HOU ateges dy bab Uae Ne De ait bo hath a a8 Get oy APRIL 2 Ie 58 9h a8 Oops Hert OD BS Wal? riod Fit yf ae 4 tat ee ee dea yhige baituen ay siya td CUTE A Hain} Ae otbete Lath 7 ; at 4 we Vitel a Nhs MVE O Lest a cA oak aad arat Cary Ne oleh ad: fyi Liduahabacat anes Va sate tntaad| AMS ald’ wy AED at rercnrten) ange . a " Lal gee ht oth it 2.4 Go Wag eae saisa. ead \diew eybekibe twat Beat ea ; ' ah lt fa hea ais 19M Ved) Malet ites Pha twee rotate jah ty F inde Hb ple 40 ait aeaney " M+ . Vth Patel vgedsa y eiak pa hoa? yi vonh a ne ait Sombonaty Csi hy rT ) p' jtihae Vintas d) jogalha’l eM iivke ai vorat oy mf r We AB IM oR alg 44H He eth ae eit ate Li biett Upates bi ght ety th etph hate laparagis (Hani dere auans 849 A He ND hasan nieesye? 4isibehtagaenie of wan bah (eS SS HEED Hd Ce i 4 nate Maarten rete data F agahah reg ies Ny Ah 0) 0) AN stan) AS 4 ath tee Ab ® eh ed ; ‘ roa) wre jheunaad gauss tena laity . 4 \y'\ a oheth r Z 1 CLA AL ROS BULGE bl Pahae sen tananas rate tetete rp a WAH 44791 gh Hg “ne y4ie.bw a's Val ot iy meancinnanieds Sabet) GT aaa a see vaial a : ataivend ay v gan o ys" eDaily < tity Mtge Thatta pan nan ate 3 sted CORK eo) bald ger Ueaehes sho wie Priboirabaga tin agile Veta ih POTHETYCET RAN Pa Rae | OCR ay BYEL ITE DED Abe DELTA DEE DI ey) Vey seT pa ais vay Thera) ow At ite itd es VP aAe 4 4 Ky) nd eV FSD 4D ay OHI MANA Ad ed DTT 44 Ladies satya pba) ie HA athe yanayey, ep Sad 1% ia iwatary vial feb thoy aha) tdue E awe aay er tiedia aldant il eh atte He Agha hae f bah fratinity ab ah dances samen! rye | Marea eae) NRT i aapeutia nit HP ‘i * i mis aa! nonei ee eee Da) 40 ast Gat ai atanet bai Ha? gla) Vad iil sha thas ah ei facta it re pa or pipr ati pao 4) “a 1 ait bay hy at) ebaas ye} he Yan ai De nu ape Ye ’ UyaeiShae toa insite aaty aie) Denees mela ECL aublne rh a Vad ded! ya eT gh tant PETITE TUT LSU EL Lid aedubiend toa cane ipshi gehconbeanh AUS NMA sins bandana viilitess 4 & MRP 9 ; ovale 3 Osta Matti tig) i) ‘ a bietvai ah sibadnaw ¥ it B i a4? of Hoeat g ay aan ie . Pirin ) yeh tcd ae AAG) haben drape sah ae) 1F tho alta y bee act bb aoa WhANo) eOnaMag se: oa ; rane avats vis ety feted dak , hits rpet he ee . at Peat dinatle ale de ae eee sin, 13" se Seyoltial Ain ee flay Lelb ida hat rh) bs N59 AAAs M5 Tp bie at py om ethan sea gph eh daw aT mea ade peraial sseets i ‘hey hari Hava hte Mpedne shanannit Dr THe ire vnlsdad ani intiae Ee YW PHPREYArST ty ata ralhans ales Sal Ver gens BO Pa eb aha ft ash t eee 158 ) PAD SORE 2 RMD GRD. it et} ere ywola ts fae hy taniaats ane vine BN ite v * an va) i i] fa at Bad 4904) 892 betas: ay ana? f Ll rhe te at MH etait aig ¥ he reso ati hive eta} vitae anet Heyan bith as et ae pinay eh ahse pansnaatas deh shes a9 sist eS. a eect atk o it * Mort SED iD vio te) 2 Y944it ah Shbagananag Vets at at ¥ i) eer ey) Jt et ahah, fis 4 Deine? he ater ype ets) Amat ales Boat #3 at ai on Vrdarg te edpghe yal re aire fea teh agi prikig nay isl we a) Aosta ail tty ha ad valyaty an ‘eh atte aeahanay 4 ' is tha: ayes & UE ican i D Haas rigte (ions ve Views vais Paty a eo hts 53) aint Heit ih i : HN Pade bef haga ine! i haved yan at sat pant h na on artnet a” Nenana Huds i alae hands sata al saa tha tabi tel tael stewart pieia 4 4 ea be iw vgs MR rbele ap iyties decent nie ih ihe yeah ay agave rh ie i aide hen eiely ela hi) ay yaa 4 Pa earietite ri} haa vale ba a alli iAabe phd Nia Sia Pas toieeW ade i) a0 dala yee hie Vall Vga) hana ahadeed da) 1 f yen te Noahs UT ahs Ba! i as iia vor haw abs r Ly rigs a4) lh Lie ny Hie 4 a] oa tht p ) a ‘4 nett aye it a a Yad ete be iz st at * if fasapaiaveds W503) tte ry uh O 1senun § reat ia fa Tals ae aia aitait a tiatit aya! sits eit v7 ae hid Meyda ‘ uh are Deglery Peay 24a Re ieee ue i f ; Vit ita a } Ay ad it 4 ae ant Ni i 4 Bip 1 )absie that ea why wat ot % aida, at) tat We ” rite iat Nara ayayad al Naya SP er nae m8 vin) Seana ADE BRL CAH thy Wee iN hea suit bap pails beet CR RY cal a. ite La ap aly 4 ie f a) 4}) i F NaF Hae mt at ne Ne Hy 8 34) HAE te yn) a Way et sau neue \ oy ast inn Van che ite) AY 1) bar ay gs ay at uy aa = te is i Gide i} Le Nd ae} a bas 1d49 on ‘ Petia Ere a ) shtaRaaet ene etl seanga sen pe ie ce annie 7 dubia a ial iy) uate us ais nit i . ; ait San 8 a 4h a saat at aaheien Peer i hie vai ee Pit ‘ y at Vi ii va ils Aa dig ate Wake tt ee rt ieee 84! iy i Aba haa ihe saayes Ba) Paty 40 mt Me pian 8 Be Ses ajar ai ab ait What Ae Bihe eRe tthe ja uy eae MY ara, HO RaNS AHN Hela ek “ i; ea ab vyee it ave th a 4 fy RADE oe ta , f ue i mie re OS Tas Py. 7, : a fils vay ro vi i, ‘i i THE OF. DHE BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY- SOCIETY Oa \ a Z MUN : Oe INDEX AND ‘TITLE PAGE VOL. XLil NOS. 3 & 4 EelIGe. io cee, Rs. 2-4-0 MADRAS PRINTED AT THE DIOCESAN PRESS 1942 INSTRUCTIONS TO BINDER The contents of these two parts should be arranged in the following order when they are being bound :— Title page mr oe Contents of Nos. 3 and 4 of Vol. XLII... List of Contributors eS Be. Ete ROS Bee pinta a o piece in this order. Index to I]lustrations a a Errata 2 Index to Species iE 54 To go at the end of List of Office-Bearers, Life-Members, two numbers. Members, etc.... moe see if THE JOURNAL OF THE BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY EDITED BY Rev. Fr. J. FE. CAIUS, S.J.. F.L.S.. H. M. MCGUSTY, AND S.H. PRATER, MLL.A., J.P. VOL. XLil Nos. 3 & 4 Containing 3 Coloured Plates, 76 Black and White Plates, 31 Text-figures, 3 Maps and 7 Photos Dates of Publication Part Ill. (Pages 455 to 684) ... Atigust 1941. » IV. ( ,, 685 to 944) ter December 1941. LONDON AGENTS DAVID NUTT, (A. G. BERRY) 212 Shaftesbury Avenue, London, W.C. 2. PRINTED AT THE DIOCESAN PRESS, MADRAS 1942 oe rary | AN ’ ° . aS Cree Th #U i Pi ae AYA rr | eis) ae at . A ; . “olen axe Omg - ca] . - 7 « . : “i ; : f o - ha . i 4 ‘ : e ; - Kd é: : ‘ : : , = v 7 ae m : 2 = = [ s y mn . a : ’ 7 ; : Et LET Ate ae ae a 7 ai ts : fy, CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLII No. 3 Some BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS. Fart VII. By N. L. Bor, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., I.F.S., and M. B. Raizada, M.se. (With two coloured plates, of Scarlet Ixora: (/xora coccinea R. Br.) and Sweet Smelling Rondeletia (Aondeletra odorata Jacq.) eight black and white plates and eleven text-figures)... - Beis onisstr: sothsiritua ye sb erts 5 NEw eeisoes ee FROM aS W. bar "By E. P. Wiltshire, F.R.E.S. (Witha plate)... oe - FISHES COLLECTED BY THE Sena. HOreoD oe CHINDWIN EXPEDITION, 1935. By S. L. Hora, D.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S., F.R.A.S.B.; F.N.I.. (With one plate)........ THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT (4. maximus). By T. Hubback. (With eight plates)... ae hepes THE EARLY STAGES OF one co ne Dart VIL. By D. G. Sevastopulo, F.R.E.S.. SALT Licks. By T. Hubback.. bootie ona aesie teenies THE GAME FISHES OF ok bor XUL. “By 5. L. Hora, D.SC., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S., F.R.A.S.B., FN.L ads one plate and three lees. ieecsneaneres es : A CONTRIBUTION TO THE cee OF THE Poa Banos AND THE ASSOCIATED HILL ReEcGions. Part III. By fio. StOnis, oe 7Ac (GIONS: B.SC... HA-S5C.- .TvAsS.u. 5. cieoten FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLYING-Fox (P. giganteus) AND THE FouLvous Froit-Bar (4. Jleschenaultz). By C. McCann, F.E.Ss. (With one photo and one text-figure)... DISTRIBUTION OF Anopheles sundaicus Rodenw. THROUGH MECHANICAL MEANS. By Dr. P. Sen, M.Sc. ae Ph.pb. (Lond.), D...c. (With a map)... Wee sece reek Sh ee SOME COMMON INDIAN HERBS WITH NOTES ON THEIR ANATOMICAL CHARACTERS. Part VII. By M. Sayeedud- Din. (With three plates)... poets sadness Two NATURALISTS VISIT eee N. Rose “By C. McCann, F.L.S. (With one plate)... Cirphis albistigma H. A PEST OF auGee IN S. inoue sn M. C. Cherian, B.A., B.Sc., D.1.c. and K. P. Anantanara- yatiain, BA. CONS. )iige--3. 10 vache THE MEDICINAL AND FOr ON ote Pee OF rnia ae Me ee atts e Seyint By ie Sig.e hei os oh bok. 05S det ra tee re es 3 gee ® PAGE 455 472 478 483 O10 518 526 587 593 oug 602 6]1 617 iv CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLII OBITUARY :— Claud‘ Buchanan Ticehurst... 3. REVIEWS :— I. Preliminary Guide to Indian Fish, Fisheries, Methods of Fishing and Curing. Agricultural Marketing in India.. hs II. Handbook of Economie Hatomoloee. fon South India. By T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar-........- Ill. Insect Pests of Burma. By CC. Gosh IV. Birds of Burma. By E. Smythies, etc.............. APPEAL :— Society for the Preservation of the Fauna of the Empire. “(By tR/Cs Morris ...6 eact eee cece MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :— I. Variation in Colour of Tigers and Panthers. By Van Ingen and Van Ingen... Acemae teak aeaes II. Unusual Behaviour of Pagers and eee By R. C. Morris.. whoo ees III. An Unknown Visitor tow a Leowara Cie py C. H. Tresham-. IV. A Fine Swamp ese Hens oe) van Tagen: eG Van Ingen... ‘ ceaees V.- Elephants one Oras Wde= (With eight plates) 483 phants lying down 658 ee —oalt hicks 518 me DCCs ulS Jonges, A. E.; King Crow and Swifts ‘s .. 664 Bullying Terns Bat 2 10S 2S ae The ——--—; Presumptive Malayan Elephant so veo Evidence of the Nidification _ MosgEry, MartTIn E., F.R.E.S., of the Indian Cuckoo (Cueulus F.Z.S.; The Indian Caddis micropterus Gould). (With a Flies (Zrichaptera). Part plate) ... a ae Pe Ooi VII. (With twelve plates)... 772 Kuan, HAMID, M.SC., LL.B., Nayar, 8. L., M.Sc.; See ph.p., F.A.sc., and TANDON, CHopra, Col. Sir R. N., Hargwans Lat, 3Bse.; A C.E.E.; M.Ac, M.D.,+ S¢,D:, Study of the Reappearance of | F-R.C.P. Trout Food in Trout Waters | Parsons, R. E.; Extension of in the. Kulu Valley Grp) _ the known Range of the Beetle (With two plates) 766. .. nae xe wo 685 Plates Thunbergia pagrans Roxb. ~ a 699, 691 Plates Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. And. a) 692, 693 Plate Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. ae _ 694 Plate IX. Sophora tomentosa Linn a Pig Pelt 1698 Plates Sophora griffithit Stocks ... ee 700, 701 Plate Sophora tomentosa Linn. tah eee met AOL Plate Sophara secundiflora DC. ... st wl 201 The Birds of Bahawalptr (Punjab) Map of Bahawalpur State ... se .. 704 Plate I. Fig. 1. Tamarisk and Kandy (Prosepis) scrub on flood-inundated land, as in Tracts II and III. (Haunts of Dyryobates scindianus, Molopastes leucogenys, Cyanosylvia swecica, Phoenicurus ochruros and several Phylloscopus) ... «a. 08 Fig. 2. An aspect of the desert as in Tract I-I ... 708 Plate Il. Fig. 1. An aspect of the desert as in Tract I. Harii- nabad environs weet 409 Fig. 2. Cultivation in desert Gatial aolene interspers- ed with sand-dunes, as about Yazman and Man- thar (Tract I). (Haunts of Chanufdotis u. macqueent, Sylvia curruca and nana, CGinanthe xanthoprymna, and capistrata, ie caudata Clea)! fe: soe AOD Plate III. A winged Bou re jalang cover behind! a diminu- tive bush aes seen 142 Plate IV. The Houbara (CHamycots: Undelnia ee een when lying ‘doggo’ is a perfect example of obliterative desert colouration a cas | | 743 On the Banks of the Narbada Plate I. Fig. 1. Dasara Festival at Dhariaghat 760 Fig. 2. Dhariaghat Falls on the Narbada: tiger aaa antes both are here ae sity 760 Plate II. Fig. 1. A 20 lb. mahseer wee ay act) Goll Fig. 2. Perrun, 14 lbs. us; a: vet). 761 Plate III. Fig. 1. A Narbada Priest... a: walt) 762 Fig. 2. The Dhobi at Work .., % 762 a LIST OF PLATES Xiii PAGE Plate IV. Fig. 1. A Centre Cataract... Aes ae e103 Fig. 2; My fishing boat. 7... He 709 A Study of the Reappearance of ‘Trout Food in Trout Watered in the Kulu Valley (Punjab) Plate I. Fig. 1. Scoop used for collection of Fauna from streams - a 7 aie, 766 Fig. 2. The scoop in use he eke .. 766 Plate II. Fig. 1. Washing organisms from stones pet Or, Fig. 2. Do. oe noe LOU, The Indian Caddis Flies (Trichoptera) Plate I. Dinarthrum latum sp. n. f ate sae | 180 Plate Il. Dinarthrum punjabicum sp.u. f me .. 780 Plate Ill. Dinarthrena shanta sp. n. -¢ aT, ms 0) 480 Plate IV. Dinarthrena steelae sp.n. f a .. 780 Plate V. Agoerodella punkata sp.n. J — see 1.700 Plate VI. Adinarthrella brunnea sp. n. J fs =, | 430 Plate VII. Adinarthrella inconspicua sp.n. f ase gen 280 Plate VIU. Adinarthrella kimsa sp.n. ¢ Bs oer 100 Plate IX. Adinarthrella parva sp.n. J . on Wea #80 Plate X. GoerodesindicaiMart. f ... Pee 750 Plate XI. Goerodes inaequalis Mart. ... ts ne. 2 tSU Plate XII. Goerodes kanda sp.n. ¢ Bass se S 780 Notes on Some Indian Birds Plate I. A Pied Kingfisher with food for its young a1. 104 Plate II. (a) A Little Tern brooding its eggs ss .. 7/86 (6) The River Tern—the largest of them all fy 780 Plate Ill. Even more compelling than its plumage is the Skimmer’s bill; the mandibles, the upper shorter than the lower, look like two knife blades set edge to edge 7 see 787 Plate IV. (a) The Little Swallow Plover hunts its insect food in the air or on the ground ae (89 (6) A Spur-winged Plover eroncnie its nest ... 788 Plate V. (a) Baby Skimmers are even more difficult to detect than theeggs ... aceet h isll (6) A young Skimmer hiding ter its Rice flight ... 789 Plate VI. (a) Like Terns’ eggs, those of the Skimmer vary greatly in colour Fic .. /90 (6) A Young Swallow plover sane as ie 790 Plate VII. (a) A Little Ringed Plover comes to its nest - 791 (6) Little Ringed Plover tes 791 Plate VIII. The Great Stone Plover may possibiy ne an coe lifter and a baby snatcher 793 Occurrence of Symwantherias sylvatica Schott in the Bombay iBrestdeney and Notes on some other Araceae of Interest Plate I. Synantherias sylvatica Schoot wie. 796 Riate.- Il. Typhoneum tlagellitorme (Lodd.) Blane ae . 197 Plate Ill. Zyphoneum amboinense Blatt & Mew. ... .. = 798 Plate IV. Theriophonum indicum Daly wae ee 400 A New Fossorial Snake (Rhino phis dorstmaculatus) from Ceylon Plate I. Rhinophis dorsimaculatus s.p. nov. es ... 802 xiv LIST. OF PEATES The Game Fishes of India Plate I. Fig. 1. A Black Mahseer from Mysore ... Fig. 2. A Black Mahseer (15 lbs.) from Ben in the centre with four ordinary Mahseer (38, 21, 9 and 6 lbs. respectively) nh Plate II. Fig. 1. A red Mahseer from Burma Fig. 2, A Black Mahseer (16 lbs.) from Assam with six ordinary Mahseer : Fig. 3. A Black Mahseer (5 lbs.) from fe Beacon River with two ordinary Mahseer Fig.4. A Black Mahseer from the Kumaon Hills . “e Plate The two varieties of Mahseer from Berean Mysore—‘ the ordinary type and a black variety’. Some Common Indian Herbs with Notes on their Anatomical Characters Plate I. volvulus alsinoides Linn. Plate Th Do. Plate ISG Do. Diagora nicevillet (Moore) Plate Diagora nicevillei (Moore) (Type) 2: Dtagora nicevillet: (Moore) (Neallotype) ¢; Aporia aga- thon (Gray) 3 The Food and Habits of the House-Spider ( ieeieropoda erat: Linn, i, Plate I. House-Spiders (Heteropoda venatoria) in Combat.. Plate II. Victims of the House-Spider (Heteropoda venato- VEG) see Os Two New Nitellas Plate I. Mitella pseudotenuissima Kund Plate I]. Néutella bengalensts Kund Observations on the Biology of some South Indian Coccids Plate I. Pulvinaria durantae var. nov.? and Ceronema koebelei Green ... nae Plate II. Ceronema koebelet Green ata BeeinB bes ceylonica Green Plate III. Lecanopsis cey boned Green ‘ Plate IV. Adult female of Ceronema koebelet Gr. i ege-sac an Situ Additions to our knowledge of the Blomvenide Plants of H. coh Ww. The Nizam’s Dominions, Hyderabad, Deccan Plate Fig. 1. A view of part of the Ajanta Hills where the forest is of the monsoon type Fig 2. A thicket of Calamus Rotang ene near ths Ramappa tank in Mulug ode The Malayan Elephant : Plate ‘Chandrasekharan’ in a placid mood—and in ‘Musth’ : ieee Presumptive Evidence of the Nidification of the inate atic (Cuculus micropterus Gould) Plate Nidification of the Indian Cuckoo (Cuculus microp- terus) PAGE 806 806 812 812 812 812 814 816 816 817 819 S22 823 844 845 848 549 850 85]. 903 903 928 933 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS VOLUME XLII Nos. 3 and 4 PAGE PAGE Adinarthrella brunnea PLYIN 851 PE ANA ; 780 | Coffea bengalensts —_——- incons picua Text-fig. 8 465 12) a 2 ee 780 | Cuculus micropterus ee hI sa Photo 933 le, Vili oes 780 | Diagora nicevillet —_—_——__——- parva Photo 819 Pir Oe... 780 | Dinarthrena Shanta Agoerodella punkata PIE 780 Pi: ean 780 | —— steelae Albino Nilghai Pl, IV 780 Photo 930 | Dinarthrum latum Amathes avopotamica Pra en 780 Plofie il 472 | -—— punjabicum ——_— — ther mo- PROYE 780 potamica Elephant, the Malayan Pl fg... 10 472 Pls. I-VIII 483-509 Aporia agathon Eriogaster amygdalt Pl 819 Pl. figs.7 & 8 be 72 Baltistan Fishes collected by the Vernay- Sketch map of 657 Hopwood Upper Chindwin Ex- Banks of the Narbada pedition 1935 Pls. J & II 760, 761 Pl. 1 ae «» 478 Pls. HI & IV 762, 763 | Flowering Plants of H. E. H. Barbus (Tor) progenetus The Nizam’s Dominions, Ble. koe : 526 Hyderabad, Deccan Text-fig. 1 527 Pl, 1. Fig.1. Ted Launza pinnatifida ... a en SONS Lecanopsis ceylonica ... Se son = O00). Lemna paucicostata... Sie ee ey Leiothrix lutea ... aes re ae 30 Lepidagathis hyalina ... ae .. 9048 purpuricaulis ... ene OOS Lepidium draba sie a be OOS: - ~ sativum bie ary so) 2905 Lepidocephalus berdmorei__... sxe 4/9 Lepisosteus osseus ae ae to (800 Leptadenia Spartium ... he san WOOO Leptochloa filiformis ... “le .. 384 Leptocoma minima... Ae ww. 934 | Leptosia velox rubes ns nee oe 842 Leucas mollissima. gee eae son) 222 urticeefolia vas an Se ooo Leucanitis kabylaria_ ... oe Pippi s oh) Leucaspius delineatus .., - .,. «- 804 Leuciscus phoxinus _... ae Leucocirca aureola aureola Leucoma submarginata Limnophila racemosa ... Linaria minor ramosissima Lingustrum robustum ... ae ane Linostoma decandrun ... Lioptila capistrata Lippia nodiflora ; Lithophasia quadrivirgula _... Lithospermum arvense — tenuifolium Lithostege buxtoni ans one $29, 84] —— dissocyma ... —_— notata —— palestinensis Litszea polyantha a5f sebifera a Loemica ghesquiere1 ... Lolium temulentum _... ar was Lenchocarpus uruca - utilis ous Re: Lophophanes rufonuchalis rufonu- chahis”” ss. Loranthus cordifolius —- longiflorus Lubivanellus indicus Ludwigia parviflora... ao Lusciniola melanopogon mimica Lutra sf. ses : Lutrogale epi ate sindica Lycium europzum. Lycopersicum esculentum Lymnocryptes minima ... vue Maba nigrescens... Macaria syriacaria Machilus odoratissima ... mE Maclura aurantiaca a sos Macroglossa stellatarum Macropicus javensis subsp. Madhuca latifolia —-—— longifolia Meerua arenaria... ~... - ovalifolia Maesa indica Magnifera indica Mahonia nepalensis ee Hag SS Mambarilla narosides Margelana achzmenica A Marmaronetta angustirostris ... ae Mastacembelus unicolor Mazus rugosus Maganephria renalis Mella azadirachta Melaluca leucadendron ... Melanochlora sultanea sultanea Melitaea consulis — phoebe sarvistana —— trivia +f Melochia corchorifolia ... Melodinus monogynus ... Mentha sylvestris Merendera persica Mergus albellus ... Meriandra bengalensis ... Merops orientalis orientalis Mesua ferrea Metaegle pallida ... Metalopha liturata Metanastria lidderdali .. Metaponia pusilla Metopoceras delicata omar Microcystis zruginosa ... Microloxa herbaria advolata ... Micromeria biflora Micropus apus pekinensis Microrhynchus sarmentosus ... Millettia auriculata ——_—— pachycarpa ———_ piscidia Milvus migrans govinda ~- lineatus Mimulus gracilis... Mimusops hexandra Mollugo oppositifolia ———— pentaphylla ———— Spergula ———. stricta Molpastes cafer ac —-- chrysorrhoides daa) — -- leucogenys leucotis Monima mithras Monticola solitaria pandoo Mcrmonia neonympha ... Morus alba indica levigata ... 9% Motacilla alba dukhenensis -—- —— hodgsoni ———- — personata INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE 553, 479 544 475 865 854 664 473 473 | 832 || 907 885 553 572 663 922 734 627 839 837 754 660 836 836 678 840 553 661 | 915 | 885 | 385 885 738 661 544 992 912 912 912 912 fale 664 712 474 659 839 566 566 566 (al) 660 124 XXix PAGE Motacilla cinerea caspica 661 ——_-——-- citreola calcaratus ... 728 ————-- feldegg melanogriseus Taf — ~ flava subsp. 727 Muehlenbeckia platyclados 922 Mundulea saberosa = a LU ——-——_-- sericea 857, 855, 886 ————--- suberosa 857, 885, 886 Musicapa parva parva ... 716 Muscicapula sapphira ... .. 664 Myophonus temminckil eeninineie oe wOOU Myrica nagi S86 Naia tripudians 609 Naravelia zeylanica 904 Natrix piscator eS 666 Nemachilus barbatulus .. : 804 Neophron percnopterus ERCRORICTES. 736 Nepeta graciliflora O54 Nerium odorum ... 534 Neromia pulvereisparsa 840 Netta rufina 747 Nettion crecca 747 Nicandra physaioides .. 886 Nicotiana rustica 857, 886 --_——-— tabacum 857, 887 Niebuhria oblongifolia ... 905 Nigella sativa ise 887 Nitella batrachosperma .. 844 bengalensis 844, $45 gracilis 845 habrocoma .. 844 mucronata 844, 845 pseudotenuissima 843, 845 tentlissima &44 Nonnea pulla °... Mins 539 Notonia grandiflora 914 Nycticorax nycticorax aes 746 Ochrocarpus longifolius 628 Ocimum americanum oo2 — Basilicum 552 — gratissimum 553, Soy, 887 Ocnogyna loewi ... h 829, 833 Oecophylla smaragdina... 935 (Enanthe capistrata * 714 -— deserti atrogularis 714 ————-- leucomela leucomela.. 659 — picata 659, 714 — xanthoprymna sey Sa neuiae 735 Cinopopelia tranquebarica penane: barica 741 EEX Olax scandens ces Oldenlandia dichotoma... -—— herbace2 —_——-—— Heynii Ophicephalus gachua — striatus... Ophiopogon japonicus Ophioxylon serpentinum Oplismemus compositus Oreimus sinuatus griffithii Oreocorys sylvanius Oriolus oriolus kundoo ... Oropetium biflorus — Thomeum ... Orthotomus atrigularis nitidus -—— sutorius guzurata... Oryza sativa ae Otocorys alpestris acosd: Otostegia limbata Otus bakkamoena ; Ougeinia dalbergioides .. Oulobophora externata ... Oxyambulyx subocellata Oxysteima esculentum ... Pachygone ovata... Palamnezuss sp. Panax fruticosum Pandesma anysa Pandion haliaétus haliagtus Panicum antidotale colonum —— Crus-galli ————. hydaspicum —-— prostratum — ramosum Papilio aristolochic - buddha - helena ———- machaon eat - polymnestor Pappophorum Aucheri ... Paravespa eva Pareba vesta vesta Pareronia ceylanica Parietaria debilis Parus major —- —— Kaschmiriensis ... Pasmalum longiflorum ... ——--——- sanguinale ... Passer domesticus indicus — parkini PAGE 603, ... 946 ‘660, 903 913 912 912 480 759 570 916 577 812 932 660 586 586 664 719 578 661. 554 735 888 828 941 535 888 606 912 840 736 577 576 576 577 576 576 603 603 605 831 603 584 602 752 605 567 934 659 576 725 724 INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE Passer hispaniolensis transcaspicus ... 726 pyrrhonotus 725 Passiflora edulis EO12 Pastor roseus 723 Pavetta indica 913 Pedalium murex . ae 546 Pedilanthus Geenicioide: 923 Peganum harmala.. 888 Pellionia Dayenn 924 Pennisetum cenchroides 577 ——- orientale 577 —_——_——-- Prieuwrii 577 ——- typhoideum 577 Pentatropis spiralis £35 Pergularia extensa soa OLG —— pallida : 535, 916 Pernis ptilorhynchus racenitice 740 Pericrocotus brevirostris brevirostris. 718 —— peregrinus pallidus 718 a solaris solaris 664 Pericyma albidentaria ... 539 ——_-——-- squalens $39 Periploca aphylla coe Peristrophe bicalyculata 549, 920 Petrea volubilis ... Bee Ase ell) Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis ... 662, 745 — fuscicollis ; 745 —niger... 745 Phalaris minor 581 Phaseolus sp. $11 Phaylopsis parviflora 920 Philomachus pugnax 745 Phlogacanthus carviflorus 920 Phoenicurus frontalis 659 ——. hodgsoni ... 4 OOS ——- ochrurus phoenicuroi- des 659, 715 Phoxinus levis 804 Phragmites communis 584 ——- Karka 584 Phyllanthus debilis 3 923 ——- Emblica ... oA 903 on nanus 923 =—— Niruri 564 —— — simplex 923 —_——_——_ urinaria 888 Phyllarthron comorense 546 Phylloscopus affinis 660 ——_——_-——- collybita tristis 721 —_——_—— collybitus sindhianus 660 —. —— — griseolus ... 721 INDEX OF SPECIES xxxi PAGE PAGE Phylloscopus neglectus neglectus ... 722 | Polygonum plebejum 560 Phytolacca dioica aa seis ne 000 ae rerio 560 Phytometra gamma et eer .. 839 | ———- ————- indica .. 560 —_-—_-—-ni ... on xe .. 839 | ——-——-————- micranthema ... 560 Pica pica .... fo i ose .. 936 | ———-——- ————- serrulatum 560 —— —— bactriana ne bee a, 0: 008 —— - tomentosum 922 Picrasma excelsa re ae .. 858 | Polypogon monspeliensis 582 ——_——- javanica nepalensis ... 858, 888 | Pongamia glabra 890 ——_——-- nepalensis ... 0 558, 888.! ——-——-- pinnata 890 Picus squamatus squamatus ... ... 661 | Pontia daplidice ... 832 Pieris ovalifolia ... a is .. 889 glauconome iranica i. 832 Pilea microphylla re ss ... 924 | Populus euphratica 663 es 569, 841 ——- mucosa ... a as w. 924 -- nigra 568 Pingasa layahei ... ey bee .. 840 | Porana paniculata 541 Pinus longifolia ... voamry .. 569 | Porphyrinia albida peralba 839 Piper longum _... eae at ase > OOL ——-- parva 839 ——- nigrum sxe cee wae .- 922 | Porphyrio poliocephalus ihe. 743 ——-trioicum ... ach ane ... 922 | Porthesia scintillans limbata . 753 Pipistrellus sp. ... a ae oo il ee TN Ev 754 Pistacia mutica ... : = .. 828 | Porzana pusilla pusilla ... 742 Pithecellobium became one ... 889 | Potamogeton crispus 573 Pithecolabium saman .., ns = 849 | pectinatus 574 Plantago amplexicaulis ... fo - ISD) | perfoliatus 573 ———— ovata... nee a .. 555 | Pouzolzia pentandra 567 ——-—— Psyllium a re .. 555 | Precis orithya ocyale 748 Platarcus orientalis wee ae ... 568 | Premna latifolia ... 951 Platyglossus notopsis... eee .. 804 -——- scandens 550 Plecospermum spinosum re ... 923 | Prenanthes sarmentosa ... 915 Plectranthus rugosus... on ... 553 , Prinia flaviventris sindiana 723 Ploceus manyar flaviceps it .. 724 | ——-- gracilis lepida 722 -- philippinus ass ° ... 936 | —— -inornata terricolor 722 = philippints .. 724 | ——-- socialis 723 Plumbago zeylanica ... aie 599, 601 | Prodena litura 838 Poa annua acs SB -- 985 | Pronotestria silenides 835 Podiceps nigricollis Ripticoiia ... 747 | Prosopis spicigera eee 705 ————-ruficollis capensis... ww« (47 —stephaniana ... ... $28, &34, Pogonantherum saccharoideum ee eg 842 Pogostemon heyneanus ee 858, 889 | Prospalta capensis 516 ee patchouli ... 0 $58, 889 | - -— pallidipennis ... 515 — plectranthoides ... ... 993 | Prunella atrogularis atrogularis 716 Polanisia felina ... ee S .. 905 | Pseudathetis fixseni 838 Polia consanguis see ae «.. 835 | Pseudogyps bengalensis i 736 Polyalthea longifolia .. nas ..» 917 | Pseudohadena chenopodiphaga 838 Polycarpzea corymoosa Py .»» 906 | Psilorhynchus homaloptera rowleyi. 479, 481 Polygala campestris... es . 906 | Psittacula eupatria nipalensis ... 733 — elongata aad aoe .. 906 -— krameri manillensis 734 Polygonum barbatum ... ts -- 9560 | Pteris longifolia ... es 586 ——- flaccidum ... one «» 889 | Pterocles alchata caudacutus . 741 —- glabrum _... ae ee. «Uae — exustus ellioti... 741 ————-__—_—- Hydropiper eae 561 — orientalis 741 —— ~-——- hydropiper Pe 889, 890 —senegallus ... A woe «= Z4L XXxii Pleropus giganteus Ptyas mucosus seh Ptyonoprogne ruspestris Pulicaria angustifolia Pulvinaria durante —__--—— psidii... Pupalia lappacea Pygeum gardneri Pyrameis cardui ... Pyrrhocorax graculus pyrrhocorax Pyrrhospiza punicea humii Quisqualis indica Rallus aquaticus korejewi Rana cyanophilictis ———- tigrina Randia dumetorum - longispina . uliginosa... Rapala nissa rectivitta ... Raphia cheituna Rasbora rasbora are ee Ratufa indica Rauwolfia serpentina Remiz coronatus ... : Rhabinopteryx subtilis ... Rhazya stricta Rhinacanthus communis Rhinophis dorsimaculatus ——-—— porrectus ——-——. punctatus Rhododendron barbatum -—__—+- —_— — falconeri Rhodometra sacraria Rhus mysurensis oes me Rhyacia flammatra centralasiz -— taurica oe Rhynchodontodes Stott iate te Rhyncholaba acteus Ricinus communis Riedlea corchorifolia Riopa guentheri ... fe ae Riparia paludicola brevicauda Rivea hypocrateriformis Rivina humilis ... Robinia uliginosa Rochelia stylaris ... Rondeletia ate ——--——— odorata Ae “Up Rohtee cotio cunma - feae ~ 891, 516, 891 PAGE 587, 606 666 660 914 847, 848 847, 848 557 890 832 659° 658 660 see cold 742 605 eds 890, 913 913 891 753 840 479 602 916 7d 838 533 920 800, 801 801 801 89] 891 841 908 835 835 840 941 907 606 726 540 999 875 539 465 466 vee AQ ws AYO INDEX OF SPECIES Rousettus leschenaulti . Rottboellia compressa ... fremaaiere —- perforata Ruellia longifolia - patula - tuberosa ... Rumex dentatus ... - orientalis... Rungia parviflora Ruta graveolens angustifolia sabal adansoni 3 Saccharum aranineneane —— spontaneum... Saccopetalum tomentosum Salix acmophylla ——-: tetrasperma Salmo fario Solsola foetida - Kali Salvadora indica —- oleoides -—_——-—~ persica —- Wightiana Salvia plebeia aegyptiaca Santalum album .. Sapindus mukorossi ———— trifoliatus Sopium indicum ... schiferum — sebiferum Sarcococca pruniformis... Sarcostemma acidum brevistigma Saurauja naupaulensis Saussurea lappa Saxicola capra bicolor ... torquata indica Saxicoloides fulicata cambaiensis Schima crenata ... aa - Wallichil Schinus molle Schizodactylus monstruosus Schizothorax labiattis Schleichera oleosa -—— trijuga Scilla Hohenackeri Scleria pergracilis Le Sclerocarpus: procumbens neh Scomberoides toloo PAGE 858, 858, 7h le 587 579 579 579 920 947 920 561 561 548 892 572 578 578 904 568 568 766 559 559 916 705 916 916 933 554 892 892 892 893 565 849 563 893 893 635 894 1183 932 715 635 636 908 788 812 894 894 9/1 894 914 610 INDEX OF SPECIES KEXUi PAGE PAGE Scopula beckeraria i. ee .. 841 | Sporoboius glaucifolius 582 Scotogramma trifolii .. ah ey O35 —- indicus 982 Sciaena sina eek ee sce ia 610 ——- minutiflorus 582 Scirpus littoralis ... 5% a . 575 | Stachys parviflora 554 -mucronatus... ai .. 575 | Stachytarpheta mutabilis 549 - quinquefarius ... se .. 575 | Stapelia grandiflora 917 Scrophularia scabiosaefolia ... we «= 44 - variegata ao ise 97 Scutellaria repens ae a .. 554 | Stephania hernandtifolia 895 Scythocentropus inquinata ... ... 838 | Stephegyne parviflora ... ve O12 Scymnus coccivara See: wake .. 850 | Sterculia urens i Le 605 Semecarpus anacardium isis +. 903 | Sterna aurantia ... oe 715, 931 Semnopithecus entellus... sis Vee ONS hirundo tibetana 662 Setaria SlAuCe, rsec. * wes ess vee ORT melanogaster... 745 Shorea robusta ... ae Sa ... 619 | Stipa orientalis ae waa 082 Tumbuggaia ... ve ... 620 | Streptopelia decaocto Berets . - 140 Sideridis insularis es a .. 514 | ————- orientalis ferrago.. . 662 Silurus cochinchinensis ae .. 480 ——- senegalensis einavence 740 Smilax aspera ... aa ar Se 9/70 tt Striclina scitaniax.: wa 510 ——-.-- prolifera ... ie .. a. 570 | Strobilanthes anisophyllus 547 Solanum coagulans its el . 042 | Strobilanthus Kunthianus Pe ey Al ————- gracilipes Aa ae .» 942 | Stroemeria tetrandra 2 UG ———— hispidum soe ae ... 542 | Strychnoscolubrina ... ww, 895 ———— macranthum ... oe ww. 942 | ———+~ Nux-vomica... 603, 903 —-—— malacoxylon ... so we = 042 | —.——- nux-vomica ... 895 ——— nigrum... aes ee . S41 | ——-—— potatorum ro 08 —-—— pubescens doh oe .. 918 | Sturnus vulgaris .. oe tat $056 — — Rantonnetti .. we «0912 ~ -- poltarataskyi... 723 —-—— Seaforthianum ve .. 918 | Stygia saharze 834 ———— torvum... ve re2 542, 918 | Suaeda fruticosa .. 399 ——trilobatum ... oe .. 918 | Sylvia curruca blythi 720 ———— verbascifolium aa .. 542 | ——-- — halimodendri ... 720 ———— xanthocarpum a w= O42 | ~——-- ——-——- minula .. 721 Sonchus oleraceus Soa ies .. 915 | ——-- nana nana 721 Sophora -—-—— aes os .. 698 | Synatherias sylvatica 796 — — Griffithi dis aes .. 699 | Syngrapha circumflexa... 839 ——- mollis ... ise ore ae 894 | Syntomis aurivala 833 ——_—— secundiflora .. or 699, 702 | Syrichtus galba ... a 510 ———— tomentosa ae fs. 699, 700 | ‘Tarache biskrensis Grientatic ae 839 —— vicilfolia ae at: 699, 702 | ——-—— lucida ... 839 Sparganium ramosum ... eee .. O73 | Taragama siva a sae 84h Spatula clypeata a i .. 746 | Taraktongenos kurzii ... iss 882 Spermacoce stricta aes aa .. 913 | ‘Tarucus balkanicus areshanus 832 Sphaeranthus indicus ... ase cesar, OU —- mediterranez ... so O32 Spinacia oleracea Ga me 2. 998 | —-——-- theophrastus re 832 Spodoptera cilium me ate .. 513 | Tathorhynchus exiccata 837 —— latebrosa_ ... sce .. 842 | Taxcus baccata .. 895 —__——- matritia ... ane . 513 | Tecoma australis aes «ss. O40 — pecten wes dee ie OZ —- capensis ae $45 Sporobolus arabicus... ay .. 082 | —~———~ grandiflora eis, 040 —-cvoromandeliaus ... .» 583 | ————- jasminoides ... 545, 919 ———_——- diander .... a .» 582 | ———= radicans 3 i 516 3 XRXIV Tecoma Stans - undulata Tectona grandis Tephrosia candida —- purpurea — saberosa —- vogelii Teracolus fausta Terminalia Arjuna bellirica catappa ——_-——- citrina ———_———— = rd ————— Terpna ornataria Petogalius himalayensis mimalaven: mhateasodes quadraria... Thaumetopeoea solitaria Theretra lycetus ... Theriophonum indicum Thermesia arefacta Thevetia nereifolia — peruviana Thunbergia alata -—— coccinea ———-—— erecta - fragrans ——~— .-—-- grandiflora ——--—— mysorensis -~—— natalensis Thuya orientalis Thymus vulgaris Tichodroma muraria Tinospora malabarica ... Torgos calvus ‘Tracheicepermum Gaerans ——.- jasminoides Tragus racemosus AC = Trema politoria ... Trichodesma indicum ... Tricholepis radicans Tregonella foenum-grecum Tringa glareola hypoleucos ochropus ... totanus eurhinus - tomentosa ... Ternstroemia japonica ... laurifolia ... sis INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE 546 545 550, 903 896 896 909 857, 896 832 927 897 512 Sit 903 636 756 662 517 828 O41 799 842 897 897 688, 689 688, 696 688, 691 546, 688, 690, 919 688, 693, 919 688, 694 688, 695, 919 688, 692 569 | : 553 nie 059 904 736 534 534 578 565 538 915 858, 897 peeks 662, 745 745 662, 744 PAGE Triphena pronuba es Sere OOD Triticum vulgare oa fe eee 900. Trochalopteron lineatum 5a Soo BE Trochalopterum erythrocephalum ... + 935 —-—-——-- lineatum gilgit is O59 —_—_——- ——— nigrimentum Sanu. RAD Troides helena minos ... as es COS Turdoides somervillei sindianus edo A -— striatus Bocaire tah Bae) eto) Turdus atrogularis wee a ee AALG ——— - musicus Be ie see 21980 - philomelos Sot : Be a EI Turnera ulmifolia Japtattona: nee, POL Tylophora asthmatica... ie: bee Oe, —- macrantha ... he pe romerste)! 0) Typha angustata sae ioe wet POMS elephantina ee ae on ye Typhoneum amboinense cae gee) 498 ————- flagelliforme se ive (98 Ulmus integrifolia ane ob) eee oee Upupa epops epops ... a 661, 735 Urena lobata__..... a wee sce) TaOe Urol oncha malabarica... oe ween) V2 Utetheisa puchella Be aes ea, 4OSO Vanessa canace canace sce, eae AOU —~———— cardui ae ae Ja culan AG —_———- urticee cs a scot BOOS Varanus monitor sian Ay eee OW) Vateria indica... ee ae se O20 Veratrum album ee aan Bode tate ols: —- viride Ae ee Fs atessye! Verbascum Thapsus_... ea w. 544 — thapsus... Bb ee OOS Verbena bipinnatifida ... St a) 950 bonariensis ... oe ... 549 ———— chameedryfolia aa: ee moo officinalis ee Abs ‘ae O49 Vernonia anthelmintica ae .. 868 ——~—— cinerea “ti ae ae. a3 Vespa cincta ae sai eae aoe O05 Viscum japonicum one Be en OO Vitex Agnus-castus see ine emir | ——- bicolor Aco ee cae noe ah * ——-~ leucoxyion ... sibs Wes sce all ——-~Negundo, ....: ... :.. ~~ 551,/92) = mesundo. a te Sets 858, 898 —- trifolia es Ane a peep er, Vitis repanda ~ ... ve Si es. SUS) ——- sp. some eae ss 3 “605 Walsura piscidia —_..: nie . 898 Waltheria indica Be ene Toa tell Wikstroemia indica viridiflora Withania somnifera Wolffia microscopica Wrightia tinctoria tomentosa Yucca gloriosa Zamacra flabellaria Zania angustifolia Zanthoxylum alatum hami!tonianum INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE 898 543 573 534 534 — 571 | 842 569 898 | 899 | Zegris eupheme —— -— tigris /——-—— dyala ... Zeuxine sulcata Zizera galba ace aes Zizyphus Spina-christi ... Zornia angustifolia Zosterops palpebrosa occident diphylla ... ae : XXRV PAGE 827 831 831 570 829 828 910 910 732 * ae BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OFFICE BEARERS, 1942 Patron H.E. The Viceroy of India, G.M.S.1., G.C.M.G., G.M.I.E., G,B.E., D.L. Vice-Patrons . H. The Nizam of Hyderabad, G.C.S.I., G.B.E. . The Maharaja of Baroda, G.C.I.E. . The Maharaja of Travancore, G.C.1.E, . The Maharao of Cutch. . The Maharaja of Jodhpur, G.C.I.E., K C.S.I., K.C.V.O, H, H. The Maharajadhiraj of Patiala. General H. H. The Maharajah of Bikaner, G.c.s.1, G.C.I.E., G.C.V.O., G.B.E., K.C.B., A.-D.-C., LL.D. es H.H. The Maharaja of Bhavnagar, K.C.S.1. H. H. The Nawab of Junagadh, G.C.I.£., K.C.S.I. Sir David Ezra, At., F.Z.S. A. S. Vernay, Esq. Lt.-Col. K. G. Gharpurey, I.M.s. (Retd.). W.S. Millard, Esq., F.z.S. Te Tomo Benefactor Mr. C. O. O’Donnell, U.S.A. President | H. H. Sir Roger Lumley, G.C.1.E., Dare Vice-Presidents Revd. Father J. F. Caius, $.J., F.L.S. Rt. Revd. R. D. Acland, M.a. Executive Committee Mr. Humayun Abdulali |— ... as ... Bombay Mr. Farrokh E. Bharucha ... a fee a Mr. A. Forrington see wer tee " Mr. J. B. Greaves, C.B.E., M.L.A., J.P. re ‘4 Mr. M. J. Hackney ane ve = - Mr. R. E. Hawkins ae i, a - Mr. D.G. Hill, F.R.G.s., J.P. Gee te S Dr. M. Sharif, D.sc., Ph.pD., F.N.I Lt.-Col. 8. S. Sokhey, I.M.S.... Mr. F. Wadia a ae Mr, T, E. Savaides (Honorary Treasurer) a Rev. Er, J. F, Caius, s.3, (Aon. Secretary) ae SXXViii OFFICE BEARERS Advisory Committee Mr. Salim Ali... oe naG Dr. N. L. Bor, M.A.,-D.SC., F.L.S., LES. Lt.-Col) R. W. Barton 1A. (Retd. ) Mr. C. H. Donald; #.2.8... 4.06% ees Dr. F. H Gravely, D.sc. ae Mr. C.M. Inglis, B.E., M.B.O.U., F,Z,S3: Major R. C. Morris, F.z.S., F.R.G.S. Major EK. G. Phythian-Adams, F.Z.S., I.4; Dr. Baini Prashad, D.sc. nes Mr. H. C. Smith, r.F.s....0 2.5%! Mr. James L. H. Williams ame Fs oo BORE Dehra Dun. i ‘ get. Bangalore. . .Dharmsala. Kodaikanal. Darjeeling. Coimbatore. * Bangalore. Calcutta. Simla. Coimbatore. LIST OF MEMBERS LIFE MEMBERS Abdulali, Humayun N. see ae ... Bombay. Acharya, Harinarayan G, (F.Z.S., B.A.) ... ... Ahmedabad. Aga Khan, H. H. Aga Sir Sultan Mahomed Shaha (G.C:S:1,5. 6.6.1. EB, ) ate te ... Europe. Aitken, C. E. (C.1.E.) Pe aes ... . Bombay. Ali, Hamid A, (I.C.S.) ae Ce ... Baroda. Armitage. Capt. A. E. (R.E.) ... ... Bombay. Armstrong. Dr. J. Scaife(M.B., Ch. B., D.T.M. & H.)... New Zealand. Aylesford, The Right Hon’ble The Earl of .. England. Bahawalpur; H. H. The Nawab Capt., Sir Sadiq Mohammad Khan Abassi (K.C.V.0.,G.C I.E.,K.C.V.0.) Bahawalpur. ........ Baini Prashad, Dr. (D.SC., 0.B.E.) ay ... Benares City. Baker, E. C. Stuart (C.1.E., F.Z.S.) es London. Bansda, H, H. Maharaul ‘Shri Indra Singha Erato Singhji, Raja Sahebof ... Bansda. Baroda, H. H. The Maharaja Sir Biatapedin Gaelwar ‘ G.C.1.E.) (Vice-Patron) ... aes ... Baroda. . Bates, Lt.-Col. R. S. P. (1.A., M.B.O.U.) ... .. Ahmedabad. Bhavnagar, H. H. The Maharaja Shri Sir erenne Kumar Singhji (K.c.S.1.) (V7ce-Patron) .- Bhavnagar, Bhavnagar, Kumar Shri Dharmakumar Sinhji Bhopal, H. H. Col. Sir Mahommad Hamidulla Khan Bahadur (G.C.S,1., C.S.1., C.v.0.) * Bhopal. Bikaner, General H. H. The Manarah Shri Sir anes Singhji Bahadur (G.C.S.I,, G.C.I.E-, G.C.V.O., G.B.E., K.C.B , A.D.C., LL.D.) (Vice-Putron) ... Bikaner. Bikaner, Capt. H. H. Mahara} Kumar Shri Sadul Singhji Bahadur (c.v.o.) ? a) Bilaspur, H. H. Raja Anandchand as see Bilaspur. Bodenham, Count K. Lubienski sek ... London. Bradshaw, J. Ps. ... oe ... England. Bridgeman, Lt. -Col. Hon’ble H, G. O. (D.S.0O.) Brook, Carlton P. Burton, Brig.-Gen. R. G. ; a e i Burton, Lt.-Col. Richard W. (1.4. Reid). .. Bangalore. Bute, The Most Hon’ble The Marquis of ... .» England. Caccia, Major A. M. (1.F.S.) Cambay, H.H. Nawab Hussain varanoian Lee ie) >) Alikhan Saheb Bahadur _... ae .. Cambay. Carter, Lt.-Col. H. St. M. (D.S.0., M.c.) ... ... London, : Chhota-Udepur, Maharawai Natwar Sinhii F. Rajaji of Chhota- Gaeear Christopher, Sydney A. (Bar-at-Law) ... .. Rangoon. Clarke; OO. (C1.bs,1. C5.) G24 ae -... London. Clutterbuck, Major J. E. (R.£.) ie ... Bombay, FEB i5 1943 xl LIST OF MEMBERS Clutterbuck, Sir Peter (A7?., C.1.E., C.B.E.) Srinagar. Cooch Behar, H. H. The Menara. Jageddipenda Narayan Bhup Bahadur _... ..« Cooeh Behar Coode, John M. ae te a .. England. Corkill, Dr. Norman L. (M.B., Ch.B) Ae ... Khartoum. Craw, H. H. (1:C:.S"} ae = ... London. Cron, Herman a ae a .. New York. Culbertson, J. M.S. a M.I.C.E.) England. Cutch, H. H. The Maharao Shri Viayaraji ( Vite- Patron) 2a .. Bhuj-Cutch. Cutch, Kumar Shri Godji Obit fis: = wo. Catchy Cutting, C. Suydam ... Ses ani .. New York. Dalal, Miss Meherbai P. M. < Pe ... Poona. Dalal, Miss Perin P. M. “eo ee .-«. Bombay. Dalal, R. D. : aan ... London. D’ Almeida, J. F. R. (B. As, B. Sc.) Bandra. Dhar, H. H. The Maharaja Mpeneiac Bpareanah Bahadur Ga oe fee -. Dhar State: Dharampur, H. H. The Maharane Shree Vijaya- devji Rana, Maharaja Saheb of tee .. Dharampur. Drake-Brockman, Lt.-Col. H. E. (F.z.s., 1.M.s.) —.... London. Dungarpur, H. H. Rai Rayan Maharajadhiraj Maharawal Shri Sir Lakhshman Singhji Bahadur (K.¢.S;1,) eae ies ... Dungarpur. Duxbury, Brigadier C. D. isi Aas .. England. Elgee, Colonel J. W.L. eg. an ) Pees ~ BONdON: Ellison, Bernard C. (C.M.Z.S., F.R.G.S.) ... er 7 Engiish, E. E, ice abe a .. England. Erb, E. es it « witzerland. Eezta, Alfred (0.8% 5,'F-Z2:S:) one .. England. Ezra, Sir David, (At. F.Z.S.) (Vice- Biron ... Calcutta. Frey, Max lite ... switzerland. Gharpurey, Lt.-Col. Ke G. Ce Retd.) (Vice-Patron) Poona. Gonsalves, A. F. ... ae mia ... Bandra. Gregory-Smith, Capt. H.G. ... ae ... Nairobi. Harris, Jr., William P. ies soe USA. Hingston, Niekon R. W. G. (1.M.S. 5.) .... Bangalore. Holkar, H. H. The Maharaja Sir ace Rao i«® Indore. Hopwood, S. F. (1.F.S.) nc ... Rangoon, Hotson, Sir Ernest (K.C.S.I., 0.B.E., LCS.) ... London. Hoyos, Count FE. ... ee dies ves dNUSEDIA Husbands, Major H. W. 8S. (M.C., - A.M.I.C.E., S.M.R.E;). a at sd ... London, Hyderabad, H. E. H. The Nizam Sir Usman Ali- khan Bahadur (G.C.S.1., G.B.E,) (Vice-Patron) .... Hyderabad, Dn. Ichalkaranji, The Hon’ble Meberban Narayan Govind alias Babasaheb Ghorpade ... .. Ichalkaranji. Idar, H. H. Maharaja Sari Himmat Singhji Saheb Bahadur cs ue ays .. Himmatnagar. Iftikhar Alikhan, Sanibaade oy Gs .» Malerkotla. Indore, H. H....‘he Maharaja Sir Yeshawantrao Holkar (C,C.1.E.) aes Ae ses -Lndore, LIST OF MEMBERS Inglis, Chas. M. (F.Z.S., B.E., M.B.O.U.) «. Ivens, J. H. (P.W.D.) Jaipur State, H. H. The Maneraja Sir Saar Man Singhji (G.C.1.E.) oes Jamkhandi, - Shrimant Shanianrod Parieuuminra alias Appasaheb Patwardhan Raja of Janjira State, H. H. Nawab Sidi Munananaiten Nawabsaheb of Jind, H. H. Maharaja Sir Rear Sinen (K:C.Sik., G.C.I1.E.) ace ot F Jodhpur, Lt.-Col. H. H. The Mahataea: ‘Sir tara Singh Bahadur (G.C.1.£.,G.C.S I.,K.C.S.I., K.C.V.0.) (Vice- Patron) iad sat Jodhpur, Shri Bada Maharaj Kener Sahib Hanwant Singh ae Junagadh, His Hennes Nawan of (K.C S.I., G.C.I.E.) ( Vice-Patron) Kaiser Shumsher Jung pabadur Rana, Ss. M. Neon: manding-Gen. oo Khetri, Raja Sardar Singh Pawan Kirk-Greene, Mrs, Leslie Kotah, H. H. Shri Bhim Singhji Sahib Ranadie Maharao of oe vee Laurie, M. V. (1.F S.) Lewis, J. Spedan Lloyd-Smith, Wilton Long, G. R. (1.F.S.) Be Lorimer, Lt.-Col. D. L. R. eu FE.) TA.) 0. Lowndes, Major Donald, G. Ludlow, F. (M.A., M.B.O.U., I.E.S., ea) Lynes, Rear Admiral Herbert (C.B., C.M.G.) Mackenzie, J.M.D. (1.F.S.) an Mahmudabad, Raja Minammad Amir pmadinene ae Mandlik, Sir Narayan (A‘?.) Mangrol, The Shaikh Saheb of.. Mayurbhanj, H. H. The Maharaja Pratapchandra Bhanj Deo ae ee McConaghy, Lt.-Col. C. B. (I.M.s.) Mess Secretary, 3/ 17th Dogra Regiment ... Mess Secretary, 1/10th Gurkha Rifles Millard, A. W. PP. ... she Millard, W.S. (F.z.8.) (Vice- Patron) Miraj, Shrimant Raja Saheb N. T. Patwardhan Montagnon, D. J. ... Ae Monteath, G. (1.C.S.) (Retd. Vee Morvi, H. H. The Maharajah Sir Lakhdirij Wash (G.B.E., K.C.S.I.) BP : Mosse, Lt. Col., Ae HE (ane) Murland, Lt.-Col. H. F. Mysore, H. H. Siilevachamara a Wade Panadan Namjoshi, V. K. cet Narayanlal Bansilal, Raja ee Ae Darjeeling. England. Jaipur. Jamkhandi. Janjira-Murud Jind. Jodhpur. Junagadh. Nepal. Khetri. London, Kotah. Delhi. London. New York. London. England, Bombay. Srinagar, London. Scotland. Mahmudabad. Bombay. Mangrol. Baripada, England. India. England. Miraj Sr. Dibrugarh. England. Morvi. England. Coorg. Mysore. Bombay. ”? xii slii LIST OF. MEMBERS Narsingarh, H..H. Raja Sir Vikram Singhji Sahib Bahadur (K.C.I.E.) one O00 Son Nawanagar, H. H. The Maharaja Jamsaheb Sir, Digvijiaysinhji (K.C.S.1., G.C.1.F. ) 00 Nepal, Lt. General Shankar Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana Nepal, Supradipta Monvaber AGore alk ‘Sir Monin Shumshere Jung Bahadur Rana (K.C.I.E.) Newman, ‘I’. H. (F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.) Me Noyce, Sir Frank (K.C.S.1., C.B.E., I.C.5.) Oberholser, Harry C. ie O’Donnell, C. O. (Senefactor)... Ogilvie, G. H. (1.F.S.) Page, A. J. (1.C.S.) Palitana, H. H. The Thakor Saheb Shri Sir Banaaan Sinhji (K.C:S.1,,,K-C, Tie. ) sus Parlakimedi, Sri Sri Sri Krishna Chandra earanat Narayan Deo, Maharaja of Parlett, L. M. (1.C.S.) (Retd.) Patiala, H. H. Shri 108 Maonata aniaa Monendea Bahadur (G.B.E.) (Vice- Patron) Patiala, Capt. Rao Raja Birindra Singhji Patiala, Maharaj Kumar Capt. Brijindra Singhji Patuck, P. S. (1.C.S.) (Retd.) ... Peacock, E. H. (B.F.S.) (Retd.) Peppe, Major F. H. (R.A.) Pestonji, Jivanji (N.C.S.) Petit, Dhunjibhoy Bomanji Petit, Jehangir Bomanji , Porbandar, H. H. The Maharaja Shri Natwar enon Bhavsinghji Rae, Lt.-Col. M. E. (J.A.) (Reta. ) me Rajpipla, H.-H. Maharaja Shri Sir Vijaysinhji (R2C SI iar aes ds Se Reid, Mrs. D. W. |... Rewa, H. H. The Maharaja Sir Ghlanenen Bavada (K.C.S I., G.C.1.E-) (Vice- Patron) Roosevelt, Kermit ... Roosevelt, Col. Theodore Rose, Major,Tyrell .. ‘ Roumania, H. M. Hie King ot Sanders, Col. C. W. es Sanderson, Henry Sangli, Meherban Sir Sean. Fontntaniomias ane Saheb Patwardhan (K.C.S.I.) Savile, Sir Leopold (K.C.B., M.I.C.E.) Schmid, W. ae aie = te Sewal, Rai Bahadur Dr. Ram Narain (M.B., F.R.C.S.E. M.R.C.P.E., etc.) _ se Seymour-Sewell, Lt.-Col. R. B. . M.S.) .. Sirmoor, H. H. Maharaja Rajendra Prakash Bandon Smith, Major G. De Heriez Narasingarh, Jamnagar. Nepal. England. London. U.S.A. England. London. Palitana. Parlakimedi. England. Patiala. London. Africa. India. Hyderabad, Dn. Bombay. 9) Porbandar. Edinburgh. Rajpipla. England, Rewa. U.S. A. England. Roumania. Delhi. | U. Si A. Sangli. London. Switzerland... Sepa. London. Nahan. -Ootacamund,. oneruern LIST OF MEMBERS xliii Smith, H. C. (1.F.s.) ... Bombay. Spence, Dr. Arthur D. (M.B. Meh, B.) (ean. ) .. England. Spence, Sir Reginald (Az, F.z.s.) ‘ Standen, Sir B. (K,c 1.k., LC.S. . (Retd. ) ” Stanton, W. C. a aae A stewart, C. G: (1.P.S., M, A., O.B.E. 5 aie .. Rangoon, Studd, E. ae ... England Suket State, HW. H. rae Rareiwan ell pea: +3. UKet. Surguja, Maharaja Ramanuj Saran Singh Deo (C.B.F, ) surguja. Swaine, J. K. ise a ee ».. London. Swithinbank, Mrs. B. W. dee England. Tehri-Garhwal, H. H. Maharaja Sir Neto re Shah Saheb Bahadur COR ray O10 OF) a0 ae Lehn. Thomson-Glover, Lt.-Col. J. W. (C.B.E.) ... .. Bombay. Travancore, ‘The Game Warden ‘Travancore, Udaipur, H. H. The Maharana Sahib Rated (G:C.S1.) es ... Udaipur. Vaughan, Capt. William (F.E.8. 3.) ; ... Canada. Venning, Brigadier F. E. W. (C.B.E., D.S.O. - .. England. Vernay, A.S. (Vice-Patron) ... re .. England and U.S.A. Vesugar, Jamshed (P.W.D.) a ay #. oimila, Waite, H. W. (I.P.)... ne ee ... Rawalpindi. ~ Walker, Roland ose London. Wankaner, Maharaj Kumar eines Ghanamnnanusinenn Wankaner, . Wauchope, Major R. S. (1.A.) ... Son .. England. Whistler, Hugh (M.B.0.U., F.Z.S.) sie oes re Williamson, Sir W. J. F. (C.M.G.) es ss yy Wilson, Sir Arnold (K.C.1.E., C.S.I., C.M.G., D.S.0.).. Windsor, H. R. H. The Duke of Wyndham, P. (c.B.k., I.C.5.) ... es _«» London. MEMBERS Abbott, Major Bruce (1.B.) re ar ..- Roorkee. Acland, Rt. Rev. R. D. (M.A.) (Azshop of Bombay) .... Bombay. Adam, Capt. A. de. B. ae oe . Peshawar. Acha, Capt.Ji.0G. a ie ... Dharwar. Ahmedkhan, G. _ sie a ... Begampet. Aitken, J. Ef. aot Ajmer. Alcaiot Shrimant SC aracnina Rafenenntao Rai Bhosle rae iss .. Akalkot. Aldrich, Dr. H. C. a D.) ne ae .. Nadiad. Alfrey, J. 1. are aes viae ... Bombay. Ali, Salim (M.B.0.0.) — cat ... Dehra Dun. Ali, Sayed Mohammad (M.N.S.T., U.S.A.).. ... Cawnpore. Arebalal Sarabhai ... .. Ahmedabad. American Museum of Natural He tony, The peaniat, New York, U.S.A. Anderson, Johns. ... eos ... Bombay. Anderson-Morshead, Capt. R. y. - .- England. Andrews, E. A. As wet ae ... London Arathoon, J. D. L. ... Pee ba ‘. Indore. Ash, H. D. Led = ts .. England. xliv. LIST OF MEMBERS Ashby, Major R. T. (H.A.) oe ee ... Bombay. | Atkinson, D. J. (1.F.S.) . -alndia- Aundh, Shrimant B.S. Panteahehieratinidit Chief of. Aundh. ! Australian Museum, The Secretary ae .. oydney. | Avdall, Miss A. aye ar ae ... Srinagar. . Babra, D. S. Vala Bawabhai ... Sas ... Babra. Badhwar, F. C:.* «:. ae ... Mussoorie. | Bahadurji, D. N. (Bar-at- no oes .. Bombay. ! Bailey, Lt.-Col. F. M. (c.1.8.) ae .. England. | Baker, A. H. ve x. oe ... Bombay. Baker, Miss W. H. os ae ... Lahore, Balayew, Dimitry D. a .. Baghdad. Bale Sons and Staples, Ltd., Mec: J ee ... London. Ball, H. P. . ces ee ee Balrampur, Menara at Barenwaai Prasad Singh ... Balrampur. Bam, M. T. ta .. . Meerut. Baria, H. H. The Maharaj Sir Ranjit Singhjee (K.C.S.I1.) A ie os -Batias Baria, Mrs. D. D. H. ae SC) ae ee ... Bombay. Barne, Lt. N. H. aoe ie ~- anidiar. Baroda, The Commissioner of Acnentune ... Baroda. Baron, C.G, nee ae nae ... Shillong. Barrett, A. B. = be ae en Oylbet. Barrett, H. B. (1.F.S.) te ie ... India. Barry, Miss Agnes T. cet ae ... Ahmedabad. Basu, B. aoe ee .... Bombay. Battye, Capt. R. K. M. (TAs), Gas fe a. . Ouetta. Baudh State, Raja Narayan Prasad Dev ... /... Baudh-Raj. Baxter, N. B. ea se ee .... Bombay. Bazett, H. M. he nee oe, ue. Undig. Bazalgette, Capt. J. E. A. tee oP ... Kolhapur. Beadnell, C. B. (D.S.o.) ot ee .. Kotagiri. Beamish, Major T. V. H. es as <=. “india. Bedi, Major Kanwar Daya Sineh ’ Danta-Bhavangadh. Darjeeling. Bombay. Khaur, Bombay. Karachi. Coimbatore. Jallundur Cantt. Travancore. Java. France, Keonjhargarh. London. Dewas Sr. Dewas Jr. Bombay. Persia. Dinajpur. Director of Museums, $.S. & F. M. States one Dods, W. K. Donald, C. H. (#.Zis.) Donald, Capt. J. O. S. LIST OF MEMBERS Donavan, Lt.-Col. C. (I.M.S.} Douglas, J. A. (D.S.P., Retd.) Douglas, Miss Margaret Drake-Brockman, Major, R. F. H. (R.A.) Dubash, J. K. Duke, A. H. Duke, Bt. Dunbar, U. B. H. Duncan, Lt.-Col. D. L. Dunlop, 8. W. C. (1.C.5.) Dunsdon, A. C. Durand, C. H. S. Dyson, R. A. Lt.-Col. C. Leb. Dunbar-Brander, A. A. (0.B.0., LFS.) ... was (M.CoyaRsEs)e Kast India Railway European ine tifue Matess KeRS.(1sPs 78 22:S., Mu .B.O.U.) Edwards, M. Vincent (1.8.S.) ... Kliot, John N Eliott-Lockhart, Major Wm. Ellis, Ralph ‘a Emerson, C. A. bing Emerson, Gerald H. (1.C. Emerson, Major J. ... S.) Etaiyapuram, The Rajah of Hvans, Col..G. hiaiG.len-, Evans, Brigadier W. H. cee Ezra, Sir Alwyn, K7?. Glee: ee aes Fawcus, L. R. (1.C.8.)- Featherstone, Gorden B. F.L.S.) ; CAB. ion) Ferrar, Lt.-Col. M. L. (1.A., 0-B.2.,-C.S.1.) Finnis, N. D’O Fischer, C. E. (R.#.) Fisher, J. Barling (Bar-at-Law, F.R.G.S.) Fletcher, Thos. Bainbrigge (¥.R.£.S., Iooks, H. A. Foot, A. E. Forrington, Arthur ... EAL.S.) Fountaine, Miss Margaret (F.R.E.S.) Fraser, Capt. A. G. L. (1.M.D.) Fraser, Duncan Fraser, K. H. Fraser, Capt. L. J. D. (1.4.) French Indo-China, Emperor of Annam Frend, G. V..R. Frome, N. F. (D.F.c., M. SC. M.[-Hebs) 1%). ues ak His Majesty S. M. Fyzee, A. A. A. (M.A., LL.B., Bar-at-Law) 4 Bao- Dai, xlix Kuala Lumpur. Calcutta. Dharmsala, INS Wa Boake: England, Dehra Dun, Jalna. Bombay. Bangkok. Roorkee. Scotland. India. Colombo, Bezwada. Calcutta. Bombay. London. Allahabad, Karachi. New Delhi. London. Bombay. California. | Wneland. Waziristan. Bombay. Ktaiyapuram. London. England. Bombay. Calcutta. Assam. England. Secunderabad. Fatehgarh. Tetlicherry. Engiand. Calcutta. Dehra Duns. Bombay. London. Wellington. London. Tellicherry. India. F. I. China. Kadur. New Delhi. Bombay. ] LIST OF MEMBERS Gabb, H. B. os ee ay Gardiner, J. E. or Garthwaite, P. F. (1.F.S.) wes “as Garbett, Sir Colin (K.C.I.E., C.M.G., €.S.I., F.R.G.S., ECS.) Geddis, A. Gee, E. P. Gemmell, G. W. George Hugh S. (1.F.S.) George, J. Ghosh, s. i. (L.C.S.) Gibbon, Herbert Gibbons, J. M. B. Gibson, Sir Edmund (K.C.1.E. 1.C. St) Gill, E. H. N. (F.z.S.) Gill, Hz A: CALC.) Gimson, C. (I.C.S.) Glenn, E. B. : eee Glennie, Lt.