bandera

(Stevens).
Meihomia axillaris, Rio Piedras ; Florida Adentro, Las Marias.

Mayagiiez, Rio Arecibo. Rio Tanama (Stevens).
Meihomia supina, Cataiio, Martin Pefia, Maricao, Vega Baja,
^Mayagiiez, Florida Adeiitro, Rio Tanama, Dos Bocas, El
Gigante. Tndiora Fria (Stevens).
Mintosa ceratonia, Maricao, Rio Areeibo, Vega Baja, Aibonito

(Stevens).
Terayn)t}i>i Huriiiahis, IMarieao, Aiiaseo (Stevens) (21).
^Feijola BICORNIS var. calopogonii Stevens.

On Cedopogonium orthocarpum, Rio Piedras; Dos Bocas, ]\laya-
giiez, Agnada (Stevens).
Metjoi.a BICORNIS var. galactI/E Stevens.

On Gidactia d\ihia, Rio Tanama (Stevens).
Melioi.a bidentata Cke.

On Tabehuia liaimaiiilia, IMoiito Alegrillo (Stevens).
Tecoma pentaphylla, Gnanajibo (Stevens).
MelioIjA byrsoxim/E Stevens.

On Brysomma hieida, Gnayanilla (Stevens).
Meliola caijOphylli Stevens.

On CalopliyUum calaha, ^Mayagiiez, Vega Baja (Stevens).
Meliola capsicola Stevens.

On Capsicum haccatum, Manati. Dos Bocas (Stevens).

Meliola cham/ECRIst/E Earle.

On Cliameecrisla glanelulosa (Heller). Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden
(21).
Meliola cham^cristicola Stevens.

On ('h(ni)eprrista gvanidaia, Mona Island (Stevens'^.
]\Ieliola chiococc^ Stevens.

On Chiococca alha, Vega Baja, Hormigneros (Stevens).

PORTO RICAN FUNGI. ] 39

Meliola ciRCiNANS Eai'le.

On Mariscus jamaicensis, Martin Pefia : San Jnan. INFanati (Ste-
vens) (21).
Bynchospora auvea, Martin Peiia (Heller).
Byncliospora giganiea, Martin Peiia.
Meliola clavulata Wint.

On Ipomcea hataias, Eio Piedras; Yega Baja, l\io Tanania, Ma-
ricao (Stevens) (90).
Ipomceu cathartica, Rio Arecibo, Yega Baja, El Alto cle la

Bandera ( Stevens) .
Jpomaa rubra, Rio Piedras, Guaynabo.
Ipomoea tiliacea, IMayagliez (Stevens).

Ipomcea sp., Rio Piedras, Espinosa ; Sabana Liana, San Ger-
man, Monacillo, Trujillo Alto. El Miradero, IMayagiiez,
Yega Alta (Stevens).
Meliola clusi^ Stevens.

On Clusia minor, El Alto de la Bandera (Stevens).
Meliola comocladi^ Stevens.

On ('(Dnovladiu (jJahra, Rosario. ]\Iayagiiez, Maricao (Stevens).
Spondias nionihin, Maricao (Stevens).
Meliola compacta Earle.

On Crossopctalum paJ]f)is. Coll. X. Y. Bot. Garden (21).
Meliola compositarum Earle.

On Enpaforiuni odoratum, Trujillo Alto, Rio Piedras: Dos Bo-
cas. Rosario, Maricao, Aibonito. Utuado, El Gigante, El
IMiradero. Las Marias.' Rio Tanaina. ]\[ayagiiez. Yaneo. Ca-
tafio, Jajouie Alto (Stevens).
Eupatoriuin sp., Rio Piedras, (Heller).
WiJIonglihcea sp., Adjuntas (Heller).
Meliola compositarum var. porloriccnsis Stevens.

On Eupatorium doliclioh pis, Rio Tanaina (Stevens).

Eupatorluni portoricensis, Camuy: Yega Baja. Dos Bocas,
San Sebastiiin. Arecibo-Lares (Stevens).
Meliola contorta Stevens.

On rip(r Jiispiduni, T^as ^larias (Stevens).
]\Ieliola cucriji'.iTACEARt'M Stcvcns.

On Cncurhit. iindet.. El Alto de la Bandera (Stevens).
Meliola cupani^ Stevens.

On Cupania mncriviuta. El ]\liradero (Mayagiiez). Maricao. Dos
Bocas, Quebradillas (Stevens).
Cupania sp., Quebradillas (Stevens).

140 JOUENAL OF AGRIOULTUEE OF P. E. .

Meliola cyclopoda Stevens.

On Pseudelephantopus spicatus, Vega Baja (Stevens).
jMeliola cyperi Pat.

On Cyperus sp., Mayagiiez (Stevens).

Mariscus jamaicensis, San Juan (Stevens) ; Martin Pena (W.

& 0.).
Scleria sp., Manati (Stevens).
Meliola denticulata "Wint.

On Boystonea horinquena, Arecibo-Lares (Stevens).
Meliola didymopanicis P. Henn.

On Dendropanax arhorcum, Manati; Rio Arecibo, Mayagiiez
(Stevens).
Dendropanax laurifolium, El Alto de la Bandera (Stevens).
Meliola dieffenbachi^ Stevens.

On Diejfcnhachia seguine, Rio Piedras, Espinosa ; Las Marias,
Maricao, Catafio, Lajas, IMonte de Oro, Dos Boeas, Maya-
giiez (Stevens).
Meliola dipholidis Stevens.

On Diplwlis salicifolia, Guayanilla, Quebradillas (Stevens).
Meliola Earlii Stevens.

On Pilea mimmularifolia, Espinosa; Jajoiiie Alto (Stevens).
Pilea parictaria, Rio Arecibo (Stevens).
Pilea sp., Florida Adentro (Stevens).
Meliola furcata Lev.

On Acrista monticola, El Alto de la Bandera, Luquillo Forest
(Stevens).
Coccothrinax alta, Dos Boeas (Stevens).
Macrodiscus lactiflorus, Coamo (Stevens).
Thrinax ponccana, Guayanilla (Stevens) (81).
Thnnax prcBceps, Dos Boeas (Stevens).
Meliola Gaillardiana Stevens.

On Piper adnncnm, Rio Arecil)o, Dos Boeas, Las Marias (Ste-
vens).
Meliola gesneri^ Stevens.

On Cestruni laurifolium, Maricao (Stevens).

Cestrimi macropliyllmn, El Alto de la Bandera, El Gigante

(Stevens).
Gesneria alhiflora, Mayagiiez, Dos Boeas (Stevens).
Meliola glabra Berk. & Curt.

On Drypetes spp., Rio Tanania (Stevens).
Hi/pelate Irifoliaia, Mona (Britton).

POETO ETC AN FUNGI. ]41

Meliola glabra var. psychotrice Stevens.

On Coccocypseluni repens, Maricao (Stevens).

Palicouiea domingensis, Florida Adentro (Stevens).
Palicourea sp., Mayagiiez, Vega Baja, Utiiado, Ponce, Ma-
ricao, El Gigante (Stevens).
PsycJiotria hertiana, El Alto de la Bandera (Stevens).
Psychotria grandis, Mayagiiez (Stevens).
Psychotria puhescens, Arecibo-Lares Road, Vega Baja (Ste-
vens).
Psychotria sp., Quebradillas (Stevens).
Meliola glabroides Stevens.

On Nectandra patens, Mayagiiez, Maricao (Stevens).

Piper aduncum, Indiera Fria, El Alto de la Bandera, Las
Marias, Dos Bocas, Vega Baja, Mayagiiez, Afiasco, Mari-
cao, Arecibo-Lares Road, Aibonito, Lares, Martin Pena,
Trujillo Alto, Utnado (Stevens) (19).
Piper marginatum, Espinosa.

Sauvagesia crecta, El Alto de la Bandera, Las Marias, Ma-
ricao (Stevens).
Siman'ha tula\ Mayagiiez, El Gigante (Stevens). .
Solanvm persicifoUnm, Quebradillas, (Stevens).
Solatium rugosum, Las Marias (Stevens).
Valerianodes cayennensis, Rio Piedras; Sabana Liana, Tru-
jillo Alto (Stevens).
Meliola glabroides \ar. schlegeli^e Stevens.

On Schlegelia sp., El Alto de la Bandera (Stevens).
Meliola guare^ Speg.

On Guarea trichilioides, Las Marias, Dos Boeas, Monte de Oro,
Adjuntas, Jajome Alto, Mayagiiez (Stevens).
Meliola guareicola Stevens.

On Guarea trickilioides, Las Marias, I\Iayagiiez, Adjuntas, Monte
de Oro, Dos Bocas (Stevens).
Meliola guignardi Gaill.

On Turpinia panniculata, Maricao (StcA'^ens).
Meliola gymnanthicola Stevens.

On Gyw.iiantlies lucida, Guayanilla (Stevens).
Meliola Helleri Earle.

On Eugenia monticola, Manati (Stevens).

Eugenia Stahlii, Luquillo, El Alto de la Bandera (Stevens).
Myrcia deflexa, El Alto de la Bandera (Stevens).
Myrcia splendens, Jajome Alto (Stevens).
Unknown woody plant (Heller) (21). •■

142 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTUEE OF P. E. j

IMeliola. Hessii Stevens.

On PaulUnia pimiata, Sabana Llatia, Mayagiiez (Stevens). I

Meliola hyptidicola Stevens.

On Hyptis atrorubens, Rio Piedras.

Hyptis capitata, El Gigante (Stevens).

Hyptis lantanifolia. Las Marias (Stevens).

Hyptis pectinata, Dos Bocas, Maricao (Stevens). i

Hyptis sp., Monte de Oro (Stevens). !

MeTJOLA TPOMCE/i: Eai'lc.

On Ipomau balatas, Kio Piedras, Garrochales.

Ipomma cathartim, Las Marias, Vega Baja (Stevens). i

Ipomma tiliacea, Aiiasco, Mayagiiez (Stevens).
Ipomma spp., El Miradero, Dos Bocas, Rosario, Maricao (Ste-
vens) ; Mayagiiez (Heller) (19,90). j
]\Ieliola irregularis Stevens. I

On Hyyropliila hrasiliensis, Rio Piedras (Stevens).
Metjola .1 atrophy Stevens.

On Jairopha hernandifoUa, Rio Tanama, Dos Bocas (Stevens).
Meliola lagunculari^ Earle.

On Conocarpus erecta, Mayagiiez (Stevens) (82).

Lagunculariu racemosa, Martin Peiia, Mayagiiez, Joyuda '
(Stevens): Cataiio (Heller) (19).
MelioijA longipoda Gain. ;

On Anona HKnilana, Mayagiiez (Stevens).

Cordia corynibosa, Rio Piedras. j

Cor did nit id a, Martin Pena (Stevens).
Cordia sp., Mayagiiez (Stevens).

Tonrnffortia hirsuiissima, Martin Peiia, Sabana Liana; Are-
cibo, Dos Bocas, Qiiebradillas (Stevens).
Mei;iol\ l[^cum.-e Stevens.

On Lucnma nmUiflora, Las Marias, Guayanilla (Stevens).
MELioiiA magnolue Stcvens. v

On Magnolia portoricensis, Monte Alegrillo (Stevens). j

Meliola manca Ell. & Mart.

On Myrica rerifera, Rio Piedras; Manati (Stevens) ; Cataiio

(Heller). |

Melioola mangiperte Earle.

On Mangifera indica, Bayuiuon, Caiimy; Mayagiiez, Vega Baja,
Manati, Luqnillo Forest, El Gigante (Stevens) ; Rio Pie-
dras (Heller) (21, 82).
Meliola makic^nsis Stevens. !

On Jlex nitida, Maricao (Stevens). ■ !

POETO EICAN FUNGI. 143

Meliola mayaguesiana Stevens.

On Palicourea crooea, Rio Piedras; Las Marias, Lajas (Ste-
vens).
Palicourca domingcnsis, Las Piedras (Stevens).
Palicourea riparia, Mayagiiez (Stevens).
Palicourea sp., Mayagiiez (Stevens).
jMeliola mayepe^ Stevens.

On Mayepea clomifigensis, Mayagiiez, El Alto de la Bandera (Ste-
vens) .
Meliola Mayepeicola Stevens.

On Mayepea domingcnsis, Mayagiiez. Maricao (Stevens).
Meliola melastomacearum Speg.

On Clidemia hirta, Maricao, Mayagiiez, Las Marias, Dos Boeas
(Stevens).
Clidemia strigHlosa, Trujillo Alto, Lajas (Stevens).
Heterotriclium cymosum, Utuado (Stevens) (82).
Miconia impetiolaris, Mayagiiez (W. & 0.).
Miconia Imvigata, Rio Piedras, Camiiy; Dos Boeas. Arecibo

(Stevens).
Miconia racemosa, Rio Piedras; Mayagiiez, Lajas (Stevens).
Meliola Merrillii Syd.

On Cissus sicyoidcs, Mayagiiez, Canniy, Rio Piedras ; Lares,
San German, Utuado, Villa Alba, El Gigante, Dos Boeas,
Anasco, Agnada, Yaueo, Manati, Rio Tanaina (Stevens).
Meliola mtconl^; Stevens.

On Miconia prasi)ia, Las Piedras, Las IMarias (Stevens).
Meliola miconieioola Stevens.

On Miconia Sintenisii, El Alto de la Bandera (Stevens).
Meliola molleriana Wint.

On Sida urens, Rio Piedras, Quebradillas : Aguada, Mayagiiez,
San German. Aiiasco, Yaueo, Catano, Santana, Dos Bo-
eas, Arecibo-Lares, Las Marias, Rosario, El Miradero (Ste-
vens).
Varronia sp.. Las Marias, El Miradero, Mayagiiez., El Alto
de la Bandera (Stevens).
Meijola monensir Stevens.

On Amyris elcmifera, Mona Island, Guayanilla (Stevens).
Melioi>a mvrsinacearum Stevens.

On Ardisia. giiadvhipensif!, Mayagiiez (Stevens).
Myrffivacerp. undet., Maricao (Stevens).
Meliola nigra Stevens.

On Laguncidaria racemosa, Guanajibo, Joyuda (Stevens).

144 .lolRNAL OF AGETCULTUEE OF P. E.

Meliola ocote^ Stevens.

On Ocotea leucoxylon, Jajonie Alto (Stevens) ; Marieao (W.
& 0.).
Meliola ocoteicola Stevens.

On Chi-ysophyllum, Monte AUegrillo (Stevens).

Ocotea leucoxylon, Mayagiiez, Monte AUegrillo (Stevens).
Meliola panici Earle.

On Andropogon hicornis, Las Marias. Vega Baja (Stevens).
Andropogon leucostackyvs, El Alto de la Bandera (Stevens).
Chloris petrcea, Mayagiiez (Stevens).

Ichnanflius ptdlens, Marieao, ]\[onte de Oro, Mayagiiez (Ste-
vens) ; El Ynnque (W. & 0.).
Lasiacis divaricata, Rio Piedras: Arecibo, Manati, Vega Baja,

Vega Alta (Stevens).
Lasiacis Sloanei (Panicum laUfoUum) . Rio Piedras; San-

turce (Heller) (19).
Lasiacis ruscifoUa (L. conipacta) , Utuado (Stevens).
Lasiaris sorgJioidea (L. swartziana), Aiiasco, Las Marias (Ste-
vens) .

Olyra latifoUa, El Miradero, Mayagiiez. Marieao, San Ger-
man, Arecibo (Stevens).
Oplismenus setarius, Marieao (Stevens). '

Panicnm ghitinosum, Marieao, Monte de Oro, L^tuado, El
Alto de la Bandera. Ponce, El Gigante, Las Marias (Ste- j
vens). I

Paspalum secans, Marieao (Stevens'). ;

Meliola parathesicola Stevens. j

On Parafhesis serrnlafa. Las Marias, Marieao, Arecibo-Lares j

(Stevens). !

Meliola paucipes Stevens. j

On Piper hlutiariim, Mayagiiez (Stevens). I

Meliola paullini/E Stevens. i

On Casearia acideata, Lajas (Stevens). i

Casearia arhorea, Monte de Oro (Stevens). !

Casearia guianensis, Rio Piedras. 1

Casearia ramiflora, Martin Peiia, Bareeloneta, Manati, Vega
Baja, Santana, San German (Stevens).

Casearia sylvcsfris, Rio Piedras; Mayagiiez, Miradero, Are-
cibo-Lares, San German (Stevens). \

Casearia sp., ]\Iartin Peiia, Espinosa ; Dos Bocas, Mayagiiez |
(Stevens). *

POETO EICAN FUNGI. 145

Mbliola PAUi.LixiyE Stevens — Continued.

0n Mammea americana, Maricao, Las Marias (Stevens).
Mammea americana, Maricao, Las Marias (Stevens)
Paullima pinnata, Rio Piedras; Maj'^agiiez, Rio Arecibo,
Vega Baja, El Alto de la Bandera, Barros (Stevens).
Meliola perse^ Stevens.

On Per sea gratissima, Las Marias (Stevens).
Meliola philodendri Stevens.

On Philodendron hrehsii, Arecibo-Lares, Jaynya, Ponce, Jajome
Alto, Maricao, El Alto de la Bandera (Stevens).

MeIjIOla pilocarpi Stevens.

On Pilocarpus racemosus, Mayagiiez (Stevens).

Meliola piperis Earle.

On Piper aduncum, Rio Piedras; Dos Bocas, Las Marias, Ma-
ricao, Monte de Oro (Stevens); Mayagiiez (Heller) (19).

Meiiola pr^tervisa Gain.

On Coccoloha pyrifolia, Mayagiiez, Jajome Alto (Stevens),
Coccoloha sinienisii, Mayagiiez (Stevens).
Coccoloha sp., Martin Pena; Jajome Alto (Stevens).
Gupania americana, Manati ; Mayagiiez (Stevens).
MeijIOla psidii Fr.

On Psidiiim guayaha, Bayamon, Rio Piedras; Yauco, San Ger-
man, Mayagiiez, San Sebastian, Yega Alta, Jajome Alto,
Arecibo-Lares, Dos Bocas, Vega Baja. Sabana Liana. Ma-
ricao, Utuado, Jayuya (Stevens) (19).

Meliola psyciiotrle Earle.

On Borreria Jmvis, El Alto de la Bandera. Dos Bocas (Stevens).

Borrcria ocimoides (Stevens).

Chiococcoa alba, Rio Piedras; Maj^agiiez, Rio Tanama (Ste-
vens) .

Erithalis fruiicosa, Quebradillas, jMona Island, Guayauilla
(Stevens) (21).

Gonzalagunia spicaia, Sabana Liana, El Miradero, Maya-
giiez, Vega Baja, Rio Arecibo (Stevens).

Gvctlarda ovalifolia, ]\laricao (Stevens),

Gvrf tarda scahra, Martin Pena.

Mitracarpus portoricensis, Rio Picflras.

Psycliotria sp., Martin Pena.

Randia aculeaia, Martin Peiia, Rio Piedras; Quebradillas,
Florida Adentro, Hormigueros, Monaeillo (Stevens).

146 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTUEE OF P. R.

Meliola pteridicol.v Stevens.

On Adianium latifoUum, Las Marias, Mayagiiez (Stevens).
AdianUim sp.. Mayagiiez (Stevens).
Aneimia adicmtifolia, Rio Tanama, Quebradillas, Dos Bocas

(Stevens).
Aneimia spp., Dos Bocas (Stevens).

Meliola puiggarii Speg.

On Ruhus sp., El Alto de la Bandera, Maricao (Stevens).

Meliola quadrispina Rac.

On Ipomoea catliartica, Las Marias (Stevens).

Meliola rectangularis Stevens.

On Banisteria laurifolia, Jayuya, Maricao, Utuado, Hormigiie-
ros, Mayagiiez, Martin Peiia (Stevens),
Coccoloha laurifolia, Areeibo-Lares (Stevens).

Meliola rui>olphi.3e Stevens.

On Ritdolphia voluhiUs. jMonte Alegrillo, Maricao, Lnquillo For-
est, El Alto de la Bandera, Aibonito (Stevens).

Meliola sepulta Pat.

On Avicannia niiida, ]\rni'tin Pefia.

Meliola serjanle Stevens.

On Serjania pohjphylla, Vega Baja, Florida Adentro, Areeibo-
Lares, Cataiio (Stevens).

Meliola smilacis Stevens.

On Sniilax coriacea,- Manati (Stevens).

Smilax sp., Algarrobo; Jajome Alto (Stevens).

]\Ielola solani Stevens.

On Solanum jamaicensis, Monte de Oro (SteA'^ens).

Meliola stenotaphri Stevens.

On Paf^palum plicainlum, Rio Piedras.

i-iifnotaphrvm secundutuw, Rio Piedras ; Maiiati. Rio Ta-
nama, Dos Bocas, Arecibo (Stevens).

Meliola tahkrn.emontan^ Speg.

On Plumicra Krngii, IMaricao (Stevens),
Rauwolfia niiida, Martin Pefia (Stevens).
Rauwolfia tctrapliylla, Martin Pena.

Taherncemontana oppositifolia, Mayagiiez, Hormigueros (Ste-
vens) .

Meliola tabern^montan^ var. forsteroni^ Stevens.
On Forsteronia corximhosa, Utuado (Stevens).

POETO EICAN FTJNGI. 147

Meliola tecom^ Stevens.

On Tecoma pentapliylla, Rio Piedras; Martin Pefia. Mayagiiez.
Las Marias, Marieao (Stevens).
Tecoma sp., El Miradero, Las Marias, ]\[ayaguez, Marieao,
QiK^bradillas, Vega Baja, Arecibo-Lares (Stevens).
Meliola tenuissima Stevens.

On Gouania lupuloides, Camny; Yauco, Villa Alba (Stevens).
Meliola thouini^ Earle.

On AUophylus crassinervis, Quebradillas (Stevens).

Krugiodendron ferreum, Guayanilla, Rio Tanania. Quebra-
dillas, Coamo (Stevens).
Thovinia striata, Vega Baja, Rio Arecibo (Stevens) (21).
Wmtcrona eanella, Guayanilla, Mona Island C Stevens).
MeIjIOla tortuosa Wint.

On Piper medium, Vega Baja (Stevens).

Piper peltatum, Rio Piedras; Ponce (Heller^i : Mayagiiez

(W. & 0.).
Piper umhellaium, Espinosa; IJtuado, Tndiera Fria. Maya-
giiez, Lares, Aiiasco, Monte Alegrillo, El Gigante, Jajome
Alto, Dos Bocas, Las Marias, Rio Tanama, Marieao, Rio
J, Arecibo (Stevens) (21).

Meliola toruloidea Stevens.

On Cassia quinquadrangulata, Jajorae Alto. Marieao. Aibonito
(Stevens).
Tnga laurina. Las Marias (Stevens) ; Marieao (W. & 0.).
J)iga vera, Mayagiiez ("W. & 0.).
Meliola triloba Wint.

On Pilea parietaria, Arceibn-Lares. Dos Bocas, Rio Arocil)o ''Ste-
vens) .
Meliola triumfett^ Stevens.

On Ifihiseiis iiJiaeeus, Arecibo-Lares, Marieao, Dos Bocas (Ste-
vens) .
Triumfetta scmitriloha, Utuado, Indiera Fria (Stevens).
Triumfetta sp., Espinosa.
Meliola tuberculata Stevens.

On undet. bost, Vega Baja (Stevens).
Myriosticta portoricensis Pat.

On Vigna rcpcns. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden. Probably Dime-
rinm grammodes.
Parodiella perisporioides (B. & C.) Speg.
See Dimcrium grammodes.

148 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF V. R.

Perisporina LANTANyE Stevens. .

On Lantana camara, Lares (Stevens) (82).
PER18P0RI0PSIS Wrightii (B. & C.) Stevens.

On Opuntia sp., Mayagiiez, Ponce (Stevens) (82).
Perisporium bromeli^ Stevens.

On Bromelia pinguin, Rio Piedras, Naguabo, Camiiy : Mayagiiez,
Manati, Utuado, Santa Ana, Catano, Vega Baja, Florida
Adentro, Lajas, Hormigueros, Coamo, Maricao, Anaseo
(Stevens) (82).
Perisporium portoricensis Stevens.

On Calophyllmn calaba, Mayagiiez, Vega Baja (Stevens) (82).
Perisporium truncatum Stevens.

On Inga lanrina, Maricao. Mayagiiez, El Alto de la Bandera,
■ Coamo (Stevens).
Inga vera, Maricao (Stevens) . (82).

PSEUDOMELIOLA (?) COLLAPSA Earle.

On Meliola torulosa on Piper peltatuni.
Meliuhi sp., on Hyptis capitatum (21).

MICROTHYRIACE.E.
ASTERIXA GORIACEI.LA SpCg. (?).

On Ccfifrvni JaurifoTiviv. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden.
AsTERiNA (Astereij.a) fumagina Dear. & Bartli.

On Lasiach ^loand {Pamcum latifoUnm.) (?), Maricao (Ste-
vens) (18). This is apparently the same as Dimcriella
olyrrr Stevens.
Asterina smjE Earle.

Oil Sifia raririnifolia, Porto Rico (Heller) (21).
Asterina triloba Earle.

On Crnhni disroJor, Ponce (Heller) (21).
MiCROPELTis /ERuginescens Relim.

On Ronrea ghihra., Rio Piedras (W. & 0.).

MlCROPELTIS LAGUNCULARI^ Wint.

On Laguncularia racemosa, Mayagiiez (Heller) (19).
MlCROPELTIS LONGisPOitA Earlc.

On Cojfea arahica, Porto Rico (Heller) (21).

MlCROPELTIS MA NTHI/E (?). |

On Adianhun lalifoUum, Mayagiiez (W. & O,). i

MiCROTHYRIUM URBANI BrCS. '

On Sha'fferia frnctescens, Cabo Rojo (Sintenis) (76).

POETO EIGAN FUNGI. 149

NECTRIACE^ ,

BoRiNQUENiA MicoNi/E Stevens.

On Miconia lavigata, Arecibo, Utiiado (Stevens) (82).

Calonectria erubescens (Roberge) Sacc.

On dead leaves, Naranjito, Vega Baja, Aibonito (Fiak).

Crbonectria Bainii (]\rassee) Seaver.

On pods of Thcohroma cacao, Mayagiiez (Fawcett) (27).

■^ Creonectria balanS/E fSpeg.) Seaver.
On dead Avood, Rio Piedras.

Creonectria grammicospora (Ferd. & Winge) Seaver.
On dead bark of Cajanus inclicus, Rio Piedras.

Creonectria ochroleuca (Scbv?.) Seaver.
(Necfria ocJiroleuca Schw.)
On dead bark, San'tana (Stevens) (82).

Dexteria pulchella Stevens.

On Paullinia pinnata, Mayagiiez (Stevens) (82).

GiBERELLA PULiCARis (Frles) Sacc.

On dead cane stalks, grass culms, Rio Piedras, Carolina. Las
Monjas, Guaynabo (48).

Hyalosph^ra miconia Stevens.

On Miconia kevigaia, Arecibo, Utuado, Maricao, Aguas Biienas.
Ponce, Yabiicoa (Stevens) (82).

Hyponectria I'HASEOLi Stcvens. In mss.

On Vigna vejciUata, Porto Rico (Stevens).

Megalonectria pseudotrichia (Schw.) Speg.

On dead wood and bark, particularly of Cajatuis indicufi, Rio
Piedras, Pueblo Viejo, Moca (72, 90).

Nectria episph^ria (Tode) Fries.

On dead wood, citrus twigs, and liranches, often following Gor-
ticium, and on fruiting bodies of Ustilina vidgayis. Mar-
tin Peiia. Bayanion, Rio Piedras (89, 96).

Nectria plavociliata Seaver.

On dead wood and dend can." stalks. Rio Piedras. Vega Baja
(48).

Nectria laurentiana Marsehal.

On dead and dying cane stalks, at times a wound parasite, Rio
Piedras, Carolina, Loiza, Las Monjas (48, 105).

150 JOUENAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. E.

Nectria rhytidospora Pat.

.On dead bark. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden.

Nectria supfulta Berk. & Curt.

On stump of Musa, Rio Piedras.

Pleonectria megalonectria Speg.

On dead and dying bark of Cajanus mdicus, Espinosa.

Scoleconectria coccicola (Ellis. & Ev.) Seaver.
{Ophionectria coccicola Ellis. & Ev.)
On various scale insects, on Citrus spp., particularly Lepido-
mpJies heckii, Rio Piedras, Pueblo Viejo, Bayamon, Es-
pinosa, Garrochales, Mayagiiez (46, 96. 100).

Sph.^rodermatella Helleri (Earle) Seaver.
{Melanospora (?) Helleri Earle.)
On bark, Santurce (Heller) (19, 72, 73).

Sph.erostilbe coc(X)phila (Desmaz.) Tul. •

On various scale insects on Citrus spp., particularly^ Lepido-
saphes heckii, Rio Piedras, Pueblo Viejo, Bayamon, Vega
Baja, Manati, Espinosa, Garrochales, Mayagiiez. Wide
spread and always present in abundance (20, 46, 96, 100).

HYPOCREACE.E.

Balansia hypoxylon (Peck) Atk.

(Ephelis mexicana Fries.)
(Hypocrella hypoxylon [Peck.] Sacc.)

On living stems of Pcmicum tricanthum, Rio Piedras. Also re-
ported from the Sintenis collection (76), on inflorescences
of Graminege.

Chromocrea gelatinosa (Tode) Seaver.

On dead cane stalks and debris, Rio Piedras, Carolina (48).

Chromocreopsis striispora Stevenson.
On dead cane stalks, Gurabo (-^8).

Cordyceps Barberi.
See Isaria Barteri.

Cordyceps dipterygena Berk. & Br.

On Drosophalid flies, particularly Chrysomyia maceUaria, Rio
Piedras, Espinosa (94).

Dothichlce aristid^ Atkinson.

On Aristida portoricensis, Mayagiiez (W. & 0.). This fungus
reported l)}^ Stevens (82) as Balansia discoidea.

y

POETO EICAN FUNGI. 15]

DOTHICHLCE ATRAMENTOSA (B. & C.) Atk. 1

On Andropogon leucostachyus, Las Marias (Stevens) (82).
Chloris petrma, Boqueron (W. & 0.).

DoTHicHLCE NIGRICANS (Speg.) Seavei'.
{EpJdchloB nigricans Speg.)
On IchnantJms pollens, Mayagiiez, El Yunque (W. & 0.). The
same fungus reported by Stevens (82) as Doihichlos aris-
iidiE.

Glaziella AURANTiACA (Berk. & Curt.) Sace.
On dead wood, Mameyes.

Htpocrea rupa (Pers.) Fries.

On dead eane trash and dead wood, Rio Piedras. Naguabo (48).

Hypocrella tamone.e Earle.

On living leaves of Tamonca sp. Collections N. Y. Bot. Gar-
den (73, 74).

Podostroma brevipes (Mont.) Seaver.
On dead wood, El Yunque.

Spermcedia Stevensii Seaver.

(Claviceps paspali S. & H.)
On Paspalum plicatidum, Rosario, Ponee, Anasco, Catano,
Coamo, Mayagiiez (Stevens) (82).

Stilbocrea hypocreoides (Kalchbr. & Cooke) Seaver.
On dead wood. Rio Piedras, Espinosa, Bayamon.

USTILAGINOIDEA USAMBARENSIS P. Henn.

On Panicum laxum, Monte de Oro, El Alto de la Bandera (Ste-
vens) (82).

DOTHIDIACE^E.
AUERSWALDIA PALMICOI.A Speg.

On Acrista palmicola, Adjuntas, El Gigante (Stevens) (38, 81),

Myriogenospora Bresadoleana p. Henn.
On Andropogon hicornis, Rio Piedras.

Axonopns compressus, Mayagiiez (W. & 0.).

Paspalnm ronjngatum, Sierra de Naguabo, Pueblo Viejo (81).

Phyllachora andropogonis (Schw.) Karst.^

On Paspalum millegrana, Naguabo (Stevens) (34).

' Dr. 0. R. Orton in .studying the Phyllachoi-as on grasses has indicated a number of new
epecies from the Porto Rican collections, and in particular finds that specimens determined as
P. andropofionis and P. 'jraminis are not to he leferred to these species. Since, however, his
studies are not complete, the specimens in question have been listed as published.

X52 JOURNAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. E.

Phyllachora cassia p. Henn.

On Cassia fistula^ Rio Piedras, Quebradillas.
Phyllachora cornuospora Atk.

On Paspalum virgaium, Rio Piedras.
Phyllachora cyperi Rehm.

On Cyperus gigantens, Mayagiiez (W. & 0.)
Phyllachora galactic Earle.

On Galactia striata, Rio Piedras, Espinosa, Camuy.

Galactia tenuiflora, Coamo Springs (Cooke & Coilms).
Phyllachora graminis (Pers.) Fuckel.^

On Andropogon hrevifoUus, Rio Piedras.

Arthrostylidium sarmentosum, Utuado (Stevens) {^2).

Lasiacis sorglioidea, Jajome Alto (Stevens).

Panicmn sp., Marieao (Stevens).

Paspalum conjugatum, Vega Baja, El Alto de la Bandera

(Stevens) (82).
Paspalum virgatum, Utuado (Stevens) (82).
Paspalum sp., Rio Piedras; Sabana Grande (Stevens) (34).
Valota insular is, Quebradillas, Vega Baja, Santa Ana, Coamo
(Stevens) (82).
Phyllachora gratissima Rehm.

On Per sea americana, Jayuya (Stevens) (60).
Phyllachora inclusa (B. & C.) Sace.

On Jacquinia Berterii, Ponce (Heller).
Phyllachora luteo-maculata (Sehw.) Orton.
On A^idropogon leucostachys, Rio Piedras.
Phyllachora maydis Maubl.

On Zea mays, Areeibo. Vega Baja. Rio Piedras (16. 17, 18, 90).
Given by Stevens and Dalby as P. graminis.
Phyllachora minuta P. Henn.

On Paritium tiliaceum, Pueblo Vie jo ; Catario (W. & 0.).
Phyllachora nitens Garman.

On Schlegclia hrachyanth a , Marieao, Ponce, Monte Allegrillo,
Rio Grande, Preston's Ranch (Stevens) (34).
Phyllachora perforans (Rehm.) Sacc.

On Securidaca virgata, Rio Piedras; Marieao, Rosario, Maya-
giiez (Stevens) (34, 82). Host -reported erroneously by
Garman as Ahrus prccato)l)(s.

^ Dr. C. R. Orton in studying the Phyllachoras mi gnisse-s has indicated a number of new
species from the Porto Rican collections, and in particular finds that specimens determined as
P. andropogonis and I', gramiiiie are not to be referred to these species. Since, howeyer, his
studies are not complete, the specimens in tiuestion Ii.-lvc hcf-n listed as published.

POETO EICAN FUNGI. I53

Phyllachora peribebuyensis Speg.

On Heterotrichum cAjmosum, Javi^va (Stevens) ; El Yiinqiie
(W. & 0.).
Miconia Icevigaia, Rio Piedras, ilaricao. Consumo, Las Ma-
rias (Stevens).
Miconia Sintendi, Monte Alegrillo (Stevens).
Miconia sp., Rio Piedras, Espinosa; Yilla Alba, Maricao,

Rosario (Stevens).
Tetrazygia elceagnoides, Vega Baja, Espinosa; Bareeloneta

(W. & 0.).
Tetrazygia sp., Santana (Stevens) (34).
Phyllachora puncta (Schw.) Orton.

On Opilesmenus hirtellus, Espinosa.
Phyllachora renealml^ Rehm.

On Alpinia ontiUarum, Maricao, Monte Alegrillo, Utuado. Ja-
jome Alto, El Yunque (Stevens) (34).
Phyllachora sclerl^ Rehm.

On Scleria pfcroto, Sierra de Xaguabo, Espinosa, Rio Piedras;
Sahana Liana (Stevens) (82).
Phyllachora sph/Erosperma Winter.

On Ccndiyus echinatii.^, Loiza, Campo Alegre: Yega Baja (Ste-
vens) (34).
CencJrrns iinjosuriolde^, ^lona Island (Stevens) (34).

SCIRRHIA LOPHODERMIOIDES Ellis & Ev.

On S^arrJiannn officinonim, Rio Piedras.

FIMETARLiCE^.

Sporormia minima Auersw.

On cow manure. Rio Piedras.

sph^riacile.

Bertia moriformis (Tode) De Not.

On dead wood, El Yunque (Heller).
TTerpotrichia albidostoma (Peck.) Saec.

On rotten wood, Rio Piedras.
Herpotrichia diffusa (Seliw.) E. & E.

On coconut husks, Espinosa.
Lasiosph^ria pezizula (B. & C). Sacc.

On dead bark, Dorado.
Lizonia jacquinije Bri. & Har.

On Jacquinia barhasco {J. armillaris) (Sintenis) (76).

154 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTUEE OF P. H.

Melanomma nitidulum Bres.

Reported from the Sintenis collection (7()).
Ph^ospora cactioola Stevens.

On lihipsaUs cassytha, Cayey (Stevens) (82).
Rosellinia aquila (Fr.) d. Not.

On dead wood. Rio Piedras. Bayanion, Martin Peiia.
Rosellinia bunodes B. & Br.

On Coffea arahica, Mayagiiez (Brandes) (31). Also reported

by Ffiwcett (31) as attacking Acali)pha mosaica, Grapto-

phyllum pictum, Jamhosa jmnhos, Panax plwmatum, Pe-

tiveria aUiaccu, Miconid sp.. Piper sp.. and Palicourra sp.

Rosellinia paraguayensis Stark.

On dead sugar-stalk, Rio Piedras (48).
Rosellinia pul\teracea (Ehrli.) Fuckel.

On dead sugar-cane stalks, Rio Piedras.
Rosellinia subiculata (Schw.) Sace.

On defid wood. El Duquc. Rio Piedras, Martin Pefia. Fa.jardo
Garrochales.
ZiGNCELLA algaphila Stevens. In niss.

On Cephalenros virescens on Artocdrpiis incisa, Port© Rico (Ste-
vens) .

cucurbitariace^.

Nitschkia nervincola Rehm.

On Gesneria alhifiora, Maricao (Brittin) ; IMayagiiez (Stevens)
(82).
Otthia panici Stevens.

On Paiiioiin Hia.nmiini, -layiiya. Naguabo (Stevens) (82).

CORYNELIACE.^5.

Oorynelia oreophila (Speg.) Starb.

On Podocarpus coriaceus, Maricao (W. & 0.). This species is
reported by Dr. Stevens (82) as (^orynrlia vlavata (S).
Sacc. var. portoricensis Stevens.

CORYNELIA PTERIDICOLA StCVenS.

On Gampyloneurum sp., Anasco -(Stevens) (82).

LOPHIOSTOMATAGE^.

Platysomii^m induratum Earle.

Host not known. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden (Underwood and
Griggs).

PORTO RIOAN FUNGJ. 155

MYCOSPH^ERELLACEiE.
GUIGNARDIA CEPHALARI^D Aud. Vai'. ALTERNANTHER^ SaCC.

On Alternanthera scssiUs, Rio Piedras, Pueblo Vie jo; Maya-
giiez, Las IMarias. Utnado. Guayanilla (Stevens) (82).
CluTGNARDiA ci^usiiE Steveus.

On Cliida gnndlachii, Marieao (Stevens) (82).

GUIGNARDIA HELICTERES SteVenS.

On Helicteres jamaicensis, Bareeloneta (Stevens) (82).

GUIGNARDIA HETEROTRICHI StevenS.

On Tficroiriclnitn riji)H>sii))i, Nagiiaho. Mfn-irao. Villa Alba,
Utnado (Stevens) (82).
GuiGNARDiA .JUSTICLE Stcvens. In mss.

On Justicia verticillaris, Porto Rico (Stevens).

GUIGNARDIA PIPERICOT.A SteVCns.

On Fiper rnarf/iiiatinii, Palo Seeo: Lajas. (-abo Rojo (Stevens)
(82).
Piprr nicdiuin, Espinosa. Cauiuy; Vega Baja, Aguada, Trii-
jillo Alto, St. Ana, Florida, Rio Tanania, Manati, Peiiue-
las (Stevens) (82).
GuiGNARDiA PROMiNENS Earle.

On Aegiphihi martinicense , Santurce (Heller) (19).
GuiGNARDiA RYNcnospoRiE Stevens.

On Rynchospora cyperoides Martin Peiia (Stevens) (82).
GuiGNARDiA T^ETRAZYGiA Stevens. In mss.

On Tetrazygia sp., Porto Rico (Stevens).
Mycosph.erella aggregata Schw.

On dead wood. Coll. N. Y. Pot. Garden.
Mycosph.-erem.a axtiiurii ]\Iiles.

On Antkioiuni. acaule, Point ('aiigrejos: Agnas Buenas, ]\Lonte
Alegrillo. Yabueoa. Trujillo Alto, Rosario, Oatano, Baya-
mon, Gabo Rojo. Las Bocas (Stevens) (61).

MYCOSPHiEREEI.A ClIRYSOBALANI MileS.

On ChrysohaJmius icacao, Rio Piedras (Stevens) (61).
Mycosph^rella citrullina (C. O. Sni.) Gros.

On Cvcumis melo, Rio Piedras (94).
]\Iycosph.i:relea clusi^ Stevens.

On China msrrf. I\Tarieao, Lajas, ^layagiiez, Utnado (Stevens)
(82).

MYa)SPHyEREIJjA I)II)V.M()I^^XA(!IS ATjles.

On Didymopanax morototoni, Rio Piedras, Bayaiuon ; Anaseo,
Utnado (Stevens) (61).

J 50 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

Myoosphaerella dubta Miles.

On Solanum sp. (?), Maricax) (Stevens) (61).
Mycosph^rella pragari/E (Tul.) Lin.

On Fragaria sp., Eio Piedras.
Mycosph^rella guttifer^ Miles.

On Chi si a gundlachii, Maricao (Stevens) (61).
Mycosph^rella maottlip'ormis (Pers.) Schw.

On Iiiga vera, Maricao (Stevens) (82).
Mycosph/ERElla maxima ]\Iiles.

On unknown host, Maricao (Stevens) (61).
Mycosph^rella maydis (Pass.)

On Syntherisma sangmnale, El Alto de la Bandera (Stevens)
(82).
Mycosph.^rella MUCUN.E Stevens.

On Mucuna pruriens, Anaseo (Stevens) (82).

MYCOSPHiERELLA PALM/E MileS.

On leaves of palms, Giianica (Stevens) (61).
Mycospharella persezE Miles.

On Persea americcma, Pueblo Viejo, Rio Piedras, Bayamon ; Ma-
ricao, San German, Dos Bocas (Stevens) (60, 61).
Mycospharella tabebui^ j\Iiles.

On Tcibehuia hcemantha, Vega Baja, Mona Island (Stevens) (61).
Mycospharella tyrolensis Stevens. In mss.

On Gymnogramma sulphuvea, Porto Rico (Stevens).
Sph.^erella sacChari Speg.

On dead leaves of sugar-cane, Fajardo, Rio Piedras (48, 105).

pleosporacea.

Leptospitarlv SACCHARI Van Breda de H.

On Siarcharum officiiiarum, Juncos. Rio l^iodras, Arecilio, (ru-
raho. Quebradillas (48, 82, 94, 105).
]Met,aspileria abortiva Stevens.

On Varronia alba., Mayagiiez, Maricao, Lares (Stevens) (82).
Ophiobolus barbatus Pat. & Gaill.

On Vitex sp. (Stevens) (82).
Physalospora andira Stevens.

On Andira jamaicensis, Sierra de Naguabo, Rio Piedras; Ca-
muy, Mayagiiez, Vega Baja, San Sebastian, Maricao, Cabo
Rojo. Ooarao. Qnebradillas, Hormigueros, San German,
T^a.ias. .Martin Pefin, Pefiuelas, Lares, El Yunque (Stev-
ens) (82).

PORTO RICAN FUNGI. 157

Physalospora bambus.e (Eab.) Sacc.

On Lasiacis sorghoidea, El Yunque (Stevens) (82).
Physalospora carophyllinicola Stevens.

On Drymaria cordata Jayuya (Stevens) (82),
Physalospora lagunculari^ Rehm.

On Laguncidaria racemosa, Guanica, Boqueron (Stevens) (82).
Physai.ospora tucumanensis Speg.