-Col. E. A. (D.S.0., R.E.) Goodwin, F. W. ne sae Gordon, Major J. W. See Gough, Lt.-Col. W. Gould, Sir Basil (c.1.., LC. S., C.M.G.) Gouldsbury, C. P. at GOVERNMENT DEEPA RTMENTS— Director of Agriculture, Bombay Director, Bureau of Science ... Director of Agriculture, Punjab Director of Agriculture, Baghdad Graham, Major G. K. (1.M.S.) Gravely, Dr. F. H. (p.sc.) Gray, James rn ae Greaves, Mrs. D. I. se ae Greaves, J. B. (C.B.E., M.L.A., JuP.) see Greenwood, J. A. C. ter Gwalior, The Director of State Gardens ... Hackney, M. J. Hall, James A. Hall, J. E. i Ee one oe Hambly, R. L. Hamidkhan Bhatti, Dr. M. (se SCuL Lh. Be ae D.) Hamilton, Major C.S. P. ae OF ieee L.R.C.P., R.A.M.C.) Hance, Lt.-Col. J. B. (CLE. Oates 1.M.8.) Hancock, Lt.-Co!. C. P. (C.1.E.) Harman, A. C. ; Re Harper, Lt.-Col. A. Forrest Harper, William Hartnoll, E. S. (1.F.s.) Harvey, Lt.-Col. C. W. L. ee C.B.E. 4 Hasted, Major J. S. Holy Calcutta. Nasirabad. India. Lahore Bombay. Badlipar Calcutta. Nagpur. Bombay. Shillong. Vandiperiyar. Bombay. Dehra Dun. Sitapur. Delhi. Imphal. Calcutta. Dehra Dun Simla. Jodhpur, Dehra Dun. (sangtok. Travancore. Poooa, Manila. Lahore, Iraq. Lahore. Kodaikana!. Devicolam. Bombay. Madras. Gwalior. Bombay. Kollengode. Roorkee. Calcutta. Lyallpur. Sylhet. Bombay. ; New Delhi. Bettiah. London. Cawnpote. Srinagar. Indore. Dehra Dun. Ee LIST OF MEMBERS ? li Hate, Prof. Vinayak N. (B.Sc.) Bombay. Hawes, C. G._(C.1.E.) Karachi. Hawkins, R. E. vial an Bombay. Hay, Lt.-Col. R. (1.M.S., ¢.1.E. ) New Delhi. Headly, Derek hs Palestine. Heaney, Lt.-Col. G. F. (R.£.) ... Calcutta. Henry, H. A. Karachi. Heslop-Harrison, Dr. G Bombay. Hessling, F. er i. Hewetson, C, E. (1.F.s.) ” Hewitt, Walter A. ... Gonda. Heysham, R. K. _... Bombay. Hickin, S. B. (M.B.£E.) - Sukkur. Higgins, J. C: (¢.1.E., 1.C:S.) ... Bombay. Hiley, A C. (C.1.E., 1.F.S.) Poona. Hill, D. G. (F.R.G.S., J.P.) Bombay. Hillyer, R. A. N. : Haiti. Hindmarsh, Lt.-Col. J. H. L. ... Bombay. Hislop, Lt.-Col. J. H. (M.c., 1.M.8.) ‘ty Hocking, Brian (1.4.0.c.) Cawnpore. Hodson, G. A. (B.F.S.) London. Hodson, Lt. R. V. E. Sialkot. Hoey, Capt.C. F. .. New Delhi, Holland, Major G. M. Bombay. Holmes, H. R. England. Hook, Major Peter ... New Delhi. Hopkinson, A. J. (C.1.E., LC. S, ) Kalat. Hora, Dr. Sunder Lal (D.Sc.) . Calcutta. Hoshang, N. E. Dinshaw Karachi. Hotz, Edwin ; ie _ Delhi. Howard-Bradshaw, Comet C. T. (R.N.) .. England. Howell, Sir Evelyn (K C.1.h., C.1.E., I.C. S. ) London. Howey, A. J. E. England. Hubback, Theodore R. Pahang. Hughes, Capt. A. R. India. Hughes, Mrs. M. A. Kalimpong. Hunt, L. E. eh ~ ... Bombay. Hyderabad, Dn., Economic Botanist to Government, Cul bree Himayatsagar, Dn. Hyderabad, Dn., Supdt. of Bisherics Hyderabad, Dn., Inspector-General of Forests Hyderabad, Dn. New Delhi. Imperial Colac of Agricultural Research Iron, C. 8S. ae a ... Bombay. Irwin, Lt. H. R. H. 'F. wee is .. India. Isaacs, Miss Mozelle (M.A., M.SC., B.T.) 1s. i. Poona. Ishwardas Lakshmidas Sir (47.) .... Bombay. Ismail, P. M. (1.C.8 ) a; 5 ... Simla. Jackman, Capt. R. C. Fort-Sandeman. James, E. R. Sherman sts ... Assam. James, J. N. A. ce see ... Ajmer. Jamsetji, M. Doctor (F.z.S., C.M.Z.S.) Bombay. lii LIST OF MEMBERS Jaora, H. H. Col. Sir Iftikhor Alikhan (K.C.1.E.) Nawab of Jarman, Mrs, S. F. Jawhar State, H. H. the Raja : jawhee Jenning, E. Jephson, Lt.-Col. M. D. Jhalawar, H. H. The Maharaja Rana Sir Raiendra singh Bahadur’ (K.€.S.1,) .... Johnson, Kay ss Joly, Dr. B. M. Jones, A. E. : Jones, A. J. Turnley Jubbal, Rajkumar Digviiaienandee: Heir Denarert of, Junagadh, The Dewan of Karve, Prof. Janarden Nilkanth (M.sc.) Keatinge, i, Act i os ied Bc Keelan, W. P Kefford, H. Kingsley Kermode, C. W. D. (1.F.S.) Kern ob. 0, Kerr, J 3.5. : Khan, Sahebzada Sardar Mananied (UEP: ) Khareghat, M. P. (1.C.8.) Kiernander, Major O. G. Kirwan, Noel G. B.... Koechlin, E. L. Kohli PN: Kothavala, T. T. Laborda, Dr. FE: R. (.2.C.S., L.R.C.P.,; D.P.H:) Laing, A.S. aie Lalkaka, Mrs. Mehra K, A. Lamb, Sir Thomas (A7z.) Landells, W. J. Langdale, A. H. Latif, Sarhan C. Launey, Capt. Paul de Leach, Hon’ble Justice Sir Tignel (A7Z.) Leakey, R, D. Leathart, P. S. Lehner, E. (M.A., Ph.D.) Leland, A. J. a LeMarchand, A. E. M. Leonard, D. G. ins Leonard, G. R. Lae ae Lewin, Major F. H. W. Ross ... Lewis, E.S. (pP.c.S.) LIBRARIES— Annamalai University Library Hyderabad, The State Library Imperial Library, The Lahore, University of Punjab, The Tineamae Jaora. Bombay. Jawhar. India. England. Brijnagar. Moran. New Delhi. Simla. Naini Tal. Jubbal. Junagadh. Poona. Calcutta. Dehra Dun. Raipur. London. Bombay. Calcutta. Junagadh. Bombay. England. Mangalore. Nilgiris. Kashmir. Bombay. Calcutta. Bombay. Calcutta. India. Bombay. Karachi. Khargpur. Madras. Bombay. Dehra Dun. Lahore. England. Cochin. Pahang. Bombay. Rohtak. Annamalainagar. Hyderabad, Dn. Calcutta. Lahore. LIST OF MEMBERS liii LIBRARIES— continued Lytton Library, Muslim University a Aligarh. Madras, Connemara Public Library, The Bene pel Librarian si Madras. Public Library, Naccame dnd National Gallery & Victoria, The Chief Librarian ; Melbourne. Public Library, Museum and Art eaters Piemde. S. Australia. United Service Library, The Honorary Secretary . Poona. Lichtioot, Capt.G..S.(1-P.) ... re yo) cee wANScame Lindsay-Smith, Capt. J. . Lockhart, J. Belgaum, Lodge, Geo. E. England Loke, W. T. oo ... Bombay. Lord Reay Industrial Museum... eae we «Oona. Loucatos, G. a ies ..» Bombay. Love, Major S. W. A. = ae wo India, Low, Francis (Jr.) aa ... Bombay. Lowe, Lt.-Col. J. H. B. (R.E. - se oe Natron dale Lowman, Major Stephen (Rk. CAG S:C ) ee =. Peshawar. Lowndes, R. C. . aa ne! bombay. Lowther, E. H. N. (F.z.s , eae os «. Allahabad. Lucknow, Provincial Museum, The Curator .. Lucknow. Lunawada, H. H. Maharana Shri Virbhadrasinhji .... Lunawada. Lushington, Mrs. C. G. Ceylon. Lutyens, F. M. B. wees ea leutta. Macdonald, A. St. J. ae We .. Bhowali. Macdonald, A. A. (1.C.S.) re a ..- Lahore. Mackenzie, J. M. ... os ee co SGHlCcitta, Mackett, H. J. oe : he ieee) Welt: Maclachlan,..D°(1-C.S:, €.1.8.) sh .. Poona. MacLachlan, R. B. (C.1.£.) toe o<+ ireland, " MacLeod, Major A. J. W. ae ah eae lindia,: Macnaghten, Sir Henry (A@.) ... bai :...- leondon. Madan, F. R. (1.F.S.) Bae nee .. Ootacamund, Madras, H. E. The Governor of 2 ... Madras. Mahendra, B. C. (M.Sc.) ; ae .. Agra. Malden, F. R. BE. ... une es. WKhaur. Maltby, Major-Genl. C. M. oe eM Gs) Fees a.) SKOtacith Mankapur Raj, Raja ikea Pratap: Singh Saheb (M.L.A.) ... A, Bi ... Mankapur. Marine Biological Laboratory ... Sis ae Mass, UU. Martin, Carr A. ne ian bee ois LNCIAS Matthews, W.H._... eee . Rungli-Runegliot. Maxwell, Capt. H. A. (1.F. s.) . ahs » Dehra Dun. Maxwell, Hon’ble Sir Regina (i 4C. Sie .@.1 PC:s.) ia ae Bes ww. Welhi; McFarlane, J. ewe Calcutta. McGusty, H. M. eg Bombay. McLeod, Major-Genl. D. K. India. McPherson, James ... England. MasSwiney, Capt P. M. (1.M.s. 7" India. Mehta, Sir Hormasji,(A?., K.B.E.) Bombay. liv LIST OF MEMBERS Mehta, Jamshed N. R. Bae Ses .» Karachi. Mehta, K. M. “ei me foe .. Bhavnagar. Meiklejohn, W. (1.F.S., C.I.E. al ons . Shillong. Meinertzhagen, Lt-Col. R. se Hse ... London, Menesse, N. H. (1.8.E.) oe wes 2 Karachi. Merrill. Major W E., (1.4.) _... a ... Dehra Dun. Meston, D. C. wo 5c ais .. Assam. Michael, J. D. ae oe ar fess. Delhi. Milburne, W. ae see ae at, Barjuli: Miller, G. D. L. vee ae eae ... Assam. Mills; J. P.(c.Ue.; 1:C.S.) oat aoe walt Fy Mirchandani, B. D. (1C.S.)_... ose Soe OLGA. Mirchandani, T. K. (M.B.E.) ... uke .. Dharwar, Mirchandani,U. M. (IC.S.) ... oe vcs. POONA: Mistri, Dr. J. D. nee nA eds .. Bombay. Mitchell, H. J. (B.F.S.) one ths ve. “Delhy, Moles, S. (1.C.8.) - ... . .. Pindigheb. Montmorency, Sir Geoffrey ae (K.C.V.O., K.C.I.E., C.B Eb. BG.S:): 7.2 ae we .. Jingland. Mooney, H. F. (1.8-.s.) oe aes w3 Ranchi. Moore, Mrs. A. B. B. saa a .. Naini Tal. Moore, Lt.-Col. A.C. (1.4.) Ae a.) Andia. Moore, John aids ie Re .«. London. Moore, R. J. Arthur oat ae ... Travancore. Morehead, F. T. (0.B.E., B.SC., roe dee a. India, Morgan, Vernon ... ace ... Allahabad. Morris, Maior Ralph C, (F.Z.S., F.R.G.S.).. .. Attikan. Morton, Sir George (X?.) eee ons ne eCaleutta: Moses, Dr. S. T. ... ine ve ... Baroda. Mulroney, J. T. a ae aa ... Kurseong. Murray, Miss M E. Wolfe aes br ... Lovedale, Nilgiris. Mustill, F. J. ss sco av lodia’ Mysore, Government Museum, The Spenntennient .. Bangalore. Mysore, Chief Conservator of Forests ae es .; Nagpur, Central Museum, The Curator... sac) Naepur. Naik, Dr. R. N. (G.B.Vv.C.) ae ves «. Bombay. Needham, F. M. os Sac tee ... Assam. Nevill, Capt. T. N.C. sas see ... London. Newcome, Lionel... see aa ... Somwarpet. Nicholas, Major R. C. ee ees .. Belgaum. Nichols, Rev. Edward G tas ... Madura. Nicholson, Lt.-Col. M. iN (1.M.S., C.I.E. fe ae Lodiae Nicolaus, G. R. (F.R.G.S., F.Z.S.) ee ... London. Nicholls, Frank. ... ee: sis .. Borgang. Nilgiri, Game Association Jas bak ..- Ootacamund. Nilgiri, H. H. The Raja Saheb of a .. Raj-Nilgiri. Nilsson, D. ... ane ... Bombay. N.-W. F. Province, His mecciency the Cone of.. Peshawar. Ogden, F. C. D. ais sie om .. Bombay. Ogilvie, C. 5. see 400 —o ... London. Oliver, A. W. L. : Bes See ae es Olmstead, Williams... cae ae oye pwvelhi, LIST OF MEMBERS Orchha State, H. H. The Sawai Mahendra Maberele Bahadur acs see “es . Tikamgarh. Ormerod, H. E. a5 : sa .. » Delhi. Orissa, H. E. ‘The Governor be) ae ... Orissa. Ortcheson, J. (I.C.S.) a use ... Rawalpindi. Osborne-Jones, M. T. ade use ... Trichinopoly. Osmaston, B. B. (C.1.E., I.F.S.) aes ... Engiand. Osmaston, F. C. (1.F.S.) ive te .. Chaibassa. Oxley, Lt.-Col J. C. S. (I.M.S.) 263 .. sorinagar. Palairet, Lt.-Col. E. J. (R.E.) «+. ae ... Lahore. Palanpur, H. H. Sir Nawab Saheb Taley Mahomed, Khan Bahadur of (K.C..1.E., K.C.V.Q:) .. Palanpur. Palmer, R. W. V.... ae aoe ... Calcutta. Panday, Mrs. J. L.. ... Ses ops .. Bombay. Parker, Mrs. M. . Parr, C. Ivan. a wes sa .. oamastipur. Parsons, R. E. (1.P.4 F.R.E.S.) . Shillong. Partahyarh, H. H. Maharawat Sir Ramen: Banaduc (K.C.S.1.) Be oe be ... Partabgarh. Paterson, E. A. fet Bas ante ... Calcutta. Paterson, Hon’ble Mr. J.J. ... Hongkong. Patna State, Maharaja Rajendra Natavea net DEO ©. .5 oa a ban .. Balangir. Patten, Hugo J. ses So ath .. Edinburgh. Patterson, A. Nae ... London. Patterson, Lt.-Col. C, 'R. (iA ) oe ... Ambala. Patuck, B. F. bee gen oe .. Bombay. Pazze, Peter P. eee cae see ai fi Peart, Major J. F. ... $ a 2s, India. Penberthy, W. J. ... ise ae a Caleutta: Perfect, E. rf : .. Madras. Petit Institute, J. N. Mrionorary Secrecy. .. Bombay. Petit, F. C. sas es Petit, S. C. D. aes soe ine SA Phillips, Capt. T. J. tas af .. Srinagar. Phillips, W. W. A..... ait ues «2 > Ceylon. Phythian-Adams, Major E. G. (1.A., F.zZ.S.) .. Bangalore. Picton, Major F. C. (R.A.) ae ... Abbottabad. Pizey, R. M. ee ae “iat .. Assam. Porteous, A. B. ase re ae .- Bhilad., Potter, F. Ves see eat ... Bombay. Proud, Mrs. Desirée .. ie ... simla Hills, Pudukottai, State Auseut, The Cua “ee .- Pudukottai. Pullan, A. U. ewe wee eee ..» Dooars. Quicke, H.J.B.B. ... we ae .. Bombay. Rahman, Q. F. (1.S.#.) Br ive ... Howrah. Ralston, Lt.-Col. W. H. (D.S.0., 1.4.) ten ... London. Ramadhyani, R. K. (1C.S.)_... ‘bs .. Nagpur. Ransford, Mrs. A. J. or oes .. Bombay Raptakos, A. KER or ae ae es Rawlins, Mrs. J. W. ae ae .- New Delhi. Rawlins, Major J. W. Gee 39 vi LIST OF MEMBERS Rawson, John H.S. Readymoney, N. J.... Reuben, D. E. (I.C.S.) Reynolds; K. P. Ridland, J. G. ag - Rishworth, Dr.“H. R.-(1.M.S.)... Ritchie, Lt.-Col. W. D. (1.M.S.) Robertson, Lawrence (C.S.1., I.C.S.) Robey, H. R. D. : ne Rondano, Rev. A. (S.J.) Rosenthal, V. ; ie Ross; Bric. Hod /(OsB 2.4 o1.C.) Rossel, Lt.-Col. H. G. (1.4.) Row, Dr. RK. (M.D). Rowland, J. W. (1.P.) ee K.G V’s. O. Bengal 8. & M. Officer’ s Mess Royal Deccan Horse, Mess Commitiee Ruddell, Rev. J. F. W. Rustomjee, Miss Sherene B. Saker, Capt. R. K. M. Sanders, D. F. Sandeman, Lieut. A. G. Sanderson, P. M. D. (F.z.S.) Sandur Siate, Raja Shrimant Yeshw tae Gronpadel Sant, Maharana Shri Jarwar Singji, Raja Saheb of Sarangarh, Raja Bahadur Jawahir Singh (¢.1.£.) Sarawak Museum, The Curator ye Sassoon, Ralph ae ts ea Satya Churn Law, Dr. (MsAs, Biza:, PHD e8.Z.S 5, M.B.O.U.) Sayed Jawad Ali Shah : . Schomberg, Lt.-Col. R. C. F. (D.s.0.) Scott, C. W. (1.F.S.) an Scott, Lt.-Col. F. B. oe Scott, James E. ; ae Scrimgeour, F. H. V. (00.8,) mee Seagrim, Lieut. G. N. Secretary for Agriculture, S. S. & F.M Se Seervai, Dr. Rustom F. Sevastopulo, D. G. (F.E.S.) Seward, H. G. (1.P.) Shah, Lt.-Col. B. L. (1.M.S.) Sharif, Dr. M. (D.Sc., Ph.D., F.N.I.) Shebbeare, E.O. ... a Sherred, P. R. Sherriff, Major George (R.A. ye Sheth, Chinubha Chimanlal (B.a.) Simmonds, A. Ae oan Simmons, Major R. M. (1.F.) .. Simpson, Major R. L. ee Sind, H. E- The Governor of Singh, Kumar Amar London. Bombay. Patna. Ireland. U.S. AL Bombay. Borjuli. England. Rawalpindi. Mangalore. Bombay. India. Bombay. Ahmednagar. Roorkee. Mardan. Bombay. Gyantse. Calcutta. India. London. Sandur. Sant-Rampur. Sarangarh. Kuching. Calcutta. Gorakhpur England. India. England. Scotland. Cawn pore. Fort Sandeman. Kuala Lumpur. Bombay. Calcutta. Allahabad. Bombay. 9) Kuala Lumpur. = - Bhowali. India. Ahmedabad. Assam. India. Ferozpore. Karachi. Dehra Dun, LIST OF MEMBERS Singh, Lt.-Col Thakur Sajjan Sinhji, K. S. Bane (M.a.) Slade, L. W. at, Sladen; D. A. aes Sladen, J. M. (1.C.S.) Slocum, Dr. H. Jermain Smith, Major A. P. (R.E.) Smith, F. W. (D.F.c.) Smith, Dr. Malcolm... smyth, C.P- Smyth-Osbourne, D. G. Smythies, B. E. SociIr TIES— Royal Society of Edinburgh ... New York Zoological Society Sokhey, Lt.-Col. S. 5S. (1.M.S.) Spackman, Col. W. C. (I.M.S.) Sparrow, Col. R. Standford, J. K. (M.c., M.A., M.B.O.U., L.C.S.) Stapylton, J. Miles (I.C.S.) Steer-Webster, Capt. V. C. F.R.H.S., F.Z.S., F.R.S.A.) Stewart, D. (1.F.S., O.B.E.) Stileman, F. F, Stirling, J. H. Stobart, T. 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P., Chief Conservator of Forests TE .., . Nain Lar, DU. )., H. B. The Governor of .. vhs mae, Oi # se Urs., Major Rajkumar C. oer ww. Bangalore: U.S. Department of Agriculture, The Coe an ... Washington, D.C. Van Allen, Mrs. C. M. ix ee ... Bombay. Van Ingen, J. De Wet ine aoe 0 —Nbysore: Vasu, V. M. ee cae -. Porbandar. Veith, Lt.-Col. W. ie DURE.) ne «<< Lahore. Velho, Antonio Viera (B. Ag.) we oeGOg: Viceroy and Governor-General of India ... see eteiGday, Victoria Garden dot a ie EDOM AY: Victoria Memoria] Park, The Honora Seca ... Rangoon. Vincent;A. DD. ns ie aes .. Mundakayam. Nincent, Jin. ae ae ... Kodaikanal. Vine, Capt. Roland S. (R.A.M.C. 5.) aes we. Cairo: Wadia, Framji Dossabhoy ae os se Oona, Wah, L. Htin (1.8.S.) ae an . India. Wait, W. E. ae ... England. Wakely, L. J. D, (I. C. 5.4 M. Bees a ee ‘aan woul ay Walker, Capt. H. W. F. aes ae fee LU SYE- Walkers. (1.F.S.)" 1.<. : ae eas) lDelina? Walsh, Capt. E. Bowring (1.4.0.C.) Be ... New Delhi. Wapeshare, J. H. ... a: oe ws. Nalotris. Waterfield, ‘I’. E. (1.C.8., J.P.) a .... Bombay. Waters, Major H. P. E. Sec a wwe Endia. Watson, Sir H. W. A. (1.8-S.) ... ee .. london: Way, Mrs. A. B. M. é ae) J iihiancir. Weatherbe, Capt. D’Arcy (F.R.G.S., M.I.M.M. etc,) ... Cairo. Webster, Lt.-Col. W. J. (M.C., I.M.S.) eG ecasauli. Weinberg, Dr. M. H. (M.D.)_ ... a ... Bombay. West, Lt.-Col. J. R. ae on iy boda: Weston, A. T. acs se bon ... London. Wickham. P. F. (C.E.) nae a .. England. Wight, W. ee sea ae ... Assam. LIST OF MEMBERS Wikramanayake, E. B. Wilkes, JcS.Ar By 3. Walkins;. P54 (MC... D.E.C., O:B.E.) Williams, Lt.-Col. G. B. Williams, James L. H. Williamson, A. (1.C.5S.) Wilson, The Rt. Hon'ble Lt. Col Sir Leslie (P.c., G.C.1.E., C.M G., D.S.O.) WalSon,i@..P. He. 63 Wilson, F. W. Wilson, Rev. Robert A. Wiltshire, E. P. ve Winckworth, Col. H. C. (R.A.M. 1c.) Witt, H. W. Wordsworth, Major R, G, (R. re Workman, W. H. (F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.) Wrangham-Hardy, G. Wrenick, C. J, T. Wright, Mrs. M. D. ae Wynter-Blyth, Mark A, (M.A.)... Yates, J. A. : Yin, Maung Tun (B.A.) Young, Lt.-Col. G. M. K. Zenkin, Maurice (I.C.S.) PRINTED AT THE DIOCESAN PRESS, MADRAS—1942, C9176 Colombo. Coimbatore. Poona. Udaipur. Nilgiris. London. Queensland. Calcutta. England. Kelhapur. Basra, Iraq. Poona. Karachi. England. Ireland. Darjeeling. India. Naini-Tal. Nilgiris. England. India. Lahore. Dhulia. lix os + av JOURNAL “ty ~ ve Ve 4 9 He ay Natu ; é ¥, raL History Socrry. EDITED BY REV. J. F. CAIUS, S.J., F.L.S.. H. M. McGUSTY. AND S. H. PRATER, M.L.A , C.M.Z.S. ogi ORI na ern PUBLISHED BY _- - THE BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 6, Apollo Street, Bombay. Lonpon AGENTS: ‘DAVID NUTT. (A. G. BERRY) 212, SHAFTESBURY AVENUE, “1 LONDON, W.C. 2. ° Game Birds of India, Vol. III. Pheasants, ist Edition. ‘ Re. 28. Identification of Indian Butterflies, by BricapieER W. H. Evans, C.S.I., C.LEs, “pica Gained Birds of India, Vol. ge on Bustards, ‘anil Sandgrouse)_ Lo eEst. 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Such members | should pay their subscriptions by means of orders on their Bankers to pay the amount of the subscription, plus postage—in all Rs. 26-8-o—to the Society in Bombay on the 1st January in each year. If this cannot be done, then the sum of £2-0-6 should be paid annually to the Society’s London Paap hie National Bank of India, Bishopsgate Street, London, E. C. GONTENDS OF VOLUME. XLTIT,. No. 3 PAGE Some BeautivuL INDisn CiivperR anp Surues. Part VII. By N. L. Bore Mes, DESC., F.L-S., I6:S., and M. B. Raizada, mM.se. (With two coloured blates, eight black aiid white plates, and eleven text-figures) 455 New L&PIDOPrERA FROM 5. W. Iran. By E. P. Wiltshire, F.R.E.s. (With a_ plate) Ful 472 FISHES COLLECTED BY THE VFRNAY-HoPpwoocr Upprr CuInDWIN EXPEDITION, HORS MEY en blOka, | DiSC.e F-R.S-E., h.Z.S.,, BeR.A.S.B., F.Nal. (i 2th one plate) Pe 6 ae Sis ce ie) EZ O THe Marayan ELEPHANT (E. maxiius). By T. Hubback (With 8 plates) 483 Tae EHariy Staces or INDIAN LEpPIpOPIERA. Part - VII. By D. G. y Sevastopulo, F.R.E.S. 510 Satt-Licks. By T. Hurpack sé ig aS — Bee shite) nr Game Fisues or Inpia.. Part XIV. By 5. L. Hora, D.Sc., F-R.S.E., F.Z.S., F.R.A.S.B., F.N.I. (With one plate and three text-figures) 526 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE FLORA OF THE PUNJAB PLAINS AND THE ASSOCIATED Hitt eNEGIONS: “Part ITl.-- By T.(S. SABNIS;, Bate (Hons.), D-.Sc., EsAcSCtpesd. Ac Se ae ae oes te Mes ton a5GS j FuRTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE Fryrnc-Fox (P. giganteus) AND THE Futvous Fruit-Bat (R. leschenaulti). By C. McCann, F.£.s. (With one photo and one text-figure) Bes ee 587 DIstRIBUTION OF Anopheles sundaicus Rodenw. THrouGH MECHANICAL MEANS. °-By--Dr- 'P, Sen, m.se. (Cal.), phip. (Lond.), -D.t:c. (With a map) | 593 SomME CoMMON INDIAN HERBS WITH NOTES ON’ THEIR. ANATOMICAL Cuaracters.. Part VII. By M. Sayeedud-Din (Wtth three plates) ... 599 Two Naturatists Vistr Karwar, N. Kanara. By C. McCann, F.L.s. (With one plate) set ve 2s ae ; . 602 ¢ Cirphis albistigma H. A Pest oF Grasses IN S. Inpia. By M. C. Cherian, B.a., B.Sc.,.D.1.c. and K. P. Anantanarayanan, B.A. (Hons.) 611 Tue MEDICINAL AND Poisonous PLants oF INpta. By J. F. Caius, s.]., FE. S. wi as See a rf as aoe Oly, OBITUARY :— C1iauD BUCHANAN ‘TICEHURST eS Pe Phe ae ... 640 REVIEWS :— (1) Preliminary Guide to Indian Fish, Fisheries, methods of Fishing and Curing. Agricultural marketing in India ‘if ee WOxic (2) Handbook of Economic Entomology for South India. By T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar : 647 (3) Insect Pests of Burma. . By C. C. Gosh ois Ses «32 648 ; (4 Birds of Burma, B. E. Smiythies, etc. ene Ae = O50 APPEAL :— Society for the Preservation of the Fauna of the Empire. By R. C. Morris ae he _ re as se aes 653 li CONTENTS OF Vol.2xXd/ 1, Nows MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :— I. Ve DOM Variation in colour of Tigers and Panthers. By Van Ingen & Van Ingen Unusual Behaviour of Panthers and Tigers. By R. C. Morris By C. H. Tresham By Van Ingen & Van Ingen ... An unknown Visitor to a Leopard Carcase. A Fine Swamp Deer Head. Elephants Lying Down, By R. C. Morris Bird Notes from Baltistan (With a map). By W. H. Matthews By | -ae Me Syans By -R.. C. Morris 7 By J. C. Higgins Phillips... Some Notes on Burmese Birds. Bed Bugs and Swifis. Occurrence of Swinhoe’s Snipe in Assam. Habits of the “Seesee Partridge” ~ By Py. By H. Abdulali The Mating instinct versus Self-protection. Rat-Snakes Fighting. es By H. Abdulali ... Supposed Cannibalism among Spiders in High Altitudes. By Col. E. A. Glennie Extension of the known Range of the Beetle Allomyrina dichot- omus into Assam. By R. E. Parsons A Note on the Root-Parasitism of Centranihera humifusa Wall. By E.. Barnes PROCEEDINGS AND ACCOUNTS :— Proceedings of the Annual General Meeting of the Bee Natural History Society : : sa 0 PaGE 654 655 656 657 658 658 663 664 665, 665 666 666 667 668 668 670 JouRN. BoMBAY Nat. Hist. Soc. Lichen te pie 4: (ati alias dil asdicablit is leditasild eat ee Scarlet lxora IXORA COCCINEA R. Br. ) - SIZE. (% nat JOURNAL OF THE Bombay Natural History Society. —_—. RR RR RR RR ERNE IQ4I. 7 Vor. Xavi. No. 3. SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS. BY INGE OR. MCAS. DYSCss Ih. LoS.) 1. k. S.5 Forest Botanist, AND M. B. RaizapA, M.Sc., Assistant Botanist, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. Part VII. (Continued from Vol. xlii, No. 2 (1941), p. 241). (With 2 coloured and 8 black and white plates and 11 text-figures). Rubiaceae, Part II. 4, Ixora Linn. (Van Rheede states in Hortus Malabaricus that the flowers of this genus are offered to the God, Ixora, a fact which has obviously given rise to the generic name). A genus of small shrubs or trees which are great favourites in Indian gardens on account of their brilliantly coloured flowers and dark green handsome foliage. The leaves are opposite, glabrous, coriaceous, and reticulately nerved. The stipules are interpetiolar, simple, subpersistent. The inflorescence is terminal, paniculate or contracted, the branchlets being subtended by linear or subulate, free bracts and each pedicel provided with 2 bracteoles. Individual flowers bisexual, tetramerous. Calyx campanulate, adnate to the ovary, shortly 4-lobed. Corolla hypocrateriform (tube- like with spreading lobes); tube slender; lobes 4, twisted in the AN 14 ihe 456 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLU bud. Stamens as many as the lobes and alternate with them; filaments short, inserted in the throat. Ovary inferior with 2 cells; ovule 1 in each cell, attached to the centre of the septum. Disk annular. Style glabrous, shortly exserted and ending in two recurved stigmatic lobes. Fruit a globose drupe. Seed _ semi- globose, with a deep and wide excavation on the flat side. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Flowers coloured. Flowers yellow. Corolla-tube 1.5 in. long; lobes broadly ovate, acute ... J. lutea. Corolla-tube 1 in. long; lobes rotundate, obtuse ne) lL oachinensis. Flowers red or reddish. Flowers scarlet. Corolla-tube up to 1 in. long. Corolla-lobes rotundate, obtuse; corolla at first yellow then red I. chinensis. Corolla-lobes ovate acute ; corolla always searlet: I. coccinea. Corolla-tube ae tO 75° in. long I. fulgens. Flowers pink : ap to nosea Flowers white. Flowers less than .5§ in. long. Leaves undulate on the margin; calyx-lobes as long as the calyx-tube I, undulata. Leaves not undulate; calyx- lobes much shorter than the calyx-tube : I. parviflora. Flowers over .5 in. long; throat of corolla woolly ; corolla tube up to 1.5 in. long a in --. 1, barbata. Ixora coccinea Linn. Scarlet Ixora. (coccinea is a Latin word meaning scarlet-coloured, and refers to the brilliant scarlet flowers of the commonly cultivated race of this species). Description.—-A compact shrub or small tree, glabrous all over. Leaves sessile, opposite, elliptic, ovate or obovate in shape, apiculate, obtuse or mucronate at the tip, somewhat cordate at the base, thickly coriaceous in texture, 175-3.5 im. long, dark glossy green in colour, with 6-8 nerves on either side of the midrib. Stipules triangular, awned. Inflorescence terminal, supported by two small, leaf-like bracts, strongly contracted, forming a compact corymb. Individual flowers with two bracteoles at the base. Calyx urceolate, .1 in. long, green, with 4 triangular acute lobes reddish or purplish at the tips. Corolla hypocrateriform, with a slender tube 1.25 in. long, surrounded by four spreading ovate acute lobes .3 in. long, which eventually become reflexed, brilliant crimson in colour. In the bud the lobes are twisted to the left. Stamens 4, on short JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC. Photo by . Bakshi Scarlet Ixora (Ivova coccinea, Linn.) New Forest, Dehra Dun. ) . ‘oa >] SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 457 filaments attached to the throat, alternate with the corolla lobes. The stamens dehisce in the bud which, when just open, displays the top of the style drenched with pollen. At this time the stigmas are immature and insects alighting on the style carry away pollen to an older flower. Flowers.—Practically throughout the year, but is at its best during the rains. Fruits.—-Cold season. Distribution.—Native of the Western Peninsula; now widely cultivated throughout the tropics. Gardening.—A shrub usually 3-4 ft. high, one of the commonest in cultivation, and certainly one of the most beautiful of the genus. It is practically in flower throughout the year, but in perfection during the rains when it is a truly glorious object to behold and few shrubs surpass the splendour of this Ixora when it is in full bloom. The bright scarlet flowers are arranged in large, compact corymbs. During flowering time an occasional application of liquid manure will be found beneficial, and it is advisable to prune rather closely after flowering. Easily raised from seed or layers or cuttings during the rains. Like all other species of this genus it prefers full sunshine. Where frost is severe some damage may be expected. , Medicinal use.—This plant has been known in India since ancient times and the root has some repute in native medicine. It is said to act as a cholagogue and to give relief from pain to those suffer- ing from dysentery. Ixora rosea Wall. Pink Ixora. (The specific name refers to the colour of the flowers). Fig. 1.—Ixora rosea Wall. xX 3%. Description.---An untidy straggling shrub scarcely reaching 4 ft. in height at Dehra. Older stems covered with a slate-grey brown 458 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIsT. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII glabrous bark, younger plants dark green, covered with a fine downy pubescence. Leaves subsessile, oblong, elliptic, elliptic- obovate in shape, obtuse or somewhat acute at the tip, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, coriaceous in texture, glossy green above, pale below, glabrous; stipules triangular, awned, pubescent. Inflorescence peduncled; peduncles supported at the base by small bracts. Flowers shortly pedicelled, each with a pair of bracteoles below the calyx. Calyx about .1 in. long, urn-shaped, minutely pubescent, lobes .o5 in. long, obtuse, tinted with red. Corolla hypocrateriform; tube 1.25, rose-coloured, minutely hairy, ending above in four elliptic-obtuse lobes, .3 in. long. Stamens 4; filaments .o5 in. long, attached to the throat, alternate with the lobes; anthers .15 in. long, closely appressed to the style in the bud, reflexed in the fully opened flower. Ovary inferior, 2-celled; ovules jin’ each ecell: I'lowers.—August-September. The shrub seldom fruits in Dehra. Distribution.—According to Roxburgh it is a native of the Moluccas and China. Now widely cultivated in various parts of India. Gardening.—An untidy straggling shrub with pink flowers in large round corymbs. It is hardly attractive when in flower, and far from being so at any other time of the year. Propagated by layers or cuttings during the rains. Ixora parviflora Vahl. Small-flowered Ixora. (parviflora means small-flowered in Latin). Fig. 2.—Ixora parviflora Vahl. xX 3/8. Description.—-A small, much-branched tree; bark thick, reddish brown, exfoliating in irregular patches; branchlets slightly com- pressed, glabrous. Leaves opposite, stipulate, ovate-oblong or slightly obovate, 3-4 in. long, by 1.5-2 in. wide, coriaceous, glabrous, | JouRN. BomBaY Nat. Hist. SOc. B. N. Bakshi Small-flowered Ixora (Ivora parviflora, Vahl.) New Forest, Dehra Dun, a SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 459 dark green and shining above, pale when dry, rounded at the base, suddenly and shortly acuminate; venation pellucid, reticulate ; petioles short and stout; stipules short, cuspidate, persistent. Flowers white, sweet scented, in sub-globose clusters, arranged in sessile, brachiate, pubescent or glabrous cymes with 3-5 pairs of opposite short branches; bracts and bracteoles subulate. Calyx minute, cup-shaped; lobes 4, very small, much shorter than the tube, subacute. Corolla tube short, glabrous .3-.4 in. long, 4-lobed ; lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, ellipsoid in the bud, reflexed in the open flower. Stamens 4, alternate with the corolla lobes; fila- ments absent; anthers sessile, nearly as long as the lobes of the corolla. Style densely pubescent ending above in two _ exserted stigmatic lobes. Fruit globose, .25 in. long. Flowers.—March-April. Fruits.—Cold season. Distribution.—Native of the Western Peninsula, extending north to the Satpura range, Behar, Chota Nagpur, Orissa, Sunderbans, Chittagong, Burma and Nicobars. Gardening.—A small much-branched tree which bears in March- April, dirty-white strongly sweet scented flowers in profusion. It can hardly be said to be attractive at any period of the year. Easily raised from seed or layers or cuttings. Economic uses.—Wood very heavy, hard, fine grained, yellow. It is used for turney and furniture in Madras, but, as it never reaches any size, its use is restricted. The green branches are said to make excellent torches. Ixora barbata Roxb. Bearded Ixora. (barbaia means ‘bearded’ in Latin and refers to the woolly mouth of the corolla). Description.x—A large glabrous shrub. Trunk hardly any; branches numerous, opposite. Leaves opposite, short-petioled, elliptic or oblong in shape, somewhat acute, entire, shining on both surfaces, smooth, G6-g in. long. The upper pairs of leaves are much smaller and are sessile and cordate. Stipules sheathing. Inflorescence of terminal panicled corymbs, decompound, large, diffuse, often 1 ft. across. Bracts and bracteoles decreasing in size upwards, ovate, acute. Calyx globose or ovoid, reddish green, adherent to the ovary, 5 lobed; lobes small, erect, acute. Corolla tube 1.5 in. long, slender, somewhat curved, greenish white, encircled at the mouth with a delicate fringe of hairs, 5-lobed; lobes obovate, pure white in colour, obtuse, reflexed when the flower is fully open. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes; filaments short, recurved, so that the linear anthers hang down between the lobes. Style long slender, exserted, glabrous. Stigma club-shaped, divided into two short stigmatic arms. Berry red, smooth, the size of a pea, 2-seeded. Flowers.—April-May. Fruits,—Cold season, 460 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURALVHIST. “SOCIETY, Vol. XU Distribution.—Native of the Andamans and Nicobars. Common- ly cultivated at Calcutta and elsewhere in India. | Fig. 3.—Ixora barbata Roxb. xX 3/8. Gardening.—A large glabrous shrub with rich deep green leaves. It produces during the hot season large, lax corymbs of long- tubed, white, fragrant flowers. Easily raised by layers or cuttings. Ixora chinensis Lam. Chinese Ixora. (chinensis refers to the country of origin of this plant). Fig. 4.—Ixora chinensis Lam. x 3. Description. —A small shrub 3-4 ft. tall, with straight branches covered with smooth dark-brown bark. Leaves opposite, stipulate, SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 461 subsessile, obovate or obovate-oblong, entire, smooth on both sur- faces, 5-6 in. long. Stipules interpetiolar, tapering, acute. The inflorescence is terminal and consists of dense corymbs; branches of the inflorescence trichotomous, smooth, glabrous, reddish. Calyx tube adnate to the ovary, globose or ovoid, small, 4-lobed; lobes short, obtuse, reddish. Corolla tube cylindrical, slender, .75-1 in. long, 4-lobed; lobes almost orbicular. Stamens 4, alternate with the iobes; filaments short, inserted at the mouth of the corolla;. anthers linear-acute, reilexed. The colour of the flowers is at first orange, becoming a deeper and deeper salmon- red as the flowers become fully open. Style exserted; stigma 2-cleft; lobes reflexed. Berry smooth succulent, red, 2-celled, with a single rugose seed in each cell. Flowers.—-July-September. Does not set fruit in this country. Distribution.—Indigenous to the Malay Archipelago and China, now commonly grown in gardens in all tropical countries. Gardening.—-A shrub closely allied to I. coccinea and commonly cultivated in gardens for its showy rose-red flowers. Propagated by cuttings during the rains. Economic uses.—According to Burkill a decoction of the roots of this plant is used after child birth by the Malays. Ixora undulata Roxb. Wavy-leafed Ixora. (undulata means wavy in Latin and refers to the margins of the leaves). bole ° Fig. 5.—Ixora undulata Roxb. X Description.—A large evergreen shrub. Leaves _ opposite, subsessile or distinctly petioled, stipulate, oblong or lanceolate in 462, JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Volk mam shape, 5-9 in. long by 1.5-3.3 in. wide, glabrous, usually tapering at both ends, acute or acuminate at the tip; margins undulate. Stipules interpetiolar, broad and rounded, but with a slender cusp. Flowers white, sweet-scented, corymbs on the slender branches of long-penduncled brachiate panicles which are up to 8 in. long. Calyx tube very short, 4-toothed; lobes acute as long as the tube. Corolla tube .28-.32 in. long, white, 4-lobed; lobes .16-1.8 in. long, reflexed. Stamens 4; filaments short: anthers 2-cleft at the base. Style exserted from the tube, ending in two recurved stigmatic arms. Fruit succulent, .3 in. diameter, dull purple or slate-coloured with two plano-convex seeds. Flowers.—March-April. Fruits. —Cold season. Distribution. —Sikkim Terai and lower hills of Bhutan, Assam, Khasi hills and upper Burma. Gardening.-—A large evergreen shrub which produces in March- April, numerous small white flowers having a powerful fragrance of jasmine. Easily propagated by seed or cuttings or layers. 2 Ixora fulgens Roxb. (fulgens is a Latin word meaning gleaming or shining and refers to the scarlet flowers). Fig. 6.—Inora fulgens Roxb. X 2, Description.---A short-trunked shrub dividing into many branches covered with dark brown bark. Leaves opposite, short- petioled, entire, smooth on both surfaces, linear oblong to obovate- oblong in shape, acute at the tip, 6-8 in. long, 1-3 in. wide, with 20-30 pairs of nerves sunk in the upper surface. Stipules inter- petiolar, awned. Flowers in large terminal cymose corymbs, composed of short decussate, highly-coloured slender branches and branchlets, ending in numerous short-pedicelled, long-tubed, orange-scarlet or scarlet flowers. Calyx tube adnate to the ovary, very short, 4-lobed; SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 463 lobes obtuse. Corolla tube very slender, up to 1.75 in. long, cylindri- cal, glabrous, 4-lobed; lobes obovate, obtuse, .25 in. long, reflexed. Stamens 4, alternate with the lobes; filaments short. Style slender exserted; stigmas 2. Berry 2-lobed, the size of a pea, deep purple when ripe, 2-celled. Flowers.—Most of the year. Does not fruit in this country (?). Distribution.—Native of Tenasserim. Widely cultivated throughout the tropics. Gardening.—A highly ornamental and elegant shrub which bears corymbs of numerous long-tubed, pretty, large, scarlet flowers. Easily multiplied by cuttings. Ixora lutea Hutch. Yellow Ixora. (lutea means yellow in Latin). ‘& SW’ LF7\ Rie \ Ny iy cs \ \ Fig. 7.—Ixora lutea Hutch. x 3. Description.—An erect shrub reaching 3 ft. in height; branchlets covered with a fine pubescence, finally glabrous. Leaves opposite, stipulate, oblong-elliptic in shape, acute at the tip, unequally cordate at the base, 3-4 in. long by 1.5-2 in. wide, papyraceous in texture with a slightly recurved margin, pale green in colour; petiole stout, .75 in. long, minutely pubescent. Stipules up to .5 in. long, awned. Inflorescence a terminal, lax corymbose cyme of sessile flowers ; branches puberulous; bracts triangular-subulate, acute. Calyx-tube short, 4-lobed; lobes broadly ovate, about .1 in. long, finely puberul- ous outside. Corolla ochre-coloured; tube cylindric, 1.5 in. long, very slender, glabrous outside, 4-lobed, lobes ovate-rhomboid, acute, up to .75 in. long, toothed, glabrous. Stamens 4, almost sessile, 404° JOURNAL, BOMBAY (NATURAL HIST) SOCIETY. Vol, Stil dark orange in colour; anthers acutely acuminate. Ovary 2-celled; style slender, glabrous, shortly exserted, arms about .1 in. long, slightly recurved and flattened on the inner surface. l'lowers.-—Practically throughout the year. Does not set seed in this country. Distribution.—Widely cultivated throughout the tropical and subtropical parts of the world. A plant of garden origin. Gardening.—This beautiful Ixora, which in habit and foliage bears a close general resemblance to I. coccinea, can readily be distinguished from it not only by the colour of its flowers, but also by its laxer inflorescence and by the large ovate-rhomboid corolla lobes. It was introduced into the Royal Botanic Garden, KKew, from Peradeniya. It is an exceedingly attractive plant when in flower, and will flourish under moist tropical conditions. Raised by layers or cutting’s. 5. Coffea Linn. The generic’ name is detived. from the Arabic, nanie,. “Kahwar for the drink, itself supposed to be from Caffa, a district in southern Abyssinia. Small bushy shrubs with opposite stipulate leaves. Flowers yellowish or white, in axillary or terminal fascicles or in solitary or axillary dense cymes. Hypanthium short, calyx tube short or absent, often glandular and persistent; sepals minute or absent. Corolla tube short or long with 4-7 spreading lobes twisted in the bud. Anthers 4-7 sessile, often recurved or twisted. Ovary 2- celled, style filiform with 2 linear or subulate branches. Ovules 1 in each cell attached to a peltate placenta on the septum. Fruit a drupe with 2 plano-convex or vertically concave coriaceous or cartilaginous seeds. Coffea bengalensis Roxb. (The specific name refers to the home of the plant). Description.—A slender deciduous shrub with spreading branches, Young shoots compressed, grey-pubescent, soon glabrous and covered with a greyish bark. Leaves opposite 1.5-4.5 in. long, by .5-2.5 in. wide, broadly ovate or elliptic in shape, obtuse at the tip, acuminate or subcaudate, rounded or acute at the base, dark green above, pale below, membranous; petiole up to .16 in. long. Hepes Flowers appearing with the leaves, axillary in groups of 1-3, white, sessile, fragrant, I-1.5 in. across. Calyx tube short, many- toothed, pubescent; teeth rapidly deciduous. Corolla funnel- shaped. .5-.7 in. long, 5-lobed; lobes ovate-oblong, slightly shorter than the tube, spreading or recurved, twisted in the bud. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes, inserted in the mouth of the corolla tube, subsessile. Ovary 2-celled; ovules solitary in each cell. Style filiform, bifid. Fruit oblong, black when ripe, containing 2 planoconvex seeds, JourN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. la ing Rondelet Sweet Smell RONDELETIA ODORATA Jacq. (,% nat. size.) SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 465 The seed contains the alkaloids found in the true coffee plant, Carabica’ L. Fig. 8.—Coffea bengalensis Roxb. xX 2. Flowers.—Feb.-April. Fruits.—Cold season. Distribution.—Tropical Himalaya from Garhwal eastwards to Sikkim and Assam; also in Chittagong, central and south India, and Burma extending to Siam and Java. Gardening.—A small shrub, exceedingly beautiful when in full bloom during February, with its snow-white flowers produced in great profusion. Propagated by seed. 6. Rondeletia Linn. (A genus erected by Linnaeus in honour of Guillaume Rondelet, a French naturalist, who died in 1566). This genus contains evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, sessile or petiolate, stipulate, sometimes ternately whorled, coriaceous, chartaceous or membranous. Inflorescence of terminal or axillary corymbose cymes, Flowers coloured, white, red or yellow, 466° JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURALIST SOGEEING Vol XL Calyx adnate to ovary, shortly lobed. Corolla hypocrateriform ; tube slender, usually short, glabrous or bearded in the throat; limb 5-lobed; lobes rounded. Style slender; stigmas exserted or included. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Rondeletia odorata Jacq. Sweet-smelling Rondeletia. (odorata means sweet-smelling in Latin and refers to the fragrance of the flowers). Description.x—A shrub reaching 6 ft. in height; young parts covered with a setose pubescence. Leaves opposite, stipulate, ovate or elliptic-ovate in shape, subacutely acuminate, cordate or rounded at the base, 3-7 in. long, 1-3.5 in. wide, entire, chartaceous, the younger sparsely pilose on the nerves, at length glabrous, ciliate; petiole about .12 in. long, setosely pilose. Stipules persistent, inter- petiolar, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, coriaceous, up to .5 in. long, covered with appressed pubescence. Inflorescence of many-flowered, terminal, corymbose cymes up to 5 in. diameter; bracts ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, up to .5 in. long, coriaceous, densely appressed pilose on the outer surface; bracteoles small. Calyx campanulate, .05 in. long, puberulous outside, with short obtuse lobes. Corolla with a cylindric tube .3 in. long, reddish-orange in colour, puberulous outside, pilose within, 5-6-lobed; lobes .25-.3 in. long, oblong with rounded tip, rose-coloured. Stamens as many as the corolla lobes and alternate with them; filaments short attached in the corolla throat about the centre of the tube; anthers .o5 in. long. Style shorter or longer than the tube, 2-lobed, glabrous. Capsule subglobose, slightly 2-lobed, hairy. Flowers.—Hot and rainy season. Iruits.—Cold season. Distribution.—A native of the West Indies and Mexico, now commonly cultivated in the tropics of the whole world. Gardening.—A handsome, small, hardwooded shrub about 3 ft. high. It bears beautiful orange-scarlet flowers in constant succes- sion, through the hot and dry seasons. The faded flowers remain on the plant for a long time giving it an unsightly appearance and should, therefore, be removed quickly. Propagated by layers during the rains, but it usually takes 3-4 months before they are ready for removal. 7. Hamelia Jacq. (This genus was named in honour of H. L. du Hamel de Monceau, 1700-1782, a French botanist). Shrubs with slender, glabrous or pubescent branches. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3 or 4, petiolate, membranous. Stipules lanceolate, subulate, deciduous. Inflorescence in di- or tri-chotomous branched terminal cymes, Flowers shortly pedicellate. Calyx ovoid JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOc. 1 Baksh ZN M Photo by Sweet-smelling Rondeletia (Rondeletia odovata, Jacq.) New Forest, Dehra Dun. JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOc. Photo by M.N. Baksh Sweet-smelling Rondeletia (Rondeletia odorata, Jacq.) New Forest, Dehra Dun. es es ~ *uliq, vlyoC{ 45e404 MIN ‘bowel ‘sua vijaup ener ic ie i a eae —— ne _— - a —_ “AAS PTSILYT @1whkt! ~WwWaninca'YaANnne JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC. Hamelia patens, Jacq. New Forest, Dehra Dun. SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 467 or top-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla tube cylindrical, 5-lobed; lobes imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the tube; filaments very short; anthers fixed by the base, narrowly linear, appendaged at the apex. Ovary 5-celled; style filiform; stigma narrowly fusiform, grooved, somewhat twisted. Ovules numerous. Fruit a berry crowned by the remains of the disk. Hamelia patens Jacq. (patens means spreading in Latin and refers to the habit of the species). Fig. 9.—Hamelia patens Jacq. xX 3. Description.—-A shrub or small tree; branches reddish, covered with a short crisped pubescence, quadrangular when young, after- wards rounded. Leaves stipulate, petiolate, up to 5 in. long by 2.5 in. wide, elliptic or oblong in shape, narrowed at both ends, olive green above, paler beneath, hairy on both surfaces, membran- ous, opposite or in threes; nerves 6-9 pairs, prominent and often tinged with red beneath; petiole .5 in. long, reddish, hairy; stipules broad at the base, produced into a stout linear awn. Inflorescence terminal, in cymes up to 3 in. long; principal axis short; secondary axis up to 1 in. long bearing 3-5 flowers arranged in a bostryx or scorpioid cyme. Pedicels very short. Bracteoles minute. Calyx tube adnate to the ovary, campanulate, reddish in 463 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL. AIST. VSOCIET iaw olepcein colour, produced above into 5 minute lobes, covered with very short hairs. Corolla tube cylindrical, .8 in. long, slightly attenuate just above the hase, cylindrical, ridged (the ridges corresponding to the 5 lobes) shortly pubescent all over, 5-lobed; lobes very short, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5; filaments attached near the base of the tube, short; anthers about .5 in. long, linear, acute at the tip, bifid at the base, included in the corolla tube. Ovary 5-celled, surmounted by a thick conical disk; style 1 in. long. Berry ellip- soid, .25 in. long, surmounted by the fleshy disk. Ilowers.—Hot and rainy seasons. I*ruits.—Cold season. Distribution.—Indigenous to tropical America; now commonly cultivated throughout the tropics. Gardening.—-A large evergreen shrub, prized for the profusion of sprays of orange-red flowers. The flowers are succeeded by handsome blood-red berries, which are retained a long while on the plant. Numerous sun-birds visit the pipe-like flowers from morning till evening to extract the nectar. It is advisable to prune the plant heavily to keep it within bounds. Easily propagated by cuttings or by seed. 8. Hamiltonia Roxb. (This genus was erected in honour of William Hamilton of Wood- land, Philadelphia, an eminent American botanist of the nineteenth century. He was the first to build a conservatory in America. so that tropical plants could be grown in a cold climate.) Erect shrubs, foetid when bruised, with prominently nerved leaves and interpetiolar acute persistent stipules. Flowers small, sweet scented, arranged in terminal panicles or sub-umbellate cymes. Calyx ovoid, 4-5 lobed; lobes subulate, often glandular, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped with a long tube, 4-5-lobed; lobes valvate. Stamens inserted in the throat, filaments short, anthers obovate- oblong. Ovary 5-furrowed, almost free from the calyx, 5-celled, finally 1-celled by absorption of the septa. Style filiform; stigmatic lobes 5, linear. Ovules 1 in each cell, basal. Fruit a capsule, 1- celled, 5-valved. Seeds triquetrous. Hamiltonia suaveolens Roxb. (suaveolens means sweet-smelling in Latin). Description.—Stem stout, shrubby, with ash-coloured bark covered with purple specks, reaching a height of 1o ft. Leaves opposite, 3-6 in. long, broad-lanceolate in shape, smooth, entire short petioled. Stipules interpetiolar, ensiform. Flowers sessile in terminal corymbiform heads, on short tri- chotomous branches, pure white or mauve, delightfully scented, supported by linear glandular-villous bracts and bracteoles. Calyx tube ovoid; lobes 4-5, subulate, .1 in. long, covered with gland- tipped hairs. Corolla tube slender, .5-.6 in. long, 4-5-lobed; lobes 4-5, oblong-obiuse, valvate in bud. Stamens 4-5; filaments very BOMBAY NAT. HIST. Soc. JOURN. M,N. Bakshi / s Photo by (cultivated form) Hamiltonia suaveolens Roxb. New Forest, Dehra Dun. JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. Soc. Photo by M.N. Bakit Hamiltonia suaveolens Roxb. (cultivated form) New Forest, Dehra Dun. SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 469 short, inserted in the throat of the corolla and alternate with the lobes. Ovary 5-furrowed, almost free from the calyx, 5-celled, but becoming r-celled from absorbtion of the septa; ovules 1 in each cell, basal. Fruit a 1-celled capsule, 5-valved at the apex, 5-1-seeded. Fig. 10.—ITamiitonia suaveolens Roxb. x 3. Flowers.—Cold season. [ruits.—May-June. Distribution. —Sub-Himalayan tract and outer hills from the Punjab to Bhutan, ascending to 6,500 ft., Behar, and Western Peninsula. , Gardening.—A large, stout shrub with lavender blue or whitish, sweet-scented flowers which are freely produced during the cold weather. It prefers a sheltered situation, and is greatly improved by being well cut in after flowering. Propagated by cuttings. The fragrant flowers are much frequented by Hummingbird Hawk-moths. Medicinal uses.—A decoction of the root is said to be valuable in dysentery and cholera. 9, Catesbaea Linn. (A genus erected by Linnaeus in honour of an English Botanist, Mark Catesby, 1679-1749, traveller and naturalist). Spinescent shrubs or small trees, with terete twigs and small, elabrous, often fascicled leaves. Stipules small, deciduous. Flowers 470 =jJOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLii white, solitary and short-pedicelled in the axils. Calyx subcamp- anulate with 4 narrow subpersistent lobes. Corolla funnelform or campanulate, 4-lobed; lobes valvate. Stamens 4, attached near the base of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled; ovules few or many. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a berry. A small genus of about 8 species. Catesbaea spinosa Linn. Prickly-apple; Spanish Guava. (spinosa means spiny in Latin). Fig. 11.—Catesbaea spinosa Linn. X 2. Description.—A spinescent shrub reaching 4 ft. in height at Dehra. Old branches covered with corky bark, younger terete, green, minutely pubescent; spines axillary, opposite, stout, sharp, .5-1 in. long, pubescent, becoming glabrous. Leaves opposite, shortly petioled, stipulate, thin or somewhat fleshy, entirely glabrous and smooth, attenuate at the base into the short petiole, apiculate at the tip, ovate-elliptic, elliptic or orbicular in’ shape, entire, SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 4i71 glossy or dull green, .25-.5 in. long; nerves inconspicuous; petiole very short; stipules interpetiolar, membranous, pubescent, rapidly deciduous. Flowers solitary in the axils, pedicelled ; pedicel .1 in. long, tinged with red. Calyx adnate to the ovary, green, sometimes reddish, oblong-campanulate, 4-lobed; lobes subulate. Corolla tube-funnel shaped, white turning yellow with age, 4-angled at the base, 3-4 in. long, pendulous, sparsely hairy outside, hairy and glandular inside, 4-lobed; lobes triangular, acute, valvate in the bud, .75 in. long. Stamens 4-5; filaments very long, attached at the very base of the corolla, rather stout, stiff, glabrous, attenuate at the tip; anthers linear somewhat less than .5 in. long, divided at the base, apiculate at the tip. Ovary 2-celled. Style slender, long, 2-lobed. Fruit up to 2 in. long. Flowers.—May-July. It seldom fruits in thts country. Disiribution.—Indigenous to the West Indies, now commonly grown in gardens throughout the plains of | India. — Gardening.