On dead sugar-cane stalks, Carolina (48).

gnomoniace^.

Anthostomella rhizomorph^ Stevens. In mss.

On Rhizophora mangle, Martm Pena.
Gdomerella cingulata (Stonem.) S. & V. S.
{GlomerelJa psidii Dela.).
{GloBOsporiutn nifomaciilaiL<i [Berk.] Thlim.)
(Gloeosporitini vaniUce [Berk.] Cke.)
On (Jitriis decuniaita, (dead twigs). Rio Piedras.

Psidiion guajava, IMayagiiez (Sheldon). Reported in Bull.

104, West Ya. Agri. Exp. Station.
Vanilla planifolia, JNIayagiiez (Thomas).
LiNOSPORA trichostigm.^ Stevens. In mss.

On Trichostigma ocfandra, Porto Rico (Stevens).
Trabutia portoricensis Stevens. In mss.

On Coccolohis nivca, Porto Rieo (Stevens).
Trabutiella cordis Stevens. In mss.

On Cordia coUococca, Porto Rico (Stevens).

valsace^.

A^vr.SA sacchart Stevenson. (In ed.)

On dead sugar-cane stalks, Barceloneta.

MELANCONTDACE^..

Melanconis sacchari i\Iass.

On Saccharum officiiiarum, Mayagiioz (Stevens) (82). Un-
doubtedly a mistake for Mclanconinm sacchari Mass.
^\'\ls\rta sttbtropica Speg.

On dead cane-stalk, Rio Piedras (82).

DTATRYPACEiE.

Dlvtrype stigma (Hoffm.) Fr. i..i

On dead wood. Martin Peiin.

158 JOURNAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. K.

MELOGRAMMATACE.E.

Endothia longirostris Earle.

On dead bark, Rio Piedras, Sierra de Naguabo; Santurce (Hel-
ler) (82). Cultural and comparative studies reported by
Shear et al, in Bui. 380, U. S. Dept. of Agri.
Endothia Parryi (Farl.) Cooke.

On Agave rigiida var. sissalana, IMaricao (Stevens) (82).

Furcraa tuherosa {Fourcroya Jicxapetala), Marieao, ]\Ionte
Allegrillo, Trujillo Alto (Stevens) (82).
Myrm^cium CANNiE Dearn. & Barth.

On Canna indica, Cabo Rojo (Stevens) (18).
Myrm^cium rubicosum (Tul.) Nits.
On dead bark, Naguabo.

XYLARIACE.^.

Daldinia ooncentrica (Bolt.) E. & E.

On dead wood. Garroehales, Palo Seeo, Pueblo Viejo, Martin
Pefia. Espinosa (96). Reported from Humacao (Scbwa-
ueckej (50) as Sj)h(eria rovr( nfn'ra Bolt.
Hypoxylon' annulatum Mont.

On dead wood, Palo Seco.
Hypoxylon fuscoi'URI'UREa Berk.

On dead citrus branches, Camj)o Alcgvc l>a.yara6n (96).
Hyj-oxylon perforatum (Sehw.) Fr.

On dead baml)oo, Rio Piedras.
HypoxyIjOn rurigikosum Fr.

On dead wood. Rio Piedras, Martin Pena.
Kretzschmaria ccenopus (]\Iont.) Karsteu.

On dead Avood, El Duque. Ai])onito, Rio Piedras.
Kretzschmaria rugosa Earle.

On dead wood. Sierra de Naguabo. El Yunque.

NlTMMULARIA BuLLIARDII Tul.

On dead wood, or occasionally as a wound parasite of Ficus
nitida and other trees, Rio Piedras, Sierra de Naguabo,
Martin Pena, El Yunque, Comerio (89).

NUMMI LARIA GLYCYRRHIZA B. & C.

On d'ead wood. Reported from the Sintenis collection (76).
Probably is N. Bulliardii.

NUMMULARIA REPANDA Nitsch.

On dead wood, El Yunque.

POETO EICAN FUNGI. 159

PORONIA CEDIPUS Mont.

On manure, Rio Piedras, Cortada.

USTILINA VULGARIS Till.

On dead wood and on the larger roots and crowns of dying
grapefruit trees {Citrus decumana) , Rio Piedras, Martin
Pena, Palo Seco (89, 96). What is probably the same
species is reported from the Schwanecke collection (50)
as Hypoxylon vulgare Link.

Xylaria apiculata Cooke.

{Xylaria arhuscula Saec.)
On dead wood. Rio Piedras, Martin Pefia, Espiuosa, Bayamon

(48, 54). ■

Xylaria aristata ilont.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras.

Xylarlv. axifera Mont.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras, El Yunque.

Xylaria Berkeleyi ]\Iont.

On dead wood. Sierra de Naguabo, El Yunque.

Xylaria clavicularis Klotzsch.

On rotten wood, Naguabo. Reported from the Schwanecke col-
lection (50), but nothing more is known about it.

Xylaria cubensis ]\[ont.

On dead wood. Maineyes. Sierra de Naguabo. Xylaria involuia
of the Sintenis collection (76) is referred (Lloyd V to
this species.
Xylaria euglossa Fries.

On dead Avood. Rio Piedras.

Xylaria fimbriata Lloyd.

On dead wood and soil, Rio Piedras, Bayamon (55).

Xylaria multiplex Fr.

On old pods of Hymemea courharil, Rio Piedras.
Xylaria obovata Berk.

On dead wood, El Yunque.
Xylaria obtussisslma Berk.

Reported from the Sintenis collection (76).
Xylaria partita Lloyd.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras (54).
Xylaria POLYMORPHA (Pers.) Grev. (?).

On dead wood, ^layagiiez (Stevens) (82).

X(30 JOURNAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. E.

Xylaria portoricense Klotzsch.

Reported from both the Schwanecke and Sintenis collections (in
the latter as forma minor), hut nothing further is known
about the species (50, 76).
Xylaria Schweinitzii Berk.

On dead wood, Aibonito, Rio Piedras.
Xylaria scx)piformis Mont.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras, Martin Peila ; Utuado (Sintenis)
(76). A specimen from Cabo Rojo reported by Stevens
(82) as X. hypoxylon (L.) Grev. belongs here (54).

HYSTERIACEiE.

Lembosia AGAVES Earlc.

On Agave sp., Cabo Rojo (Heller) (18).
Lembosia ooccolob^ Earle.

On CoGcoloha uvifera, Cangrejos. First reported from the Hel-
ler collection (21).
Lembosia diffusa Wint.

On Miconia sp. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden (Heller).
Triblidium rufulum Spreng.

On dead sticks, IMartin Pena, Pueblo Viejo, Rio Piedras, Espi-
nosa, Garrochales, Carolina. Bayamon. Campo Alegre, El
Dnqnc (96).

pezizace^.

Cookeina sulcipes (Berk.) 0. Kuntze.

On dead and rotten wood, Rio Piedras, Mameyes.
Cookeina tetraspora Seaver.

On ])a]Hi leaves, El Yunque.
Cookeina tricholoma (Mont.) 0. Kuntze.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras.
Lachnea cubensis (B. & C.) Sacc.

On dead sugar-cane stalks and debris, Rio Piedras (48).
PiiJLf.iPSiA domingensis Berk.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras, Mameyes, Martin Pena.

ascobolace^.

AscoBOLiis MAGNiFicus Dodge.

On cow manure, Rio Piedras.
AscoBOLus stercorarius (Bull), Rehm.

Fimicole. Col. N. Y. Bot. Garden.

POKTO EICAN FUNGI. 161

AscoDESMis PORCiNA Seaver.

Fimicole,- Mayagiiez (Fawcett) (75).

ASCOPHANUS CAENEUS (P.) Boud.

On debris. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden.

AsCOPHANUS GRANULATUS (Bull.) Speg.

On debris, Aibonito, Mayagiiez, El Ynnque (Fink)

AsooPHANUS TESTACEus (Mong.) Phil.
On rotting leather, Bayamon.

Saccolobus Keeverni (Crow.) Boud.
Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden.

«^ Saccodobus portoricensis Seaver.
Coll. N. Y: Bot. Garden.

HELOTIACE^.

Helotium citrinum (Hedw.) Fr.

On dead wood. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden.

MOLLISIACEyE.

Trichobelonium albosuccineum Rehm.

On dead leaves. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden.

patellariace^.

Karschia lignyota (Fr.) Sacc.

On dead wood, Manati (Fink).
Lecanidion cyaneum (Cooke) Sacc.

On dead citrus twigs, Campo Alegre (96).

DERMATEACE.^:.
MiDOTIS HETEROMERA IMout.

On Avood, Mt. Cienege (Sintenis) (76).
Orbilia chrysocoma (Bull.) Sacc.

On dead wood. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden.

STICTIDACE^.

Stictis folioola B. & C.

On dead leaves, Rio Piedras.
Stictis radiata Pers.

On dead citrus twigs, Campo Alegre, Sabana Liana. Espinosa,
Rio Piedras (96). •

162 .lOURNAT. OF AGRICULTUEE OF P R

BASIDIOMYCETES.
USTILAGINACE.E.

CiNTBACTiA AxicoLA (Berk.) Comu.

On Fimhristylis sp., Quebradillas, Bayamon, Mayagiiez (Stevens)
(82).
Fimhristylis diphylla, Dorado, Rio Piedras ; El Yiinque, San

Juan, Quebradillas, Lares (Stevens) (82).
Fimhristylis ferruginea, Santurce (Stevens) (4).

CiNTRACTIA AXIOOLA MINOR Clinton.

On Cyperus sphacelatus, Campo Alegre, Naguabo ; Rio Piedras
(W. & 0.) (14).
CiNTRACTIA LEUCODERMA (Berk.) P. Henn.

{Cintrmtia Krugiana P. Magnus) (76).
On Bynchospora sp., Rio Piedras, Pueblo Viejo, Bayamon; Ca-
taiio, El Yunque, Manati (Stevens) (82).
RyncJwspora gigantea, Martin Peiia ; Manati (Sintenis).
Rynchospora corymhosa, Pueblo Viejo, Mayagiiez, Catano
(Stevens) (14, 76, 82).
CiNTRACTIA LiMiTATA Clinton.

On Cyperus ligularis, Mayagiiez, San Juan (Clinton) ; Boque-
ron (Stevens) (14, 82).
CiNTRACTIA uTRicuLicoLA (P. Heuu.) CHnton.

On Fynchospora aurea, Mayagiiez (Stevens) (82).

Rynchospora corymhosa, Rio Piedras; Mayagiiez (Stevens)
(14, 82).
Mykosyrinx cissi (D. C.) G. Beck.

(Schroeteria cissi D. C.) (76).
On Cissus acida, Salinas, Cabo Rojo (Sintenis).
Cissus erosa, IMaricao (Sintenis).
Cissus sicyoides (14).
Sphacelotheca panici-leucoph^i (Bref.) Clinton.

On Valota insidaris (Trichachne insularis), Cam])o Alegre; Bar-
celoneta, Boquoron (W. & 0.) ; Coarao Springs (Stevens)
(14, 82).
Sphacelotheca paspaij-notati (P. Hcnn) Clinton.

On Paspalum sp.. Rio Piedras.
Tolyposporella Brunkii (E. & G.) Clinton.

On Andropogon Bicornis, El Yunque (W. & 0.).
USTILAGO segetum Dittm.

Reported from the Schwanecke Collection (50). Host not given.

PORTO RICAN rUNGT. l(j;^

USTILAGO AFFINIS E. & E.

On Stenotaphrum sccundatum, Rio Piedras, Campo Alegre, Ca-
yey; Barceloneta (W. & 0.); Arecibo, Bayaraon, Punta
Santiago (Stevens) (82).
UsTiLAGO ZEM (Beckm.) Unger.

On Zea mays, Garroeliales, Rio Piedras; San German (Stevens)
(14, 82, 90, 94).

TILLETIACE^.

BuRRiLLiA ECHiNODORi Clinton.

On E chinodonis cordifolius, Valo ^eco; Guanica (Stevens) (82).
DoASSANSiA SiNTENisn Bres.

Reported from the Sinteuis collection (76), but said by Clinton
(14) to be insect work only.
Entyloma australe Speg.

On PJiysalis sp. (14).
Entyloma guaraniticum Speg.

On Bidens leucaniha, Rio Piedras, Palo Seco, Bayamon (14).
Entyloma lobelia Farl.

On Lohelia sp. (14).
Thecaphora pustulata Clinton (n. sp.).

On Bidens leucantha, Carauy; Mayagiiez (W. & 0.).
Urocystis cepul^ Frost.

On Allium sepa. Mentioned by Henricksen (36, 90). Occur-
rence in Porto Rico doubtful.

uredinales.^
coleosporiace^.

Coleopporium elephantopodis (Schw.) Thiim.

On Elephantopus mollis, Espincsa, Rio Piedras, Naguabo; Ma-
ricao, Corozal, Yauco, Jajome Alto, Jayuya, IMayagiiez, Dos
Bocas, Santana (Stevens) ; Bayamon (Plolway) ; Maya-
giiez (Heller) (1, 19).
CoLEOSPORiUM EUPATORii Arthur.

On Eupaforinm. macrophyllum, Garrochales. First report from
Porto Rico.

'The Vredinalex of Porto Riro have heen very complotely dealt with by Dr. Arthur in
his publications in Mycologia (3, 4), based on the collections of Dr. F. L. Stevens and those
of Prof. H. H. Whetzcl and Dr. E. W. Olive. The list ?iven here is based upon these papers,
with the addition of tko localities of our collections and three previously unreported species.
Citations to the papers by Dr.' Arthur are omitted since practically all species are there in-
cluded.

164 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTUEE OF P. E.

CoLEospoRiuM IPOMCE^ (Scliw.) Burr.

Ou Ipomoea anguslifolia, Campo Alegre.

Ipomoea haiatas, Rio Piedras; Naguabo (Stevens); Barce-

loneta, El Yunque ("W. & 0.)" (6, 81, 90, 94).
Ipomoea litt oralis, San Juan (Holway).
Ipomoea nil, Guayanilla (Stevens).
Ipomoea rubra, Rio Piedras; El Yunque (W. & 0.).
Ipomoea stolonifera, Santurce; Vieques (Shafer) (102).
Jacquemontia iamnifolia, Rio Piedras; Auaseo (W. & 0.).
Quamoclit coccinea, Vieques (Shafer).

COLEOSPORIUM PLUMIER^ Pat.

On Plumiera alba, Guanica (W. & 0.).

Plumiera Kriigii, Maricao, Monte Alegrillo (Stevens).
Plumiera obtusa, Mona Island (Stevens) (12).

UREDINACE^.

Cerotelium canavali^ Arth.

On Canavali sp., Rio Piedras, Garroehales, Espinosa, Campo Ale-
gre (1, 94).
Canavali ensiformis, IMayaguez (Clinton) ; Manati (Ste-
vens) ; Barceloneta (W. & 0.).
Canavali gladiala, Mayagliez (Thomas) ; Rio Piedras (Ste-
vens) (82).
Kuehneola fici (Cast.) But.

On Carica papaya, reported from the Whetzel and 01i\'e col-
lection. l)ut an error. The fungus on this host is Pucci-
oiiopsis carica} Earle.
Ficus carica, Naguabo; San Juan (Earle) (1, 81, 94).
Ficus crassinervia. El Yunque (W. & 0.).
Ficus Icevigafa, Santurce, Vega Baja, Mona Island, Cabo

Rojo, Dos Bocas (Stevens); Barceloneta (W. & 0.).
Ficus lentiginosa, IMayagiiez, Yauco (AY. & 0.).
Ficus sp., Jayuya (Stevens).
Kuehneola gossypii (Lagerh.) Arth.

On Gossypium barbadensc, Garroehales, Trujillo Alto; Isabela,
Mona Island (Stevens) (12, 20, 81).
Gossypium brasiliense, Dos Bocas (Stevens).
Gossypium hirsutuvi, IMayagiiez (Earle) ; Afiaseo, Yauco,

Barceloneta (W. & 0.) (1).
Gossypium sp., Rio Piedras, (W. & 0.).

^Whetzell and Olive.

POETO EICAN rUNGI. ] 65

KUEHNEOLA MALVICOLA (Speg.) Artll.

On Malache scabra, Martin Peiia (W. & 0.).

MiLEsiA coLUMBiENSis (Dietel) Arth.

On Nephrolepis rivnlaris, Aguealtaria (Stevens).

Olivea capituliformis (P. Henn.) Arth.

{TJredo capituliformis P. Henn.)
On Alchornea latifolia, Naguabo; El Yunque (W. & 0.) ; Pres-
ton's Ranch, Luquillo (Stevens).

Olivea petiti^ Arth.

On Petitia doming ensis, Maricao (W. & 0.).

Physopella concors Arthur.

{TJredo concors Arthur.)
On DoUchos laMab, Bayamou; El Ynnque (W. & 0.) ; Jayuya
(Stevens).
PJiaseolns lunatus, Bayamon, Mayagiiez (94).
Teramnus uncinatus, Jayuya (Stevens).

Physopella meibomi^. Arth.

On Meihoynia supina, Anasco, Rio Tanama (W. & 0.).

Physopella vitis (Thuni) Arth.

On Vitis vinifera, Pastillo Springs, Mayagiiez (Stevens) ; Mari-
cao (W. & 0.) (81).

SCHRCETERL4STER FENESTRALA Artll.

{TJredo fenestrala Arth.)
On Phyllanilius distirJms, Sabana Liana; Mayagiiez, Guanica
(W. & 0.).
Phyllanthus grandifolius, Bayamon, Villa Alba, Martin Pena

(Stevens). "
PhyUanthus niruri, Rio Piedras.

^CIDIACE^E (PUCCINIACE^).

Argomyces insulanus Arth.

On Vernonia alhicaulis, Dos Bocas (Stevens).
Vernonia longifolia, Villa Alba (Stevens).

Argomyces vernonia Arth.

On Vernonia albicauUs, Bandera (Stevens).

Vernonia dorinquensis, Consumo, Jajome Alto, El Gigante

(Stevens); Cayey (Holway) ; Maricao (W. & 0.) (1).
Vernonia phyllostackya, Cabo Rojo (Stevens) ; Barceloneta
(W. & 0.).

leo JOUENAL OF AGRICULTUEE OF P. R.

BOTRYORHIZA HIPPOCRATEA W. & 0.

On Hippocratea volulnlis, Rio Piedras, Espinosa, Campo Alegre;
Mayagiiez, Barceloneta. El Yunqiie (W. & 0.) ; Ciales,
Rosario, INfaricao. Vep-p Baja, San German. Lnquillo, Jo-
yuda (Stevens) (71, 82).

Endophyllum circumscriptum (Scliw.) W. & 0.
(Aeciclium circumscriptum Sehw.)
On Cissus sicyoides. Rio Piedras. Coraerio, Pueblo Viejo, Camuy,
Guaynabo; Mayagiiez. San German, Lnquillo, Corozal.
Manati, Aguada, Aguadilln. Jajome Alto. Guayanilla, Ja-
yuya, El Gigante, Cabo Rojo, Dos Bocas. Naguabo (Ste
vens) ; IMarieao, Rio Tanama, Coamo (W. & 0.) (71).

Endophyllum decoloratum (Sehw.) W. & 0.
(Aeciclium decoloratum Sehw.)
On Clihadium erosum, Jajome Alto (Stevens) ; El Yunque (W.
& 0.) (71).

Endophyllum stachytarphet^ (Henn.) W. & 0.

On Valerianodes cayennensis. Espinosa, Rio Piedras (71).

Endophyllum wedeli^ (Earle) W. & 0.
(Aecidium ivedelim Earle.)
On Wedelia trilohata, Cataiio, Trujillo Alto, Rio Piedras, Campo
Alegre ; Mayagiiez, Cabo Rojo, Utuado, Maricao, Santana,
El Gigante (Stevens) ; Barceloneta (W. & 0.) (19, 71).

Endophylloides portoricensis W. & 0.
(Aecidium expansum Diet.)
On Milania cordifoUa, Naguabo ; Coanip Springs, Mayagiiez,
Yaueo. IMonte de Oro, Lares, Jajome Alto, Dos Bocas,
Villa Alba (Stevens) ; Maricao, San German, El Duque
(W. & 0.).
Mikania odoratissima, El Yunque, El Duque (W. & 0.) (71).

Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br.

Said to liave lieen introduced once on Coffea arabica (1, 81),
but eradicated.

Prospodium appendiculatum (Wint.) Arth.

On StenoloMum stans, Hormigueros (Stevens) ; Santurce (W.

& 0.).

Prospodium plagiopus (Mont.) Artb.

On Tecoma pentaphylla, Anasco, Rio Piedras (W. & 0.).

POETO EICAN FUNGI. 167

PUCCINIA ANGUSTATOIDES Stone.

On Bynchospora anrea, Mayagiiez (Clinton).

Byncliospora coryyr.'bosa, Pueblo Viejo; ]\[ayaguez (W. & 0.).
Rynchosporn cyperoidcs, El Ynnque, Cataiio (W. & ().).

PUCCINIA ARECHAVELAT^ Speg.

On Cardiospermum lialicacabum, Guanica (Sintenis) (76).

Cardiospermum microcarpum, Santana, Bayamon; Quebra-
dillas, Desecheo (Stevens) ; San Juan (Hoi way) ; Fajardo.
Maricao (W. & 0.).

PucciNiA BLECHi Lagerh.

On Blechum Broivnci, Rio Piodras. Sierra de Naguabo; Maya-
giiez (Stevens).

PucciNiA cameijI^ (Mayor) Arthur.

On ChcctocJdoa setom, Mona Island (Stevens) (12).

PucciNiA canaliculata (Schw.) Lagerh.
On Cyperus articulaUis, Naguabo.

Cy perns cayennensis, Mayagiiez (Clinton).

Cyperus distans, Porto Rico (Stevens).

Cyperus ferax, Rio Piedras; Naguabo (Olive).

Cyperus giganteus, IMayagiiez (W. & 0.).

Cyperus kevigatus, Guanica (Stevens) ; Mayagiiez (W. &0.).

Cyperus odoralus, San Jose, Rio Piedras (Stevens) ; Mar-
tin Peiia, Naguabo (W. & 0.).

Cyperus polystachus, Cataiio (Heller).

Cyperus radiatus, Canovanas, Puel)lo Viejo; Mayagiiez (Ste-
vens) ; Naguabo (W. & 0.).

Cyperus rcticulafus, Naguabo (W. & 0.).

Cyperus spathcelatus, Espinosa, Sabana Liana, Rio Piedras,
Mayagiiez, La Carmelita (Clinton) ; Campo Alegre, Ca-
tano (W. & 0.).

Cyperus surinameitsis, Bayaraon, Martin Pefia; Anasco (Hel-
ler) ; Nagual)o (Olive).

Cyperus sp., Villa All)a (Stevens).

KyUinqiit hrevifoHa, ^Fartin Peua (W. & 0.).

KyUiiifjia pumUa, Pneblo Viejo, Rio Piedras; Afiasco, El
Yunque (W. & 0.).

PucciNiA CANN.^ (Wint.) p. Henn.

On Calathea lutea, Mayagiiez (Stevens) (81).

Canna coccinea, Manieyes (Stevens) ; Maricao (W. & 0.).
Canva glauca, Cabo Rojo (Stevens).

168 JOURNAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. R.

PucciNiA CANNJ5 (Wint.) P. Ilenn. — Continued.

On Canna sp., Espinosa, Naguabo, Campo Alegre, Rio Piedras,
Santurce, Corozal, Maya^iiez, Anasco, Rosario (Stevens) ;
Barceloneta (W. & 0.)-
Thalia geniculata, Aiiasco, Maj'^agliez (Stevens).

PuccnsriA cenchri Diet. & Holw.

On Cenchrus carolinianus, Camuy (Stevens).

Cenchrus echinatus, Guanica, Mona Island (Stevens) ; Ma-
yagiiez, Boqueron, Yanco, San German, Barceloneta, Rio
Tanama (W. & 0.) (12).
Cenchrus viridis, Campo Alegre ; Guanica, Mona Island, Giia-
yama (Stevens).
PucciNiA CLADii Ell. & Tracy.

On Mariscus jamaicensis, Martin Peiia (W. & 0.).

PucciNiA CONCRESCENS E. & E.

On Asclepias curassavica, Espinosa, Ciales; Vega Baja, Aibonito,
Manati, Jajome Alto (Stevens) ; Comerio (Holway) ; ]\Ia-
ricao (W. & 0.) (1).
Asclepias nivea, Marieao (W. & 0.).
PucciNiA CORDIS Arth.

On Cordia alliodora, Ponce (Holway).
PucciNiA CRASSiPES Berk. & Curt.

On Ipomoea triloba, Cortada, Mona Island (Stevens) (12).

PucciNiA cuTicuLOSA (Ell. & Ev.) Artli.

On Cydista cequinoctialis, Martin Pena (W. & 0.).

PucciNiA CYNODONTIS De Lac.

On Capriola dactylon, Rio Piedras : Mayagiiez (Stevens); Na-
guabo (W. & 0.).

PucciNiA DEFORMATA Berk. & Curt.

On Oljjra JatifoJia, San German (Stevens).

PUCCINIA ELEOCHARIDIS Arth.

On Eleocharis capHaia, Martin Pena; Laguna San Jose (Ste-
vens); Mayagiiez (W. & 0.).

Eleocharis cellulosa, Santurce (Stevens).

Eleocharis flaccida, Bandera (Stevens).

Eleocharis geniculata, '^Rgwdho; Mayagiiez (Stevens) ; Afias-
eo (Heller) (19).

Eleocharis inter stincta, Mayagiiez (Stevens).

Eleocharis mutata, Guana jibo (Stevens) ; Martin Pena (W.
& O.).

PORTO RICAX FTINGT. J(;9

PucciNiA ELEOCiiARiDis Artli. — Continued.

On Eleocharis sp., Cataiio (Stevens) ; Mayagiiez (Heller, Clin-
ton).
PucciNiA EUPHORBIA P. Henn.

On AMema petiolaris, Mona Island (Stevens) (12).

PucciNiA PALLACIOSA Artll.

(Uredo fallaciosa Arthur.)
On Palicoiirea crocea, Mayagiiez, ]\Iaricao (W. & 0.).
PaUcourea riparia, El Yunque (W. & 0.).
Psychotria patens, Maricao, Ponce (Stevens).

PUCCINLV FARINACEA Long.

On Salvia coccinea, El Gigante (Stevens) ; Mayagiiez, Maricao

(W. & 0.).

PlTCCINIA FIMBRISTYLIDIS Artll.

On Fimhristylis dipliyUa, Rio Piedras; Ponce (Stevens); Bar-

celoneta, Campo Alegre (W. & 0.).
Fimhristylis ferruginea, Martin Pefia ; Joyuda, Santnrce

(Stevens).
Fimdristylis milacea, Rio Piedras.
Fimhristylis sp.. Mayagiiez (Clinton).

PucciNiA GOUANI^gE Holw.

On Gouania lupuloides, Rosario, Yaueo, Cabo Rojo (Stevens) ;
Mayagiiez (Hoi way).
Gouania polygama, Mayagii(!z. Rosario, Lares, Agiiadilla. San
German (Stevens); Anaseo (W. & O.).

PucciNiA HELicoNi^ (Deit.) Artll.
(Uredo Jieliconice Diet.)
On Bihai horinqucna, El Ynn(ine (W. & 0.). The new com-
bination made by Dr. Arthur in Bui. Tor. Bot. Club, v.
75, no. 4, April 1918, pp. 144-5.

PUCCINIA J I KTEKOSPORA B. & C.

(T^ronnjr.cs pavonifv Arth.)
On Ahulihni hirtum, Guanica (Stevens).

^467(/'?7owi?idicMW, Poiiuelas, Tallaboa, Coamo (Sintcnis) (76),
Malache scahra, Mayagiiez. Jayuya (Underwood).
Sida cordifolia, Cabo Rojo (Sintenis) (76).
8ida glniinosa, Villa Alba (Stevens).
Sida hedrrifolia, Mayagiiez (W. & O.).

Sida humilis, Martin Peiia; Boqueron (Stevens); Vieques
(Shafer) : Yauco (W. & 0.) : Guanica (Sintenis) (76).

170 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

PucciNiA HETEROSPORA B. & C. — Continued.

On Sida iwocinnbens, Guanica, Desecheo (Stevens).
8ida spinosa, Guayama (Stevens).

Sida ureiis, Garroehales, Kio Piedras; Guayanilla, Coamo

Springs, Vega Baja, Yaueo, Maricao. Rosario, Vega Alta,

Ponce, Aguada, El Gigante, Mayagiiez (Stevens) ; Aiiasco,

Boqueron (W. & 0.).

Wissadula periploci folia, Coamo Springs, Guanica (Stevens).

PUCCINL4 HuBERi P. Hcnn.

On Panicum fasciculahim, Vega Baja; Rio Tauama (Stevens);
Barceloneta (W. & 0.).
Panicum trichoides, Aibonito, Rio Piedras; Villa Alba, Ma-
ricao, Adjnntas, Jayuya (Stevens) ; La Carmelita (Clin-
ton) ; ]\Iayagiiez, Rio Tanama (W. & 0.).
Panicum utowanceum, Mona Island (82).

PucciNiA HYDROCOTYLEs (Link.) Cook.

On Hydrocotyle australis, Pueblo Viejo.

Hydrocotyle vmhellata, Mayagiiez, Yauco (W. & 0.).

PucciNiA HYPTiDis (M. A. Curt.) Tracy & Earle.

On Hyptis capitata, Rio Piedras, IMayagiiez; Bayamon (Hol-
way) ; Maricao (W. & 0.) ; Villa Alba, Coamo Springs,
Vega Baja, Auasco, Rosario. Quebradillas, jMonte de Oro,
Lares, El Gigante (Stevens).

PucciNiA INFLATA Artll.

On StigmaplnjUon /i»(r;«^a/(o>(, Santurce, I\layagiiez; Ponce (Hol-
way) ; Desecheo, Boqueron, Guanica, Coamo Springs, Mona
Island (Stevens) ; Yauco. Fajardo, Coamo (W. & 0.) (12).

PucciNiA INSITITIA Artll.

On Hyplis lantanifolium, Aibonito (Stevens) ; Maricao (W.
& 0.1.

PucciNiA LANTAN^ Far].

On Lantana camara, Guanica, Lares, Guayanilla (Stevens).
Lantana involucrata, Quebradillas; Boqueron, Arecibo, Que-
bradillas, San German, Mona Tsbind (Stevens) ; Yauco
(W. & O.).

PucciNiA LATERiTiA Berk. & Curt.

On Borrcria Iwvis, Rio Piedras, Canovanas; Mayagiiez (Clin-
ton) : Vega Baja, Cabo Rojo. Coamo Springs, San Sebas-
tian (Stevens).

PORTO EICAN FUXGL. J71

PucciNiA LATERiTiA Berk & Ciu't.^ — Continued.

On Borreria verticillata, Rio Piedras; ^Mayagiiez, Boqueron, Ba-
yamon, Indiera Fria, Cataiio, Utiiado, Lares, Aguada, Que-
bradillas (Stevens) ; Maricao, San German, Barceloneta
(W. & 0.).

Diodia lit (oralis, Boqueron (W. & 0.).

Diodia maritima, Palo Seeo. Cataiio ; Mayagiiez (Stevens),
Santnrce (W. & 0.).

Diodia rigida, Campo Alegre, Espinosa, Garroeliales, Camny,
Nagnabo; Manati, Rio Piedras (Stevens): Mayaguez, Bar-
celoneta (W. & 0.).

Ernodea littoralis, Boqueron, Mona Island (Stevens) (12),

Mitracarpns portoriccnsis, Guanica (Stevens).

Spermacoce riparia, Aguadilla (Stevens).

Spermacoce tenuior, Campo Alegre; Hormigueros, Guaniea,
Coamo Springs. Cabo Rojo, San German (Stevens) ; Vie-
ques (Shafer) (102).

PucciNiA LEONOTiDis (P. Heuu.) Arthur.

On Leonotis nepetafolia, Rio Piedras, Espinosa; Yabucoa, Coamo
Springs, Hormigueros, Bayamon, Lares, Guayama, Guaya-
nilla (SteA^ens) ; Ponce (Holway) ; Mayagiiez, Yauco, Bo-
queron, Barceloneta (W. & 0.).

PucciNiA LEVIS (Saec. & Bizz.) Mag.

On Paspaluni pinbnation, (*al)o Rojo (Stevens) : Yauco (W.
& 0.).
Paspalum iiiillcgrana. Campo Alegre (W. & O.).
Paspalum plicaiuluiii, Rio Piedras; Vega Baja (Stevens).
Bytilix (iiditnUiriH, Rosario (Stevens) ; Maricao (Sintenis)
(76).

PucciNiA LiTPiospERMi Ell. & Kellcrm.

On Evolvulus nummnlnrius, Mayagiiez, Aiiasco (W. & O.).

PucciNiA MACROPODA Speg.

On Iresine clatior, Desecbeo (Stevens).

PucciNiA MEDELLiNKNSis Mayor.

On Hyptis atrorulx us, Rio Piedras, Espinosa; Santnrce (Ste-
vens); Martin Pena, Naguabo (W. & 0.).
Hyptis pectinatum, Rio Piedras ; Villa Alba, Coamo Springs,
Corozal, Mayagiiez, Rosario, Lares, Cabo Rojo (Stevens) ;
Maricao, Yauco rW. & O.) (1).

172 JOUENAL OF AGKICULTUEE OF P. E.

PucciNiA MEDELLPNENSis Mayor. — Continued.

On Hypiis suaveolens, Vega Baja; Mayagiiez, Ponce, Aguada,
Gnayama, Giiayanilla (Stevens) ; La Carmelita (Clinton) ;
Aibonito (Holway) : Ailasco (W. & 0.)-

PucciNiA OBLiQUA Berk. & Curt.

On Metasielma lineare, Espinosa ; Barros (Stevens); Maricao
(W. & O.).
Metastelma parviflorum, Yega Baja, Quebradillas (Stevens) ;
Mayagiiez (W. & 0.).

PucciNiA ORMOSI^ Artli.

On Orniosia Krugii, Sierra de Nagnabo ; El Yunqiie (W. & 0.).

PUCCINIA POLYGONI-AMPHIBII PerS.

On Persicaria portoricensis, Rio Piedras.

Per fiicarin punctata, Sabana Liana; Mayagiiez, Coamo (W.
& 0.).

PucciNiA PSiDii Wint.

On Janihos jamhos, Consiimo, Maricao, Rio Piedras, Barros, Vi-
lla Alba, Monte de Oro, Jajome Alto, El Gigante (Stevens).
Psidium guayava, Villa Alba (Stevens).

PUCCINIA PURPUREA Cookc.

On Holciis kalepensis, Palo Seco, Sabana Liana, Vega Baja.
Holcus sorghum, Patillas, INIayagliez, Rio Piedras, Ensenada,

Trnjillo Alto; La Carmelita (Clinton) (94).
Holcus sorghum var. sudanensis, Rio Piedras, Trnjillo Alto;

Mayagiiez (W. & 0.) (94).

PucciNiA RIVIN.T5 (Berk. & Cnrt.) Speg.

On Rivina hurnilis, Desecheo (Stevens) : Yaiico (W. & 0.) ; Fa-
jardo (Sintenis) (76).
Trichosiigma octandrum, Yauco, Coamo (W. & 0.).

PucciNiA ROSEA (Diet. & Holw.) Artb.

On Agcratum conyzoides, Villa Alba. Utuado, Monte Allegrillo
(Stevens); Yauco (W. & 0.).
Eiipatorium pojyodov, Barros (Stevens).

PucciNiA SALVicoL A Diet. & Holw.

On Salvia occidentalis, Camuy, Palo Seco; Mayagiiez, Corozal.
Aguada (Stevens) ; Caguas (Heller) ; La (Jarmelita (Clin-
ton) ; Ponce (Holway); Maricao, Yauco (W. & 0.).

PucciNiA SCIRPI De.

On Scirpus lacustris, Gp'-M' ■' M^" ;■'

POETO EICAN FUNGI. 173

■ j
PucciNiA SCLERLE (Paz.) Arth.

(Aecidium passifloricola P. Heim.)

On Scleria cubensis, Maricao ("W. & 0.).

Scleria pterota, Mayagiiez, Maricao, El Yunqiie, Naguabo

(W. & 0.).

Passifora riihra, JMayagiiez (Stevens) ; Maricao ("W. & O.)

(97).

PUCCINIA SCLERTTCOI.A Artll.

On Scleria hirtella, Rio Piedras.
Scleria sp., Naguabo (Stevens).

PUCCINIA SMILACIS Schw.

On Smila.r doming ensis, Maricao (W. & 0.).
PucciNiA Spegazzini Det.

On Mil-aiiia scrnidois, Mayagiiez (W. & 0.).
Puccini A substriata.

(Aecidium tuhulosion Pat. & Gaill.)
On Chcetochloa geniculata, Rio Piedras.

EriocJiloa suhglahra, Rio Piedras. Mayagiiez.
Ichnanilnis pallens, Mayagiiez, El Yunqne (W. & O.).
Paspalum gJahrum, Vega Baja (Stevens).
Paspalioii (irl)irula1u)ii, ^fonte de Oro (Stevens).
Paspaliiiii piuiii nlatum, Naguabo, Rio Piedras; Mayagiiez,-
Monte Alegrillo (Stevens) : Maricao. San German (W.
& 0.). , . ■;

Paspalum pariorircnsr, Vega Baja.
Paspalum seccms, Caiupo Alegre; Bayamon (Holway).
Syntherisma digilata, Rio Piedras; Barceloneta, El Duque

(W. & 0.).
Valota insidaris, Vega Baja, Campo Alegre; Boqueron, San

German (W. & 0.).
Solanum forvum, Rio Piedras, Trujillo Alto, Vega Baja; Ma-
yagiiez (Heller); San Juan (Holway); Corozal, Yaueo,.
Rosario, El Gigante, Maricao. Lares, Jajome Alto, Monte'
de Ore, Cayey, Jayuya, Cabo Rojo (Stevens) ; TJtuado (W.
& 0.) (97).
PucciNiA synedrell.t: p. Plenn.

On FAcntlu ranthcra riideralis, Carolina, Rio Piedras; Mayagiiez,
Aguada (Stevens).
Emilia sonchifolia, Bayamon, Rio Piedras, Ponce, Espinosa-
Hormigueros, Gnayama, Yauco, San German (Stevens) ;
Mayagiiez. Maricao, Afiaseo (W. & 0.).

174 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

PucciNiA SYNEDRELL^ P. Henii. — Continued.

On Neurolcena lohata, Florida Adentro (Stevens).

Synedrella nodiflora, Rio Piedras, Trujillo Alto; Barros, Ca-
guas, Cabo Rojo, Santa Catalina, Yauco, Isabela, Rosario,
Alegrillo, Lares, San Sebastian, Guayama, Monte de Oro,
Jajome Alto, Utuado, Guayanilla (Stevens) ; Maj^agiiez, El
Duqiie (W. & 0.).

PucciNiA TAGETiooLA Diet. & Holw.

On Tagctes erecia, Maricao (W. & 0.).
Tagetcs paiula, Maricao (Stevens).

PucciNiA Urbaniana p. Henn.

On Valerianodes cayennensis, Santurce.

Yalerianodes jamaicensis, Rio Piedras, Camuy, Campo Ale-
gre, Naguabo, Aiiasco; Santurce, Vega Baja, Manati, Gua-
yama, Dos Bocas (Stevens) ; San Juan (Earle) ; Maya-
gUez (Clinton) ; Boquercn, San German, Bareeloneta, Fa-
jardo, Campo Alegre (W. & 0.).
Valerianodes strigosa, Cabo Rojo, Mona Island 'Stevens) ;
Coamo, Mayagiiez (W. & 0.).

PucciNiA XANTHII ScllW.

On Xanfhium longirosiro, Santurce.

PucciNiA ZORNL^ (Diet.) McAlp.

On Zornia- diphyllo, Rio Piedras; I\layagiiez (W. & 0.).
PucciNiosiRA pALLiDULA (Spcg.) Lagcrh.

On Triumfetta lappula. Ponce (Heller) (1).

Trimnfetla ritomboidca, Bayamon; Santurce. Aguada, iMa-

yagiiez (Stevens).
Triumfetta semitriloha, Mayagiiez, Maricao, Yauco (W. & 0.).
Triumfetta sp., Rio Piedras, Pueblo Viejo, Espinosa; Villa
Alba, Mayagiiez, Bayamon, Aibonito, Maricao, Rosario, El
Gigante, Dos Bocas (Stevens).

Ravenelia c^.salpini-e Arth.

On Mimosa ceratonia, Rio Piedras; Bayamon, Vega Baja, Monte
AlJcgrillo, Santa Catalina, Cabo Rojo, Indiera Fria, Aibo-
nito, Vega Alta, San Sebastian, Lares, Manati, Luquillo
Forest, San German, El Gigante, Naguabo (Stevens) ; Ma-
yagiiez, Maricao, Bareeloneta (W. k 0.) (1).

Ra\'enelia cassi^xola Atks.

On Clmmoicrista (BScJiynomene, El Gigante (Stevens).
(liamacrista glandidosa, Vega Baja, Trujillo Alto.

POETO EICAX FUXGI. 175

Ravenelia caulicola Arth.

On Cracca cinerea, Cataiio, Santuree; Qiiebradillas, Deseoheo
(Stevens).

Ravenelia Cebil Speg.

On Piptarlenia percgrina, Peiiuelas (Stevens).

Ravenelia indigofer^ Tranz.

On Incligofera suffruticosa, Cataiio, Espinosa; Boqueron, Baya-
mon, Jayuya, IMayagiiez, Aguada (Stevens) ; Anasco, Yaii-
co, Barceloneta, Naguabo (W. & 0.).

Ravenelia Humphreyana P. Henn.

On Ccesalpinia pulcherrima, Rio Piedras (94).

Ravenelia ing.e (P. Henn.) Arthur.

On Inga laurina, Maricao, El Ynnque (W. & 0.).

Inga vera, l\Ionte IMontosa, Monte Alegrillo (Stevens) ; Ponce
(Barret) (1).

Ravenelia portoricensis Arth.

On Cassia emarginata, Ponee (Heller) (1).

Ravenelia ^iliqu^e Long.

On YacheUia Fanieskina, Yauco, Coaiiio (W. & 0.).

Ravenelia Stevensii Arth.

On Acacia riparia, Guayanilla, Vega Baja, Penuelas (Stevens) ;
Coamo (W. & 0.).

Ravenelia AVhetzelii Arth.

On Ivga vera, ilarieao, Mayagiiez (W. & 0.).

Tranzschelia punctata (Pers.) Arth.

On Amygdalns persicce, Naguabo ; Mayagiiez (Earle) (1, 94).

Urumyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Fries.

On Pkaseolus adenanthus, Rio Piedras; Vega Baja (Stevens);
Caguas (Holway) ; Arecibo (Clinton) ; Mayagiiez, Barce-
loneta (W. & 0.).

PJiaseolus lathyroides, Maricao (W. & 0.).

Pkaseolus vulgaris, Camuy, Barceloneta, Rio Piedras; Cabo
Rojo (Stevens) ; jMayagiiez (Clinton, Earle) ; Maricao
(W. & 0.) (2, 20, 90, 94).

Vigna repens, Rio Piedras; Arecibo (Stevens) ; Mayagiiez
(W. & 0.).

Y'uivii rr.nllata, IMayagiiez (Stevens).

176 JOURNAL OF AGEICULTURE OF P. R.

Ubomyces bidentioola (P. Henn.) Arth.

On Bidens leucaviha, Pnehlo Viejo, Palo Seco, Vega Baja, Es-

pinosa, Fajardo, Naguabo; Santurce, Aibonito, Anasco,

IMayagliez, ]Monte Alegrillo, Lares, Aguada, Dos Bocas

(Stevens) ; Yauco, Hormigueros, Barceloneta (W. & 0.).

Bidens pilosa, Arecibo-Lares, Rio Piedras, Rio Tanama, Ma-

ricao (Stevens) ; Boqueron, San German (W. & 0.)-
Cosmos caudatus, Barros, Jayiiya (Stevens).

Uromyces bidentis Lagerh.

{Uromyces densus Arthur.)
On Bidens pilosa, Ponce (Stevens) ; Maricao (W. & 0.).