—A rather slow-growing, hardy, armed shrub about 4-5 ft. high. The creamy-white pendent flowers which are 3-4 in. long are outsize in proportion to the rest of the plant. Propagated by cuttings during the rains. NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM S. W. IRAN. BY E. P. WILTSHIRE, F.R.E.S. (With a plate). There were over 25% species new to science in the list of lepi- doptera collected by Fred Brandt in March-September 1937 in Fars, S. W. Iran, and described by W. Brandt in the Ent. Rundschau (1938-9), many of the new species being peculiar to the southern end of the Zagros range. A similar proportion was therefore to be expected in species taken by myself in October-November 1940 in the same district, and a study of my material shews that this expectation was not disappointed. New species were also found earlier in 1940, | which had escaped the vigilance of the Baltic entomologist. Some of the new species belong to difficult genera and will require the attention of a specialist before they can be published; but the following can be introduced now. They are all figured in the ac- companying plate. One or two new races from the same region are also hereunder described. These results cannot be attributed merely to the improved com- munications and security of contemporary Iran which enable systematic collecting in hitherto inaccessible or insecure districts; they are due also to the peculiarity of the Southern Zagros fauna. This fauna is dual: partly it is typically Iranian; but partly it is a replica, with variations, of the Mediterranean fauna. The region is isolated on both sides by low desert tracts, and only linked faunistically by the long Zagros chain to better-known regions. The Fars mountains in fact share with the N.-W. frontier and the Teneriffe-Atlas formation the distinction of being the southernmost promontories of Palearctic woodland west of the Himalayas; and each of the three ‘promontories’ is isolated faunistically from the other. If, as some assert, the mountains of the interior of Iran (now quite bare) were wooded during the Pleistocene Pluvial Periods, the Fars woodlands provide a southern refuge for the relics of this woodland-fauna, perhaps more accessible than that provided in the north by the forest stil! clothing the north side of the Elburz range. The following is a brief table shewing the characteristic vegetation at various altitudes along the Bushire-Shiraz-Isfahan road which makes a convenient cross-section of the southern end of the Zagros chain: Sea-level to c. 3000 ft. : Zizyphus spina-christi. 750 ft. upwards: Amygdalus, a small spiny species. 2000 ft. upwards: Pistacia sp. & Amygdalus spartioides. These are the two hardiest trees and the most widely distributed. They begin in the desert hills bordering the Bushire plain and end at Madrabad (near the site of Pasargadae). I have also been informed that a zone of scanty ‘bann’ (Pistacia) is to be found on the southern watershed of the Iranian plateau JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC. 1. Melitaea consulis sp. n. Q. 2. Melitaea consulis sp.n. @ underside. 3, Melitaea phoebe savvistana subsp. n. 4. Monima mithras sp. n. Q. 5. Margelana achaemenica sp. n, @. 6. Meganephria venalis sp. n. Q. 7,8. Eviogaster amygdali sp.n. 6 @. 9. Brachionycha atossa sp. n. 9. 10. Amathes ovopotamica thermopotamica subsp. n. &. 11. Amathes oropotamica sp. n. @. The figures of the above lepidoptera are not all on exactly the same scale. Readers should consult the text for the comparative size. NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM S. W. IRAN 473 south of Kerman and extends into Baluchistan. It seems doubtful whether many other of the Fars trees accompany this tree so far east. Local at 3000 ft. upwards: Quercus persicus, Prunus sp. Local at 3000- 4000 ft.: carob (Ceratonia). The oak is not found above gooo ft., and has suffered heavily from deforestation, which still proceeds apace. Its thickest growth is at 4000-8000 ft., as at Mian Kotal, Pir-i-Zan. A secondary growth at Shul shows that an oak forest once grew there which probably extended formerly as far as Shiraz at least. 4000 ft. upwards: Wild fig, Rhamnus sp. Local at 6000-8000 ft.: Fraxinus sp. 6000 ft. upwards: Amygdalus, a robuster spiny species; Crataegus sp., Ber- beris sp., Lonicera persica, Colutea sp., Acer sp., etc. This fauna is wide- spread at the requisite height, extending inland as far as Qadrabad, together with the Amygdalus mentioned as ‘750 ft. upwards’. | 7000-9000 jft.: a few large junipers, barely surviving. The above are forest-trees, entirely dependent on local precipitation, which only occurs in winter. The oasis trees are as follows: Sea-level to 3000 ft. : palm, tamarisk, willow, Populus euphratica, and various cultivated trees. 4000-6000 ft., river beds: willow, oleaster (Klaeagnus), tamarisk. In gardens : oriental plane, ash (Ivaxinus sp. al.), sycamore, elm, poplar, cypress, citrus and other fruits. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND RACES Melitaea consulis sp. n. (figures 1, 2). An interesting new species in the collina-group, coming close to but distinct from turcomanica Higg., according to Higgins who has examined a para-type. 3, fore-wing, same size and colour as cinxia amardaea Gr. Gsh. from Elburz, with white-chequered fringe, black margin, and two parallel chevrons as in cinxia. The median band consists of seven heavy black spots, the four nearest the costa being joined, the lower three almost or quite separate, the lowest of all being crescent-shaped, its convex side outward. Spots nos. 5 & 6 are conspicuous and oval-oblong, not (as in phoebe) more lightly indicated than the others. Rest of forewing, not unlike that of an ordinary form of phoebe. The basal fuscous suffusion extends somewhat along the inner margin. Hind- wing, like an ordinary phoebe, except that in all but one example the median band consists of a complete series of heavy black spots. The fuscous basal suffusion extends along the whole anal margin, leaving no pale patch as in phoebe. There are no dots between the nervures as in cinxia. Underside, most peculiar: fore-wing: fringes and marginal area outside the proximal of the two chevrons, suffused with olive sulphur; the proximal, not the submarginal, chevron is usually the heavier. Median band, corresponding to upper side. _Hind-wing: markings obsolescent, the whole wing being suffused with olive sulphur. In the few examples where the markings are traceable, there are no black marks at all on the pale median band, though other black markings do appear. vet Besides the underside differences just described,.the foilowing points separate it from collina Led.: the median spots on the upper forewing are heavier, and the nervures are black outwards only from the proximal of the two chevrons; on the hindwing, the two parallel chevrons are closer together in consulis. Q, slightly larger than the ¢, with a paler ground-colour between the median band and the proximal chevron. Holo-type: @, Allo-type, 9, Para- types, 4d, 39. All were taken on 3-v-40, at 8000-9000 ft. on a mountain close to Shiraz, and are in coll. mea. One cther para-type has been sent to the British Museum, London. Melitaea phoebe Knoch. sarvistana subsp. n. (figure 3) A more normal form of this well-known species flies in Fars northwards and westwards from Shiraz, but this more southerly race seems to be an extreme development of dovae Graves, described from Transjordan. 474 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIit Upper side, coloured like Polygonia egea. All black markings on the fore- “wing have disappeared except 1/terminal line and lunules, 2/submarginal ‘chevron, which is interrupted so that its apical part encloses 5 fulvous lunules, the lower part, three. 3/costa and nearest nervure, 4/median band, which however is obsolescent, 5/cell-markings, very light. on the hind-wing the black markings are reduced to 1/terminal line and lunules, 2/complete submar- ginal chevron, 3/(sometimes) a few black spots representing the median band, 4/the nervure nearest the costa; the interspace, which is suffused with fuscous, also contains traces of the normal chevrons and bands which in other forms ot phoebe traverse the whole wing. Base, fuscous-suffused. Underside, as in phoebe, except that the forewing’s black median spots are obsolete, while the hindwing’s black-markings are, on the other hand, intensified. Expanse, 45 mm. Holo-type and allo-type, 8, 92, both on 26-iv-4o near Sarvistan, south- east of the Shiraz Salt Lake. In coll. m. N.B. Besides the two species mentioned above, six other members of the genus Melitaea fly in the Shiraz district. Eriogaster amygdali sp. n. (figures 7, 8) ¢, Antenna, bipectinated. Head, and thorax, light brown, slightly darker on the head and collar. Forewing, light-brown, with a small white cell-spot, and a curving brown line running from 5mm. from apex to 6mm. from the inner angle, i.e. more obliquely than in pfezfferi Dan. Submarginal area sometimes dusted with choco- late-brown scales, with nervures paler. Hindwing, light brown, sometimes dusted all over with chocolate-brown scales, sometimes only near the base; in the former case, a pale median line shows. Fringes, on both wings, pale brown. Underside, both wings, darker brown inside the median line. In the darker form, the nervures are pale and contrast more than on the upper side. Discal spot, invisible on both wings. Expanse, 36-38 mm. Holo-type, 6, bred from larvae found on wild almond and Crataegus at -o00-8000 ft. on various mountains in Fars: hatched, 28-x-4o. In coll. mea. Para-type, 3, to light, Sineh Sefid, 27-x-40. (c. 6500 ft.) The ova may be found in winter on wild almond twigs, covered densely with silver-grey fur. The larve may be found in April and May, but those found in the latter month are usually ichneumoned. The larvae when full-grown, are velvety-black, with white and pale brown hairs growing transversely across the back, leaving the somital joints showing black, and blackish vertical hairs. The lateral area is blue and contains a pure white, black-edged irregular line, below which a downward-growing fringe of straw-hued hairs half conceals the black-rimmed spiracles. Head, glossy black. Feet, brown-grey. The lateral area is black in the earlier instars, and the dorsal hairs, which are clearly red-brown in the earlier instars, reappear when the mature larva begins running about before pupation. The large webs are a common sight on the beautiful wild almond bushes of the Fars mountains, but healthy larvae are hard to come by. The exposed larva has a twitching habit. The cocoon is frail, and brown, and is hidden in the ground. Monima mithras sp. n. (Figure 4) This striking new species resembles no previously known congener, except perhaps the Kashmirian species castanetpennis Hamps., but comes in section I of the genus. (Castaneipennis itself may prove to belong to this section when its female is discovered.) Q, Eye, large, bristly; antenna, strongly bipectinated. Thorax, pale buff on the shoulders, infused with light brown and grey else- where. Head, pale buff. Forewing, buff, heavity sprinkled with grey. All mark- ings, rather indefinite in outline. The lines are paler, brown-edged on either side. Basal line, very faint. Antemedian line, running at right-angles to the costa, with {wo inward angles, on vein 1 and on the cell. Median field, darker brown, the stig- NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM S. W. IRAN 475 mata shewing paler. The warm brown clouding of the median field is darkest between the stigmata and close to the antemedian line. Postmedian line, dentate on the nervures. Submarginal line, running somewhat as in incerta, but very faint, and edged inwardly with light brown. Stigmata, with pale but not sharp edges, and darker centres, of average size: orbicular, round ; reniform, somewhat square, convex proximally, rather vague distally. Termen, pale buff. Fringes, brown basad. Hindwing, dark grey, with termen and fringes as on forewing. Underside, forewing, whitish buff, dusted with brownish grey. Postmedian line indicated shadowily. Hindwing whitish buff, dusted with brownish grey inside a shadowy median line. Expanse, 42 mm. Holo-type, Q, 7-iv-40, Pir-i-Zan woods, attracted to wild almond flowers at night; in coll. mea. Brachionycha atossa sp. n. (Figure 9g). The absence of black streaks between the nervures in the marginal area at once distinguishes this new species from both sphinx Hufn., and syriaca Warr., close to which it must be placed. Q, Forewing, silver grey, sprinkled with black, with a lilac tinge towards the costa, and a pinkish infusion in the centre of the wing. Basal streak, black, slightly shorter than in sphinx. Orbicular stigma, represented by a short black streak, paler-edged; other stigmata, invisible. First line, absent; post- median line, fine, black, more heavily black between veins 1 & 2, and sharply zigzagging inwards between the nervures which are dark grey. Submarginal area, clouded irregularly with dark grey, nervures 2, 3, 4, 7 & 8 being white edged as they pass through it. Terminal line, sharply white, wavy, with points at each nervure. Fringes, dark grey. Hindwing, grey, darker basally and anally, with darker nervures and terminal line, and a paler wavy median band. Fringes, grey, with white interruptions at the nervures. Underside, forewing, grey, darker inside the zigzagging postmedian line; margin and fringes as on upper side. Cell-spot, large and dark. Hindwing, as upperside, but cell-spot more clearly marked. Expanse, 44 mm. Holo-type, 9, Khan-i-Zinian, Fars, 8-xi-4o (c. 6000 ft.) in coll. mea. Meganephria renalis sp.n. (Figure 6) A striking new species between ftancrei Graes. and oxyacanthae L. and distinguished from the latter by its stigmata which form the figures 80 on the left forewing, and also by the female antennae, which put it in the tancret section of the genus. 2, Antenna, bipectinated throughout. Head and thorax, grey, speckled with black. Forewing, light brown, heavily suffused with grey and speckled with black scales, especially on the nervures; the median fold is less grey-suffused than the adjacent costal and dorsal areas. Basal streak, black, as in oxyacanthae. Orbicular and reniform stigmata, pale silver-grey, darker-centred, with blackish edge, forming respectively an oval and a kidney-shaped figure 8. Submarginal line, as in oxyacanthae; other lines, absent. Termen, white, with black proximal crescents between the nervures. Fringes, grey, interrupted by white prolongations of the nervures. Hindwing, dark grey, paler basally; terminal line, white. Fringes, as on forewing. Underside, both wings, whitish, freckled with grey, especially the forewing. Cell-spots indicated on hindwing. Span, 43 mm. Holo-type, 92, 30-xi-40, Sineh Safid (c. 6500 ft.) in coll. m. Amathes oropotamica sp. n. (Figure 11) A new species near lychnidis F., from which its pale hindwing and different reniform stigma distinguish it. 2, Antenna, slightly cetose-ciliate. Head and thorax slightly less brown than forewing. Abdomen, pale grey with a few dark scales, 476. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HS TS OCLE TY a Ola weit Forewing, grey brown, of similar shape to that of lychnidis, or if anything a trifle more pointed and narrow. Costa, paler, with three vague purple-grey smudges above the cell. First line, not reaching the costa, faintly indicated by the fine brown edging on either side; wavy, but less so than in lychnidis. Outer line, paler, edged with faint brown crescents between the nervures on each side. Submarginal line, pale, interrupted, marked proximally with small black smudges between veins 4 to 8; the black costal mark near the apex, typical of lychnidis, is absent. Terminal line, pale brown with black dots on the proximal edge. Fringes, brown, with a yellow post-terminal line. Orbicular stigma, yellow- outlined, with a grey centre, and a blue-black spot in the upper proximal corner. Reniform stigma, more truely reniform, i. e., more rounded than in lychnidis, yellow-outlined, centre as in orbicular, but intensified to blue-black in lower lobe. Hindwing, pale dirty grey, the nervures, termen, and cell-dot darker. Underside, forewing much paler and less coloured than lychnidis, the only clear markings being the reniform stigma on the forewing, and the cell-spot on the hindwing. Span, 39 mm. (20007 tt.) Min. coll. fan: (N.B. Amathes lychnidrs F. occurs commonly in Shiraz gardens.) Amathes oropotamica thermopotamica subsp. n. and sp. dist. (Figure 10) This appears to be a dwarf, desertic race of the preceding, but might prove to be specifically distinct. It occurs in a locality intermediate between the highlands of Fars and the desert coast of the Persian Gulf. Both oropotamica and thermopotamica were taken in river beds or gorges. ¢, Antenna, strongly ciliate. Head, thorax and forewing, lilac or brownish grey, less reddish tinted than oropotamica. The blackish marks along the submarginal line of that species’ type are here absent or obsolescent; so are the black terminal dots. The stig- mata are less conspicuous though similar in form and colouring, but the orbicular is of variable intensity. Span,” 32 sini, Holo-type, OS, 20-xi-40o, Shapur Gorge (Tang-i-Chugan), at carob-bloom, (g000 ft.) in’ coll im: Para-type. Ge, Aitto,, Amathes macilfenta Hbn. subsp. plumbea subsp. n. An unusual colour-form of a well-known species which is yellowish in its typical form (Europe) and chestnut-red (subsp. rubescens Wilts.) in Syria and parts of Persia such as Kermanshah. Head, thorax, and forewing, of a buff ground colour, more or less completely obscured with a lilac-grey suffusion. In the less heavily infused specimen, the thorax and basal part of the forewing are clearer buff. Postmedian and ante- median lines, very indistinct. Orbicular and reniform stigmata, not conspicuous, the latter being grey-filled and darker blue-grey in its lower part. Submarginal line, whitish, the brownish proximal edging not always clearly indicated. Mar- ginal area, paler in one example. Fringes, pale brown, more or less suffused with lilac. Hindwing, dull grey, with paler buff fringes. Holo-type, $, 20-xi-4o, Shapur Gorge (Tang-i-Chugan), Fars, (c. 3000 ft.) (To carob-bloom.) in coll. m. Para-types, 3, ditto. Crymodes bischoffii H. S. zagrobia subsp. n. A distinctive, smaller race, characteristic of the southern, hotter part of the Zagros, of an autumnal species whose type-form occurs in the hills, from Turkey to Palestine and Kurdistan. The forewing is more heavily suffused with dark grey, especially in the postmedian area, thereby causing the marginal area to appear strikingly paler, and emphasising the angularity of the submarginal line. The distinctive underside (similar in both races) has not yet been described : the wavy postmedian line is neatly defined on both wings in grey, and stands out especially on the hindwing, the veins being darkened where they pass through NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM S. W. IRAN 477 it. The cell-spot is always indicated on the hindwing, and often also on the forewing. Span of zagrobia, 40-41 mm. Holo-type, &, Khorramabad, Luristan, 29-x-38. In coll. mea. Allo-type, Q, Shapur Gorge (Tang-i-Chugan) Fars (3000 ft.) (fo carob-bloom) In coll. mea. Para-types, 9° 9, Khorramabad, 29-x-38. (To light). In coll. m. Margelana achaemenica sp. 1. (Kigure 5) Similar in size and colour to flavidior Wagn., but more elaborately marked. 3, Antenna, canary-yellow, strongly bipectinate. Head and thorax, canary-yellow. Forewing, canary-yellow, suffused with light brown on the cell. Stigmata, clear canary-yellow, with brown outlines: orbicular, variable in size and shape, assuming a_ parallelogram-form when large; reniform, large, its inner edge being straight. A brown line along the cell joins these two stigmata. [First line, absent. Second line, brown, meeting the inner margin about halfway, touching the lower edge of the reniform stigma, and running on an almost straight course across the wing, but curved slightly based between the nervures. Submarginal line, less straight than in flavidior, but straighter than in versicolor, brown, reaching neither costa nor inner margin. A brown costal shade, not reaching further than vein 3 even in the most strongly marked forms, runs between the second and the submarginal lines. There are also traces of a fine brown shade in the marginal area in some specimens. Termen, brown. Fringes, yellow. Hindwing, yellowish, plain, with brown termen. Underside, yellow, with second line indicated on both wings by a brown suffusion, especially strong near the costa of the forewing. Q, Antenna, simple. Thorax,, paler: Iorewing, paler and less marked usually than male. Expanse, 35-40 mm. Holo-type, &, 20-x-40, Pir-i-Zan woods, (c. 7ooo ft.) Fars, in coll. m. Allo-type, @Q, ditto. Para-types, Gd 333d 2, same date and place, also at Sineh Safid (nearer Shiraz) 27-x-4o. In coll. mea. (N.B. Margelana flavidior Wagn. & versicolor Stgr. also occur with the above species). FISHES “GOLLECTED BY. THE VERNAY-HOENV OOD UPPER CHINDWIN EXPEDITION? 1635¢. BY SUNDER LAL HORA, D:Sc., F-R.S.E., F-N.I., AND K.°S., MISRA, M:SC., ) Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. (With one plate). The collection dealt with in this paper was received from two sources, but originally it had formed part of a much larger col- lection made by the Vernay-Hopwood Upper Chindwin Expedition. In June 1938, Mr. S. H. Prater sent to the Zoological Survey of India 42 specimens of fish which the Bombay Natural History Society had received as a presentation from the American Museum of Natural History. In August, 1938, Mr. J. T. Nichols of the American Museum of Natural History, on his own initiative, sent a small consignment of 50 fishes collected by Mr. H. C. Raven of the Vernay-Hopwood Chindwin Expedition. The latter lot comprised only such forms about the identification of which there were some doubts. The major part of the collection had, however, already been named and distributed on the shelves in the Museum. Of the specimens received from the Bombay Natural History Society there were some that had been collected by the Expedition in the Malay Peninsula, but we propose to deal here only with the speci- mens collected from the Chindwin drainage in Upper Burma. For precise data about the various localities from which the fish were obtained reference may be made to Morris’s article in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society (vol. xxxviii, pp. 647-671, 1936) in which a general account of the Expedition is given. We are given to understand that owing to unusual field diffi- culties of packing and transportation, the fish material could not be looked after properly and it is not surprising, therefore, that quite a number of specimens are in a poor state of preservation. However, it has been possible to identify, all of them specifically. In the following list species represented in the collection examined by us from the Upper Chindwin area are given; the localities in which the respective species were collected and their general distribution are also included. ————— ————— = * Published with permission of the Director, Zoological Survey of India. Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Piate | eee ne te a Fishes collected by the Vernay-Hopwood Upper Chindwin Expedition, 1935. For explanation see end of article. - a ; a 7 : a —— = i - = i So a ‘ ' on es ) : am bss . ‘a - * 4 % y j s - ; " . . f. a et a FISHES COLLECTED BY VERNAY-HOPWOOD U. C. EXPEDITION 4179 List OF SPECIES. ee el : | Locality and number Specific Name | Ae seeninane | | Further Distribution Family FLUTIDA . 1. Fluta alba (Ziew). Lonkhin: 5 specimens me Family MASTACEM: BELIDZ 2. Mastacembelus uni- | Mawlaik: 1 specimen color (K. & V. Hass.). Family CyPRINIDZ Subfamily Rasborine 3. Danio aequipinnatus Kora: 14 specimens (McClelland). | 4. Rasbora rasbora_ Dalu: 6 specimens (Hamilton). 5. Barilius barna Upper Burma : 2 speci- Hamiiton mens Subfamily Cyprinine (op) Barbus (Tor) mosal | Lonkhin : 1 specimen (Hamilton). 7. Barbus (Puntius) | Dalu: 2 specimens sewelli Prashad and Mukerji. 8. Barbus (Puntius) ticto | Dalu : 3 specimens Hamilton. Labeo devdevi Hora. | Dalu : 22 specimens © 10. Psiliorhynchus homal- | Kora : 3 specimens optera var. rowleyi, nov. | 11. Rohtee cofio var | Kaunghein : 1 specimen. cunma Day. 12. Rohtee feae (Vinci- | Kalawa: 3 specimens guerra). Family COBITIDA 13. Acanthopsis choiror- | Kaunghein : 2 specimens. hynchus (Blkr.)._ 14, Lepidocephalus berd- | Dalu : 1 specimen morei (Blyth). Family ARIIDE | 15. Arius jatius (Hamil- Kalewa : 1 specimen ton). | | ...| Manipur, Assam ; Burma; Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Siam to Northern China; Chinese islands; For- mosa and Japan. Burma to Java. ..| India, Burma and Siam. | ..| India, Burma and Pihange. India and Burma. India and Burina. .. | Myitkyina District, Upper Burma. .. India, Burma, Ceylon and Siam, ..|/Chindwin Drainage, Assam; Burma and Siam. |Chindwin Drainage in Assam, Peninsular India and Burma. .| Burma. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Burma, Siam and Anpam. Chindwin Drainage in Assam, and Burma. Estuaries and rivers of Bengal and Burma. 480 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII Locality and number of specimens Specific Name Further Distribution Family SILURIDZ 7 | | 16. Silurus cochinchinensis Kaunghein: | specimen... India, Burma, Malay Cuv. and Val. _ Peninsula and Cochin | | China. Family AMBLYCIPI- | TIDZ | 17. Amblyceps mangois Kora: 2 specimens; Hai | (Hamilton). | Bum: 4 specimens... India, Burma, Siam and | _ Malay Peninsula. Family SISORIDZ | 18, Exostoma vinciguerre | Kora: 1 specimen ... | Upper Burma. Regan. | Family OPHICEPHALID& | 19. Ophicephalus gachua’ Kora: 3 specimens .. | Throughout the Oriental Hamilton. | , Region. Family NANDIDA | 20. Badis badis (Hamil- | Burma: 4 specimens _... | India and Burma. ton). Family AMBASSIDZ 21. Ambassis baculis Kaunghein : 2 specimens. India, Burma and Siam. (Hamilton). | Most of the species are widely distributed in parts of the Oriental Region and do not require any further comments. Some of the species, such as Barbus (Tor) mosal (Hamilton)', Barbus (Puntius) ticto Hamilton*, Barbus (Puntius) sewelli Prashad and Mukerji’ Labeo devdevi Hora’, Rohtee cotio var. cunma Day’, Rohtee feae (Vinciguerra)’, Silurus cochinchinensis Cuvier & i * Hora, S. L.—The Game Fishes of India. X. The Mahseers or the Large-scaled Barbels of India. 3. The Mosal Mahseer, Barbus (Tor) mosal (Hamilton)’. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xli, pp. 784-794 (1940). The measurements of the specimen from Lonkhin are given on page 789. * Hora, S. L., Misra, K. S. and Malik, G. M.—‘A Study of Variations in Barbus (Puntius) ticto (Hamilton)’. Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. xli, pp. 263-279 (1939). The measurements, scale-counts and position of colour spots of the specimens from Dalu are given on page 274. * Prashad, B. and Mukerji, D. D.—‘The Fish of the Indawgyi Lake and the streams of the Myitkyina District (Upper Burma)’. Rec, Ind. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 197, pl. ix, figs. 1, 1a, 1b (1939). —B. sewellt is represented in the collection by juvenile specimens. * Hora, S. L.—On a Further Collection of Fish from the Naga Hills’. Rec; Ind.. Mus., vol: xxxvili, pp. 323, 324 (1936); (‘Notes on Fishes in the Indian Museum. xxxii. On a Small Collection of Fish from the Upper Chindwin Drainage’. ibid., vol. xxxix, p. 333 (1937). In the collection under report, Labeo devdevi is represented by juvenile specimens. ° Hora, S. L. and Misra, K. S.—‘Notes on Fishes in the Indian Museum. XL. On Fishes of the genus Rohtee Sykes’. Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. xlii, pp. 155-172 (1940). Measurements, number of anal rays, and scale-counts of the Kaunghein specimen of Rohtee cotio var. cunma are given on page 170, while those of the two specimens Ofte feae from Kalawa are given on page 158, FISHES COLLECTED BY VERNAY-HOPWOOD U. C. EXPEDITION 481 Valenciennes’ and Exostoma vinciguerra Regan’ have already been dealt with in recent years, while notes on Psilorhynchus homaloptera var. rowleyi, nov. and Amblyceps mangois (Hamilton) are given below. The occurrence of Arius jatius (Hamilton) in the Upper Chindwin Drainage is of special significance, for though the species is known to ascend far above tidal reach its record from such great distance from the sea is rather unusual. As pointed out by Hamilton® the palatine teeth are entirely absent. Psilorhynchus homaloptera var. rowleyi, nov. Plate I, figs: rand 2. In 1935, Hora and Mukerji’ described a new species of Psilorhyn- chus, P. homaloptera, from the Brahmaputra Drainage of the Naga Hills, Assam. Next year, Hora’ recorded two more specimens of the same species from this region. In the collection under report, there are three specimens from Kora which are generally similar to P. homaloptera (Plate I, fig. 3), but the body is only slightly depressed, the caudal peduncle is more slender and narrow, the head is somewhat more pointed, the interorbital space is narrower and the eyes are proportionately larger. We believe that these specimens represent a distinct Burmese variety of the species which we have named after Major Rowley, a member of the Expedition. The differences noted above between the typical form from India and the Burmese variety are of the same nature as pointed out by Hora* between Balitora brucei Gray from India and _ its variety burmanica Hora from Burma. * Hora, S. L.—'Siluroid Fishes of India, Burma and Ceylon. VII. Fishes of the genus Silurus Linnaeus’. Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. xxxviil, pp. 351-56 (1936). ? Hora, S. L.—‘Notes on Fishes in the Indian Museum. V. On _ the composite Genus Glyptosternum McClelland’ Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. xxv, p. 41, pl. ili, figs. 1-3 (1923). Now that the generic limits of Glyptosternum McClelland have become suffi- ciently defined, we recognise the divisions into which this composite genus has been divided by Regan, Norman and Smith (Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl., ix, p. 71, 1933). The generic appellation Exostoma Blyth is, however, inappropriate, for, as shown by Hora (loc. cit., p. 3), its type-species belongs to Glyptothorax Blyth. Till fresh specimens of I. berdmorei Blyth become available, we do not wish to disturb the present nomenclatorial arrangement and have accordingly adopted the generic name Exostoma for E. labiatus Blyth and allied forms. * Hamilton, F.—‘An Account of the Fishes found in the River Ganges and its tributary branches,’ pp. 171, 376 (Edinburgh, 1822). * Hora, S. L. and Mukerji, D. D.—‘Fish of the Naga Hills, Assam’. Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. xxxvii, pp. 391-397, pl. vii, figs. 1-6 (1935). * Hora, S. L.—On a Further Collection of Fish from the Naga Hills’, Kec. Ind. Mus., vol. xxxviii, p. 318 (1936). ° Hora, S. L.—‘Classification, Bionomics and Evolution of Homalopterid Fishes’, Mem. Ind, Mus., vol. xii, p. 291, pl. xi, fig. 6 (1932). 482° JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL W2IS7T. SOCIETY, Vole Xi) Measurements in millimetres. Standard length 615 75°0 Length of head 12-0 14°0 Height of head 7°0 9-0 Width of head 10°0 110 Diameter of eye 4°0 4°5 Length of snout 50 6°3 Interorbital distance 4°9 5°6 Depth of body SPS) 12°0 Width of body oe oP) 12°0 Length of caudal peduncle 10:5 11:0 Least height of caudal peduncle 4°5 575 Amblyceps mangois (Hamilton). Plate ie fics, 4 andes, 1933. Amblyceps mangois, Hora, Rec. Ind. Mus., xxxv, pp. 607-621. The specimens of Amblyceps mangois from Hai Bum are the largest yet recorded, the largest specimen being 163 mm. in total length. In these examples the head and the body are covered with a felt-like growth of papillae. The lips are also thickly papillated. The eyes are very minute, almost indistinguishable, and the caudal fin is truncate. The adipose fin is thick and low, and just forms a ridge. Owing to their strong build, these specimens are liable to be confused with Liobagrus Hilgendorf, but can be readily distinguished on account of the respiratory structures associated with the gill- openings (vide Hora, loc. cit., p. 612). The larger examples are superficially not dissimilar to Glyptosternum McClelland (= Parex- ostoma Regan), but the extent of the gill-openings, and the position and form of the various fins are sufficient to distinguish the two types of fishes. The pelvic fins are close together on the ventral surface and are provided with muscular bases. Some of the specimens are heavily parasitised by worms which are encysted in the body wall and on the fins. In recent years the range of distribution of A. mangois has been greatly extended. It is found in the Malay Peninsula, Burma, Siam, Assam Hills, Himalayas, Rajmahal Hills, Santal Parganas and the headwaters of the Mahanadi River. EXPLANATION OF PLATE Fig. 1.—Lateral view of the type-specimen of Psilorhynchus homalopiera var. rowleyi, nov. X 1%. Fig. 2.—Ventral surface of head and anterior part of body of the same. ee line Fig. 3.—Ventral surface of head and anterior part of body of Psilorhynchus homaloptera Hora & Mukerji. x 1. Fig. 4.—Dorso-lateral view of a specimen of Amblyceps mangois (Hamilton) from Hai Bum. x 5/6. Fig. 5.—Ventral surface of head and part of body of the same, x ca 1}. 2 ~~ s 7S 20qqnH °L) WNVHdd iat NV [AU SLANGOr ) oe ) MO. ee Me | aay ad T dLv Id | | | | "00S ‘LSIP] “LYNN AVEINOg ‘Nuno THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT. (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS INDICUS). BY THEODORE HUBBACK. (With 8 plates). INTRODUCTION. In the Abstr. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (No. 130, 1914, page 20), Richard Lydekker designated the Malayan Elephant as a sub-species of Elephas maximus, giving it the name of Elephas inaximus hirsutus. On page 285 of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1914, there is an amplification of this dictum. The sub-species was made on the following grounds :— ‘ . characterized by the square instead of triangular ear, the early date at which its upper margin is bent over, and the presence in the young condition, at least in some cases, of a thick coat of black and in part bristly hair... ”’ There is, 1 think, little doubt that the above description does not apply to the normal wild Malayan elephant and it seems that the sub-species was made on insufficient data. I have seen many young wild Malayan elephants from babies still in the pink stage to those of four or five feet in height, but I have never noticed a thick coat of hair on any of them. ‘I have handled several baby elephants and I must have noticed had they been covered with thick hair. All Malayan elephants have a certain amount of hair or bristles on parts of their bodies but not in sufficient quantities to differentiate them from other Asiatic: sub-species. Also the description of the shape of the ear does not agree | with the shapes of the ears of mature or semi-mature wild elephants that I have seen. The photographs illustrating this article show the usual triangular ear which we associate with Elephas maximus, and although it is possible that some abnormality presented itself to Lydekker which led him to believe that a square ear was typical of the Malayan elephant, it is not a normal characteristic in those I have seen. It is true that in the Malayan elephant the upper margin of the ear is bent over at an early age. I have a photo- graph of a young wild elephant, not more than six fect high, showing the fold on the upper margin of the ear. In a recent publication entitled Handlist of Malayastan Mammals, compiled by Mr. F. N. Chasen, Director of the Raffles Museum, Singapore, Straits Settlements, he disagrees with the deductions of Lydekker and suggests Elephas maximus indicus as the nomenclature for the Malayan sub-species. 484 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLtl | I think that Lydekker’s premises were wrong. I agree with Mr. Chasen that as a sub-species has been created for the Malayan elephant it should be called indicus and not hirsutus. Chasen himself writes— ‘It has not yet been demonstrated that the elephants of Siam and the Malay Peninsula diifer from the Indian form. . .’ It seems therefore that indicus is the more suitable name if hirsutus can be shown to be inappropriate. In remote ages wild elephants came down the Malay Peninsula from the north, and until it is shown that the elephants in Malaya have some more or less general characteristics which distinguish them from the Indian variety | think we should be content to call them Elephas maximus indicus. I cannot agree to the claim put forward that the Malayan elephant is of a smaller size than the Indian elephant. I have known of several elephants which have been shot in Malaya which measured over o/ 6” at the shoulder. I shot one myself measuring g’ 64”, and Mr. FE. Frederiksen shot one measuring 9/ 83”. Although elephants in India have been recorded as having measured over ten feet such occurrences have been rare and may well be considered abnormal. Blanford in Fauna of British India states that the height of adult males does not as a rule exceed g’ 0” at the shoulder and I should say that this is correct for the Malayan form. In Malaya tusks ,weighing over 70 pounds the pair are not uncommon and, as I have shown later on, tusks up to. over 140 pounds the pair have been obtained. Such a weight however should be considered very exceptional. During the last few decades the numbers of firearms’ has increased so much in Malaya that many elephants have been shot under the mistaken idea that allowing such _indiscriminating slaughter benefits the cultivator by saving his crops; a fallacy which is very apparent to anyone who has lived in Malaya for many years. Many elephants are wounded and injured by this method and I think it is fair to say that few male elephants in Malaya reach a ripe old age. This might account for the com- paratively small ivory that is generally obtained in Malaya. Before passing on to the main theme of this ‘article I should like to mention the fact that the origin of the wild elephants in Borneo is somewhat obscure. They are found only in the northern portion of the island; in that part of the territory known as British North Borneo. f I am informed that the earliest mention made of elephants in Borneo is by Pigafetti, Chronicler of Magellan, who records that during a visit to Brunei in 1521 they were conveyed to the palace on caparisoned elephants. But this does not prove that they were indigenous to Borneo. ; There is a persistent story that a Prince from the West presented the Rajah of Solo with some tame elephants, but the Raja found that these elephants were rather a nuisance so he had them shipped to the east coast of Borneo and there let loose. THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 485 If this is true it may account for the wild elephants in North Borneo, but we are still left without knowledge of their exact origin. The only clue, and a very slender one, is the fact that many, possibly most, of the mature male elephants in Borneo have very straight tusks and do not conform with the usual curved tusks of Elephas maximus. 5 It is possible that the Borneo elephants came originally from Sumatra. Dutch records will show whether straight tusks are common or not amongst the wild herds in Sumatra. I have seen photographs of elephants shot in Sumatra and their tusks appeared to be straighter than those I have generally seeu in Malaya. DISTRIBUTION OF THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT. Wild elephants, not so many decades ago, were widely distri- buted throughout Peninsular Malaya, but owing to the opening up of the country for commercial purposes there is now probably not a tenth of the number of elephants that once roamed the Malayan jungle. The elephant has not been wisely conserved; it has been looked upon as a menace to progress and quite unnecessary loopholes have been permitted in the Game Laws to enable Elephas maximus to be destroyed on the weakest grounds. to go into the harm which has resulted from the wounding of many elephants by irresponsible persons, who are allowed to shoot at an elephant in alleged defence of crops with any weapon, how- ever inadequate: but such actions have resulted in large numbers of elephants being wounded and becoming rogues, thus establishing a vicious circle difficult to deal with. At the present time on the West Coast of Malaya there are few elephants left, and those left are by no means left in peace. In many places untidy native cultivation is an attraction to ele- phants, and as many of these clearings are allowed to take care of themselves for weeks at a time much damage is sometimes done to what is called ‘cultivation’. There is then a clamour for more executions, so the Malayan elephant’s hopes for the future are very uncertain. Perhaps due to the persecution that they have been subject to, elephants in the higher country in Malaya have taken to travelling long distances right up to the tops of the mountains. I have seen the tracks of elephants as high as 5,000 feet altitude, but they have been seen even on the tops of the highest mountains which reach to 7,000 feet. Generally these wanderers are solitary bulls, but not necessarily old animals, and disturbance may have something to do with their long treks. I have seen herd elephants between the 2,000 feet and 3,000 feet contour, but they were feeding on bamboo at the time, which was no doubt the attraction, and their presence may be considered as a normal migration during the bamboo season. This is not the place — 486 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIit | The elephant is not used to any extent in Malaya for transport and very little for show. "There are mo tribes* here, as 1 lmena who have made a living for generations by tending elephants, and there is not the same desire to conserve the elephant for purposes of utility. In Burma and Siam they are extensively used in the teak forests, but here there is nothing to correspond to that class of labour. There are no reserves on the West Coast which are of any use to elephants, except possibly a sanctuary in Johore near Segamat. With that one exception I think we must recognize that the Malayan elephant on the west side of the Peninsula 1s doomed to extinction, although for many years an occasional animal or two may be found in the mountainous country. On the East Coast, the position is better because the country is less opened up and there are at least two reserves which should prove the saving of the Malayan elephant as a species. The King George V National Park, an area of nearly 1,800 square miles, extending over portions of the three States of Pahang, Trengganu and Kelantan, is mostly mountainous terrain, but still is favourable in many parts for elephant. The danger lies in the defective and inadequate legislation which has been passed to guard this sanctuary. Unless great care is taken, the Park will become a refuge for wildlife, including elephants, in name only. I do not think that wild elephants have been recorded as having been found on Singapore Island, but they have reached the southern- most portion of the Peninsula and have roamed the jungles from coast to coast. The whole of the Malay Peninsula was their domain in days not so far past, and there is still sufficient of their natural environment left to make it possible, with wise conservation, to save them from extermination. - THE MaALayAn ELEPHANT AND His JUNGLE. Malayan elephants spend most of their time in primeval forest and it is, I think,-only after their true habitat. has become too restricted for their needs -that- they -have .to forage for food in secondary jungle, and.so tend.to become a nuisance to cultivators and contract the: habit of going on to cultivated or semi-cultivated land. capt EDL veterans aes The Forest Reserves in the low country of Malaya are no permanent refuges for elephant because they are at times much disturbed, and elephants like all other wild animals hate disturbance. The Malayan elephant is compelled to travel great distances in search of food. It is a discriminative eater and does not take just whatever comes to hand. G. P. Sanderson in his well-known book Thirteen Years Among the Wild Beasts of India writes: ‘An elephant in captivity should be supplied with 800 pounds of good fodder every day, of which it will eat about 650 pounds and waste about 150 pounds.’ It is unlikely that a wild elephant eats less than an elephant in captivity, so it does not require any great stretch of the yovgqnH ‘Z| ‘ALUVd AHL SNIOL tied Sica f P Te = ae ee 7 ot or" “s THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 487 imagination to appreciate that a mature wild elephant has to do a good deal of foraging to satisfy its appetite. Anyone, who has tracked wild elephants in virgin jungle, knows that they cover many miles through the forest during the day, picking up a little food here and there, but doing most of their feeding during the night. - Although a herd of elephants probably has more or less defined parts of the country in which it feeds, and although this terrain covers a big area, when elephants have been much disturbed and their domain restricted by the opening up of the country, then damage to cultivation is likely to occur. For many years in the Plus Valley in Perak, a district well patronized by rubber planters, considerable damage was done to para rubber cultivation. When giving evidence before the Wild Life Commission ot Malaya in 1930, European witnesses stated that during twenty years of endeavour to deal with the elephants that raided their estates in that area, 36 elephants had been shot; the value of rubber trees destroyed by elephants was estimated at 420,000; and there were more elephants than ever. However a scheme was inaugurated on the recommendation of the Commission that overcame the difficulties, which as records show was a complete success, ‘lhe useless killing of elephants ceased. By a system of patrols, the cost of which was met half by the government and half by the estates, elephants were prevented from reaching the planted area. ‘Lhe result of this action shows that indiscriminate shooting of elephants, as in this case, was not only unnecessary but useless as a complete defence to the menace fromm marauding elephants. The Plus Valley scheme can well be considered as an example to others who wish to pro- tect cultivation and at the same time preserve wildlife. Since those days the electric tence has come into use and I have no doubt will prove, where properly erected and looked atter, a very efhcient check against wandering elephants. Where land is given out in isolated blocks in elephant country for, what will most certainly result, in ‘fugitive cultivation’, where the main game trails are cut up, and where temporary crops are planted in, what might be described as favourite stamping grounds tor the larger fauna, there is bound to be trouble from elephants. Under such conditions they will sometimes be driven away, sometimes wounded, sometimes even killed, so, in such country, they move on and on in search of that solitude and tranquillity which must be part of their normal life. Thus they get forced back and back into unopened mountainous country which is not a congenial environment, nor can it be a permanent part of their true habitat, and is not, I believe, suitable country for normal breeding. When with a herd, a newly born elephant is a fascinating little animal; fussing around amongst the legs of its mother; waving about a much undeveloped trunk; very important; and with its pinkish skin making a striking note in the picture. This pinkish colour is probably retained for some weeks, but it is difficult to 3 das JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLtl make accurate observations on colour because the wild elephant is So often covered with mud. I recollect on one occasion, when hunting elephants, trying to locate a tusker which I knew was with the herd. While doing this some of the herd moved uphill away from me _ and ran across the trail we had made a few minutes before when making our approach. Immediately a shrill trumpet gave the alarm and an avalanche otf elephants came down the hill towards our position. I slipped behind a tree, a big comfortable tree, expecting the elephants to sweep past me. None of them came unpleasantly close; but an old cow, another female and a tiny calf seemed to deliberately change their direction and stopped a few yards on the other side of my tree. _I1 had a good view of the calf. its litthe trunk, still much undeveloped, waved about: aimlessly from under its mother. There was no mistaking that the calf had flesh-coloured skin which certainly had no long hair on it. Presently these elephants moved off down the hill to join the rest of the herd; not altogether to my disappointment! I never caught up to the herd again and so did not ‘see the tusker, I do not know how long the calves suckle their mothers. Plate the female’s left breast full of milk. This calf was not very smal but I could not estimate its age. So soon as the calves get a little bigger they become independ- and although they do not wander far from their mother or from the other temale, which is generally in attendance, and about which I have something to say later on, they act exactly like children and frequently become a nuisance to their elders. It is no uncommon thing, when in the vicinity of a herd of elephants, to hear a shrill squeal from a baby elephant, which is in protest to some correction by its mother generally a whack from her trunk. As Plate No. 1 shows a small elephant, even when suckling, will Cries take and try to et its share, of; the sulphur water with the ES of them. In that particular case I think the baby was not very eee a Lecause it wandered away from the lick after a minute or so and seemed uncertain what to do with itself. The playfulness of ele- phants even when mature is well shown in Plates Nos. 3 and 4 where a young tusker climbs up on to a log just for fun. Plate No. 4 shows by the expression on his face how pleased he was with himself, and well he might be, because he balanced himself on a wide walk from Plate shown which were tuskers, but all young ones. There was a calf in the herd about four feet high. The log which attracted the attention of the young tusker has been used many times by elephants doing the same trick. It is a live log and the abrasions on the bark | No. 1 shows a young calf with its mother and clearly shows its place at a salt. lick amongst the ‘big elephants { log split down the middle and not more that twelve inches in the broadest part. Having done that he proceeded to along the log, turned round, retraced his steps, got down the log more or less where he had got up, and then as No. 5 shows disappeared out of the picture. The elephant in the illustration was one of a herd of seven, three of ‘SOT V SLNOOW YaNSAL OA jysiatdory ?, re: na PRES oP : bad ¥9DQq? YIVGGH « LHOIN (lOO ” [rystatdor) Fa ‘7 THE MALAYAN ELEPHAN1 ds caused by the clephants’ teet or toe nails grow into little knobs with which: the top of the log is covered.. shese knobs are shiny and polushed by tne action of numerous elephants amusing them- selves on the log. Jhis herd of crephants was in the same lick as the one showi in Plate No. 1, ana had a great time. But-not until the leading cow accompanied by a young tusker, probabiy her son, had hau their nil, would any olf tne Oi.ners go near the lick. 1 have seen this happen more than once. Lwice have I seen two tuskers come into tne lick when the bigger one would have his hil first, the smaller one patiently waiting his turn. In one case the smaller one got fed up and atter circling uround for some tume lett the lick witnout getting his medicine ac all. { am sure elephanis snow great respect for their elders and ine younger ones would never think of disputing thei rights to che urst place in a lick. It have seen the same thing happen with seladang (bioos gaurus), and | think we might well take a lesson in these matters trom wild animals whose benaviour under normal conditions 1s exemplary. One very striking habit of wild elephants, which i have often seen, 1S that when an elephant 1s very small another female elephant