Ubomyces caryophyllinus (Schrank.) Wint.
On Dianthus sp., San Juan (94).

Uromyces cestri Mont.

On Cestrinn laurifoliiim, INIartiii Peiia, Camuv; Cabo Rojo,
Monte Alegrillo, Qiiebradillas, San German, Arecibo-La-
res Road (Stevens) ; Fajardo, Campo Alegre (W. & 0.).
Gestrum macropliyllum, El Duque, Barros, Maricao, Ponce,
Monte Alegrillo, Lares, Luquillo Forest, Monte de Oro, Dos
Bocas, Naguabo (Stevens) ; Maricao, B.irceloneta. Rio Ta-
nama (W. & 0.).

Uromyces cologani/E Arth.

On Teravuuis uncinatus, Cayey (Holway) (2).

Uromyces oolumbianus Mayor.

On Melanilu va canesccns, Palo Seeo, Aibonito, Rio Piedras, Es-
pinosa ; Ciales, Aiiaseo, Corozal, Yauco, Mayagiiez, Vega
Baja, Cayey, Cabo Rojo, Rosario, Utuado, Quebradillas,
Guayanilla, Dos Bocas, Jayuya (Stevens) : Maricao, Bar-
celoneta (W. & 0.).

Ubomyces coMMELiXyE (Speg.) Cooke.

On Connnrlina virginira, De^pfbon rStcvrns'.

Uromyces doliciioli Arth.

On Cajanus indiLUS, Espiuosa, Campo Alogic, Rio Piedras; Gua-
yanilla, Corozal, Jayuya, Rosario, Mayagiiez, Vega Baja,
Manati, Quebradillas (Stevens) ; Yauco (W. & 0.) (81,
90, 94).
Dolicholus eninitmis, Guanica ("W. & 0.).
Dolicholus reticulaUis, Boqueron, Aguada, Vega Baja (Ste-
vens) ; Bayamon (Heller) ; Mayagiiez (W. & 0.).

PORTO EICAN FUNGI. ]77

Uromyces eragrostidis Tracy.

On Eragrostis tephrosanthes, Rio Piedras; Bayamon (Stevens);
San German (W. & 0.) (2).
Uromyces gemmatus Berk. & Curt,

On Jacquemontia nodiflora, Coamo Springs, Deseeheo, San Ger-
man, Guanica, Guayanilla (Stevens); Ponce (Holway).
Uromyces hedysari-paniculati (Schw.) Farl.
On Meihomia axillaris, Cabo Rojo (Stevens).

Meihomia scorpiurus, Mayagiiez, Penuelas (Stevens) ; Yauco

(Heller).
Meihomia tortiiosum, Sabana Liana; Yauco (W. & 0.).
Uromyces Hellerianus Arth.

On Cayaponia americana, Sierra de Naguabo; Maricao, Cabo
Rojo (Stevens).
Cayaponia racemosa, Rio Piedras, Carapo Alegre; Corozal
(Stevens) ; Mayagiiez, Barceloneta. El Yunque, El Du-
que (W. & 0.) (2).
Meloiliria guadalupensis, Rio Piedras; Yauco, Rosario.
Utuado, San German (Stevens) ; Mayagiiez. El Duque
(W. & 0.).
Uromyces Howei Peck.

On Asclepias curassavica, Comerio (Holway) ; ]\Iaricao (W. &
0.).
Uromyces ignobilis (Sydow) Arth.

On Sporoholvs indicus, Rio Piedras, Campo Alegre; Mayagiiez
(Stevens); Naguabo (W. & 0.).
Sporoholvs virginiciis, Camuy (Stevens).
Uromyces j.yviAicENSis Vestery.

On Bauhinia pauletia, San German (Stevens) ; Mayagiiez (Hol-
way).
Uromyces janiph^ (Wint.) Arth.

On Maniliot manihot, "Rio ViQdiVSi^; Yega Baja (Stevens) (81,90).
Uromyces leptodermus Sydow.

On Lasiacis divaricaia, Espinosa ; Coleiia, Utuado, San German,
Maricao, Mona Island (Stevens).
Lasiacis ligulaia, Maricao (W. & 0.).
Lasiacis Sloanei, Arecibo (Stevens).
Lasiacis sorghoidea, Mayagiiez, Maricao (W. & 0.).
Panicum harhinode, Carolina, Rio Piedras; Guanica, Boque-

ron, Mayagiiez, Peiluelas (Stevens).
Panicum parviflorum, Martin Peiia (AY. & 0.).

178 JOURNAL OF AGRTCULTUEE OF P. R.

Uromyces neurocabpi Dietel.

On Clitoria cajanifolia, Mayagliez (Stevens); San Juan (Hril-
ton) (2).
Clitoria rvhiginc.m, Espinosa, Naguabo, Carauy, Santurce,
Rio Piedras; Dorado (Stevens); Mayagliez. Bareeloneta,
Martin Pena (W. & 0.).

Uromyces pianhyensis P. Henn.

On Wedelia reticulata, San German (Stevens) : Yauco, Rio Ta-
nania (W. & 0.).
Uromyces prceminens (D. C.) Pass.

On Chanmsyce hrasiliensis, Mayagliez (W. & 0.).

Chanmsyce Jiirta, Vega Baja, Camuy, Espinosa : Cataiio,
Vega Baja, Lares, Coamo Springs, Arecibo, Aguada, Gua-
yama, Rio Piedras, San German, Guayanilla (Stevens) ;
Mayagliez (Clinton); Yauco, San German (W. & 0.).
Chamcesyce hypericifolia, Fajardo, Rio Piedras; Lajas (Ste-
vens).
Chamdesyce prostrala, Rio Piedras, Bayamon.

Uromyces rhyncospor^ Ellis.

On Ryncliospora disians, Martin Pefia (W. & 0.).
Ryncltospora micrantha, Nagual)o (Stevens).
Ryncliospora setacea, Martin Peria (W. & 0.) (2).

Uromyces scleri^ P. Henn.

On Scleria canesccns, Jajome Alto, El Alto do la Bandera (Ste-
vens) ; El Yunque (W. & 0.).
Scleria pterota, Rio Piedras, Vega Baja; Luquillo Forest
(Stevens) ; INIayagliez, Afiaseo, Naguabo (W. & 0.) (2).

Uromyces sabine^ Arth.

On Sahinea punicea, Maricao (W. & 0.).

form -GENUS : iECIDITJM.

Aecidium abscendens Arth.

On Randia acxdeata, Martin Pefia, Bayamon; Mayagliez, Ca-
taiio, Aguada (Stevens) ; Bareeloneta, Carapo Alegre (W,

& 0.).

Aecidium borreri^: Pat.

On Hcmidiodia ocimifolia, Sierra de Naguabo; Mayagiiez (Ste-
•vens) ; El Yunque (W. & 0.).

Aecidium circumscriptum Schw.

See Endopliyllum circumscriptum.

POETO RICAN l<MlN(n 179

Aecidium decoix)Ratum Schw.

See EndoplnjUum clecoloratum.

Aecidium expansum Diet.

See E ndopliylloidcs porioriccnse.

Aecidium favaceum Arth.

On PliyUanthus nohilis, San German, Hormigueros (Stevens).

Aecidium passiploricola P. Henn.
See Puccinia sclerice.

Aecidium tourneporti^ P. Henn.

On Tournefortia hicolor, Bareeloneta (W. & 0.).

Toiirncforfia liirsiiHssinia, Rio Pieclras; Yaueo, Rosario (Ste-
vens) .
Tournefortia micropliylla, Yaueo (W. & 0.).

Aecidium tubulosum Pat. & Gaill.
See Puccinia siib striatum.

Aecidium wedeli^ Earle.

See Endopliyllum wedelicE.

FORM-GENUS: UREDO.

Uredo -3]SChynomenis Arth.

On Aeschynomene americana, Rio Piedras, Campo Alegre ; Ma-
ya giiez, Ponce, Maricao, Rosario, Utnado. Agnada (Ste-
vens).

Uredo anthurii Hariot.

On Anthurium scandens, El Alto de la Bandera (Stevens).

Uredo arachidis Lagerh.

On Arachis hypogea, Espinosa, Rio Piedras, Pueblo Viejo ; Do-
rado (Stevens) (81, 90, 94).

Uredo artocarit B. & Br.

On Artocarpus comansi, Mayagiiez (Stevens).

Art-ocarpns communis, Rio Piedras; Mayagiiez (Clinton)
(1, 81).
Uredo blx^ Arth.

On Bixa orcllana, Adjuntas (Stevens) ; Maricao (W. & 0.).
Uredo cabreriana Kern & Kellerm.

On Erylhrina glauca, Rio Piedras, Guaynabo; Bayamon (Hol-
way).

Uredo clusi^ Arth.

On Clusia rosea, Maricao (W. & C),

180 JOUENAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

Uredo coccodob^ p. Henn.

On Coccoloha uvifera, Catano; Mayagiiez, Boqueron, San Ger-
man (W. & 0.).

Uredo commelyne^e Kalchbr.

On Commelina nudiflora, Palo Seco.

Commelina virginica, Palo Seco; Coanio Springs (Stevens);
Arecibo (Heller); Sabana Liana (GoU).

Uredo cuphe^ P. Henn.

On CupJiea Parsonsia, Rio Piedras; Cabo Rojo (Stevens); Ma-
yagiiez, Maricao, Anaseo (W. & 0.).

Uredo dichromen^ Arth.

On Dichromena ciliata, Rio Piedras, Sierra de Naguabo; Maya-
giiez (Clinton).
Dichromena radicans, Guayama (Stevens) ; Mayagiiez, Ma-
ricao, Aiiasco, El Duque, Naguabo (W. & 0.).

Uredo dioscore^ P. Henn.

On Dioscorea polygonoidcs, El Yunque (W. & 0.).

Rajania cordata, Rio Piedras, Sierra de Naguabo ; Bayamon,
Jajome Alto, El Gigante, Dos Boeas, Santana (Stevens) ;
Maricao, Rio Tanama, Barceloneta, El Yunque (W. & 0.).

Uredo erythboxylonis Guz.

On Erythroxylon areolatum, ]\Iona Island (Stevens).

Urdeo fuirenzE p. Henn.

On Fuirenia nmhellata, Naguabo; Santurce, Aguas Buenas, Ma-
yagiiez, Santa Catalina, Catano (Stevens) ; Bayanion (Hol-
way) ; El Yunque (W. & 0.).

Uredo globulosa Arth.

On Hypoxis decumbers, Campo Alegre, Rio Piedras, Vega Baja;
Las Marias, Bandera (Stevens) ; Maricao, Anaseo (W.
& 0.).

Uredo gouani^ Ellis & Kelsey.

On Gouania hipuloides, Garrocliales, Camuy, Naguabo, Jajome
Alto. Aguadilla, San German (Stevens).
Gouania polyyamu, Guanica (Stevens).

Uredo guac^ Mayor.

On Epidendrum difforme, Cayej-; Jajome Alto (Stevens).
Epidrndrum rigidum, Cayey (Holway).

PORTO RICAN FUNGI. 181

Ueedo gymnogrammes p. Henn.

On Adiantum latifoUum, Las jMarias (Stevens) ; Mayagiiez (W.

& 0.).
Dryopteris mollis, Mayagiiez (W. & 0.)-
Dryopteris poiteana. Villa Alba (Stevens) ; Mayagiiez, Ma-

ricao (W. & 0.).
Gomiopteris guadalupensis, Mayagiiez (W. & 0.).
Pityrogramma calomelcena, Marieao (W. & 0.) •
Tectaria marteniensis, Mayagiiez (W. & 0.)-
Uredo gynandrearum Corda.

On Habenaria maculosa, Catano (Millspaiigli) ; Bayamon (Hel-
ler).
Prescottia oliganilia, Marieao (W. & 0.).
Uredo hameli^ Arth.

On Hamelia, erecta, Espinosa ; Lajas (Stevens); Yauco ("W.
& 0.).
Uredo heliconi^ Diet.

See Puccinia heliconice.
Uredo hymen^le Mayor.

On Hymenwa courbaril, Martin Peiia, Naguabo, Bayamon; Ja-
yuya, Mayagiiez, Aiiaseo, Vega Baja (Stevens) ; Fajardo,
Campo Alegre, Coamo (W. & 0.).
Uredo jatrophtcola Arth.

On Jatropha curcas, Hormigueros (Stevens).

Jafropha gossypifolia, Rio Piedras, Palo Seco, Martin Peiia ;
San German, Guayama, Gnayanilla (Stevens) ; Yanco, Rio
Tanama (W. & 0.).
Uredo lute a Arth.

On Cassia qiiinquangulata, Marieao, Jajome Alto, Naguabo (Ste-
vens) ; El Yunque (W. & 0.).
Uredo nigropunctata P. Henn.

On Bletia patula, Marieao (Stevens).
Uredo not at a Arth.

On Byrsonima crassifolia, Mayagiiez (W. & 0.).
Uredo olyr^ P. Henn.

On Oplismenus hirtellus, Las Marias (Stevens).
Uredo operculin^ Arthur.

On Operculina dissecta, Yauco (W. & 0.).
Uredo pallida Diet. & Holw.

On Zea mays, Rio Piedras, Puuta Cangrejos, Sierra de Na-
guabo (90, 94).

182 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

Uredo paspalicola p. Henn.

{TJredo Stevensimia Arth.)
On Axonopus comprcssus, Mayagiiez (Stevens).

Bamhiisa vulgaris, Vega Baja, Espiuosa : Maricao, Maya-
giiez (W. & 0.) (94).
Paspalum conjugatum, Espinosa. Rio Piedras; Adjuntas

(Stevens) ; Mayagiiez, INIaricao (W. & 0.).
Paspahim gldbrum, Mayagiiez (Stevens),
Paspalum paniculatum, Vega Baja (Stevens).
Paspalum plicatulum, Rio Piedras, Giiaj'nabo; Mayagiiez
(Stevens); Aiiasco (W. & 0.).
Uredo piperis P. Henn.

On Peperomia J icrn audi folia, El Alto de la Bandera (Stevens).

Uredo pluchea Syd.

(Uredo hiocellaia Arth.)
On Pluchea odorata, Ponce, Vega Baja (Stevens) ; Guanica
(Millspaugh).
Pluchea purpurascens, Santiiree. Cal)0 Rojo, Mona Island
(Stevens); Mayagiiez (W. & O.) (12).
Uredo proximella Arth.

On Lactuca intyiacea, Sabana Grande (Stevens) ; Barceloneta
(W. & 0.).
Uredo pustulata P. Henn.

On Stenorrliynchus lanceolatus, Las Marias (Stevens).

Uredo rubescens Arth.

On DorsteniO' contrajerva, Moca ; Camny (Stevens).
Uredo sabiceioola Arth.

On Sahicea aspera, Mayagiiez (Stevens); Maricao (W. & 0.).

Uredo sauvagesi^ Arth.

On Sauvagesia crecia, Sierra de Naguabo; Jajomo Alto (Ste-
vens); El Yunque (W. & 0.).
Uredo sparganophori P. Henn.

On Struchium sparganophori, Carolina; Mayagiiez (Stevens).
Uredo superior Arth.

On Fimhristylis ferruginea, Martin Peiia (W. & 0.).

Fimhristylis spadicea, Ponce (Heller) ; Mayagiiez (W. «& 0.).
Uredo triciiilia Arth.

On Trichilia pallida, Maricao (W. & 0.).
Uredo venustula Arth.

On Andropogon hrevifolius, Rio Piedras; Las Marias (Stevens).

rORTO ETCAX FUXGI. ] 83

•

Uredo vicina Artli.

On Wedelia lanceolata, Gnanioa (Stcvons).

TREMELLACEzE.
AURICULARIA AURICULA- JUD^ (L.) Schrt.

(Hirneola auricida-judm Berk.)
On rotten wood, Rio Piedras. El Duqne, Barceloneta, Santana,
Fajardo, Caguas, El Yuuque, Espinosa, Moca, Maraeyes,
Dorado; Adjuntas (Sintenis, 76) (82).
AuRicuLARiA AURiFORMis (S.) Earle.
(Exidia auriformis Fr.)
Reported from the Schwanecke collection (50).
AuRicuLARiA DELiCATA (Fr.) Henn.
{Laschia lamellosa Pat.)
On dead wood, Rio Piedras. Also reported from the Sintenis
collection (76), Barceloneta.

AURICULARIA NIGRESCENS (Sw.) FarloW.

(Auricularia polytricha [Mont.] Sace.)
On dead wood. Espinosa: Vieques (Shafer) (102).
GuEPiNiA PAi.MiCEPS Berk.

On sugar-cane debris and rotton wood, Rio Piedras; Yabucoa
(Sintenis, 76) (48).

GUEPINIA SPATHULATA Schw.

On rotten wood. Rio Piedras, Espinosa, Sabana Liana ; El Yun-
que (Stevens) (48, 82).
Tremella fuciformis Berk.

On humus, Bayamon.
Tremeli>a rufolutea Berk.

On rotten wood. El Yunque.

clavariace^.
Clavaria fumosa Pers.

On soil, Martin Pena.
Clavaria in^qualis ]\Iu11.

On soil, Rio Piedras.

thelephorace.^.^

AsTERosTROMA CERvicoLOR (B. & C.) Massce.

On soil and cane trash, Camuy, Rio Piedras (48).
Cladoderris dendritica Pers.

On dead sugar-cane stalk. Rio Piedras.

^ The majority of the detoi-niinatioiis in this fiiinily 1>y Dr. E. A. Burt.

184 JOUENAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. E.

COETICIUM ARACHNOIDEUM Berk.

On soil and sugar-cane trash, Rio Piedras.

CORTICIUM CONFLUENS Fr.

On dead citrus branch, Campo Alegre (96).
CoRTiciUM coNTiGUUM Karst.
On dead wood, Rio Piedras.

CORTICIUM DEBILE B. & C.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras.
CoRTiciUM iNVESTiENS (Schw.) Bres.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras, Martin Peiia.
CoRTiciuM KOLEROGA (Cooke) V. Hohn.

{PelUcularia koleroga Cooke.)
On Coffea arahica, Mayagiiez (Thomas). The status of Felli-
cularia koleroga determined by Dr. Burt. {"Corticiums
causing j)lant diseases." In Ann. Mo. Bot. Garden, v.
5, no. 2, April 1918, p. 119-132.) For additional Porto.
Rican data see under PelUcularia.
CoRTiciuM LACTESCENS Berk.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras.

CORTICIUM PORTENTOSUM B. & C.

On dead wood, Fajardo, Campo Alegre, Rio Piedras, Martin
Pena.

CORTIGIUM SALMONICOLOR B. & Br.

On Citrus decumana, Rio Piedras, Trujillo Alto, Garroehales,
Espinosa (86, 89, 96).
Citrus sinensis, Pueblo Viejo.
Theohroma cacao, Mayagiiez (Fawcett) (30).

CORTICIUM SIMILE B. & C.

On dead sticks, Rio Piedras.

CORTICIUM SUBCONTINUUM B. & C.

On dead sticks, Rio Piedras.

CORTICIUM TIPHRUM B. & C.

On dead wood, Bayamon.

CORTICIUM VAGUM B. & C.

On Solanum tuberosum. Reported by Barrett (6, 15), but oc-
currence doubtful.
Heteboch/ete andina Pat.
On dead sticks, Bayainon.

HYMENOCHiETE CACAO Berk.

Reported from the Sintenis collection (76).

POETO EICAN FTTNGT. 18.")

Hymenoch^te dam^cornis (Link.) Lev.

On dead wood, Adjimtas (Sintenis) (76).
Hymenoch.ete rubiginosa (Sclirad.) Lev.

On dead wood, El Diiqne, Rio Piedras.
Hymenoch^te Sallei Berk.
On dead wood, Espinosa.
Hypochnus pallescens (Schw.) Burt.

{Corticium pallescens Schw.)
On dead wood, Rio Piedras. The one collection cited by Dr.
Burt in Ann. Mo. Bot. Garden, vol. 4. no. 3, Sept. 1917,
pp. 267-8.
Hypochnus rubrocinctus Elibg.

On dead wood, Porto Rico (Stevens) (82).
Peniophora cinerea Fr.

On dead twigs, and branches of Citrus spp.. and other trees,
Pueblo Viejo, Espinosa, Bayamon, Rio Piedras, Campo
Alegre (48, 89, 96).
Peniophora flavido-alba Cooke.

On dead wood and cane trash, Rio Piedras. Vega Baja, Sabana
Liana (48, 96).
Peniophora galachroa Bres.

On dead wood of Melia azedarach, Pueblo Viejo.
Peniophora Ravenelii Cooke.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras.
Septobasidium T.n^AciNUM Burt.

On trunks of Citrus decumana, growing over licliens nnd debris,
Bayamon, Espinosa (96).
Sei^tobasidium preudopediceij.atum Burt.

On living branches, Mayagiiez (Earlc). Reported by Dr. Hint
in Ann. Mo. Bot. Garden, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 329. fig. 1.
(TJulrphoracea' of North America, VII.)
Septobasiditm spongia TB. & C.) Pat.

Grooving over scale insects (Lepidosaphcs hecUi, Chionaspis citri)
and debris on twigs and branches of Citrus decumana, Rio
Piedras, Espinosa, Pueblo Viejo, Campo Alegre. Garrocha-
les, Vega Baja, Bayamon ^04. 96V
STRRia'^r AT>Bo-BAmuM Schw.

On dead citrus wood, Vega Bajn. Espinosa (96).
Stereum caperatum Berk & Mont.

On dead wood of higa laurina and other trees, Rio Piedras,
Manati.

185 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

Stebeum COPFEARUM B. & C.

On dead citrus twigs, Rio Piedras (96).
Stereum elegans Meyer.

On dead wood, Mayagiiez (Lopez),
Stereum pasciatum Schw.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras, Bayamon, El Yunque, Coraerio.
Stereum dobatum Fr.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras, San Patricio (Sinteuisj (76i.
Stereum papyrinum Mont.

On dead wood, Espinosa.
Stereum strumosum Fr.

On dead wood, Bayamon.
Stereum tubercuix)Sum Fr.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras.
Stereum umbrinum B. & C.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras.
Tiielephora multipida Klotzsch.

Reported from the Schwanecke collection (50).
Thelephora sericella B. & C.

On soil, Rio Piedras, Martin Pefia, Espinosa.
Tremellodendron simplex Burt.

On soil, in cane field. Described in Ann. Mo. Bot. Garden, vol
2, no. 4, pp. 742-3, from collection by Johnston (48).

HYDNACE^.

Hydnum multipidum (Klotzsch) P. Henn.

Reported from the Sintenis collection (76), on dead wood. Ad-
juntas.
Hydnum sacchari Spreng.

On dead cane trash, Rio Piedras (48).
Irpex discoix)R Berk.

On rotten wood, Rio Piedras.
Irpex parinacea Fries.

{Cerrenella farinacfa [Fries.] ]\Iurrill.)
{Poria portoricensis Fries.)
Reported from Porto Rico (65).
Irpex plavus Klotsch.

Reported from the Sintenis collection (76).
Irpex lacteus Fries.

{Irpiciporus lacteus [Fries] Murrill.)
On dead wood, Bayamon, Rio Piedras, Pueblo Viejo (65, 82).

PORTO EICAN FUNGI. 187

Odontia sacchari Burt.

On Haccliarum officinarum, Rio Piedras (13, 48, 105).

Odontia saccharicola Burt.

On Paspalum sp., Rio Piedras.

Saccharum officinarum, Rio Piedras, Canovanas, Cainbalache,
Camuy (13, 48, 105).

Odontia Wrightii (B. & C.) Pat.
On dead wood. El Duque.

POLYPORACE^.
D^DALEA REPANDA PerS.

(Dcedalea amanitoides Beauv.)
On dead wood. El Yunque, Santuree, Rio Piedras, Moca, Jun-
eos, Mameyes, Vega Baja, Martin Peiia, Espinosa ; Mona
(12), Monte Alegrillo, Cal^o Rojo (Stevens) (82). Re-
ported from the Sintenis collection (76) as Tranietes elc-
gans (Spr.) Fr.

Favolus braziliensis Fr.

{Hexagona Wilsonii Murrill.)
{Hexagona da'dalea [Link] Murrill.)
On dead wood, El Duque, Aibonito, Mameyes; Monte Alegrillo
(Stevens) (62, 82). Reported from the Sintenis collection
(76) as Favolus hispiduhis Berk.

Favolus portoricensis (Murr.) Sacc.

{Hexagona portor'icensis Murrill.)
Reported and named from Porto Rico by Murrill (62. 65).

Favolus pseudoprinceps (^lurr.) Sacc.

(Hexagona pseudoprinceps iMurrill. )
On dead wood. Carmelita (Earle) (61. 62).

FOMES AUSTR.VLIS Fr.

(Fomcs fosciafus Lev.)

{Elfvingia lornata [Pers.] Murrill.)
On dead wood, Bayamnn, Rio Piedras. JMameyes, ^Eartin Pefia.
El Duque: ^Monte Alegrillo (Stevens) (82). Reported as
Ganodernia australe (Fr.) Pat. from the Sintenis collec-
tion (76).

FoMES RADIUS Berk.

{Fulvifonies Undcrwoodii ]\Iurrill) (65).
{Pyropohjpoius Undcrwoodii Murrill.)
On dead wood, Palo Seco (62).

188 JOUENAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. E.

FoMER cALCiTRATus Berk & Curt.

(FuJvifomes calcitratus [Berk & Curt.] Murrill.)
(Pyropolyporus calcitratus [Berk. & Curt.] Murrill.)
On dead wood. Col. N. Y. Bot. Garden (62, 65).

FoMES DEPENDENS Murrill.

{Fiilvifomes dependens Murrill.)
{Pyropolyporus dependens Murrill.)
On dead wood and sometimes as a cause of heart rot of hard-
wood trees, Vieques (Shafer) ; i\Iona Island (Britton)
(12, 82, 102).

FoMEs EXTENSus Lev.

{Fulvifomes extensus [Lev.] Murrill.)
{Pyropolyporus extensus [Lev.] Mnrrill.)
On dead wood, Pueblo Viejo.

FoMES IGNIARIUS (L.) Fr.

{Pyropolyporus iciniaruis [L.] Murrill.)
Eeported from the Sintenis collection (70). Probably Fames
extensus.

FoMES LAM^NSis IMurriU.

On dead wood, Martin Peiia.

FoMEs LiGNEus (Berk.) Cooke.

Reported from the Sintenis collection (76).

FOMES LIGNOSUS Klotzsch.

{Fomes auherianus [Mont.] Murrill.)
On dead wood, IMameyes, El Duque, Pueblo Viejo. W\c, Piedras;
Mayagiiez (Lopez); ^fai-it-ao (Stevens') fH2).

FoiiEs LiNTEus Berk.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras. Detei-iiiinvd 1)y !)r. AFiirrill as Fo-
mes (Fulvifomes) extensus.

FoMEs .MARMORATus Berk.

{Elfvivgia fascia ta [Sw.] i\Inrrill.)
{ElfvingieUa fasciata [Sw.] Murrill.)
(Fomes fascia tus Schwartz.)
On dead wood, Naguabo, Moca, Bayamon, Aibonito, Rio Piedras,
Manati, Fajardo, Mameyes, Comerio; Monte Alegrillo (Ste-
vens) (82). Reported from the Sintenis collection (76)
as Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr.

liASCITIA PEZIZOIDEf^ B. & C.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras.

PORTO EICAN FUNGI. 189

Lenzites striata Fr.

{Gloeophyllum striatum [Fr.] Murrill.)
On dead wood, Rio Piedras, Humacao, Bayamon, Caguas, Ca-
muy, Espinosa, Santana; Mona Island (12) ; Vieques (Sha-
fer) (82, 102).

Merulius byssoideus Burt.

On soil and cane trash, Rio Piedras (48). Described by Dr.
Burt in Ann. Mo. Bot. Garden, v. 4, no. 4, Nov. 1917, pp.
358-9, fig. 1. Collection by J. R. Johnston.

Merulius rugulosus B. & C.

{Corticium saccharinum B. & C.)

On dead wood, Bayamon.
Merulius sulphureus Burt.

On rotten wood and bark, Bayamon.

POLYPORUS AMBOINENSE Fr.

Reported as Ganoderma amboinense (Lam.) Pat. from the Sin-
tenis collection (76). "The determination is in all proba-
bility wrong. Known only from the Philippines, although
applied to many tropical plants, related to Polyporus lu-
ciclus. ' ' — Lloyd.
Polyporus anebus Berk.

On dead wood, Mam eyes.

Polyporus blanchetianus Mont.

Reported from the Sintenis collection (76). Given by Lloyd as
practically a form of P. varius.

Polyporus chaperi (Pat^

(Amauroderma Chaperi [Pat.] Murrill.)
On dead wood, Santa Isabel (65).
Polyporus conciioides Mont.

Reported as Glceoporus concJwides Mont, from the Sintenis col-
lection (76).
Polyporus conokesceks IMont.

(Rigidoporus evolntus [Berk. & Curt.] Murrill
On dead wood. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden (65).

Polyporus dealbatus B. & C.

{Microporellus dcalhatus [B. & C] Murrill.)
On dead wood, Porto Rico (Stevens) (82).

Polyporus distortus Schw.

(Ahurtiporus dislorlus [Schw.] ^Murrill.)
On dead wood. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden (65).

190 JOURNAL OF ACTUCl^LTTKK OF P. R.

PoijYPORUS fimbriatus Fr.

Reported from the Sintenis collection (76) as P. Warniingii Berk.

PotiYPORUS FLAVESCENS Mont.

(Tyromyces alhogilvus [Berk. & Curt.] Murrill.)
On dead trunks. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden (65).
PoLYPORUS FLAViPORinvi Murrill.

{Amaurodcrma flaviporum Murrill.)
. On dead wood, Cortada.
PoLYPORUs FRUCTicixM Berk.

{Inonotus corrosns Murrill.)
On dead wood, Mona Island (Britton) ; Vieques (Sliafer) (12,
65, 82, 102).
PoLYPORUS FurvELLus Bres.

(Ganodrrnia nitidum IMurrill.)
On dead v/ood, Garrochales, Rio Piedras.
PoLYPORUS Gn^vus Schw.

{Hapalopilus gilvus [Schw.] Murrill.)
On dead wood, Pueblo Viejo, ]\[oca, Aibonito, El Yunque, Vega
Baja, El Duque, Rio Piedras ; Maricao (Stevens); Vie-
ques (Shafer) (82. 102). Reported from Cayey in the
Sintenis collection (76) as a variety, scruposus.

PoLYPORUS GRACILIS Kl.

{Polyporus obolus Ellis *& Macbr.^i (65).
{Polyporus Cowellii Murrill.)
On dead wood. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden (62, 65).

POIiYPORUS HAVANNENSIS Bcrk.

(Trametes havannensis [Berk.] Murrill.)
On dead wood, Porto Rico (Stevens) (82). Probably referable
to Polyporus suhfulvus Berk.
Polyporus hemileucus Berk & Curt.

Reported from the Sintenis collection (76). Referable to P.
supinus, or possibly 7*. modestus.
Polyporus Lepriecrii Mont.

Reported from the Sintenis colleetioii (76).
Polyporus licnoides JNlont.

{Hapalopilus licnoidcs []\Iont.] IMurrill.)
On dead wood, Fa.iardo, Martin Pena, El Duque, Palo Seeo, Co-
merio, Rio Piedras; Maricao (Stevens) (82;.
PoiiYTORus LuciDUS Leys.

Reported as Ganoderma lucidnm (Leys.) Pat. from the Sintenis
collection (76).

POETO BICAN FUNGI. 191

PoLYPORUS Marbles ]\Iiirrill.

On dead wood, Utuado. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden (65).

POLYPORUS MODESTUS Kze.

On dead wood, Fajardo (Schwanecke) (50).
PoLYPORUS NrV'OSELLus Murrill.

{Tyromyces nivoseUus Murrill.)
Reported from Porto Rico in North Amer. Flora (62, 65).

PoLYPORus OBTUSus Berk.

(Spongipellis unicolor [Schw.] Murrill.)
Reported from Humacao in the Schwanecke collection (50) as
Polyporus unicolor Schw.
PoLYPORUS PAPYRACEus Fries.

Reported in North American Flora. Probably Polystictiis mem-
hranacens (62).

Polyporus perzonatus Murrill.

(Ganoderma prrzonatum Murrill.)
On dead wood. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden (65).

Polyporus pupillus Per soon.

(Favolus rhipidinm Berk.)
(Favoliis suhpulvcrulenius Berk & Curt.)
(Tnonotiis pusiUus [Pers.] Murrill.)
On dead and rotten wood. Pueblo Viejo, ^Martin Peiia, Rio Pie-
dras, Comerio; Monte Alegrillo (Stevens) (82h Also
reported from the Sintenis collection (76).

Polyporus rugulosus Lev.

Reported from Cayey in the Sintenis collection (76). "Very
close to and practically the same plant as Polyporus zona-
lis Berk. "—Lloyd.
Polyporus semilaccatus Berk.
On dead wood, Palo Seco.
Polyporus subfulvus Berk.

(Coriolus ochrotinclcUus Murrill.)
On dead wood, Espincsa, Baj^amon, Guayna])o. Rio Piedras (65,
82).
Polyporus sulphureus (Bull.) Fr.

(Lcpiiporus spcciusus [Batt.] ^lurrill.)
Reported from Lares in the Sintenis collection (76).

Polyporus supinus Swartz.

{Fomitella supina [Sw.] Murrill.)
On dead wood, Arecibo, Santana, Moca, El Duque.

192 JOUKNAL OF AGRICULTUEE OF P. E.

POLYPORUS TRICHOLOMA ]\Iont.

On dead wood, Martin Pona, Rio Piedras. El Diique, Espinosa;
Humacao (Sehwanecke) (50).
PoLYPORUS VARiiPORUS ]\Iiirrill.

On dead sticks (62, 65).
PoLYPORUS %nNOSus Berk.

{Nigroporus vinosus [Berk.] ]\Iurrill.)
On dead wood, Sierra de Naguabo.
PoLYPORUS zoNALis Berk.

{Rigidoporus surinaniensis [iliq.] ^Nlurrill.)
On dead wood, Rio Piedras, Espinosa, Guaynabo, Fajardo, Palo
Seeo; El Alto de la Bandera, ^Monte Alegrillo (Stevens)
(82).
POLYSTIGTUS ARMENicoLOR Berk & Curt.

{Coriolus annemcolor [Berk. & Curt.] Pat.)
On dead wood, Rio Piedras (65).
PoLYSTicTus CROCATus Fries. ( ? ) .

(Conolopds crocata [Fries.] Murrill.)
On dead wood, Porto Rico (Stevens) (82).
PoLYSTicTus Drummondii Klotzsch.

(Coriolus Drummondii [Klotzscli] Pat.)
On dead wood. Bayamon: Mayagiiez (Stevens) (82).

POLYSTICTUS ELONGATUS Berk.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras. Also reported from tbe Sintenis
collection (76).

POLYSTICTUS FT'LVOCINEREUS jMlirrill. )

(Coriolopsis fulvocinerea Murrill.)
On dead wood, Martin Peiia.

POLYSTICTUS H^DiNus Berk.

(Coriolus luedinus [Berk.] Pat.)
On dead wood. Coll. X. Y. Bot. Garden (62, 65).

POLYSTICTUS IIIRSUTUS Fr.

(Coriolus nigromarginaius [Schw.] Murrill.)
Reported from Barranquitas (Sintenis) (76).

POLYSTICTUS HIRTELLUS Fr.

(Coriolus nigromarginaius [Schw.] Murrill.)
On dead wood, Martin Peiia, Rio Piedras.

POLYSTICTUS HoLLiCKii Murrill.

(Coriolus TJollielii Murrill.)
On dead wood, :\Ionte Alegrillo (Stevens) (65, 82).

POETO EICAN FUNGf. 193

POLYSTICTUS MAXIMUS Mont.

(Coriolus maximus []\Iont.] Murrill.)
On dead wood, Moca, Martin Peua, Manati, Espinosa, Rio Pie-
dras; A^ieques (Shafer) ; Cabo Rojo (Stevens) (82, 102).

POLYSTICTUS MEMBRANACEUS Sw.

(Coriolus memhranaceus [Sw.] Pat.)
On dead wood, Bayamon, Martin Pena. Espinosa, Pueblo Viejo,
El Yunque, Comerio ; Monte Alegrillo (Stevens) (82). Re-
ported from the Sintenis collection (76).

POLYSTICTUS OCCIDENTALIS Klotzsch.

{Coriolopsk occidentalis [KI.] Murrill.)
On dead wood, Martin Peila, Fajardo, Palo Seco, Rio Piedras,
El Yunque, Yega Baja, Barceloneta, Bayamon, Guaynabo:
Barceloneta (Sintenis, 76) (48, 82, 96).

POLYSTICTUS PAVONIUS Hook.

(Coriolus pavonins [Hook.] Murrill.)
On dead wood, Bayamon, Rio Piedras, Mameyes, El Yunque,
Fajardo (82).

POLYSTICTUS piNSiTus Fries.

(Coriolus pin situs [Fries] Murrill.)
On dead wood, Rio Piedras, Martin Pena, Bayamon, Espinosa,
Campo Alegre, Barceloneta, Garrocbales, Mameyes, Yega
Alta, El Yunque; Utuado, Monte Alegrillo, Vega Baja.
(Stevens) (82,96); Mona (12); Yieques (Shafer) (102).
Reported from Utuado in the Sintenis collection (76) as
P. umbonalus Fr.

POLYSTICTUS POLYZONUS PcrS,

On dead wood, Rio Piedras.

POLYSTICTUS RIGENS SaCC. & Cub.

(Coriolopsis rigicla [Berk. & Mont.] Murrill.)
On dead wood, Sardinera (12, 82) ; Rio Piedras, IMartin Peiia.
Pueblo Yiejo, El Duque, Campo Alegre, El Yunque, San-
tana, Arecibo, Bayamon.

POLYSTICTUS SANGUINEUS L.

(Pycnoporus sanguineus [L.] Murrill.)
On dead wood, Martin Pena, Rio Piedras, El Yunque, Sierra
de Naguabo, Espinosa, Palo Seco, Dorado; Ailasco (Ste-
vens) (82). Also reported from the Sintenis and Schwa-
necke collections (50, 76), Mona Island (12), and Viec^ues
(102)

]9A JOUKXAL OF AGKICL'LTUEE OF P. K.

POLYSTICTUS SINUOSUS B. & C.

{Poria siniiosa Fr.)
On dead cane stalks and rotten wood, Rio Piedras, Gurabo, Ba-
yamon (48, 53 j. Beth the pileate and resupinate forms
occur.

POLTSTICTUS SPATHULATUS Hook.

(Polyporus multiformis Mont.)
{Coliricia spatJiuJata [Hook] MurriU.)
On dead wood, Martin Pena.

POLTSTICTUS STEREINUS B. & C.

(Rigidoporus Liehmanvi [Fries.] i\Iurrill.)
On rotten wood. El Yunque (62).

POLYSTICTUS SUBGLABRESCENS Mlirrill.

(Coriolopsis suhglahrescens IMiirrill.)
On dead wood. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden (62, 65).

POLYSTICTUS ^^LUTINUS Fr.

Reported from Hnraaeao in the Sehwaneeke collection (50).

POLYSTICTUS \'ERSICOLOR L.

(Coriolus versicolor [L.] Quel.)
On dead wood, Mayagiiez (Stevens) (82).

Poria aurantiotingens Ellis & Macbr.

(Tinctoporia aurantiotingens [Ell. & Macbr.] MurriU.)
On dead wood, Rio Piedras, El Duque.

Poria vincta Berk.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras.

Trametes cubensis (]Mont.) Sacc.

On dead wood, Espinosa, El Duque, Martin Pena.

Trametes hydxoides Sw.

(Pogonomyces hydnoicles [Sw.] MurriU.)
On dead wood, Martin Pena, jNIoea. Espinosa, Caguas, Arecibo;
Mona Island (12); Monte Alegrillo (Stevens) (82). Also
reported from the Sintenis collection (76).
Trametes xivosa (Berk.) MurriU.

On dead cane stalks, Rio Piedras (48).

Traaietes submurixa ]\Iurrill.

On rotten wood, Espinosa, Palo Seeo, Rio Piedras, Santurce.
Trametes Taylori ]\Iurrill.

(Coriolopsis Taylori MurriU.)

On dead wood. Xaguabo, Yega Ba.ja (62, 65).

PORTO RICAN FUMGf 19:

AGARICACE^.

Agaricus Joiinstonii Murrill.

On humus, Rio Piedras (68).

Amphalli lapidescens (Hor.) Colm & Schrot.
Reported from the Sintenis collection (76).

Atylospora byssina ]\Iurrill.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras (67).

Campanularis campanulatus (L.) Earle.
On manure. Rio Piedras (Fink.) (67).

Campanularis solidipes (Peck) Murrill.

On horse manure, Rio Piedras; Utuado (Britton and Ccwell) :
Mayagiiez. Aibonito (Fink) (67).

CoRTiNARius Sintenisii P. Heun.

Reported from the Sintenis collection (76).
Galera tener (Schaeff.) Quel.

On humus^ Rio Piedras.

Gymnopilus Earlii jMurrill.

On dead wood, Mayagiiez (Thomas and Lopez).

Gymnopus tenuipes (Schw.) Murrill.

On dead wood, reported in N. Amer. Flora (66).

Heliomyces subavellaneus Murrill.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras (Shafer) (64).

Lentinula detonsa (Fries) Murrill.

On dead wood. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden (63).

Lentinus crinitus (L.) Fries.

On dead wood and cane stalks, Rio Piedras, Pueblo Viejo, Moca,
Campo Alegre, ]\Iartin Peiia, El Duque; Cayey (Stevens)
(48, 82). Also reported from Mona Island (12), and from
the Sintenis collection (76). Recorded in the Schwanecko
collection as Lentinus nigripes Fr. (50).
Lentinus hirtus (Fries) Murrill.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras, Espincsa, Puel)lo Viejo, Caguas,
El Yiinque, Gura])o, El Duque, Mameyes (63, 82).
Lentinus lepideus Fries.

{Lentodmm squamosum [Iluds.] Murrill.) •

On rotten wood. Rio Piedras (63, 82).

Lentinus scyphoides Pat. *

On dead wood, Rio Piedras.

196 JOUENAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

Lentinus strigellus Berk & Curt.

On dead wcod. Col. N. Y. Bot. Garden (63).
Lentinus strigosus (Sehw.) Fries.

On dead wood, Moca, Rio Piedras, Santana; Cabo Rojo (Ste

yens); Vieques (82, 102). Also from the Sintenis eol- |
lection (76) as L. Lecomiei Fr.
Lentinus subscyphoides Murrill.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras (64).
Lentinus velutinus Fries.

On dead wood, Santana. '

Lepiota cep.^stipes (Sow.) Quel.

On humus, Martin Pena, Rio Piedras.
Lepiota cretacea (BuI.) Murrill. ,

On soil in cane fields, Rio Piedras.
Lepiota Morgani Peck.

(Chlorophyllum molyhdites Mass.) '

On humus, Bayamon, Rio Piedras.
Lepiota rubbotincta Pk. (?).

Reported by Stevens (82).

Marasmius Berteroi (Lev.) Murrill.

On trunks of trees (64).
Marasmius borinquensis Stevenson.

On dead sugar-cane stalks, Rio Piedras (48).
Marasmius cineretalbus Murrill.

On leaf mold, Rio Piedras (64).
Marasmius Hiorami Murrill.

On dead and dying siig?ir-c:uio leaves and roots, RiV Piedras
(48, 64).
Marasmius Joiinstonti Murrill.

On dead leaves, Rio Piedras (64).
Marasmius obsoi.etus Murrill.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras (64).
Marasmius pallescens Murrill. !

On dead leaves, Rio Piedras (64).
Marasmius paucifolius Murrill.

On dead leaves, Rio Piedras (64).
Marasmius Peckii Murrill.

On dead leaves (64).
Marasmius portoricensis Murrill.

On leaf mold, Rio Piedras (64). ' |

I'OKTO RIOAN FUNGI. J 97

Makasmius sacchari Wakker.

On Andropogon hicornis, Rio Piedras.
Bromelia pinguin, Rio Piedras.
Panicum harhinode, Cambalache, Patillas.
Saccharum officinarum, Ponce, Fortnna, Rio Piedras, Cano-
vanas, Mameyes (22, 23, 38, 40, 41, 48, 59, 91, 94, 105).

MARASMros SYNODicus (Kunzc) Fries.

On dead leaves and grass, Rio Piedras (64).

Marasmius Wilsonii Murrill.

On dead leaves, Luqnillo (Wilson) (64).

Melanotus fumosifolius Murrill.

On rotten wood, Utuado (Britton and Marble) (67).

Omphalopsis euspeerea (Berk. & Curt.) Murrill.
On dead wood (66).

PajNELLus eugraminus (Mont.) Murrill.
On dead wood. El Duque, Rio Piedras.

Plicatura obliqua (B. & C.) Murrill.

On dead wood, Bayamon, Rio Piedras, El Yunque, Martin Pena.

Polymarasmius sarmentosus (Berk.) Murrill.
On dead wood (64).

PsATHYRELLA MiNUTULA (Schaeff.) Murrill.
(Psafliyrella disseminata Quel.)
On humus, El Yunque, Rio Piedras.

PsATHYREi.LA Stevensonii MurriU.

On garden soil, Rio Piedras (67).

SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE Fr.

(Schizophylhim alneum [L.] Sehroet.)
{Schizophyllus alneus [L.] Sehroet.)
On Citrus dccumana, Rio Piedras. Frnit rot, and wood rot of
trunk and limbs (89, 96).
Ipomcea batatas, Rio Piedras.

Saccharum officinarum (dead and dying stalks), Rio Pie-
dras, Plaznela (20, 38, 48, 105). Common everywhere
on dead wood, Yabunoa, Carolina, Bayamon; Maricao,
Catano, El Gigante (Stevens) (82) ; Mona Island (12) ;
Vieques (102) ; Ad juntas (Sintenis) (50, 76) ; Santurce
HeUer) (19).

SCYTINOTUS DISTANTIFOLIUS IMurrill.

On dead wood, grass and sugar-cane leaves, Rio Piedras (48, 64).

198 JOURNAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. E. '

i
I

Stropharia cubensis Earle. '

On manure, various localities (Britton and jMarble) (Fink) (68) !

PHALLACE^. i

I

Clathrus cancellatus Tournef.

Porto Rico (Sintenis) (76). Probably should be referred to I
the follo^^ang species.

Clathrus crispus Turpin. |

On garden soil, Santurce.

Laternea columnata Nees.

Sintenis, from Porto Rico. Reported . (76) as Clathrus rolum- \
natus.

Laternea triscapa Turpin. I

On garden soil, Rio Piedras. j

MuTiNus CANiNus (Huds.) Fr. I

Reported by Johnston at Rio Piedras. !

Phallus indusmtus Vent.

On soil, Mayagiiez (Brandes) ; Rio Piedras, Martin Peiia ; Ad-
juntas (Sintenis) (76) as Dictyophora phaUoidea. j

lycoperdace^.
Geaster mirabilis Mont.

On forest soil, Martin Peiia; Ad juntas (Sintenis) (76).

Geaster saccatus Fr.

On humus, Rio Piedras.

Geaster velutinus IMorgan.
On humus, Rio Piedras.

Lycoperdon albidum Cooke.

On dead cane stalks and del)ris, Cortada, Rio Piedras (4S, 52).

Lycoperdon cruciatum Rostk.

On soil and rotten wood, Rio Piedras, Palo Scco.

Lycoperdon pusillum Batscli.

On humus and cane trash, Pueblo Viejo, Rio Piedras (48).

Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaeff.

(Lycoperdon riihellum Beck.)
On soil, Rio Piedras, Barceloneta (48).

Tylostoma exasperatum Mont.

On dead wood, Lares (Sintenis) (76).

PORTO RICAN FUNGI. ]9«)

NIDULARIACEiE,

Cyathus Earlei Lloyd.

On dead wood, Sabana Liana, Palo Seeo.

Cyathus pallidus Berk.

On dead wood, Martin Pena, Rio Piedras.

Cyathus Pceppigii Tulasne.

On dead eane stalks and dead wood, Rio Piedras, Fajardo (48).

Cyathus stercoreus Sehw.
On manure. Rio Piedras.

Cyathus striatus Hudson.

{Nidularia striata Bull.)
Reported fioni the Scliwanecke collection (50), hut would douht- .
less he found to he C. pceppigii if reexamined.

Sph.erobolus stellatus Tode.

On cane trash and rotten wood. Rio Piedras (48).

FUNGI IMPEEFECTI.

PHOMATACE/E.

Actinonema ros.^ (Lih.) Fr.

On leaves of Bosa sp., Rio Piedras (94).

AscocHYTA nicotian^e Pass.
On Nicotiana tahacum (8).

CiNCINNOBOLUS CESATII Do By.

On Erijsiphe polygon (?) on Cassia inra, San German (Stevens)

(82).

Cryptostictis iiysterioides F'uekel.
On dead leaves, Rio Piedras.

Cytospora sacchari Butler.

On dead and dying sugar-cane leaf-sheaths and stalks. Rio Pie-
dras, Carolina, Fajardo (48, 84, 105).
Darluca filum (Biv.) Cast.

On Kuchneola gossijpii on Gossypinm harhadense (Stevens).
Puccinia cannre on Canna sp. (Stevens).
Puccinia clcocharidis on Ehocharis sp., Mayagiiez (Stevens).
Puccinia gouanix on Gouania, Utuado (Stevens).
Puccinia Huheri on Panicum. trichoides, Jayuya (Stevens).
Puccinia lantanw on Lantana involucraia, Quel)radillas.
Puccinia polygoni-amphibii on Pcrsicaria pa net ai a, Rio Pie-
dras.

200 JOUENAL OF AGRICULTUEE OF P. R.

Darluca filum (Biv.) Cast. — Continued.

On Puccinia rivince on Bivina humilis, Desecheo (Stevens).

Puccinia suhstriata on Eriochloa suhglahra, Mayagiiez (Ste-
vens) .
TJredo cescliynomcnis on Aeschynomene americana (Stevens).
TJromyces leptodermus, on Lasiacis divaricata and Panicum

dai'hinode (Stevens) (82).
Bust (nndet.) on Kyllingia sp. (Sintenis) (76).

DiPLODiA CACAOicoLA P. Henn.

On Saccharum officinarum, Rio Piedras, Vieques, Las ]\Ionjas,
(48, 94, 105).
Theohroma cacao, Mayagiiez (20).

DiPLODIA NATALENSIS EvanS.

On Citrus spp., as a fruit rot, twig blight, and trunk canker, Rio
Piedras, Garrocliales, Palo Seco, Pueblo Viejo, Espinosa,
Bayamon, Campo Alegre (29, 58, 84, 89, 94, 96).

DiPLODIA OPUNTIiE SaCC.

On Opuniia sp., Guanica (84).

Diploma tubericola (E. & E.) Taub.
On Jpomoea 'batatas, Rio Piedras.

Phoma destructiva Plowr.

On Ly coper sicum escidentum, Rio Piedras (90, 94).

Phoma FouRCROYyE Thum.

On Furcrea tuherosa, Espinosa, Bayamon.

Phomopsis citri Faw.

On Citrus decumana, Trujillo Alto, Bayamon, Palo Seco (89, 96).
Citrus sinensis, Bayamon (89, 96).

Phomopsis vexans (Sacc. & Syd.) Harter.

On Solanum melongena, Rio Piedras (90, 94).

Phyllosticta adianticola Young.

On Adiant'um tenermn, Rio Piedras, Camuy; Manati, Utuado,
Quebradillas (Stevens) (103).

Phyllosticta apii Hals.

On Apium graveolens, Rio Piedras.

Phyllosticta araliana Young.

On Dendropanax arhoreum, Maricao (Stevens) (103).

Phyllosticta batatas E. & M.

On Tpomoea hatatas, Rio Piedras (90).

POETO EICAN FUNGI. 201

""TX: :X JZ™.n, Espinosa Kio Piearas; .lari^,
San German, Rosario, Mayagiiez, Coamo, Anasco, AdDun-
tas (Stevens) (103).
'Phyllosticta borinquensis Young. , -^ ^ o n.,.

On HeUctcres jamaicensis, Palo Seco, Martin Pena; San Ger-
man (Stevens) (103).
Phyllosticta cissicola Speg.

On Cissus sicyoides, Rio Piedras; Vega Baja, Ja.]ome Alto (Ste-
vens) (103).
Phyllosticta citrullina Chester.

On Cucurhita melo, Rio Piedras (90).
Phyllosticta clusi^ Stevens.

On Clusia rosea, Maricao (Stevens) (82).
Phyllosticta coccolobjs E. & E.

On Coccoloha uvifera, Mona Island (Stevens) (103).

Phyllosticta oolocasi^ Hohnel. ' ^ (aa ^m^

On DieffenhacUa seguine, Monte de Oro (Stevens) (90, 103).

Phyllosticta colocastcola Hohnel.

On Colomsia sp., Caguas (Stevens) (103).
Phyllosticta commelinicola Young.

On Commelina nudiflora, Rio Piedras, TrujiHo Alto; Hornu •
gueros (Stevens) (103).
Phyllosticta cucurbitacearum Sacc.

On Ciicumis sativus, Rio Piedras (90).
Phyllosticta divergens Sacc.

On AlUzzia lehUck, Porto Rico (Stevens) (103).
Phyllosticta erythrinicola Young.

On Erythrina micropteryx, Aibonito ; Villa Alba, Japme Alto,
Yauco, Mayagiiez (Stevens) (103).
Phyllosticta eugenue Young.

On Eugenia huxifoUa, Mona Island (Stevens) (103).
Phyllosticta eupatoricola Rab. & Bub. , v-

On Euvatorium odoratum, Rio Piedras, Sierra de Naguabo; Vi-
lla Alba (Stevens) (103).
Phyllosticta glaucispora Delacr.

On Urechites lutea, Porto Rico (Stevens) (103).
Phyllosticta guanicensis Young.

On Guilandina cnsta, Guanica (Stevens) (103).
Phyllosticta guare^ P. Henn.

On Guarea mcMHoides, Aguas Buenas (Stevens) (103).

202 JOIJENAL OF AGRIGULTUEE OF P. R.

PlIYLLOSTICTA HORTORUM Speg.

See PJiomopsis vexans.
Phyldosticta hybiscina E. & E.

On Ahutilon nmhcUatum, Mona Island (Stevensj (82).
Phyllosticta ipomce^ Ell. & Keller.

On Exogonium repandum, Manati, Mayagiiez, Rio Piedras, Dos
Bocas (Stevens) (103).
Phyllosticta lantan^ Stevens.

On Lantana odorata, Desecheo, Mona, Utuado, Guanica (Stevens)
(82).

Phyllosticta momisiana Young.

On Momida iguanaca, Coamo (Stevens) (103).
Phyllosticta maculicola Hals.

On Cordyline terminalis, Rio Piedras, Sabana Liana.
Phyllosticta pandanigola Young.

On Pandanus sp., Santnrce (Stevens) (103).
Phyllosticta panici Yonnff

On Panicum maximum. Rio Piedras; Coamo, Martin Pena (Ste-
vens) (103).
Phyllosticta pithecolobii Young.

On Pithecolohium unguis-cati, Deseeheo. Yaueo (Stevens) (103).
Phyllosticta pithecolobii var. monensis Young.

On Piihecolohiuni iimjuis-cafi, .Alona- Island *"( Stevens) (103).
Phyllosticta portoricensis Young.

On Croton lucidus, Guanica (Stevens) (103'.
Phyllosticta sacchari Speg.

On Saccharum officinarum, Gurabo, Rio Piedras: Juana Diaz
(Stevens) (48, 103).
Phyllosticta sechii Young.

On Secliinm edide, Rio Piedras; Mayagiiez (Stevens) (103).
Phyllosticta Stevensii Young.

On Triumfelta semih-iJoba, Coamo. Villa Alha (Stevens) (103).
Phyllosticta superficiale Stevens.

On passiflora sexflora, Ponce, Monte de Oro, El Consume Ad-
juntas, Utuado, El Yunque, Jajome Alto, Maricao Gua-
yama (Stevens) (82).
Septoria asiatica Urb.

On Centella asiatica, Vega Baja, San Sebastian (Stevens) (34)
Septoria chelidonii Desm.

On ArgemoiK mexicano, Guayama (Stevens) (34).

PORTO RICAN FUNGI. 1>0H

Septoria FICI-INDIC^ Vogt.

On 0 pun I in dillenii, Guanica, Santa Isabel (Stevens) (82).
Septoria guettard^ Garman.

On Guettarda ovalifolia, Monte Alegrillo (Stevens) (34).
Septoria lantan^ Garman.

On Lantana camara, Porto Rico (Stevens) (34).
Sepiioria lycopersici Speg.

On Lycopersicum esculent um, Rio Piedras, Sabana Liana (90,
94).
Septoria miconi^ Garman.

On Miconia Uevigata, Las Marias (Stevens) (34).

Miconia impctiolaris, Rio Piedras, Sabana Liana (90, 94).
Septoria mikanije Wint.

On Milania sp., El Gigante (Stevens) (82).
Septoria petiti.^ Garman.

On Petitia domingensis, Hio FiedrsLS; Cabo Rojo (Stevens) (34).
Septoria petroselini var. aph Br. & Cav.

On Apium graveolens, Marieao, El Gigante, Aibonito (Stevens)
(82).
Septorlv pityrogramme Garman.

On Pityrogranihta calonitlanos, ^larieao (Stevens) (34).
Septoria ros-e Desm.

On Rosa sp., Aibonito.
Vermicularia atricha E. & E,

On Petiveria alUacea, Caguas (Millspaugh). Described in Plan-
tie Utowanie, pub. 43, Field Columbian ^Museum, Bot. Ser.,
vol. 2, no. 1.
Vermicularla. graminicola "West.

On dead cane stalk, Rio Piedras (48^.

zythiace.^.

Aschersonia aleyrodis Webber.

On Aleyrodicus minimus, the white fly of Psidium gunjava, Rio
Piedras. Caguas, Bayamon, Espinosa; ITtuado. Mayagiiez,
Jayuya (Stevens) (46, 82).
Aschers*onia flavo-citrina p. Henn.

On Aleyrodicus minimus, Rio Piedras, ^Martin Peiia (46).
Aschersonia cubensis B. & C.

On scale insects on Citrus spp., Pueblo Vie.jo, Espinosa, Baya-
mon; on Palicourea crocea, Rio Piedras; on Zamia inte-
gri folia (Stevens) (82, 89, 96).

204 JOURNAL UF AGEICULTURE OF P. E.

ASHERSONIA TURBINATA Beck.

On scale insects, Rio Piedras, Vega Baja, Espinosa, Dorado,
Pueblo Viejo, Coamo Springs. Host insects occur on a
wide range of trees and shrubs, including Citrus spp.,
Psidium, Casearia, Zamio,, Eugenia, Erythrina, etc. (46,
89, 96).

Zythia phaseoli Stevens. In mss.

On Phaseolus adenanthus, Porto Rico (Stevens).

leptostromatace^.

Leptothyrium pomi (]\I. & F.) Sacc.

On Citrus sinensis, Bayamon. Found in sterile condition only
(89, 96).

Melasmia coccolobi^ Stevens.

On Coccolohis sp., ]\[aricao (Stevens) (82).
1\Ielasmia ing^ Stevens.

On Tnga lanrino, Las IMarias (Stevens) (82).

EXCIPULACEiE.

Ephelis mexicana Fr.

See Balansia liypoxylon.

melanooniace^.

CoLLETOTRICHr.M COPPEANUM Noack.

On Cojfea arabica. Reported by Cook in Tropical Plant Dis-
eases, p. 166 (98).

CoLLETOTRiCHUM Cradwickii Baui-roft.

On Theohroma cacao, Mayagiiez (Fawcett) (27).

COLLETOTRICTTUM CURVISETTTIM StCVCnS.

On Hura crepitans, Canovanas; Afiaseo, Mayagiiez (Stevens)

(82).

COLLETOTRTCIITJM ERYTHRINA E. & E.

On Pithecolohium ungms-mii, Coamo, Boqueron. Guanica. Gua-
najibo. ^fona. Desecheo (Stevens) (82).

COLLETOTRIClIT'IVr FALCATITIM Went.

On Sacchorum officivariim, Rio Piodras. Fajardo. Yauco. Cano-
vanas. Yabueoa. Carolina. Las Monjas, Ponce, Fortuna.
For the most part on dead and dying leaves and stalks,
but occasionally as a wound parasite of the stalk. (38,
40, 48, 91. 94, 105).

PORTO RICAN FUNGT. 20r>

COLLETOTRICHUM GLffiOSPORIOIDES PenZ.

On Ciinis spp., Rio Piedras, Pueblo Viejo, Espinosa, Manati,
Bayamon, Sabana Liana, Vega Baja, Santana. Causing
leaf spot, fruit spot and rot, tear staining of fruit, and
withertip of terminal branches and twigs (15, 23, 26, 89,
94, 96, 98).
Mangiferd indica, Rio Piedras (23, 89, 94).

COLLETOTRICIIUM HiGGINSCANUM SaCC.

On Brassica rapce, Rio Piedras. ^

COLLETOTRICHUM LAGENARIUM (Pei'S.) E. & H.

On Ciicumis sativus, Rio Piedras.

Cucurhiia meh, Rio Piedras (90). :

COLLETOTRICHUM LINDEMUTHL\NUM (SaCC & MagU.) Scrib.

On Phascoliis vulgaris, Rio Piedras (90, 94).

COLLETOTRICHUM LINEOLA Cda.

On Holcus huhprnse, Sabana Liana.
Holciis sorghum, Trajillo Alto (94).

COLLETOTRICHUM LOBELIA SteveUS.

On Lohclia assurgeus var. Porloricensis, Maricao (Stevens) (82).

COLLETOTRICHT^M NIGRUM E. & H.

On Capsicum annuum, Rio Piedras. Causing a rot of the fruit

(90).

COLLETOTRICHUM OMNIVORUM Hals.

On Pandanus sp.. Sabana Liana. Rio Piedras; Caguas (Stevens')

(82).

C0I>LET0TRICHUM PHILODENDRI P. Hciin.

On Philodcndron krchsii, Arecil)o, Lares (Stevens) (82).

COLLETOTRICHUM PHOMOIDES (SaCC.) CheS.

On LijcopfrsicNin ( sculenium, Rio Piedras (90, 94).
COLLETOTRICHUM PiPERis Stevens.

On Piper imilx Hal iiin, Rio Piedras; Caguas (Stevens) (82).
Glceosporium hemebocallidis E. & E.

On JfijmniocnJlis cxpansa, Bayamon.
GLCEX3SP0RIUM MANiHOT Earlc.

On Maniliot ulilissima, Rio Piedras.

Producinji' a die-back (4 tonniual twigs (90).
Glceosporium meijOngentjo E. & H.

On Solanum, mclongrna, Rio Piedras (36, 90).
Glceosporium musarum Cke. & Mass.

On Mnsa paradisiaca, Rio Piedras. Common in all parts of
tho Island.

oog JOUENAL OF AGRTCrLTUEE OF P. E.

Glcbosporium piperatum E. & E.

On Capsicum anmium, Rio Piedras (90, 94). .
Capsicum frutcsccns, Pueblo Viejo.

Glcbosporium psidii G. Del.
See Glomcrella cinguJata.

Glcbosporium rufomaculans (Berk.) Tliiiiu.
See Glomcrella cingulafa.

Glcbosporium vanill^e Cke.
See Glomcrella civgulata.

Glcbosporium viol.^ B. & Br.

On Violo sp., jMavagiiez (Stevens) (82).

Melanconium sacchar[ Mass.

On dead and dying sugar-cane stalks and leaf slieaths. Yabu-
coa, Rio Piedras, Fortuua. Aguadilia, Fajardo, Canova-
nas, Carolina, Juncos, Areeil)o. Barceloneta, Caguas, Que-
bradillas, TTtuado, Isabel a, Afiasco, Guanica, Vega Baja,
Bayamon, Toa Baja (15. 22. 23, 38, 40, 41, 44, 47, 48, 91,
94, 105).

Melanconium saccharinum ( ?) Penz. & Sace.
On Bamhusa inilgaris, Trujillo Alto.
Cymhopogon citratns, Rio Piedras.

SacclKinnn o[fici)ninnu , Kio Piedras, iMeroedita, Fajardo (41,
44, 48, 105).

Pestaix:)zzia coccolob.^ E. & K.

On Cocrchihis Hcifera, Hixiueron i Stevens) (82).

Pestai^ozzia funera Desni.

On Acrisfa monticola, El Vuii(|ue (Stevens).
Clirjjsobalanus icaco, Santuree (Stevens).
Clusia rosea, Marieao (Stevens).
nippocratea voluhilis, Rio Piedras.
Inga vera, IMarieao (Stevens).
Musa paradisiaca, Rosario. Bari-os (Stevens).
Pithccolohium unguis-cati, ]\lona (Stevens).
Poinciana jjulchcrrima, Rio Piedras; Mayagiiez (Stevens)
(82).

Pestalozzia guepinia Desni.

On Citrus spp., Espinosa. Rio Piedras (96).
Jamhosa jamhos, Puel)lo Yiejo.
Mangifcra iiulica, Trujillo Alto, Rio Piedras (94).

PORTO RICAN FUNGI. 207

Pestalozzia palm arum Cke.

On Acrocomia media, Rio Piedras, Espinosa.
Areca catechu, Rio Piedras.
Cocos nucifera, Rio Piedras, Santurce (39).
Pliwnix reclinaia, Aibonito (94).

MONILIACE^.
ACROSTALAGMUS ALBUS Pr.

On Aphis sp., on Hibiscus esculentus, Cucumis sativus, tiolanum
melongena, Capsicum annuum, Palicourea sp., Eupatorium
odoratum, Rio Piedras, Carolina, Comerio.
Corythaica monach'a, on Solanum melongena, Rio Piedras.
Siplta jlavu, on Saccharum officinarum., Rio Piedras (46, 89).
Arthrobotrys superba Cda.

On dead and dying sngar-cane leaves and on cane debris, Rio
Piedras, Gurabo (48).
Aspergillus flavus Link.

On PseudococcHs saccJiari, Rio Piedras. Patillas, Fajardo, Caro-
lina, Gnaniea. A strain morphologically not distinguish-
able is common as a mold of tobacco, cloth, culture media,
and other dead plant material. Also isolated from soil
(46, 48, 96).
Aspergillus niger Van Tiegh.

Isolated from soil. Also occurs occasionally as a citrus fruit
rot, and on plant material in damp chambers (48, 96).
Aspergillus roseus Link.

Isolated from soil, Rio Piedras.
Aspergillus terreus Thorn.

On musty tobacco, Porto Rico. Described liy Tliom in Amer.
Jour, of Hot., V. 5, no. 2. Pel). 1918, pp. 85-90. includ-
ing mention of its occurrence in Poi'to Rico.
Blastotriciium miooni/E Stevens.

On Miconia hwigaia, ]\laricao, T^tuado. Aguas Buenas (Stevens)
(82).
Botrytis Rileyi Farl.

On Lapliijgma fn<gip( rda, Rio Piedras, Guanica (46).
Cephaix)sporium lecanii Zimm.

Oil Aspidiodis destructor, on Cocas nucifera, Punta Cangrejos.
Coccus mangifera, on Maugifera indica, Rio Piedras.
Pseudococcus nipoe, on Psidium guayaha, and Erythrina
glauca, Rio Piedras.

20S JOUENAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. E.

Cephalosporium lecanii Zimm. — Continued.

On Saissetia hemispherica on a wide range of trees and shrubs,
Rio Piedras, Espinosa, Bayamon, Vega Baja, Comerio, Sa-
bana Liana (46, 96).
DiPLOSPORiUM ALBUM Bon. var. fungicolum Stevens.

On Parodiella cayaponioi on Cayaponia sp., Utuado (Stevens)
(82).
j\[ETARRniziuM ANISOPLI.E (Metsch.) Sor.

On Aphodius sp., CantJion sp., Dsycinetus harhatus, Ligyrus tu-
mulosus, Meiamasius hemipterus, Phyllophaga spp., Pliy-
talus insularis, Strategiis titanus, and a number of unde-
termined Scarabsids, an earwig, and a roach, Rio Pie-
dras, Guaniea, Fajardo, Santa Isabel, Sierra de Naguabo,
Afiasco (46, 78, 84, 105).
MoNiLiA siTOPHiLA (Mont.) Sacc.

On dead sugar-cane debris after burning, Rio Piedras. Com-
mon in all parts of the Island. Also observed at base
of plants of Gynerinm sogitatum and Sahal causiarum in-
jured l\y fire (48).
MoNOGRAMMiA MicoNi^i: Stevens.

On Miconia sp., Yabucoa (Stevens) (82).
MoNOSPORiUM UREDiNicoLUM Stevens.

On Coleosporium ipomoea on Ipomcea hatatas (Stevens) (82).

OiDiUM LACTis Fres.

Causing acetic fermentation of fruit juices, TJio Piedras.
Pellicularia koleroga Cooke.^

On Coif en arahica, Moca, Mayagiiez. Also reported by Faw-

cett on r. avahien var. cohn)))iaris, C. ahcokuta, C. lau-

rentii, C. slenopJiylla. This species is treated extensively

in a number of publications (15, 23, 24, 28, 30, 31, 81, 82).

Penicillium crustaceum L.

On dead plant material, Rio Piedras (96).
Penicillium digitatum (Fr.) Sacc.

On fruit of Cilnis sinoisis, C. decununid, and C. ]inio)us. Com-
mon in all citrus districts of the Island (58, 84, 89, 94, 96).
Penicillium divaricatum Thom.
Isolated fi-oin soil, Rio Piedras.

Penicillium italicum Wehmer.

On fruit of Cilnis spp. Not common (89, 96).

^ See CorliriiDii Ldlfriijtn.

POETO KICAN FUNGI. 209

Penicillium lilacinum Thorn.

Isolated from soil, Rio Pieclras.
Penicillium luteum Zukal.

Isolated from soil, Eio Piedras.
PiRicuLARiA GRisEA (Cke.) Sacc.

{Piricularia or y zee Cav.)

On Oryza saiiva, IMayagiiez (Thomas).
Synihcvisma digitata, Rio Piedras.
Ramularia AREOLA Atkin.

On Gossypium harhadensc (20).

R-UVIULARIA COLBOSPORI^ SaCC.

On Colcosporium ipomoece on Ipomcea hatafas (6).
Ramularia cylindrosporioides Stevens. In mss.

On Piper medium, Porto Rico (Stevens).
Spicaria colorans.

On Theohroma eacao, Fawcett (30).
Spobotrichum globuliferum Speg.

On insects (thrips, Drosophilid, leaf hoppers), Rio Piedras, Ba-
yamon, Espinosa (94).
Trichoderma lignorum (Tode) Harz.

On dead and dying sugar-cane leaves, leaf-sheaths, and stalks,
Rio Piedras, Cambalache, Naguabo. Common everywhere
(48, 94).
Trichothecium pusarioides Stevens.

On Phyllachora perihehuyensis on Miconia sp., Maricao (Ste-
vens) (82).
Verticillium HETEROCLADUivi Penz.

On insects (nndet.), on Ocotca leucoxyloi} and Xrclandra sj)..
Rio Piedras (46).

dematiace.e.

Alternaria diantiii S. & H.

On Dianth'us sp.. San Juan (94).
Alternaria citri Pierce.

On Cifnis sinensis (fruit), Pnehlo Viejo, Bayamon, Rio Piedras
(84, 89, 96).
Alternaria solani (E. & M.) J. & G.

On Datura suaveolens, Barros, Coamo, Aguas Buenas (Stevens)
(82).
Solamim tuberosum, Rio Piedras.

210 JOrEXAL OF AGKICULTUEE OF P. E.

Arthrinium saccharicola Stevenson.

On dead sugar-cane leaves. Rio Piedras (48).
Basisporium gallarum ]\Io11.

On dead stalks and leaves of sugar-cane and other grasses, Jun-
cos, Rio Piedras (48).
Brachysporium stemphyliodes (Cd.) Sacc.

On Anona montana, Mayagiiez (Stevens) (82).
Cercospora achyranthes Syd.

On Achyranthes aspera, Guanica. Hormigueros, Bayaraon (Ste-
vens) (82).
Cercospora ACROCOMiyE Stevenson.

On Acrocomia media, Rio Piedras, Espinosa (94).
Cercospora altern anthers E. & L.

On Alternanthera portoricensis, Yauco, Coamo (Stevens) (82).
Cercospora aiiaryllidis Ell. & Ev.

On Hymenocallis expansa, Punta Cangvejos ; Santuree, Caomo
(Stevens) (104).
Cercospora atricincta H. & "W.

On Crassina elegans, Espinosa, Rio Piedras (89).
Cercospora bernardi.e Stevens.

On Bernardia hernardia, Guanica (Stevens) . (82).
Cercospora beticola Sacc.

On Beta vulgaris in var., Pueblo Viejo, Rio Piedras (90, 94).
Cercospora biformis Petch.

On Passiflora sex flora, Mayagiiez (Stevens) (82).
Cercospora bix^ A. & N.

On Bixa orellana, Mayagiiez, Lares, Rosario (Stevens) (82).
Cercospora bloxami Beck. & Br.

On Brassica arvensis, Rio Piedras.
Brassica integrifolia, Rio Piedras.
Brassica japonica, Barranquitas.
Brassica jnncea, Rio Piedras (94).
Brassica Pe-tsai, Rio Piedras.

Brassica rapa, Quebradillas, Bayamon (Stevens) (90, 104),
Cercospora borinquensis Young.

On Calapogoninni orthocarpum, Rio Piedras, Mayagiiez (Ste-
vens) (104).
Cercospora bradbury^ Young.

On Bradhurya puhescens, Rio Piedras; Mayagiiez, El Yunque,
Dos Bocas, San German, Guayama, Jajmya, Hormigueros,
Caho Rojo. Rosario (Stevens) (104).

POETO EICAN FUNGI. 2J1

Cercospora cajani p. Henn.

On Cajanus indicus, Rio Piedras; Aguas Buenas, Aguada, ]\Ia-
ricao, Anasco, Dos Bocas, Guayanilla, El Yunque, Hormi-
gueros, Monte de Oro (Stevens) (90, 104).
Cercospora canescens Ell. & Mart.
On DoUchos lablab, Rio Piedras.
Phaseolus lunatus, Rio Piedras.
• Phaseolus vulgaris, Rio Piedras; Guayanilla (Stevens) (60,
90).
Vigna unguiculata, Garroehales.
Cercospora capsici H. & W.

On Capsicum annuum, Rio Piedras, Pueblo Viejo, Trujillo Alto
(90, 94).
Cercospora carbonacea Miles.

On Dioscorea alata, Vega Alta, Cabo Rojo, Vega Baja, Aiiaseo
(Stevens) (60, 61).
Cercospora caseari^ Stevens.

On Casearia guianensis, Rio Piedras ; Rosario, Corozal, Maya-
giiez (Stevens).
Casearia ramiflora, Villa Alba, Caguas, El Yunque, Quebra-
dillas. Iltuado, San German, Cataiio, Martin Peiia, Ma-
yagiiez, Aguada, Aguadilla, Marieao, Vega Baja, Baya-
mon, Naguabo, Jayuya (Stevens).
Casearia sylvesiris, Rio Piedras, ^Martin Peila, Saliana Liana ;
Mayagiiez, Coamo, Rio Tanama, Hormigueros, Lajas, Co-
rozal, Quel)radillas, Ponee, ]\lonte de Oro, El Yunque (Ste-
vens) (82).
Cercospora cassav^e E. & E.

On ManiJwt vtilissima, Dos Bocas (Stevens) (104). Probably
the same as C. Henningsii.
Cercospora cham^crist^ E. & Keller.

On Cassia alaia, Dos Boeas, Santurce, Aiiaseo, ^Mayagiiez (Ste-
vens) (104).
Cassia occidenialis, Camuy, Espinosa.
Cercospora citrullina Cke.

On (Jitndlus vulgaris, Pinita Cangrejos, Rio Pii^dras. Pueblo
Viejo (36, 84, 90).
Cercospora coppeicola B. & C.
(C. cofjeoi Zimm.)
On Co#>a ara&ioa, Espinosa, Rio Piedras; Aiiaseo, Marieao (Ste-
vens) (27, 31, 60).

212 JOUENAL or AGRICLTLTUEE OF P. R.

Cercospora conspicua Eaiie.

On Cleonie spinosa, Comerio; Mavagiiez (Stevens) (21,, 104).

Cercospora cruenta Sacc.

On PhaseoJus lunatus. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden.
Vigna ungmcuJaia, Rio Piedras (90, 94).

Cercospora cucurbits E. & E.

On Lagenaria Icucantlia, Rio Piedras (90).

Cercospora cucurbiticola P. Henn.

On Cayaponia spp., Marieao, Rosario (Stevens) (82).
Cercospora densissima Speg.

On 8ida sp., Mona Island (Stevens) (104).
Cercospora flagellaris E. & IM.

On Phytolacca icosandra, jMaricao (Stevens) (82).

('ercospora Gilbertii Speg.

On Iresine panniciilata, El Alto de la Bandera (Stevens) (82).

Cercospora gossypina Cke.

On Gossypiuni harhadense, Carolina.

Cercospora guanicensis Young.

On Guilandina crista, Guanica (Stevens) (104).

Cercospora Henningsii Allesch.

On Maiiihot utilissima, Bayamon, ]\Ioca, Pueblo Viejo, Martin
Peiia; Hormigueros (Stevens) (60. 90, 94),

Cercospora hibisci T. & Earle.

On Hihiscus esculentus, Rio Piedras: Qucbradillas, Aguadilla,
Cabo Rojo (Stevens) (60, 90, 94).
Hihiscus tiliaceus, Camuy; Rosario. Dos Boeas, Las IMarias,
:\Iarieao (Stevens) (104).

Cercospora hur^ Stevens.

On Hura crepitans, Mayagiioz. Auasco (Stevens) (82).

Cercospora hydropiperis (Thiini.) Speg.

On Pcrsicana punctala, Rio Piedras. Mavagiiez; Utuado, Coamo,
Corozal. Ciales (Stevens) (104).

Cercospora lactuc.^ Stevenson.

On Lactuca saliva, Rio Piedras (90. 94).

Cercospora lepidii Peck.

On Lcpidium virgimcum, Esi)iii()sa; i\Iona Island (Stevens)
(104).

Cercospora longipes Butler,

On Saccliarum officinarum, Rio Piedras (48, 105).

I'ORTO RICAN FUNGI. 218

Cercospora malachr^e Heald & "Wolf.

{Cercospora malachrcB Young).
On Malaclira rotuudifoUa, Rio Piedras; San Sebastian, Ponce,
Yaueo. Guanica, San German, Vega Baja (Stevens) (104).

Cercospora maricaoensis Yoimg.

On Teramnus uncinatus, Maricao, Dos Boeas. Cabo Rojo (Ste-
vens) (104).

Cercospora mikaniaoola Stevens.

On MiJumia sii.. Utuado, Agiiada, Maricao (Stevens) (82).
Cercospora mucun^ Syd.

On Mucuna pruriens, Utuado, Dos Boeas, Mayagiiez, Aiiasco,
Rosario, ^Monto Alegrillo (Stevens) (104).
SHzolohiinii (ifcrinium, Rio Piedras.
Stizolohiuiii sp., Rio Piedras. Esj^inosa. Yega Baja.
Cercospora nicotians E. & E,

On NicoHana iahavnm, iMayagiiez, Bayamon, Espinosa, Sabana
Liana: Quel)radi]las. Caguas, Ciales, Dos Boeas (Stevens)
(60, 94).

Cercospora oryz^i^ Miy.

On Or\jza sativa Rio Piedras, Canovanas.
Cercospora persoxata (B. & C.) E.

On Aracliis Injpogea, Rio Piedras, Pueblo Viejo (15, 20, 90, 94).
Cercospora pisa-s.vtiv;e Stevenson.

On Pisjoii sallvum, Rio Piedras (90).
Cercospora phylijtidis Hume.

On Polupodivrii sp., Barros (Stevens) (104).
Cercospora portoricensis Earle.

On Piper adKncnni, Rio Piedras, Canuiy; Mayagiiez (Heller;
Pefiuelas, Juana Diaz, Coamo, Anaseo, Ciales, Corozal, Ad-
juntas. JajoDie Alto, Coamo Springs, Areeibo (Stevens)
19, 82).
Piper hispid mil, I>avam6n: Maricao, Rosario (Stevens)

(104).
Piper pcHatum, Rio Piedras.

Piper umbellainm, Maricao, Areeibo (Stevens) (82),
Piper sp., Rio Piedras, Martin Pefia, Palo Seeo.
Cercospora ricinella Sacc. & Berl.

On Eicinus communis, Palo Seco, Naguabo, Espinosa ; Jayuya,
Yauco, Peiiuelas, Utuado, Coamo (Stevens) (82, 94).

214 JOURNAL OF AGKICULTURE OF P. R.

Cercospora rigospora Atks.

On Solanion nigrum, EIo Piedras.
Cercosi'Ora rosicola (Pass.) Sacc. I

On Rosa, spp., Garroehales, Espinosa, Arecibo, Rio Piedras; Ma-

ricao (Stevens) (89, 94, 104). ,

Cercospora sechi^ Stevenson. (In ed.) j

On SecJiium edule, Rio Piedras, Barceloneta (36, 90). 1

Cercospora sesami Zimm.

On Sesamnm orieniale, Garrochales, Rio Piedras (90).
Cercospora simulata E. & E.

On Cassia alata. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden. Probably the same
as C. chamcccristce.
Cercospora Stevensii Young.

On Andira jamaicensis, Dos Boeas (Stevens) (104).
Cercospora tiiouinle Stevens.

On Thouinia striata, Marieao (Stevens) (82).
Cercospora trichophila Stevens.

On Helicteres jamaicensis, Peiiiielas (Stevens).

Solannm torvnm, Mayagiiez, Utnado, Vega Baja, Rio Ta-

nania, ]\lonacillo. Manati. jMona Island (Stevens).
Solamtm vcrhascifolium, Rio Piedras; El Gigante, El Alto
de la Bandera (Stevens) (82).
Cercospora TRicnosTiOMiE Stevens.

On Triclwstiqma octandra, Barceloneta, Rio Piedras (Stevens)
(82).
Cercospora vagina Kruger.

On Saccharum officinarum, Cambalache, Areeibo, Fajardo, Rio
Piedras, Los Canos (38, 48, 94, 105).
Cercospora vign^e Racilx

On Vicjna nnguiculata, Rio Piedras (84, 90).
Cercospora viol^ Saee.

On Viola sp., Campo Alegre, Rio Piedras, Vega Ba.ja (89).
Cercosporidium Helleri Earle.

On Sphcnodea zeylanica, Canovanas; Mayagiiez (Stevens) (19,
82).
Cercosporium beticola (?).

On "beans" as a root rot, P. R. Agri. Exp. Sta. Report 1903.
Given by Cook (Dis. of Tropical Plants, p. 230) as C.
uriicola.
Cladosporium c.MvOtropidis Stevens.

On Calotropis procera, Gnayanilla (Stevens) (82).

I'ORTO ]{]' A\ FrN(ll. 2jr>

Cladosporium ( ?) ciTRi Mass.

On Citrus auranfium, Trujillo Alto. Sa])ana Liana. Nagiiabo,
Bayamon.
Citrus dccuinaita, Rio Piedras, Palo Seeo, Sabana Liana. Ba-
yamon, Vega Baja, Espinosa, Manati, Barceloneta, Garro-
chales, Santana, Naguabo, Mayagtiez, Pueblo Viejo.
Citrus limonia, Bayamon, Pueblo Viejo, Palo Seco, Sabana

Liana.
Citrus iiohilis, Bayamon.
Citrus sinensis, Trujillo Alto, Bayamon.
An extended bibliography (6, 8, 15, 20, 22, 23, 27, 84, 88,
89, 93, 94, 96, 99).
Cladosporium fulvum Cke.

On Lycopersicum esculcnium, Rio Piedras: Cabo Rojo, Utuado,
Florida, Caguas (Stevens) (36, 82, 90, 94).
Solanuni torvum, Rio Piedras.
Cladosporium guanicensis Stevens.

On Arrjemone mexicana-, Palo Seco: Guanica, Coamo (Stevens)
(82).
Cladosporium herbarum Link.

On Canna fi]).. Rio Piedras; Mayagiiez, Aibonito (Stevens).
Canna coccinia, Villa Alba (Stevens).
Canna glcmca, Utuado (Stevens).
CanavaUa ohtusifolia, Boqueron (Stevens) (82).
Dead and dying flowers, leaves and stems of Zea Mays, Ses-
ha)iia grandiflora, Bauliinia sp., Saccharum officinarum,
Solanuni melongena, Bayamon, Rio Piedras, Trujillo Alto
(48, 96).
Cladosporiuih hypophloem B. & C.

On Thouinia sp. Coll. N. Y. Bot. Garden (Heller).
Cladosporium Mansoni Cast, and Chalmers.

As a cause of a human skin disease, l)lack ringAvorm (49).
Cladosporium mikanle Stevens.

On Mikania sp., Las Marias (Stevens) (82).
Ellisiella portoricensis Stevens.

On Clusia rosea, Arecibo, Desecheo, Lajas, Hormigueros (Ste-
vens) (82).
Haplographium eciiinatum (Riv.) Sacc.

Isolated from soil, Rio Piedras.
Haplographiuai portoricense Stevens. In mss.
On Canna ooccinia, Porto Rico (Stevens).

1>1G JOTJENAL OF AGRICULTUEE OF P. E.

Helminthosporium calami Stevens.

On Caladium ticolor, Giiaynabo, Rio Piedras; Mayagiiez, Ma-
nati, Aiiasco (Stevens) (82).

Helminthosporium glabroides Stevens.

On Perisporium portoricense on Calophyllum calahu (Stevens)
(82).

Helminthosporium mayaguezense IMiles.

On Paspahim conjugatnm, Eio Picdras; Mayagiiez, Dos Boeas,
San German, Ailasco, Maricao (Stevens) (60, 61).

Helminthosporium Ravenelii Berk & Curt.

On Sporobolus indicus, Eio Piedras; Jajome Alto, El Alto de
la Bandera (Stevens) (82).

PIelminthosporium sacchari Butler.

On Saccliannu officinaniin, Rio Piedras, Camuy. Camhalaehe,
Quebradillas, Barceloneta (48, 94, 105).
Helmintpiosporium sechicola Stevenson. (]n ed.)

On SecJmmi edule, Camuy (90).

Helminthosporium spiculiferum E. & E.
On Tlirhia.r h\i..VUvm\o (Stevens) (82).

Helminthosporium Stahlii Stevens.

On Passi flora fcefida, Mayagiiez, Lnqnillo. Nagual)o (Stevens)

(82).

Helminthosporium turcinum Pass.

On Zea mays, Mayagiiez, Rio Piedras (94).

Helminthosporium varroni^ Stevens.

On Yarronia sp., Florida (vStevens) (82).
Hormiactella sacchari Jolmston.

On dead leaves of sugar cane and other grasses, Rio Piodras,
Naguabo, Ponce, Yauco, Canovanas, Mameyes, Aiiasco (48).
jMacrosporium porri Ell.

On Allium cepa, San Juan, Rio Piedras.

]\IiCROCLAVA COCCOLOBIiE StCVCDS.

On Coccoloha diversifolia, IMaricao (Stevens) (82).
IMicroclava miconi^ Stevens.

On Miconia Icevigata, Aguas Buenas (Stevens) (82).
Napicladium pumago Speg.

On Miconia sp., Arecibo (Stevens) (82).
Passalora cecropi^ Stevens. I

On Cecropia peltata, Arecil)o (Stevens) (82).

PORTO RICAX FUNGI. 217

Periconlv pycnospora Fres.

On Xanthosoma sp. (Yaiitia). Reported from Mayagiiez (7, 8,
15, 90).
Periconia sacchari Johnston.

On dead and dying sugar-cane leaves, Rio Piedras, Fajardo (48).
Septonema sacchari Johnston & Stevenson.

On dead sugar-cane leaves and stalks, Rio Piedras (48).
Tetracoccosporis sacchari Stevenson.

On sugar-cane debris, Rio Piedras (48).
Tetraploa aristata B. & Br.