will attach itselt to the mother appearing to act as a ‘nurse’ or protector. ‘those Malays, who are weli-versed in jungle lore, recognize this phenomenon and call the second elephant the pengasoh, meaning ‘nurse’ or ‘foster-mother’. ‘lhe incident | have related ot the littie pink calt coming so close to me was enhanced in interest by the presence of a second cow. I| have often seen two cows and one calf and | believe that it is by design and not just accident. Malay jungle gossip says that the pengasoh 1s the one to watch if approaching a herd wherein there is a small calf. the nurse, they state, will take the oftensive while the mother bustles away with the calf. 1 have never seen this happen. Malays cannot be considered reliable witnesses, because they generally mistake quick movements of wild animals as presaging an attack, and do not wait to observe what really happens. Cow elephants always, I believe, remain all their lives with their herd or with one or two companions. They are generally separated from the herd when calving but not always. I remember an extraordinary incident that happened on a rubber plantation in Negri Sembilan many years ago. An elephant had a calf some- time during the night on the estate amongst the rubber trees, She was with a herd, and after having heard tremendous trumpetings during the night, some of the labourers went to investigate the next morning. They found no elephants but discovered an enormous after-birth, which alarmed them so much that they reported to the manager they had found the remains of some extraordinary thing amongst the rubber, which they believed had been left there by the elephants! The manager had it well and truly buried. That is the story I had from the manager whom I knew well. He toid me that the elephants had left the estate immediately and were not in the vicinity for some time. It appears that, in this cas¢ 490 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLit anyway, the baby elephant was able to get away or be moved away a few hours after it was born. In the dense jungle of Malaya it is not easy to observe the habits of wild animals even elephants, and one’s knowledge of their lives is bound to be meagre. When hunting them one has plenty of opportunity of learning how they react when frightened and occasionally, if you hunt enough, when they are angry; but except to know what they are likely to do under certain circum- stances, for instance after heavy feeding or when anxious to catch up a herd, one really learns very little about the elephant that lives in a forest. But, if one takes to the art of photography and tries to get pictures of elephants one then has a chance of learning something about them when undisturbed, when unafraid, and when going about their ordinary occasions. I hunted elephants over a period of thirty-five years, until about five years ago, when age precluded me from further strenuous hunting. So f{ took up wildlife photo- graphy in the Malayan jungle and during the last five years 1 have learnt more about the normal behaviour of elephants and other large game than I learnt in all the previous years. However, before 1 go on to tell you about the observations I have made of elephants going about their daily rounds and of their visits to salt licks, I should like to give you a few instances of what I gleaned when I was still a hunter. I often noticed, when following solitary elephants, that, when they fed extensively on a certain creeper known to Malays as akar beluru and to Science as Entada schefferi, they invariably travelled far after such a meal. Possibly that particular creeper has some sustaining effect on the elephant which acts as an incentive to greater and unusual effort; and although this may seem a rather far-fetched theory, I have noticed this stimulating effect on an elephant’s activities too often to be mistaken about it. On the other hand, when elephants have been feeding on a palm called bayas in Malay and Oncosperma horrida in the text books, they are lethargic and unwilling to travel very far. In fact I have known occasions when an elephant, having fed well but possibly not too wisely on this palm, would not travel more than a few hundred yards from where there was a stand of this plant before he would lie down for a nap; only to return again on waking up to have another gorge. Possibly the cabbage of this palm may contain something which acts as a soporific on the elephant? The cabbage is excellent eating for human beings. The elephant’s method for getting at the pith of the palm is interesting. Bayas is covered with an extremely tough, long and nasty thorn which points downwards, so the elephant presses his forehead against the palm which, if not too old, is pushed over. He avoids getting the thorns into his forehead because he presses with the grain so to speak. Having got his tree down he proceeds to stamp along the upper half of the trunk from the leaves at the top, and when it is well and truly reduced to a pulp he eats as much of the pith as he thinks he can digest. He eats all the cabbage! This takes a long time because the bayas palm is never THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 491 very big, probably never more than two feet round, and not much pith can be picked out at one time. I have often thought when looking at a bayas that had been pushed over, stamped almost flat with ail the pith removed, how extraordinarily patient and persistent the animal must have been to pick out the centre of the tree and leave everything else. I have never known elephants eat the leaves or roots of wild ginger. Malays call these plants tepus or pua. There are so many varieties of wild ginger in Malaya that it is quite possible ele; hants may eat some of those I have never come across. I have often seen where they have stamped about and even pulled up some wild ginger roots but I could never find signs of any of it having been eaten. Elephants are fond of many palms and will feed extensively off the roots and shoots of bertam (Eugeissona triste). This palm is considered by Forest Officials to be a pest because it grows very rapidly and extensively, preventing the regeneration of the useful forest. Bertam is a valuable thatch for houses and as such the leaves are much used by the peasants. It is only found in primeval forest not in secondary jungle. I have noticed where elephants were once fairly numerous and where now they are not to be found that the bertam had increased very much ard I could only suppose that so long as there were elephants in that part of the jungle they kept the bertam in check? That at least can go to their credit account. Elephants are fond of most of the varieties of bamboo of which some large varieties, such as Dendrocalmus flagellifer, are common in Malava in the higher country. When bamboos throw out fresh shoots elephants are particularly attracted to the vicinity, but they are liable to feed on bamboos at any time. Bamboos in the Malayan jungle produce shoots almost every month in the year, and although in the hill country there is no real bamboo jungle, that is to say no great extent of bamboo except where it is a secondary growth on old Sakai (aborigines) clearings, there is no shortage of bamboo for elephants through- out most of the undeveloped country. . I have mentioned how mischievous young elephants can be, and when a herd raids cultivation or solitary elephants visit houses or shacks they often behave in a peculiar way and eat things which normally would not come within the scope of their diet. I call to mind a case of a young solitary elephant which had taken a fancy to visit certain dilapidated huts around which there was a neglected grove of bananas. The people who lived near by, Sumatra Malays, left their houses to take care of themselves and the elephant no doubt emboldened by the lack of human occupation went farther afield than the shacks and started to investigate the inside of a house recently abandoned. He pulled down the rear side of the house and feeling about with his trunk found a sack of padi (unhusked rice) which he scattered all over the place. He also upset other things in the house and pulled down a lot of clothes which were hanging on a line outside, 492. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII I visited the place the following day and could see that the elephant had thoroughly enjoyed himself ! I followed the elephant, and after tracking him for about three miles, found where he had stopped to feed and rest. Presently still following his tracks I saw an enormous heap of droppings out of which protruded a piece of cloth. I thought this rather unusual so investigated. We discovered a complete and uninjured Malay sarong—the cotton skirt worn by Malays. This had pro- bably come off the clothes line. I told one of my men to take it to a stream which was close by and wash it. This he did. We then proceeded after the elephant. Two days afterwards | returned to the road, hunted up the owner of the house which had been raided by the elephant and asked him if the sarong was his. He said it belonged to his daughter. I explained to him that such a sarong would now have magical properties because it had been carried through the jungle inside an elephant and had ‘been recovered. Why I told him this was because Malays attach great value to an entire durian fruit that is supposed to have passed through an elephant and been deposited in its droppings. The durian (Durio zibethinus) is the fruit most valued by Malays one reason being that it is credited with being an aphrodisiac. The potency of the fruit is greatly enhanced if it has been eaten or swallowed by an elephant but nct digested ! An elephant is reputed to wrap the durian, which is covered with formidable spikes, in some leaves and swallow it whole. I need scarcely say that I have never seen anything of the sort. But elephants are fond of durians and will stamp on a fruit which has fallen from the tree and pick out the pulp covered seeds from the flattened mess of spikes. I have often seen where that has been done. It is inconceivable that an elephant can swallow a durian whole, but I relate the fable as illustrating the credulity of Malays. So perhaps the Malay got my meaning about the sarong ! I remember an incident where some Chinese arrived at a remote spot near a newly constructed road where they wanted to under- take some mineral prospecting work. They had already had a community house erected by Malays and they turned up one after- noon with two bullock carts—it was in pre-motor days—loaded with provisions, mostly rice, which they proceeded to store in the new house. That night a small herd of elephants turned up and investigating this alteration to the landscape proceeded to pull the walls of the house down. The walls were only palm leaves. The Chinese had heard the elephants before they reached the house, and instead of blowing up their fires and beating some of the kerosene oil tins that they had with them and generally making their presence known, which would have scared the elephants, they climbed up into the rafters of the roof! Quite the worst place they could have gone to, especially with the elephants playing about below them and quite capable in their elephantine way of pushing the house over. The elephants played about with the provisions and scattered the rice everywhere, I happened to be on the Spot a SSS —— THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 492, day or two afterwards—the elephants had banned the prospecting and the Chinese had gone—and found rice scattered all over the road in front of the house. I examined the tracks of these elephants and followed the trail they had made when they left the vicinity. I noticed that rice was distributed along the trail and wondered how it had got there. I followed this rice trail for a mile and then came across the remains of a sack which had contained the rice and which an elephant had obviously brought to the spot from the house. It was not much torn and I can only sup- pose that it had got attached to an elenhant’s tusk and that he was unable to shake it off. His tracks did not show signs of panic so I suppose he did not object to the sack very much. He mav have carried it with his trunk. Wild elephants often carry about in their trunks bunches of palm leaves with which to beat off flies and possibly this elephant thought the sack might serve such a purpose ! J was once after an elephant which had heen causing’ some trouble. and had killed one or two people and created a reign of terror in the district he frequented. We had a lone trek after him. He took us un to the top of a hill, which at sometime or other had been cleared bv Sakai, and was now covered with an oldish secondary growth of junole. We knew we were close to the elenhant: we could smell him. Presently, when peering about throush the heavv undergrowth—his tracks eriss-crossed all over the hill ton showing that he had been there for some time—I saw what looked like a mound of earth but of a neculiar colour. Goine a tittle closer IT saw somethine wavine about in the air and realized that what I had mistaken for a mound of earth was the stomach of the recumbent elephant and that what was waving about was a bunch of nalm leaves held in his trunk. The leaves were beino used as a fly switch. I could then make out a little more of the elenhant but the eround was unfavourable and there was a large ant-hill hetween mvself and the beast which masked my view. An approach from another direction was ruled out on account of wind. TI was close to the elephant, twenty yards at the outside, and J felt sure that when he stood up, as he was bound to do presently, I must bag him. Presently the fly switch stopped waving about and I saw the elephant very slowly bending one of his hind legs. IT could not see his forelegs. 1 realized that he had our wind and was about to jump un. Perhaps an elephant cannot jump but his extraordinarily quick movements can only be described by that word. He bent his hind leg inch by inch until he had bent it pretty well as far as it would go, and then was on his feet and had swune round away from me so quickly that I had no chance of getting a bead either on his head or behind his shoulder. He was gone. I followed him for some time and came up to him in thick jungle, when he heard me, turned round towards me, and then swung away down a steepish hill side. He was gone again. The very rapid movements of this elephant on both occasions were really astonishing and I had no sort of a chance of killing 494 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII him. Perhaps he had a guilty conscience? I did get him the next day however. I slept on his tracks and followed him up into the foothills of the main range. I have often seen letters in sporting papers discussing the habits of elephants and in some cases disputing the fact that elephants lie down to rest or sleep except very occasionally. I do not pretend to any first-hand knowledge of the African elephant but the Malayan elephant most certainly does lie down when he wants to rest. It is one of their regular habits to lie down during the heat of the day and I have often seen them or disturbed them when sleeping. One of the chances of getting a clue to the size of a bull’s tusks is to examine a place where he has been lying down to find the impression of a tusk. They favour sloping ground, the side of a low ant-hill being a common selection for the mid-day nap. That they also doze, I would not say sleep, leaning against a tree is true but this is no substitute for their regular sleep.. In following a herd I have almost invariably found the spot where they have been sleeping during the daytime—sometimes lying almost in a heap! They often lie down in the vicinity of a favourite salt-lick especially if there is a youngster with the herd. Elephants like tapioca (Manihot utilissima) which is grown in some quantities throughout the Peninsula. Sakai especially favour its planting it being an easy crop to look after as it wants no attention! Elephants pull up the shrubs and eat the tubers. Com- plaints are sometimes made that elephants are doing damage to tapioca plantations, which generally belong to Chinese; but there is usually some contributory cause. ‘I recollect one case where much damage was alleged to have been done to a Chinese-owned tapioca plantation. This place was inter-planted with rubber which was more valuable than the tapioca, and both products were suffering. There were two elephants accused of this marauding but when I visited the estate only one was in residence. I shot this elephant which practically lived on the plantation. The reason was not far to seek. The unfortunate animal had been wounded by a piece of a mild steel rod two inches long, sharpened at one end, which had_ been fired from a twelve bore gun. This ‘bullet’ was embedded in the muscles of the left hind foot, the elephant having been shot from behind. He had not only a badly swollen foot but was unable to walk except quite slowiy. The other elephant was shot not long afterwards by a friend of mine who found that it had a terrible drop-spear wound in its back and was no doubt badly incapacitated. These two unfortunate elephants, unable to go their usual jungle rounds, found easily obtained food on this planta- tion and so practically lived there. They resented being driven away. Who can blame them? Try taking a bone away from a well-fed dog and see what he thinks about it? These poor wounded animals were unable owing to the action of man to go pans their lawful occasions and had to get food as best they could, THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 495 I traced the steel rod to a Malay on the plantation who was employed by the Chinese manager as a ‘hunter’—poacher would be a more correct term—and it was due to his action that one of the elephants lived on the estate. The fact that the elephant had been fired at was never disclosed to me at the time I went to the plantation to look for it. This is a playful habit Malays have after having fired at an elephant; complain of damage to crops but never disclose the fact that the elephant has been wounded. On one occasion I might easily have got into trouble. I was asked to deal with an elephant which was alleged to have caused a lot of trouble in a small Malay settlement. I was very busy at the time and could only spare a day. So I left my house in the early morning, while it was still dark, and motoring about twenty miles arrived at the place where a track went into the jungle, taking me to the usual conglomeration of tumble down Malay huts and poor cultivation. An elephant had certainly been in amongst the bananas and weeds and I found that he had visited this place during the previous night, so I had a good chance of getting up to him. I had to get back home that evening and my tactics in dealing with the elephant had to be based on that fact. I made careful inquiries, and I think I must have been suspicious, because I asked if the elephant had been fired at and was assured that it had not. The truth was that it had been fired at several times and only two days before had been followed up and once more wounded. These wounds merely annoyed it because it came back almost at once to have a few more of the banana plants. When following it up I was, of course, unaware that it had been recently wounded, but was again I think suspicious when I found that it had travelled for miles and miles from this ‘cultiva- tion’, and it was not until about mid-day that we came close to it. In those days I had a Malay tracker named Mat Yasin who had been with me for some years and who understood the habits of both elephants and myself. The elephant had followed the bed of a river for a long distance and had then turned up a steep hill which he steadily climbed. We were not far behind him but he was travelling as quickly as we were. Presently he stopped, and I said to Yasin that so soon as he started to feed we must come up to him. Sure enough in a few minutes we heard him feeding on bertam palms on a steep hill side along which his tracks had taken us. I could see him but only got a stern view. He was feeding and slowly moving along the hill side. The wind was wrong for an approach from above him; from down hill, I could see nothing. While manoeuvring for an approach—we were within twenty-five yards of him—I saw his trunk go up and wave about in the air. I knew he had scented us and turning to Yasin made a gesture of disappointment because I presumed that he would make off and it was too late to follow him farther because I had to get back. While my head was turned towards Yasin I was startled to hear @ shrill scream from the elephant who swung round and came 496 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLil straight for us. He bobbed along through the thick bertam fol- lowing his own trail where the “palms were broken down and tangled up. I was so taken by surprise that I threw up my rifle without releasing the safety catch, took it down from my shoulder to see what was the matter, then pushed up the catch. The ele- phant was within ten yards of me when I fired. I almost missed _ him merely hitting him on the side of the face. Fortunately, that was not to his liking. He threw out both of his forefeet and slid along towards me doing his best to put the break on and pull up. I also was anxious to prevent him running into me so jumped down the hill side. As I turned, when clear of the track, I saw his stern disappearing up the hill. But he did not go far. I heard him stop, and no doubt he intended to fight, having got over the shock of the pain on the side of his face and the flash of the powder just in front of him. I reloaded, scrambled up the bank and almost at once saw him standing sideways on somewhat above me and about twenty yards away. I gave him both barrels behind the shoulder which finished the hunt. But it was ee close enough to be exciting. Later on I measured where he had stopped and turned up the hill and found that he had slid along about five yards and actually came within six yards of where I had been standing. There were ereat furrows where he had tried to dig his toes in to stop himself. This elephant was another victim of the indiscriminate shooting of Malays. He had only one tusk, the other had been broken off owing to a wound in the base of the tusk sheath; a nasty mess of suppuration and diseased tusk being in the socket. His good tusk had been hit quite recently by a bullet and chipped near the gum. He had several fresh body wounds, mostly flesh wounds. What these unfortunate animals must suffer from these ill attempts to kill them is heyond estimation. No wonder they become rogues. The marvel is that one does not hear of more people being killed. This is merely one instance amongst many that have been experienced by hunters who have gone after elephants wounded by Malays. friend of mine was very nearly killed under similar circumstances. I have in my house a collection of skulls of mature bull elephants and nearly all show signs of old bullet wounds. It is by no means uncommon to hear of elephants being killed with only one tusk, the other damaged or broken off short due to suffering from old wounds. Elephants when unwounded are not difficult to drive away from cultivation; but when wounded become a very different pro- position. The entire question of damage to crops by elephants is intimately connected with the large distribution of guns to Malays and the encouragement given to them to fire at elephants if in the vicinity of ‘cultivation’. Elephants undoubtedly become a nuisance -and a danger under such circumstances, but the ball is started rolling by irresponsible persons who will cheerfully fire at elephants and then leave them to their fate. Very few Malays would think of following up a wounded elephant, and when firing THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 497 at one will generally aim anywhere. Although there is a legal obligation on the person who wounds an elephant to report the fact, in actual practice they seldom if ever do so, with results similar to what I have related. On one occasion I had a few uncomfortable moments when an elephant which I had fired at for the temple shot, but had failed to kill, came back on his tracks—running away, not charg- ing—and got far too close to me to be comfortable. As he came back on his own track I fired at him again and then with an empty rifle nipped behind a big tree. He came as far as the tree, where I had been standing for some time, and stopped. At this exact spot he got my wind for the first time. Here was I with an empty rifle crouching behind this tree, with the elephant on the other side of the tree swishing his trunk about in the dead leaves trying to locate where the nasty smell came from. For- tunately his trunk did not come round the tree. He _ presently moved away and shortly collapsed. My second bullet had taken him through the trunk, down his throat, and finished up in his liver. ; When one has hunted elephants as long as I have, especially in the dense jungles of Malaya, adventures are bound to come along at times. The man who always kills an elephant with one shot is not a hunter but a liar. It is the adventures that are the real attraction of the chase, besides one can always fight one’s battles over again. As Sir Richard told Una in Kipling’s story of ‘Old Men at Pevensey’—‘We talked together of times past. That is all men can do when they grow old, little mard’. Just one more hunting incident. I was hunting in the mountains and came across the tracks of a sizeable elephant which I followed. He was an old beast with rounded front toe nails, but shortened by much hill climbing. An old elephant in the low country will have long toe nails because the older he gets the more he puts his weight on his heels. It took me six days to get this elephant. He crossed the main range of the Peninsula three times. Twice he got our wind. That appears to have given him a fright and he travelled a long way. On one occasion we were climbing up a rocky gully which by some conjuring trick the elephant had scrambled up, feeding on wild bananas on the way. He was someway up the mountain and we were not very close to him, but the wind blowing up the gully must have given him a concentrated dose of human scent, well accentuated by our exertions. When we arrived at the head of the gully we found that he had rushed off, followed a ridge for a short distance and then hurled himself down a hill side almost as steep as the gully we had just come up. In his blind rush he went straight through a grove of the deadly buloh semilian, (Dendrocalamus giganteus), a bamboo which fractures with an edge as sharp as a razor, and normally avoided by elephants except when throwing out new shoots. He got a very nasty cut on his trunk for his panic, and bled freely. The wound, about three inches long, was still wide and gaping when I bagged him a day or two afterwards. 498 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII On the last day but one he left the mountains and following one of his old trails came to a place where we had, two or three days before, stored some rice to be picked up if we required it on the homeward journey. We had also stopped there to cook some food. He came to the tree where the rice was kept but was more interested in the ashes of our fire than the rice which he did not touch. Had he destroyed the rice we could not have followed him for the full six days because my carriers would have been out of food; he missed his chance and lost his life. After rummaging about amongst the ashes of our fire he turned off the track and went straight up the mountain again. When we did get up to him he was right on the watershed of the main range in rough coun‘ry, where manoeuvring was out of the question ; one could not follow his trail until close to him. About mid-day on the sixth day, we were climbing up the mountain side following an old elephant path which wound about trying to avoid the steepest places, when we heard him far above us. The only thing to do was to carry on along his tracks, but the broken nature of the ground with many wind eddies following the gorges gave him a good chance of getting our wind before we could get near him. But our luck was good and gradually after some stiff climbing we were close to him. His trail followed a steep hill side round the head of a gully and following this we saw his enormous hind quarters across the gully. His head was hidden and any approach seemed impossible. He was right on the end of a little spur. For once, when hunting, the wind did me a good turn. He got our scent; he could not go over the spur so slowly turned round no doubt intending to return by the trail we were on. As he turned he stopped for a brief second and gave me a perfect shot which I was not slow to avail myself of. He slowly sank to his knees and settled down into a sitting posture. He had a good pair of tusks weighing 75 pounds the pair. It was a long trek back to my main camp but nothing mattered now that the elephant was bagged and it had been a hunt never to be forgotten. That sixth day must have been the last day I could have followed him; our provisions were too low to allow me to go farther from my base. I may consider that I had great luck in bagging him at all, and he had had bad luck in not finding my caché of rice. At times during periods of sexual desire elephants must come to trials of strength; but in all my vears following elephants in the jungle I have never come across elephants fighting nor have I seen places where such fights have taken place. The nearest I ever came to it was on an occasion when 1 was following a herd of elephants and became aware that overlaying the tracks of the herd was that of a fair-sized bull. ‘There was a bull in the herd I knew, and it looked to me as if this second bull had either been told to keep his distance or was anxious to force his way into the herd. As we came nearer to the elephants we heard trumpet after trumpet and I hoped to have the thritl of seeing an elephant fight. But I think the trumpeting was solely from the following bull screaming in impotent frustration, He THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 499 hadn’t the guts to force an issue perhaps? But he felt he had to take it out of something and presently he had his revenge on a tree! He rushed at a soft wood tree of about 12” in diameter and by a mighty thrust split it in two. He drove so hard that he cut his gum on the fracture of the tree leaving a large blood smear where his tusk had entered. Well, I hope he felt better after that; we all know the benefit that accrues from letting off a little steam at times. But elephants use their tusks in more useful ways than as safety valves. I remember seeing a coconut tree which had been pierced by an elephant’s tusk and actually uprooted. This was done, I think, by accident, because the elephant having driven his tusk into the tree could not get it out again and in his struggles pulled the tree up. I felt sure that was what happened because he carried the coconut tree, presumably still stuck on his tusk, a distance of about thirty yards, where he got rid of it. This little diversion had shaken him so much that he did not wait to eat the coconut cabbage, the whole object of his attack on the tree, but left the place where the coconut tree had hit back, and cleared into the jungle. Animals do sometimes attach any difficulty they get into to the place or locality that they are in and leave it as quickly as they can. I had a siamang gibbon (Hylobates syndactylus) for many years as a pet and this was a strong trait in his character. Elephants sometimes uproot trees or push them over when suffering pain from wounds. At one salt lick where I went some- times to search for tracks I picked up, on one occasion, the tracks of a big elephant which had been venting his rage or searching for relief from pain by knocking over trees in all directions. Although this elephant’s tracks were only 24 hours old I never got.up to him despite the fact that I followed him for six days. No doubt his abnormal restlessness was due to pain. He finally after leading me over a great extent of country came back to the lick, and as I was no nearer to him then than I was when I started, I went home. I got this elephant the following year and as one of his tusks had been broken off short and there were recent lesions in the skull in the vicinity of the base of the tusk I connected his behaviour the previous year with these wounds. It is not a very uncommon thing to bag a bull elephant that has lost its tail or part thereof, I have shot three whose tails have been so mutilated. Malays believe that the bull elephant loses part of his tail by the action of a jealous female which taking him at a disadvantage pulls his tail until it breaks! It seems to me more likely that these mutilated tails are due to the attacks of tiger when the animals are still young. Tigers do attack young elephants even when nearing maturity. I was hunting at one time up a river where seladang were often to be found. I had made camp and as it was only five o’clock on a fine afternoon I thought, as I had been in a boat all day, that a little exercise would do me good. So I went up the river to a 500 sOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLH large abandoned clearing where seladang sometimes fed in the evening. When coming round a bend in the river 1 saw an animal moving along a sand bar coming towards me. I. could only see the top otf its back from where we stopped. I climbed up the bank and sure enough there was a young temale elephani coming along slowly on tne edge of the river. Presently the elephant ente:ed the river and started throwing water all over her, then reaching the opposite bank found a mud hole and squirted the mud all over her back. She looked rather peculiar and examining her with my glasses—she was fitty yards away—l discoverea that her rignt ear was half torn off and her flank was badly scored. ‘These wounds must have been the work of a tiger. She looked pretty woebegone as she passed into the jungle and went on down stream. We had come about half a mile from cainp and if she continued the way she was going she would bump right into my camp. there were three men in my camp and this is what they told me when we got back. One of them had gone down to the river to get water, when looking up stream he saw an elephant only a few yards trom him. He did not hother about the water but made best time up the bank, told the others what he had seen and shinned up a tree which was just in front of my tent. The others wasted no time and did the same thing. ‘hey were hardly well settled in the branches of this tree, weil out of the way of all elephants, when the elephant appeared directly opposite them, crossed to a sand spit where my boat was fastened up, passed the camp and came to a clothes line on which there were some clothes. Here she stopped and the men up the tree in the valour of their ignorance shouted at her. They were quite sate but they never tnought of the camp. ‘That shout was too much for her nerves; she gave a little squeal and ran up the bank using the steps 1 had had cut and arrived actually at my tent door and directly below the tree which sheltered the three brave men She stopped there a moment and then slowly walked into the forest. She touched nothing, and I was extremely lucky. Next day I went down the river. During the night the elephant had followed the siver for about ten miles, no doubt frequently bathing her sore body. At one place she had lain down on the wet sand. Finally she joined up with the fresh tracks of a herd, which had come from up-river but had not followed it. I expect that this was her herd from which she had been ‘cut out’ by a LIST: In addition to the danger to cultivation from wounded elephants travellers in the jungle are also liable to suffer from their depredations. 3 A river which I sometimes travel up to visit salt licks is frequented by a small herd of elephants that undoubtedly had for sometime a wounded or seriously incapacitated elephant amongst their number. I noticed more than once a peculiar track mixed up with the normal tracks of the herd, and came to the conclusion that one of the elephants had a damaged hind leg, or was hurt THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 501 in some way so that it had not proper control over one of its hind legs. Subsequent to noticing this 1 was camped on the river bank, on a site often used by me, and having occasion tc go iarther up the river left some canned provisions and three drums olf benzine, well hidden as we thought, in the jungle near the camp site. | was thinking of human marauders, not elephants. When we came back some five or six days atterwards we found that some elephants had visited the site, had carefully hunted out cur ‘well hidaen’ benzine tins, stamped them fiat, and finding the provisions proceeded to scatter them about with a malicious inoroughness worthy of a better cause. lhe trame of my camp was smashed to pieces and to complete the insult an elephant hau tried to make a wallow just in front ot where my tent was usually erected. | 1 had frequently used thai camp site and elephants had often been around but, with one exception which | will presently relate, no elephant had ever come close to my camp. Not long ailter- wards a dead elephant was found on the river bank within a tew mules Of this spor. Lt was one of the herd that had raided my camp site and 1 believe it is permissible to suggest that the hera, normally ot good pehaviour, were incited by the presence ol a wounded elepnant to forget their usual good manners. {he other incident was more excitmg Lecause we were in camp at the time. At about 2 a.m. 1 was awakened trom a sound sleep by my tent coming down on top of me. | thought that the brancn o1 a tree had tallen on my ridge pole and broken it, and jumping up with a shout I struggied trom under the canvas. A couple ot tapir haa been round the camp the previous night and one of my men who slept close by, hearing a noise, got up with his electric torch and came towards my tent thinking that he was going to see a tapir or possibly two. But ne got a severe shock when he heard a crack, saw one end of my tent collapse, and the hind quarters of a smallish elephant disdppearing into the jungle. Investigations next morning showed that this elephant, a small tusker still in the playful stage, had come out of the jungle, walked ~ along beside the wall of my tent, then investigated my cook shed which he did not seem to appreciate, turned back following the same route and passed behind my tent the back of which he pro- ceeded to examine. | still slept! While doing this he knocked over a tin dipper which clattered to the ground. This scared him, and turning round hit my tent pole with that part of his anatomy which should never be used as a weapon, and broke it in two. Down came my tent but by that time he was well and _ truly frightened so made tracks for the jungle. The herd was not far away but the little bull had wandered off by himself as they so often do. This happened before there was a wounded elephant in the herd, so far as I know. 502 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HisS?T. SOCIETY, Vole era THE Matayan ELEPHANT AND HIS SALT-LICKS. I believe that in the Malayan jungles the salt-licks, so widely distributed, are an important factor in the life story of the elephant. But although they have no doubt contributed to the contentment and good health of many species of large game, they have also caused them much _ suftering and loss through the agency of poachers. A salt-lick is an easy place for a man, with no great desire to work, to sit up and hope for a chance shot at something that may come into the lick, seeking the sulphur water which most of these licks contain. So for many years some of those Malays who possessed guns took advantage of this habit of wild animals, and hoping to have pot shots either from the safe vantage of a tree, if a large animal such as an elephant, a rhinoceros, or a seladang was the desired object; or from a shelter on the ground it after sambhur or barking deer. An enormous number of animals have been fired at, some killed, but many more wounded, and animals gradually developed a technique which kept them away from salt licks except at night. ‘Then the electric torch appeared on the scene and night shooting in salt licks came into fashion. This would be designated by certain types of mind as ‘progress’, and it may be trom one point of view, but it meant annihilation tor the wid animals. The law in Malaya prohibits these acts but it is weakly administered and these tricks are not altogether checked so far as deer are concerned. Elephants have suttered from being shot at out of trees, as the testimony of skulls that I have give proof, and I think that the large number of elephants with one or even two tusks damaged that have been shot in Malaya, shows that there have been attempts to kill many more elephants than is generally supposed. But other means are used besides sitting up in trees over salt licks. I shot an elephant on one occasion which had five scars on its stomach which had healed up but which must have caused it endless pain and inconvenience when freshly inflicted. These five scars, more or less evenly spaced, were where five bamboo spikes had penetrated its body when going down a steep bank on an elephant trail to cross a river. The excuse for doing these acts is generally that they have been set to keep elephants away from ‘cultivation’, although there might be no cultivation within miles that counted for anything. I have seen these infernal things set on trails and can imagine how easily an elephant can be injured by them. The trails leading to salt- licks were favourite places for setting traps of various sorts, and it was, I think, on the approaches to the salt-licks or in the licks themselves that most of the harm was done. I have inspected many remote salt-licks in my time and in all the larger ones I found tracks of elephants. But although I know from such observations that elephants frequently used these licks I have only been able to get photographs of elephants in one lick, in fact have only seen elephants in this one lick. THE MALAVYAN ELEPHANT 503 So my remarks regarding the actual behaviour of elephants in a salt-lick, as seen with my own eyes, refer to one lick, although I have of course been able to read from their tracks in other licks something of what they have been doing during the hours of darkness. The one lick where I have gleaned much from watching elephants is situated in the remote jungles of Pahang, not very far from the main range and is known as Jenut ‘Lanau. Jenut is one of the words used by Pahang Malays for salt-lick; other words being Taram and Sesap or Sesapan, although the latter word is never so far as I know used for a sulphur-spring lick. In Perak the word used is Sira. fenut Lanau was a very favourite haunt for poachers a few years ago; it has a great attraction for sambhur and no doubt many have given up their lives in the vicinity of the lick. Although elephants have been fired at in this lick, I think that owing to it being an exceptionally good sulphur lck, that is to say it has a potent sulphur spring which never seems to run dry, elephants still risk visiting it in the daytime. Also the lick has been pretty well guarded during the last few years. It is within a day’s journey of my house! _ The reason for so many of the licks being avoided by elephants during the day time is, J think, because their traditions warn them of the danger during the daylight hours. Even at fenu? Lanau elephants are often in the vicinity of the lick, but only visit imaurine the night; in. fact most of their visits are at night. There is.a very old elephant which sometimes comes to Jenut Lanau, but I have never been able to catch him there during the day-time although on several of my visits I have found his tracks and learnt that he had been there during the night. Now there is a story attached to this elephant, which although mostly in the realms of conjecture, is worth relating. Ome of the “main game-trails taking one to or from /Jenut Lanau follows for a short distance a steepish hill side, the other boundary to the path being a small river that at this point is a short but not very steep waterfall. I noticed on more than one occasion that when this clephant had visited the lick and had followed this particular game trail, either coming or going, on reaching the steep hill side he left the trail and used the waterfall as his trail. Although it is not steep the rocks are very slippery and I should want to hold on to some- thing if I walked down it. But this old elephant, with its peculiarly careful tread, stepping with great care from flatish rock to flatish rock made his way up or down this small waterfall and then turned to join the game trail again. n ie bie a: r } ' i ie on : Mt a ’ a : i a re) rs * THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 507 I: had put down some salt and phosphate someway from the pool as an attraction for deer. The elephant smelt this as I saw him reach out once or twice with his trunk towards where this mixture was; but he made no attempt to investigate. When he had satisfied his wants he slowly turned round and retraced his steps along the same trail he had entered by and disappeared into the jungle. What so impressed me at the time was that when he came in and also when he went out there was not a sound, and even in the pool it was only when he blew the mud up and once or twice when he bathed himself that there was any noise at all. This elephant is, as I know from his tracks, a frequent visitor to this lick, as I have already written I have photographed him three times. He is easily identifiable by a bad scar on his trunk between the gums of his tusks, which is shown in the photograph reproduced here. (Plate No. 8.) I think it is a great privilege to be able to watch any large animal going about its lawful occasions quite unalarmed, and no wild animal is more impressive or gives one a greater thrill than an elephant. It is only possible to appreciate their position and their prestige in the animal kingdom when one sees them, as | have often seen them, in their true habitat, in their natural environ- ment, living as they were intended to live, and filling that function in nature that they have been created to fill. An ELEPHANT’S SALT-LICK PARTY. Perhaps the most interesting incident that I observed and photographed in this salt-lick in Pahang was when a small herd of elephants came in late one afternoon, the star turn being a small calf and the comic turn being a well-grown bull. I had two friends with me who had come from Singapore and I took them up to Jenut Lanau. They had only three days to spend with me and, unless lucky, three days is too short a time to be at all sure of seeing anything even in that salt-lick. When we visited the lick we found that a big solitary elephant had been in during the night, so our hopes ran high. But he did not come in again while we were there. As so often happens a small herd followed the big bull and the night before my friends had to get back we were awakened by elephants trumpeting from the direction of the lick. It was bad luck on my friends that the elephants were a day or two too late. Before they left in the early morning I took them down to the lick but the elephants had gone. However they were able to see how they had _ enjoyed themselves in the lick. Obviously this small herd had been in the lick most of the night. Later in the day I went to the hide and set up my apparatus. At four o’clock in the afternoon I heard the elephants trumpet and again at half past four, but nothing happened until five o’clock when, with a little scuffllng noise to my right as the elephants crossed the small stream which runs in front of my hide, three nv JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAP URAL EIS Ge SO CLE Ty eal clan ln elephants walked quickly across my front and plunged into the pool. Plate No. 1 shows them as they started to drink in the lick. The small calf, as it came into the open between the two cows, had all its time cut out to keep up but they arrived together and as can be seen by the photograph all drank together. I was busy with my cine camera when my assistant touched me on the arm and said, “Here comes the bull’, and sure enough on the trail which the cows had followed was a good sized bull with poor tusks. He did not attempt to enter the lick where the cows were but turned short right, went all round the fallen log a portion of which can be seen in the photographs of the lick, and came in from the far side. But the cows had the front seats and I presume, from watching the proceedings of the big bull as shown on Plate No. 7 where he is trying to find the exact place where the sulphur exudes from the rocks, that they were disinclined to give up their good places to any intruder. Now the bull could have pushed the big cow out of the way very easily if he had wanted to do so, but perhaps elephants are like human beings and very often the lady wears the trousers so he made no attempt to use his great strength to get at the right spot in the lick. But he gently pushed and pushed at the cow, sometimes with his forehead and sometimes, very gently, with his tusks. But although as can be seen in Plate No. 2 he pushed the cow slightly out of the perpendicular he achieved nothing. In the meantime the other cow, the pengasoh, was stirring up the mud and making as much mess as she could. The calf did not like this so backed out from between the two cows and went off to explore for himself. He was still quite small and as can be seen from the photograph was still suckling. His little undeveloped trunk waved about, he.touched the tree which was directly in front of him several times with the.tip of his trunk not quite certain perhaps whether it was something good to eat or not. In fact he did not know what to do with himself. Presently two other elephants came to the edge of the jungle, but not within clear view, and turned away to one side, not coming into the lick. Perhaps they saw that the house was full; anyway so long as I was there they did not appear again. The bull in the lick seemed very uncertain what to do: the cows ignored him and carried on. I do not think he appreciated this because he started stirring up the mud, occasionally throwing water over him- self and incidentally the cows, in fact generally making a nuisance of himself. Then he started to wave one of his forefeet in the air just above the water with a circular motion of his foot. Sometimes he just touched the water skimming the surface. He did this for some time but what he was trying to do was beyond me. Any scum that may have been on the water had been mixed up long ago by the cows; I think it was just annoyance and indecision as to what to do about it. Soon my films were used up and as it was getting late and the light almost gone we packed up and left the elephants to it. Just as we were leaving I turned back to bid the elephants a pleasant evening when I noticed that they «NUYOAL YNOA LIVM NOAA; [2ysratdosy . 