On dead sugar-cane stalks and leaves, Rio Piedras (48).
Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Seynes) V. Hohn.

On Ananas sativus, causing a fruit rot occurring in all sections
of the Island (94).
Cocos nucifera, causing a trunk-bleeding disease (Fawcett,

26).
Sacchariim officinarum, Rio Piedras, Yabucoa, Canovanas,
Fajardo, Arecibo (23, 26, 38, 40, 41, 44, 48, 87. 91, 94, 105).
Triposporium stelligerum Speg.

On Anona montana, Mayagiiez (Stevens).
Chiococca alha, Vega Baja (Stevens).
Myrcia deflexa, El Alto de la Bandera (Stevens).
Rudolphia voluhilis, Maricao, El Yunque (Stevens).
Winterana canella, Guayanilla (Stevens).
Zamia in tegri folia (Stevens) (82).

Verticicladium graminicolum Johnston & Stevenson.

On dead cane leaves, Rio Piedras (48).
Zygosporium oschioides Mont.

On Pucciniopsis caricm on Carica papaya, Rio Piedras (60, 94).

stilbace^.

Dendrographium atratum Massee.

On dead wood, Mameyes.
GiBELLULA arachnophila Sacc.

On spiders of the family Affuhr, Rio Piedras, Yega Baja, Espi-
nosa (46).
Graphium sacchari Speg.

On dead sugar-cane stalks, Rio Piedras, Gurabo (48).
Graphium squarrosum P]1I. & Langl.

On dead l);iinboo. Rio Piedras.

218 JOURNAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. li.

IsARiA Barberi Giard.

{Cordyceps Barheri Giard.)
On larva? of Diatraa saccharalis, Rio Piedras. Gnanica, Santa
Isabel, Patillas (46).

ISARIA SAUSSUREI Cooke.

On Bothriocera sp., on Palicourea crocea, Rio Piedras.

ISARIA UMBRINA PerS.

On dead wood, Rio Piedras.

ISARIOPSIS GRISEOLA SaCC.

On Phascoliis lunatus, Rio Piedras; Mayagiiez (Thomas).

Phaseolus vulgaris, Rio Piedras, Barceloneta. Camuv; Ja-
yuya, Mayagiiez, Dos Boeas (Stevens) (60, 90, 94).

PODOSPORIUM PALLIDA Pat.

On Meliola amphitricha on Randia aculeata. Coll. N. Y. Bot.
Garden.
Stilbella flavida Lind.

(Sfilhum -flavidum Cooke.)
On Bryophylluni pinnatum, Maricao (Stevens).

Citrus sinensis, Cissus sicyoides, Commclina sp.. Inga vera,

Mangifera indicci (Fawcett) (31).
Coffea arahica, Mayagiiez; Dos Boeas, Jayuya, Ponce, Monte
de Oro, Maricao, El Gigante, Arecibo-Lares (Stevens).
Frequently reported by Fawcett and others (6, 8, 15, 20,
23, 24, 26, 30, 31, 81, 82). Also noted by T. C. McClel-
and on C. excelsa, C. macrocarpa, C. perrieri, 0. rohjistei,
C. sp. var. QuiJlou ; and by Fawcett on C. stenophylla, C.
arahica var. Colnmnaris, C. laurcntii (30).
Elepliantopus mollis, Jayuya. Monte de Oro (Stevens).
Piper macrophyllum, Monte de Oro (Stevens).
Psychoiria vUginosa, El Alto de la Bandera (Stevens).
SynedreUa nodiflora. Ponce (Stevens) (82).

TUBERCULARIACE^.

Aegerita Webberi Faw.

On Aleyrodicus minimns on Psidium guayaha, Rio Piedras, Es-
pinosa (46).
Epicoccum neglectum Desm.

On Oestrum sp., Cabo Rojo (Stevens) (82).
Fusarium cubensis Er. Sm.

On 3Iusa paradisiaca, Isabela, Mayagiiez, Rio Piedras, Moca.
CaiLsing a serious trunk rot (10, 11, 32).

PORTO EICAN FUNGI. 219

FUSARIUM LIMONIS Bri.

On Citrus decumana (C. limonis root), Espinosa, Garrocliales,
Bayamon, Pueblo Viejo, Sabana Liana (94, 96).
FusARiuM RADicicoLA Wollenw.

On Musa sapientum. Mentioned by Pratt in Jour. Agri. Re-
search, Y. 3, no. 9, p. 299, in connection with a study of
the fungus on other hosts.
FusARiuM soLANi (Mart.) Sacc.

On Vanilla 'planifolia, Mayagiiez (Thomas).
Illosporium commelin^ Stevens.

On Commelina longicaulis, Caguas, Rosario, Las Marias, Guaya-
nilla, Hormigueros (Stevens).
Commelina virginica, Aguada, El Gigante (Stevens) (82).
Microcera Fujikuroi Miy. & Saw.

On Chry so m phalli s aonicUum on Citrus decumana, Pueblo Viejo.
Lepidosaphcs heckii on Citrus decumana, and C. sinensis, Ba-
yamon, Maya^ez, Pueblo Viejo.
Pseudoauidia articulatus, on Citrus decumana, Pueblo Viejo
(85, 89).
Myrotheciutvi verrucaria (A. & S.) Dtm.

On dead sugar-cane leaves and dead citrus twigs, Rio Piedras
(48, 96).
PucciNioPSis caric^ Earle.

On Carica papaya, Rio Piedras: Guiinica, Vega Baja, Mona (Ste-
vens) (20, 60, 94).
Speg.vzzinia ornata Sacc.

On dead sugar-cane leaves and other plant del)ris. Rio Piedras.
Ponce, Santa Isabel, Cortada, Sabana Liana (48).
TuBERCULARiA ooccicoLA Stcvcnson.

On Lepidosaphcs heclm and CMonaspis din, on Citrus decu-
mana and C. sinensis, Espinosa, Rio Piedras, Pueblo Viejo,
Bayamon (94, 96).
Tubercularia saccharicola Speg.

On dead sugar-cane stalks, Rio Piedras, Las ^fonjas. Carolina
(48).

STERILE MYCELIA.
HiMANTIA STELLIFERA Joluiston.

On Andropogon hicornis, Rio Piedras.
Cymhopogon citratus, Rio Piedras.
Cy perns sphacclaius, Rio Piedras.
Dichromcna ciliata, Rio Piedras.

220 .lOUENAL OF AGRICULTUKK OF P. E.

HiMANTiA STiLLiFERA Joliiistoii. — Continued.
On HeUotrnpium indicum, Rio Piedras.
Panicnm laxum, Rio Piedras.
Panicum maximum, Rio Piedras.
Paspalum paniculatum, Rio Piedras.
Paspalum pUcatnlnm, Rio Piedras.
Paspalum secans, Rio Piedras.
Paspalum miUegrana, Rio Piedras.
Paspalum virgatum, Rio Piedras.

Saccharum officinarum, Rio Piedras, Cambaladie, Jiineos, Ca-
rolina, Gnayama, Camuy, Isabela, Ilumaeao, Peiiuelas (23
48, 91, 94, 105).
Rijnchospora cypcroides, Rio Piedras.
Sporobolus indica, Rio Piedras.
StenofapJiruni serundatH}n, Rio Piedras.
Syntlierisyna digitata, Rio Piedras.
Zea mays, Toa Baja.
OzoNiuM RTUPOsuM Pers.

Reported from the Sehwanecke collection (50).

Rhizoctonia solani Klihn.
See Corficium vagum.

SCLEROTIUM BATATICOLA Taub.

On Ipomaa batatas, Rio Piedras. (Miarcoal rot.
ScLEBOTiuM GRiKEUM Stcvenson. (In ed.)
On M\isa paradisiara, Rio Piedras.

SacclKinnii oljicinannn, Rio I'icdi'jis. rFoi'inigneros, Las Mon-

jas (48). '"
Zea mays, Rio Piedras.
ScLEBOTiuM PORTORiCENSE Stevens.

On Capviohi ddch/loii, Rio PicMli-jis; Sjintnrce (Stevens) (82).

SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII SaCC.

On Artocarpus romnnnris, Bayamon.
Ba)nhusa vulgaris, Rio Piedras.
Capsicum annuum, Rio Piedras (94).
Citrus decumana, Bayamon, Sabana Liana (94, ^&).
Daucus carota, Rio Piedras.
Ly coper sicum escidentum, Rio Piedras.
Pliaseolus vulgaris, Rio Piedras.
Saccharum officinarum, Rio Piedras, Las Monjas, Gnaynabo,

Hormigueros (38, 48, 94, 105).
Solamim melongena, Rio Piedras (90, 94).

rOETO EICAN FUNGI. 221

ScLEROTiUM R0LF8II Sacc. — Continued.

On Triticum vulgare, Mayagiiez (Thomas).
Yicia faba, Rio Piedras.

FUNGI OF UNKNOWN AFFINITY.

Graphiola congesta B. & Rav.

Coll, N. Y. Bot. Garden. Host unknown.
Graphiola phcenicis (Moug.) Port.

On Inocles causiarum,, Jayiiya (Stevens) (82).

Phoenix dadylifera, Santa Rita, Santuree, San Juan, Palo

Seeo (20, 81, 82, 89, 94).
Thrinax prceceps, Utuado (Stevens) (82).

PARASITIC ALGAE.

CHROOLEPIDyE.

Cephaleuros virescens Kunze.

{Cephcdeuros mycoidea Karst.)

(Cephaleuros candelabrum. Lagerh.)
On Achras zapota, Rio Piedras.

Acrodiclidium salicifoliuni , Hormigueros (Stevens).

Alchornra lafifolia, Rio Piedras.

Artocarpus incisa, Espinosa.

Cajanus indicus, Vega Baja, Rio Piedras (37).

Camphora officinalis, Naguabo.

Casearia sp., Rio Piedras.

Cestrum, laurifolium, ]\rayaguez (Stevens) (82).

Chrysohalanus icacao, Espinosa.

Citrus auraniifolia, Rio Piedras, Sabana Liana (96).

Citrus aurantium, Palo Seeo, Manati (96).

Citrus decumana, Barcelonota. Trujillo Alto, Rio Piedras (89,

96).
Citrus limonia, Caguas. Campo Alegre (96).
Clusia rosea, Naguabo.

Caccolohis diversifolia, IMarieao (Stevens) (82).
Cupania amcricana (Stevens) (82). j

Cydista cequinoctialis, Rio Piedras. I

Dendropauax arhorcum, Rio Tanama (Stevens). i

Eriohotrya japonica, Naguabo. !

Ficus hcvigafa, Rio Piedi'as. j

Ficus nitidd, Rio Piedras. !

222 JOUKNAL OF AGEICULTrEE OF P. E.

Cephaleuros vikescens Kiinze. — Confimied.
On Ficus repfans, Bayamon.

HihiscHs rosa-siiunsis, Rio Pieclras.
Inga lauriiia, Jajome Alto, Mavagliez (Stevens).
Inga vera, Rio Piedras.

Jamhosa jamhos, Espinosa; Aiiasco (Stevens).
Lasiacis sorghoidea, Jajome Alto (Stevens) (82).
Lonicera japonica, Nagnabo.
Mangifera indica, Rio Piedras.
Meibomia axillaris, Rio Piedras.
Miconia Imvigata, Mayagiiez (Stevens) (82).
Miconia impetiolaris, Bayamon.
Muehlenheckia plafyclada, Rio Piedras.
Myrcia deflcxa, Mayagiiez (Stevens).
Ncctandra patens (Stevens).
Ocotea leucoxylon, Mayaguez (Stevens),
Piper medium, Rio Piedras.
Polyscias guilfoylei, Naguabo.

Psidium guayava, Rio Piedras, Espinosa; i\Iayagiiez (Ste-
vens).
Sermidesia lindeniana, Ja.iome Alto (Stevens) (82).
Theohroma cacao, Mayagiiez.
Vanilla plamfolia, Mayagiiez (Thomas).

SUMMARY.

Genera. Species.

14 27

MyxC-MYcetes

Q 9

SCHIZOMYCETES

Phycomycetes '

ASCOiiVLETES:

Saccaromycetales -■

'>9 141

Perisporiales ~

Hypocreales -•-•

4 ^1

uothidiales ^ "_

Sph^biales ^^ ^^

Hysteriales '■

Pezizales ^^ ^^

^ 19

Phacidiales J

Basidiomycetes :

ustilagixales — ^1 ^^

Ukedinales 20

Agaricales —

Tremellace.5: ^

161

8

Clavariace^ ^ 2

THELEPH'ORACEiE 1' ^^

HYDXACEiE '^ •'

Polyforace^ 1'^ 8()

Agaricace.e -- +"

Lyooperdales •' -"

Fungi Imperfecti:

Phomatales 1" '-

Melanconiales 4 31

moxiliales

MOXILIACE^ -1 '^l

Dematiace^ -~^ l"-^

Stilbace^ 7 10

Tuberculariace^ 9 13

Sterile mycelia, misc 6 10

Total 312 1,035

223

HOST INDEX.

Abutilon liirtum

Puccinia heterospora
Abutilon indicum

Puccinia heterospora
Abutilon umbellatum

Phyllosticta hybiscina
Acacia riparia

Ravenelia Stevensii
Acalypha bisetosa

^leliola arecibensis
Acalypha mosaica

Rosellinia bunodes
Achras zapota

Ceplialeuros vireseens
Achyrauthes aspera

Cer cospo ra a ch y r anth es
^Vcrista inonticola

Auerswaldia palmicola

IMeliola furcata

Pestalozzia funerea
Acrocoinia media

Cei'cospora acroeouiiae

Pestalozzia palinaruin
Acrodi/'lidiuiii salicifolium

Ceplialeuros vireseens
Adiautum sp.

Meliola pteridicola
Adiautuin latifoliuiu

Meliola pteridicola

]Micropeltis manthffi (?)

Uredo g.yinnogranimes
Adiantuin tenerum

Phyllosticta adiautieola
Aegipliila martinicensis

Cxuifrnardia proniinens

224

Aescliynoniene araericana

Uredo aeschynouiensis
Agave rigida var. sissalana

Endothia Parryi

Lembosia agaves
Ageratuui eonyzoides

Puccinia rosea
Akleuia petiolaris

Puccinia euphorbias
Albizzia lebbeck

Phyllosticta divergens
Alchornea latifolia

Ceplialeuros vireseens

Olivea capituliformis
Allium eepa

^lacrosporium porri

Trocystis cepulae
Allopliyl as crassinervis

]\reliola tliouinia^
Alpinia antillarum

TTctci'otheciuiu pltyllocharis

I'liyllacliora renalmiffi
AltcrnantlKM'a portoricensis

Cei-cospora altemantherfe
Altonianthora sessilis

GuignaTdia ('e|>lial;n-ia> var.
altenianthcra'
Aiiiarantiius spinosus

Albugo bliti
Amai-aiitlius viridis

Albugo bliti
Amoinis caryopbyllata

^feliola amomieola
Aiiiygdalus persica

Tranzscbelia punctata
Amyris eleinifera

I\reliola monensis

rOETO EICAN FUNGI.

oo,-,

Ananas sativus

Spegazzinia ornata

Thielaviopsis paradoxa
Andira jamaicensis

Cercospora Stevensii

Meliola andira?

Physalospora andirae
Andi'opog'on bieornis

Himantia stellifera

]\Ieliola i^anici

Myriogenospora Bresadoleana

Phyllachora luteo-maculata

Tolyi^osporella Brunkii
Andropogon brevifoliiis

Phyllachora graminis

Uredo venustula
Andropogon leucostachyiis

Dothicloe atramentosa

Meliola paniei

Phyllachora luteo-maculata
Aneimia sp.

Meliola pteridieola
Aneimia adiantifolia

^Meliola pteridieola
Auona montana

Brachysporium stemphyloides

^leliola longipoda

Triposporium stelligerum
Anthurium acaule

^MycosplutreUa anthurii
Anthurium seandens

Uredo anthurii
Apium graveolens

Bacillus carotovorus

Phyllosticta apii

Septoria ])etroseliui var. apii
Araehis hypogea

Cercospora personata

Uredo arachidis
Ardisia guadakipensis

Meliola invrsinacearum

Argemone mexicana

Cladosporium guanicensis

Septoria chelidonii
Aristida portoricensis

Balansia discoidea

Dothichlce aristidse
Arracacia anthorrhiza

Erysiphe polygoni
Arthrostylid ium sarmentosum

Dimeriopsis arthrostylidicola

Phyllachora graminis
Artocarpus camansi

Uredo artocarpi
Artocarpus insisa

Cephaleuros virescens

Sclerotium Rolfsii

Uredo artocarpi

Zignoella algaphial
Asclepias eurassavica

Puccinia eoncrescens

Uromyces Howei
Asclepias nivea

Puccinia eoncrescens
Avicennia nitida

Meliola sepulta
Axonopus compressus

Myrioganospora Bresadok^aua

Uredo pas]^ali('ola

B

Bambusa vulgaris

IMelanconium saccliarimim

Uredo paspalicola
Banisteria laurifolia

^Feliola rectangularis
Bauhinia pauletia

Cladosporium lierbarum

Uromyces jamaicensis
Begonia deeandra

Stilbella flavida
Bernardia bernardia

Cercospora bernardige

JOURNAL OF AGEICTJLTrRE OF T. E.

Beta vulgaris

Cercospora hetieola
Bidens leucantha

Entylonia guaraniticiim

Sphferotlieea Immuli

Theeapliora pnstnlata

Uromyees liidentieola

Uromyees bidentis
Bidens pilosa

Uromyees bidenticola

Uromyees bidentis
Bidens reptans

Sphserotheca hnmuli
Bihai borinqnena

Uredo lielieonias
Bixa orellana

Cercospora bixaB

Phyllostieta bixina

Uredo bixa-
Bleelinm Brownei

Puceinia bleehi
Bletia patula

Uredo nigropunctata
Boerbaavea ereeta

Albugo platensis
Boerbaavea hirsuta

Albugo platensis
Borreria l^vis

Meliola psyebotrife

Puceinia lateritia
Borreria ocimoides

^leliola psycbotrife
Borreria verticillata

Puceinia lateritia
Bra dbury a pubescens

Cercospora bi-adburyfe

]\[eliola l)i(oi'iiis
Bi'adburya virginiana

Meliola bicornis
Brassica arvensis

Cercospora bloxaini

Brassica integrifolia

Albugo Candida

Cercospora bloxami

Erysiphe polygoni
Brassica japonica

Cercospora bloxami
Brassica juucea

Bacillus carotovorus

Cercospora bloxami
Brassica napi

Cercospora bloxami
Brassica oleracea

Bacterium campestris
Brassica Pe-tsai

Cercospora bloxami
Brassica rapfe

Cercospora bloxami

Colletotriclium Higginscanum
Bromelia pinguin

PerisiDorium bromeliae
Bryopbyllum pinna tum

Stilbella fiavida
Byrsonima crassifolia

Uredo notata
Byrsonima lucida

Meliola bvrsonima?

CiPsalpinia pulcherrima

Ravenelia Humphreyana
Cajanus indicus

Ce])baleuros virescens

Cercospora cajani

Creonectria gramnicospora

IMegalonectria pseudotricliia

Nectria epispliteria

Pleonectria megalonectria

Triblidium rufulum

Uromyees dolicboli
Caladiiim bicolor

TIelmintbosporium caladii

PORTO RTCAN FUNGI.

227

Calathea lutea
Puceinia eannfe

Calopliyllum ealaba
Meliola calopliylli
Porisporiiiin portorieeiise

Calopogoniiim orthocarpmn
Cereospora borinquensis
^Meliola bieornis var. ealopogo-
nii

Calotropis procera

Cladosporium ealotropidis

Campliora officinalis

Cephaleuros vireseens
Campy loneurum sp.

Corynelia pteridicola

Canavalia ensiformis

Cerotelium canavalia
Canavalia gladiata

Cerotelium canavalia

Cladosporium herbarum
Canavalia obtusifolia

Cladosporium lierbarum

Canna cocc-inea

Cladosporium her1)arum
Haplop-raphiuiu portoricense
Puceinia cannte

Canna edulis

Periconia pycnospora

Canna glauca

Cladosporium berbarum
Puceinia eannas

Canna indiea

]\lyrma3eium canniE (?)

Capriola dactylon
Puceinia cyiiodontis
Sclerotiuiii iiortoricense

Capsiciiiu annuuin
Cereospora capsici
Cladosporium berbarum
Colletotiiclium iiignim

Capsicum annuum — Cont.
Gloeosporium piperatum
Pestalozzia funerea
Sclerotium Rolfsii

Capsicum baeeatum

]\Ieliola eapsicola
Capsicum frutescens

Gloeosporium piperatum
Cardiospernuun microcarpum

Puceinia arechavelatae

Carica papaya

Colletotrichum falcatum

Glomerella cingulata

Pucciniopsis caricse

Zygosporium oschioides
Casearia sp.

Cephaleuros vireseens

]\Ieliola paullinije
Casearia aculeata

]\leliola paullinia^

Casearia arl)orea

]Meliola paullinife
Casearia guianensis

Cereospora casearia

Casearia ramiflora

Cereospora casearige

^Meliola paullinise
Casearia sylvestris

Cereospora casearige

^Meliola paullinise
Cassia alata

Cereospora (diamaecrista

Cereospora simulata
Cassia emarginata

Ravenelia portoricensis

Cassia fistula

Pbyllachora cassi^e
Cassia occidentalis

Cereospora cbama'crista

Erysipbe ]>olygoni

228

JOURNAL OF AGEICULTURE OF P. E.

Cassia quinquangulata

Meliola toriiloidea

Uredo lutea
Cassia tora

Erysiphe polygoni
Cayapouia americana

Cereospora ciieurbitieola

Dimerium cayaponiaB

Uromyces Hellerianus
Cayaponia racemosa

]\Ieliola cueurbitacearum

Uromyces Hellerianus
Cecropia peltata

Passalora cecropiaB
Cenclirus earoliniaiius

Puccinia eenchri
Cenclirus eehinatus

Phyllaehora sphaerosperma

Pueeinia cencliri
Cenclirus myosuroides
' Phyllaehora sphasrosperma
Cenclirus viridis

Puccinia eenchri
Centella asiatica

Septoria asiatica
Cestrum sp.

Epicoccum iieglectura
Cestrum laiiri folium

Cephaleu]-os virescens

]Meliola gesneriaB

Uromyces cestri
Cestrum macrophyllum

Mel iol a gesn eria»

Uromyces cestri
Chfetoehloa geniculata

Puccinia substriata
Chaetochloa setosa

Puccinia earaelias
Chamrecrista acschynomene

Erysiphe polygoni

Pavenelia cassiaecola

Cllama^crista diphylla
Erysiphe polygoni

Chamajcrista glaudulosa

]\Ieliola chamaecristfe

Eavenelia cassiaecola
ChamaBcrista granulata

IMeliola chamcecristicola
Chama^syce brasiliensis

iMicrosphapra euphorbia'

Uromyces proeminens
CharaaBsyce hirta

Uromyces proeminens

Chamfesyce hypericifolia
Microsphasra euphorbia?
Uromyces proeminens

Cham^syce prostrata
Uromyces proeminens

Cliiococca alba
Meliola chiococcae
Meliola psychotrice
Triposporium stelligerum

Chloris petraea

Dothichlre atramentosa

]\[eliola panici
Chrysobolanus icaco

Cephal euros virescens

jMycosphierella chrysobalani

Pestalozzia guepinia
Chrysophyllum sp.

Meliola ocoteicola

Cissus aeida

Mykosyrinx cissi
Cissus erosa

^lykosyrinx cissi

Cissus sicyoides

P^ndophvilum circumscriptum
Meliola ^lerrillii
Mykosyrinx cissi
Phyllosticta cissicola
Rtilbella flavida

POETO EICAN FUNGI.

229

Citriillis vulgaris

Cercospora citrnllina

Diplodia sp.
Citrus aurantifolia
. C'eplialeuros viresceiis

Diplodia natalensis

Penieilliniii digitatum

Citrus anrantiuni

Cephaleuros virescens
Cladosporium citri
Stereum eoffearum

Citrus deeumaiia
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus uiger
Capnodium eitri
Cephaleuros virescens
Cladosporium eitri
Cladosporium herbarum
Colletotrielium gloeosporioides
Corticiuni confluens
Corticium salmouicolor
Daldinia eoueentriea
Diplodia uataleusis
Graphis afzelii
Hypoxylon fuseopurpurea
Lecanidiou eyaneum
Leptothyrium pomi
Myrtheeium verrucaria
Neetria epispha^ria
Penieillium r-rustaceura
Penicillium digitatum
Penieillium italieum
Peniopliora einerea
Peniophora tlavido-alba
Pestalozia guepinia
Phomopsis oitri
Polystictus oecidentalis
Polystictus pinsitus
Rliizopus nigricans
Scliizopliyllum commune
Sclerotium Rolfsii

Citrus decumana — Cont.
Septobasidium lilacinum
Stereum albo-badium
Stietis radiata
Tryblidium rufulum
Ustilina vulgaris

Citrus limonis
Capnodium citri
Cephaleuros virescens
Cladosporium citri
Diplodia natalensis
Penieillium digitatum

Citrus nobilis

Cladosporium citri
Diplodia natalensis
Penicillium digitatum

Citrus sinensis

Alternaria citri

Aspergillus niger

Capnodium citri

Cephaleuros virescens

Cladosporium citri

Colletotrichum glo-osporioides

Corticium salmouicolor

Diplodia natalensis

Leptothyrium pomi

Penicillium digitatum

Peniophora cinerea

Phomopsis citri

Rhizopus nigrir-ans

Schizophyllum conuuune

Stietis radiata

Stilbella flavida

Ustilina vulgaris
Cleome pentaphylla

Cercospora conspicua

Clibadium erosum

Endopliyllum decoloratum

Clidemia hirta

^leliola melastomacearum

230

JOUENAL OF ACtEICULTUEE OF P. E.

Clidemia strigillosa

Meliola melastomacearnui
Clitoria cajanifolia

Urorayces neurocarpi
Clitoria rubiginosa

T'romyces neurocarpi
Clusia gnudlaeliii

]\[yeospliiPre]]a guttiferre

Guignardia clnsifB
Clusia minor

Meliola clnsi^
Clusia rosea

Cephaleuros virescens

Clitliris elusi«

Clithris minor

Diinerium melioloides

Ellisiella portorieensis

.Myeosplia'rella clusiae

Pestalozzia funerea

Pliyllostieta clusige

Uredo clusia"
Coceocypseluiu repehs

^feliola glabra var. psychotrise
Coccolobis sp.

Cephaleuros virescens

Melasmia coceolobife

]\reliola prtetervisa

Pliyllostieta eoccol()l)a?
Coccolobis diversifolia

Ceplialeuros virescens

^licroclava eoccolobifr
Coccolobis laurifolia

Meliola rectangularis
Coccolobis nivea

Trabulia portorieensis
Coccolobis pyri folia

]\[eliola prtetervisa
Coccolobis sintenisii

IMeliola prietervisa
Coccolobis uvifera

Lembasia coccolobaB

Coccolobis uvifera — Cont.

Pestalozzia uvifera

Uredo coccolobas
Coccothrinax alta

^Meliola furcata
Cocos nucifera

Pestalozzia palmarum

Thielaviopsis paradoxa
Coffea spp.

Pellicula ria koleroga

Stilbella flavida
Coffea arabica

Cercospora coffeae

Cercospora coffeicola

Colletotriclium coffeanum

Hemileia vastatrix

]\ricropeltis longispora

Pellicularia koleroga

Rosellinia bunodes

Stil])ella flavida
Coffea excelsa

Stilbella flavida
Coffea Perrieri

Stilbella flavida
Coft'ea robusta

Stilbella flavida
Colocasia esculenta

Pliyllesticta colocasicola
Coramelina longicaulis

lllosporium comnielinae
Commelina nudifloi'a

Phyllosticla connneliiiicola

Stilliella flavida
( '(iimuelina vii-pinica

Tllosporium comnielinfe

Uredo commelyneaB

Uromyces coDinicliiia'
Coraocladia glal)i;)

Meliola comocladije
Conocarpus erecta

^Meliola laguncularite

rOKTO EICAN FUNGI.

231

Cordia sp.

]Me]iola loiigipoda
Cordia alliodora

Puccinia eordias
Cordia collocoeea

Trabutiella eordiae
Cordia corvmbosa

Dimerinin Stevensii

Meliola longipoda
Cordia nitida

Meliola loiigipoda
Cordia sulcata

Dimeriella cordia?
Cordyline terminalis

Phyllosticta ma culicola
Cosmos caiidatiis

p]rysiplie ciehoracearum

Uromyces hidentis
Cosmos sulphureus

Sphairotlieca hamuli
Cracca cinerea

Ravenelia caulicola
Crassina elegaiis

Cercospora atricincta
Crossopetalum pallens

Meliola compacta
Crotalaria retusa

Dimerium gramraodes

]\Iicrospliaera diffusa

Parodiella perisporioides
Crotou discolor

Asterina triloba
Crotoii Incidus

Phyllosticta portoricensis

Cucumis anguria

Pellicularia Koleroga
Peronoplasmopora cubensis

Cucumis melo

Colletotriclmni higenarium
^lycosplucrella citrulliiia
Peronoplasmopora cubeusis

Cucumis melo — Cant.
Phyllosticta citrulliua
Phytophthora terrestria

Cucumis sativus

CoUetotriclium lagenarium
Peronoj)lasmopora cubensis
Phyllostir-ta cucurbitacearum

Cucurbita ui oschata

Peronopl a si uopor a cubensis
Cupania sp.

]\Ieliola enpaniaj
Cupania americana

Cephaleuros virescens

Meliola cupanias

^Meliola prsetervisa
Cuphea parsonsia

Uredo cupheae
Cydista a^quinoctialis

Cephaleuros viresceus

Puccinia cuticulosa

Cymbopogon citratus
Himantia stellifera
Melanconium sa ccharinum

Cyperus sp.
]\Ieliola cyperi

Cyperus ferax

Puccinia. ca naliculata

Cyperus giganteus
Phyllacliora cyperi
Puccinia canaliculata

Cyperus Isevigatus
Puccinia canaliculata

Cyperus ligularis

Cintractia limitata
Cyperus odoratus

Puccinia canaliculata
Cyperus polystachus

Puccinia canaliculata
Cyperus radiatus

Puccinia canaliculata

232

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTUEE OF P. E.

Cyperus reticulatns

Pnccinia canaliculata
Cyperus sphacelatiis

f'intractia axicola

Pnccinia r-analiculata
Cyperus snriuamensis

Puccinia canaliculata

D

Dahlia variabilis

Erysiphe cichoraeearum
Balbergia sp.

Meliola bicornis
Dalbergia monetaria

Meliola bieornis
Datura suaveoleus

Alternaria sohini
Daucus carota

Sclerotiuni Rolfsii
Dendropanax arboreuni

Cephaleuros virescens

Meliola didyniopanicis

IMycosphjiprella didymopanicis

Phyllosticta araliana
Dendropanax laurifoliuin

]\Ieliola didymopanicis
Dianthus sp.

Alternaria diantlii
Dichromena ciliata

Uredo dichromenae
Dichromena radicans

Uredo dichromenge
Didymopanax morototoni

Mycospharella didymopanicis
Dieffenbachia seguine

iMeliola dieffeubachiEe

Phyllosticta colocasia;
Diodia littoralis

Puccinia lateritia
Diodia maritima

Puccinia lateritia

Diodia rigida

Puccinia lateritia
Dioscorea alata

Cercospora carbonacea
Dioscorea polygonoides

Uredo dioscorete
Dipholis salicifolia

Meliola dipholidis
Dolicholus minimus

Erysiphe polygoni

Uromyces dolicholi
Dolicholus reticulatus

Meliola bieornis

Uromyces dolicholi
Dolichos bifiorus

Erysiphe polygoni
Dolichos lablab

Cercospora canescens

Physopella concors
Dorstenia contrajerva

Uredo rubescens
Drymaria cordata

Physalospora caryop h y 1 1 i n i ■
cola
Dryopteris mollis

Uredo gymnogrammes
Dryopteris poiteana

Uredo gymnogrammes
Drypetes sp.

^Icliohi srlabra

Echinodorus cordifolius
P>urrillia eehinodori

Eleocharis capitata
Puccinia eleocharidis

Eleocharis cellulosa
Puccinia eleocharidis

Eleocharis flaccida
Puccinia eleocharidis

PORTO RICAX FUNGI.

233

Eleoc'liaris geniculata

Puceinia eleochavidis
Eleocharis iiiterstincta

PiKM'inia eleochaiidis
Eleocharis miitata

Piieeinia eleoeharidis
Elephantopus mollis

Coleosporinin elephantoi3odis

Stilbella flavida
Eleutheranthera ruderalis

Puceinia synedrellae
Emilia soncliifolia

Puceinia s.ynedrelloe
Epideiidrum difforme

Uredo giiacfe
Epidendrum rigidnm

Uredo guaca;
Eragrostis teplirosanthos

Uromyces eragrostidis
Erigeron pusilliim

Dimeriella erigeronicola
Erigeron spathulata

Dimeriella erigeronicola
Eriobotrya jriponica

Cephaleuros virescens
Erioebloa sn1)glabra

Gibberella puliearis

Puceinia substriata
Erithalis fruticosa

Meliola psychotria?
Ernodea littoralis

Puceinia lateritia
Erythrina glauca

Uredo cabreriana
Erytbrina micropteryx

Meliola bicornis

Pbyllosticta erythrinicola
Erytbroxylon areolatum

Uredo erythroxylonis
Eugenia buxi folia

Pbyllosticta, eugenijii

Eugenia monticola

Meliola Helleri
Eugenia Stablii

Meliola Helleri
Eupatorium sp.

Erysiphe galeopsidia (?)

Meliola compositaruni
Eupatorium macrophyllum

Coleosporium eupatorii
Eupatorium microstemum

Erysipbe cichoracearum
Eupatorium odoratum

^leliola compositarum

Pbyllosticta eupatoricola
Eupatorium polyodon

Puceinia rosea
Eupatorium portoricense

Meliola compositarum var
portoricense
E volvulus nummularius

Puceinia litbosperrai
Exogonium repandum

Pbyllosticta ipomoeae

F

Picus sp.

Kuebneola fici

PIiA^salospora boyte
Ficus carica

Kuebneola fici
Picus crassinervia

Kuebneola fici
Ficus laevigata

Cepbaleuros virescens

Kuebneola fici
Ficus lentiginosa

Kuebneola fici
Ficus nitida

Ceplialeuros virescens

Nuniuuilaria bulliardii
Ficus reptans

Ceplialeuros virescens

234

JOURNAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. K.

Fiinbristylis dipliylla
Cintractia axieola
Puccinia fiiubristylidis

Fimbristylis ferrugiuea
Ciiitractia axieola
Puccinia fiiubristylidis
Uredo superior

Fimbristylis miliacea
Puccinia fimbristylidis

Fimbristylis spadicea
Uredo superior

Forsteronia corymbosa

]\Ieliola taberna?montanfe v>a\
forsteroniffi

Fragaria sp.

IMycosphaerella fragaria?

[•^uirena umbellata
Uredo fuirenae

P'^urcrsea tuberosa
Endotbia parryi
Pboma foPircroyje

G

Tialactia dubia

^leliola bicornis var. galactise
Galactia striata

Pbyllacbora galactife

Galactia tonuiflora
Pliyllaebora galactic

Oarcinia mangostaiia
Pellicularia koleroga

(jcsiieria all)iflora
IMelioIa gesneria;
Nitschkia nervincola

Goniiopteris guadalupeiisis

Uredo gymnograinmes
Gonzalagunia spicata

^Meliola psyehotriae

AVageria portoriceusis

Gossypium barbadeuse
Cercospora gossypina
Kuehneola gossypii
Ramularia areola

Gossypium ])rasiliense
Kuebneola gossypii

Gossypium birsutum
Kuehneola gossypii

Gouania lupuloides
Meliola tenuissima
Puccinia gouaniae
Uredo gouani*

Gouania polygama
Puccinia gouania;
Uredo gonanige

Graptopbyllum pictum
Rosellinia T)unodes

Guarea tricbilioides
Meliola guarefe
Aleliola guareicola
Phyllosticta guareaj

Guettarda ovalifolia
Meliola guettardae
Meliola psycliotrige
Septoria ovalifolia

Guettarda scabra
Meliola psyehotriae

Guilaiulina crista

( 'ercospora guanicensis
T'liyllosticta guanicensis

Gyninanthes lucida

.Meliobi gymnanthicola

Gymnograinma, sulphura
IMycospha^rell a tyrolensis

llabenai'ia maculosa
Uredo gynandrearum

ITamelia erecta
T'l'cdo liaiiiclije

PORTO EICAN FUNGI.

235

Ileliaiithus annuiis

Bacterium solanacearuui ( "0

Helicteres jamaieensis
Cereospora trichophila
Giiiguardia helicteres
Phyllosticta borinquensis

Hemidiodia ocimifolia
Aecidiiiin borreriae

ITeterotrichuni cymosura
Guignardia beterotrichi
Meliola mebistoiuacearum
Pbyllachora peribebiiyensis

Hibiscus sp.

Cephaleuros virescens

Hibiscus esculent us
Cereospora liibisci
Choanephora cueurbitarum

Hi])iscus sabdarifit'a

jMicrosphtt'ra euphorbias

Hibiscus tiliaceus
Cercos])ora hibisoi
Meliola triuinfetta?
Pbyllachora minuta

ITippocratcH volu bills
Rotryorhiza hippocrateip
Pestalozzia funerea

ITolcus lialepeusis

Colletotrichuni lineok'
Pueeinia purpurea

TIolcus sorghum

Colletotriehimi liiicohi

Pueeinia purpurea
Holcus sorghum var. sudaneiisis

l*uceiiiia i)iiri)urea

Hui'a crepitans
Cereospora hursr

Colletoti'ichuin curvisel uiu

Hydrocotyle australis
Pueeinia hydroeotyles

Hydrocotyle u inbellata
Pueeinia liydroeotyles

Ilygrophila brasiliensis
Meliola irregularis

Hy menavi courbari i
Uredo hymenaeaB

Hymenocallis expansa
Cereospora amaryllidis
Gloeosi^orium hemerocallidis

Hypelate trifoliata
Meliola glabra

Hypoxis de(;umbens
Uredo globulosa

Hyptis sp.

Meliola hyptidicola

Hyptis atrorubens
Meliola hyptidicola
I'ui'cinia medellinensis

Hyptis capitata
Meliola hyptidicola
Pseudomeliola eollapsa
Pueeinia liyptidis

Hyptis latanifolium
INTeliola hyptidicola
Pueeinia insititia

Ilyptis i)e('tinatum
IMeliola hyptidicola
Pueeinia medellinensis

Hyptis suaveolens

Pueeinia medellinensis

Ichn.inl lius ]);iUens
Dothiehlu' nigrieans
?*!eliola panici
rui'cinia siil)striata

Ilex nitida

Meliohi marictunsis

286

JOUENAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF I'. K'

Indiogofera suffriiticosa

Ravenelia iiidigofer*
Iiiga lanrina

Cephaleiiros viresceus

Diiuerium truncatuin

Melasmia ingae

]Meliola toruloidea

]\Iicrostroraa

Perisporiuin truncatum

Polystictus maximus

Ravenelia ingaei

Stereiim eaperatum

Inga vera

Antennularia tenuis

Cephaleuros vireseens

Dimeriuui truncatuin

]\reliola toruloidea

]\Iycospliaerella inaculiformis

Pestalozzia funerea

Ravenelia ingae

Revenelia Wlietzelii

Stilbella flavida
Inodes causiarum

Graphiola phoenieis
Ipomoea sp.

Meliola elavulata

^leliola ipoiu<ta;
Jpomoea angustifolia

Coleosporium ipomoeae
Jpomoea batatas

Albugo ipomoeae-pandurauEe

Coleosporium ipomoeae

Diplodia tubericola

Meliola elavulata

Meliola ipomoeae

Phyllosticta batatas

Rliizopus nigricans

Schizophyllum comnmne

Sclerotium bataticola
Ipomaa bona-nox

Cladospoiium herbarum

TpoiiKea cathartiea

]\leliola elavulata

Meliola ipoimpte

^leliola quadrispina
Ipomcea littoralis

Coleosporium ipomoeae
Ipomoea nil

Coleosi^orium ipomoeae
Ipomoea pes-capra?

Albugo ipomoea^-panduranae
Ipom«a rubra

Coleosporium iporaoege

Meliola elavulata
Ipomoea stolonifera

Coleosporium ipomoeae
Ipomoea tiliacea

Albugo ipomoea3-panduran£e

Meliola ipomoefe

Meliola elavulata
Ipomoea triloba

Puccinia crassipes
Iresine elatior

Puccinia uiacropoda
Iresine panniculata

Cereospora Gilbertii

Jaccpiemontia rodifiora

Albugo ipomoea3-pandurana3
Uromyces gemmatus

Jacquemontia tamnifolia
Albugo ipomoeffi-pandurange
Coleosporium ipomoeae

Jacquinia barbasco
Dimerina jac(]uinitB

Jacquinia Berterii
Phyllacliora inclusa

Jambosa jarabos

Cephaleuros vireseens
Pestalozzia funerea
Puccinia psidii

PORTO EiCAN FU.NGl.

23-

Jatropha curcas

Uredo jatrophicola
Jatropha gossypit'olia

TTredo jatrophicola
Jatropha hern andif olia

Meliola jatrophfe
Justioia vertieiUaris

Guigiiardia justiciae

K

Krugiodendron ferreuni
Meliola thouiiii^e

Kyllingia brevifolia
Pueeiiiia eanalieulata

Kyllingia pumila

Puecinia canalicidata

Laetuoa intybacea

Uredo proxiinella
Lactiica sativa

Cercospora lactucae

Physarnm cinereuni
Lagenaria leucantha

Cercospora eucurbit?e
Laguncularia racemosa

Meliola lagiineularije

Meliola nigra

Myerothyriuni laguneularire

Physalospora lagnnenlarife
Lantana sp.

JMeliola ambigua
Lantana camara

Diatrypella lantana?

JMeliola ambigua

Perisporina lantanse

Phyllostieta lantan®

Puccini a lantanas

Septoria lantanaj
Lantana involucrata

Puccinia lantanaB

Lantana odorata

]\Ieliola ambigua
Lasiacis divarieata

^leliola panici

Uromyces leptodermus
Lasiacis lingulata

Uromyces leptodermus
Lasiacis ruscifolia

Meliola panici
Lasiacis Sloanei

Asterina fnmagina

Meliola panici

Uromyces leptodermus
Lasiacis sorghoidea

Cephaleuros virescens

.Meliola panici

Phyllachora graminis

Physalospora bambusfe

L^^romj^ces leptodermus
Leonotis nepettefolia

Puccinia leonotidis
Lepidium sp.

Cercospora lepidii
Lepidium virginicum

Albugo Candida

Cercospora lepidii
Leptilon canadense

Dimeriella erigeronicola
Lobelia sp.

Entyloma lobelia
Lobelia assurgens var. portori-
censis

CoUetotrichum lobelia
Lonchoearpus glaueifolius

Meliola bicornis
Lonicera japonica

Cephaleuros virescens
Lucunia midtiflora

^[eliola lucuma?
Luff a agyptica

IVllifiilaria koleroga

238

-lOURXAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

Liilffi ej'lindrica

Peronoplasmopora e-ubeusis

Lycopersieum esculentum
Hricillns solanacearuui
Cladospoi'ium fiilvuni
Colletotriehiiin pliomoides
Plionia destruetiva
Pliytophthorn infestaiis
Pliytoplitliora terrestria
Sulerotiiun Rolfsii
Septoria lycopersiei

M

MacrodisL-us lactitioruis

]\Ieliola fureata
]\lagnolia portoricensis

Meliola niagnoliae
I\ralaclira rotundifolia

Cercospora lualadirae
>\ralaclii'a scabra

Kuelmeola \nalvicola

Piifciiiia lioterospora
.Maiiniica aiiiericana

^[('liohi paiilliiue
^MaiigitVi-a iiidica

Capnodium iiiangiferum

Cephaleuros vireseens

( 'ollt'totrichiiiii gloeoKsporioides

Moliola iiiaiigiferse

Pestaloz/ia guepiiiia

Stilbelbi flavida

Sti'igida coinplaiiata
^Fanibot iiiaiiibot

Cercosj^oia fassa \'a'

Cercospora bonuingsii

^Ficrospbfpra cupborbia?