5m wel, “TIA. S3ivid 7 ‘209 “LSIP] “LYNN AVaWOg ‘Nunof THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 599 had all turned round and were now facing the hide. But the bull was still an ‘also ran’ the cows sticking to the best places. Next morning one of my men went down to the lick and found an old cow in possession. I went down a little later and the indi- cations in the lick showed that the elephants had been there most of the night. But we had to go down river that morning because I had to pick up my other boat on another river about noon, so we left the elephants to enjoy their salt-lick party. I expect the bull got there finally—its a way they have—but he certainly was exceptionally polite and was a good example to Homo sapiens. CONCLUSION. Well, we will leave the Malayan elephant for the present and hope for the best. They can well look after themselves in Malaya’s luxuriant jungles if they are given a fair chance to do so, and so long as there are properly guarded sanctuaries of sufficient area to accom- modate them, they will survive. But ‘progress’ in Malaya, which means commercialism in excelsis, 18 no friend to wildlife. Unless public spirited and independent persons, who know and appreciate the value of wildlife from educative, recreative, and aesthetic standards, will fight for the proper preservation and intelligent conservation of the elephant, and the seladang, the rhinoceros and the sambhur deer, Malaya, with its polluted rivers, its mining wastes, its ever increasing erosion, its uneconomic forest exploitation, will become in a few decades a zoological! wilderness, and the larger types of the fauna will become memories only. APPENDIX. The following particulars of weights and measurements of tusks of the Malayan Elephant are given to support the contention in my introduction that the Malayan Elephant is not inferior to the Indian Elephant regarding the tusks it carries. The tusks recorded under No. 1 are very exceptional for Malaya; the others may be considered as typical of mature tusks although No. 2 is rather above the average. No. 1 was obtained in Johore during the last four or five years, the others in Pahang, twenty to thirty years ago. Generally speaking the elephants near the coasts carried the heaviest ivory, but No. 3 was a mountain elephant and is mentioned in my narrative. SCHEDULE. Length outside curve Circumference at gum Weight in lbs, Rio him Gert Right Lett Right Left No. 1 Toe LOO NOs” ERY 1S 753 70 Now 2 DO won 92” dis allo 443 46 INOS 4’ 103” 4’.10” 153” SE EA 38 oF No. 4 5e67 5D. Tos" iN 36 Bak THE, EARLY SPAGES *OF INDIAN GEE PID Or aia BY DY. Ge SEVASTOPULG yer Rakase PART V Tl: (Continued from page 294 of this volume). GRYPOCERA. HESPERIINAE. Syrichtus galba F. Head round, rusty black, and sparsely clothed with longish coarse black hair. ist somite slender, orange, edged posteriorly with black and with a median yellowish-white stripe. Rest of the body bluish-green, with a slightly darker dorsal stripe, and covered with white granules. Body clothed with moderately long white pubescence, the rst somite in addition with black hairs similar to those on the head: 1st pair of legs blackish, 2nd and 3rd pairs and prolegs bluish-green. Lives in a folded leaf. Pupa in a folded leaf lined with white silk. Of the usual Hesperid shape. Thorax bluish-green, wing cases green and abdomen pale pinkish with a subdorsal series of greyish spots. The whole body subsequently develops a dense white bloom giving it a general pale lilac appearance. The following markings are not obscured by the bloom—a large black spot on the thoracic spiracle, two small black spots on the vertex of the head and a blackish streak across the eye. Except for the wing cases, fairly thickly covered with moderately long white hairs. Anal end enclosed in the cast larval skin, which is attached to the silk lining of the leaf. Food-plant—Sida rhombifolia Linn. (Malvaceae). Described from a _ full-fed larva found in Calcutta 15-xi-4o, pupated 18-xi-g4o, and a male emerged 25-xi-4o. HETEROCERA. ‘THYRIDIDAE. Strighina scitaria WIk. Moore,. Lep. Ceyl., ii, 206,.pl«175,, fica as 1884-87, amps. Fauna’ Brito Ind., Moths. 1,0 3540091802. Head large, very dark brown. Ground colour of body greenish- yellow, with a darker green dorsal line due to the contents of the intestine shewing through the skin. 1st somite posteriorly with a raised black transverse line, divided centrally. rst to 3rd somites RPS EAR EV STAGHSSOE SINDIAN LEPIDOPTERA 5 ra a each with a raised black sublateral dot. 2nd and 3rd somites each with a double raised black spiracuiar dot, a larger subdorsal dot and a still larger one between it and the spiracular dots. 4th to roth somites each with a double raised black spiracular dot, a subdorsal dot and another slightly above and anterior to it. rith somite with four raised black dorsal dots and a spiracular one. 12th somite with a transverse row of four rather larger raised black. dots. Anal flap edged with a raised black line. A few white hairs. Legs, prolegs and venter yellowish. Lives in a silk- lined cell in a foldéd leaf.: Before, pupation the ground colour turns bright canary-yellow. Pupa in a spun together leaf lined with white silk. Dark reddish chestnut. A slight projection between the eyes. Slightly waisted between the thorax and abdomen. Spiracles set in very large, deep cavities. Cremaster, consisting of a bunch of hooked spines, fixed in the silk lining of the leaf. ~ Food-plant—Phaseolus sp. (Leguminosae). Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 6-i-41, pupated g-i-41, and a male emerged 10-1-41. Moore’s description is ‘Larva with 16 legs; cylindrical; with a few fine short dorsal hairs; olivaceous, with a few transverse series of black dots on third to last segment; second segment ochreous; head blackish. Pupa dark purplish brown.’ Hampson’s descrip- tion follows this very closely, except that it is the first segment which is described as ochreous and the spots are said to be on the second to terminal segments, LYMANTRIIDAE. Leucoma submarginata Wk. Moone. slep HeediaiCO., 236, pl. 17, fo. ira: amps, fauna, Brit, Ind., Moths, 1, 487. 1892. Strand Seitz, Indo-Austy. Bombyces, x, 311. Ovum round, rather flattened, the micropylar area depressed. Unsculptured. Bright translucent green when laid, after twenty- four hours the green becomes duller and a dark red-brown ring develops round the upper edge under the chorion. Turns brown shortly before hatching. Laid singly or in twos and _ threes. Hatched on the sixth day. Newly hatched larva with the head and body greyish white, a subdorsal dark grey stripe broken on the rst, 8th and anal somite by a transverse band of the ground colour.. Hairs white. Does not eat the eggshell. Final instar--Head velvety black, the clypeus filied in with white. Body velvety black, a series of lateral white spots, varying considerably in size, and a white transverse dorsal line between the Ist-2nd and 2nd-3rd somites. A second form is similar except that the lateral white spots are obsolete and there is a double greyish white dorsal stripe between the 4th and 11th somites, interrupted on the 7th. A third form has the head brick red, the clypeus outlined with black and filled in with white. Ground colour black with a series of numerous transverse pale greenish yellow o12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL WAIST SO. Cle TVs Vole ell lines. A sublateral series of slightly oblique, pale greenish yellow lines, the whole forming a broken sublateral line. In all forms, Ist somite with a black subdorsal tubercle tufted with greyish hair. A double dorsal and a subdorsal series of rosettes of short greyish hair, a single dorsal tuft of longer black hair on the 3rd, 7th and r2th somites. A sublateral series of rosettes of medium length grey hair. Thoracic and anal somites with single long greyish hairs. Legs and _ prolegs brownish. Dorsal _ glands oreyish... Venter «dank: oTey,. Pupa in a slight net of white silk. Typical Lymantriid pupa in shape. Colour pale frosted green, the spiracles black. Cre- master a pale brown blunt spike, armed with minute hooks, and fixed in the silk of the web. Food-plant—Lagerstroemia indica Linn., but this is probably not natural as only three larvae reached maturity and these were very undersized. The newly hatched larvae were offered Terminalia catappa and Mango, said to be foodplants of other species of the genus, also Quisqualis indica and Peepul, but refused to feed. Described from larvae bred from ova from a Calcutta caught female, one of which pupated 11-i-41, and a male emerged 16-i-41. Hampson’s description is as follows:—‘Larva pale fuscous, with long, scattered, simple, and spatulate hairs; a dorsal tuft of long black hair from the second somite; subdorsal and sublateral black lines; the first and second somites banded with black in front; the second somite with a yellow band also.’ Seitz gives an almost identical description and adds ‘Pupa green with black spots on each side of the thorax, somewhat flattened and curved, suspended in some netted threads.’ NOCTUIDAE. Spodoptera pecten Guen. Ovum pale bluish-green, spherical with the base flattened, and with numerous ribs running from the micropyle to base. Laid in large batches, sometimes two or three layers thick, and covered with hairs from the anal tuft of the female. Hatched on the fourth day. Nee hatched larva with a honey-coloured head, body greyish with minute black specks and sparse black hairs. After feeding the ground colour becomes green. Half grown larva with a honey-coloured head, body smooth, ereen with a dorsal and subdorsal white line and sublateral white stripe. In some examples the sublateral stripe is edged above with dark reddish brown, and in a very few there is a reddish brown dorsal stripe in place of the white line. Larva in penultimate instar very variable. Head honey colour with an inverted dark V-shaped mark. Body greyish-brown with a paler dorsal and subdorsal stripe, a paler sublateral stripe edged above with darker. Or with a broken black line above the sub- dorsal stripe. Or with a broad yellowish-green stripe below the subdorsal stripe, which may or may not be edged above with a i THE HARLEY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA 513 broken black line. Venter greenish-brown in the brown forms, green in the forms with the green stripe. Full grown larva—Head olive-brown with an inverted whitish Y-shaped mark, the area between the arms honey colour. Ground colour of body pale brownish-grey or greenish-grey. A paler dorsal and subdorsal stripe, the latter edged above with a series of black lunules, and a pale spiracular stripe edged above with a purple stripe. tst somite with a dorsal plate with a white dorsal and subdorsal line. Legs pale brown. Venter and prolegs greenish- grey. Spiracles black. ihe larva is very similar to that of S. mauritia Bsd. (mihi, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., xl, 687) but is slightly smaller. Pupa subterranean in a slight earthen cocoon. Bright red brown, a dorsal stripe on the abdomen and the intersegmental rings darker. Cremaster a double spine. Food-plant—Grasses. Described from a number of larvae bred from ova from a Calcutta caught female, one of which pupated 27-xi-40, and a female emerged 5-x1l-40. Spodoptera cilium Guen. Ovum egreyish-green, spherical with the base. flattened and with numerous ribs running from the micropyle to base. Laid in fairly large batches and covered with hairs from the anal tuft of the female. Hatched on the fifth day. Newly hatched larva grey, the head black. Hairs dark. Turns ereenish after feeding. 2nd instar—Similar, but the head very pale honey-brown. grd instar—Similar. A faint white subdorsal and lateral line, a whitish subspiracular stripe. A number of minute black dots. 4th instar—Similar. 5th instar—Similar, the subspiracular stripe, in most examples, edged above with dark brown. Some with the dorsum tinged with reddish brown, extending in a few examples all over the body. Later a subdorsal series of black lunules usually develops. Final instar--Head dark olive-brown, a pale inverted V-shaped mark, the arms filled in with paler olive-brown. Body dull drab, a narrow paler dorsal and subdorsal stripe, the latter edged above with a series of black lunules almost obsolete on the rst-3rd and t1th-13th somites, and a narrow dark purplish spiracular stripe edged below with paler. Venter greenish. Legs and_prolegs greenish. Spiracles black. A second form is similar except that the subdorsal stripe is tinged with green, and the area between it and the spiracular stripe is pale green. The black lunules are sometimes obsolescent, or even obsolete, those at the ends dis- appearing first. lt) 1S,) perhaps, interéstine to note the sequence of colour changes in the larvae of this species, S. pecten and.S. mauritia. The first instar larvae of all three species are alike, except that the head is black in cilium and mauritia and brown in pecten. After the first ecdysis the head is brown in all three species oa JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCINTY. © Vol. kaa and there is little change in appearance up to the 4th instar in cilium, the 3rd in pecten and the 2nd in mauritia. The following instar brings the beginning of the brown colouration and this is intensified in the next, the green colour disappearing in the sth instar in mauritia and in the 6th (final) instar in pecten, but persist- ing in the 6th (final) instar in cilium. Pupa subterranean in an earthen cocoon. Yellowish brown, the wing cases tinged slightly with greenish. A trace of a dark dorsal line along the abdomen and with the intersegmental areas darker. Cremaster a pair of diverging stoutish spines. Food-plant—Grasses. Described from larvae bred from ova from a Calcutta caught female, one of which pupated 16-i-41, and a male emerged 28-i-q1. Both Hampson (Cat. Lep. Phalaenae, viii, 254. 1909) and Warren (Seitz, Indo-Austr. Noctuidae, xi, 321.) treat cilium as a synonym of S. abyssinia Guen. and give the following description of a Natal larva under this name:-——‘Ochreous with numerous pale points defined by pale brown; dorsal line orange; subdorsal line represented by a series of orange marks defined by irregular black lunules above ; lateral line represented by orange marks; the stigmata black with brown patches above them; head and thoracic plate red- brown.’ Sideridis insularis Btlr. Ovum pale yellow with slight mother-of-pearl reflections. Round, unsculptured. In captivity laid in the angles of the box, in a state of nature presumably, as other members of the genus, in the axils of grass. The position results in the shape being badly distorted and the ova appear to shrivel before hatching. The colour slowly darkens to deep yellow and finally turns a dull leaden grey a few hours before hatching. Hatched the fifth day. Newly hatched larva grey with a honey-coloured head, the body turning green after feeding. A few short white hairs. 2nd and 3rd instar larvae—Head honey-brown. Body greenish- grey with ten longitudinal dark lines and a white subspiracular stripe. 4th instar—Head olive brown, the clypeus with a central black streak and with a black line on either side. Body with a greenish white dorsal line edged with dark green, a subdorsal dark green line with a narrow whitish stripe below it, below this a broader purplish-brown stripe, a pale green line and then a_ black-edged dark green stripe. A whitish spiracular stripe containing a brownish central stripe. Venter’ greyish green. Legs ~ blackish. Prolegs greyish green with an apical dark mark. Before ecdysis the colour fades and the larva is dull drab with dark lines. 5th instar—Head as in previous instar. Ground colour dark green tinged with purple. A white dorsal and subdorsal line, the dorsal edged with darker green, the subdorsal with a purplish stripe below it. A greenish white lateral line with a very dark green stripe below it. A spiracular white stripe with a rust coloured stripe inside it. Venter greyish green. Legs and prolegs greyish green, the latter with an apical dark mark, THE EARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA Bib Final instar—Head honey-brown, a black line on either side of the clypeus and the sides with a honey-comb pattern in black. Body with a broad grey dorsal stripe, within which is a central white line edged with blackish. A white subdorsal line edging the dorsal stripe, above which is an interrupted black line. Beneath the white subdorsal line, a pink stripe, a grey stripe and then a paler pink stripe, all separated by white lines, and a white line below the paler pink stripe. Venter pale greenish. Legs and pro- legs pale greenish, the latter with an apical dark mark. Spiracles black. The greys, black and pinks are not pure colours but com- posed of streaks and specks on a whitish ground. When completely tull fed, the greys and black strongly tinged with green. Pupa subterranean in an earthen cell. Bright reddish chestnut, the venter and wing cases slightly paler, the thorax, a stripe down the dorsum and the intersegmental rings slightly darker. Cremaster a pair of stout spines with a finer hooked spine on either side and a pair of fine hooked spines immediately behind on the dorsum. Food-plant—Grasses. Described from larvae bred from ova from a Calcutta caught female, one of which pupated 31-x1i-go, and a. male emerged 12-1-41. Prospalta pallidipennis Warr. Head pale green, the sides tinged with crimson and _ speckled with white. Ground colour pale yellowish green. 2nd and 3rd somites each with a transverse series of eight minute white dots. 4th to 10th somites each with a subdorsal triangle of three crimson- ringed white dots. A white spiracular stripe, speckled minutely with crimson and edged above by a crimson line. A white dot, with or without a crimson ring, over each spiracle above the spiracular stripe. 11th somite slightly conical with a whitish dorsal and subdorsal blotch, the area between whitish speckled with crimson. 12th and 13th somites marked with crimson dorsally. Spiracles black. Legs brown. Abdominal prolegs with a blackish spot at base, the apex speckled with crimson. Anal claspers marked with white in continuation of the spiracular stripe and slightly crimson speckled. Venter and area below the spiracular stripe rather bluer green. Before pupation the dorsum becomes suffused with purplish. The above is the form found wild. When reared in captivity, however, this form does not appear, the following two forms taking its place. Head brown, the sides dark purple brown speckled with white. Body with the ground colour above the spiracular stripe a rich bronzy brown (turning to deep crimson in blown specimens) with markings similar to the first form. In addition there is a series of oblique dark lines forming a dorsal and subdorsal series of diamond shaped marks. The crimson round the white dots and above the spiracular stripe somewhat obscured by the ground colour. The spiracular stripe whitish speckled slightly with crimson, the area below and venter pinkish grey. The third form is pale yellowish green with the usual crimson markings very pronounced and, in addition, a broad, irregular, 5ié JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII diffused crimson dorsal stripe formed of conjoined blotches, the legs springing from crimson patches and the prolegs crimson. The larva is very similar to that of P. capensis Guen. (mihi, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., xlii, 43) but can be distinguished by the white speckled side of the head and the subdorsal blotches on the 11th somite, capensis having a plain black stripe on the side of the head and no subdorsal blotch on the 11th somite. Pupa subterranean in an earthen cell. Head, thorax, wing, leg and antenna cases olive green. Abdomen brownish yellow with an olive green dorsal stripe and an olive green line on the posterior edge of each somite, the intersegmental area purplish brown. Cremaster two short spines. I*ood-plant—Coreopsis. Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 10-xi-40; buried itself 11-xi-go, and a male emerged 19-xi-4o. GEOMETRIDAE. Hyposidra talaca Wk. Moore,. Lep: Cevi. 111, 6202,- pl ros eclcw ib. oe tno 7 Hamps.. Fauna Brit, cea : Moths, i, 213. 1895. Immature larva—-Head round, black. Ground colour of body blackish purple, a paler dorsal stripe from the 9th somite backwards. A transverse row of white dots between the ath-5th, 5th-6th, 6th- 7th and 7th-8th somites, the first row extending right across the body from the sublateral area, the lower portion somewhat oblique, the other three rows on the dorsum only. Legs black. Shape rather short and stout. Full grown larva—Head round, pale brown speckled with darker. Ground colour pale brown speckled with darker and with orange. Ist to 4th somites each with a small subdorsal orange patch, that on the 4th largest. 311th somite also with a small subdorsal orange patch. Legs purplish-red banded with paler. Venter coloured as dorsum with a double median line of orange specks. The area between the legs and claspers whitish. Pupa subterranean in an earthen cell. Colour reddish-brown, the wing cases more yellow. Cuticle polished, the abdomen minutely punctate. Cremaster a stout spine. I*ood-plant—Castor (Ricinus communis Linn.). Described from a larva found in Calcutta, pupated 19-xii-4o, and a male emerged 4-i-41. Moore’s. description is:—‘Larva with ten legs; pinkish olivaceous-green, minutely black speckled; with a blackish lateral spot on the fifth and seventh segments. Pupa clivaceous-green and reddish, -Feeds) on “Jambona, (Combretum. and = ics parasiticus.’ His figure shews a pale coloured larva with an indistinct black ring on the 4th somite and a black figure-of-eight on the 6th. The pupa is depicted as brownish with green wing cases. Hampson’s description is:—‘Larva pinkish one green, irrorated with black, and with dark patches on 4th and 6th somites.’ THE EKARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA 17 Thalassodes quadraria Guen. Head green, bifid. Ground colour of body green, in some cases with a diffused dull crimson dorsal stripe, which may sometimes only be apparent between the somites. Legs and prolegs green. Anal flap triangular and ending in a sharp point. | Pupa between two leaves spun together with thick strands of white silk and attached by the cremaster to a few threads of silk. Shape slender, the head square across. Colour a uniform pale green. Cremaster a stout spike armed with hooked reddish spines. Food-plant——Polyalthea longifolia Wall. (Anonaceae). Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 17-xi-4o, pupated 19-xi-4o, and a male emerged 24-xi-40. Moore (ep: (Ceyls, ii,- 426, pl. 194, fig. 2a. 1884-87) figures and describes the larva of JT. dissita Wlk., which Hampson con- sidered as conspecific with the present species. This description is as follows:—‘Larva with 10 legs; looped; slender; head bifid; a pointed prominence on 12th segment; colour reddish above, greenish beneath; legs red. Pupa pinkish, greenish in front; thorax and abdomen minutely black-speckled. Feeds on Barringtonia.’ (To be continued.) SALT-LICRS. THEIR VITAL IMPORTANCE TO THE CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE IN MALAYA. BY THEODORE HUBBACK. The successful preservation of Wildlife is intimately connected with ecological study. Salt-licks are embraced by such study. To provide a congenial environment for the successful and norma! production of the various species of large Wildlife found in a Malayan Jungle the environment must include some type of soil, or exudations from the soil, which form salt-licks for such animals as elephant, seladang, rhinoceros, tapir, sambhur, and barking deer. The term salt-lick may be considered as a generic one., It is used to indicate any soil in which some natural substance is found which is attractive to wildlife and which they eat or drink. It is probably taken as a medicine, and undoubtedly acts as an aperient. In Northern Pahang, there have been many places where from time immemorial wild animals and even birds have been accustomed to utilize certain exudations from the soil. The extent to which some of these places have been used, is clearly indicated by the trails leading thereto, they show how important they have been to the life and well being of generations of jungle inhabitants. The most popular licks are those which have been centered round sulphur springs. Some licks are mud-licks. They do not appear to contain sulphur, but are impregnated with some saline which for want of analysis I am unable to identify. In Pahang the important salt-licks near the main range are all sulphur springs. In one place, well in the foot-hills of the mountains, there is a hot sulphur spring, much too hot for the animals to drink from, so they have made a lick somewhat below the spring where the sulphur water has cooled down. Many of these licks in Northern Pahang—lI will describe some of them—are still being used, but in most cases, owing to circum- stances that I will indicate, they have fallen from the position that they occupied a few decades ago. The first and most important reason why they have become less used is because of the alarming decrease in the incidence of the larger wildlife. In addition to a cumulative decrease going back for some years, there has been, during the last five years or so, much disturbance throughout nearly all the river valleys by gold stealers and jelutong tappers—in many cases the same people— that a congenial environment has been denied to the larger wildlife and normal breeding has not taken place. The extraordinary decrease in the numbers of sambhur deer which cannot be accounted a Sathy SIU CIES 519 for by hunting, legitimate and illegitimate, can only be due to the failure to breed in the usual sequences because of continual disturbance. | All this has affected the salt-licks; still, if our larger wild animals are to be saved from extinction—wildlife is supposed to be preserved now—it must be part of the ecological studies of those whose duty it is to enforce the preservation laws, to devote time to the question of the salt-licks and to appreciate their great im- portance in the life cycle of our larger fauna. It is my earnest hope that by describing some of these licks I may stimulate those whose responsibility it is to save our decreas- ing wildlife to devote more time to these most important phenomena. Such study will help them to realize their real importance to the cause of preservation and the contentment of the wild creatures of the jungle. THr TELOM VALLEY Probably at the present time the most important salt-lick in Ulu Pahang is Jenut Lanau in the Sungei Telom Valiey. This lick Jenut Lanau consists chiefly of a sulphur spring amongst some rocks at the bottom of a pool, some two feet deep. This spring never runs dry and is a permanent attraction to elephant and sambhur deer. Seladang some years ago used this lick regularly, coming over generally from the direction of the Jelai Ketchil Valley. Now only one old bull ever visits the lick, and even then only for a day or two during the year. But elephants and sambhur deer use it continuously, especially elephants. I have identified eight tuskers in that lick, but possibly I may have counted one twice over. But I have certainly not seen every male elephant that visits the lick. Female elephants look so much alike that I should not like to say how many I think I have seen. This lick is an ideal one to visit for the purpose of photo- graphing wild elephants and sambhur. But when elephants are about, sambhur do not like the lick, and generally keep away. Elephants make such a mess of the pool, and sambhur being unable to get their mouths right down to the springs—they do their best at times, putting their muzzles into the water right up to their eyes—object to a mixture of diluted sulphur water and elephants’ excrement. I have seen as many as five sambhur in the lick together, an unusual sight in this country. I have never seen a big stag in Jenut Lanau. This is due to the considerable amount of poaching that has gone on in this lick up to a few years ago. The landing place for Jenut Lanau can be reached from the railway station at Bukit Betong by motor-boat in a day unless toe Jelat ‘River is in- flood. Another important lick in the Telom Valley is Jenut Misong, a day’s journey up river from Jenut Lanau. The last six or seven Jeant Misong miles from Kuala Sungei Perahu, the end of navigation, is made S Jenut Batu Jenut Batu Dada Jenut Lyong 520 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLtii by jungle path. The Jenut is about a mile from the left bank of the Telom River. This lick, some thirty years ago, was a great place for deer shooting from hides; on the ground and up trees. It was so good that now few deer can be found there. But elephant utilize it a great deal, as well as another smal! lick known as Jenut Batu, about a mile further up the Misong Valley. The principal attraction at Jenut Misong is sulphur impregnated sand on the left side of the river, which the elephants dig up to get at a more concentrated solution of sulphur deeper down. Seladang used to occasionally visit this lick, but those days have passed. It is doubtful if any seladang herd can now be found in the Upper Telom Valley. It must be remembered however that with the continual disturbance that 1s going on in all these valleys, solitary seladang are lable to travel long distances from their regular beats and the discovery of a seladang in Jenut Misong must not be taken as indicating the return of a herd to its old haunts. THE SERAU VALLEY. The Serau River together with the Telom and Jelai Ketchil are the confluents of the Jelai River. In the Valley of the Serau there are, what were a few decades ago, several important salt-licks. They are now mere derelicts of their former pristine value; not because the localities where they are Situated have been developed, they are still in their virgin jungle; but because the chief frequenter of these licks, the Sumatran rhinoceros, has been poached almost out of existence. I will give a brief description of each lick. In the Serau itself there is one lick, Jenut Batu Dada, which is still very occasionally visited by an old male rhinoceros. This is veritably ‘the last of his race’ so far as that lick is concerned. From the indications in the vicinity of the lick, this place must have been used by dozens of rhinoceroses before they were des- troyed by poachers and their infernal pits. Deep unused trails, abandoned wallows, banks cut into by innumerable rhinoceroses’ horns and feet, all testify to the glories of this recreation ground of animals long since passed away. } There is a large pool in the centre of the clearing which con- stitutes the surroundings of this lick. This pool contains several sulphur springs. It is almost completely surrounded by well- polished rocks, polished by the action of generations of wild animals. I have seen rhinoceros, sambhur, kijang, and wild dogs in this lick, as well as a Malay serpent eagle, which seemed to enjoy the suiphur water with the best of them. Elephants very occasionally visit the lick. Tapir also use the lick but not seladang. The Sungei Besay, a large tributary on the right bank of the Serau, had three good salt-licks at one time. Jenut Lyong, not very far from Kuala Besay, is still visited by elephants. SALT-LICKS 521 Jenut Patchat, is a small lick on the left bank of the Besay above Jeram Limau. This lick used to be visited by rhinoceros; but they go there no longer for the excellent reason that there is none to go. The most important lick in the Besay was Jenut Bliong; far up in the foot hills of Gunong Bedong. There were two very active sulphur springs in that lick. From the indications still in evidence, this lick must have been used by rhinoceroses in some numbers but is seldom if ever visited by them now. I advisedly write ‘seldom’ because there is no reason why the old rhinoceros who visits the Jenut Batu Dada should not visit Jenut Bliong—they are not more than twenty miles apart in a straight line—although I have no evidence to support such an idea. Elephants still use this lick. The Besay rises in Gunong Bedong and extensive pitting for rhinoceros was done in the foot hills some years ago. I have seen pits well up the mountain. No doubt the breeding stock was so depleted that rhinoceroses were not left in sufficient numbers to maintain a normal breeding rate. That means extinction. Above Kuala Besay there is on the left bank of the Serau a large tributary known as the Briang. About three miles from Kuala Briang, situated on both sides of the river Briang, there is a large salt-lick, the Jenut Briang. | -Qn one side of the river there is sulphur impregnated sand, and on the right bank a rampart of limestone outcrop in which there are sulphur springs. Around this lick I found no less than 18 oid rhinoceros pits, which alone show that many rhinos must have used this lick. This lick has not been visited by rhinoceroses for very many years, but the lick is used by elephants and sambhur, and very occasionally, seladang. It is an extensive lick with many old game trails, deeply worn, leading into it. The rocks on the right bank of the river have been polished almost to perfection by the action of elephants and rhinoceroses using this lick in years long gone by. Above the confluence of the Chadu and the Serambun, which form the Serau, there are two sulphur licks. One known as Jenut Batu Karam, on the left bank of the Chadu, has been entirely ruined by mining, mostly unlawful. The second, known as Jenut Batu Papan, is far away up the Serambun within a couple of miles of the Kelantan Border. This lick was once a very favourite haunt of rhinoceros, but here again poachers did their deadly pitting in the early part of this century and the Serambun Valley now holds few rhinoceros. I found no less that 14 old rhino pits round this lick, but no doubt neither here nor round Jenut Briang did I find anything like all the pits that had been made. Within the last ten years poachers have come over to this lick from Kelantan. I have myself seen the Jenut Patchat Jenut Bliong Jenut Briang Jenut Batu Karam Jenut Batu Paran Jenut Stein 522 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST: SOCIETY, Vol. XLIt remains of a platform built in Jenut Batu Papan, which the local Sakai informed me had been built by Chinese poachers from Pulai. Jenut Batu Papan consists of a sulphur spring amongst some rocks, alongside the small stream that runs through the lick. But what was undoubtedly an attraction as well was a ‘battery’ of mud wallows close to the lick situated under the toe of a steep hill side. There were eight of these wallows quite close together. Two of them are still used, but only very occasionally. It is possible that there is a small modicum of sulphur in these wallows which made them so attractive to rhinoceroses. An old male rhinoceros sometimes uses the wallows but does not patronize the lick very often. Tapir are fond of this lick and I have seen the tracks ot serow (kambing grun) in the sand near the sulphur spring. I have seen rhinoceros, tapir, and also a serpent eagle in this lick. The entire jungle for miles and miles in Pahang and Kelantan is unoccupied by any human inhabitants and the environment of the Serambun Valley is exceptionally suitable for rhinoceroses. But — for years, when intensive poaching was going on, there must have been no normal breeding and the seriously depleted stock now shows the results. Still, in the Serambun Valley, an area of about 30,000 acres, there is a very small stock of rhinoceros which might be saved with careful conservation. I have identified, a few years ago, five head which included one calf. I applied for this entirely unopened and unoccupied area as a rhinoceros reserve, but someone whispered the magic word gold, and when there is any mention of possible gold exploitation no other subject is considered for a moment ! The Serau and its tributaries are the only hope for the rhino in Ulu Pahang, with the one exception of that portion of the upper waters of the Tanum River, which lie within the King George V National Park area. But the environment there is not so suitable as that in the Serau. In the Telom and Jelai Ketchil Valleys there are no rhinoceros at all. THE JeLat Kercuit RIVER. In the Jelai Ketchil River the Jenut Stein is a well known and important salt-lick. It is much favoured by sambhur deer and until a few years ago by seladang. The seladang in the Jelai Ketchil have been so much disturbed by jelutong tappers that they have broken up into small groups and undoubtedly have not been breed- ing normally. It must be recognized that seladang are often attacked by tiger if they are found in small groups accompanied by a calf, and undoubtedly disturbance, which helps to break up the herds, is of assistance to the tiger who is able to take a greater toll of calves than he can under conditions more favourable for the seladang. SALT-LICKS 523 A few years ago a hut was built by two Chinese between Jenut Stein and Jenut Kahamang, a small lick about a mile away up Jenut stream from Jenut Stein. The hut was built right alongside the Kahamang main game trail. ‘These Chinese were supposed to be jelutong tappers which trade they no doubt exercised spasmodically, but they also ran an illicit still and sponged on the Sakai. To serve their illegal ends they distributed some of the liquor to the Sakai. The lick was entirely deserted by seladang for over two years because of the continual use of their trails, the smell of human occupation which tainted the approaches to the lick, and the dis- turbance caused by trails which these Chinese made round the lick. Jenut Stein consists of sulphur impregnated sand over an area of several hundred square feet, with a small stream meandering through it. Elephants were very fond of the lick until the locality was tainted by the activities of these Chinese, but during the period of the Chinese cccupation they also deserted the lick. This is a good argument for proper protection of these licks. The elephants are back again now and occasionally visit the locality. They dig deep holes in the sand to try to find the best places. Jenut Tebarau, a small lick near the end of navigation up the Jelai Ketchil River, is badly situated between two steep hill sides. Jenut It is rich in sulphur springs and at times is much used by seladang. Tebarau Beyond Jenut Tebarau, far above the series of cascades that constitute the upper waters of the Jelai Ketchil, there are two hot Jennt Gatak sulphur springs which are used as Jenut. One known as Jenut Gatak—I have mentioned this lick on page 2—is used by elephants and very occasionally seladang. The other spring, known as Jenut Mesai, is near Jenut Gatak but is seldom used by wildlife. Jenut Mesai THE TELANG VALLEY. There is one important salt-lick in the Ulu Telang area known as Jenut Blimbing, situated in the Ulu of the Sungei Sergi, a Jenut Blim- small tributary of the Sungei Tengalan which joins the parent river bing near Kuala Tengalan. This lick is a mud-lick, there being no apparent indication of sulphur. It has been much used by elephant and seladang, the deeply worn trails going down the river banks to the lick being sufficient testimony to the popularity of the lick. But owing to a large influx of gold-stealing Chinese, and jelutong tappers, disturbance has done its deadly work ‘to the larger fauna which frequented the valleys of the Telang and the Tengalan. This lick is no longer used as it was a few years ago. _ In this area, that is to say between the Jelai River above Kuala Lipis, the Kuala Lipis—Raub Road, and the track from Raub to Kuala Medang, there-is one old rhino which sometimes goes to 524 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIEUGH: Vole tin Jenut Blimbing. I believe that it is the sole survivor of the rhino in that area. I do not know its sex, but that is immaterial because rhinoceroses have not yet reached the Martian stage where they can propagate their species by budding-off. Rhino there, are doomed, because there is no hope of others coming into that terrain, CONCLUSION. That completes the list of important salt-licks in Ulu Pahang, but does not include those in the King George V National Park. I wish to state what I think should be done to save these licks from destruction. Perhaps I should have given, earlier in this article, an explana- tion of the word ‘Jenut’. ‘Jenut’ is the commonest word used by Malays in Pahang: for salt-lick. A less common word is ‘Taram’. The word ‘Sesap’ or ‘Sesapan’ is the word generally used in Negri Sembilan but is very occasionally used in Pahang. None of the licks mentioned are in territory that has been opened up or developed; but Jenut Lanau, Jenut Stein and Jenut Tebarau are in country where there are Sakai. The chief safe-guard for the preservation of these salt-licks must be by legal provision in the laws for the preservation of wildlife. There is a ruling, agreed to by the Residents many years ago, that no land within two miles of a recognized salt-lick shall be given out until the Game Warden has been consulted on the matter. This ruling has not been invariably respected, and the present posi- tion is unsatisfactory. In the Tersang Valley, in the Raub District, a buffalo farm was established almost on the top of Jenut Tersang, a valuable salt-lick used by seladang and elephants, and the only large lick in the neighbourhood. There was only one Jenut Tersang but dozens of places where a buffalo farm could have been established. Some years ago a prospecting licence was given out without in any way consulting the Game Warden over an area embracing Jenut Misong and Jenut Batu. Quite recently a prospecting licence was very nearly given out to cover an area embracing Jenut Lanau, the most important lick in the tributaries of the Jelai River. These mistakes have been made due to slipshod record work in. Land: -Offices,: and can only be » avoided or ~prevented® by legislation. An amendment to the law should be made to reserve from alienation, for any purpose whatsoever, except that of wildlife con- servation, any land within a radius of two miles from all the active and valuable salt-licks, a list of which should be drawn up as a schedule to Wild Animals and Birds Protection Enactment. (Cap.= 193-). Reservation of such areas should prohibit any action within such areas so reserved, which would cause disturbance to those SALT LICKS 525 areas, and no permission should be given to any person to take any jungle produce or to undertake any prospecting of any kind within such areas. Some of the licks I have mentioned are marked on the topo- graphical map sheets, and the identification of their exact positions should be simple. Those not marked should be marked. The following salt-licks in Ulu Pahang should be scheduled as coming within the scope of special legislation. Jenut Lanau. a Jenut Misong Telom Valley. 2. Jenut Bliong. Jenut Batu Dada. Jenut Batu Papan. Jenut Briang. Serau Valley. Lote canes ete ae ; Jelai Ketchil Valley. Jenut Blimbing. =, elang. Valley. In other parts of Pahang there are salt-licks important to the welfare of the wildlife, and similar steps should be taken to guard them also. It must be a part of any vigorous policy of Wildlife Conservation to preserve salt-licks, and if they are recognized, as they should be recognized, as important adjuncts to a congenial environment for many species, then laws to preserve them, and machinery to enforce those laws, become imperative. THE GAME FISHES OF INDIA.? BY SUNDER Eat HORA, DISC...) F.R.S:ho 4.28.) PoRsAc SB ear Neen we) Assistant Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. (With one plate and three text-figures). (Continued from page 319 of Vol. xiii, No. 2). XIII. THe MaAnsFerRsS oR THE LARGE-SCALED BARBELS OF INDIA. 6. THE JUNGHA oF THE ASSAMESE, Barbus (Tor) progenesus McClelland. CONTENTS. PaGE Introduction ve a an a ee ion S26 History and Nomenclature ay fa rm bcs EAP Pecoy 77) Synonymy and Description ye Se ae = un oes Measurements an er roe ee se Sou Acknowledgments es a ey re ee Smite) List of References oo Ae Bs oe ae et Oe Explanation of Plate ce a Be sa nena Ooi INTRODUCTION. In one of the earlier articles of this “series, (7, "pp973-70) o attention was directed to the species of Large-scaled Barbels de- scribed by McClelland from Assam and the hope was expressed that ‘some specimens of Jungha from Assam would reach the author’s hands by February, 1941, so as to enable him to deal with this species in a subsequent article.’ Unfortunately the hope has remained unfulfilled, and I have so far not received any specimen authentically named as the Jungha of the Assamese. In consequence, I have to rely on what is already known concerning this species. The material in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India referred by me (3, pp. 328-330), to Barbus (Tor) progeneius is inadequate, and is not sufficient for the determination of the precise specific limits of the species. It 1s hoped that the members of the Society stationed in Assam will kindly send specimens of the true Jungha and other Mahseers of Assam, such as Lobura, Bura- petea and Bokar to me in salt, formalin or spirits of wine. —_- a a a 1 Published with permission of the Director, Zoological Survey of India. * Numerals in thick type within brackets refer to the serial numbers of the various publications listed in bibliography at the end of the paper. ‘puUurTpPPIQIW = SAIANADONd (NOT) saguvg ‘asouuessy 9yy Jo vysunf sq], 20S ‘JSIT ‘JUN Avquog ‘umoe THE ‘GAME FISHES OF INDIA 527 HISTORY AND NOMENCLATURE. In describing the Jungha under the name Barbus progenetus, McClelland (8, p. 270) observed in a. foot-note that the name implies that the fish ‘has a prominent chin or long beard; in allusion to the singular appendage to the lower jaw of this species by which it may be easily recognized.’ It seems that McClelland was greatly influenced by this structure, for in the detailed descrip- tion of the species on page 334, in referring to this character, he observed : ‘ . . . from the lower lip a fleshy appendix is extended, by which it is distinguished from the neighbouring species; nevertheless it is figured in Buchanan’s collection of drawings as Cyp. tor, to which it bears so close an affinity that he may probably have considered it to be the same.’ If a comparison is made between Buchanan’s figures of Cyprinus tor (9, p. 520, text-fig. 1) and that of McClelland’s B. progeneius Text-fig. 1.—Copy of McClelland’s illustration of Barbus progeneius from Assam. reproduced here, it will be evident that the two cannot represent the same species. In tor the head is more pointed and the body is considerably deeper and more pronounced along the ventral surface, while in progeneius the head is evenly pointed and 1s more or less equal to the depth of the body, which is slender and grace- ful. The presence of a labial fold in both the forms is not a very sound taxonomic character, as the development of this structure probably depends on certain, undetermined, environmental factors (4, pp. 279-282; 6, p. 787). It is, however, a common feature of the true Mahseers, such as B. putitora, B. tor and B. mosal. B. progeneius in its general facies is similar to B. mosal and it is likely that when more materia! of the two forms becomes available they may prove to be identical. For the present and to elicit further information I propose to regard them as distinct species. More information would be welcome regarding the fan-shaped development above the upper lip in certain specimens of progeneius. Gunther (25°). 130), used’ B. ‘mosal, and’ Day’ (1, p.. 564) used B. tor as a collective name for the various species of mahseers found in India; and no earlier worker appears to have recognised B. progeneius as a distinct species. In 1936, I (3, p. 328) regarded B, progeneius as a valid species, while B. mosal was considered a synonym ot B. putitora, 528 ~ JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. “SOCIETY 5 Violw x lon SYNONYMY AND DESCRIPTION. Barbus (Tor) progeneius McClelland. 1839, Barbus iprogeneims ’ McClelland, “As, Res., (XXIN, spp. 27017 9334, > plemivae igs-3: 1936, Barbus | progenems. Tora; “Rec. Ind. Musi. XXXVI eipp ig2s8- 330, text-figs. 7-9. D495 AN 2375 3 Re wig Vey nC eane. Barbus progeneius is a graceful species in which, as in B. mosal, the head is almost as long as the depth of the body and the dorsal profile is somewhat more elevated than the ventral. The head is sharpish in front; its length is contained from 4.5 to 4.9 times in the total length and from 3.5 to 3.8 times in the standard length. The height of the head is contained from 1.3 to 1.5 times and its width from 1.6 to 2.2 times in its length. The head is relatively much narrower in smaller examples. The position of the eye varies Text-fig. 2.—Dorsal and ventral surfaces of head of the stuffed specimen of Barbus (Tor) progeneius McClelland. Xd. a. Dorsal view; b. Ventral view. with growth, but generally it is nearer to the tip of the snout than to the posterior border of the operculum. The eyes are moderately large; the diameter of the eye is contained in the length of the head from 3 times in the young to about 4.7 times in the adult. In the smaller individuals the length of the snout is almost equal to the diameter of the eye while in the adult it is about one and a half times. In the young the eyes are more approximated dorsally ee THE GAME FISHES OF INDIA 529 and the interorbital space is less than the diameter of the eye while in the adult it is almost twice the eye-diameter. The depth : a we yiny a BES oy re —- Text-fig. 3.—Lateral view of head and anterior part of body of Barbus (Tor) tor (Ham.) and 8B. (Tor) progeneius McClelland showing the nature of the hypertrophied upper and lower lips. Upper figure: Barbus (Tor) progeneius McClelland. x 2/5. Lower figure: Barbus (Tor) tor (Hamilton). x3/5. These illustrations are reproduced from the Records of the Indian Museum (vol. xxxviii, pp. 327, 329, 1936) by the courtesy of the Director, Zoological Survey of India. of the body is more or less equal to the length of the head and the least height of the caudal peduncle is contained from 1.4 to 1.8 times in its length, 530; “JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURA iS Tl. SO CUE IY. sole xceu The mouth is of moderate size; its gape does not extend to below the eyes and is somewhat obliquely directed upwards. The lips are fleshy and continuous at the angles of the mouth; the labial groove is present. The posterior lip may or may not be produced backwards as a median lobe, but generally a well-developed median Jobe is present. Behind the upper lip there is a rounded, fan-shaped structure which in form and extent is quite different from the hypertrophied lips in Barbus putitora (4, pl. ii, fig. 3) and B. tor (9, plo ii, fig. 1; pl is). “have notjseen_ any specimenvor Bs mosal with a ‘similar structure,. and. for this, neasonms| seam retaining B. progeneius as a separate species. The fan-shaped structure is 32.5 mm: broad and 22.0 mm. lone /in Sayspecimen 690 mm. in tctal length. As such a structure has not been observed in any other specimen so far, it may prove to be an abnormal condition. The rostral and the maxillary barbels may be equal in length, but generally the latter are somewhat longer. The scales arye large and well formed; there are 24 to 27 scales along the lateral] line, and 24 rows between the lateral line and the base of the pelvic fin. There is a well-developed scaly appendage in the axil Oheach” pelvic “tin, The dorsal fin commences opposite to or slightly in advance of the pelvics; its origin is midway between the tip of the snout and the base of the caudal fin or somewhat nearer to the former. The dorsal spine is rather weak; the longest ray of the dorsal fin is equal to the depth of the body in young specimens, but in the adult specimens it is considerably shorter. The pectoral fins are lanceolate and are placed low down on the body; they are con- siderably shorter than the length of the head. The pelvics are similar to the pectorals and are separated from the anal by a considerable distance. The anal fin is somewhat longer than the pelvics and slightly rounded near the tip. The caudal fin is deeply forked with both the lobes pointed. In specimens preserved in spirit, the surface above the lateral line is grayish, becoming deeper towards the dorsal side, while the lower parts of the head and body are silvery. The bases of the scales are provided with dark blotches which are more pro- minent along the dorsal surface. Bionomics and Distribution.—McClelland (8, p. 330) observed that ‘The intestines are capacious, and consist of four convolutions extending along the posterior half of the abdominal cavity, leaving the anterior portion of that cavity chiefly to the stomach and liver. The first is a conical sac (larger than the stomach of the Cirrhins) occupying the right side, and terminating simply in the intestine. The liver is broad consisting of several lobes, chiefly placed on the left side of the stomach.’ B. progeneius was described from Assam, and I (3, p. 328) have referred a number of specimens from the Naga Hills, Assam, to this species. If it proves to be a synonym of B. mosal then the fish will have a much wider range of distribution. THE GAME FISHES OF INDIA 531 MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETRES. [Barak River. | (Stuffed | Trang River, Naga Hills specimen) MNotal length |... a 690-0 Ve 20 du0 198°5 | 1¢8°0 TO 220 Standard length tt 540°0 P5050 155°0 85:0 78°9 Length of head ys 141°0 42°5 43-0 24:0 2275 Height of head oe 109-0 | 29:0 OES 170 14°5 Width cf head a 85°90 2370 28:0. | 220) 10 9 Diameter of eye oe 30:0 | 11:0 12-0 Fo We 95 Length of snout i 46:0 Is:0 14:0 vies) 7°5 Interorbital distance... | Dios) 14:0 14-0 7:0 6°5 Depth of body .. eo = loSe() 410 43°0 230 22°0 Width of body... | 81:0 Z\e5 24°5 les WF) Eenoth of caudal pe- | duncle 102:0 29:0 30°S I 14°5 Least height of caudal. peduncle : at 61:0 LIOFS oe || 11:0 SRR) Length of dorsal fin a 101°0 36:0 33:0 ZS Bald) Length of pectoralfin ...| 108°0 34°5 34°5 18°5 NOS) Length of pelvic fin fee 88:0 27°9 2025 TS29 14:0 Length of anal fin | 95:0 32°0 30°0 IAD 1525 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. As in the case of the previous articles, the Bombay Natural History Society has very generously borne the entire cost of illustrat- ing this article, and for this my best thanks are due to the authorities of the Society. I am indebted to Mr, K. S. Misra for preparing the table of measurements and to Babu B. N. Bagchi for preparing the illustrations under my supervision. List OF REFERENCES. 1. Day, F.—Fishes of India, p. 564 (London, 1878). 2. Ginther, A.—Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum, vol. vii, p. 130 (London, 1868). 3. Hora, S. L.—On a further collection of fish from the Naga Hills.’ Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. xxxviii, pp. 324-331, 6 text-figs (1936). 4. Hora, S. L.—‘The Game Fishes of India. VIII. The Mahseers or the Large-scaled Barbels of India. 1. The Putitora | Mahseer, Barbus (Zor) putitora (Hamilton)’. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xli, pp. 272-285, 2 pls., 2 text-figs. (4939). Ss) Hora, o. [.—~Dhe Game Fishes “of India, IX. Ihe Mahseers or the Large-scaled Barbels of India. 2. The Tor Mahseer, Barbus (Tor) tor (Hamil- ton)’. . Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xli, pp. 518-525, 3 pls., 1 text-fig. (1440). 6. Hora, S. L.—‘The Game Fishes of India. X. The Mahseers or the Large-scaled Barbels of India. 3. The Mosal Mahseer, Barbus (Tor) mosal (Hamilton)’. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xli, pp. 784-794, 2 pls., 5 text-figs. (1940). 582 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII 7. Hora, S. L.—‘The Game Fishes of India. XI. The Mahseers or the Large-scaled Barbels of India. 4. The Bokar of the Assamese and Katli of the Nepalese, Barbus (Lissochilus) hexagonolepis McClelland.’ Journ. Bombay Nat, Hist. Soc., voly xii, pp. 78-85, 1 pl., ‘4 aext-figs, (1940): 8. McClelland, J.—‘Indian Cyprinidae.’ Asiatic Researches, vol. xix, pp. 270, 334, pl. Ivi, fig. 3 (18309). EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Lateral view of a stuffed specimen of Barbus (Tor) progeneius McClelland from the Barak River on the Imphal-Silchar Road, Naga Hills, Assam. xX ca }. The specimen is now exhibited in the Fish Gallery of the Indian. Museum, Calcutta. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE FLORA OF THE PUNJAB PLAINS. AND THE ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS BY DRESS] SABNIS UB. 8. (Elons.).:D: Sty, BAUSC.o mit Ae Sat Economic Botanist to Government, United Provinces, Cawnpore. Part 11h. (Continued from page 379 of this volume). 1 LXIX. SALVADORACEAE. 283. SaLvapora L. 523. Salvadora oleoides Dene. in Jacquem. Voy, Bot. 140, t. 144. Locality.x—Hissar (Duthie 4191 !). Flowers.—August. Distribution.—Aden. India—the Punjab, Rajputana and Sind plains, fre- quent. LXX. APOCYNACEAE. 284. Carissa L. 524. Carissa spinarum A.DC. Prodr. VIII, 332. Locality.x—Hoshiarpur (* Ait. 286!) ; Rawalpindi (Ait. 463 !). Fruits.—April. * With Cuscuta reflexa as a parasite. Distribution.—Drier parts of India. Burma; Ceylon. 525. Carissa grandiflora A.DC. Prodr. VIII, 335. Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Mustoe 6373 !). Distribution.—S. Africa. 285. Ruazya DCNE. 526. Rhazya stricta Decaisne in Ann. Nat. Sc. Ser. 2, IV, 81 and in Jacquern Woy.. Ot. 4t. “ILT. Locality.—Rawalpindi-Attock (Ait. 1076 !). Flowers.—March. Distribution.—Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Arabia. India—Sind, Peshawar, in the Trans-Indian territory common. 286. HoOLARRHENA Br. 527. Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. Cat. 1672. Locality.—Gurdaspur-Dhunera (Bisram 309 !). Distribution.—Throughout the drier forests of India, tropical Himalaya as- cending to 3,500 ft., Malacca. * When numbering the orders the figure XJII was omitted in the first part, hence all order numbers are one ahead of the correct sequence. This has been rectified in this part. The number of orders is thus 117, not 118 as stated (p. 124). 584. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. xiii 287. WricuTia Br. 528. Wrightia tinctoria Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. 1, 73. Vernacular name.—Inderjow. Locality.—-Gurgaon (Holland 54325 !). Fruits.—January. Distribution.—bBurma, Timor. Central India and throughout the Western Peninsula. 529. Wrightia tomentosa Roem. & Schultes Syst. IV, 414. Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13617 !). I'lowers.—May. Distribution.—Tropical India ascending to 2,000 ft. in the Himalaya and to 4,000 ft. in the Nilgiris. Burma; Ceylon; Penang. 288. NERIUM L. 530. Nerium odorum Soland. in Hort. Kew. ed., V, 1, 297. Locality. —RKawalpindi (Ait. 464 !). | Flowers.---April. Distribution..—-Nepal; Afghanistan; Japan. India—Sind, Central India, W. Himalaya, ascenidng to 6,500 ft. in Murree. 289. “LRACHELOSPERMUM LEMAIRE. 531, Tracheiospermum tragrans Hk. i. Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 14353 !). Flowers.-—April. Distribution.—India—-temperate and subtropical Himalaya. 532. Trachelospermum jasminoides Lem. Jard. Fleur. I (1851) t. 61. Locality.—-Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 14352 !). Flowers.—-April. Distribution.—China. 290. IcHNOcARPUS Br. 533. Ichnocarpus frutescens Br. in Hort. Kew. ed., ii, 60. Locality.—Gurdaspur (496!, 497! Drum’s Herb.); Hoshiarpur (Ait. 5o01!), Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 14248!, 7017 !). Flowers.—September. Distribution.—Java; Australia; Ceylon. Throughout India, ascending to 1-2,000 ft. in W. Himalaya. LXXI. ASCLEPIADACEAE. 291. CRYPTOLEPIS Br. 534. Cryptolepis Buchanani Roem. & Schult. Syst. IV, 4o9. Locality.—Rawalpindi-Chaka 3,500 ft. (Jerram 7353 !). Fruits.—February. Distribution.—Throughout India, ascending Himalaya to 4,000 ft. Ceylon. 292. PERIPLOCA L. 535. Periploca aphylla Dene. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 109, ste 1.16. Locality.—Rawalpindi-Kahuta (Parker 6500!); Kala chitta (Parker 6499 !). Flowers.—March. Fruiits.—December. FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 535, Distribution.—Afghanistan ; Persia; Arabia; Nubia. India—Sind, Rajputana, Plains of W. Punjab. 293. OxysTELMA Br, 536. Oxystelma esculentum Br. Vernacular name.—Makkanvel. Locality.—-Lahore—islands in the Ravi near Chung (Parker 13781!, 13779}, 13780 !). Flowers.—September. Distribution.—Ceylon ; Java; Ava.—Throughout the plains and lower hills of India. 294. CaLotropis Br. 537. Calotropis procera Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, II, 78. Locality.—Peshawar College (Quizilbash 64!); Changa Manga (Kanjilal!). Flowers.—January. Distribution.—Ava; Persia; tropical Africa. India—W. and C. parts, Sind, Rajputana. 295. PENTATROPIS Br. 538. Pentatropis spiralis Dcne. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 1838, 327, t. 11 E. and in IDC. Prodr.. VIII, 536: Locality.x—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (*Parker 6832!); Changa Manga (Kanjilal 107!); Kot Lakhpat (Parker 14883!); Hissar (Duthie 4204 !). Flowers.—February. * Wild in Ag. Hort. Gdns. and growing over Salvadora. Distribution.—Afghanisian and westwards to the Red Sea and Nubia. India~ the Punjab, Sind and eastwards to the Jummna river. 296. Daremia Br. 539. Daemia extensa Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. I, 50. Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 439!); Hissar (Duthie 5233!, 4194!); Lahore= Changa Manga (Parker 6846!; Kanjilal !). Flowers.—August-April. Distribution.—Ceylon ; Afghanistan. Throughout India, ascending N.-W. Himalaya to 3,000 ft. 297. HOLosTEMMA Br. 540. Holostemma Rheedii Wall. Pl. As. Rar II, 51 & Cat. 44609. Locality.—Rawalpindi—Falconer’s Herb. Flowers.—August. Distribution.—Pegu; Burma; India tropical Himalaya, alt. : 3-5,000 ft. Deccan Peninsula. Rie y, ; 298. PerGutaria L, O41. Pergularia pallida Wight & Arn. Contrib. 42. Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 466!). Flowers.—July-August. Distribution.—Throughout India. Burma, Ceylon. 6 586° JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HiST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII 299. | LEPTADENIA Br. 542. Leptadenia Spartium Wight Contrib., 48. Locality.—Jhind State (Raitt © 23972', 23973!); Multan (Duthie 10789}, Monro 39!); Hoshiarpur (Holland 7017 !). Flowers.—September-February. . ee Distribution.—Baluchistan ; Arabia; Egypt; Senegambia. India—the Punjab, Sind, Rajputana, eastwards to Jummna. i 300. CEROPEGIA L, | “$43. Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. Car, PI. Els, ie Locality.—Hissar (Coldstream). Flowers.--—July. Distribution.—-Western India, the Punjab and Upper Gangetic plain, south- wards to Travancore. LXXII. LOGANIACEAE. 301. Buppiera L. 544. Buddleia asiatica Lour. Fl. Cochinch., 72. a Locality.—Rawalpindi—Sangeri 5,o00 ft. (Jerram 7534!, 7533!); (Ait. 491!); Gurdaspur—Siyapurkandi (Bisram 841 !). Flowers.—March-May. | _* Distribution.—Malay; Cochin-China; China. Throughout India, ascending | to 6,000 ft., very common. ° 545. Buddleia madagascariensis Lamk. Encyc. I, 513. Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 12948!) ; Hoshiarpur. (*Ait. 547) | : Sth se , _—Flewers.—April. a Distribution.—Madagascar. *Cultivated. 546. Buddleia Lindleyana Fortune in Lindl. Bot. Reg. (1844) Misc. 25. Locality.-Lahore—Ag. Hort, Gdns. (Parker 12949!). Flowers.—April. Distribution.—-China. - ---“ EXXIIL GENTIANACEAE: 302. - ENicostEMA BLUME, 547. Enicostema littorale Blume Bijd. 848. Locality.—Multan (Monro 69!). Distribution.—Malaya; Trop. Africa; W. Indies. Throughout India, alt. 0-1,500 ft. 303. ERYTHRAEA L.:C. RICH. 548, Erythraea ramosissima Pers. Syn. I, 283. Locality.—Peshawar College (Quizibash 16!). caus Distribution.—Kabul; Baluchistan; W. Asia; Egypt. India—the Punjab, alt. 1-2,000 ft. - 549. Erythraea Roxburghii G. Don. Gen. Syst. TV, 206. Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 468 !); Lahore (Stewart. 2623 !). Flowers.—May. a a Distribution.—Throughout India, ascending to 2,000 ft., common in Bengal plains. says ais: “FLORA. OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILE REGIONS 537 .304. GENTIANA L, 550. Gentiana decemfida Ham. Don Prodr. 137. Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 531 !). he ae OG aaa —India—the Punjab, N.-W. and C. Himalaya, “att, I- 8,60 6 LXXIV. BORAGINACEAE. 305. ; CORDIAL; 551. Cordia obliqua Willd. Sp. Pl. I, 1072. : Locality. Rawalpindi (Ait. 473 !). F ay. DiS aes India and. the Punjab, frequent. (Ceylon; Nicobar. Cultivated. ee 552. Cordia Rothii Roem. & Schult. Syst. TV, 708. Locality.—Multan (Monro se Ne Flowers.—April. ; PLES Distribution.—Arabia ; UNByeeics ~W. India, from the Punjab, Hardwar, Rajputana, Sind, to Malabar, frequent. Ce Sa 306. Exuretia L, », 983.:Ehretia acuminata Br. Prodr. 497. Locality.—Gurdaspur (Fane 4855!); Hoshiarpur (Ait. 598!).. Flowers.—June. een ~Distribution.—Ava; Australia; Japan. India—subtropical Himalaya, ascend- ing to 5,000 ft. and ‘adjacent plains, common. 554. Ehretia laevis Roxb. Cor. Pi. 42, t. 55 and FI. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. est. Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. Fane Distribution.—Persia to China; Australia ae Polynesic: Throughout India, in tropical and subtropical regions, common, one 555. Ehretia laevis Roxb. var. pubescens. Locality.x—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 172!). Distribution.—Throughout India. 556. Ehretia laevis Roxb. var. aspera. Locality.—Lahore—Changa Manga (Parker 14355!, 14357 !). ; Flowers.—October. Lemna .L: 838. Lemna paucicostata Hegelm. Lemnae. 139, t. 8. Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 572 1,538 |). Distribution.—C osmopolitan tropical. In various parts of India and Ceylon. _. 476. WoLrFFIA HORKEL. 839. Wolffia microscopica Kurz in Journ. Linn. Soc. IX, 265. Locality.x—Lahore (Kashyap 18466! .e Raw Distribution.—India. : 539 }). ~ OXIV. | ALISMACEAE. a77-) Avisma L. _ 840. Alisma Plantago Linn. - ‘Locality. —Hoshiarpur. (Ait. Flowers.—June. r oe Distribution.—N. and S. temperate regions. India—Marshes, etc. of the lower Himalaya, alt. 1- 7 Cok it 332!; Bisram 339!).° CXV. NAIADACEAE. 478. PotaMocETon L. 841. Potamogeton perfoliatus Linn. Sp. Pl. 126. Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 232!). Flowers.—September. -Distribution.—Malay and Sandwich Jslands., Throughout . the. plains of India, ascending the Himalaya to 9,000 ft, 574 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII 842. Potamogeton crispus Linn. Sp. Pl. 126. Locality.x—Rawalpinli (Ait. 569!). Distribution.—N. and S. temperate and subtropical regions. Plains of India and temperate Himalaya. 843. Potamogeton pectinatus Linn. Sp. Pl. 127. Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 542 !). Distribution.—Plains of India. Most regions. CXVI7 \CYPERAGCEAE,. 479. Cyperus L., 844. Cyperus niveus Retz. Obs. V, 12. Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 134!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 94!). Flowers.—July. Distribution.—Kabul; China. India—from Kashmir to Upper Burma, alt. o-6,000 ft., Rajputana and southwards to Calcutta and Hyderabad. r 845. Cyperus arenarius Retz. Obs. IV, 9. Locality.x—Charkhi Dadri in sandy soil (Duthie 4491!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 23g! named C. laevigatus Koen.). Flowers.—August-September. Distribution.—Persia; Arabia; Trop. Asia. India—Rajputana, Sind, Punjab Plains. 846. Cyperus Atkinsoni C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXI, 109. Locality.x—Charkhi Dadri in sandy soil (Duthie 4491a!). Flowers.—August. Distribution.—India. 847. Cyperus I a Linn. Sp. Pl. 67, (Excl. Rheede). Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 129!). Flowers.—August. Distribution.—Old World. India—Rajputana, general in rice fields. 848. Cyperus eleusinoides Kunth Enum. ii, 39. Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 245!, 244!). Flowers.—September. Distribution.—Asia ; Africa; Australia. India—Punjab to Ceylon, Rajputana. 819. CyperusStegetum Roxb. F!. Ind. i, 208. Locality.—-Hissar (Duthie 4483 !). Flowers.—August. Distribution.—Tropical Africa; Mauritius; Ceylon. Throughout India—Raj- putana, Sind. 850. Cyperus rotundus Linn. Sp. Pl. 67 (not in Linn. Herb). Locality.—Multan (Monro 340!, 179!, 20!, 18!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 109!); Lahore (Stewart 2615 !). Distribution.—All warm regions. India—Rajputana, Sind, a _ pestiferous weed. 851. Cyperus stoloniferus Retz. Obs. IV, to. Locality.—Lahore (Monro 19!); Multan (Monro 3893). Flowers.—September. Distribution.—-Malay Peninsula; Mauritius; China; Malaya; Australia. Shores of India, especially in sea sand, from Sind to Ceylon and Coromandel. | 5 FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 57 852. Cyperus serotinus Rottb. Desc. Nov. Pl. 31; Prog. 18=Monti. Locality.— Rawalpindi (Ait. 246!). Flowers.—September. Distribution.—Europe ; Orient. 480. Kyrtiinca ROTTB. 853. Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. Descr. et. Ic. 13, t. 4, f. 3. Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 240!). Flowers.—September. Distribution.—Throughout India, from the Punjab to Assam, Ceylon and Malacca. All warm regions except the Mediterranean. 481. EnLreocuaris R. Br. 854. Eleocharis palustris Br. Prodr. 224 (in note). Locality.—Peshawar (Quizilbash 40!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 558 !). Flowers.—May. Distribution.--Cosmopolitan. Bengal. India—from the W. Himalaya to Sind and 482. Fimpristytis VAHL. lod 855. Fimbristylis dichotoma Vahl. Enum. ii, 287. Locality.x—Muzaffargarh (Monro 270!, 272!). Flowers.—April. Distribution.—Warm regions of the Old World. putana, Sind, in rice fields. Throughout India—Raj- 856. Fimbristylis ferruginea Vahl. Enum. 291. Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 242 !). Flowers.—September. Distribution.—All warm __ regions. abundant near the sea. Throughout India, Rajputana, Sind, 483. Scirpus L. 857. Scirpus quinquefarius Ham. in Wal. Cat. 3465. Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 259!). Flowers.—September. Distribution.—Turkestan, Afghanistan; Africa. N. India, Rajputana, Sind, 858. Scirpus mucrynatus Linn. Sp. Pl. 73. Locality.-Rawalpindi (Ait. 559!). Flowers.—May. Distribution.—Europe ; Madagascar; warmer Asia; Australia. Throughout India. 859. Scirpus littoralis Schrad. Fl. Germ. .i, 142, t. 5, a Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 560!). Flowers.—May. ; Distribution.—Central Asia; Mediterranean region; Persia; Africa; Ceylon. India—Rajputana, Sind. 484. Carex L. 860. Carex setigera Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. XIV, 330 & Prodr. 43. Locality.—Rawalpindi—Murree 6,500 ft. (58!, 55!, 181). Flowers.—May. Distribution.—India. ov¥6 JOURNAL; BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Viol. Xie 861. Carex Wallichiana Prescott in Wall. Cat. 3380. Locality.—Rawalpindi—Hurroo (Ait. 1127 1}, Flowers.—March. Distribution.—Afghanistan. N. India. CXVIT. GRAMINEAE. 485. Paspatum L. 862. Paspalum sanguinale Lamk. Illustr. I, 176. ~ Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 120 !). Flowers.—August. i Be Distribution.— All warm _ countries. Tie suena India, in dry and moist situations ascending the Himalaya to 6,000 ft. 863. Paspalum longiflorum Retz. Obs. IV, 15 (non Trin). © . Sha iae Locality.—-Karnal (Drum !). Flowers.—August-September. chi Distribution.—Tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. Through- out India. 486. ISACHNE Br. 864. Isachne australis Br. Prodr. 1096. Locality.x—Rawalpindi (Ait. 250!). _:. Flowers—September. - Distribution.—Australia; New Zealand. Hotter parts of India, fon Assam™ and Burma to Central India and southwards to Ceylon. 487. Panicum L. 865. Panicum Crus-galli Linn. Sp. PI. 56. Locality.—Karnal (Drum!); Multan! a. | | Flowers.—August. Distribution.— All warm countries. Throughout India, especially in wet and rich soils. 866. Panicum colonum Linn. Syst. Ed. X, 870. Locality.x—Multan (Monro ‘16; Forest Dept. 8!); ee eee (Monro 26!, 27.!); Rawalpindr (Ait. 96!) ; Hissar bir (Duthie 5026)1)- Flowers.—July-September. Best fodder for cows, buffaloes, horses. The seed is eaten by people. Hindus make sweetmeat of it during fast days. Distribution.—All warm countries. Throughout India and Ceylon. ~ 867. Panicum prostratum Lamk. Illustr. i, 171; Encycl. IV,. 745. Locality. Bevis toon (Ait. 107 1): Flowers.—July. -. A good fodder grass. a Distribution. —Tropics generally. Plains of India one ‘the quniee mad to Assam and Burma and southwards to Ceylon. 868. Panicum ramosum Linn. Mant. i, ie gee —_ Locality.—Hissar (Duthie 5019!) Karnal Eee !); Hansee 187!; Multan (Monro 369!; * Forest Dept. 2 !). Flowers. August. * Grows on sandy soil with enough moisture. Good fodder ‘for Cela, worse fodder for camels and’ goats: Distribution.—Afghanistan ; Ceylon. Plains of Tere from slash Rajputana and the N.-W. Provinces to Bihar and southwards to Madras;- i \-FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 577 869. Panicum hydaspicum Edgew. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vi (1862) 207. Locality.—Karnal jungle (Drum!) ; Rawalpindi (Ait. 123 !). Flowers.—August-September. ~ ' Distribution.—India—the Punjab and Upper Gangetic Plain. 870... Panicum antidotale Retz Obs. IV, 17. Locality. —Hissar bir (Harsukh 20715!, Duthie 5025 !); Multan (Monro 81!; Duthie 10802 !) ; Rawalpindi (Ait. 113 !); Hoshiarpur (Ait. 1114!). — --+ Flowers,—July-February r m } Distribution.—-Afghanistan ; Africa; Tropical Australia. India—the Punjab, Rajputana, Sind, Upper Gangetic Plain and southwards to S. Deccan and Ceylon. es 488. Optismenus BEAUTY. 871. Oplismenus compositus Beauv. Agrost. 54. Locality.—Hooshiarpore (Ait. 480 !). Distribution.—Ceylon, most tropical regions (except Australia). Throughout India. "489. Setaria BEAUV. 872. Setaria glauca Beauv. Agrost. 51. Locality.—Karnal (Durm !); Rawalpindi (Ait. 108!). Flowers.—May-July. ho Distribution.—All warm, temperate and tropical regions. Throughout _India, especially in cultivated ground. | 4go.’ PENNISETUM. PERS. 873. Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Pers. Syn. i, 72., , Locality.—Rawalpindi—Murree (Wingate 35!); Barrakow: 2,500 ft. (Wingate te) ras, Flowers.—April-May. Distribution.—Asia Minor and N. Africa. India—W. Himalaya, the Punjab, Sind, the Konkan and Bihar. 874. Pennisetum cenchroides Rich. in Pers. Syn. i, 72. Locality —Multan (Monro 14!, 13!; * Forest Dept. 14!); Lahore (Stewart 2524!; Duthie!; Brandis’ Herb. 2960 !) ; Rawalpindi (Ait. 99 !). . Flowers. —August- -September. -* Best fodder to increase milk for cattle. Average kind of fodder for ponies. , Grows on good sandy and moist soils. Distribution. —Canary Islands; Tropical Africa; Sicily. India low hills throughout W. India, Rajputana, Sind. Baluchistan. plains. and 875. Pennisetum: Prieurii Kunth Revis. Gram. ii, 411, t. 119; Enum. PI. i, 162; ‘Suppl. 119. . Tc cality. —lLahore (Hein 1); Multan (Monro 14!). Flowers.—August-September. Distribution.—Tropical Africa. India—The Punjab, Rajputana. 876. Pennisetum typhoideum Rich. in Pers. Syn. I (1805). 72. ‘Locality.—Lahore (Stewart 2844 !). Distribution.—Africa and S. Europe. Throughout the hotter parts of India, widely cultivated. BSL ET ye = 578 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII 491. CENCHRUS L. 877. Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 233. Locality.—Lahore (2957; Stewart 2845!); Hissar bir (Harsukh 20708! ; Duthie 5034!); Sialkot (Bairus’ father !). Flowers.—April-October. Distribution.—Arabia; Africa. India—the Punjab, Rajputana, Sind, Upper Gangetic Plain, the Konkan. Baluchistan. 878. Cenchrus catharticus Delile Cat. Hort. Monsp. 1838; in Linnaea XIII (1839) Litterb 103. Locality.—Hissar bir (Harsukh 20702!); Panipat (Drum!). Flowers.—October. Distribution.—Arabia ; Tropical Africa. India—the Punjab, Rajputana, Upper Gangteic Plains. 492. Oryza L. 879. Oryza sativa Linn. Sp. Pl. 333. Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 255!). Fruits.—September. Distribution.—Ceylon ; Tropical Australia. Indigenous in marshes of Raj- putana, Sikkim, Bengal, the Khasia Hills, Central India, the Circars. 493- Tracus HALLER. 880. Tragus racemosus Scop. Introd. Hist. Nat. 73. Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 110!); (Barrakow 1!}). Flowers.—May-August. a Distribution.—Warm regions generally. Dry plains of India, Burma, Ceylon. 494. Imperata CYRILL. 381. Imperata arundinacea Cyrill. Pl. Rar. Neap Fasc. ii, 26, t. 11. Locality.—Rawalpindi—Barrakow (Ait. 568!, 94!). Flowers.—April-September. Distribution.—Hotter parts of India, from the Punjab southwards, and east- wards to Malacca and Ceylon. 495. SaccHaRuM L. 882. Saccharum spoutaneum Linn. Mant. ii, 183. Locality.x—Multan (Monro 34!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 131!). Flowers.—September-October. ‘Distribution.—S. Europe and warm regions of the Old World; E. Australia. Throughout the warmer parts of India and Ceylon, ascending to 6,000 ft., in the Himalaya. 883. Saccharum arundinaceum Retz. Obs. IV, 14. Locality.—Multan (Monro 33!); Karnal Gdns (3006! Drum’s Herb). Flowers.—October. Distribution.—Ceylon ; China. Throughout the plains and low hills of India. 496. Ertantuus MICHX. 884. Erianthus Ravennae Beauv. Agrost. 14. Locality.—Karnal (Jabraya 3008! Drum’s Herb); Lahore (For. Economist 20162!, 20163 !). Flowers.—October-December, FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 579 Distribution.—India—W. Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon, the Punjab and Upper Gangétic Plain, from the Indus to Delhi. Westwards to the Mediterranean. ISCHAEMUM L. 497+ 885. Ischaemum angustifolium Hook. Monogr. Androp. 241 Locality.x—Rawalpindi—Barrakow (Ait. 563!). Flowers.—April. Distribution.—Afghanistan ; China; Philippines. India—Lower Himalaya, the Punjab, Rajputana, Mt. Aboo, the Satpura Hills, Bihar on Parusnath, Central India. 498. PoGonaTHERUM BEAUTY. 886. Pogonatherum saccharoideum Beauv. Agrost. 56, t, f. 7. Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 542 !). Distribution..—China; Malaya. Throughout the hilly parts of India, in dry places, from the Punjab eastwards to Bhotan, Manipur, Burma, ascending the Himalaya to 4,000 ft. and southwards to Central India and Ceylon. 499. RottsBoetyia L, f. 887. Rottboellia compressa Linn. f. Suppl. 114 Locality.x—Multan (Monro 209!). Distribution.—Throughout the hotter parts of India, generally in wet places, Burma and Ceylon. Westwards to Spain and the Canaries and in most warm climates. 888. Rottboellia compressa Linn.—var. fasciculata Hack. Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 252!); Lahore (For. Dept. 6!). Flowers.—September. Distribution.—India—common especially on the borders of pools, often climb- ing among bushes. 889. Rottboellia perforata Roxb. Pl. Corom. ii, 43, t. 182; Fl. Ind. I, 356. Locality.x—Rawalpindi (Ait. 122!). Flowers.—July. Distribution.—Afghanistan ; Java. Throughout India from the Burma and southwards to Ceylon. ELtionurus HUMB. & BONPL. Indus to 500. 890. Elionurus hirsutus Munro ex Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIX (1881) 68. Locality.—Hissar bir (Harsukh 20700!; 5053!); Rawalpindi (Wingate !); Multan (Monro!). Flowers.—April-November. Distribution.—India—N. Punjab, Rajputana, Sind. Westwards to N. Africa. Duthie 501. ANDROPOGON L. 891. Andropogen foveolatus Del. Fl. Egypt. 16 a, t. 8, f. 2. Locality.—Hissar bir (Duthie 5064!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 98!). Flowers.—August. Distribution.—Drier parts of India, from the Punjab and Sind to Bengal, Chota Nagpur, Central Provinces, Circars, and Coromandel. Baluchistan; westwards to the Cape Verde Islands. 580 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL. HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XEN 892. Andropogon Ischaemum Linn. Sp. Pir 10472 _Locality.—Hissar bir (Duthie 5060 !); Rawalpindi (Ait. 93 !). Flowers. —-August. Distribution. —N.-W. India. Westwards to S. Europe, and tropics generally or sporadically. : ‘ 593. Andropogon hallpensis Brot. Fl. Lusit, i. 89. Locality.—Lahore (Monro 24!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 116 !). _ Flowers.—August. Distribution.—-Most warm countries. Throughout India, Burma and. Ceylon in open - places. . 2 a Andropogon squarrosus Linn. f. Suppl. 433. (A. vetiverica zizanoides Stapr:); Locality.--Rawalpindi (Ait. 142!); Peshawar (Stewart!); Hissar bir (Duthie 5061 !); Muzaffargarh (Monro 28!). R87 Flowers.—August-September. Distribution.—Java ; Tropical Africa. Throughout the plains and lower hills of India, Burma and Ceylon. 895. Andropogon monticolus Schult. Mant. iii, 665. Locality.—Rawalpindi (Wingate !). Flowers.—April. Distribution.—Burma ; Afghanistan; S. Africa. India—W. Himalaya, from the Punjab to Bihar and southwards to Ceylon. 896. Andropogon monticola Schult. var. Trini. Locality.—Rawalpindi (3 7 ee Atte 621) | ie Flowers.—May-August. eee, 897. Andropogon annulatus Forsk. FI. Aeg. Arab. 173. Locality.—Hissar bir (Duthie 5063!, 5063 a!); Multan (Monro 22!). Flowers.—August-September. . | Distribution.—Tropical Africa; China; Australia ; Pacific Islands. Through. - | out the hills and plains of India. 898. Andropogon contortus Linn. Sp. Pl. 1045. .Locality.—Hissar_ bir (Duthie 3058 !); Rawalpindi (Ait. 117 !). Flowers.—August. Distribution.—Mediterranean region and _ tropics generally. India, Burma and Ceylon. Throughout, 899, Andropogon Iwarancusa Jones in Asiat. Research IV (1795) 109.=Cym- bopogon Twarancusa Schult. fide Stapf. . Locality. —Hissar bir (Duthie 5062!); Lahore (Stewart 2600!; Brandis Herb. | 29221); Multan -(*For. Dept. .17!} Duthie 10796 !). : ee Flowers. —April-December. iS ssa: *Grows_ in good sandy soil. Its flowers have got a:nice smell. and are used to-make native scent. -Average sort of. fodder for cattle. . Its roots are perhaps used as Khas for Tatties. Distribution.—Plains of N.-W. Indias Sind, W. _ Himalaya, N, Canara and the Deccan. Westwards to N.- Africa.: 900. Andropogon Iwarancusa Jones in Asiat. Research. IV (1795) 109. var. laniger Desf, Fl.. Atlant. ii, 37qg=:Cymbepogon Schoenanthus Spreng. fide Stapf. Locality. ERY, aw ap’ indi.—Barrakow (Ait.’ 562!); Multan (Monro 2!): Hissar bir (Duthie 5062!; Harsukh 20705 !). “oon. eo + Bibtwers Ape: ‘September. PeUBica. SIE Y UTR FLORA :OF PUNJAB: AND ASSOCIATED -HILL- REGIONS 581 Distribution.—Plains of N.-W. India, Sind, W. Himal N. Canar: the Deccan. Westwards to N. Africa ie a Oe JO1. Andropogon Schoenanthus Linn. Sp. PI. 1046. Locality.—Hissar bir (Harsukh 20709 !); Patiala State (35 !). Flowers.~-October. Distribution.—Hotter parts of India, wild or cultivated from the Punjab to eae and southwards to Travancore and Ceylon. Westwards to Tropical rica. 502. IseitEmMA HACK. 902. Iseilema Wightii Anders. in Nov. Act. Soc. Sc. Wpsale) Ser: 3," 11) +251. Locality.—Hissar bir (Harsukh 20706!, Duthie 5076!); Sialkot (Bairu’s father !); Lahore (For. Dept. 16!). Fiowers.—August-October. Distribution.—Throughout India. 503- ApLupa L. 903. Apluda varia Hack. Mongr. Androp. 3:96. var. aristata. Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 257!); Lahore (For Dept. 16!); Karnal (Drum }). Flowers.—May- September. Distribution.—E. ‘Tropical Asia, Malaya; Australia; Pacific Islands. out India. Through 504. Puataris_ L. 904. Phalaris minor Retz. Obs. iii, 8. Locality.—L.ahore (Stewart 2525 !). Distribution.-—Plains, of W. India and the Himalaya. Si Africa; Australia. Westwards to Canaries ; 505. AristTipa L. 905. Aristida Adscenscionis Linn. Sp. Pl. 82. Locality.—Hissar (Duthie 5078!; Harsukh 20701!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 95 !). Flowers.—July-October. Distribution.—Baiuchistan and most, warm countries. Throughout the plains and low hills of India, Burma and Ceylon. 906. Aristida Hystrix Linn. f. Suppl. 113. Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 118); Hissar bir (Duthie 5079 i). Flowers.—August. Distribution.—India—the Deccan Peninsula, from ‘the Konkan and Central Provinces ‘southwards. . 907. Aristida funiculata Trin. & - Rupr. in Mae Acad. Petersb, Ser: VI, vii (1849) 159. : Locality.—Multan (Ram Nath eeusunle: pe ~50479.!)s... es Distribution.—Arabia; Tropical Africa. India Punjab plains, Rajputana, Sind, and the Konkan. Baluchistan ‘908. "Aristida hystricula Edgew. in Journ..-Linn: Soc. VI (1862) 208. Localtiy.—Hissar bir (Harsukh 20712 !). set heey ene ee Flowers.—October:....., ; VU Ceti p Career e Distribution. —India—Punjab, Sind. Baluchistan. Rap 582 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII 909. Aristida hirtigluma Steud. Nom. Ed. II, ii, 231, Syn. Gram. 144. Locality.x—Muzaffargarh (Monro 304 !). Flowers.—April. Distribution.—Westwards to Egypt and Abyssinia. India—the Punjab. Sind. 506. SiTipa \alams: D. tuberculatus. 1. Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. occurs in Chittagong, Burma, ‘Tenasserim, the Andamans, Penang; extending to Siam and Indo- China. In Cambodia the bark is considered tonic and depurative and prescribed in rheumatism. The bark of the young plant is used externally in rheumatism and in liver troubles. The oil is applied to ulcerated wounds. In general the oleo-resin is applied externally in gonorrhoea. Andamans: Gurjun—; Bengal: Battisal, Garjan, Shwetagarjan— ; Burma : Kanyin, Kanyinbyu, Kanyinni, Kanyinwettaung—; Cambodia: Chhoeuteal, Trach—; Chittagong: Duliagurjan— ; Indo-China: Chhoeu teal thom, Chhoeu teal tuc, Chor tuc, Dau con rai trang— , Sinhalese : Horagaha—. 2. Dipterocarpus pilosus Roxb. occurs in Sylhet, Chittagong, South Tipperah, Burma, Martaban, Mergui, the Andamans, the Malay Peninsula, and Siam. The balsam is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, gleet, and similar affections of the urinary organs. Assam: Hollong—; Tagalog: Hagachac—. 3. Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. is distributed over Burma, Siam, and Cochin-China. The oleo-resin is used with asa application for large ulcers. In Cambodia the roots are troubles. foetida and cocoanut oil as an used in the treatment of hepatic Burma: Eng, In Inbo, Kanyingok— ; Cambodia: Khlong—; Laos: Mai bao, Mai tung—; Szamese : Mai rang—; TJaleing: Sooahn—. 4. Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. f. occurs in Assam, Chittagong, Burma, the Andamans ; extending to Siam and Cochin- China. The oleo-resin is applied externally to ulcers, ring-worm, and other cutaneous affections. It is stimulant of mucous surfaces, particularly that of the genito-urinary system, and also diuretic. In gonorrhoea and other affections in which copaiba is generally employed, it has proved an effectual remedy. Assam: Kuralsal, Kuroil, TYiliagurjan—; Bengal: Gurjan, Shwetagurjan, Pihyagurjan—; Burma: Inbo, Inkanyin, Kanyinbyu, NKanyingyi, Kanyinni, Kanyinnin, Kanyinwettaung, Kanyinwettaw, Kanyinywetgyi, Kanyinywetthe, THE MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS OF INDIA 619 : 1 oT . : . , ; : + Maihow—; Canarese: Challane, Guge, Valivara—; Chittagong: Kaligurjan, Teliagurjan, Tiliagurjan—; English: Wood Oil Tree—; Gujerat: Gurjun—; Magahit : Kanyoung—; Tagalog : Mayapis—. DRYOBALANOPS. The genus consists of 7 species, natives of the Malay Peninsula and Islands. Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. inhabits the forests and lowlands on low hills of the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. The tree produces camphor oil and camphor, much used as a tonic and sudorific. The camphor is chiefly exported to China, where it is employed as a tonic and aphrodisiac; in Borneo itself it is used as a diuretic and in nephritic affections, and as a popular remedy for rheumatism. China: Lung Nao Hsiang—; Indo-China: Camphrier de Baroum, Camphrier de Barros, Camphrier de Bornéo, Long nao thu, Ping pien—; Malay: Kapur barus—. HOpPEA. This genus numbers 50 Indo-Malayan species. Hopea odorata Roxb. occurs from Pegu and Tenasserim to Cochin-China. It is also found in the Andamans. In Cambodia the bark is used as an astringent in gingivitis. Among the Burmese the resin, reduced to powder, forms a popular styptic. Andamans: Rimda—; Burma: Thengan—; Cambodia: Koki—; Lao: Mai takien—, SHOREA. This genus numbers go species spread from Ceylon to the Philippine Islands. All the species abound in various kinds of copalline resins. The following are used medicinally :—in the Philippine Islands— S. Guiso Blum., S. malaanonan Blum., S. mangachapuy F. Vill.—; in Cambodia—S. cambodiana Pierre, S. Harmandii Pierre. The oil from the seeds of S. stenoptera Buck is officinal in Holland. The resin from S. Wiesneri Stapf. and various other species are officially recognized in Austria, Russia, and Spain. Stamens 20-60. 1. Leaves 15-25 by 10-15 cm. Petiole 2-2.5 cm. ..... S.. robusta. 2. Leaves 6.3-20 by 3.2-11.5 cm. Petiole 2.5-5 cm. S. Tumbuggaia. 1, Shorea robusta Gaertn. f. occurs in the Kangra district of the Punjab, from the Kalesar forest in the Ambala district along the sub-Himalayan tract to the Darrang district of Assam, 620 JOURNAL, BOMBAY, NATURAL HIST: SOCIE LY» Vol. wenn sometimes in the outer Himalayan valleys up to 5,000 feet; in the Garo Hills, Kamrup, the Khasia Hills, the Jaintia Hills, from the Santal Parganas through Chota Nagpur and Orissa to Ganjam, Jeypore, the Central Provinces, Vizagapatam. Ayurveda practitioners freely prescribe the bark, leaves, fruit, and resin. Among Yunani doctors the resin and the oil seem to be more especially favoured. The resin is regarded as astringent and detergent. It is used in dysentery, and for plasters and fumigations. It is commonly given for weak digestion, gonorrhoea, and as an aphrodisiac. Arabic : Kaikahr-—; Bengal: Sakher, Salxhu. Sakhua, Sakoh, Sal, Sala, Salwa, Sarj, Shal—; Bhumij : Sargi—; Bombay: Sal—; Burma: Enkhyen— ; Canarese : Asina, Asu, Ashvakarna, Guggula, Kabbu, Sarja, Vamsa—-; Central Provinces : Rinjal, Sal, Sarai—; Deccan: Ral—; English: Common Sal, Indian Dammer, Sal Tree—; Garhwal: Wandar—; Garo: Bolsal—; Gujerati: Ral—; Hindi: Sakher, Sakhu, Salkhua, Sakoh, Sal, Sala, Salwa, Shal—; Kharwar: Sakwa—; Khond: Jargi—; Nolami: Sarjum, Sekura—; Kumaon: Sal—; Lepcha: Ta- kral, Teturl—; Malayalam: Maramaraim, Mulappumarutu—; Marathi: Guggilu, Rala, Sajara—; Nepal: Sakwa—; North-Westerm Provinces: WKandar, Koron, Sakhu, Sal—; Oudh: Koroh—,; Persian: Lalemoabbari, Lalemohari—; Punjab : Sal, Seral—; Sanskrit: Agnivallabha, Ashvakarna, Ashvakarnika, Chiraparna, Dhanya, Dirghaparna, Dirghashakha, Divyasara, Jaladashara, Jaranadruma, Kala, Kalalajodhbhava, Karshya, Kashayi, Kaushika, Kaushikahva, Kushika, Lalana,. atashankha, Latatant, (Rata. Ralakarya, Sala, Salaniryas, Salaveshta, Sarja, Sarjakarya, Sarjarasa, Sarjjaka, Sasyasambara, Sayasamvera, Shankataru, Shankurriksha, Shasyasambara, Shura, Sidhaka, Sureshtaka, Tarkshyaprasava. Vallivriksha, Vansha, Vastakarna, Yakshadhupa—; Santal: Sarjom—y; Sin- halese: Dammala—; Tamil: Attam, Kungiliyam, Shalam—,; Telugu: Gugal, Guggilamu, Saluva, Sarjakamu, Sarjamu—; Tharu: Sakwa—; Uraon: Sekwa—; Urdu: Ral—; Uvriva: Rengal, Sagua, Salo, Salwa, Shalua, Sodingi, Soringhi, Sorjjo—. 2. Shorea Tumbuggaia Roxb. is found in the forests of the Cudappah, North Arcot, and Chingleput hills, up to 3,000 feet. The resin is used as an external stimulant. English : Green Dammer—; Malayalam : Tampakam— ; Tamil : Karundanbai, Karuppudamar, Tambagam, Tambai, Tambugai-—; Telugu: Guggilamu, Jalari, Nalladammara, Nallaguggilamu—. VATERIA. The genus consists of 3 species confined to South India and the Seychelles: Vateria indica Linn. is found from North Kanara to Travancore up to 3,500 or 4,000 feet, chiefly in evergreen forests, but occasion- ally along rivers in deciduous forests. In Coorg both in the Ghat forests and east of the Ghats up to 3,500 feet, in the latter locality always in evergreen forest. The fruit yields a solid fatty oil, which has obtained considerable repute as a local application in chronic rheumatism and some other painful affections. Under the influence of gentle heat, the resin combines with wax and oil and forms an excellent resinous ointment; it-is a good THE MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS OF INDIA 62] substitute for officinal resin. Fine shavings are administered intern- ally to check diarrhoea. Arabic: Mukilijraka—; Bengal: Chundrus—; Bombay: Ral—; Canarese: Bilidhupa, Biliguggula, Dhupa, Dhupada, Dupa, Guggula, Maddidhupa, Manda- dupa, Rala, Shandike—; Ceylon: Pinai—; Coorg: Bilidupa—; Deccan: Sufed- damar—; English: Indian Copal Tree, Piney Varnish Tree, White Dammer Tree—; Greek: Sandaraki—; Hindi: Kahruba, Sageddamar, Sandras— ; Malayalam: Wunturukkam, Pantam, Payani, Payin, Perumpayani, Telli, Vella- kkunturulkkkam-— ; Persian: Buejhudan—; Sanskrit: Ajakarna, Dhupa, Kundura, Mandadhupa, Marichapatraka, Pitaphada, Sarjaka, Shala—; Sinhalese: Hal, Haldumula—; Vamil: Attam, Kukkil, Kukkulu, Kundurukkam, WKungiliyam, JKungulu, Sadagulai, Tubam, Vellaikkundurukkam, Vellaikkungiliyam— ; Telugu: Dupadamaru, Telladamaru, Tellaguggilamu—; Tuluw: Lobhana, Paini, Tandoligeda— ; Urdu: Guggul—. II The GU?TTIFERAE are trees or shrubs with a resinous yellow or greenish juice. Except a few natives of the warm regions of North America, they are all intertropical; they are more numerous in America than Asia, and are comparatively rare in Africa. There are 40 genera with about 630 species. The members are the source of gum _ resins endowed with emetic and cathartic properties. The seeds are mostly oleaginous and the oils and fats are used medicinally. Some of the barks are diuretic. The rind of the fruit may be astringent. Among the gum-resins gamboge may be mentioned as contain- ing a—, 8—, and Y— garcinolic acids. An essential oil was found to consist of terpene and camphor. Cambogin, a toxic resin, has been obtained from Garcinia cambogia Desr. The medicinal and poisonous Guttifers of the world belong to It genera: ALLANBLACKIA (tropical Africa); CALOPHYLLUM (tropics, chiefly Old World); CLusta (warm America) ; GARCINIA (tropical Asia, Africa, and Polynesia); Mammea (West Indies); MEsua (tropical Asia); Moronopea (Guiana, North Brazil); OcHRocarpus (palaeo- tropical); PENTADESMA (Western tropical Africa); RHEEDIA (tropical America, Madagascar); SympHonia (Madagascar, tropical Africa and America). The medicinal Guttifers of India belong to 4 genera: CALOPHYLLUM, GARCINIA, MESUA, OCHROCARPUS. A. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled; stigma sessile or subsessile, peltate, entire or with radiating lobes; berry indehiscent. 1. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals ir re ... GARCINIA. 2. Calyx closed in bud, bursting in 2 valves ... OCHROCARPUS. DenOvaky.withe 2, Of 4 ;erect, ovules; Styles slender (rarely styles 2); stigma peltate or 4-fid or acute ; fruit fleshy, rarely dehiscent. 1. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, style 1, stigma peltate CALOPHYLLUM. 2. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled, style 1, stigma peltate Mersua. ae CALOPHYLLUM. The genus consists of 80 tropical species, mostly inhabiting the Old World, ‘ ; 622, JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL’ AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. \XtLit The bark is diuretic; the resin is emetic and cathartic. The following species are used medicinally: in China, Indo-China, and the Islands of the Indian Ocean—C. inophyllum Linn.—; in Madagascar— C. laxiflorum Drake, C. parviflorum Bojer, C. Taca- mahaca Willd.—; in the West Indies—C. Calaba Jacq.—; in Brazil—C. brasiliense Camb.—; in Colombia—C. Calaba Jacq., C. Mariae Pl. and Tr.—. : 1. Leaves 10-20 by 7.5-10 cm., petiole 3.8-3.2 cm. ... C. inophyllum, 2. .Leaves 7.5-12.5 by 3.2-5 cm. 5\petiole 13-20 mm. ..; |, Cyeelatum, 3. Leaves 5-10 by 3.2-5 cm.; petiole 4 mm. ee) aCe napetalninn 1. Calophyllum apetalum Willd. occurs in the Western Ghats of the Bombay Presidency, and from Mysore to Travancore up to 1,000 feet; on the banks of rivers and backwaters on the West Coast from North Kanara southwards. The resin acts as a vulnerary resolvent, and anodyne. The oil obtained from the seeds is used as medicine in leprosy and cutaneous affections, and in infusion, mixed with honey, in scabies and rheumatism. Bombay: Cherupinnai, Sarapuna—; Canarese: Babbe, Bobbe, Bobbi, Irai, Iria, Kalhonne, Kalpun, Kirihonne, Kullponne—; Marathi: Bobbi, Irai—; Tamil: Sirubinnai—; Travancore: The stimulants owe their action to the alkaloids caffeine and theophylline. Methyl salicylate and quercitrin have been isolated from some of them. Medicinal properties are to be found in 9 genera: ACTINIDIA (Eastern Asia); ANNESLEA (Indo-Malayan); CAMELLIA (India, China, Japan); Gorponia (Indo-Malaya, China, North America); KuIEL- MEYERA (South Brazil); NesoGorpoNIA (Madagascar); SAURAUJA 634 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL Hist. SOCIETY, Vol. XLti (tropical Asia, America); Scuima (Eastern Rete uae 2) 5 TERN: STROEMIA (South America, Asia). The medicinal species of India belong to 6 genera: ANNESLEA, CAMELLIA, GORDONIA, SAURAUJA, SCHIMA, TERNSTROEMIA. A. Peduncles many-flowered Ae ne .. SAURAUJA, B. Peduncles one-flowered. 1. Fruit half inferior, drupaceous ... aes ... ANNESLEA. 2. Fruit superior. a. Anthers basifixed at: an ses ... DERNSTROEMIA. b. Anthers versatile. i. Seeds wingless . Aes ... CAMELLIA. ii, Seeds winged. @ Radicle inferior. Fruit globose ... SCHIMA. ® Radicle superior. Fruit oblong ... GORDONIA. ANNESLEA. The genus consists of 2 species inhabiting Burma, Camodia, and the Malay Peninsula. Anneslea fragrans Wall. occurs in the Eastern Peninsula, Moulmein and Martaban. | | The bark and the flowers are used medicinally in Cambodia. The former is considered antidysenteric and aC Leanne the latter are said to he antiperiodic. Cambodia: Sauphi—. CAMELLIA. The genus consists of about Io species spreading from India to Japan. Root and bark astringent and antidysenteric; leaves astringent, antidysenteric, digestive, tonic, and diaphoretic. C. japonica Linn. is used medicinally in China, C. Thea Link in China and Indo China. | Flowers erect, sepals deciduous & C. drupifera. Flowers nodding, sepals persistent a a pene nied. 1. Camellia drupifera Lour. occurs in Eastern Himalaya, at 3,000-7,000 feet, from Nepal to Bhutan; in Assam and the Khasia Mountains, at 5,000-8,o00 feet; in Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands. | The oil-cake from the seeds is used in Tongking to stupefy fish. Indo-China: Cha mai, Dan-che, so—. 2. Camellia Thea Link (=Thea sinensis Linn.) occurs in Assam and the hilly country to the East of it, and in Upper Burma. It has been cultivated for ages in China and Japan. It is now exten- sively cultivated in Assam, Cachar, Sikkim, North-Western Hima- laya, the Nilgiris, and Ceylon. Tea is astringent and gently excitant, and exerts a decided influence over the nervous system. Arabic: Chha—; Assam: Hilkat—; Burma: Letpet—; Cachar : Dullicham— ; Canarese: Cha, Chaha, Theyale—; Chinese: Ming-——; Danish: The—; Dutch: THE MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS OF INDIA 635 Thee—; English: Assam Tea, China Tea, Indian Tea, Tea—; French: Thé, Thé de Chine, Théier—; German: Thee—; Gujerati: Chah—; Hindi: Cha, Chha—; Hungarian: Tea—; Indo-China: Cao lo, Cha, Cha ginh, Che, Te ve, Tra, Tra hue—; Italian: Te—; Japanese: Teh, Tsja—; Malaya: Cha, Te—; Malayalam : Chaya, Teyila—; Marathi: Chaha—; Mundari: Cadaru—; Muttack : Khlap, Misaphlap, Phlap—; Persian: Ca, Chha, Chaikathai—; Polish: Te—; Portuguese: Cha, Cha da India—; Punjabi: Cha—; Roumanian: Ceaiu—; Russian: Tshay—; Sanskrit: Chaha, Chavika—; Scotch: Sinhalese : Thaygas—; Spanish: Te, Te de China—; Swedish: Thee—; Tamil; Karupput- teyilai, Pachaitteyilai, Teyilai—; Telugu: Nallateyaku, Teyaku, Tiyaku—; Tulu: Cha—; Turkish: Chai—; Urdu: Chai—; Uriya: Cha—. GORDONIA. The genus numbers 20 species, found in the Indo-Malayan region, China, and North America. Gordonia obtusa Wall. occurs in the Konkan, the Western Ghats of the Madras Presidency chiefly of the Eastern side, usually from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, lower in Travancore. In the Nilgiris an infusion of the leaves is given as a stomachic, stimulant, and appetiser. Badaga: Nagatte—; Kadir: Attangi, Ola—; Nilgiris: Nagetta—; Tamil: Miyilai—. SAURAUJA. The genus numbers 60 species distributed over tropical Asia and America. Saurauja napaulensis DC. occurs in Temperate Himalaya, from Bhutan and Sikkim—at 5,000-7,000 feet—to Garhwal—at 2,400-5,000 feet; in the Khasia Mountains, at 5,000 feet; in the Mishmi Hills. In Tongking the bark is used as a poultice to help the extraction of splinter imbedded in the flesh. Hindi: Gogina—; Jaunsar: Ratendu—; Kumaon: Gogin, Gogna, Gugna—. SCHIMA. The genus consists of 10 Indo-Malayan species. The bark is vesicant. S. Noronhae Reinw. is used medicinally in Indo-China. Flowers in a loose terminal oe peduncles smooth slender Flowers in a short terminal raceme, peduncles sai minute white warts S. crenata. S. Wallichii. 1. Schima crenata Korth. occurs in the Eastern Peninsula from Tenasserim to Penang, and in Burma. It is distributed to Borneo and Sumatra. The stem and the sap are used medicinally in Cambodia. The stem is given in nausea; its bark is vesicant. The extremities of the young shoots are gently warmed and the sap that exudes is dropped in the ear for otitis. Cambodia: Trathak—; Indo-China: Rma, Sang soc, sat hat 636 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOICLE AWE. Vole ween 2. Schima Wallichii Choisy occurs in Nepal, Sikkim up to 5,000 feet, Bhutan, Assam, the Khasia Hills, Manipur, Chittagong, and Upper Burma. The bark is nearly black externally, with deep clefts; the liber is made up of an abundance of white, needle-shaped cells, which are readily detached and act as cowage, in producing painful irrita- tion, when brought into contact with the skin. ‘Anthelmintic and rubefacient. Assam: Chilauni, Makria, Makusal, Mukriasal—; Bhutia: Samching—; Burma: Ananpho, Laukya, Theetya—; Cachar: Jam—; Duars: Chilauni— ; Garo: Boldak—; Goalpara: Gugera—; Hindi: Chilauni, Makriya, Makriyachil- auni, Makusal—; Khasia: Dingan—; Lepcha: Sambrong—; Sung-brong kung, eres kung—; Nepal: Chilauni, Goechassi—; Sema: Michi-sii—; Sikkim: ilauni—. TERNSTROEMIA. The genus numbers 35 species inhabiting tropical Asia and America. Ternstroemia japonica Thunb. occurs in Eastern Bengal and the Eastern Peninsula, from the Khasia Mountains at 4,000-5,000 feet to Moulmein; in the Western Peninsula, in the Nilgiris; and in Ceylon. It is distributed to Sumatra, China, Japan, and the Loo- choo Islands. The bark and the root are astringent. They are used in Japan as an antidysenteric. Indo-China: Giang nui, Hoa bi huong, Son cha hoa—. V The HypeERIcacEaE are herbs, shrubs or trees, spread over the temperate and hot regions of the globe, and especially in the northern hemisphere. There are 8 genera with about 210 species. The medicinal Tutsans of the world belong to 5 genera: CRAT- OXYLON (Indo-Malavan); Haronca (tropical Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius); Hypericum (cosmopolitan, temperate regions); PsorRo- SPERMUM (tropical Africa, Madagascar); Vismia (tropical America). Two of the above, CRATOXYLON and HYPERICUM, are represented in India. : 1. Capsule dehiscing loculicidally. Seeds winged ... CRATOXYLON. 2. Capsule dehiscing septicidally or at the placentas. Seeds not winged as ae ee ... HYPERICUM. CRATOXYLON. The genus consists of 12 species inhabiting tropical Asia. ''C. Hornschuchii Blume is used medicinally in Java, C. nertfo- lium Kurtz in Indo-China. Cratoxylon neriifolium Kurtz is found in Chittagong, and in Burma: Teiyet, Pegu, Prome hills. | ' In Tongking, an infusion of the leaves is considered a very powerful digestant. a } Indo-China: Nganh nganh, Thank nganh—, THE MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS OF INDIA 637 HYPERICUM. The genus numbers 220 species, spread over the whole world, chiefly in temperate regions. Vulnerary, astringent, and anthelmintic. The seeds may be diuretic and antispasmodic. The following are used medicinally :—in Europe—H. Androsae- mum Linn., H. barbatum Jacq., H. Coris Linn., H. elegans Steph., A. hircinum Linn., H. hirsutum Linn., H. humifusum Linn., H. montanum Linn., H. perfoliatum Linn., H. perforatum Linn., H. pulchrum Linn., H. quadrangulum Linn., H. Richeri Vill., H. tetra- pterum Fries.—; in Indo-China—H. ascyron Linn., H. chinense Linn., H. erectum Thunb., H. japonicum Thunb. H. patulum Thunb., H. Sampsoni Hance—; in Malaya—H. japonicum Thun.