I loiiiyces jaiiipb*
]\lariscus jaulaicensis

^leliobi circiiiaiis

Meliola eyperi

Pueeinia cladii

Mayepea domingensis
^Meliola mayepea
Mt'liola niayepeicola

Meiboinia adst-endens
Dimeriiim grammodes
^Meliola bieoruis
^rierosplifi?ra diffusa

]\Ieibomia axillaris
Cepbaleiiros vireseens
^[eliola l)ieornis
ri-oinyccs bed.ysari-paniculati

]\l('i1)0ini;i barbata

Dinieriniii gi'aiiiinodes

l\Ieil)()uua scofpiuinis
Microspluera diffusa
Uromyees hedysari-paniculati

Meibomia supiiia
^Nfeliola bi corn is
l\l icrospbrera diffusa
IMiysopelUi uieiboiiiia^

■Mcibomia tortuosuin

I\iicrc£yb;TM'a diffusa

rromyccs liedysari- piiuicubiti
]\rebiiitliera canescens

Splm'i'olbi'ca buniuli

I 'roniyccs cohiiiibijiiius

.Mclia azcdaracii

Peniopbora galaebroa

Polystictus pavonius
Mclothria guadalupensis

rioniyces llellerianus
l\retastolina lineare

Piici'iiiia obli(|ua
.Mctasteliiia pai'vitlonim

I'licciiiia olilujua
^licoiiia sp.

lieinbosia diffusa

Mouogiaiiiinia luicouia^

Napicladiuni fuinago

Tripospoi-ium stelligei'um

POETO EICAN FUNGI.

239

I\Iic-onia impetiolaris
Ceplialenros virescens
IMeliola melastomaceariiin
Septoria raiconiie

Miconia. la?vigata

Blastotrichum mieonias
l^oi'inquenia iniconia?
( 'eplialeurcs viiesceiis
IT\ alosplirei'a luieonia;
IMeliola inelastomaeeariuu
j\[icroclava iniconi^e
] Miyllaclioi'M peribebnyeiisis
Septoria mieonia^

]Mieonia prasina
]\reliola mieonia?

Phyllachoia pei'il)c1)uyeiisis
Micoiiia racemosa

jNIeliola inclastoniaeearum

]\Iiconia Sintenisii
]\reliola iiiiconifeicohi
Pliyllachni-;! periholmyensis

Mikaiiia sp.

( "ei'cospora luikaniacola
( 'laclosporiiiiii inikanije
]\[eliola coinpositaniin
Keptoria inikania^

Mikania cordi folia

Eudophylloidos portoricensis

]\Iikania odoratissinia

Endopliylloides portoricensis

Mikanin seandens
I'lirciiiiM Spegazzini

Mimosa ceratonia
]Meliol;i l)i(()iiii.s
Ravel icliii ca^salpinia^

]Mitracarpus poi'toricensis
Meliola psyeliotriffi
Puceiniii lateiitia

Mouiisia igiumea

]'liyIlosti('ta iiioinisiana

]\[ucuna p nil i ens
Cercospora raucunas
Mycospha^rella mueima?

Muelilenbeckia platyclada
Cephaleuros virescens

]\riisa sp.

Antennularia ( ?) tenuis

]\riisa paradisiaea
Fiisa rill 111 cubense
Fiisariiim radieicola
Cxlcecsporiiiin musaruin
Neetria siiffulta
Pestalozzia funerea
Stilbella flavida

INFyrcia sp.

Ceplialenros virescens

.Myrcia deflexa

Cephaleuros virescens
i\reliola Helleri
Triposi)oriuni stelligeiuiu

^lyrcia splendens
Meliola PIclleri

.Alyi'i'ca cerifera
Meliola iiianca

N

Nectaudra sp.

Ceplialenros virescens

Ncctandra patens

Cephaleuros \irescens
Meliola glabroides

Nephrolepis rivularis
JMilesia cnlumhicr.sis

NeurokTna inl)ata
Puccinia synedrellje

Nicotiana tobacnm
As('Ocliyta nicotiana"
Bacillus solanacearnni
Cercospora nicotiana'

240

JOUKNAL OF AGKICULTUEE OF 1>. K.

Ociumin luierauthum
Sphaerotheea humiili

Oeotea lencoxylon
Cephalouros vireseens
Meliola oeotea?
Meliola ocoteicola

Olyra latifolia

Asterina fiuiiagina
Dimeriella olja^ae
Meliola panici
Puccinia deformata

Operculina dissecta
Uredo operculinae

Oplismenus hirtellus
Pliyllachora piincta
Uredo olyra^

Oplismenus setarius
iMeliola i)!n)i{'i

Opuntia sp.

Diplodia o])niitiae
Perisporiopsis Wrightii

Opuntia dillenii
Septdi'ia fiei-indieas

Ormosia krugii
Pnccinia ormosiae

Oryza sativa

Cercospora oryzfe
Piricularia grisea

Palicourea sp.

Meliola glabra var. psycho-

triffi
^Meliola ninyagnesiana

Palieonrea erocea

Meliola niayaguesiana
Puccinia fallaciosa

Palicourea domingensis

]\Ieliola glalira var. psycho-
trise

Meliola niayaguesiana
Palicourea riparia

^Meliola niayaguesiana

Puccinia fallaciosa
Panax pluniatum

Rosellinia bunodes
Pandanus sp.

Colletotricliuin oninivorum

Phyllosticta pandanicola
Panicum barbinode

Uroniyces leptodermus

Panicum fasciculatuni

Puccinia Huberi
Panicum glutinosum

]\leliola panici
Panicum laxum

Tstilaginoidea usambareusis
Panicum maxinuim

Himantia stellifcra

Ottilia i)anici

Pliyllosticta panici

Panicum [)aivifoliuiH

Uromyces leptodermus
Panicum ti'icantlium

Hypocrella bypoxylon
Panicum triclioides

Puccinin Huberi
Pauiciiiii utowanJBum

Pucciuia Huberi

Paratbesis serrulata

^Meliola ])aratliesicola
Paspalum conjugatum

Helminthosporium mayague-
zense

]\ryriogpnospora Bresadoleana

Pbyllacbora grauiinis

Uredo paspalicola

POETO RICAN FUNGI.

241

raspaluni fimbriatiim

Pueeinia levis
Paspaliim glabrnm
Puccini a siibstriata
Ureclo paspalicola
Paspalum millegrana
Hiniantia stellifera
Phyllaehora andropogonis
Piiccinia levis
Paspalum orbieulatiim
Pucciuia substriata
Paspalum pauieulatum
Pucciuia substriata.
Ureclo ])aspalicola
Paspalum plicatulum
Claviceps paspali
Pucciuia levis
Uredo paspalicola
Paspalu'.u portoricense

Pucciuia substriata
Paspalum secaus
Himantia stellifera
Meliola panici
Pucciuia siibsti-iata
Paspalum virgatum

Pliyllaciiora coruuospora
Passiflora foctida

Helinintbospoi-iuiii Stablii
Passiflora ru])ra

Aecidiuui passifloriicola
Passiflora sexflora
Cereospora biformis
Pliyllosticta superficiale
Paulliuia piuuata
Dextei-ia ])ul('bella
]Meliola Ilcssii
]Melio]a [>aulliui£e
Pavouia racemosa

Uromyces pavonias
Peperomia iiciiiandifolia
Uredo pi peris

Persea gratissima

Meliola perse^e

Myeosphaerella persea.^

Phyllacliora gratissima
Persicaria portoricensis

Pucciuia polygoni-ampbibii

Persicaria ]>unctata

Cercospoi-a liydropiperis
Pucciuia polygoni-ampliiltii
Petitia domiugeusis
Olivea petitia?
Septoria petiti;v
Petiveria alliacea
Roselliuia bunodes
Vermicularia atricha
Pbaseolus s)).

Cercosporium l)eticola
Erysipbe polygon!
Phytoptitliora phaseoli
Uromyces appeudiculatus
Pbaseolus adeuautbus
Erysipbe polygoni
Uromyces a})pendiculatus
Zythia ]ibaseoli
Pbaseolus latbyroides

Uromye-es appeudiculatus
Pbaseolus lunatus
Cereospora caueseens
Cereospora ciuciita
Dimeriuni grammodes
Tsariopsis griseola
Physopella concors
Pbaseolus max

Erysiplu^ j>olygoni
Pbaseolus vulgai'is
Bacterium i)baseoli
Cercos])ora canescens
Colletotriclium lindemutbia-

num
Erysiplie polygoni
Tsariopsis griseola

241

JOURNAL OF AGEICULTrEE OF I". \l.

Pliaseolus vulgaris — Co ni.
Pliysarmii cinereum
Phytophtliora phaseoli
Phytophtliora terrestria
Sclerotinni Rolfsii
Uromy ces appendieiil a tus

Philodendroii ki-ehsii

Colletotrichuiu philodeiidri
]\Ieliola philodeiidri

Phoenix dactylifera
Graph iola plKx^nieis

Ph(Teiiix reeliiiata

Pestalozzia palniarinn

PhyHanthus distiehus

Sel 1 r( pt er i ast er f enest rala

Pliyllaiithiis graiidifolins
Sehrceteriaster fenestrala

PhyHanthus iiiruri

SchrneteriaHter fenestrala

Pliyllantlius nobilis
Aeeidium favaceum

Physalis sp.

Entyloma australe

Pli3'tulacea icosandra
Cercospora flagellaris

Pilea sp.

.Meliola Earlii

Pilea nuuimularifolia
^Meliola Earlii

Pilea parietaria
^leliola Earlii
^Meliola triloba

Pilocarpus raeeniosus
^leliola pilocarpi

Piper sp.

Triposporiuni stelligeriim

Piper aduncum

Cercospora portoricensis
^leliola gaillardiana

l^iper aduncum — Coni .

]Meliola glabra

IMcliola glabroides

^Nleliola piperis
Piper blattarum

^leliola paueipes
Piper hispidum

Cercospora |)ortorieensis

]Meliola contorta
Piper macrophyllum

Stilbella flavida
Piper marginatum

Guignardia pipericola
Piper medium

Cephaleuros yirescens

Cyclodothis pulchella

Guignardia pipericola

INleliola tortuosa

Ramul aria cyl indrosporio ides
Piper peltatum

Cercospora portoricensis

^Meliola tortuosa
Piper umbellatum

Cercospora portoricensis

Colletotricliuui piperis

^^leliola tortuosa
Piptadenia peregrina

Ravenelia cebil
Pisum sativum

Cercospora pisa-sativfc

Erysiphe polygoni
Pitcairnia augustifolia

Diachea leucopoda
Pithecolobiuui saman

]\[icrostroma
Pithecolol)iu!!i unguis-cati

Colletotrichuiu erythriiia^

Pestalozzia funerea

Pliyllosticta pithecolobii

Plixllostieta pithecolobii var.
monensis

l'()RT(/ ETOAX FUXCil.

243

Pityrogramina calomelanos
Septoria pityi"(tgraiumiB
I'reclo o-ymiiograniines

I^lncliea odorata
Uredo pluclica?

Pluchea piirpu s asceus
Uredo plucheae

Pluiniera alba

Coleosporium pliiniier;!?

Plnraiera Krngii

Co] eosporiiim plii iiiiera?
^Meliola tabernfemontaua?

Plniniera obtiisa

Coleosporium plnmier^e

Podocarpus coriaceiis

Corynelia oreopliila
Poinciana puleherriiua

Pestalozzia fimerea
Pol^'podiuui sp.

Cereospora pliyllitidis

Polyseias guilfoylei var. vie to
rife
Cephaleiiros virescens
Nectria episphferia

Portiilaca oleracea
Allnigo portulacffi

Preseottia oligantlia
Uredo gyiiandrearum

Psendelepliantopiis spieatns
Meliola cyelopoda

Psidium gnajava

Cephaleiiros virescens
Gloinerella psidii
^loliola psidii
Puccinia psidii

Psyciiotria sp.

i\relio]a glaliia var. i)sycho-

trifp
?>Ieliola psyc-lioti-ia'

Psj^chotria bertiana

]\reliola glabra var. psyelio-
trije
Psyciiotria graudis

]Meliola glabra var. psyolio-
trias
Psyciiotria patens

Puccinia fallaciosa
Psyciiotria piibescens

^Meliola glabra var. psycho-
tri*
Psyciiotria uligiiiosa
Stilbella flavida

Q

Qiiamoclit coccinea
Coleosporium ipomoeffi

R

Rajania eordata
Uredo dioscorefe

Randia aciileata
Aecidium abscedens
]\[eliola psychotria?
Podosporiiim pallidum

Raiiwolfia nitida

]\Ieliola tabernfemontanae

Raiiwolfia tetraphylla
]\[eliola tabernaeraontanap

Rhipsalis cassytha
Phajospora eacticola

Rhizophora mangle

Anthostomella rhizomoriplup

Rhynchosia reticulata
Synchytrinm dccipiens

Ricinus communis
Cereospora riciuella

Rivina humilis
Puccinia rivinte

244

JOUENAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. E.

Rosa spp.

Aftinonema rosge

Cercospora rosicola

Septoria rosae

Sphferotheca humuli
Rourea glabra

Micropeltis aeruginescens
Roystonea borinqiiena

Meliola dentienlata
Riibus sp.

]\Ieliola piiiggarii
Rudoli^liia vojubilis

]\reliola rudolphiffi

Triposporhmi stelligerum
Ryiiehospora a urea

Ciutractia utriculicola

jVIeliola eircinans

Pnoeinia angustatoides
Rynchospora corymbosa

Ciutractia lenooderma

Ciutractia utriculicola

Pueeinia angustatoides
Rynchospora cyperoides

Guignardia rhyncliosporse

Pueeinia angustatoides
Rynchospoi'a distans

IJroniyces rhyncosporffi
Ryncliospora gigantea

Ciutractia leucoderma

^Meliola eircinans
Rynchospora micrantha

Uromyees rhyncosporfe
Rynchospoi'a setaeea

Uromyees rhyneosporas
Rytilix granularis

Opidiella ui-edinis

Pueeinia Icvis

S

Sabicea aspei'a
Uredo sahicoicola

Saccharum officinarum
Arcyria cinerea
Arcyria denudata
Arthriniuui saeeharicola
Arthrobotrys superba
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus niger
Asterostroma cervicolor
Basisporum gallarum
Cercospora lougipes
Cercospora vagiuffi
Chromocrea gelatinosa
Chromoereopsis striispora
Cladoderris dentritica
Cladosporium herbarum
CoUetotrichum falcatuni
Corticium arachnoideum
Craterium aureum
Crateriuui leucocephalum
Cyathus poeppigii
Cytospora sacchari
Dictydiuni cancellatum
Diplodia cacaoieola
Eurotium argentinum
Fuligo septica
Gibberella pulicaris
Graphiurn sacchari
Guepiuia palniiceps
Guepinia spathulata
Helminth osporium sacchari
Himantin stellifera
Hormiactella sacchari
Hyduum sacchari
Hypocrea rufa
Lachuea cubensis
Lentinus crinitus
Leptosphieria sacchari
Lycogala epidendrum
Lycoperdon albidum
Lyeoperdon pusillum
T^y coper do n i »y rif orme

PORTO EICAN FUNGI.

245

Saecliarum officinariim — Cont.
IMarasraiiis borinqiiensis
^Nlarasmiiis Hiorami
Marasmius sacehari
]\Iarasmins synodicus
Melaneoniura saechari
Melanconium saeeharinnm
Merulins byssoideus
Monilia sitophila
IMyrotheoi um verrucaria
Nectria flavociliata
Neetria laureutiaua
Odontia saechari
Odoiitia saccharieola
Peniophora cinerea
Peniopliora flavido-alba
Perieonia saechari
Phyllostieia saechari
Physalospora tucumanensis
Physarum compressum
Physariiin nodiilosiim
Polystictus occidentalis
Polystictiis sauo'uineiis
PolystictuR sinuosus
Koselliiiia paragnayensis
Rosellinia pulveracea
Schizopliyllum commune
Scirrhia lophoderraioides
Sclerotium oriseum
SelerotiuiJi Rolfsii
Seytinotus distantifolins
Septonema saechari
Spegazziuia oriiata
Sphaerella saechari
Sphferobolus stellatus
Stemonitis fusca
Stemouitis splendens
Tetraeoecosporis saechari
Tetraploa aristata
Thielaviopsis paradoxa
Trametes iiivosa

Saecharum officinarum — Cont.
Tremellodendron simplex
Trichoderma lignornm
Tubereularia saccharieola
Valsa saechari
Yalsaria subtropica
Yermicularia graminicola
Verticieladium graminieolum
Xylaria apiculata

Sabinea pnnieea
Fromyces sabinea"

Salvia eoccinea

Puccinia farinacea
Salvia occidentalis

Puccinia salviicola

Sauvagesia erecta
]Meliola glabra
Meliola glabroides
Uredo sauvagesiae

Schaefferia fruteseens
]Mierothyrium Urbani

Schlegelia

Meliola glabroides var. sclilc-
gelias
Schlegelia brachyantha

Phyllachora nitens
Seirpus lacustris

Puccinia scirpi

Seleria sp.

Meliola cyperi
Seleria canescens

Uromyces scleriae

Seleria cubensis

Puccinia seleria?
Seleria hirtella

Puccinia scleriieola

Seleria pterota

Phyllachora scleriae
Puccinia selerife
Uromyces seleria*

24(3

JOUENAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. E.

Secliiiim edule
Cercospora secliias
HeiTiinthosporiura sechiieolum
Pliyllostieta sechii

Securidaea virgata
Phyllaehora perforans

Serjania polypliylla
^leliola serjaniffi

Sesamuiu orientale
Cereospora sesami

Sida sp.

Cereospora densissima

Sida carpinifolia
Asterina sidfe

Dinierosporiviiii appendie n 1 a -
turn

Sida glutinosa

Puccinia heterospora

Sida hederifolia ,

Puccinia heterospora

Sida humilis

Puccinia lieterospora

Sida iirocunibens
Puccinia heterospora

Sida spinosa

Puccinia lieterospora

Sida urens

i\Jelioia uioileriana
Puccinia heterospora

Simaruba tulsi:'

.^Feliohi glahroides
Siiiilnx sp.

l\reliola smilacis

Sinilax coriacea
^FelioLi smilacis

Sinilax doniingensis
Puccinia smilacis

Solanum jamaicense
]\reliola solani

Solanum melongena

Bacillus solanacearum

CI adosporium herharum

Gloposporium melongenae

Phomopsis vexans

Sclerotiuin Rolfsii
Solanum nigrum

Cereospora rigospora
Solanum persicifolium

JMeliola glahroides
Solanum rugosum

]\Ieliola glahroides
Solanum tor\aim

Aecidium tuhulosum

Cereospora trichophila

Cladosporium fulvum

E rj^sijihe cichora cearum

Puccinia suhstriata
Solanum tuberosum

Alternaria solani

Phytophtliora infestans

Rhizoctonia solani ( ?)
Solanu 1 11 verl -ascif olium

Cereospora trichophila
Somidesia lindeniana

Cephaleuros virescens
Spermacoce riparia

I'uccinia lateritia
Spermacoce tenuior

Puccinia lateritia
Sphenoelea zeylanica

Cercosporidium Helleri
Spondias moinhin

^Feliola coniocladia?
Sporobolus indicus

Hebiiiiithosporium Ravenellii

Uromyces ignobilis
Sporobolus virginicus

Uromyces ignobilis
Stenolobium stans

Prospodium appendiculatum

PORTO RICAN FUNGI.

247

Steiiorrliynelius lanceolatus

llredo piistulata
Stenotaphnim secnndatuin

]\Ieliola stenota])liri

Ustilago affinis
Stigmaphyllon lingulatuiii

Pneeinia inflata
Stizolobium sp.

Cercospora mucunae
Stizolobiuin aterinium

Cercospora mucunae
Strucliiuni spargaiiophoruin

Uredo spargauopliori

Synedrella iiodiflora
Puccinia synedrellse
Stilbella flfivida

Syiitherisiiia digitata
Piricularia grisea
Puccinia siibstriata

Syntlierisuia sanguinalis
^Mycospha^rella niaydis

Tahel^uia lift-mantha
Meliola bidentata
Mycospharella tabehuige

Tabernaemontana oppositifolia
Meliola tabernaemontanae

Tagetes ereeta

Puccinia lageticola

Tagetes patula

Pnc'inia tageticola

Tanionea sp.

Hypocrella tamonefE

Teeoma sp.

]Meliola tecomae

Teeoma pentapbylla
Meliola bidentata
^Meliola tecoiufe
Prospodinin plagiopus

Tectaria marteuiensis

Teredo gym nograi nines
Teramnus uncinatus

Cercospora marieaoensis

^[eliola bicornis

Uredo eoncors

Uromyces cologaniae

Tetragastris l)alsamifera
^Meliola amphitrica

Tetrazygia sp.

Guignardia tetrazygiae
Phy 11a eliora peribebuy ensis

Tbalia geniculata
Puccinia cannae

Theobroma cacao

Ceplialeuros virescens
Colletotrichum Cradwickii
Creonectria Bainii
Diplodia cacaoicola
Nectria colorans

Thouinia sp.

Cladosporium hypopbloem

Thouinia striata

Cercospdi'a thouiniiB
IMeliola thouinige

Thrinax-

Plelminthosporium spic u 11 f c ■
rum
Tlirinax ponceaim

Meliola fureata
Thrinax praeceps

Graphiola phoenicis

]\reliola f areata

Tournefortia bieolor
Aecidinin tournefortias

Tournefortia hlrsutissima
Aet'idium tournefortia'
^leliola longipoda

Tournefortia micropliylla
Aecidinm tournefortia

248

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

Tricliilia pallida

Uredo triehilisB
Tricliostigma octandrnm

Cereospora trichostigmie

Linospora triohostigraae

Piiceinia rivinae

Tritionm vulgare
Sclerotiuin Rolfsii

Triumfetta lappula
Puc-einiosira jiallidnla

Triumfetta rhomhoidea
Puceiniosira pallidula

Triumfetta semitriloba
Meliola triumfettae
Phyllostieta Stevensii
Puceiniosira pallidula

Turpinia panniculata
Meliola guignardi

Urechites lutea

Pliyllostiotn glauei.spora

Vachellia farnesiana

Ravenelia siliquffi
Valerianodes eayennensis

Endophyllum staehytarphet<'E

^Meliola glaliroides
Valerianodes jamaieensis

Pueeinia T'rbaiiiana
Valerianodes strigosa

Pueeinia Urban iana

Valota insularis

Phyllachora graiuinis

Pueeinia substriata

Sphaeelotheea p a n i e i - 1 e u e o -
pbaei
Vanilla Eggersii

Glomerella cingulata

Vanilla planifolia

Cephaleuros virescens
Fusarium solani
Gloeosporium (vanillae) rufo-

maeulans
Pellieularia koleroga

Varronia sp.

Helminthosporium varronite
Meliola molleriana

Varronia alba

IMetasphteria abortiva
Verbena sp.

Sph^rotheea liumuli

Vernonia albicaulis
Argomyees insulanus
Argomyees vernonia;

Vernonia borinquensis
Argomyees vernonia?

Vernonia longifolia
Argomyees insulanus

Vernon i a pliy llosta t chy a
Argomyees vernonia"

Vieia faba

Selerotium Rolfsii

Vigna repens

Dimerium grammodes
Erysiplie polygoni
Uromyees appendieulatus

Vigna vexillata

Hyponeetria pliaseoli
Uromyees appendieulatus

Vigna unguieulata
Cereospora cruenta
Cereospora vigna?
Erysiplie polygoni
Physarum einereum

Viola sp.

Cereospora violae
Gloeosporium violae

PORTO EICAN FUNGI.

249

Vitex divaricata

Ophiobolus barbatus

Vitis vinifera
Physopella vitis

w

Wedelia laiioeolata
Uredo vicina

Wedelia reticulata •
Uroinyces pianliyeusis

Wedelia trilobata

Endophyllmn wedelige

Willoughbfea sp.

jNIeliola coinpositariim

Winterana cauella
Meliola thouiniffi
Triposporiuni stelligerum

AVissadula periploeifolia
Puecinia heterospora

Xanthium longirostre
Puecinia xanthii
SphaBrotlieca hamuli

Xanthosoma sagittifolium
Periconia pyciiospora

Zamia integrifolia

Triposporiuni stelligerum

Zea mays

Helminthosporium turcinum
Himantia stellifera
Phyllachora maj^dis
Sclerotium griseum
Uredo pallida
Ustilago zefe

Zornia dipliylla
Puecinia zornice

LITERATURE CITED.

(1) Arthur, J. C.

1007. V reel i Dales. In North Anierieaii Flora, v. 7, pt. 2,
pp. 83-160. A few references to Porto Rican species.

(2) Arthur, J. C.

1912. Vredinales. In North American Flora, v. 7, pt. 3,
pp. 161-268. References to Porto Rican species.

(3) Arthur, J. C.

1915. Vredinales of Porto Rico based on collections by
F. L. Stevens. In Myc, v. 7, no. 4, pp. 168-196; no. 5,
pp. 225-227 ; no. 6. pp. 315-332 ; v. 8. no. 1, pp. 16-33
(1916).

(4) Arthur, J. C.

1917. Urcdinales of Porto Rico based on collections by
H. H. Whetzel and E. W. Olive. In Myc, v. 9, no. 2,
pp. 55-104.

(5) Arthur, J. C.

1917. Rusts of the West Indies. In Torreya, v. 17, pp.
24-27.

(6) Barrett, 0. W.

1904. Fungus diseases. In Ann. Report P. R. Agric.
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(7) Barrett, 0. W.

1905. Diseases of Yautia. In Bui. 6, P. R. Agric. Exp
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(8) Barrett, 0. W.

1905. Fungus diseases. //; Report P. R. Agric. Exp.
Sta. 1904, pp. 397-399.

(9) Barrett, 0. W.

1906." Report of the entomologist and botanist. In Re-
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(10) Brandes, E. W.

1916. Report of the plant pathologist. In Report P. R.
Agric. Exp. Sta. 1915, pp. 34-35.

(11) Brandes, E. W.

1918. Report of the plant pathologist. In Report Fed-
eral Agric. Exp. Sta. P. R. 1916. pp. 28-31.

250

POETO KICAN FUNGI. 251

(12) Britton, N. L.

1915. Vegetation of ^Moua Island. In Ann. ilo. Bot.
Garden, v. 2, nos. 1, 2, pp. 38-58. Contains a list of
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^ (13; Burt, E. A.

1917. Odont'ia saccliari and Oduiilia saccliarivula, new spe-
cies on sugar cane. In Ann. Mo. Bot. Garden, v. 4,
no. 3, pp. 233-236, figs. 2.

(14) Clinton, G. P.

1906. Uslilagiualcs. In North American Flora, v. 7, pt.
1, pp. 1-82. A few references to Porto Rican species.

(15) Cook, Mel. T.

1913. Diseases of tropical plants. London. Scattering
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(16) Dalbey, Nora E.

1917. Corn disease caused hy PJiyllachora graminis. In
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(17) Dalbey, Nora E.

1918. Phyllaclwra as the cause of a disease of corn, and
a general consideration of the genus Phyllachora. In
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9 fig.

(18) Dearness, John.

1917. New or noteworthy North American fungi. In
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(19) Earle, F. S.

1900. Some fungi from Porto Rico. In ^Tuhlenbergia,
V. 1, no. 1, pp. 10-17.

(20) Earle, F. S.

1904. Report on obsei'vations in Porto Rico. In Rei)ort
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• (21) Earle, F. S.

1905. Mycological studies II. In liul. X. V. liot. (iar-
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(22) Fawcett, G. L.

1909. Report of the plant pathologist, hi Report P. R.
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(23) Fawcett, G. L.

1910. Report of the plant ])athologist. /// Report P. R.
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252 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

(21) Fawcett, G. L.

1911. Keport of the pathologist, hi Report P. K. Fed.
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(25) Fawcett, G. L.

1912. Report of the pathologist. In Report P. R. Fed.
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(26) Fawcett, G. L.

1913. Report of the pathologist. In Report P. R. Fed.
Exp. Sta., 1912, pp. 31-33.

(27) Fawcett, G. L.

1914. Report of the pathologist. In Report P. R. Fed.
Exp. Sta., 1913, pp. 26-29.

(28^ Fawcett, G. L.

1914. Pellicularia koh roga on coffee in Porto Rico. In
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(29) Fawcett, G. L.

1914. The rot of citrus fruit, hi P. R. Progress, v. 8,
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(30) Fawcett, G. L.

1915. Report of the pathologist. //( Report P. R. Fed.
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(31) Fawcett, G. L.

1915. Fungus diseases of coffee in Porto Rico. Federal
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(32) Fawcett, G. L.

1916. A Porto Rican disease of bananas, hi Report
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p (S3) Ftnk, Bruce.

1918. Tlie distribution of fungi in Porto Rico. In Myc,
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(34) Garman, Phillip.

1915. Some Porto Rican parasitic fungi. In Myc, v. 7,
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(35) Heller, A. A.

1900. Other Porto Rican fungi. //( Muhlenbergia. v. 1,
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(36) Henricksen, H. C.

1906. Vegetable growing in Porto Rico. P. R. Agric.
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PORTO RICAN FUNGI. 253

(37) HiGLEY, Ruth.

1918. Notes on Cephaleuros vmscens. In Trans. 111.
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(38) Johnston, J. R.

1911. First report of the pathologist. In Bui. 1, Exp.
Sta. Sugar Prod. Assoc, of P. R., p. 35-48.

(39) Johnston, John R.

1912. Cultivation of the coconut in Porto Rico. In 1st
Ann. Report P. R. Hort. Soc, pp. 47-55. A section
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(40) Johnston, J. R.

1912. Report of the pathologist. In Second Ann. Re-
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(Bui. 2^. pp. 23-28.

(41) Johnston, J. R. ^^

1913. Notes on the fungus diseases of sugar cane in Porto
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(42) Johnston, J. R.

1913. The nature of fungus diseases of plants. Exp.
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9 fig.

(43) Johnston, J. R.

1913. The relation of cane cultivation to the control of
fungus diseases. Exp. Sta. Sug. Prod. Assoc, of P. R.,
r^irc. no. 3. |>]). 1-13.

(44 j Johnston, J. R.

1913. Selection and treatment of cane seed. Exp. Sta.
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(45) Johnston, J. R.

1913. Third repoit of the pathologist. In Third Ann.
Report Exp. Sta. Sug. Prod. Assoc, of P. R. (Buh 5),
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(46) Johnston, -Iohn R.

1915. The entoinogenous fungi of Porto Rico. Bui. 10.
Insular Exp. Sta. (Bd. of Connii. of Agric. of P. R.),
pp. 1-33. pis. 9.

(47) Johnston. J. R.

1917. History and cause of the rind disease of sugar cane.
Ill Journ. Bd. of r'oinin. of Agric. of P. R.. v. 1, no. 1.
pp. 17-45, 1 pi.

254 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

I
I

^ (48) Johnston, John R., and Stevenson, John A. !

1917. Sug<jr-cane fungi and diseases of Porto Rico. In ,
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14 pis.

(49) King, W. W.

1917. Some observations upon the skin diseases of Porto
Rico. In The Journ. of Cutaneous Diseases, v. 35, no. 6,
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(50) Klotzsch, J. 1

1852. Schwanecke collection of fungi. In Linua?a, v. 25, i
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(51) Lamkey, Ernest M.

1917. New or noteworthy fungi from Porto Rico. Pre-
sented before the tenth annual meeting of the Illinois
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part by Dr. Stevens (82).
/ (52) Lloyd, C. G.

1916. Lycoperdon (ilbidion. In ^lyc. Notes, no. 42, p. 582,

1 fig.
y (53) Lloyd, C. G.

1917. Polystictvs simiosus. hi Myc. Notes, No. 45, p. 626,

1 fig.

(54) Lloyd, C. G.

1917. Notes on Xylarias. fn INFyc. Notes, no. 48, pp.
675-7, 6 figs.

(55) Lloyd, C. G.

1917. Xijhiria fiwhriafn. In Myr. Notes 51. j). 726. 3 fig.

(56) Loew, Oscar.

1908. Diseases of tobacco, fit Kcport P. R. Agric. Exp, i

Sta. 1907. pp. 16-18.
(-57) Loew, Oscar.

1908. The fermentation of cacao and coffee. In Report

P. R. Agric. E.xp. Sta.. 1907, pp. 41-55.

(58) Mann, C. W.

1914. Tlie handling of Porto Rican oranges, grapefruit,
and pineapples. Bnl. 7, Insular Exp. Sta. P. R., pp.
1-36, 24 figs. Reference to PenicilUum and Diplodia
as fruit rots.

(59) May, D. W.

1910. Diseases of cane. /// Hul. 9, P. R. Agiic. Exp.
Sta. pp. 38-9.

POUTO RTCAN FUN(U. 255

(60) Miles, L. E.

1917. Some diseases of economic plants in Porto Rico.
In Phytopath., v. 7, no. 5, pp. 345-351, fig. 3. Lists
a few unimportant diseases.

(61) Miles, L. E.

1918. Some new Porto Riean fungi. In Trans. 111. Acad,
of Sci., vol. 10 (1917), pp. 249-255, fig. 3.

(62) MURRILL, W. A.

1907. Polyporaceoe. In North American Flora, v. 9, pt.
1, pp. 1-72, and pt. 2, pp. 73-131. Contains scatter-
ing references to Porto Rican polypores.

(63) MURRILL, W. A.

1911. Agaricacece of tropical North America I. In Myc,
V. 3, no. 1, pp. 23-36.

(64) MURBILL, W. A.

1915. AgarimcecB. In North American Flora, v. 9, pt.

4, pp. 201-296. References to Porto Rico agarics and
description of a number of new species.

(65) MURRILL, W. A.

1915. Tropical polypores. Pp. 1-114. New York. Con-
tains references to Porto Rican polypores.

(66) MURRILL, W. A.

1916. Agaricacece. In North American Flora, v. 9, pt.

5, pp. 297-374. S(^veral references to Porto Rican spe-
cies.

(67) MURRILL, W. A.

1918. The Agaricacece of tropical North America — VII.
In Myc, V. 10, no. 1. pp. 15-38.

(68) MuRRiLL, Wm. a.

1918. The Agaricaceoi of tropical North America — YIII.
In Myc, V. 10, no. 2, pp. 62-85. Describes one new
species and cites another.

(69) NoRTiiRUP, Zae.

1914. A bacterial disease of Jiine-lieetle larvu', Lachno-
sterna spp. ^lidi. Agric. Exp. Sta., Tech. Bui. 18, pp.
1-37, 22 figs.

(70) Olive, E. W.

1916. Report on a trip to study and collect rusts and
other parasitic fungi of Porto Rico. In Hrook. Bot.
Garden Rec, v. 5, no. 3, pp. 117-121.

?-

256 .lOrRXAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

(71) Olive, E. W. and Whetzel, H. H.
1917. Endophy Hum-like rusts of Porto Eico. In Amer,

Journ. of Bot., v. 4, no. 1, pp. 44-52, 3 pi.

(72) Seaver, F. J.

1909. The Hypocreales of North America — 11. In Mye.,
V. 1, no. 5, pp. 177-207, 1 pi. Two references to Porto
Rican species.

(73) Seaver, F. J.

1910. Hypocreales. In N. Amer. Flora, v. 3, pt. 1, pp.
1-88. A few references to Porto Rican species.

(74) Seaver, F. J.
1910. Hypocreales of North America — III. //) IMyc, v,

2, no. 2, pp. 48-93, 2 pis.

(75) Seaver, F. J.

1916. North American species of Ascodesmis. In Myc,
V. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-4, 1 pi.

(76) Sintenis, p.
1893. Pilzen auf der inscl Portorico 1884-1887 gesamm-

elten. In Engler Bot. Jahfh., v. 17, pp. 489-501.

(77) Smith, Erwin F.

1914. Brown rot of Solanacea'. In Bacteria in relation
to i)lant diseases — III, p. 175, fig. 1.

(78) Smyth, E. G.

1917. The white-grubs injuring tlie sugar cane in Porto
Rico. In Journ. Dept. of Agric. of P. R., v. 1, no. 3,
pp. 141-169.

(79) Ste\'ens, F. L.

1916. Collecting plants in Porto Rico. In Journ. N. Y.
Bot. Garden, v. 17, no. 198, pp. 82-85.

(80) Stevens, F. L.

1916. The genus Meliola in Porto Rico. 111. Biog. Monog.,
v. 2, no. 4, pp. 1-86, 5 pis.

(81) Stevens, F. L.

1917. Noteworthy Porto Rican plant diseases. In Phy-
topath., v. 7, no. 2. pp. 1.30-1.34.

y (82) Steven.s, F. L.

1918. Porto Rican fungi, old and new. //( Trans. 111.
Acad, of Sci.. vol. 10 (1917^ ])|). 162-218, 13 figs.

(83) Stevens, F. L.

1918. ^Icliolicolus parasites and connnensals. In Bot. Gaz
(In press.) Species listed not cited in present paper.

PORTO RTCAN FUNGI. 257

(84) Stevenson, John A.

1916. Report of the pathologist. In 4th Ann. Report Bd.
of Comm. of Agric. of Porto Rieo. pp. 33-44.

(85) Stevenson, John A.

1916. An enemy of citrus insects. In P. R. Progress,
April 10, p. 4. Microcera fujikuroi.

(86) Ste\tenson, John A.

1916. Pink disease of citrus. In, P. R. Progress, v. 10,
no. 14, p. 4. Corticium salmonicolor.

(87) Stevenson, John A.

1916. Black rot of cane cuttings. In P. R. Progress.
V. 11, no. 26, Dec. 29.

(88) Stevenson, John A.

1916. Notes on citrus seal). In P. R. Progress, v. 11,
no. 26, p. 3.

(89) Stevenson, John A.

1917. Report of the pathologist. In 5th report Bd. of
Comra. of Agric. P. R., pp. 35-74.

(90) Stevenson, John A.

]917. Diseases of vegetable and garden crops. In Journ.
of Dept. of Agric. of P. R., v. 1, no. 2, pp. 93-117.

(91) Stevenson, John A.

1917. Enfermedad de la caiia de azucar en Puerto Rico.
In El ^Fundo Azucarero, v. 5, no. 1, pp. 19-24, 10 figs.
In English /;; La. Planter, v. 59, no. 5, pp. 76-78.

(92) Stevenson, John A.

1917. Wood rot of citrus trees. Insular Exp. Sta. P. R.
Circ. 10, pp. 1-10.

(93) Stevenson, John A.

1917. Citrus seal) in Porto Rico. Bui. 17, Insular Exp.
Sta. P. R., pp. 1-17.

(94) Stevenson, John A.

1918. Report of the pathologist. In report of the Insu-
lar Exp. Sta. of P. R. 1916-17, pp. 37-98.

(95) Stevenson, John A.

1918. The green muscardine fungus in Porto Hico. hi
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19-32, 1 pi.

(96) Stevenson, John A.

1918 Citrus diseases of Porto Rico. In Journ. Dejit.
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258 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

(97) Thomas, H. E.

1918. Cultures of Aecidium iubnlosum and A. Passiflo-
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(98) Tower, W. V.

1907. Report of the entomologist and plant pathologist.
In Report P. R. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1906, pp. 25-28.

(99) Tower, W. V.

1908. Report of the entomologist and pathologist. In
Report P. R. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1907, p. 37.

(100) Tower, W. V.

1911. Insects injurious to citrus fruits and methods for
combating them. P. R. Exp. Sta. Bui. 10, pp. 1-35.
Mentions certain of the entomogenous fungi.

(101) Wilson, G. W.

1907. Studies in North American Peronosporales — 1. The
genus Albugo. In Bui. Tor. Bot. Club, v. 34, no. 1,
pp. 61-84. Also separate as Contribution no. 90 of
the N. Y. Bot. Garden. Notes of occurrence of certain
species in Porto Rico.

(102) Wilson, Percy.

1917. The Vegetation of Vieques Island. In Bui. N. Y.
Bot. Garden, v. 8, no. 31, pp. 379-409. Includes a list
of fungi,

(103) Young, Esther.

1915. Studies in Porto Rican parasitic fungi — I. In
Myc, V. 7, no. 3, pp. 143-150.

(104) Young, Esther.

1916. Studies in Porto Rican parasitic fungi — II. In
Myc, V. 8, no. 1, pp. 42-46.

(105) Johnston, John R., et al.

1918. Diseases of sugar-cane in tropical and subtropical
America, especially the West Indies. In West Ind. Bui.,
V. 16, no. 4, pp. 275-308, 7 pls„

INDEX TO FAMILIES AND GENERA.

Page.

Abortiporus 189

Acrostalagnius 207

Actinonema 199

Aecidiaceffi 16-5

Accidium 178

Acgerita 21S

Agaiicacese 195

Agariciis 19.5

Albugo 132

Alternaria 209

Anuuiroclerma 189

Amplialia 195

Antennularia 136

Anthostoniella 157

Areyria , 131

Arcyricacea; 131

Bacillus 13J

Bacteriaceaj i 131

Bacterium 132

Balansia 150

Basisporiuni 210

Bertia 153

Blastotrichum 207

Calouectria 149

Campannlaris 195

Capnodinm 136

Coplialeiu'os 221

Ceplialosporium 207

Ceratiomyxa 120

Ceratiomyxacea? ' 129

Cereospora 210

Cercosporidium 214

Cercosporium 214

Ceroteliuni 164

Cerrcnella 186

Chlorophyllum 196

Choanepliora 133

Page.

Argomyces 165

Arthrininm 210

Ailhrobotrys 207

Ascobolacese 160

Aseobolus 160

Aschersonia 203

Ascochyta 199

Aseodemis 16 1

Ascoplianus 161

Aspergillus 207

Asterina 148

Asterostroma 183

Atylospora 195

Aiierswaldia 351

Aiirieularia 183

'Boriiiqueiiia 149

Botiyorhiza 166

Botrytis 207

Brachysporium 210

Bulgariaeeae

Bnrrillia 163

Chiomocrea — , 150

Chromocreopsis 150

Chroolepida3 215

Chytridiaeca? 132

Ciuuobolus 199

Cintractia 162

Cladoderris 183

Oladosporium 213

Clathrns 198

C'lavaria 183

Clavariaeea; 183

Claviceps 151

Coi-i'acca; 131

Ooleusporiacefe , 16?,

259

260

JOUENAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. E.

Page.

Coleospoiium 163

CoUetotrichum 201

Coltrichia 194

Comatricliia 130

Cookoina 160

Cordyceps 150

Coriolopsis 192

Coriolus 191

Cortic-iuiii 184

Cortiuarius 195

Da?dalea 187

Daldinia 158

Darluca .: 199

Dcmatiaceffi 209

Dpndrogiapliiiiiii 21"

Dermateaeea^ 161

Dcxteria 149

Diachsea 130

Diatr^'paceee 157

Diatiype 157

Dict.ydium 130

Dictyophora 198

Diderma 13i)

Elfvingia 187

Elfviugiella 188

EUisiella 215

Empusa 131

Endophylloides 166

Endophylhim 166

Endothia 158

Entoinoplithora 134

Eutomophthoracese 134

Entyloma 163

Favolus 187

Fimetariacea? 153

Fomes 187

Fomitella 191

Galera L 195

Gauoderma i 190

Geaster 19S

Giherella ]40

E

G

Page.

(Joiym'lia 154

Coryneliatoa? 154

( 'iaT(iiuii) 130

Creouee-tria 149

Cribraraeeis 130

Orj-ptostielis 199

Cucurbitariaceae 154

Cyathus 199

Cyclodothis

Cytospora 199

Didymiacctv 130

Didyniiiun 130

Dimeriella 136

Dimeriua 136

Dimpriopsis 136

Dimeriinn 136

Dimeiosporium 136

Diplodia 199

Dijdospcrium 208

Doassansia 163

Dothichloe 150

Dotliidiaeeie 151

Ephelis 204

Epichltp 151

Epicoccuin * 218

Epidermophytoii 128

Erysipl:;ieoa' KU

Ery<npho 134

I'Jiu'otinni 137

Excipuliicca? 204

Exi.lia 183

Fiiligo 130

Fulvifomes 187

Fusi'.riuni 218

Gibdiiilii -- __ 217

Cnazu'll.i _ 151

r;ia'Ophyllmn 189

Glceoporus . 169

INDEX.