—; in Southern Africa—H. aethiopicum Linn., H. lalandit Chois.—; in La Reunion—H. angustifolium Lam.—; in Madagascar— H. japonicum Thunb.—; in North America—H. Ascyron Linn., H. maculatum Walt., H. mutilum Linn., H. perforatum Linn.—; in Colombia— H. Brathys Lam., H. Chamaemyrtus Tr. and Pl., H. Humboldtt- anum Steuder, H. mexicanum Linn., H. platyphyllum Gleason, H. thestifolium H. B. K.—; in Brazil—H. connatum Lam., H: laxiusculum St. Hil.—. | A. Sepals 5, unequal; petals deciduous ; stamens 5-adelph- ous at the base; ovary 5-celled. 1. A glabrous shrub, 30-90 cm. high 2. Stem none but branches innumerable B. Sepals 5, connate at the base, equal or unequal; petals persistent; stamens 3-adelphous at the base; ey 3-celled. . Styles twice the length of the yee: ie coe the stamens Zs ... HH. perforatum. . patulum. . chinense. segs ' 2, Styles very short ce . H. Sampsoni. 3. Styles half the length of the ovary H, humifusum. C. Sepals 5; petals persistent; stamens connate at the base; ovary 1-celled 256 ae .. HH. japonicum. 1. Hypericum chinense Linn., a native of China, is cultivated in many Indian gardens. The plant is astringent and alternative. In Indo-China the leaves and the green stems are made into a paste and applied to bites from dogs and stings from bees. Indo-China: Kim ty dao—. 2. Hypericum humifusum Linn. grows in the Nilgiris. It is distributed over Europe, the Atlantic Isles, and South Africa. In Europe the flowers are infused in olive oil or in alcohol and used as a vulnerary, chiefly for old sores and eczema. English: Trailing St. John’s Wort—. 3. Hypericum japonicum Thunb. is found in temperate and subtropical Himalaya, the Khasia Hills, Assam, Burma, Eastern and Western Peninsula, and Ceylon. From Japan it spreads to China and Indo-China, the Philippine Islands, Java, Australia, New Zealand, and Madagascar, 6388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIt In China and Indo-China the plant. is credited with astringent and alterative action, and externally it is used as vulnerary. In Madagascar the plant is used as a vulnerary, styptic, anti- asthmatic, and antidysenteric. Betsimisaraka: Manitsorohina—; Cantonese: Thin Kee Wang—; Chinese: T’ien Chi Wang—; Hova: Anangoaika, Anantatara, Tsikotrakotra, Voantro- troka—; Imerina: Tsikotrokotroka—,; Indo-China: Ban—. 4. Hypericum patulum Thum. occurs in the Khasia Hills 5,000-6,000 feet ; throughout the temperate Himalaya (except Sikkim) at 3,000-7,000 feet, from Bhutan to the Ravi.. It is also found in China, Formosa, and Japan. The scented seeds are employed as an aromatic stimulant in Patna, where they are imported from Nepal (Irvine). In Indo-China they are used both externally and internally as a remedy for the bite of dogs and the sting of bees. Behari: Tumbhul—; Indo-China: Kim ty mai—. 5. Hypericum perforatum Linn. occurs in the temperate West- ern Himalaya at 6,000-9,000 feet; in Kashmir and Simla, apparently not in Kumaon. It is distributed to Northern temperate Asia, Europe, and North Africa. The plant has been, and is still, recognized in Europe as aromatic bitter, astringent, resolvent, expectorant, and nervine. It is used in all pulmonary complaints, bladder troubles, in suppression of urine, dysentery, worms, diarrhoea, hysteria and nervous depression, hoemoptysis and other haemorrhages, and jaundice. For children troubled with incontinence of urine at night an infusion or tea given before retiring will be found effectual; it is also useful in pulmonary consumption, chronic catarrh of the lungs, bowels, or urinary passages. Externally for fomentations to dispel hard tumours, caked breasts, ecchymosis, etc. It is recommended in Arabian medicine as a vermifuge; and 1s also used to cure piles, prolapsus uteri and ani. The red juice is esteemed in Europe and China as one of the most popular and most curative applications for excoriations, wounds, and bruises. ae : The juice gives a red colour to the spirit of wine with which it is mixed, and to expressed oils. The oil of St. John’s Wort is made from the flowers infused in olive oil. This oil is highly useful for healing bed sores, and is commended as excellent for ulcers. The flowering tops are bitter, terebinthinate, acrid, and vulner- ary.. A salve compounded from the flowers, and known as St. John’s Wort Salve, is still much used and valued in English villages. Homoeopathic practitioners prepare a medicinal tincture with spirit of wine from the entire fresh plant, collected when flowering, or in seed, and this proves of capital service for remedying injuries to the spinal cord, both by being given internally and used extern- ally. It has been employed in like manner with benefit for lock- Jaw. Yunani practitioners consider the leaves a good application ‘for LHE MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS OF INDIA 639 scorpion sting. However, Caius and Mhaskar have shown experi- mentally that the leaves are not an antidote to scorpion venom. The weed is poisonous to horses. Arabic: Lioufarikoun, Khashkhash-el-asoued, Mesmoune—; Catalan: Herba de cop, Herba foradada, Herba de Sant Jodn, Hypericon, Pericéd groc—; Chinese: Ya Iou—; Danish: Jordhumbe, St. Hans urt—; Dutch: St. Jans Kruid—; English: Amber, Devil’s Scourge, Grace of God, Hard Hay, Hundred Holes, Lord God’s Wonder Plant, St John’s Grass, St John’s Wort, Terrestrial Sun, Witch’s Herb—; Finland: Werdu heino—; French: Chasse diable, Herbe a millepertuis, Herbe & mille trous, Herbe aux piqdres, Herbe de la Saint- Jean, Herbe saint Jean, Millepertuis, Millepertuis officinal, Trascalon perforé, Trescalan, Trucheron jaune, Truscalan—; German: Christiankraut, Christigna- denkraut, Christikreuzblume, Christikreuzblut, Christiwundkraut, Christwund- kraut, Conradskraut, Durchwachs, Elfenbeutkraut, Frauvonwurde, Gartheu, Harthau, Hartenan, Hartheu, Hasenkraut, Hexenkraut, Jagemichel, Jageteu- felkraut, Johannesblume, Johanniskraut, Hohannesblut, Hohanneskraut, Hohan- nsinkrut, Kannsblut, Sankt Johanniskraut, Scharnokel, Schernekel, Tausend- loch, Teufelsflucht, Teufelsraub, Unsereliebenfrauenbettstroh, Urldgartheil, Wolfkraut—; Hindi: Bassant, Dendhu—; Italian: Cacciadiavoli, Erba di San Giovanni, Iperico, Ipericone, Perforata, Pilatro—; Languedoc: Trescalan, Tres- coulaou—; Malta: Pitted St. John’s Wort, Cacciadiavoli, Erba di San Gio- vanni, ._Iperico—; North America: Balm-of-warrior’s-wound, Cammock, Com- mon St John’s Wort, Penny-John, Rosin-rose, Tipton-weed—; Polish: Dziura- wice—; Portuguese: Herva de San Joao, Hypericao, Milfurada—; Provence: Herbo de J’oli rouge, Herbo de la San-Jean—; Punjab: Bassant, Dendlu—j; Roumanian: Iarba lui Sfant Ioan, Iarba sfantului Ioan, Pojarnita, Sunatoare— $; Russian: Zweroboi—; Spanish: Corazoncillo, Hierba de las heridas, Hypericon, Pericon, Yerba de San Juan—; Swedish: Johannisoert—; Urdu: Balsana—. 6. Hypericum Sampsoni Hance occurs in the Khasia Mountains. It is distributed to South China and Formosa. In Tongking the plant is used as a vulnerary. Indo-China: Nguyen bao thao—. Vi The ELatinacgkaE are herbs or undershrubs, widely dispersed, especially in the Old World. They inhabit ditches and the sub- merged shores of ponds and rivers. There are 3c species grouped in 2 genera. | The plants credited with medicinal properties all belong to the genus BERGIA. BERGIA. The genus consists of 25 species, inhabiting tropical and tem- perate regions. B. decumbens Planch. is used medicinally in South Africa, B. guineensis Hutch. and J. M. Dalz. in Northern Nigeria. Bergia odorata Ede. is found in Sind, Western Rajputana, and Gujerat. It is distributed over Persia, Egypt, and tropical Africa. Used for cleaning teeth and, in Jodhpur, applied to broken bones. The leaves rubbed down in water are used as a poultice for sores (Macadam). Hadetja > Babargiwa—; Porebundery : Gangharun, Lavadiyun, Okharal—; Rajputana : Karbuja, Kakria, Rohwan—; Sokoto: Bushi, Dushiya, Jisshiya—, OBITUARY CLAUD BUCHANAN TICEHURST. Dr. C. B. Ticehurst died at Hastings on the 17th February 1941. His death has removed from our midst a man whose name will rank with those great ornithologists who in their time have contributed so much to our knowledge of the avifauna of India and the adjoining countries. Born at St. Leonards-on-Sea, on the 8th January, 1881, Claud Ticehurst was the third son of Dr. Augustus R. Ticehurst. He was educated at Tonbridge School, and at St. John’s College, Cambridge, where he distinguished himself in ‘Natural Science’. Ticehurst elected to follow his father’s profession and, after taking his medical degrees at Guy’s Hospital, London, settled down to practice. Except for a brief interval during the first World War, when he was commissioned as a Captain in the R.A.M.C. and served between the years 1917 and 1918 as surgical specialist at the British Military Hospital, Karachi, the whole of his professional career centered in private practice at Lowestoff, Suffolk and finally at Appledore in Kent. When quite a boy Claud Ticehurst revealed his love for the subject which became the absorbing interest of his life, and of which he was destined to become so able an exponent. His leisure was given to exploring the bird life of his native downs and marshes, while annual holidays in Norway, in company with his father, widened his knowledge of his hobby. Later a scientific training and education developed this early interest and gave Ticehurst that thorough understanding of varied ornithological problems, that precision and meticulous regard for fact which became the hall mark of all his work. As an ornithologist, Ticehurst’s main interests centered in systematics and in problems relative to the migration and geo- graphical distribution of birds. He was also interested in questions relating to plumage and its development—a study which had been scarcely touched when he made his initial contribution to it. He achieved international repute. Besides his many and varied contributions to British Ornithology, his studies extended to many parts of Europe, to North and South Africa and to India and the adjoining countries. In paying this tribute to his memory we wish to associate it particularly with his ornithological work in the East. Ticehurst’s work here was mainly directed to the avifauna of the great Palaearctic Desert which extends from the shores of North Africa through Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia to the province of Sind. His interest in the bird life of this great and little known region commenced during his service at Karachi, where he devoted his spare time to the study of local bird life. He started to write a paper on the birds of the district, but extended it to what became finally the most up to date and authoritative account of the birds of OBITUARY 641 the Province. His study of the birds of Sind naturally implied a consideration of the birds of the neighbouring province of Balu- chistan. There was little on record to help him. Fortunately the Society was able at the time to place at his disposal a large collec- tion of birds made by Mr. Hotson, I.C.S. (afterwards Sir Ernest Hotson) during his political travels in Kalat and Mekran. Ticehurst also made brief visits to the Province. He spent the months of September-October to1g at Ziarat and also visited Quetta and the Las Belas Frontier district. 'His paper on the Birds of Baluchistan published in our Journal provides the most complete account now available of the avifauna of that Province. A further opportunity to extend his studies of the birds of the Palaearctic Desert was provided by the collections brought together by members of the Society in Mesopotamia during the Great War. These collections formed the basis of the first comprehensive account of the Birds of Mesopotamia, published originally in our Journal, which Ticehurst wrote in collaboration with Capt. P. A. Buxton and Major R. E. Cheesman. Under war conditions collecting in Mesopotamia was naturally limited, and after the war it was decided to extend the survey of bird life to areas hitherto untouched or very partially worked. Thanks to the interest of Sir Percy Cox, who engaged the services of the Society’s Collector, Mr. V. LaPersonne and to the efforts of Major R. EK. Cheesman, between the years 1920 and 1923, supplementary collections were obtained which enabled Ticehurst to publish in our Journal a second paper on the avifauna of Iraq, written this time in collaboration with Sir Percy and Major R. E. Cheesman. Collecting was also extended to the Islands of the Persian Gulf some of which were visited by Sir Percy and Major Cheesman personally and others by LaPersonne. Notes made by these three observers and their collections provided the material for Ticehurst’s paper on the Birds of these islands, which was published in our Journal. Sir Percy, was also instrumental in obtaining for Dr. Ticehurst an invitation from the Sultan of Najd to collect birds and mammals in his territory. This gave Ticehurst a unique opportunity of studying the bird life of the Arabian Peninsula and the great South Desert. In company with Major Cheesman, he spent four months of the cold weather of 1923 travelling in this desolate region, which had never been previously entered by Europeans. His paper on the birds of Jabrin, Jafura, and Hasa in Central and Eastern Arabia contains the results of this expedition. It will be seen that the advance which has been made in recent years In our knowledge of the avifauna of the Asiatic countries lying within the Palaearctic Desert is due largely to the work of Ticehurst. In appreciating the thoroughness and ability with which he would carry it out, the Society and its members gladly gave him such assistance as they were able. Subsequent to his return to England, Ticehurst interested himself in the birds of Burma. He died before completing his work, which would have undoubtedly resulted in the authoritative account of the avifauna of that province which one expected from his researches. He 642 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HEST. SOCIETY, Vol. em wrote two papers on Burmese birds for our Journal. The first was based on a collection made by Mr. Villar, I.C.S., in South Arrakan. The second .was written in association with Mr. J. K. Stanford and dealt with birds of the Prome district in which few ornitholo- gists had worked previously. Apart from these contributions to faunistic ornithology, Ticehurst’s interest in systematics led him into the unravelling of many problems relative to the nomenclature and status of Indian birds. While finality may not be attained always in these matters, his conclusions always carried the assurance of the most critical enquiry into all available data, and the most painstaking study of ascertained facts. He published descriptions of many new species and races of Indian birds, numerous notes on synonymy and nomenclature and critical reviews of genera and species, outstanding among the last was his review of the genus Phylloscopus, recently pub- lished by the Trustees of the British Museum. Indian Ornithology benefited also from Ticehurst’s various studies on the plumage of birds. While in India, he collected notes on the down plumages of Indian birds and with the help of the material he obtained by his own efforts and with the assistance of some members of the Society, he published in our Journal a preliminary paper on the subject. He continued to collect data with a view to making further contributions to this wholly neglected phase of Indian Orni- thology. During his many years of Grnitholosical work, Ticehurst brought together a fine collection of birds, which was considerably extended during his travels abroad. While in Sind he collected over 1,500 specimens from the province. His collection will now find a permanent resting place in the British Museum. During his brief stay in Bombay, he spent much of his time in the Society’s rooms working on our bird collections. This was not the least of the many services for which we must remain grateful to Claud Ticehurst,’ who in ‘his time did so much for the progress; and advancement of Ornithology in India. Sisk Dr. TICEHURST’S PAPERS ON THE BIRDS OF INDIA AND THE ADJOINING COUNTRIES. | Remarks on Motacilla flava leucocephala from Jhelum. Bull. B.O.C., 35, 1915, P- 59. Notes on Asiatic Starlings. Bomb. Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc., 26, TOL, sp, sco. . Two new races of Indian. Birds. Bull. B.O.C.,. 40, 1920, p. 156: Acrocephalus .babylonicus sp. n. Bull. B.O.C., 41, 1920, p. J3- Remarks on the avifauna of Mesopotamia, & new sub. sp. Bull. DB OC Ai 1020, 4 ps5, Remarks on some. Indian Birds. Bull, BvO.Cl) ai, ro2te piezo. On plumage development of Pterocles senegalensis. Bull. B.O.C., (2, 1921, aero! The Mesopotamian Bulbul. Bomb. Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc., 26, 1918 Dp... 286: The Plumage of the Purple Honey-sucker. Bomb. Journ. Nat. Hist. S0¢:, 20, 1915,ep-aGe. OBITUARY 643 Descriptions of new Indian Birds: Bull. BiO.C., 42, 1922, p. 56. Note on Acrocephalus babylonicus. Bull. B.O.C., 43, 1922, p. 46. Some remarks on names of certain birds and Indian Wheatears. HOPS MNO 226 1D. LAG. Mite Bindsvor sind bis, 1922--pp. 5201 005. Notes on Indian Wagtails. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 28, 1922, Pe 1082. Note on downy young of Phaeton, Sterna, Alaemon, etc. Bull. BO. Cre AR LO23. tps 71. New races of Iraq & Indian birds. Bull. B.O.C., 44, 1923, p. 28. Birdssot Sind, Pts. ivi, [bts, 1923, pp: 1, 235; 433).-645. ihetBirds on Sind, .Pt. vil, 101s, 1924. "pp. 110, pt, vill, p: 495. Birds from the Red Sea Lights. Ibis, 1924, p. 282. ; minew tace ol yrrrulanda. Bull. B.O.C., 45, 1925,. p. 87. New forms of Aegithaliscus, Dendrocittu, Seicercus. Bull. B.O.C., AG. 1o25! m new race of Phylloscopus. Bull. B.O.C., 46, 1926, p: 61. Remarks on the colour of Short-toed Larks. Bull. B.O.C., 47, 1926, Pe 33 New slndiantpirds. Bull, BVOUC,.,. 46, 1926, p> 113. On the down plumages of some Indian birds. Journ. Bomb. Nat. TMS OC. 215) 1020.. ps 308. Some notes on the 2nd ed. of the ‘Fauna of British India’ Birds, Wolsa ls [ls journ. Bomb: Nat. Misty Socs, 31, 1926,. p.: 490. The Birds of British Baluchistan, pt. I. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. SOGagly LO20,.-p: O87: | The Baluchistan race of Halcyon smyrnensis. -The races of the Ineiane White; Bye, ~ Bull. B.O.C., 47,. 1627, p. 87. Pemew tace Of Cuicicapa. Bull: B.O.C., 47, 1927, p. 108: Birds of British Baluchistan, pt. II]. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., Aiea O27.) 4 S02, Some further notes on 2nd ed. of ‘Fauna of British India’ Birds, Wolk sie lourn, bomb. INGt W1isiz, 0C., 9275. 344. Addenda to the Avifauna of Sind & of British India. Corrigendum foraunavo: Iraq. jours, Bomb. Nat isk. Soc., 32, 1927, p. 376. Note on two Indian Woodpeckers. Bul]. B.O.C., 48, 1928, p. 93. A new Starling from Persia & critical remarks on other Persian DIKdS. tll. sb.O5C. AS. 1926, Pp. 117. Remarks on the downy young of Heliopais personata. Remarks on the races of Sterna albifrons. Bull. B.O.C., 49, 1929, p. 65. Notes on some birds from the Arakan Yomas. Bull. B.O.C., 50, LOBOvsP.s OF. ; Birds of Quetta. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 24, 1930, p. 246. Notes on the Fauna of British India: Birds, Vols. IV, V, VI, jonas bomy. NGL. dist. ‘SOc. ;+34,. 1930, p. 468. A new name for Himalayan Golden Eagie. Bull. B.O.C., 52, 1931, pea 4. On the name of the Yellow-browed Warbler. Ibis, 1931, p. 98. Restriction in type localities. (Cyanecula). Ibis, 1931, p. 350. tihesnameo: the Indian iree Pie. [bis, 1o3r, p. 535; On the name of the Eastern Baya Weaver. Bull. B.O.C., 52, 1932, Pp: 104. 644 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLii On some juvenile characters in the Timalidae. Ibis, 1932, p. 350. Notes on some birds from southern Arakan. Journ. Bomb. Nat. EISEN SOC., 36; 19335011920: On the races of Phylloscopus trochilus and description of a new one and a new Pomatorhinus. Bull. B.O.C., 55, 1934, p. 177. Some observations on the moults of Indian Sunbirds. Ibis, 1935, Poy 295> Moult in the genus Streptopelia. Ibis, 1935, p. 437: On the Indian Ashy Drongos, Ibis, 1936, p. 273. The Brown Shrike in Burma and Assam. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. SOC-, 29,01935,50 2524. Description of a new race of Pteruthius, Bull. B.O.C., 57, 1937, Pp. 147. Stone Curlews and soil colouration. p. 406. On Pterocles lichtens- teinu arabicus p. 408. Ibis, 1937. A systematic review of the genus Prylloscopus, 1938, 8vo. (Trustees Brit. Mus.). On Saxicola aura & S. indica. Tbis, 1938, p. 338: On a character of immaturity in the Anatidae. Ibis, 1938, p. 772. Dr. C. B. TicEHuRsST & OTHERS: C. B. T. & H. Whistler; Note on Birds of the Jhelum district of the Punjab. Ibis, 1916, Dees. — & others; Egret farm in India and the plumage Bill. Bull. B.O.C., AO, 1920; Pe 152. — & others: Birds of Mesopotamia Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 28, 192, p.. 2ro. ditto’ Journ. Bomba Nat. Hist. Socye 23. 1922, Ppp. 381, 650, 674, 937. — & R. E. Cheesman: New races of Prinia etc. Bull. B.O.C., 42, 1924, Pp. 19. — & H. Whistler: New races of Fulvetia and Ixulus. Buli. B.O.C., 44, 1924, Pp. 71. — & H. Whistler: Type locality of certain birds described by Vigors. Ibis, 1924, p. 468. — & R. E. Cheesman: Birds of Jabrin, Jafura, Hasa, in Central & Eastern Arabia, and of Bahrain Island Persian Gulf. Ibis, 1925, opi 2. — & Sir Percy Cox & R. E. Cheesman: Birds of Persian Gulf Is. Journ. Bombe Nat. Hist. 2S0c., 30;,.1926, ps 725, — Sir P, Cox & R. E: Ghecenent Additional Notes on the Avifauna of Iraq. Journ. Bomb. Wat. Hist” Soc. -31,01920, p..om — & J. K. Stanford: Birds of the Prome district of Lower Burma, with notes by C.B.T. Journ Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., pt. Il, 34, 1931, p. 901, pt. 11l,% 35,1931; p. 32: — & H. Whistler: What is Curruca affinis Blyth. Ibis, 1933, P- 554: REVIEWS I. PRELIMINARY GUIDE TO INDIAN FISH, FISHERIES, METHODS OF FISHING AND CURING’. Agricultural Marketing in India. Marketing Series No. 24, pp. 154, pls. 57, 1941. Manager of Publications, Delhi. Ierice: Re, 1 of 1s. 6d. Though the potential wealth of Indian fisheries is immense, it is greatly to be regretted that the exploitation of both maritime and riverine fisheries occupies only a very minor place in the economic life of the country. The Royal Commission on Agriculture directed attention to this unfortunate state of affairs, but little has been done so far towards the development of the fisheries. It is, however, a matter of satisfaction that a marketing survey of the fisheries of the country has been included in the programme of work of the Agricultural Marketing Adviser to the Government ot India. During the very early stages of such a survey it became evident that the multitude of vernacular names of the fishes current in different parts of the country is a great hindrance in the way of any marketing investigations and accordingly a ‘Preliminary guide to Indian fish, fisheries, methods of fishing and curing’ was planned so that the marketing investigators and others engaged in the trade should have a common nomenclature of the forms concerned. Fishes.—It is explained in the ‘Foreword’ that ‘The aim has not been to make the guide a scientific compilation and hence, all the detailed characteristics which define a particular fish are not given in the description.’ This, however, is no excuse tor some gross scientific inaccuracies which have crept into an otherwise admirable and useful publication. For instance on plate 1, the length of body (AE) is given as the distance between the tip of the snout and the base of the caudal fin, while on plate 2, *Body’ is incorrectly shown as the region between the posterior border of the operculum and the base of the caudal fin, this mistake 1s unfortunate as on the page opposite the plate a correct definition of the length of the body is given. Again on plate 2, the caudal fin is incorrectly marked as ‘Tail’. The tail region of a fish is the portion of the body behind the vent or the anal opening. Another serious mistake is the inclusion of the Pearlspot, EKtroplus suratensts (Bloch), in ‘The Carps Group’. The Carps, comprising the famous Rohu, Catla, Mrigal, Mahseer, and a host of other similar forms, belong to the order Ostarophysi, whereas Etroplus belongs to Percomorphi and as such should have been included among ‘The Mackerels and the Perches Group’. The series of spines in its dorsal and anal fins readily indicate its position among the fish popularly known as the ‘Perches’. In the section dealing with ‘The ‘‘Live fishes’’ or air-breathing fishes of India Group’, the author has included only the Murrals and the Climbing Perch. The stalls of the numerous fish-markets in Calcutta on the other hand show that Magur (Clarias batrachus) and Singhi (Heteropneustes fossilis) form a large proportion of ‘Jiol Machh’ or ‘Live Fishes’, An account of Magur is given in another place (p. 20), but Singhi is not referred to in the ‘Guide’. In this connection, a reference may be made to the reviewer’s article ‘Trade in Live Fish (Jiol Machh) in Calcutta’ (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, N.S. vol. xxx, pp. I-15, pls. i-vi, 1934). The omission of any reference to the valuable Hilsa (known as Pulla or Palo in Sind) fishery in Sind (p. 29) may also be noted, besides many other minor faults of omission and commission to which attention could be directed. Though for the scientific names of the various species of fish listed in the ‘Guide’, Day’s nomenclature has rightly been followed, it would have been advantageous to give in the account of each species its up-to-date scientific name. Some of the scientific names are either incorrect, such as Panulirus fascratus should be Panulirus polyphagus (p. 69), Ostrea circullata 646 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIi should be Ostrea cucullata (p. 73), etc., or wrongly spelt, such as Muraenesoa talabonoides (pp. iii, 13), Tvichiurus haumela (pp. iv, 39), Equula splendens (Pp. iv, 42, 43). Crustaceans.—The section dealing with Crustacea is, on the whole, a fairly accurate summary of Dr. B. N. Chopra’s article listed in the Bibliography. A few mistakes have, however, crept in which should be rectified in a later edition. For instance, on page 68 it is stated: ‘In prawns which are found in the sea or in brackish water, the first three walking legs end in claws... .’ Dividing the commercial prawns into ‘marine’ and ‘fresh-water’ and then mentioning this distinction between the two would suggest that this character holds good for the four species described as ‘marine’. In Leander, however, the first three walking legs do not end in claws. This character really dis- tinguishes the Palaemons from the Penaeids, and Leander for all scientific purposes is very closely allied to Palaemon. The distinction between ‘marine’ and ‘freshwater’ species is unsatisfactory. On page 70, it is stated ‘In crabs the last leg is in the form of a paddle.’ In the swimming crabs the last leg is in the form of a paddle, but in most other crabs it is not so. In the freshwater crab, Paratelphusa, for instance, the last leg is not paddle-like. On page 71, in the account of the ‘Chilka Lake fishery’, it is mentioned that ‘enclosures are constructed with circular or oval openings’. As a matter of fact the traps themselves are arranged in the form of a circle (or an oval), and a small gap is left on one side close to the bamboo fence. Molluscan Shell-fish.—The place assigned to the shell-fishes in the ‘Guide’ seems to give the impression that the shell-fishes are not of much value as food or as articles of trade and commerce in comparison’ with fish sensu stricto. It is claimed in the ‘Foreword’ that it is not merely intended as a guide to the departmental men but also ‘to fishermen—-both amateur and pro- fessional—as well as to traders, students and others.’ It is not a little sur- prising therefore to find in this compilation very meagre information on the shell-fisheries of India among which are included only clams and _ oysters constituting minor shell-fisheries. The pearl-oyster and chank fisheries of the Palk- Bay and the -Ramnad Coast in S. India which have been carried on for many years find no place in this publication. Nor is any mention made of the window-pane oysters, the sea, backwater and the freshwater mussels so common along the coasts of India, or of the top- and turban-shells which have been fished along the Andaman and Nicobar coasts for over a decade and exported to Singapore and other Far East markets. These shell-fishes which must be included among the major shell-fisheries are commercially of very great importance. General.—The descriptive part should prove useful for the identification of various species, but here again considerable improvement could be effected by a careful revision. However, the large number of excellent figures of various species taken from different sources will be of particular help in this connection. The sections of the work dealing with the ‘Preservation and curing of fish’, ‘Industrial products’, ‘The Fishing areas of India and the fishing gear used in them’, and ‘Special note on the fishing methods for Crustaceans’ are rather sketchy and could have been improved very greatly as a mass of unsorted material already exists in a number of official publications of the - different provinces and in other journals; this would have proved instructive and helpful to industrialists, traders and others interested in the development of fisheries. Perhaps, in a preliminary guide a more detailed knowledge cf these subjects was considered beyond the scope of such a_ publication. In the ‘Foreword’, an acknowledgment is made to the Zoological Survey of India for their co-operation in compilation. It is, however, necessary to make it clear that this co-operation consisted in making literature and _ speci- mens available to the officer deputed by the Agricultural Marketing Adviser to the Government of India and in general guiding him in the execution of the work through suggestions, discussions and criticisms. The manuscript of the ‘Guide’ was unfortunately not sent to the Survey before publication as its revision by the specialists in the Department would not only have been useful for eliminating errors but also for suggesting various improvements in the arrange- ment and treatment of the subject matter. Sic: REVIEWS 647 Il.— HANDBOOK OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY FOR SOUTH INDIA’. By T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar, B.A., Pu.D. 8vo., i-xvili+528 pp. Government Press, Madras, 1940. Price Rs. 4-12-0. Good books on economic entomology in India are few and far between. Only two come to our mind—Lefroy’s well known work, Indian Insect Life (1909) which is a classic, and Fletcher’s excellent volume, Some South Indian Insects (1914). It, therefore, gives us special pleasure to review the excellent Handbook before us from the pen of India’s veteran entomologist, Dr. Rama- krishna Ayyar, who was, until recently, Entomologist to the Madras Gov- ernment. The book which is the ripe product of an experience of a life-time of research and teaching, is at once up-to-date and authoritative Hundreds of excellent illustrations add greatly to the utility of the volume, It is our considered view that the Handbook will be found indispensable not only to the South Indian entomologists for whom it is primarily meant, but also to entomologists, whether teachers or research workers, all over India and in the neighbouring countries, whose entomological problems are similar to those of tropical India. The book is divided into two parts. Part I, which covers the first eighty- five pages, is divided into six chapters and deals with the fundamentals of general entomology. Among the subjects dealt with are: the position of insects in the animal world; the external and internal morphology of insects ; reproduction, metamorphosis, growth and multiplication; general features of insect activity in relation to food, temperature, humidity and other factors in the environment; and finally, insect classification. Part II deals with economic entomology. The first three chapters cover the fundamental principles underlying insect control, and the methods employed for that purpose, such as dusting, spraying, biological control, etc. Various mechanical appliances necessary for thé purpose are also explained. This is followed by a detailed account of the pests of the important crops and _ fruit- trees in South India, such as paddy, millet, pulses, and palm-trees. A chapter is devoted to the pests of stored products and to the insects affecting domestic and farm animals. Another chapter deals with the household and disease-carrying insects. Finally in the last chapter are discussed beneficial insects such as the honey-bee, the silk-worm, and so on. The most important and extensive part of the book from the point of view of agricultural economic entomology is naturally devoted to chapters dealing with the crop pests. Under each crop, its important insect pests are considered. Under each pest, an account is given first of its economic importance, structural peculiarities and distribution. This is followed by an account, usually with illustrations of its life-history and habits. Finally, the measures required for its control are discussed. The book ends with five useful appendices. The first gives a list of the South Indian crop pests, with their chief host-plants, arranged according to the insect orders. The second contains synoptic keys for the systematic recogni- tion of various insect orders and suborders. The third deals with the technique for the collection and study of insects, and also gives some useful chemical formulae for the killing, preservation and control of insects. The fourth deals briefly with the crop-pests other than insects, such as eel-worms, snails and slugs, mites, rats and birds. The fifth consists of a list of references on the insects of economic importance in South India, a list which, incidentally, con- tains some 154 titles. This is followed by an index. Having said so much in praise of the book, a few remarks may be made about its minor blemishes. Let it be stressed that these remarks are made not with a view to detract from the general excellence of the book. On page 12 it is stated that the insect head is composed of six segments. There is now clear evidence for seven segments. On page 17, table, it is stated that the compound eyes of insects are homologous to the segmental appendages. This view was abandoned long ago, and there is no proof in its favour. On page 34, under the different kinds of reproduction in insects, the author omits to refer to the important and striking phenomenon of paedogenesis in which insect larvae or pupae undergo parthenogenetic reproduction without first attaining the adult stage. 18) 648 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII The chapter on classification, pp. 70-85, is in our opinion, the least satis- factory portion of the book. The author prefers, for practical reasons, to stick to the ancient g-order classification of insects, in contrast to the modern 23-order classification which he finds unpractical. This has resulted in strange combinations which today seem odd and unfamiliar. Thus, Anoplura are placed under Hemiptera, and Mallophaga under Neuroptera! Under Apterygota, only two orders, Thysanura and Collembola, are included; the Protura being excluded altogether. On page 71 the author gives Hemiptera and Homoptera as separate orders; and Anoplura and Mallophaga are separated, with Isoptera in between. These groupings are untenable. We would strongly urge the adoption of the 23-order classification, as for example that given by Imms in his Text-book. On page 73, the long-horned grasshoppers are referred to the family Locustidae. This name was suppressed long ago by Tettigonidae. We would like to congratulate both the author and the Madras Government in producing a first-class book which will remain in the field for many years to come. The printing and get-up are extremely good. We can_ heartily recommend the book to all entomologists. Be sd Mawel: Mt —INSECT PESTS-OB BURMA.) By (C11C: iGosh.. 1070: This is a recent work by Mr. C. C. Gosh, till lately Entomologist in Burma, and published under the auspices of the Government of Burma. The outstanding feature of the book is that it is very well illustrated with a number of full page plates the great majority of which are in colour; in addition there are numerous black and white text-figures. In view of the fact that the author has confined himself only to the treatment of insects affecting field crops, stores and households in Burma, it is rather unfortunate that the title of the book should have so comprehensive and therefore liable to be misunderstood. To justify its rather ambitious title, information on other insect pests of Burma— such as pests of useful trees, cattle and other domestic animals, etc., should also have been included in the work. Lastly in view of the fact that rats and crabs have been unceremoniously included under insect pests, a more appropriate title of the book would have been ‘Some crop pests of Burma’, The subject matter of the book which runs to 215 pages is divided into two parts; the first, of forty-two pages, is intended to deal with ‘general facts in connection with the insect life and pests’, and the second with the ‘pests’. To elucidate the facts in connection with the first part the author has selected sixteen insects (perhaps as types?); this list which is headed by the degenerate, nontypical Head !ouse, includes the bed bug, aphis, thrips, silver fish, etc. One fails to find out what were the criteria in selecting these heterogeneous and mostly nontypical forms to explain the general features of insects; a good many of them are only sucking forms and at least two or three are degenerate, absolutely nontypical examples of insects, quite unsuited for the purpose. Even in dealing with these insects no attention has been paid to explain the morphological features of such important structures as _ body divisions, mouth parts, limbs, etc., or any of the outstanding physiological features like locomotion, breathing, reproductive phenomena, etc. In speaking of the metamorphosis, the author does not explain what the differences are between complete and partial metamorphosis; and in this connection he unfortunately characterises Lepisma as an insect with incomplete metamor- phosis, though it is too well known that Lepisma and all other members of the group Aptera are typical examples of insects without metamorphosis (Ametabola). Nor is the insect group to which each of these types belongs indicated. In this first part are also added notes on ‘Beneficial animals and insects’, a rough classification of Insects and ‘Prevention and control of damage by insects’, which includes insecticides, spraying apparatus, etc. Though the major portion of Part II deals chiefly with insect pests of different crops, the author has at the beginning selected nine which he calls general pests, and deals with their features and control. If the idea was to. give examples of different categories of pests and their treatment, the selection is comparative REVIEWS 649 extremely unfortunate. Six out of the nine are sucking forms, and the remain- ing two are not insects at all! (rats among insect pests)! It is a pity the author did not tind it more convenient to select some of the commonest types of pests like grass-hoppers, caterpillars, beetles, etc. for the purpose. The remaining portion of the matter in the book deals with insect pests of different crops like rice, cane, etc. grown in Burma. ‘The great bull of this matter is made up chiefly of the explanations of the various plates and text-figures. it may be interesting to add in this connection that Mr. K. D. Shroff, who was Entomologist in Burma before the author, as early as 1919, published a list of the insect pests of Burmese crops (vide Rpt. of 3rd Ent. Meeting Pusa); and though the author has not referred to this list, a comparison of the insects in that list with those noted in this book might be interesting. In dealing with the ‘pests of important crops like Rice, Sorghum, Cane, etc. it is very unfor- tunate that attempts have not been made to get many of these insects properly identified ; some are without names, others with wrong names, and others have old or defunct names—for example: we have Paddy thrips p. 54, the Sorghum chafer p. 68, Sorghum stem fly p. 69, the Wheat aphis p. 74, termite p. 76, Cotton mealy bug p. 117, Blister beetle p. 119, beetle p. 160, etc. It is also strange that even information as to the group or family to which the different pests belong has not been given in most cases. Taking for instance a_ pest like the saw fly (Athalia) p. 127, how is the reader to know that the insect is neither a caterpillar nor a fly! The remark that the Cane mealy bug is the same as the one on paddy (p. 87) is unfortunate; the one on Cane is Trionymus sacchari and that on Rice is Ripersia oryzae G. On Cane a woolly aphis (Ovegma lanigera) is mentioned; this appears to be an interesting record of a pest not commonly recorded from India, but unfortunately the author has neither given a figure of it nor sufficient information re its local distribution, incidence, etc. In dealing with pests of pulses some of those previously noted by Shroff have been left out in the book as for e.g. Adisura and Clavigralla. It is a pity the author still retains the good old name Pectinophora (p. 114) for the pink boll worm (Platyedra). The author does not refer to the grass- hopper Aularches in connection with sesamum though Shroff says it was once bad on that crop. The author’s explanation for the term death’s head moth (p. 121) is indeed very amusing! The old name (Kuphalerus) is still retained in the book for the Citrus phyllid (Diaphorina) p. 173. Similarly the old names Dasychira and Pachyzancla are also retained. The title ‘White wax mealy bug’ (p. 180) for Ceroplastes cereferus is not only unfortunate, but inexcusable, since the insect is not a mealy bug at all! Under ‘Other minor pests’ of the Coconut palm (p. 191) is included the butterfly Udaspes folus; this is not a coconut insect, but a specific pest of turmeric, ginger, etc.; this name under coconut palm appears to be a mistake for Gangar thyrsis, a butterfly which has been noted before by Shroff on coconut in Burma. It is really unpleasant to have to remark that in dealing with the various insect pests, greater attention has been paid to already known forms—both in India and Burma—especially to those in the colour plates, while those that appear to be specific to Burma and about which we know very little have not received the treatment they deserved—as for example: the woolly aphis p. 88, Cane weevil p. 82, Bean stem borer beetle p. 107, the Citrus bark borer p. 171, Mulberry leaf roller p. 179, Mulberry trips, p. 178, Mulberry stem beetles p. 181, Grape vine Chrysomelid p. 183, Fruit flies on peach, etc. p. 185; the elephant beetle p. 180, erca) ihe pests-or inuit trees have not ‘at all been “sufficiently treated (pp. 175, 182, 183 and 185). A fairly good number of insects listed by Shroff have also been left out in the book, as for example insects like Naranga, Oxya, Menida, Tettigoniella on Rice, Thrips on maize, Adisura, Clavigralla on pulses, Aularches on sesamum, Gallobelicus and Phyllotreta on tobacco, etc., etc. The absence of even a passing reference to the unique record of a fruit fly in Plantains (Chaetodacus diversus) in Burma by Shroff (see p. 40 Second Notes on hundred Indian Insects 1919) is indeed a great pity, since that is the only record of fruit fly attack on Plantains so far from India and Burma. The sandwiching of Rats (p. 49) and Crabs (p. 57) among insects without a word of explanation is to say the least of it odd. A few remarks may be made regard ing the illustrations on which the author has laid a good deal of emphasis in his introductory remarks. There are in all 87 full page plates and 106 black and white text- figures ; of the former over 650 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Voly XLT 75 are colour plates. The numbering of these plates lacks uniformity—some are numbered Pl. xlvii (47) while others Pl. 46, etc. The names of insects in Pl. 38 and 72 are quite different from the ones given in the text on the opposite pages 100 and 147. Reference to Pl. 72 under mango fruit flies on p. 166 appears wrong as D. cucurbitae is not a mango fruit fly. Though all these plates and many text-figures have already appeared before in Gov. ernment of India publications, the insects in a good many of them do not show the correct mames—e.g., Pl. 1,. vj; x, “xi, ‘xlvity Ix, Ixviny etc, aihere is no reference to Pl. ! on p. i127 when speaking of mustard aphis# Fig. 104 p. 211 is T. abruptella W. and not tapetzella L (see Fletcher ‘Hundred notes p. 34). Coming to the text figures a good many are without names or wath wrong or imperfect names; for e.g.. Figs. 3. 10, U1, 14, 16,519, 21,27, 32, 34, 35) 50, 92, etc:, etc. It is a pity that the author could agit put down the names of even many of the well known forms such as the housefly, the honey bee, the flea, potter wasp! As far as cne could make out there are some plates both coloured and black and white which do not appear to be prepared at Pusa and which the author has not acknowledged for example Plates 12, 45, 83. Some of the illustrations do not show the exact specific names of the insects e.g. Colour Pl. of Earias, mango fruit weevils p. 165, Idiocerus p. 164, etc. The author has baptized some well known insects with some new popular names such as ‘Yellow shoot borer’ for the white borer, ‘Coconut leaf nibbling caterpillar’ for Nephantis, ‘Rice grain nibbling caterpillar’ for Cirphis, ‘Rice leaf binding caterpillar’ for Chloridea assulta, ‘grain binding caterpillars’ for meal worms, etc. Such new names unfortunately only add to our confusion re popular names. As regards remedial measures suggested there are some which are _ truly extraordinary : for mealy bugs on stored potatoes—Dip in strong rosin compound ; for sorghum midge—resistent varieties should be grown; rosin compound for thrips ; keep watch on fields for hispa, strip the plants of all side leaves for pink mealy bug on Cane; for the leaf roller the teaves are better unrolled and the cater- pillars destroyed! etc. Here and there in the text there are some astonishing statements worth noticing—as for example the life history of Disphinctus (a capsid) is similar to the green bug (Nazara)—, eggs are laid on the trees—, Scales and mealy bug (lac) on custard apple—, the offsprings too never know or look after the parents—, one and a half weeks—, ycung male bug turns into pupa—; mites are tiny spiders—, caterpillars live from shoot to shoot or plant to plant— the caterpillar occurs which is hatched from egg laid by a butterfly and in its turn develops into a butterfly—, prevents the birth of fresh beetles in the field p. 64! As for spelling and other errors, many of which are perhaps printer’s devils, there are a fairly good number, and it is unfortunate an errata slip was not prepared and attached to remedy at least some of these. Some glaring examples are Novia, Bollwarm, Disdercus, Cantarenia, Pempheris, Shaenobius, Gossary, etc. The arrangement and size of the matter, proper types for headings and pages, etc. could have been paid a little more attention. The first line on p. 43 begins ‘In this chapter’ (in the absence of division into chapters in this book one wonders) what the Chapiey referred to here is! The big heading on p. 182 is Mole Rat and under it appear Tamarind, Papaya, Cashew, etc. in small type headings. On the whole, however, there is no doubt that as a handy reference collec- tion of colour plates of many Indo-Burmese Insect Pests (which had appeared previously in many different works), the book will always maintain its sub- stantial worth. A list of the illustrations and plates in the book at the beginning or end of the work could have enhanced its value for reference purposes. IV.— BIRDS OF BURMA’ by B. E. Smythies, Burma Forest Service. Edited by H.C. Smith, f-r.s., and P. F. Garthwaite, B.F/s.. With a: mapand 31 coloured plates from paintings by Lieut.-Commander A. M. Hughes, R.N. Pp. xxix—589. American Baptist Mission Press, Rangoon, 1940. Price Rs. 1s. The names of Eugene W. Oates in the seventies and eighties of the last century, of H. H. Harington, J. C. Hopwood and J. M. .D. McKenzie in the years slightly preceding and following the last World War (1914-18), and of REVIEWS 651 J. K. Stanford, H. C. Smith, P. F. Garthwaite and B. E. Smythies (the present author) within recent years, stand out prominently in the domain of Burmese ornithology. The recent systematic work on Burmese birds of the late Dr. C. B. Ticehurst will endure as a monument to the thoroughness and scientific acumen of that widely celebrated ornithologist. The sum total of the activities of all these naturalists, as well as of others perhaps less heard of but nonetheless earnest students, has been embodied in the excellent volume now before us. Its avowed object is to provide a concise and accurate account of Burmese birds in simple and untechnical language, a purpose which it admirably fulfils, since readability is here reinforced by good coloured illustrations. The 31 coloured plates, illustrating 290 of the commoner birds, specially painted for this book by Lieut.-Commander A. M. Hughes form an attractive feature. It is obvious that Commander Hughes knew his subjects intimately, and his drawings are not only lifelike but in most cases they show the birds in their characteristic attitudes. A welcome item is the scale given at the foot of each plate which enables the reader to get an idea of the relative sizes of the birds. The reproduction of the plates is good on the whole, but in some cases unfortunately it fails to do full justice to the artist. The plain grey background to the illustrations is pleasingly effective. The Introduction covers a wide range of information calculated to help the beginner and the layman. The modern system of scientific nomenclature is explained and a short section is devoted to Bird Photography. The account of the general topography and meteorology of Burma is interesting and valuable to the student since elevation and rainfall are now recognised as two of the most important factors that control the distribution of birds in any area. From another section entitled ‘Protection’ we learn that besides the Reserved Forests which, cover 34,799 square miles (i.e. 13% of the total area of Burmia) there are now 8 Wild Life Sanctuaries, in all about 600 square miles, where all animals (including birds, cf course) enjoy complete protection from year’s end to year’s end. In this matter Burma’s example is one that might be emulated with advantage by our Indian provinces where, with a few notable exceptions, practically nothing has as yet been done. Following the Introduction comes the general body of descriptions of the 1253 species and subspecies that comprise the rich and varied avifauna of 3urma. hes - rs eet Ms oh = yay eae > 5 ee series: EE St St _goueleg Isevl Jed sev Suipling meN It ST SPT se JOOS souR[eg 0} palsies aoueeg * [= Ea eee UI S8SVD MOYS IOj souLl[eg pepusdxauy °° a, = ned | Z ‘ON puny sasez moys : * ——— | 4 OL 9€¢ ae ; fs S Se 7 Ol 98g _ sf = joayg oourleg L OL 1b . jOOYS oUL[e_ 0} pelsivo souLleg a jst] Jod se osouv[eq popuedxeug Ag 00 & 3° "030 *AJOT[VX) USTY UO sIniIpusdxyY oy, a S T ‘ON puny a S d ¥ SY d ¥ SY dV Sy BB Auta ee % ‘OF6l ‘MHAWHIA IE CHUN Soe APAAL AHL HOH SHSOdUAd DWAIDAdS AOH SNOTLYNOd AO LNQODIK AAYALIGCNAHdIXH ANP AWOINT eee s lez oc “AD ‘Aq = S an Eo oot BY EC. STUART BAKER, C.LE., 0.B.E., F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.B.0.U., H.P.A.0.U. Imperial 8vo. Half bound. ) co VOL. IIL. PHEASANTS AND BUSTARD-QUAIL. About 320 pp. With 12 Coloured Plates and al ae a numerous Black and White Plates. u ; Price to Members who have not purchased i Nols, E avi... re .. 