261

Page.
Gloeosporium 205

Glomerella 157

GnomoniaceiB 15.7

Giajjhiola 221

Giaphium 217

Haijalopilus . 190

Haplograpliiiira 215

Holiomyees 195

Helminthosporium 216

Helotiaceaj 161

Helotium 16.1

Ilemileia 16o

Hemitrichia 131

Herpolrichia 153

llexagoua 187

Ileleioehiete 184

Himantia 219

Hirrcola 183

Irpiciporus 186

Isaria 218

Tsariopsis 218

Kaischia 161

Kretzschniaria 158

Lachnea 160

Lsrtiporus 191

Lc'-.fhia 188

Lnsiosphseria 153

Laternea 198

Leoanidion 161

Lc'iibosia 15S

I.ontinula 195

Lentinus 195

Lentodium 195

Lenzites 189

Macrosporiiim — 216

Malassezia 128

Maiasmiiis 196

ilegnlonectria 149

M

Page.

Guepiuia 183

Guignardia 155

Gyinnopilus 195

Gymuopus 195

Hcrmiactella 215

Hyaloderma 137

Hyalospha;ra 149

Hydnaceae 186

Ilydnnm 186

Hymeuochsete 184

Hypochuus 185

Hypocrea 151

Hypocreacese 130

Hypocrella 151

1 [yponeetria 149

Ilypoxylou 158

Ilysteriacese 160

lUospoiiuui 219

Jnonotus 190

Irpex 186

Kuehueola 164

Lepiota 19*1

Lcpto?pluTi ia 156

Lpptostroinat-ni-ea! 204

Leptothyrirni 204

Linospoia 15'

Lizonia ■ 153

Lophiostoniataeece 151

Lyoogaln 131

Lyoogalr^cea? 131

Lj'copcrdacea^ 198

Lyooperdon 198

Molanconiaceae 204

Melanconidacese 157

^[elancf nis 157

Melaiiconiiim 206

262

JOUBNAL OF AGBICULTUEE OF P. R.

Page

irelanonmia 154

^lelanospora 150

Melanotus 197

Melasmia 204

Meliola 137

^relogranimataceae 158

Alerulius 189

MetanMzimn 208

Metasphgeria ^ 150

Microeera 219

Microelara 216

Micrococcus IS]

Mieropeltis 148

Mlcroporellus 189

IMicrospliEera 135

Microstroma

Microthyriaceie 148

Microthyrinni 148

Mi.lotis 101

Xapicladium 210

Xectria 149

Xectriacea; 140

Xidnlaria 199

OdontJa 187

Oepidiella 132

Oidiuni 208

Olivea Kia

Oniphalopsis 197

Pauellus ]!)7

Parodiella 147

Passalpra 210

Patella riacea; 161

Pellicularia 208

Penicilliuni 208

Peniophora 185

Pericoiiia 217

Perispoiiacete 136

Perisporina 14S

Perisporiopsis 148

Perisporium : 148

PiMono)ilasnio)>ora 133

Peronosporacca? 132

Pestalozzia 206

N

Page.

Milesia 165

Millisiacese 161

Monilia 208

Moniliacea? 207

Monogrammia 208

Moiiosporimn

Mucoiaceas 138

Miitinus 198

Mycoidea 221

Mycospha?iella 155

Mycospliarellacese 155

Mykosyiiux 162

Myriangium 134

Miriogenospora 151

"Myriosticta 147

Myrma?cium 158

Myrothecium 219

Myxmnvcetes 129

Xidiilai'iacea? 199

Xigroporus 192

Xitschkia 154

Xii'Miiiularia 158

Op'ii()l)oJiis 156

( )pliiniiectiia 150

Orl ilia 16i

Otihia 154

O/ouiuiii 220

I'ezizacea' 160

I'haospora 154

Ph:illace<p 198

Plialliis 198

Pliilliiisia 160

I'homa 199

I'lioinatacea' 199

i'lioiiiojisis 199

I'hyl!:"-lioi'a 151

Phyllusticta 199

Phymatosphariacea^ 134

Physalospova 156

Pliysaincea^ 129

Physanini 129

Physopella -.__^-_-^ 165

INDEX.

263

Page.

Pliytoplithora 133

Pilobohis 133

riricularia 1 209

Platysoniium 154

Pleonectria - 150

rieosporacea? 156

Plieatura 197

Podosporium 218

Podostroma 151

Pogonomyees 194

Polymarasmiiis 197

Polypora<-ea? 187

Poh'porus 189

Lauiiilaria 209

Eavenelia 174

Rliizoetoiiia 220

Sat'charoiuyces 134

Saccharomycetaceas . 134

Sacfolobus 161

iSchizophylliiin 197

Schizophyllus 197

Schroetoria 162

Sclira?teriaster 165

Scirrliia 153

Sclerotiuin 220

Scoleeoiu'ctria 150

Sc-ytinotiis 197

Se[itol)asidium 185

Heptoiieina 217

Septoria 199

Spegazzinia 219

Spermcedia 151

Sphae-elotheca 162

Sphserella 155

SphseriaceEe 153

Totracoccosporis 21 7

Tetraploa 217

Tpclio])hora 163

I'licleplmra 1S6

Tlieloplinraceiv 183

'l'hielavio]isis 217

Tilletiafpa? 163

Tiliiiadoc'he , 129

B

Page.

Polystictus 192

Poiia 194

I'oronia 158

Porospodium 166

Psathyrella 197

Pseiiduineliola 148

Pseudoperouospora

Puccinia 167

Pueciniaeea! 165

J-'ueciniosira 174

Pueeiniopsis 219

Pycuoporus 193

Pyropolyporus 187

Tihizopiis 133

Rigidoponis 189

Eosellinia 154

Spluvrobolus 199

Sph.urodermatella 150

Sidia'rostilbe 150

Spha?i'otheca 135

Spicaria 209

SpoKgipellis 191

Sporormia 15-^

Spoiotriehuiii 209

jStemoiiitac-ea' : — 130

Stomonitis 130

Storeuin 185

Storileniycelia 219

StictidacesT^ 161

Stictis 161

Stilbaeea> - 21 7

Stilbella 218

Stilbocrea 151

Stropharia 198

Synchitiiiiiii 132

Tiiu'topniia 194

Toiysporella 162

Trabutia 157

Trabntielle — ^ 157

'ri.'iinetes 194

Traiizsclu'lia 175

Troinella 183

Tiemellacefe .' 183

264

JOURNAL OF AGEICULTUKE OF 1'. L'

Page.

Tiemellodendrou 186

Triblidium 158

Trichiaeeas 131

Trichobelouium 161

Triehoderma 209

Triehotheeiura 209

Triposporiuui 217

Uredinaceas 164

Uredinales 163

Uredo 179

Urocystis 163

Uromyces 17o

Valsa 157

Valsacea? 157

A^alsaria ]57

Xylariaeese 15S

Zignoella 15 i

Zygosporium 217

Page.

Tiibercularia 219

Tiiherculariaceffi- 218

Tubifera 1 130

Tubuliname 130

Tylostoma J 198

Tyromyc-es 190

Ustilaginacete 162

Ustilaginoidea 151

Fstilago 162

Ustilina 158

Yerinicularia 203

Vertieieladiiun 217

Vertieillium 209

Xylaria 15S

Zythia 204

Zythiaeeae 203

The Journal

OF

The Department of Agriculture

Porto Rico

Volume II —October, 1918.

Published br

The Insular Experiment Station

OF

The Department or Agriculture and Labor

OF PORTO RICO

INSECTS ATTACKING VEGETABLES IN PORTO RICO.

By E. T. Cotton, Former Entomologist, Insular Experiment Station.

The growing of vegetable crops in Porto Rico is attended by a
great many difficulties, not the least of which is that due to the rav-
ages of insects.

Vegetable crops are peculiarly susceptible to insect attacks, more
so than the majority of. other crops, and it has been estimated that
a loss of no less than 20 per cent of the total value of the crop is
caused by their ravages.

In order to successfully fight these pests and so reduce this los,\
it is necessary to know something of the nature of these insects,
their intimate life histories, and their methods of attack. It is with
the object of presenting the more important facts about these in-
sects, together with the best known methods of combating them, that
this article has been prepared.

Much of the material for this paper has been taken from the
experiments and notes of this station, and is here i^resented for the
first time, although information has been freely taken from the various
standard works on insects injurious to vegetables, and from publi-
cations of various Experiment Stations and of the United States
Bureau of Entomology.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

Many thanks are due to Dr. L. 0. Howard for his kindness in
permitting the use of many of the illustrations that appear in this
text, and which originally appeared in publications of the U. S.
Bureau of Entomology. We are also indebted to him for the determi-
nations of many of the insects discussed in tlie following pages.
Credit is due to Mr. Eugene G. Smyth for many of the photographs
from wliich illustrations have been made.

265

266 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTUEE OF P. R.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

Before taking up a discussion of any one particular insect in its
relation to vegetables it would be well to consider the subject of
insects in general, their differences in structure and habits, and the
significance of these factors with regard to the methods employed to
control them.

Insects may be roughly divided into two general classes, those
possessing biting mouthparts and those with sucking mouthparts.
To the first class belong grasshoppers, leaf-feeding beetles, and cater-
pillars. To the second, such insects as plant lice, scale-insects, bees,
and true bugs. Insects of the first class may usually be destroyed
by the use of stomach poisons, but this form of control is useless for
the second class, which must be hit by a contact spray in order to be
killed.

Most insects pass through a number of different changes in form
before becoming adults. Some such as the grasshoppers and true
bugs have what is known as an incomplete metamorphosis. They
hatch from the egg into forms resembling the adults, but differing
usually in size and in lacking certain organs such as wings. This
stage between the egg and adult is known as the nymphal stage.
Other insects such as the. butterfly, beetle, and bee have what is
known as a complete metamorphosis. On leaving the egg thej' assume
a form entirely different from the adult. This is the larval or grub
stage, an active feeding stage. After this stage they change to a
pupal or resting stage, and finally to the adult forms.

These stages differ remarkably in form and habit in the different
species of insects. Some are passed in the soil, others in the air,
some on the foliage of plants, and some within the stems and tissues
of the host plant itself.

A careful study of all stages in the life of an insect will usually
reveal a weak spot, and advantage may be taken of tliis in controlling
the pest.

CONTROL MEASURES.

Control measures are numerous and varied, but may be all roughly
classified under the two main groups, direct and indirect.

Indirect measures are mostly preventive and consist of any prac-
tice that does away with conditions favorable to injurious insect
life. Clean cultivation, the destruction of weeds and trash that
harbor destructive insects, the intelligent rotation of crops, the
planting of clean seed, the use of hardy seedlings, the proper use of

VEGETABLE INSECTS. 267

fertilizers, the use of trap crops^ and the protection of the natural
enemies of insect pests all have their uses in reducing the loss caused
by insects, and often constitute the most effective means of keeping
some of the worst pests under control.

Direct measures are those that kill by mechanical methods,
stomach poisons, contact sprays, or fumigation.

MECHANICAL METHODS.

Under this head comes the practice of collecting insects in order
to destroy them. This may be done by hand-picking, sweeping thein
into nets, catching them on various kinds of sticky surfaces, or by
catching them with trap lights. ]Many types of insects may be con-
trolled by these methods when no other way is feasible.

STOMACH POISONS.

The best known and most commonly used stomach poisons in
insect control are the various arsenical compounds. The most ef-
fective of these are discussed below.

Arsenate of Lead. — This is an excellent poison, and is used more
extensively than any other arsenical in the control of leaf-eating
insects. It may be used either as a liquid spray or in the form of
dust and is effective both ways. For most leaf-eating insects it is
usually used at the rate of one pound of the powder form, or two
to three pounds of the paste to one hundred gallons of water. Ap-
plied in dust form it is very effective, and is peculiarly adapted to
Porto Rican conditions. It should be mixed with an equal part of
air-slacked lime, or dry, leached wood ashes, and may be applied by
shaking from a cheese-cloth bag, or by the use of a dust gun.

Paris Green. — This is probably the best known of the arsicnicais
used in insect control, and it is a very strong and deadly poison. It
is excellent for use in the preparation of poison baits, but owing to
its tendency to burn delicate foliage, it is being displaced as a leaf
spray,' by the newer and safer arsenicals.

Two other arsenicals that are coming into favor and are giving
excellent results in insect control are calcium arsenite and zinc
arsenite. Tbese both come iu the same form as arsenate of lead, and
may l)c used in a similar manner.

CONTACT INSECTICIDES.

The various concoctions of kerosene, tobacco, and soap are the
standard contact sprays and may be used against all soft-bodied
sucking insects.

268 JOUENAL OF AGRICULTUEE OF P. E.

Kerosene emulsion, when properly made and applied, is one of
the best of these and may be used against the hardier insects. When
used on tender plants there is some danger of burning the foliage
unless great care it taken in the preparation and dilution of the
stock. The formula and directions for making the stock solution
are as follows :

^o

Kerosene 2 gallons.

Soap , % pound.

Water : 1 gallon.

Dissolve the soap in boiling water and pour while boiling into
the kerosene. This mixture should be emulsified quickly by pumping
it back into itself with a force pump for about five minutes. Properly
prepared it should have the consistency of thick cream and should
hold up indefinitely.

For ordinary use on vegetable crops this stock solution should
be diluted at the rate of one part of stock to fifteen parts of water.

Tobacco. — Tobacco is used in several different forms against soft-
bodied insects, as a dust, as a liquid spray, and as a fumigaut.

Nicotine sulphate is the most effective of these tobacco extracts
and, owing to its good qualities and ease of preparation, is taking
the place of kerosene emulsion in the control of a great many of the
soft-bodied insects. It is a standard solution containing 40 per cent
by weight of nicotine, and is sold under a trade name. It is usually
used at the rate of one part of stock to a thousand parts of water,
with soap added at the rate of three pounds to fifty gallons of spray.

Tobacco concoction.. — This is a somewhat weaker tobacco solution,
but is quite effective in the control of plant lice. It is made by boil-
ing tobacco stems, leaves or refuse in water at the rate of one pound,
to one gallon of water. This stock solution may be diluted slightly
according to the resistance of the insect it is used against.

Tobacco palmers. — These are made by soaking strips of paper in
tobacco extract. In the control of plant lice on melons and similar
plants, these are sometimes burned under frames thrown over the
plants, the fumes given off killing the lice.

Soaij. — Any good soap may be used as a wash for controlling
plant lice and other soft-bodied insects. It is not so effective, how-
ever, as kerosene emulsion or the combination of tobacco extract and
soap, but may be used when other materials are not available. Fish-
oil soap is cheap and is one of the best to use. This and other soaps
should be used at the rate of one pound to six or eight gallons of
water.

VEGETABLE INSECTS. 269

STICKERS AND SPREADERS.

Some plants have a waxy or very smooth foliage to which the
ordinary spray does not readily adhere. To remedy this it is neces-
sary to add to the spray a so-called sticker or spreader. The follow-
ing are a few of the best of these :

Ordinary soap added at the rate of one pound to five gallons of
the spray is effective in making it stick better.

Two pounds of resin and one pound of sal soda (crystals) boiled
for an hour in a gallon of water make an excellent compound for
the purpose. This amount is sufficient for forty gallons of spray.

GENERAL FEEDERS.

There are a great many insects that do not confine their attacks
to one particular crop, but feed on practically all vegetables indis-
criminately. These are known as general feeders and are treated
separately as follows:

ANTS.

Ants, which are so well known to everyone, are occasionally
froublesome in the garden. They are very fond of some kinds of
seeds, and will often eat the entire soft part of the seed, leaving noth-
ing but the empty shell. At other times they will carry off tlie seeds
bodily to their nests, where they later devour them.

The "fire ant" (Solenopsis geminata) occasionally^ feeds on the
stems and fruits of some vegetables, building runways of earth over
both stems and fruit.

Indirectly they cause further damage by starting colonies of
plant lice on the various vegetable crops, taking care of them and
moving them from plant to plant in return for a sweetish substance
secreted by the lice.

Control. — The most effective method of controlling these pests is
to destroy their nests. This may be accomplished by pouring a
little carbon bisulphide into the nest, and then packing the earth
down over the entrance holes so that the evaporating carbon bisul-
phide will not escape into the air, but will spread through the soil
and kill the ants. Another method is to spray the nests thoroughly
with an emulsion of carbolic acid and soap. This spraying should
be repeated the following day to insure the destruction of all the
ants. The emulsion may be made as follows:

Water 1 quart.

Soap : Vj pound.

Carbolic acid (crude) 1 pint.

270

JOUENAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. E.

Dissolve the soap in the water, then add the crude carbolic.
Finally add enough water to make two quarts of solution. For use,
this stock solution should be diluted at the rate of one pint of stock
to six gallons of water.

THE CHANGA.

The changa or mole cricket, Scapieriscus vicinus, attacks a majority
of the vegetables grown in Porto Rico, and is especially destructive
in the sandy-loam soils of the coastal regions.

These rather ferocious looking insects (Fig. 24), with their fore
legs peculirrly adapted for digging and excavating, make galleries
or runways just beneath the surface of the soil, where hidden from
sight they can travel in safety from one plant to another. They feed

chiely on the roots of living
plants, and the stems and foli-
age of young seedlings that
have just been set out in the
field. They feed usually at
night and are frequently to be
seen around the houses in the
evenings, where they have been
attracted by the lights.

Control. — Fortunately these
insects are readily controlled by
the use of a poison bait,^ made
as follows:

Pounds.
Flour (low grade)-- 100

Fig. 24. — The Changa (Scapieriscus Paris green 3

vicinus). Adult.

Mix these two ingredients

thoroughly, and broadcast the resulting mixture over the prepared

ground about a week before the vegetables are planted or protect

each individual plant by placing about a spoonfuU of the mixture in

a shallow trench around the plant. Either of these methods will

prove \cry effective in controlling the changa.

CRICKETS.

The so-called "sick cricket." Amphiacusta cariMea, is another
insect thnt feeds indis' riminately on vegetable crops. It is nocturnal
in habH. hiding durin'" lite day under trash or in craks in the soil,

^ S. S Crossman and G. N. Wohott, Circ. No. 6, Board of Comm. of Agric. of P. U.
(Insular Exp. Sta.)

V l<](} F'ri'ABLE IXSECTS.

271

Fig. 25.— Cricket {Amphia-
cusia caribbea). Adult.

and coming out at night to feed. It often occurs in great numbers
and at these times is very destructive.

Control — Tt mMv be very effectively controlled by the use of a

poison bait as described for use against

grasshoj^pers.

CUTWORMS.

These inconspicuously colored cater-
pillars are the immature forms of a large
family of moths called the Noctuids. They
are usuallj^ somewhat brownish in color,
mottled with markings of gray, yellow,
or black. They are naked or only sparsely
clothed with hairs, and vary in length
from one to two inches when full grown.
They .feed chiefly during the night,
hiding during the day beneath clumps of earth or in cracks in the
soil, their inconspicuous colors bleding so well with the soil that it
is difficult to see them.

They often cause great damage by
feeding on the foliage of young plants,
and cutting them off just as the young
plants are pushing through the ground.
Hence their name of "cutworms."

Control. — These cutworms are gener-
ally kept pretty well under control by
their natural enemies. They are preyed
upon by lizards, birds, spiders, ground
beetles, Tachinid flies, and Hymenopter-
cus parasites.

When they become very numerous,
however, they may be controlled by the
use of a poison bait, as recommended for
llio grasshoppers (Page 272). This bait
should ])c scattered over the soil around
llie plants in the early evening.

T7y,r. Of /. f VI FLEA-BEETLES.

i?lG. 2b. — Cutworiii. A huv.t

boriiijr into a liean pod. n ^ ^.^ n i ^ ..i •

Ihe flea-beetles, so called from their
habit of jumpiug suddently from one plant to another when disturbed,
are small leaf-eating beetles belonging to the family Chrijsomelidce.

:72

JOUENAL OF AGRICULTURE OF P. H.

Some of them are more or less general feeders and cause great damage
by riddling the leaves with their feeding punctures.

The worst of these is the so-called "pulga americana," Systena
hasalis, which feeds indiscriminately on nearly all vegetable crops.
The larva of this beetle feeds on the roots of weeds and some culti-
vated plants, but does not cause a great deal of damage.

In addition to the direct injury caused by feeding, the flea-beetles
undoubtedly transmit diseases from one plant to another.

Control. — Excellent results may be obtained by keeping the plants
dusted with a mixture of equal parts of arsenate of lead and hydrated
or air-slacked lime or dry, leached, wood-ashes. Two applications a
week when the beetles are numerous will effectively control them.

GRASSHOPPERS.

There are some three or four species of
grasshoppers that are occasionally to be
found doing damage in the garden. They
feed indiscriminately on the tender truck
crops, but are rarely numerous enough to
cause any serious damage.

Control. — Lizards and birds to a great
extent keep these pests from becoming
numerous enough to do much damage.
When they do appear in destructive num-
bers, they maj^ be effectively controlled by
the use of a poison mash. The formula and
directions for making it follow:

Bran or corn meal 25 poviuds.

Paris green or Avhite arsenic. 1 pound.

Molasses (low grade) 3 pints.

Oranges : G

Fig. 27. — Grasshopper.
Adult.

The bran or meal should be mixed with tlie molasses and the sliced
oranges, and enough water to make the whole mixture moist. The
paris green or white arsenic should then be added and stirred in well.

This bait sliould be scattered broadcast througli the infested field
in the early evening. It should not be distributed during tbe day
as the heat of the sun would soon dry it uj), and it would lose most
of its effectiveness.

LEAPIIOPPERS.

Leafhoppers are usually quite abundant in tlie garden and often
do a great deal of damage. They are delicate little iupeets with long

VEGETABLE INSECTS.

273

hind legs specially fitted for jumping. As soon as the vegetation
on which they are feeding is disturl)ed they iiop into the air in small
clouds, and fly off to nearby ])lants.

They cause damage by sucking the plant juices from the foliage,
thus sapping the vitality of the plant and often causing the leaves
to cuii and dry up. Tlicy attack a great variety of vegetables, and

although most
of them prefer
0 n e particular
plant, some of
tliem will attack
a great number.
This is particu-
Jarly true of the
apple leaf hop-
per, Empoasca
inali, but this
pest will be dis-
cussed in greater
detail as a pest
of the bean.

Gomtrol. —
Ij e a f h oppers
Iieing sucking
insects cannot be
poisoned, but
nnist be hit with
a contact spray
in order to kill
them. A soap
and nicotine sul-
phate spray as
described on
page 268 is ef-
fective in kill-
ing a large num-
ber of then if properly applied. The spray should be applied as
fine as possible and 1o the undersides of the leaves. Sticky surfaces
may also V.q u.sed very effectively in catching the hoppers. These
should he carried along tlie i-ows of plants, and the hoppers caught
as they fly up ( n lieing disturbed.

1- ", ■ '■ ■

1 1

4 \>J

^^^■!' ' ^w

r, ■

-

-*«

MpKy' ;■■

■T^

^

t^^^H

l^^^fcX-^-"

■rP:-«^«KP •

H^kl^^

/

0

1

r..

■ ■ K ■■3S-

i

1

]

^m^.A.K'-r-^m

r

'^^f^^H

Y ] *■ '

;■

1

1

Fig. 2S.^ — Nematodes (Heleroclera radicicola) . Showing
the ijodulea ] icjiiiurcl on eclt-iy n.i ; .

274

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF I'. R.

NEMATODES.

A great many of the vegetable crops are attacked to a greater or
less extent by a minute thread-like worm, Heierodera radicicola,
which bores into the roots, causing them to swell, and stunting or
stopping the growth of the plant. Fig. 28 shows tlie work of this
worm or nematode on the roots of celery.

Control. — Ground that is known to be infested with these worms
should be planted only to crops that are resistant or immune to their
attacks. Seedlings should be grown in sterilized seed-beds. Infested
land may be treated with applications of wood ashes, lime, or salt
to reduce the number of nematodes or with Cyanamid ^ at the rate of
from one to three tons per acre.

SLUGS OR LAPAS.""

These slimy, repulsive looking creatures
are very destructive to all green crops, and
occasionally do great damage to some vege-
tables. They are nocturnal in ha])it. hid-
ing during the day and coming out to feed
at night. It is usual during a season of
heavy rains for them to occur in destructive
numbers.

Control. — The lapas may be cleared from
a field by collecting them at night with the
aid of lanterns. They may also be con-
trolled by placing fresh-cut leaves Vetween
the rows of plants in the evening, and
collecting in the morning the lapas that
have crawled under them. A light applica-
tion of lime on the soil around the plants

Fig. 29.— Slug.
is also effective in protecting them from the lapas.

WHITE GRUBS.

There are several species of white grubs that do damage to our
truck crops. These grubs are the immature forms of the large
brown beetles known as "May beetles" or ''June bugs." They are
large, fleshy, wrinkled, white gi'ubs, that lie curled in a semi-circle

^Watson, J. K., Florida Agric. Exp. Sta. Bui. 136.
^ Veronicella occidentalis.

VEGETABLE INSECTS.

275

in the soil around the roots of a great variety of plants. Although
provided with three pairs of legs, they are not able to walk. The
head is light brown in color, and has well developed raouthparts.

These white grubs have a life cycle of about one year in duration.
The eggs are laid in the soil and hatch in about two weeks. The
grub stage then lasts for a period varying from six to twelve months.
U is during this larval or grub stage that the damage is done to the
vegetable crops, the grubs trimming off the tender young roots and

girdling the larger
ones so that the af-
fected plant soon
dies. AVhen full
grown the grub
changes to the pupal
or resting stage
which lasts for about
a month. Then it
changes to the adult
beetle which emerges
from the soil to mate
and feed.

C.onirol. — It is
very difficult to con-
ti'ol these pests, and
no very satisfactory
or })ractical methods
have as yet been dis-
covered for entirely
getting rid of them.

In general, crop
rotation should be
practiced, the grubs
should be collected by hand when the land is plowed, and when pos-
sible, land known to be infested with the grubs should not be planted
to vegetable crops.

BEANS.

BEAJsr LEAF-BEETLE (Cerotoma ruficornis).

Of considerable importance to bean growers is the bean leaf-
beetle (Fig. 32). It is a small, reddish-brown beetle with black

Fig. 30. — May-Beetle {Phyllophaga s^.). Adult.

276

JOURNAL 01' AGRICULTURE OF P. R.

markings, and usually becomes very abundant wherever beans are
grown.

Feeding on the leaves, the beetles when abundant strip them to
the veins and mid-ribs, causing great damage. They deposit their
yellowish-colored eggs in the soil around the roots of the plant.
These hatch in a few days and the whitish larv« that emerge feed
on the roots and nodules of the bean, causing additional damage.

Control. — If, when the lieetles first begin to appear, the plants are
thoroughly sprayed with arsenate of lead, three pounds in fifty
gallons of water, little trouble will be experienced from them.

BEAN LEAF-llOlT'KR { ?J))> poCL^CO mali) .

T his le af-ho p p er,
known in the United States
as the apple leaf -hopper,
is always in great abun-
dance in the garden. It
attacks a great variety of
plants, but its greatest
damage is done to the
bean.

The leaves of the bean
ai-e curled and distorted,
and the edges turn yellow
and dry up. This is
caused by the sucking of
tlic juices from the tissues,
;ni(l results in a serious
stunting of the plants and
a consequent decrease in.
the yield.

The hopper itself is a
small, delicate, green in-
sect with a life cycle of a little less than three weeks. This short
life cycle makes it possible to increase in numbers with extreme
rapidity.

Control. — This insect is attacked by a fungus, Sporotrickum glo-
huHferum, which helps somewhat to keep it in check. The methods
given for controlling leaf-hoppers in general (page 27H) may be
used on' this insect with irood results.

Fig. 31.

-White Grub (Phyllophaga sp.).
Larva.

VEGETABLE INSECTS.

277

BEAN i.EAF-MiXER {Afjromyza jucinda).

The leaves of the henii are oeeasionallv mined by the grub of a
small Agromyzid tiy, but it is parasitized so heavily that it never
causes an appreciable amount of damage, and n-o control measures
are required.

BEAN LEAF-ROLLER {ElldamUS pvoteus) .

The larva of this swallow-tailed skipper, known as the bean leaf-
roller, is usually to be found feeding on the leaves of the bean.

1

Fig. 32. — Bean Leaf -Beetle (Cerotoma ruficornis). \, adult; 2,
pupa; 3, full-grown larva; 4, eggs. All much enlarged.

Forming a characteristic shelter oy rolling up the edges of the leaf,
the larva hides within, coming out at times to feed on the foliage
immediately around it.

The handsome green larva is readily distinguished from other
pests of the bean by the narrow constricted neck that joins the promi-
nent brown head to the velvety green body.

The bluish-green adult known as a skipper butterfly may be
seen darting rapidly here and there among the bean plnnts, oceu-

278

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTUEE OF 1'. K.

sioiially stopping to deposit eggs on the foliage, or to feed upon the
neetcU- of the flowery. These eggs soon hatch, and the larvse feed
upon Die foliage for a period of about two weeks, after which they
cliaii<ie to pup« and later to adults.

Control. — This pest never heconies ex-
cessively abundant owing to the good work
of a small hymenopterous insect tliMt para-
sitizes the larvae. When troublesome, liow-
|V ever, it may be readily controlled by spray-
ing the affected plants with an arsenate of
lead spray, at the rate of one and a half
pounds of arsenate of lead to fifty gallons
of water.

Fig. 33. — Beau Leaf -Hop- BEAN LEAP-W'EBBER {NacoUia inclliala) .

])er (Empoasca mali).
Adult and enlarged The larva of this small pyralid motli is

oV"Entomoioffy.) "^^^" always more or less abundant on the foliage

of the bean. The small dirty-green colored

larva webs the leaves together, living between them and skeletonizing

them with its feeding. It has a very short life cycle and miiltiplies

rapidly.

Fro. 34. — Bean Lcaf'-Weljbev (A'dcolria iiidieaht). Male inotli.
l']iilnrged. (U. S. Riu-oau of Fii1()i)iolo<iv.)

Tlie adult moth is golden yellow in color, llie two pairs of wings
being marked with several transverse, dark, wavy lines.

(■onirol.— This ])est may be controlled by spraying the leaves with
•an arsenate of lo:id s])ray, two pounds of the poison to fifty gallons
of water.

A'EGETABJ.E IN8KCTS.

07

79

BEAN POD-BORER {Muriica IcstulaUs)

The pinkish-white larva of this moth is frequently served on the
table with string heans. Ft has the habit of boring- into the green
pods, and wliile not generally abundant is occasionally troublesome.

Tlie adult is a very handsome pyralid moth, front wings a dark,
almost golden brown with a large irregular white mark and two
smaller ones, hind wings silvery white, bordered on the outer margin
Avith an irregular, brown patch.

Control. — Infested pods should he collected and destroyed. An
arsenate of lead spray as recommended for the preceding species,
would kill a great many of the larva^ l)efore they could eat their way
into tlie pods.

Fig. 35. — Bean Weevil {Bnichns obiectus). Slunvinu- ikihuc ot
injury nnd iidiilt \v('(>\i1.

1 5 KAN WEEVn.S.

Sf'Vfcal six'cics of we(^viis allack feans and cowpi-as destroying
the sfcds. Tlir coiiiiiu iiest of tlic^c arc I'ntchtis ahlvrho; and lintchvs
<liia(lriiiiiiiiil(it(i.

TIk'sc weevils Ix'giir 1 heir deprechit ions in the tiehl. hut the greatest
iiijiirx oeeiiis ai'tei- the I;eai'.s have heeii haixested and |)hieed in
storage', ir tiie seed is not proteetcfl liy fumigalions. or hy being kept
in we.'\il i>n(>r cdntainers. they will he eompletelv destroyed l)y the
weevils, and in a very short space of time.

280 .lOTRNAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. E.

In the field tlic ioiiiale weevils deposit eggs in small cavities eaten
out of the pod. Small white grnl)-like larvffi hatch in a few days
and complete their development within' the seeds.

Practically nothing can be done to combat the weevils in the field,
but fortunately the injury there is comparatively slight, and it is only
after the seed has been gathered and stored that the real damage is
done. To prevent this the beans should be kept in airtight containers,
and should be fumigated whenever weevil injury is apparent.

OTHER BEAN PESTS.

Insects of minor importance that attack the bean are: aphids
(see General Feeders, page 269) ; plant bugs, Enschistus hifihulus;
and Piezodorus guildingi (see Tomato, page 310) ; Ecpaniheria
eridanus (see Celery, page 285) ; flea-beetles (see General Feeders,
page 271); grasshoppers, Schistocera columhina, Plectrotettir giu -
garius, etc. (see General Feeders, page 272) ; Laphygma frugipcrcla
which bores into the pods (see Corn, page 288) ; leaf-hoppers (see
General Feeders, page 272) ; red spider, Tetramjchus sp. (see Green
Peas, page 304) ; and thrips, page 305.

BEETS.

THE SOrTHKRN HKKT WEBWORX i PdcJniZd Held hipiinclalis) .

This is a very common and abundant webworm on beets, chard,
and weeds of the genus Amaranlhus. It does considerable damage
to the beet, skeletonizing the leaves wiicre it webs thorn together to
form a feeding shelter.

The adult is a small, glistening, yellowish-brown moth with a few
faint, transverse, wavy, dark lines across tlie wings. It deposits four
or five small, flat, over-lapping, scale-like eggs on a leaf at one time.
These hatch into small, yelloAvish larva^ that feed on tlic leaves for
about ten days before changing to pupa? and tiien to adults.

Control. — The larva? nuiy be readily controlled by spraying the
plants with arsenate of lead, throe pounds in fifty gallons of water,
or by dusting them with a mixture of ofpial parts of arsenate of lead
and hydrated or air-sladed lime.

THE SMATJi BEET WEBWORM {Zinclcenia fosciaUs) .

The larva? of this moth occur froiiuontly along with those of the
preceding species, and although not so abundant, do the same kind
of damage, the webbing and skeletonizing of the loaves.

A^EGETxVBLE INSECTS. 281

The larva of this si)ecies looks very similar to that of the preced-
ing species, hut the adult is dark hrown in color, witli transverse
white bauds across the wings.

Control. — Methods of control are the same as for the preceding
species.

OTHER BEET PESTS.

Other insects attacking beets are: Xacoleia indicata (see Beans,
page 275) ; Systoia hasalis (see Carrots, page 284) ; Xylomeges
sunia (see Chard, page 287) ; leaf -hoppers (see General Feeders,
page 272).

CABBAGE.
THE DIAMOND-BACK MOTH (Phifella macniUpcnnis) .

This minute moth is undoubtedly the worst insect pest of cab-
bages in Porto Rico. The small green caterpillers or worms oecui-
in large numbers on the undersides of the leaves, riddling them with
holes. These holes do not extend completely through the leaves, so
that the leaves have a skeletonized appearance and when blown by
the wind they crackle like paper.

This pest is at its worst during the summer months and unless
effective measures are used to control it, it is iini>ossible to raise good
cabbages.

When full grown, the small caterpillars si)in loose silky cocoons
on the undersides of the leaves in which they pupate. The adult is
a very small grayish moth with patches of white along the borders
of the front wings. When the wings are folded, these white areas
form the diamond-shaped markings that give the moth its name.

ControL — The leaves of tlie cabbage should be spraj'-ed on the
undersides witli arsenate of lead tliree pounds to fifty gallons of
water. A sticker should be added to tliis spra.s' as the leaves of the
cabbage are covered with a waxy secretion. For fornnila see page 267.
If the worms iuive become abundant before being discovered, the
cabbages should be sprayed with a kerosene cinnlsion s|n'ay diluted
on<> to fifteen. For directions t'ci' making the emulsion see page 268.

THE SOl'TllKRN CABBAGE Br-TTERE!-V (/'(DlHd in(J)nisl (') .

This butterfly is usually to be seen Hying al)out {)atches of cab-
bages and other cruciferous plants, it deposits clusters of bright
yellow eggs on the u]>per surface of the leaves, and these soon hatch
into hairy greenish-yellow caterpillars.

282

JOUENAL OP AGEICULTUEE OF P. E.

mw^

^'^x~"',,-\' '-!: "'■ ''■'

A -^

n-

i^v--

V1.V -■>'/

/ - ^^:n '

i&.I.. M:

Pig. 36. — The Diamond-Back Moth (Plutella macuUponii.'^.) A, adult moth; B,
larva; C, pupa; I), mustard leaf showing injury by the larva-. (U. S. Bu-
reau of P]ntomology.)

VEGETABLE INSECTS.

28

o

These caterpillars feed ravenously for about two weeks and a
half, when they seek a sheltered spot in which to pupate. In a short
time they transform into large, handsome, white butterflies, with
dark-brown markings on the margins of the wings.

This pest does not do so much damage to the cabbage as it does

Fig. :^7.— Tlie Southern White Cabbage Butterfly. (FoiiUa
Moniisie). Eggs and larva.

to some of tlie otlier n-ucitVi'oiis planls. !t may l)c easily controlled
■with the arsenate-of-lead spray recommeixhHl i'oi- the i)receding
species.

THE CABBAGE AiMiis {Aphis l>rassic(e) .

This apliid or plant ]ous<\ although gencrall}^ controlied by its

284

JOURNAL oi' A(i!;l('ri/ri KM-: >'F I". R.

parasitic and predaceous enemies, occasionally becomes destructive.
It appears at such times in large colonies on the cabbage leaves, suck-
ing the plant juices and distorting the leaves.

The. aphid is dusky green in color and appears in winged and
wingless forms.

Control. — These lice may be easily destroyed l)y spraying them
witJ! a nicotine sulphate and soap solution. Directions for making
this spray may be found on page 268.

OTIIKR CABBAGE I'ESTS.

Agromyza sp., mines the leaves ; flea-beetles (see General Feeders,

Pig. 38. — The Southern White Cabbage Butterfly {Pontia Monustc) .
Male butterfly. Much enlarged. (U. S. Bureau of Entomology.)

page 271) ; grasslioppers (see General Feeders, page 272) ; nema-
todes (see General Feeders, page 274).

CAREOTS.

FLEA-BEETiiE (Syslena hasalis).

This tlca-bcetle is a very general feeder on truck crops. It is
very fond of the tender leaves of the carrot and may always be found,
feeding on it in large numbers.

VEGETABLE INSECTS.

28:

Tlie female l)eetle is metallic black in color, \vitli two light spots
near the tips ot the wing covers, while tlie male is slightly smaller,
and is metallic hrown with two longitudinal light hands on the wing
covers.

The small yellow eggs are placed in the soil near the roots of the
plant, and the slender yellowish white larvte that hatch from them
feed on the tender i-oots. The entire life cycle covers a period of
about two months.

Tliese beetles may lie effectively controlled by dusting the plants
with a mixture of ecpial parts of arsenate of lead and hydrated or
air-slacked liuie or di'v leached wood ashes.

J-

!k^

J^

# ^

Fig. 39. — Flea-Beetle {Sy^ttiiu basuH.s). I, adult female; 2, eggs;
3, adult male; 4, full-grow u kuva; .1, pupa. All greatly eu-
larged.

OTHER CARROT I'ESTS.

Leaf-hoppers, a great many diiferent species of Jassids, Fulgorids,
and Cercopids are always to be found in great abundance feeding
on the foliage of the carrot (see General P'eedei's, page 269).

CELEEY.

wooLY BEAR CATERPUiLAR (Ecp(nither{a tridanus).

The haii-y browj) calcrpillars of this arctiid moth do a great deal

286

JOURNAL OF AGRICTLTrKE OF P. R.

of damage to celery by feeding ou the tender stalks and leaves.

The fevnale moth deposits several hundreds of greenish-eolored
eggs in a single mass. These hatch in about a v,eek and the young
larv« swarm over the surrounding foliage. Needless to say such
large numbers of these caterpillars do a great deal of damage before
they finally pupate and turn into moths some two months later.

The adult moths are large, handsome creatures, with wliite wings
marked with numerous small, dark rings, and with the abdomen
orange colored, marked with a few black spots.

Control. — This pest may be controlled by spraying the plants
with arsenate cf lead, three pounds in fifty gallons of water.

MEALY BUG (Pseudococcus citri).
The roots of celery often times become infested with this mealy

Fig. 40. — Wooly-Bear Caterpillar {lujxiiilherid eridanu.s). Larva.

bug. So numerous do they become at times that the plants are
stunted and growth is almost entirely checked.

These mealy looking insects (Fig. 41) cause damage by sucking
the plant juices through their slender needle-like probosces. They
multiply very i-apidly. the females giving hii-tli to hundreds of Uy-
ing young.

Control. — It is very difficult to control tliis pest, but some relief
may be obtained by soakiug the soil around tlic [)lants with kerosene
emulsion, diluted at the rate of one part of stock to ten parts of water.
Directions for making the emulsion are given on page 268.

OTHER CELERY PESTS.

Xilomeges sunia (see Chard, page 287) ; aphids (see Cabbage,

VEGETABLE INSECTS.

287

page 281) ; Ccroplastrs floridensis, occasionally attacks celery; Saissetia
hemisplmricM, (see Eggplant, page 296) ; nematodes, one of the
worst enemies of celery (see General Feeders, page 274).

CHAED.
Xylomeges sunia.
The caterpillar of tliis moth is extremely destructive to a great

'-«

Fig. 41. — Mealy Bug (F.sni/lnrnmi.^ citri) on roots of celerj-.

many vegetable crops, ])ut is particularly abundant on cliard.

The small, green, dome shaped eggs are laid in clusters of two
or three hundred on the leaves, and are covered with a ligbt white

1>88

JOUENAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. E.

fuzz. They hateli in about four days into caterpillars that when
full grown are about an inch and a quarter long. They are dark
gray in color, striped on the sides with a broad yellow band, and
marked on the liack with several velvety black patches.

These eatei-pillars feed voraciously on the foliage, stripping the
tender young leaves to the veins and midrib. At the end of about
twelve days they enter the soil to pupate, emerging nine days later
as adult moths. The moth has a wing expense of al)Out an inch and
i} quarter. The front wings and body are a yellowish gray, the hind
^vings white.

Control. — Spraying the plants with arsenate of lead, three pounds
in fifty gallons of water, is an etfective method of control.

OTHER CHARD INSECTS.

Pachyzaiuhi bipKiictalis does great damage by webbing the leaves
(see Beets, page 280) ; ZincJieuia fascialis also webs the leaves
(see Beets, page 280).

COEN.

THE SOUTHERN GRASSWORM {Laplty(j}na frufjipenla).

This insect,
known in the
United States as
the fall army
worm, or south-
ern grass worm,
is by far the
worst insect pest
of corn in this
e 0 u n t ry. So
id ant is it
1' is almost

impossible to
fi'd a field of
( ■ a that is free

ri;:,l:l it.

The very de-
structive larva
o7- worm secretes itself during the day down among the rolled-up

leaves of the corn, and at night feeds on the tender, ■ unfolding

leaves. Its jn-csence is easily detected b>- the chewed appeai'anee

Fk;. 42.

-The Southern Grassworni (Ld/ihi/fjma frugiperdn).
Moth. (IT. S. Bureau of Entomology.)

VEGETABLE INSECTS.

289

of the leaves, and the presence of a sawdnst-like frass. It also
frequently hores into tlie young ears of corn and destroys them.

The caterpillar when full grown is a little over an inch long. It
varies greatly in color, hut is usually a light In-own, witli a broad,
wavy, yellow line along the side, and three narrow, yellow stripes
along the hack. Tiie front of tlie head is marked with a white in-
verted Y which serves to distinguish it from larva; of allied species.

The adult moth also varies considerably in color. One variety
lias grayish-brown front wings, and shining white liind wings, while
the other variety has brownisli fore wings ornamented with patches

of black, yellow, and
other colors, tlie hind
wings being the same as
ill the first variety.

This insect normally
breeds on some of the
native grasses, but pre-
fers the succulent corn
leaves. It is also very
fond of many other vege-
table plants, and is fre-
(juently found boring
iiito the fruit of tomatoes-
and the green pods of
the l)ean. When numer-
ous, the larva; have the
habit of moving in large
bodies from place to place
as the food supply grows
scanty, to which habit is
due the common name of
army worm.

donlrol. — The most effective way of controlling this pest is to
dust the plants with a mixture of equal parts of arsenate of lead
and hydrated or air-slacked lime, being careful to shako the dust
well down among the folded leaves. Another method is to luind-
piek the worms.

CORN EAR WORM {lleliotJiis ohsolcta).

Another caterpillar th-it is injurious to the corn is the so-called

Fig. 4.3. — Corn Ear Vvoriu {Heliothis obsoleta).
laivii in sitio. (U. S. Bureau of Kuto-
raology).

-290

.lorRXAL OV AfiK'iri 1/1 IKK OF P. W.

corn ear wonn. This worm couttucs its Mttenlion rhietiy to the eavis

of the corn.

The yellowish-gray moth lays its eggs usually oii the silks of the
ears aiid tlie young caterpillars on hatching, feed for a short while
on the silks, then crawl into the ears wliere they stay and feed until
full giown. They then eat a small hole in the side of the ear, and
dro]) 1o tlie soil to pui)ate. later emerging as adult moths. When
the corn is yoirng the eggs are laid on the leaves, and the larva^ de-
Telop in the growing bud.

Conlntl. — After the caterpillars have entered the ear it is- impos-
sible to reacli them with poisons, so it is necessary to kill them be-
fore they have made their way within. This may be done by dust-
ing the silks with the poi-
son dust reconnnended for
the preceding species.

^ ,,., ^''■•'y,--^/J.W'.

$

Cf

Vu

44. — Tbo Moth iStalk-liorcM' ( Dial ran
siic( liifiiilis) . Mdth Mild l;ii-\n.

TIIK MODI STALK-BOKEK

( DialrriMi sacch aralis).

This dcsti'uctive insect
(Fig. 44), alth.ough re-
garded chiefly as a pest ol"
sugai- cane, is very fond
of corn and causes great
damage to this croj) by its
feeding activities.

T h e i n conspicuous
moth, which varies in eoloi'
from •■ilmost white to a
light, yellowish-brown, de-
posits batclies of small, tint, white eggs on the leaves. These hatch
in a few days and the young larvse oi' caterpillars penetrate the stalk
and tunnel th-ough the pith, oftentimes girdling the stalk so that
the plant slirivcls up and dies, or so weakening it that it is snapped
otf by the wind. The cat<M'|)illar does not confine itself to one tunnel,
but often leaves the lirst one it has made to stai't jinother elsewhere.

The fuU-gi'own eatei'pillar is nhonl an im-li long, and is a dirty
white in color marked with numerous dark spots. Tt |)Upates within
the buri'ow that i1 has formed, and later .Miierges as a moth through
a small hole in the stalk that it cuts before pupating.

Control. — Little can be done to prevent damage l»y this insect,
except to collect the egg clusters and desti-oy the infested stalks.

A^EGETABLE INSECTS. 291

CORN LANTERN FLY (Peregrinus maidis) .

If the base of a corn leaf is examined, the observer will usually
find between the leaf sheath and the stalk, a number of peculiar look-
ing insects that sidle quickly around the stalk or hop into the air at
being tlnis disturbed.

These little gray insects with their delicate wings and crescent-
shaped heads, are known as lantern flies. The adults are gray in
coloi- with darker markings on the wings, while the immature forms
are wingless and are somewhat mealy looking. All stages of this
insect feed on the plant juices of the corn, sucking it out through
the needle-like proboscis. They arc always present in more or less
;d_)undance. and cause considerable harm ])y sapping the vitality of
the plants.

The adult females insert small, yellow. Hask-sliaped eggs into the
tissue of the leaves and stems, from which hatch young wingless
lantern tlies. After feeding for about two weeks these finally change
into the winged adults.

The amount of damage caused by this insect does not warrant
the expense of an\' special effort to control it on a field scale. How-
ever, in a small garden patch they may be controlled by spraying
Avith fish-oil soap solution, one pound of soap in five gallons of water.
The addition of five spoonfuls of 40 per cent nicotine sulphate will
materially increase the efficiency of this spray.

CORN LEAP APHIS (ApJlis HKlicUs).

Tills hluish-green plant louse \^ occasionally found in gi'eat
jiumbers on the upper i>arts of the stalks and leaves of the corn.

AVhen conditions are favorable, it increases in inunbers with gi'eat
i'a]iidity and injures the leaves by sucking the juices and causing
them to shrivel up and die

The young or iiiimatiii'c forms arc wingless and resemble the
adidts which ma\ he either winged or wingless.

(Jonlral. — So numci'ons arc the insect enemies of this i)lant louse
that its spread is checked soon ai'tei- it appears, hence no artificial
remedies are required.

CORN i'KKi)L\(; sN'Ki'iiii) I'l.v ( T'l.roni criis polUus).

This species is occasionally wvy ahundant i>n com and some of
the native wild grasses. The yellowish colored grubs feed on the
pollen grains and on the sncchai'ine cells in the axils of t1ie leaves.

292

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTUEE OF P. E.

This habit of eating the pollen, while not nsually serious, uiiglit at
times interfere with the pollination of the corn.

The grubs pupate between the stalk and the leaf-sheath, or on
a*iy convenient portion of the leaf, and emerge as small yellowish
flies spotted and banded lightly with black.

Control. — Fortunately the parasitic enemies of this insect are so
numerous that it never causes vserions damage, and no ni'tifieial rem-
edies are i-equired.

CORN LEAF MINERS {Agromyzd parvicofiiis and Cerodonta dorsalis).

The leaves of the corn are frequently mined by the larvae or grubs
of these two flies. The adult flies insert their small white eggs in
the tissue of the leaf and the young grubs burrow their way towards
the base of the leaves, devouring the tissue between the two leaf
surfaces.

The grub of (Jerodo)i(a dormlis makes a long, narrow burrow or
mine and may occasionally leave the first mine and start another,

')ut tiuit of Agromyza parvi-
yornls remains in the first
mine, forming a long, narrow
iiiine that finally spreads out
into a small blotch.

Control. — As in the case of
ilic preceding species these two
insects also have so many insect
enemies that prey upon them
that they never becomes suf-

FiG. 45. — Cou'ijea Stalk luul i'od Borer
(Ballovia cistiiieiniis). Adult.

ficiently numerous to cause serious damage.

OTFIER CORN PESTS.

Aphis sp., feeds on roots: Diahrotica graminea, the larvae feed
on the roots and the adults on the tassels (see Okra, page 302) ;
Pseudococcui sp.. on roots.

COWPEAS.

STAEK AND voD BORER (Bollovia cistipeunis).

The larva, of this small moth decs considerable damage at times
by boring in the stalks and ])ods of the cowpea.

The presence of this caterpillar is indicated by a (juantity of

VEGETABLE INSECTS. 2i)3

frass exuding from the entrance hole in the stern or pod. If the
stem be split lengthwise, the small dirty- white or brownish cater-
pillar will be discovered at the end of the burrow that it has made.
The injury to the stalk usually causes the top of the plant to wither
and die, while the peas in the infested pods are usually rendered
worthless.

The adult is a small moth with dark-brown front wings and creamy
white, shining hind wings.

Control. — Little can be done except to collect and destroy infested
plants and pods.

THE VELVET BEAN CATERPILLAR (Anticarsia gemniatiUs) .

This insect whicli is so destructive to the velvet bean also attacks
the cow^pea.

The slender green caterpillars are marked with a few indistinct
light lines, running lengthwise of the body, but so well do they blend
with the foliage that it is very difficult to see them. When disturbed
they throw themselves about violently by vigorous contortions of the
body, a method of escape that is very effective.

When full grown the larva enters the soil to pupate and later
emerges as a fairly large grayish-brown moth, witli a dark line ex-
tending diagonally across each wing.

Control. — The caterpillars may be controlled by dusting the
plants with a mixture of one part of arsenate of lead to three or
four parts of hydrated or air-slacked lime or dry, leached wood
ashes.

COWPEA POD WEEVIL {Chalcodevmus ehininus).

This small l)lack weevil may occasionally be seen feeding on the
leaves and pods of the cowpea.

The female beetles lay their eggs within the seeds in the pod
and tlie young grubs develop within the peas until they attain their
full growth. They then cut their way through the side of tlie pods
and make their way to tlie gi-ound, where they pupate and later
emerge as adult beetles. Tliey never bet'omo immerous cnougli to
cause serions damage.

OTHER COWPEA PESTS.

Cerotoma ntficornis is one of the worst pests of cowpeas. Tlie
beetles strip the leaves, and th(> hii\-:e feed on tlie roots (see Reans,

294

JOURNAL OF AGKIOULTUEE OF P. E.

page 275 1 ; Kudamus proteu.s (see Beans, page 277); Nacoleia in-
(licain (see T5eaiis. page 278^ ; weevils (see Beans, page 279).

CUCUMBERS.

THE MELON CATERPILLAR {Diapliania hyalimta) .

CueuuiluM". melon, and squash vines are often serionsl.y injured
l)y a sinall. slender green worm known as the melon caterpillar.
Tills woi'ia or caterpillar has the habit of feeding on the foliage, and
also of ]»nring into the fruit and stalks of the vine.

After feeding for about two weeks, the caterpillar transforms
to a lUipa within a fold of a leaf. A few days later the adult moth
euierges. It is a very handsome moth, with iridescent white wings
l)()rdore(i witli Inown.

It may be controlled by spraying the plants with arsenate of

~_ lead, three pounds in fifty gallons

of water, or by dusting them with
a mixture of equal parts of arse-
nate of lead and hydrated or air-
slacked lime.

MELON APHIS {Aphis gossypU) .

During certain seasons of the

year, the leaves of the cucumber

Fig. 46. — The Melon Caterpillar '"^f^ other cucurbits will be seen
(Diaphnma hj/alimia). Adult to be curled up and wilting, and

if they ai-e examined it will be
seen lliat ihc uiidei'sides of the leaves are covered with masses of
greenish pl.-int lice.

These winged and wingless soft-bodied insects are known as melon
aphides and they inci-ease with such rapidity that they very often
i-nii! whole itatches of \-ines befo'i-e they are brought under control
by their natuial enemies, 'i'hey injure the plants by sucking the
vital juices. • As soon as one leaf is dried up they move to another.

('(>i)lr(.l. — These plant lire may be easily controlled by spraying
them with a nicotin<' sulphate and soap solution as recommended on
page 268.

THE LARGE STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE {DiobroHca innuhd) .

These black and yellow striped beetles are always to be seen arou7id
cucumber, squash, and melon vines. They feed chiefly on the flowers,

VEGETABLE INSECTS.

295

■whieh they nre very t'oiul of, hut oecasioiially eat the tender younji'
leaves.

The beetles hiy their small yellow eggs in the soil around the roots
of the plants, and the larvfe. whieh are slender, white, worm-like
<-reatures, feed on and tunnel tlie roots.

These beetles, although always common, ne\<'r l)ec()inp excessively
jibundant, probably due to the fact tliat cucurbits are never grown
o)i a very large scab' in Porto Kico.

Confrol. — AVhen these beetles arc ti'oubh'some the plants should

Fig. 47. — Melon Aphis (Apliis gussypii). o, wiuged female; uh. dark female; I),
younfi" nymph or larva; c, last stage of nymph; d, wingless female. All imicli
enlarged. (U. S. Bureau of Enton)ology. )

be sprayed witli ai-senate of lead, three i)OUiuls in fil'tN- galhiiis of
water. This will repel the 1)eetles and kill thos(> that feed.

TJiE SMALL STKiPLD CUCUMBER BEETLE {Diahrotica hivitaita).

This beetle is very similiar to the preceding species except that
it is smallei" and its legs are entirely testaceous, whereas the legs of
the larger species are partly black.

Its life history and feeding habits are very similiar to the preced-
ing form, and it maj^ be controlled in a similar manner.

296

JOURNAL OF AGRTCULTUEE OF P. Tt.

OTHER CUCUMBER PESTS.

Ants eat out tlie contents of seeds (see General Feeders, page 269) ;
Leptoglossus gonogara (see Squash, page 307) ; PJithia picta (see
Squash, page 307) ; Pj/cnodercs incin-vus (see Squash, page 306).

EGGPLANT.

FIRE ANT

(SoJenopsis gemi-
11 at a).

This abundant
and disagreeable ant
lias been occasion-
ally found doing
damage to the egg-
plant. It builds
galleries of mud
over tlie stem and
branches and covers
the fruit with a
layer of soil, under
which it feeds.

It may be con-
trolled by destroy-
ing the nests that
are to be found at
or near the roots of
the plant affected.
For directions see
page 269.

EGGPLANT APHIS

{li It opalosipJi um
persicm).

Fig. 48. — Melon Aphis {Apliis gossinni). Cantaloupe
leaves showing curling caused by the aphis. (U. S.
Bureau of Entomology.)

T li is grayish-
green a p li i d fre-
quently occurs in
great numbers on the eggplant and peppers. Both winged and
wingless forms occur on the plants at one time, and they multiply
so rapidly that once started they soon infest every plant in the patch.

VEC4ETABLE IXSECTS.

297

They feed chiefly on the undersides of the leaves, but often occur
on the upper sides and on the young developing buds as well.

Control. — Spray the infested plants with a nicotine -sulphate and
soup solution as recommended on page 268.

EGGPLANT LACE BUG (CorijtJiaicd moiiacha) .

This insect is undoubtedly the worst insect pest of tlie eggplant
in this country. It is a delicate little insect with gray, lace-like
wings marked with, brown.

It deposits small flask-shaped eggs in the tissue of the leaves,

Fig. 49. — Thp Large Striped Ciieiiniber Beetle {Diahroticd
inmiljo). Adult on cuciniil.er blcssom.

wliich hatch into small wingless nymphs. These, together with the
adults, congregate in hundreds on the undersides of the leaves of
the eggplant, sucking out tiie plant juices and causing the leaves to
dry up and l';dl off.

Tlie nyiuplis attain adult rnnu iji about ten (Uiys after hatching,
;• rapidity vA' (;e\('lopment tluit allows them to increase in numbers
so rapidly that unh'ss they are controlled they nuiy completely de-
foliate an entii'e patcli.

Conlrol. — They may be controlled with a soap ;ind water spray.
<ight pounds of fisli-oil soaj> to fifty gallons of water. Care should

298

JOURNAL or AGEICULTURE OF V. II.

be taken to spray tlie undersides of the leaves as it is essential to hit
the lace bngs in order to kill them.

TOBACCO FtiEA-BEETLE {Epitrix pcirvula).

This small brown beetle (Fig. 52) commonly occurs in large
numbers on the eggplant.

In addition to the damage it causes by riddling the leaves with
its feeding punctures, it is thought to spread from one plant to
another a disease ^ that is very destructive to the eggplant.

Fig. .')0. — Eggplant Ajibis (lihopalnsipJium persica'). Apliid cm lilossoni of

eggplant.

The minute oval eggs of this insect are laid in the soil around
the roots, and the small threadlike white larvse that hatch from them
feed on the roots.

Control. — This beetle may be effectively controlled by dusting
the plants wilti a mixture of equal parts of arsenate of lead and
hydrated or air-slacked lime or dry. k^ached wood ashes.

^ Wilt, due to Bacterium snlanacearum.

VEGETABLE INSECTS.

jya

LEAP FOLDER {PacJiyzmiclci periusalis) .

The larvffi of this pyralid moth fold over the edges of the leaves
of the egg'phmt, forming a retreat iu wliieli they live aud feed.
They attack the plants chiefly when they are young and tender,
rarely causing serious damage after the plants liave attained their
growth.

The luoth is gray in eoku- with a wing expanse of about three-
fourths of an inch, the wings being marked with transverse, dark,
wavy lines. Tliey tleposit small, flat, translucent eggs singly on the
leaves wliich hatch in a few days into the caterpillars that do the

damage.

The caterpillars when full
grown arc about th re. '-fourths
of an inch long, and arc yellow-
ish-white in color with light red-
dish-brown markings.

Control. — Spraying the
plants with arsenate of lead,
three pounds in fifty gallons of
water- or dusting them with a
mixture of equal i)arts of arse-
nate of lead and liyd rated or
air-slacked littic. will effectively
protect them from this insect.

TOB\(;CM) si'Lrr \V()KX[

{Phlhoriinmi opcnuUHa "• .

The toi)ac,c<) .split wnr-ii!. so
Fig. 51. — Eggplant Lace Buff (Corythaica „ , , i. -. • ■

' maiuirha). Adult. called on account of ns injury

to to])acco, is the cat<Mi)illar of

a small inconspicuous gray moth. It causes considci-iMc damage

by raining the leaves of the eggplant, causing llscm to (\yy u\> and so

seriously weakening the plant.

The small oval eggs of this species are laid singly on the leaves,
and the caterpillar which is greenish in color, tinged with marrou on
the thorax, usually begins to tunnel the midrib of Ihe h>af. then
branches out and mines the membrane of the leaf. Wlien disturhed
Ihe caterpillar reti'cats to its tunnel in the midrib.

Control. — The affected leaves shoidd be collected and destroyed.
or the caterpillars should be destroyed in the mines b> pinchiuy.

}00

JOURNAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. E.

EGGPLANT LEAP MINER {Acvocercops sanctcBcrusis) .

The leaves of the eggplant are also mined by another caterpillar,
a small, red caterpillar that makes a small, somewhat blotch-shaped
mine and causes a peculiar puckering of the leaf around the mine.
Tliey often occur in numbers in the same leaf, and are easily distin-
guished from the preceding species which
makes a much longer mine.

The adult is a very small moth with
brownish front -wings banded with white,
and feathery, brown hind-wings.

Control. — The parasites of this insect
are very abundant and keep it well under
control at all times.

THE EGGPLANT PTEM BORER ,

{Baris torquatiis).

This weevil is a pest of both the wild
and cultivated eggplant. The adult bee-

FiG. .52.— Tobae.o Flea-Bee- ^i ^^Yiich is a small black-and-white marked
adult; b. larva; c, pupa. ' i p i-

tie {Eyitrix panula). <7 * weevil, feeds to some extent upon the toli-
(U. S. Biir.>;ni of Ent,-- while the grub-like larva bores in the

molom-. ) '^ '

stem and branches of the eggplant, some-
times causing its death.

The l)eetle lays its small, oval, white eggs in a crescentic slit in
the stem ;;i)(l in v few days these hatch into small, white, legless grubs

that begin at once to bore in the stem.
W^ '~^ ' ■ """'" [ Control. — Affected branches should

"**■ be collected and destroyed. The adult
l)eetles may be hand picked.

EGGPLANT BUD WEEVIL

{Aiillionomus pulicarius).

Tlie eggplant is also attacked by
ai'.otliei- weevil that feeds on the leaves
and breeds in the flower buds.

T]i<> eggs of this species are laid in the young developing buds,
and the small white legless larvae develop within the bud, causing
it to dry up and drop off. Several grubs may develop in one flower

Fig. .1:^.— Leaf Folder (Pacliy-
-inu-hi pfrinsali.^.) Adtil-t.

VEGETABLE INSECTS.

301

bud. The adult beetle is a small, dark-gray, long-snouted weevil.
Control. — The beetles should be hand picked and the affected
buds gathered and destroyed.

HEMISPHERICAL SCALE {Saissetia hemisphwrica) .

This brown hemispherical scale oc-
curs on a very wide range of host plants,
among which is the eggplant. It some-
times occurs in such numbers as to
completely cover the stems and branches
of this plant.

The insect that lives under this brown
shell-like covering, sucks the juices of
the plant, and when it occurs in such
numbers as mentioned above, soon kills
the host.

Fig. 54._Tobaceo Split Worm Control. — This scale may be destroyed

(Piithomeria aperculella) . . spraying the plants with kerosene
a, moth ; h, larva ; c, larva ; -^ J" • " ^ . .

d, pupa. (U. S. Bureau of emulsion, one part of stock solution m
Entomology.) fifteen parts of water. Directions for

making the stock solution are given on page 268.

THE WTHTE SCALE {Hemichionaspis minor).

This small flaky white scale also attacks the stems and branches
of the eggplant, but it is usually not nearly so abundant and causes

far less damage than the preceding species.
It may be controlled in a similiar manner.

OTHER EGGPLANT INSECTS.

Clianga (see General Feeders, page 270) ;
Diahrotka graminea, feeds on flowers (see
Okra, page 302) ; Epitrix curumeris (see To-
matoes, page 310) ; grasshoppers (see General
Fig..')"). — Tlio Egii- „ , n-,c\\ -r i £ • j

,)lant Stem Bo?er Feeders, page 272) ; Laphxjgma truf)ipcrda,

V

{Baris torquaius).

Adult beetle.

feeds on foliage and fruit (sei' Corn, page
288) ; tiyslena Ixisdtis (see Carrots, page 284).

LETTUCE.

Nacoleia indicata webs and feeds on the leaves (see Beans,
I)age 278)

802

JOUKXAh OF AGHTrn/n'RE OF P. R.

MELONS.

This crop is attneked by the same insects that attack the cucumber
and squash.

CHINESE MUSTARD.

POD BORER.

The larva of this small motli damages the mustard by boring in
the seed pods and destroying the seeds.

It is a small, slender, white caterpillar, striped on the back with
five longitudinal Inown liues. Head and prothoracic plate a brown-
ish black.

The moth is a light gray in color: the front wings white, banded
profusely with transverse, wavy. l)i'()\viiish-gray bands; hind wings

U'hite, uiargined
with gray.

Cotifrol: — In-
fested seed pods
should be collect-
ed ;ind destroyed.

OTHER MUSTARD

PESTS.

The mustard

is attacked liy the

same insects as
UiG. 56. — The Hemispherical Scale (Sai^setia hemi- +].p pohhoo-A Ccpa
sphtBrica) on eggplant. (U. S. Bureau of Ento- Lduuage {i,ee

mology.) page 281).

OKRA.

THE GREEN DiABROTiCA (Diahyoiica (/ramlnea) .

This green beetle is (me of tlie most luunerous of our garden in-
sects. It attacks almost all vegetalile crops, and is particularly fond
of the flowers. It is very abundant on okra, feeding on the petals,
pollen, and pistil of the flowers and seriously interfering with pollina-
tion.

The beetle lays small white eggs in the soil, and the slender white
larvae feed on the roots of a luimber of plants.

Control. — The beetles may be controlled l)y spraying the plank
with arsenate of lead, three pounds in fifty gallons of water.

VEGETABLE INSECTS.

80

riVo

OTHER OKRA PESTS.

Aulacaspis pentagona, the West Indian peach scale, occasionally
attacks the stalks and branches; tire ant, feeds on the flowers and
young growth (see Eggplant, page 296); plant lice occur on the
undersides ot the leaves (for control see Cabbage Plant louse,
page 283).

ONION.

THE oxiux THRiPs {Thvips tohaci).

The drying up and withering of the tips of the onion leaves, so
commonly seen in onion patches, is caused chiefly by the activities

5)f this little in-

L^'-^-itB^

i;ect called the
onion thrips.

It is one of
the most de-
structive of the
vegetable- feed-
ing thrips and
attacks a wide
variety of
plants. The
adult insect is a
slender elongate
little creature,
about one twen-
ty-fifth of an
inch long, and

Fig. .57! — Mustard I'dd P>()i(M-. Adult nidth and larva on pod.

two pairs of del-
icate wings fringed with hairs. It is pale yellow^ in color.

This insect causes (laniagc hy ]-asping or chafing the leaf surface,
causing the atTected p(n'tion to die and shrivel up.

The very ininnte eggs are inserted singly within the leaf tissue
and hatcli in about iom- (htys. The young are wingless and almost
trajisparent ;it tirs1. hut hiter change to a greenish-yellow. They
feed togetlier in groups, and i)ass through a number of changes in
form before becoming adults.

Control. — These thrips are rather difficult to control owing to the
difficulty of liitting them with a spray solution. Good results may

304

JOUENAL OF AGEICULTURE OF l\ E.

be obtained, however, by spraying witli a nicotine sulphate and
soap sohition as recommended on page 268, or with kerosene emul-
sion diluted one to fifteen.

OTHER ONION PESTS.

Laphygma frugiperda (see Corn, page 288).

Fig. 58. — The Green Diabrotica {Diahrotica (jraimiwn). Adult beetle

on blossom of okia.

PEAS.
RED SWDER {Tetranychus (jiiinqiicKijchiis).

In dry seasons the vines of the green or garden pea are often
attacked by a small red-colored mite known as red spider.

These small mites breed very rapidly, and once started soon cover
a vine. In feeding they cause the leaves to turn yellow and dry up.

VEGETABLE INSECTS.

505

The adults are minute rounded creatures, provided with eight
legs. They are a deep red in color.

The eggs are laid on the leaf and hatch in a few days. The
young are similiar in form to the adults except that they have only
six legs.

These mites are readily destroyed by spraying the plants with
lime sulphur, one part in seventy-five parts of water, or by dusting
the plants with flowers of sulphur diluted one-third with road dust or
air-slacked lime.

1

4

Fig. 59. — The Green Diabrotica {Diabrotica graminea). 1, adult;
2, pupa; 3, larva; 4, eggs.

PEA THRIPS.

These thrips, which are slender, white creatures, are often found
in company with the red spiders. They cause a somewhat similiar
injury. Their life history is very similiar to that of the onion thrips.
and thev mnv be controlled in a similar manner (see Onion, page 803^.

OTHER PEA PESTS.

Lepioghssus gonogara sucks the juice from the pods, (see Squash,

306

JOURNAL OF AGRTCrLTTTRE OF P. R.

page 307) ; Nacoleia indivala (see Beans, page 278) ; Xylomeges
sunia (see Chard, page 287).

PEPPERS.

Aphis, RJiopalosiphum persica' (see Eggplant, page 296) ; Am-
phiacusta canhhea or sick cricket, (see General Feeders, page 270) :
Hemichionaspis minor (see Eggplant, page 301) ; lapas (see Gen-
neral Feeders, page 274); Lapliygma . frugiperdu (see Corn, page
288).

RADISH.

The radish is attacked l)y the following pests: Poatia moniisle

(see Cabbage, page 281) ;
leaf miner, Agroniyza sp. ;
flea-beetles (see General
Feeders, page 269).

SQUASH.
SMALL BLACK StJUASH BUG

( PyoiixJrrrs {ticKrvvs) .

This peculiar-looking
black bug feeds in all its
stages on the squash and
melon vines. It sucks the
juice from tlie leaves, giv-
ing them a speckled ap-
pearance at first, but later
causing 1hem to dry U))
and die.

Fig. 60.— Small Black Squash Bug
{Pjicnodercft incurvns). Adnlt.

The small, i lausliiccnt. H.!sk-slia|i(Ml ('<;-^s arc insertfd in the tissiK*.
of the stems and large veins of llic leaves, and liatcli in a few days
into small, wingless, greenisli-wiiite nymphs. These wingless nymphs
feed on the undersides of the leaves foi- alioul Iwo weeks, growing
in size and moulting five limes Ix'foi'e appeni'ing as adults. They
retain their greenish-white coloi- until tluw ]»ec()me adults, then
ehange to a deej) black.

They nuiy he controlled by spraying the undersides of the leaves
with a nicotine-sulphate aiul soap solution as I'econnnended on page

\K(;KTA1!LK iXSKCTS.

.)U t

268. It is well to bear in luiiul that it is necessary to liit tliis insect
with the spray in order to kill it.

LARGE SQUASH BUG [Lf ploglossus gonogcira).

This large, brownish-black bug is very commonly touiul with its
long, needle-like ])roboscis inseited in the stems of the sqnash vine.

Tt hiys small, biowi:. bar> el-shai)cd eggs in a single row on the
stems of the vine. These hatch into small, bright-red and black
wingless nymphs that suck tlie juices from the leaves and stems in
a similiar manner to the adult. These nymphs pass through a num-
ber of forms and color changes before finally becoming adults.

Control. — The best method of controlling this pest is to hand pick

the adults and spray tlie
nymi)hs with a nicotine sul-
phate and soap solution,
prepared as recommended on
j)age 268.

OTHER SQUASH PESTS.

Plifhia pic I (I (see 'J'oma-
loes, page oil I. The squash
is also subject to the attack
of all insects that affect the
cucumber (see page 294).

SWEKT l'()TAT<)l';S.
AlOTTLKl) TOK'TOISK m-.l-.TLl'.

( ( 'optovjivUi sig)ii.fcra) .

Fig. 61. — Large S(ju;isli Buy {Lci'iorilos-
sf/.s- fioiiofidrd). Adult.

Sweet |)()tatoes ai'c some-
times attacked by a beautifully colored beetle called the mottled
tortoise beetle. Tliis beetle, as the name implies, is shaped somewhal
like a turtle. it is black in color, aiul nuii'ked with six irregular
golden s])ots.

The native food plant of this beetle is the wild morning glory,
but it leaves it t'of the sweet potatoes, I'iddling the leaves with its
feeding punctures. 'I'he ])eculiar-shaped, yellowish lai'va' also feed
on the leaves but do not cause nearly so much damage as do the
l)eetles.

JOS

JOUENAL OF AGRICULTUEE OF P. K.

Control. — This pest may be controlled by spmying the i)lants
with arsenate of lead three ponnds in fifty gallons of water.

Chchj)ii(iri)li<i (ir<)us var. geuiculata.

The sweet potato is also attacked by anotlier tortoise l)eetle. It
is much larger than the preceding species, and is a lirick red in color,
marked with numerous black dots.

Its habits are very similiar to the preceding species, and it may
be controlled by similiar means.

SWEET POTATO FLE.v-BEETLE (Ckoetocnema apricaria).

This minute bronze-green fiea-beetle. wliicli usually lives on the
wild morning glory, is very fond of the sweet potato foliage, and
often causes injury liy its feeding activities.

It may he controlled by dusting the plants with a mixture of
equal parts of arsenate of lead and air-slacked lime or dry, leached
wood a.shes; or by spraying the plants with arsenate of lead three
pounds ill fifty gallons of water.

Fig. 62. — Sweet Potato Hoot Borer (Vtilas formicarius). .\iliills mi sweet [)Otato.
THE SWEET POTATO ROOT-BORER (CijUts furmicariiui) .

The sweet potato root-borer is a slender lieetle about one-fourth
inch long and l^luisli black in color, except the thorax and legs which
are rufous.

The eggs are deposited in small cavities hollowed out of the stem
of the potato plant. Small white grubs liatch from these and huirow

VEGETABLE INSECTS.

309

down the stalks to the roots, finally pupating and transforming to
beetles at the end of the burrow.

After this first generation the beetles continue breeding in the
roots, and as the complete life cycle consumes only a moth, the pota-
toes are soon riddled with burrows and rendered unfit for use.
Owing to the practice of leaving the crop in the ground for a long
period of time, a mild infestation soon spreads over the entire field.

Control. — In fighting this pest the best methods are preventive
ones. Clean seed or cuttings should be used and they should not
be planted in land known to have been infested with the weevil the
previous year. Infested potatoes should be fed to livestock.

i

SWEET POTATO scARABEE {Euscepes hatttto}) . i

i

Another weevil that injures the sweet potato is the so-called
^'scarabee," a small .grayish-black, snout beetle. It is somewhat
similiar in habits to the preceding species, spending its entire lifp
cycle of thirty days in or on the roots.

Control. — Control methods are the same as for the preceding
species.

■^

h:

■r

^

Fig. 63. — Sweet Potato Webwonn {PUocrocis irijxuK (ntd). Aioth.
Enlarj^jed. (U. S. Bureau of Entoniolofry.)

SWEET I'O'iATu WEBWOKM {I'Uucrocis iripuHcl cU u) .

The pale green larvje of this moth feed on the sweet potato foliage,
webbing the leaves together to form a shelter in which they live.

The adult moth is light yellow in color, with black and brown
markings on the wings.

310

JOURNAL OF AGEICULTURE OF P. E.

ControL — An arsenate of lead spray, three pounds in fifty gallons
of water will effectually eontrol this pest.

SWEET POTATO BUG {Spartoceva fusca).

This lai<i(\ dull-brown colored bug" feeds in all its stages on the
sweet potato. Tlic nymphs and adults insert their beaks into the
steins of the vine and suck the juice.

Colli rol. — The adults should be hand picked, but the nymphs
should be sprayed with kerosene emulsion diluted one to fifteen.
Directions for making tb.e emulsion are given on page 268.

OTHER SWEET POTATO PESTS.

Empoasca mali is at all times
idtundant (see Beans, page
276); Hystena hasalis (see
Carrots, page 284).

TOMATO.
Epitrix cucumcns.

This little black flea-beetle,
known in the United States as
the potato flea-beetle, occurs
very commonly on the tomato,
]>refering it to any of the other
truck crops.

It injures the plant by rid-
dling the leaves with its feeding
])unctures, and in addition is
Fig. {i4.— Swcci I'otato Bug (Spartocera thought to spread a serious dis-

fvK(i). Adult. (heatlv enlarged. t n .-i .

{U. S. Bureau of Eutonioiogy.) ^^^^ of the tomato.

The small, wdiite eggs are
laid in the soil, and the uiiiiiite thread-like larvaB feed on the roots.
Tlie ciilirc life cvch' is (•oiii])lc1c(l in about a month and a half.

< 'mil nil. — 'IMic beetles may be successfully controlled by dusting
tlie plants with a mixture of e(inal parts of arsenate of lead and air-
.slacked lime or dry, leached wood ashes.

THE iioRNwoBM {I'hlefjethontins sexta).
The larva of this sphinx moth is easily recognized by its large

1 Wilt {Bacterium solanacearum) .

VEGETABLE INSECTS. ' ;^ll

size aud peculiar horn-like process at the end of the body. It is a
voracious eater, consuming enormous quantities of foliage.

The adult moth is a large heavy-bodied insect, with a wing ex-
panse of about four inches. Its wings are a dull, dark, brownish-
gray, while the segments of the abdomen are strikingly marked with
yellow.

The moths begin to fly at dusk, feeding on tlic nectar of the flow-
ers, and laying large greenish eggs singly on the foliage of the tomato
and other food plants.

The eggs hatch in a few days into small, green caterpillars, that
feed and develop until when full grown tliey are three or four inches
long. They are green in color, with white stripes along the sides.

Control. — Both eggs and larvae are rather heavily partisitized, so
the larvEe never become very numerous. They may usually be eon-
trolled by hand picking, but if too numerous for that ;ui application

of arsenate of lead three pounds in fifty gallons
of water is very effective.

TOMATO PliUSIA {Phisid VOfjal hmU) .

This is another caterpillar that feeds on tlie

foliage of the tomato. It is about an iucli and

a quarter in length and is green in color, with

Fig. 65. — Po tat o .^ fp^y longitudinal white stripes on the bodv.
Flea Beetle {Epi- . . "

trix cuGumcris). If '« called a looper, from its peculiar method

Adult beetle. (U. qj" locomotion, drawing the bodv ui) into a loop
S. Bureau of En- . '

toniology.) like a measuring woi'in each tiiiu; if moves tor-

ward.
It develops rapitUv and when full gi'own spins a silken cocoon
in which if pupates. The adult moth is dark l)rowii in color with
two striking silvery spots in fhe middle of each front wing.

Control. — 'i'he larva is very heavily parasitized by a small
hymenopteron, which keeps if so well under conti'ol fhaf if seldom
does serious damage. When numerous if may l)e confroUcMl by spray-
ing the plants with arsenate of lead three pounds in lil"t.\ gallons of
water.

PLANT BUG {Plithia picta) .

This large, dark-brown plant bug delights to sink its needle-like
beak into the fruit of the tomato and suck the juices. The l)right-
red, wingless young congregate in groups on the developing fruit and
distort it with their feeding punctures.

3J2

JOURNAL OF AGEICULTUEE OF P. E.

Control. — The best method of controlling this pest is to hand pick
the adults and spray the nymphs with a soap and nicotine sulphate
solution, prepared as recommended on page 268.

STINK BUGS.

A number of these so-called stink bugs are commonly found at-
tacking the tomato vines. They are robust shield-shaped insects

with sucking mouth parts,
and are usually very incon-
spicuously colored. Nezara
viridula, Arvelins alhopunc-
tatus and Euscliistiis hifihu-
h(s are the commonest of
these.

While always to be found
they are never numerous
enough to cause serious dam-
age, and control measures are
not needed.

THE SUCK PLY

( Dicyph us prasin us) .

The tomato is occasionally

littacked hy this slender bug,

whicli injures the plant by

sucking the juices from the

stems and leaves.

Tliis suck fly is pale green

] ill color, and may be distin-

J guished from allied species

r^ nr^ T., . ry / 7,1.^7 • ■/ ^ A^ n- J^^' ^^^ large fuscous spot
'Pig. 66. — Plant Bug (Phthia picta). Adult • *^ ^

male. MiK'h enlarged. (U. S. Bureau of that is present near the mar-
p]ntomoi(»gy.) ^.jj^ ^^ g.^g|^ wiiigcovcr, mid-

way between the hase and apex.

Tlie minute aniL inconspicuous flask-shaped eggs are inserted
singly witliin the midrib of the leaf. The yellowish-green, wingless
nymphs tliat emerge from the eggs suck the juices from the plants in
the same manner as the adults. They pass through Ave nymphal
stages liefore attaining adult form.

VEGETABLE INSECTS.

313

Control. — The nicotine sulphate and soap solution prepared as rec-
ommended on page 268, is effective in controlling this insect.

TOMATO FRUIT FLY.

This Anthomyid fly lays its small, white eggs in clusters on the
fruit of the tomato. At times it is very abundant and deposits eggs
on about fifty per cent of the fruit.

If the fruit is sound the small, white grubs that hatch from the
eggs cannot gain entrance, but if there is the slightest wound or crack
in the skin they penetrate to the soft pulpy interior, causing it to

decay by their feeding activities.

Control. — All craked or decaying
fruit should be collected and destroyed.

OTHER TOMATO INSECTS.

Laphygma frngiperda, larva burrows
in fruit (see Corn, page 288) ; Lepto-
glossus go no gar a (see Squash, page
307) ; nematodes (see General Feeders,
page 274) ; Systena basalis (see Car-
rots, page 284) : Xylomeges sunia, de-
foliates plants (see Chard, page 287.

TUENIP.

Fig. 67. — The Suck Fly {Dicy-
■phus prasinus). Adult. Much
enlarged.

The turnip is attacked by the same
insects as the cabbage (see pa^e 281).

YAUTIA.
THE LACE BUG {Corythuca gossypii).

This delicate little insect with its lacy white wings breeds in
colonies on the undersides of the leaves of the ymitia. The nymphs
and adults feed by inserting their beaks into the tissue and sucking
the juices. This causes the leaves to turn yellow and die.

Control— Spvay the undersides of the leaves with a nicotine sul-
phate and soap spray, prepared as recommended on page 268.

INDEX.

Acknowledgmeuts 265

Acrocercops sanctcecnisis 300

Amphiacu-iita carihhea 270

Ant, fire 296

Auts 269

Anthcnomus pnlicarkis 300

Aniicarsia gemmatilis 293

Arsenate of lead 267

Arevliiis albopunctaUis 312

Aphms trasicce 283

gossypii 294

mmdis 291

ApliiSj cabbage 2So

corn 291

eggplant 296

melon 294

Ar(irom]jza jucinda 277

parvicoriiis 292

Aulceaspis pentanona 303

Ballovia cistipcmns 292

Boris torquatn-s : 300

Bean leaf-beetle 275

hopper 276

miner 277

roller 277

Webber 278

jiod-borer 279

^\eevils 279

Bciinh 275

Beetle, ciicnmber, large striped _- 294

Hmall striped __ 295

mottled tortoise 307

Beets 280

Beet welmoi-in, sontliorn 280

small ^ 280

liniclni.s ohicrhi.v 279

q^iadriiiKKiildtd 27!)

P.ng. lar-e 313

large squash 307

small lilack squash 306

sweet potato 310

Butterfly, southern white cabbage 281

Cabbage, southern white butterfly 281

aphis 283

Cabbages 281

Carodonta dorsaUs 292

Carrots 284

Cateipillar, melon 294

velvet bean 293

wooly bear 285

Celery 285

Cerodonta dorsalis 292

Ccrotoma ruficorins 275

Changa 270

Clwlcodermus ehininus 293

Chard 287

Chelymorpha argus var. geniculata 30S

Clweiociiemn apricaria 308

Control measures 266

contact insecticides 267

mechanical methods 267

Coptocycia signifera 307

Corn 288

Corn oar worm 289

feeding syrphid fly 291

lantern fly 291

leaf aphis 291

miners 292

Corytliaicu monacha 297

Corytliuca gussypii : 313

Cowpea ]iod weevil 293

Cowpeas 292

Crickets 27;i

Cucumber beetle, large striped -- 291
small striped __ 295

( 'iicuinbers 29 t

Cutworms 27!

("yjd.s formicariK.'i 308

Pidhtdiicd hiiitdlta 295

grnminea 302

iiuiitba 291^

sa<;charalis 290

Diabrotica, green 302

Diajihania hyulinila 394

^ A general volume indox lias been considered unnecessary, each of the longer paper*
constituting the velume having been provided ■with one.

315

316

INDEX.

Biatrcea saccharalis 290

Dicyphus prasinus 312

Ear worm, corn 289

Ecpantlieria eridaitus 285

Eg^lant 296

Eggplant aphis 296

bud weevil 300

lace bug 297

leaf folder 299

leaf miner 300

stem borer 300

Empoasca mali 276

Epitrix parvida . 298

EpitHx cncumeri^ 310

Eudamas proteus 277

Euscepes hatatce 309

Euachistus hifhulus 312

Flea-beetle, tobacco 271

Flea-beetles 271

Fruit fly, tomato 310

General feeders 269

General considerations 266

Grasshoppers 272

Gassworm, southern 288

HeliotJiis obsoleta 289

Hemichionaspis minor 301

Hemispherical scale 301

Hornworm 1 310

Kerosene emulsion 268

Lace bug, eggplant 297

Lantern fly, corn 291

Lapas 274

Lnjjhyfjmn frugipcrda 288

Leaf folder, eggplant 299

hoppers 272

miners, corn 292

eggplant 299

Lettuce 301

Lepioglossus gonogara 307

Marnca testulalis 273

Mealy bug 286

Melon aphis 294

caterpillar , 294

Melons 302

Moth, diamond back 281

stalk-borer 290

Mustard, Chinese Z02

Xacolcia indicota 278

Nicotine sulphate 206

Nematodes 274

i\e^ara viridula 312

Onion 304

Onion thrips 303

Okra 302

Pachyzancla hipimctalis 280

periusalis 299

Paris green 267

Pea thrips 305

Peas 304

Peppers 306

Peregrimts maidis 291

Fhlegathontiu.s sexta 310

Phthia picta 311

Fhthorimcea operculeUa 299

Pilocrocis iripunctata 309

Plant bug, tomato 311

Plusia rogationis 311

Plusia, tomato 311

Plutella mai-ulipensis 281

Pod borer, nmstard 302

cowpea 292

Pontic monn~ste 281

Pseudococctis citri 286

Pyrnodercft incurvus 306

Ka.lish 306

Red spider 304

Bhopnlosiphum persiccB 296

Root -borer, sweet potato 308

Saissetia hemisphajrica 301

Scale, hemisprerical 301

white 301

West India peach 303

■Scapterisciis vicinus , 207

Scarabee, sweet potato 309

81iigs 274

Soap 268

Solenopsis geminata 296

Southern grassworm 288

Sportoccra fusca 310

Split worm, tobacco 299

Squash 306

INDEX.

317

Squash bug, small black 306

large 307

Stalk and pod borer, pea 292

Stem borer, eggplant 300

Stickers and spreaders 269

Stink bugs, tomato 312

Stomach poisons 267

Suck fly, tomato 312

Sweet potato bug 310

flea-beetle 308

root-borer 308

Scarabee 309

webworm 309

Sweet potatoes 307

Syrphid fly, corn feeding 291

Systena basalis 284

Tetranychus quinquenychus 304

Thrips, onion 303

pea 305

Thrips tobaci 303

Tobacco concoction 268

flea-beetle 293

papers 268

split worm 299

Tomato, fruit fly 313

plant bug 311

plusia 311

stink bug 312

suck fly 312

Tomato 310

Tortoise beetle, mottled 307

ToxomeriLs politus 291

Turnip 313

Velvet bean caterpillar 309

Webworm, sweet potato 309

Weevil, bud, eggplant 300

cowpea pod 292

White grubs 274

scale 301

Wooly bear caterpillar 285

Xylovieges sunia 287

Yautia 313

Zinckenia fascialis 280

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