4 1-15-0=Rs, 23 Members who have purchased one of the above Volumes ... £ 1-10-0=Rs. 20 Members who have purchased both the above Volumes... .. £ 1- 5-O=Rs. 17 _ Price to Non-members. Two Guineas=Rs. 28 Packing and postage extra. pal to :— a The Bombay Natural History Society, ee : 6, Apollo Street, BOMBAY. _jheels in the plains of India, and about our @ THE BOOK OF INDIAN. BIRDS” By SALIM ALI kf ve inexpensive, handy volume for every one interested in the bird life of our country. It contains 171 full page plates — in colour, numerous excellent photographs, — and simple, readable accounts of the habits, food and nesting of 181 species of birds commonly seen about towns, villages and sea coasts. Bound in soft Rexine. Price Rs. 14. (To Members of the Society. Rs. 10-8) Apply to 3 THE HONORARY SECRETARY, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, __ | 6, Apollo Street, Fort, Bombay. — ee yan nae | — gournark, MARA Vor Rents es | “Onar muses ‘OF THE === wBay Navurat History Socigry. — Pie eed a EDITED BY REV. J. F. CAIUS, S.J., F.L.S.. H. M. MCGUSTY, AND S. H. PRATER, M.L.A, C.M.Z.S, Raat PUBLISHED BY THE BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY \ ye 6, Apollo Street, Bombay. Lonpon AGENTS : | DAVID NUTT. (A. G. BERRY) pots 212, SHAFTESBURY AVENUE, — i sere LONDON, W.C. 2. a Oy: os) hae SO AEN Bie ae Bes pn aGatie Birds - 2 rae, Vol. ae (Woodcoek, ‘Snipe, ‘Bustards, rst Edition. * : * (Price to Members Rs. 3°): Game Birds of India, Vol. III, Pheasants, 1st Edition. | (Price to Members Rs. 17). Set of Game Bird Plates ( 19), Vol. Lis Rs. 13. (Price to Members Rs. 10). Bird-Life in India, by Capt. R. ee aah: -M.B.O.U. Mlustrated. Rs. 6 ie to Members Rs. 3). Birds of igbsbes sa Salsette. _ Rs. 2 Indian Pigeons and Doves’ with coloured illustrations, iat C. Stuart Baker, Q.B:E.,° M.B,Q2U.; EZ.5 547 Cte. Rs. 37-8. (Price to. Members Ris.) 30); i The Book of Indian Birds, by Salim a8 with 171 coloured illustrations. Rs. 14, : (Price Members Rs. 10-8). J ] le A Snakes. | Identification of Poisonous Snakes—* ti” ey i oe Ved Hanging Wall Chart, 30”x40”. (Revised in 1940). - , Rs. 5. Folding Pocket Chart. : _ Rs. 1-12 Snakes of Bombay Island and Salsette, by S. H. Prater, C.M.Z.S. Re. 1 ‘Miscellaneous. . | Game Fishes of Bombay, the Deccan and the Neighbouring Districts. By Sir REGINALD. SPENCE, Kr., F.Z.S., and .'S. H. Prater, ©.M.Z.S, 2 With colour and black and white illustrations. Rs. 223 (Price. to Members Rs. 1- -8). : ‘Tdcatibicstign of Indian Butterflies, by BRIGADIER W.’H. Evans, C.S.1.,. GH: E., D-S:O% and edition, sirated vt LOS ARE 15. (Pre to Members Rs. 10). Wall Chart to aienevink a Wild Dog from a Domestic Dog or jackal p etc. Rs. 2:8. a A List of Indian Butterflies, by Cor. W. H. Evins! | Rs. 2. -Wood-Destroying White Ants of the. Bombay Presidency, by JosEPu he RseMUrE, (S.J. : Prien? Re. 1, Back Numbers of the Jaucnal | : og Back numbers of the Society’s Journal. Rates on application. TERMS OF MEMBERSHIP. ee ci eee aS Members pay an entrance fee of Rs. 10 and a Life Membership fee of Rs. 350. 7 os Ordinary Members pay an entrance fee of Rs. 10 and an annual subscrip: - tion ef Rs. 25. ; \ B The subscription of members elected in October, November and December covers the period from the date of their election up till the end of the following _ year. : ) w : MEMBERS RESIDING OUTSIDE INDIA. The terms are the same for members living outside India. Such members should pay their subscriptions by means of orders on their Bankers to pay the : amount of the subscription, -plus postage—in all Rs. 26-8-o—to the Society ine Bombay on the 1st January in each year. If this cannot be done, then the su i of £2-0-6 should be paid annually to the. Society's London Bae National Bank of India, Bishopsgate dea OR GOn, E.G: FE a 5 5 ai eae an ea aoa «eee th eae = ee Een SOMEEN ES OF VOLOGME XLT, No. 2 SoME BeauTiFuL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SuHruBs. Parts VIII & IX. By Vee eae Ole MtsLye DESC., UL EsI.S., o1E.S., and) M.’B. “Raizada, M.Sc. (With two coloured plates, nine black and white plates, and thirteen text-figures) Tue Birps oF BaHnawarptr™(Punjab). By Salim Ali. (With one map and four black and white plates) a Tne Earty Staces or InpiAN Lepipoprera. Part VIII. By D. G. Sevasto- pulo, F.R.E.S. ON THE Banks OF THE NarpapDa. By Lt.-Col. R. W. Burton, 1.4. (Retd.) (With four black and white plates) ae ao ies wae A StruDy OF THE REAPPEARANCE OF TROUT Foop In TROUT WATERS IN THE Kuitvu VaLLey (Punjab). . By Hamid Khan, M.sc., LL.B., Ph.D., F.A.SC., and Harbans Lal Tandon, B.sc. (With two plates) ... Tue InpraAn Cappts Fries (Trichoptera), Part VIII. By Martin E. Mosely, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. (With twelve plates) phe ae a Notes ON Some InpIAN Birps, Part VI. AN InpIAN RIveER-BED. By E. H. N. Lowther, M.B.0.u., F.z.s. (With eight plates) : OccuRRENCE OF Synantherias sylvatica SCHOTT IN THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY, AND Notes ON SOME OTHER Araceae OF INTEREST. By Charles McCann, F.L.S. (With four plates) A New FossoriaL SNAKE (Rhinophis dorsimaculatus) FROM CEYLON. By Pee. PY Deraniyagala, M-A., A.M.) -F-C.P.S.,; F:L.S., F.Z.S.| (With one plate and one text-figure) : THe Game FisHes oF INnpia, Part XIV. THE MAHSEERS OR THE LARGE- SCALED BarBELS OF INDIA. By Sunder Lal Hora, D.sc., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S., F.R.A.S.B., F.N.I. (With three plates and two text-figures) SOME CoMMON INDIAN HERBS WITH NOTES ON THEIR ANATOMICAL CHARA- cTErsS. Part VIII. By M. Sayeedud-Din (With three plates) Diagora Nicevillei (Moore). By Lt.-Col. F. M. Bailey (With one plate) Tue Foop anp Hasits oF tHE House SPIDER (Heteropoda venatoria, Linn). By G. C. Bhattacharya (iVith two plates) ... vas MESOPOTAMIAN Desert LeprpoprEra. By E. P. Wiltshire, F.R.E.s. Two New Niretras. By B. C. Kundu, M.aA., Ph.p., F.u.s. (With two plates) OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF SOME SouTH INDIAN Coccips. By T. V. Venkatraman, B.A., M.Sc. (With four plates) INSECTICIDAL AND PIScIcIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA. By Col. Sir R. N. Chopra, €.1.E., M.A., M.D., SC.D., F.R.C.P., R. L. Badhwar, B.sc., M.sc., and SL. Nayar, .sc. ADDITIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H THE Nizam’s Domintons, HyDerapab, Deccan. By M. Sayeedud-Din M.A. B.SC., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., F.F.SC. (With one plate) WAR 13 1982 PAGE 796 800 854 903 REVIEW :— The Book of Indian Birds. — By CONTENTS O12 MVol” OIE Noa Salim Ali MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :— Ile Le IIT. Le Ve Vie Rivers as Barriers to the Distribution of Gibbons. By R. E. Parsons Aa ah Where a Tiger sharpened his Claws. ‘ By C. E. Hewetson (With a photo) x ae 5 On the Height and Age of an Elephant. By N. G. Pillai (With one plate) ae ae aa aah The Malayan Elephant. By R. C. Morris. An Albino Nilghai. By T. R. Trivedi (With a photo) Measurements of a fine head of the Indian Gazelle. By Sardar. Shivdev Singh King Crow bullying Werns.. By Aq. jones... Nidification of the indian By, Ava jomes Presumptive Evidence of the Cuckoo (Cuculus micropterus Gould). (With a plate} The Great Black Woodpecker in the Neighbourhood of Bombay. By Humayun Abdulali The Becoming Bittern { Botaurus stellaris stellaris (Linn)], in Lower Bengal. By M. L. Roonwal ae By .N. G. Pillai By Vor MeViasun:- Bird ‘Bathing’ in Ants. Survival of Birds after Injury. Further Observations on the Egg-laying Habits of the Lizard, Calotes versicolor (Boulenger). By J. J. Asana Remarkable Feeding Habits of an Indian Carp [Barbus (Puntius) dobsoni Day]. By M. Suter Be A Mantis-Bloodsucker Tragedy. By C. McCann Parasitization of Larva of the Hawk Moth (Oxyambulyxr subocellata) by Flies. By R. E. Parsons ide Effects of the Bite of the Large Mygalomorph (Chilobrachys sp.). By T. Wooly Smith A Centipede eating its Eggs. By C. McCann. A Novel Way of Collecting Botanical Specimens (Wayside Trees of Malaya by E. J. H. Corner, Hongkong Natura- list: ‘vol. x. Noss ai & “4, Wrenn) 7 er ant Spider 943 JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. Hist. Soc. Plate 8-A, ——————————————————_aaaaaEEtTt._aaLm_ — “er CMG Sin ig Bipczacanyn ne Large-flowered Thunbergia THUNBERGIA GRANDIFLORA Roxb. | (3 nat. Size. ) JOURNAL OF THE Bombay Natural History Society. IQ4I. VoL. XLIE. NOe 4: — SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS. BY IN; Slams ORY MGAs a DaS@s, likeli Sa, lsFy Sas Forest Botanist, AND ie M. B. RAIzapa, M.Sc., Assistant Botanist, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. Parts VIII anp IX. (Continued from Vol. xiii, No.°3 (1941), p. 471). Part VIII. (With 1 coloured and 5 black and white plates and to text-figures). Thunbergia Retzius. The genus Thunbergia was erected by Retzius in honour ol Karl Peter Thunberg, professor of Botany at Upsala, who died in 1828. The species of Thunbergia (family Acanthaceae) are mostly tali perennial climbers which are favourite garden plants on account of the beautv and profusion of their flowers. They are extensively cultivated in all parts of the world and in India, where several are indigenous. A good many species are hardy out of doors and are extremely decorative if grown to the best advantage. CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS. The leaves are opposite, petiolate (sessile in Thunbergia nata- lensis) on the usually swollen joints of the stems, rarely subentire, more usually lobed or toothed in various Ways; the nerves are, in WAR 13 1242 686. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL Hist. SOCIETY, Voi, XLit most cases, palmate, i.e. they arise and spread from the top of the petiole. The flowers are large and showy and are arranged in terminal pendulous racemes or solitary or in pairs in the axils of ordinary leaves. Each flower is temporarily enclosed in a spathe consisting of two large bracteoles cohering along the margins. The calyx is very short, sometimes a mere rim, or, more often, crowned by io to 15 teeth. The corolla has a narrow or widely infundibuliform, often curved, tube ending in five sub- orbicular lobes ali spreading, or a campanulate and strongly curved tube arising from the short cylindrical or conical base ending in five lobes of which the upper two are erect. The stamens are four in number usually in pairs with filaments of different lengths, inserted in the lower portion of the tube and included. The anthers are two-lobed and are glabrous or with a fringe of hairs along the margins, or the lobes bearded at the base or furnished with a crest of hairs; sometimes one or both lobes spurred. The ovary is seated upon a large annular disk, which is often larger than the ovary. The ovary is 2-celled with 2 collateral ovules in each cell; style straight or curved, surmounted by a stigma which may be obconical in shape or, more often, distinctly 2-lipped, with the upper lip erect and the lower spreading. The pollen grains are globose, without germ pores, but with one or more often spirally twisted grooves. The fruit 1s shaped rather like a bird’s head and consists of a globose 2-celled capsule crowned by a stout beak. On dehiscence the beak splits violently from apex to base and the seeds are flung out. The seed is semiglobose in shape with a large pit on the inner side. The brightly coloured flowers of the species of Thunbergia are an indication that the process of fertilisation is carried out through the agency of insects. The construction of the flowers however is such that only insects with certain characteristics are suitable for the purpose. , Taking the flower of Thunbergia grandiflora as an example, it will be observed that it can be divided into three portions; a lower conical portion which directly surrounds the ovary and nectary, a tubular-ventricose portion which carries the four stamens in a groove on its upper surface, and the spreading lobes. _ The spread- ing lobes are usually brightly coloured and their function is merely to attract an insect. The tubular portion is important as the transference of pollen must take place within it. As already stated the four stamens lie together in a groove on the upper surface of the corolla tube. On the lower surface of the tube inside is a bulge corresponding to a groove on the outside. This bulge ensures that the back of any visitor is pressed well up against the anthers on the roof. The anthers of the upper pair of stamens are pressed closely together and form a convenient groove in which lies the style. The anthers of the lower pair lie on either side of the upper pair. The style itself expands into the cup-shaped stigma a little in advance of the stamens. The filaments of the stamens though compressed are swollen at the base and the four of them are so placed that they practically block the entrance to the chamber in which the ovary is situated. A small foramen is left SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 687 through which passes the style. The anthers are bearded with long thin hairs and bear one or two horny hooks on their posterior margins. The nectary which secretes the honey is a fleshy disk surrounding the ovary. Fig. 1. A.—Cross section of corolla showing position of style and stamens ; note the curvature of the corolla which ensures that the insect will touch the stamens. B.—Side view of stamens ovary and style; corolla tube removed. A, base of corolla; B, ovary-seated on nectary disc; C, style; D, stamens; I, stigma; F, path to honey which must be followed by proboscis of misect ; “G, corolla. The first thing that happens when an insect visits the flower is that its dorsal surface touches the viscous lower lip of the stigma which is pressed down and any pollen which the insect is carrying is transferred. The insect pushes on still further and comes into contact with the hooks on the anther, which results in pollen being shaken down upon its back and thorax. Owing to the smallness of the hole at the base of the stamens and its distance from the honey only insects with a long proboscis can reach the pooty. The proboscis must be passed upwards over 688 fOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLit the style and then downwards to reach the honey. As the insect mn «iy Fig. 2.—Front view of stamens ovary and stigma with portion of the corolia cut away. (See Fig. 1. for explanation of lettering.) retreats its pollen-dusted back presses up the lower non-viscous edge of the stigma and prevents self-fertilisation. Burkill’ observed the process of cross-fertilisation in this species in Calcutta and discovered that the agents were Xylocopa latipes and X. aestuans. The bodies of these bees just fit the antrum of the flower and the proboscis is sufficiently long to reach the honey. He ob- served that the dorsal surfaces of the insects were dusted with pollen on their emergence from the flower. A further refinement in the mecha- nism of pollination is when the stigma has two lips the lower of which is non-receptive. This lip touches the back of the insect and drags down the upper receptive lobe which duly collects the pollen from the back of the visitor with- out any danger of self-fertilisation. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Flowers axillary, solitary. Petioles winged. Petioles wingless. Colour of flowers white T. alata. 1. {ragvans. Colour of flowers blue or purple. Plant erect. Leaves petiolate Leaves sessile Plant climbing. T. evecta. T. natalensis. IT. grandiflora. Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes. Flowers. blue. Ieaves broadly ovate, cordate at the base. ua 1. ‘grandifiovas Leaves ovate oblong to Janceolate-oblong, rounded at the base. Flowers yellow. Flowers scarlet. T. lauyifolia. T. mysorensis. T. coccinea. a i a 1 Burkill, I. H., J.A.S.B. (1906) s11-14. SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 689 Thunkergia alata Bo). BLACK-EYED SUSAN. (alata is a Latin word meaning winged and refers to the wings on the petiole). Fig. 3.—Thunbergia alata Boj. x3. Description.—A slender herbaceous twiner with very hairy shoots. Leaves opposite, seated on a narrowly winged petiole which is often as long as the blade, sagittate in shape, up to 2 in. long by 1.75 in. wide, acuminate, pubescent on both surfaces and hirsute on the nerves beneath; margin entire, undulate, with one or two broad teeth on either side. Flowers axillary, seated on peduncles which are shorter than the’ subtending leaves. Bracteoles spathe-like, ovate, apiculate, pubescent on both surfaces and hirsute on the margins, persistent, about 0.5 in. long. Calyx very short, bowl-shaped, surmounted by to subulate lobes, covered with glandular hairs. Corolla tube infundibuliform, 0.75 in. long and oe im. wide in the throat, ending in five yellow, orange or rarely white lobes, deep claret coloured in the throat. Stamens four, one pair of filaments shorter than the other; anthers of the lower pair with two spurs, those of the upper with only one spur, densely fringed along the margin and at the base with long club- shaped hairs. Ovary seated in a cup-shaped disk; style 0.5 in. long; stigmas 2-lipped, the upper lip about twice as long as the lower but much narrower. : 690 jJGURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. oem I’lowers.—September-November. Fruits cold season. Distribution.—Native of south-east Africa. Cultivated or naturalised throughout India. Gardening.—This twiner closely resembles Thunbergia fragrans, but is softly villous and has winged petioles and usually yellow flowers with a brown or purple eve or sometimes shades of buff or orange or even white. It is well suited for a small trellis-work. Propagated usually by seeds. There are several varieties but the following are commonly seen in cultivation :— Thunbergia alata Boj. var. alba Paxt. has white flowers with a blackish centre. Thunbergia alata Boj. var. aurantiaca Kuntze is a variety with bright orange flowers having a dark centre. “Medicinal use.—In Malaya the leaves are made into poultices which are applied to the head to relieve headaches. Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. (fragrans is Latin for fragrant. Why this epithet should have been applied to this plant, which has odourless flowers, is not known). Description.—A slender herbaceous twiner with scabrid, or more or less glabrescent, shoots. Leaves opposite on slender Fig. 4.—Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. X1/I1. wingless petioles which are usually’ shorter than the blade, lance- olate, or triangular-ovate, cordate or subcordate at the base, almost Pena up to 2.5 in, long by 1 in. wide, toothed on both sides” MM. N. Bakshi ote x 5 CS wx A 2s co ae oo) = bon SG on & | © rs} a5 c eZ JourRN. BomsBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Photo by Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. New Forest, Dehra Dun. SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN = CLIMBERS: AND SHRUBS 691 at the base, more or less rough on both surfaces, palmately 5-nerved. Flowers axillary on peduncles which are usually longer than the subtending leaf. Bracteoles spathe-like, ovate or ovate-lanceolate in shape, less than 0.75 in. long, persistent. Calyx bowl-shaped, very short, surmounted by 15 subulate teeth, glandular-pubescent. Corolla tube infundibuliform, about 1 in. long, white and without fragrance, lobes spreading about 0.75 in. in diameter.. Stamens in pairs, the filaments of one pair as long as those of the other which are about 0.5 in. long; anthers entirely glabrous and without spurs. Ovary seated in a disk; style nearly 1 in. long; stigma 2-lipped, the upper lip slightly longer and narrower than the lower lip. Capsule scabrid. Seeds reticulate. Flowers.—September-November. Fruits cold season. Distribution.—Throughout India and Malaya. Gardening.—A herbaceous climber with beautiful snow-white flowers. Easily propagated by seed which it produces abundantly. It is suitable for growing over a screen. Contrary to what the specific name would seem to denote, the flowers are not fragrant. Thunbergia erecta (Renth.) T. Anderson (erecta is Latin for upright and refers to the habit of the species). Description.—This spec- ies is a small shrub which in Indian gardens reaches a height of about 4 feet. The fx shoots are quadrangular in e section and each angle bears a narrow wing, glabrous when old but the younger are covered with a mantle of short crisp hairs near the nodes; buds in the axils of the leaves densely covered with short golden or reddish hairs. Leaves opposite, ex- stipulate, but connected at the base by a raised ridge across the node, petiolate (petiole o.1 in. long), ovate- elliptic, acute and apiculate, subacute at the base, gla- brous, penninerved but the first pair often arise near , the base; margin entire, un- dulate, or occasionally with a broad triangular tooth above the mid- dle. Fiowers axillary, solitary or paired, seated on peduncles up to 1.5 in. long, usually much less. At the top of the peduncle are a pair of greenish white bracteoles, spathe-like, early or tardily deciduous. Calyx very short, bowl-shaped, surmounted by 15 subulate calyx-teeth, densely covered with gland-tipped hairs. Corolla tube 1.5-2.5 in. long, glandular outside, slightly conical at Fig. 5.—Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) Anderson X 4 692 fOURNAIL. BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIELY:;» Von Ver the base swelling above, infundibuliform, curved, ending in five subequal lobes; yellowish white at the base, central portion cream shading into the dense violet lobes and mouth, ochre-coloured in the throat. Stamens four, in pairs, the filaments of one pair o.5 in. long, of the other o.4 in. long, covered with short. gland-tipped hairs. Anthers shortly awned or mucronate, with a thick fringe of hairs along the margins. Ovary seated in an annular disk. Style up to 1.5 in. long; upper lip of the stigma erect and folded, the lower spreading and very broad. Flowers.—Chiefly during the cold weather. Distribution.—Native of west tropical Africa, but is a very common cuitivated plant in gardens throughout India. | Gardening.—A hardy shrub, very pretty when in full bloom during the cold season. It thrives best in bright sunshine and 1s well adapted to the topiarist’s art. Easily propagated by cuttings during the rains. It was introduced into India from Kew in 1859. Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. And. var. alba is a variety with white flowers, but it is by no means as beautiful as the «type. Thunbergia natalensis Hook. (The specific name refers to the home of the plant). Description.—An erect shrub, 2 ft. or more) iene with four-angled stems, which are almost hirsute in speci- mens grown at Dehra Dun but are stated by Hooker, Bailey and others” to) ime glabrous except at the inter- nodes. Leaves _ opposite, somewhat crowded, sessile or very shortly petiolate, ovate- acute or acuminate, sinuate- dentate, cordate at the base, palmately 3-nerved, slightly _ scabrous on both surfaces, - glabrous above, hairy on the nerves below, 4 in. long by 2 in. broad. The ‘axillamgm solitary flowers are seated on peduncles which are shorter than the subtending _ leaf- Fig. 6.—Thunbergia natalensis Hook.X3 plade. Bracteoles at the top of the peduncles herbaceous, 3-nerved, hirsute on the nerves, ovate, - spathaceous, nearly as long as the corolla tube, to which it is closely appressed. Calyx bowl-shaped with six blunt teeth. Corolla 2 in. long, shortly conical below swelling above into an infundibull- form curved tube and ending in five obcordate, nearly equal, horizontally spreading lobes. Stamens four; filaments nearly equal, filiform, thickened towards the base; connective bluntly apiculate, anther cells shortly spurred and bearded below. Ovary seated in Nat. Hist. Soc. JRN. BOMBAY | | | | } as) c 7) oS &0 MS 7) aa) Gc =} << tH , Dehra Dun. New Forest SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS.AND SHRUBS 693 a fleshy disk. Style as long as the corolla tube, obconic, supporting a concave stigma, glandular-hairy and bearded below the stigma. Capsule 1.25 in. long, densely hairy or glabrous. F'lowers.—April-May. Does not fruit in Dehra. Distribution.—Native of Natal; but now cultivated in gardens throughout India. Gardening.—An undershrub up to 2 ft. high with handsome pale blue flowers; the corolla tube yellow, 2 in. long. Propagated by cuttings. Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. (grandiflora means large-flowered in Latin). Description.—A large woody climber reaching a height of 20 feet or more. Shoots four-angled or -ribbed, shortly hairy, rough, becoming smoother and glabrous with age. Leaves opposite on the swollen nodes, petiolate, (petioles up to half the length of the blade, twisted at the base and scabrid) cordate at the base, palmately 7-nerved, coarsely toothed or lobed, 4 in. long by 3-4 in. broad, ovate-acute or ovate-acuminate in shape, very rough on both sur- faces. Flowers sometimes solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves, but more often, appearing as terminal pendulous racemes, pedun- culate (penduncles up to 2 in. long). At the top of the peduncle will be found two velvety, obliquely obovate or oblong bracteoles which are persistent. The calyx is reduced to a velvety rim. Corolla tube shortly conical at the base, then very widely and obliquely campanulate, up to 2.5 in. long, ending in five lobes, the upper two of which are erect and the others spreading. The upper surface of the corolla tube is grooved to take the stamens and style. Corolla whitish in the lower half shading into the blue lobes; yellow inside with blue stripes in the throat. Stamens subequal; filaments about o.4 in. long, flattened and corrugated at the base where they almost occlude the entrance to the lower conical portion of the tube. Anthers of the lower stamens 0.3 in. long, both cells spurred; those of the upper 0.4 in. long with only one cell spurred; margins densely fringed with long thin hairs. Style 1 in. long; upper lip of the stigma folded and erect, the lower spreading. Capsule shaped like a bird’s head 1-2 in. long. Flowers.—March-November. Fruits cold season. Distribution.—Native of Eastern Bengal. Commonly grown in gardens in the plains throughout the country. Gardening.—A very extensive climber with pendent branches, and dark, green, heart-shaped leaves. It bears large bluish flowers from March right through the rains. It is of a very luxuriant growth, and if allowed to climb a lofty tree will cover it with a dense green curtain of. foliage. It-can, however, be made to flower when small, by judicious close pruning. Easily propagated by cuttings or layers during the rains. Medicinal use.—-A decoction of the leaves is said to be used in Malaya for stomach complaints. The leaves are used as a poultice, 694 JOUKNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vole iain Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. (laurifolius means having leaves like a laurel). Fig. 7.—Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. x8. Description.—-A shrubby climber with terete, smooth and glabr- ous stems. Leaves opposite, petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at the base, glabrous and smooth or slightly rough on both ‘surfaces, palmately 3-nerved at the base, reticulation pro- minent below, up to 7 in. long, 2 in. broad; margins entire or distantly toothed; petioles up to 3 1n. long, thickened at the apex and base. Inflorescence in pendulous axillary or terminal racemes. Individual flowers pedicellate. Bracteoles spathaceous, cohering along the upper margin, herbaceous. Calyx very small, cup-shaped ; margin crenulate. Corolla tube cylindrical or broadly conical at the base, swelling above, obliquely funnel-shaped, very wide at the mouth. Lobes five, rotundate, emarginate, spreading. Stamens four, inserted near the base of the tube; filaments broad subulate curved. Anthers oblong, apiculate with two subulate spurs at the base; margins fringed. Ovary globose, sunk in the crenately- margined, fleshy disk. Style long, included; stigma _ two-lobed ; lobes channelled. Flowers and Fruits.—Cold season. ce ee = SS ee | | | pURN. BomBaAy Nat. Hist. Soc. loto by M. N. Baksht Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. New Forest, Dehra Dun. SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 695 Distribution.—Upper and Lower Burma, Andamans and_ the Malay Peninsula, now common in gardens throughout the country. Gardening.—A large climber which bears during the cold season large lavender-blue flowers in profusion. It is suitable for growing over walls or strong trellis work. Yields seeds abundantly. Pro- pagated by seed or layers. Medicinal use.—In Malaya the juice of the leaves is said to be efficacious in cases of menorrhagea. It is also applied to the ears for deafness. . : Thunbergia mysorensis T. Anderson. (mysorensis refers to the home of the plant). Fig. 8.—Thunbergia mysorensis T. Anderson xX}. Deseription.—A glabrous twining shrub with slender glabrous, often twisted, stems. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic-acuminate in shape, 4-6 in. long by 1.25-2 in. broad, broadly cuneate at the base, sinuate, entire or toothed on the margins ; basal nerves 3, prominent with conspicuous venation between; petioles .5-1.5 in. long. Flowers large, in long pendulous interrupted racemes. Bracteoles spathaceous enclosing the corolla tube, ovate- oblong, 1 in. long, parallel-nerved, margins cohering in the bud. Calyx very shallow, salver-shaped; margins obscurely lobed or crenulate. Corolla tube purple, 2 in. long, shortly conical below, swelling above and ending in four lobes, the upper lobe erect with reflexed side lobes, the lower lip of 3 subequal spreading lobes. Lobes bright yellow or maroon, spotted with yellow or brown. Stamens four; filaments hairy at the base; anthers bearded with 696 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII a short spur at the base of each cell.. Ovary immersed in the thick fleshy disk; style long; stigma cup-shaped. Capsule 1.25 in. long, glabrous, seeds rugose. Flowers.-—-Cold season. Seldom “fruits in Dehra Dun. Distribution.—South India in the Western Ghats, South Canara and Mysore to Travancore and Tinnevelly up to 3,000 ft. Cultivated in the plains throughout India. Gardening.—An extensive glabrous climber with long slender branches; flowers in long pendent racemes bright yellow or orange, or maroon with a purplish tube. Usually shy of seeding and has to be propagated by layering. Thunbergia coccinea Wall. (coccineus is a Latin word meaning scarlet-coloured, and refers to the bright scarlet flowers of this species). Fig. 9.—Thunbergia coccinea Wall. x2. Description.—A slender climbing and widely spreading twiner. Stems and shoots 4-angled, the angles shortly winged, smooth | SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 697 and glabrous. Leaves opposite, shortly petioled (petiole twisted), cordate at the base, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, the lower variously toothed, the upper entire on the margin, undulate, palmately 5-nerved, smooth and glabrous, green above, somewhat glaucous beneath, up to 5 in. long, 3 in. broad; nerves prominent on the lower surface. Flowers in terminal or axillary pendulous racemes, up to 3 feet long. Individual flowers shortly or long-pedicelled. Bracteoles 0.5-0.75 in. long, large, spathaceous, cohering along the margins, concave, ovate-acuminate in shape, including the whole flower except the lobes which are reflexed back over them, brown in colour. Calyx bowl-shaped surmounted by to or more blunt triangular teeth. Corolla tube infundibuliform, orange in the throat, enclosed in the bracteoles, 5-lobed, emarginate, scarlet, lobes being reflexed over the exterior margins of the spathe. Stamens four, in pairs, the fila- ment dilated at the base; anther cells spurred, the lower with two spurs, the upper with one only. Ovary seated in a disk. Capsule globular; beak short, blunt. Flowers.—December-March. Fruits March-April. Distribution.--Outer Himalayas from ~Kumaon — eastwards, Khasia hills, Tenasserim, commonly cultivated in gardens through- out India. Gardening.—A widely spreading climber with long pendent branches. It bears during the cold weather scarlet or orange flowers in lax pendulous racemes about a foot or more in length. Usually multiplied by layers during the rains. 698 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Velo xii PART JO (With 1 coloured and 4 black and white plates and 3 text-figures). Sophora Linn. (The generic name is derived from the Arabic name, Sophera, for Cassia sophera Linn.). Sophora belongs to the sweet-pea family (Papilionaceae) which is so well known as to obviate the necessity of a description. The genus itself comprises trees and shrubs with alternate, stipulate, odd-pinnate leaves. The flowers are arranged in racemes or panicles and are yellow or violet-purple in colour. The calyx is gamosepal- ous, oblique, broadly campanulate in shape, surmounted at the top by short, deltoid teeth. The corolla consists of five clawed petals. The upper petal is broad, erect and is termed the standard or vexillum; the two side petals are narrower and are called the wings or alae; the 2 lower petals loosely connate by their lower margins are the narrowest and form the so-called keel or carina. The stamens are 10 in number, free or obscurely joined at the very base; the anthers are versatile. The ovary is shortly stalked, with many ovules on the ventral suture. The pod is constricted between the seeds and is termed moniliform, that 1s, somewhat like the beads on a necklace. The species of this genus are valued for their pretty often fragrant flowers, and for their handsome foliage and curious pods. They are inhabitants of the warmer countries of the world but mainly at high altitudes, and therefore some of them have been introduced with success into Europe. Sophora japonica L. was introduced into France by Jussieu in 1747, and is common in that country and in Germany. It has been found that it is capable of withstanding the smoke-vitiated atmosphere of towns especially in the neighbourhood of railway stations. The brightly coloured and fragrant flowers indicate that these plants are cross-pollinated through the agency of insects, As has already been said the leaves of Sophora are odd-pinnate, that is, they are composed of an odd number of leaflets arranged on either side of a central rhachis. The leaflets can be distinguished from ordinary leaves by the fact that they do not possess a bud © in the axil of the stalklet or pulvinus. During the night some of these species arrange their leaves in the sleep-position. Towards nightfall the pulvint move and the leaves drop downwards and their under surfaces are pressed together. This is one of the ways in which a plant avoids loss of heat and water through excessive transpiration. Several Sophoras are well known for their poisonous properties. This is due to the presence of an alkaloid which is variously known as sophorine or cytisine. It is a very dangerous drug causing convulsions and death. The seeds and roots of Sophora tomentosa Linn, contain cytisine, and are used as remedies in small doses for cholera and diarrhoea. JourN. BomBay Nar. Hist. Soc. SOPHORA TOMENTOSA Linn. (nat. Size.) Plate 9. “J ——— SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 699 The unopened flower buds and pods of several species give a yellow dye; when used in conjunction with the indigo plant (Indigo- fera flaccidifolius) the resultant coiour is green. In Baden, Germany, the unopened flower buds are used to colour Easter eggs. In Japan this yellow dye is said to be used exclusively to dye the gar- ments of the Royal House. The wood being extremely hard is of use in joinery and parquetry. INEY “10° THE SPECIES; Flowers yellow. Ceaflets: up, to .5. in. long ane BS Ss, Gripithu. Leaflets 1 in. long or over ane Aor ig os. stomentosa. Flowers blue to violet. Leaflets leathery, over 1 in. long ... pax, i. .. Secundtflora. Leatiets soft, up to .5 in. long bee be Sie gp ds VECHTONA. Sophora Griiffithii Stocks (The specific epithet commemorates the name of William Griffith (1811-1845) one of that noble band who did so much for Indian Botany in the early nineteenth century). Description.—A small, erect de- ciduous shrub. Young twigs densely hoary. Stipules minute, villous, often persistent after the fall of the rhachis. Leaves alter- nate, compound, odd-pinnate, 4- 8 in. long. Leaflets 21-41, oppo- siren Or alternate,,.25-.5 in. long, ovate, oblong or obovate in shape, . thick, rigid, glabrous above when Ni 2 mature, densely appressed silvery- a velvety beneath. Inflorescence of — pedunculate ar saN| 7 racemes from old. leaf scars, 1.5- ay 5 in. long; peduncle usually leaf- . pearing: Flowers .7 /in; long, yellow, appearing with the young leaves ; pedicels silvery hoary, .1-.2 in. long, in the axils of hoary buds. Calyx gamosepalous, very oblique, fain. long, densely ‘appressed hoary, ending in 5 shorter triangu- lar teeth. Petals 5, yellow; stand- ard longer than the keel, markedly Wy, veined, almost orbicular in shape, i emarginate at the top, ending ! below in a long strap-shaped claw; _ win gs bliquely oblong-obtuse, Fig. 1.—Sophora Griffithii Stocks. x 1. clawed beldw, toothed on either side above the claw; keel of two petals loosely connate along the lower margins, upper margin toothed above the claw. Stamens ten; filaments free to the base. 700 jOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLit Ovary hirsute with appressed white hairs; style slender, incurved; stigma capitate. Pod up to 4 in. long, with four winged ridges, constricted between the ellipsoid seeds, hairy. Flowers.—March-April. Fruits hot season. Distribution.—Salt Range and trans-Indus hills, Baluchistan, Afghanistan and Persia. Occasionally cultivated in gardens in India. Gurdening.—A small shrub with velvety, silvery grey leaves and large bright yellow flowers appearing shortly before or with the leaves. Usually propagated by seed. Sophora tomentosa Linn. (tomentosus means hairy in Latin). Description.—A large shrub or small tree, the whole plant being covered with a soft grey-velvety pubescence. Leaves alternate, odd- pinnate, 6-10 in. long, with 15-109 leaflets; rhachis terete, tumid at the base; leaflets often alternate on the rhachis, shortly stalked, 1-1.5 in. long, broadly elliptic in shape, rounded or obtuse at both ends, dull grey-green in colour, thinly downy above, the lower surface covered with a dense aT margins somewhat fenexed: Inflorescence a terminal raceme up to 6 in. long. Individual flowers pedicellate, often crowded; pedicels densely silky, bracteate, .25-.3 in. long, jointed just below the calyx. Calyx tube broadly campanulate, .almost truncate with 5 very small obscure lobes, minutely silky, oblique, .25-.4 in. long. Corolla yellow, of 5 petals. Standard long clawed, .6-.75 in long; blade orbicular or elliptic, shghtly emarginate. Wings oblong-obtuse, narrow, clawed. Keels of two narrow, clawed petals. Stamens 10; filaments free to the base or nearly so. Ovary shortly stalked, linear, tapering at the apex, densely hairy; style straight; stigma capitate. Pod long- stalked, issuing from the persistent calyx, moniliform, the joints being separated by narrow necks as long as themselves, pointed, covered with a brown velvety down ; seeds 1-8 in each pod, .35 in. in diameter, nearly globular, pale brown. Flowers.—Rainy season with a second flush in the cold weather. Fruits cold season. | Distributicn.—Cosmopolitan in the tropics on the sea coast. Widely cultivated in gardens throughout the plains of India. Gardening.—The shining, dark green, handsome foliage of thts shrub contrasting with its bright yellow flowers, render it a very ornamental plant. Unfortunately in Dehra it 1s liable to be infested by a caterpillar which at times strips it of all its leaves and beauty. Easily raised from seed during the rains. [t is apt to be damaged by frost in northern India. Medicinal and Economical uses.—Yhe seeds and roots of this plant contain the alkaloid cytisine and are considered medicinal in Malaya. Small doses of it are used as remedies in cases of cholera and diarrhoea. According to Heyne pounded teaves are applied on wounds caused by certain poisonous fish. Burkill says that the timber is hard and heavy, but is not much used. fouRN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. NY 4 1S) e) + 7p) ae —s = + on bs] = io) G Q, ie) WY , Dehra Dun. New Forest, JouRN. BomBaAy Nat. Hist. Soc. i?) ~ VY eo) ~ NY _ oo & —- aS ST Oy iss} ~ ie) GG Q oO io) Dehra Dun. New Forest, URN. BoMBAY Nat. Hist. Soc. Pita by M. N. Bakshi Sophora tomentosa Linn. | New Forest, Dehra Dun. JouRN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. M. N. Bait Photo by Sophora secundiflora DC. New Forest, Dehra Dun. SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 701 Sophora secundiflora Dc. (secundiflora is a Latin word meaning flowering to one side, from the fact that the flowers are arranged in one-sided racemes). Fig. 2.—Sophora secundiflora De. xX}. Description.—An evergreen shrub or a small tree, which may reach 35 ft. in height, with smooth bark and young shoots covered with an appressed silvery pubescence. Buds ovoid, densely covered with short hairs. Leaves compound, alternate, odd-pinnate, 4-6 in. long, with 7-9 leaflets; rhachis glabrous or hairy, grooved on the upper surface; leaflets opposite, dark green and shining, rather leathery, evergreen, oblanceolate or obovate in shape, with swollen pulvini, r.25 in. long, emarginate at the apex; nervation reticulate, very prominent below. Inflorescence of one-sided, terminal racemes, 2-3 in. long. Indi- vidual flowers very fragrant, about, 1 in. long, pedicelled; pedicels -3 in. long, supported by a bract and bearing two small bracteoles halfway up, covered with silvery, appressed pubescence. Calyx gamosepalous, .3 in. long, including the lobes, brown in colour, covered with appressed pubescence, lobes 5, the upper broadly obtuse, the lower four deltoid in shape. Petals five; standard oblong, -5 in. long, .5 in. wide, cordate at the apex, contracted into a strap- shaped claw below; wings and keel obliquely oblong, rounded at the tip, sagittate at the base, with a strap-shaped claw. The petals 2 702 jOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLii are violet-blue or pale blue in colour, and the standard has a few darker spots near the base. Stamens io, equal; filaments slightly connate at the base, inserted on the hypanthium. Ovary narrowly elliptic-oblong, stipitate, covered with coarse hairs, .3 in. long; style slender, curved, glabrous; stigma small, capitate. Pod 1-7 in. long, .5--75 in. in diameter covered with white hairs, constricted between the seeds. Seeds bright scarlet. Flowers.—March-April. Fruits rainy season. Distribution.—Indigenous to the Southern United States and North Mexico; now frequently cultivated in gardens throughout the plains of India. Gardening.—A shrub or a small tree with short slender trunk and upright branches forming a narrow head. Flowers fragrant, handsome, violet-blue. It is a very free flowering and ornamental plant but its growth is slow. Raised from seed sown during the rains. Medicinal and economic uses.—The seeds of this species are poisonous due to the presence of the alkaloid cytisine or sophorine. This alkaloid if taken in big doses causes nausea, then convulsions and finally death by asphyxia. Sophora viciifolia Hance (viciifolius expresses in Latin the similarity of the leaves of this species to those of Vicia (the Vetch), another genus of the family). ; Se 1 We; A Fig. 3.—Sophora viciifolia Hance X3. Description.—-A small shrub reaching 6 ft. in height with striate stems. Lateral branches covered with short white hairs, often SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 703 arrested and then appearing as spines. Stipules spinescent. Leaves alternate, compound, odd-pinnate, up to 2 in. long; rhachis cylind- rical, covered with short appressed silvery pubescence; leaflets 11-15, almost sessile, .25-.5 in. long, oblong or elliptic, obtuse, mucronulate, glabrous above, covered with white pubescence beneath; nervation, apart from the mid-rib, obscure. Inflorescence of short axillary or terminal 6-i2-flowered racemes. Individual flowers seated on hairy pedicels .3 in. long, bluish violet or nearly white in colour. Calyx gamosepalous, violet in colour, membranous, shortly 5-toothed, cylindrical in shape, some- what oblique, covered with appressed pubescence. Petals 5; standard spathulate-obovate, reflexed, clawed; wings oblong-obtuse, with a tooth on one side: keel-petals clawed, oblique. Stamens 10; filaments free or slightly connate at the base. Ovary stipitate, oblong, pointed at both ends, covered with coarse hairs; style curved, glabrous, slender; stigma capitate, small. Pod 2 in. long, slender, long-beaked. Flowers.—March-April. Has so far not fruited in Dehra. Distributien.—Indigenous to Central and Western China, now cultivated in various parts of India. Gardening.—The violet calyx makes an attractive contrast to the milky white corolla of this hardy graceful shrub. It was intro- duced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1898, where it flowered for the first time in July 1902. Easily grown from seed. (To be continued) THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) BY SAuim ALI. (IVith a map and 4 plates). Thanks to facilities afforded by H. H. The Nawab’s Government it became possible to undertake the much-desired survey of the bird life of Bahawalpur State in the early part of 1939. During the period from 27 January to 24 March 331 specimens, representing some 115 forms, were collected in addition to a considerable amount of field notes and ecological data. Unfortunately the time was far too short for any but the most superficial study of some of the pro- blems peculiar to desert conditions; the aim of this paper is mainly to place on record the present position of the avifauna so as to provide a basis for comparison at some future date when irrigation and colonisation will have altered the face of the country still further. Bahawalptir State in its present phase is a particularly promising venue for the study of plant and animal successions since, like other similar canal-irrigated tracts in the Punjab and Sind, it is undergoing a process of profound physical changes, before our eyes as it were. The vast system of irrigation canals originating in the Sutlej River, which has been completed and brought into operatioi? within the last 30 years, is responsible for this magical transforma- tion. Arid, sun-scorched sandy wastes, broken only by a dreary succession of shifting sand-dunes and dotted with a sparse and scanty growth of desert plants, are being rapidly converted into a prosperous, green and _ intensively cultivated region punctuated by large leafy Banyan, Peepal, Neem and other trees sheltering the newly sprung homesteads of the colonists, and by thriving forest plantations of Shisham trees (Dalbergia Sissoo). I must again record my thanks to Mr. Hugh Whistler for the precise determination of the material collected and for his useful taxonomical notes (in square brackets) thereon. Also for his many helpful suggestions from time to time before, during and after the work in the field. For we were then still at that happy period of our civilisation, now alas in total eclipse, when aeroplanes did not mainly signify bombers or fighters, but were the means of that speedy and peaceful concourse between the ends of the earth which enabled our close and constant collaboration in dealing with various problems as they arose in the field. PHYSIOGRAPHY. Bahawalptr State, covering an area of 15,918 square miles, lies in the extreme south-west of the Punjab between 27° 42! and 30° 25' N. and 69°. 31’ and 74° 1’ E. Its northern boundary ‘me sone! he Sutlej, Chenab and Indus rivers. In the south-west the Sukkur District of Sind abuts on to it, while south and south-east ’ s ~ , “ i ( ‘ - re ; | | . a - 4 : ‘ Ps ¥ < r ! we i ry Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist, Soc, BONTGOMERY Gelihgaay 7 Wy M 0 # | "Bers Bibbihs | | w | =e | a Gaaigivd | OFFER SIND TEONTIER CREAT Va Manthar ; wh { SUEEOR ye 7 a %, . \ \ \ LS ny Collecting Camps Tre Stats Boundary... MAP OF BAHAWALPUR STATE Seale approx. 1”=32 miles. ge THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 705 it is bordered by the Rajpiitana desert States of Jaisalmér and Bikanér. The greatest length of the area from N.-E. to S.-W. is about 300 miles, the mean breadth being about 4o. Devoid of hills and streams except the pools and backwaters of the great rivers on its northern boundary, e.g. the duck-shooting dhands at Jajjah-Abbasian, the State is divided lengthwise into three great strips. Of these the first-—-the southernmost and_ broadest —is a slice of the Great Indian Desert, largelv with rolling sand- dunes and known as Rohi or Cholistan. It is separated from the adjacent tract by a depression known as the Hakra, the ancient bed of some bygone river and variously ascribed to the Sutlej, the Ghaggar and the Jumna. The central tract is chiefly flat desert or pat country a large portion of which has recently been brought under cultivation by means of canals. The. third is a fertile, irrigated, narrow, alluvial tract in the river valley, called the ‘Sind’. In the ecological notes that follow these three tracts will be referred to as I, II and III respectively. The elaborate network of irrigation canals and the colonisation of erstwhile wastelands, is tending more and more to alter the character of the landscape and to obscure the demarcation between these three longitudinal belts. The central belt and the riverain are fast losing—or have already lost in many parts—their distinctive characters and are often difficult to distinguish. The canals have not stopped at the central belt, but in many sectors have made considerable inroads into the Chd6listan itself, thus depriving large areas of their truly desert character. But the desert still holds sway over much of its pristine domain and any vast change in the hinterland is unlikely, at least for a considerable time. The climate is characterized by excessive drought. Rainfall is scanty and irregular, the annual precipitation for the State as a whole rarely exceeding 5. Most of this falls during the S.-W. monsoon season, but some also in winter. From April to the middie or end of June the mean shade temperature is 103°F. The air is dry and the wind scorching, so that the growth of vegetation is imperceptible. But with only 1/ of rain a miraculous transformation takes place and the country becomes fresh and green. After Nov- ember the mean temperature falls to 60° or 65°F with frosty nights. Vegetation corresponds with the physical aspects of the three divisions. The scenery of the fertile riverain with its countless date palms especially lining the inundation canals, is almost Egyptian or Mesopotamian in character. A belt of tamarisk jungle stretches for miles along the river. In the other two tracts (IT and I) wher- ever irrigation canals have not altered the aspect, sparse desert scrub—characteristic of so much of the Punjab and Sind—holds sway. Most prominent among the species here met with are the Kandi (Prosopis spicigera), the Ak (Calotropis gigantea), the Wild Caper (Capparis aphylla), Salvadora oleoides, the Lani and Lana (species of Salsola), and Suaeda spp. In Chiolistin there are, more- over, stretches of Khar (Haloxylon Griffithii). The desert areas worked by the survey are mainly (1) Yazmin (20 miles south of Bahawalpir town), (2) Manthar (14 miles south 706 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII of Ahmadptr Lamma) and (3) Hartinabad (at the eastern end of the State). Of these three localities more or less pure desert con- ditions now prevail only at Yazman. In the proximity of the newly introduced canals there are scanty fields of sirsiin (onset), wheat and gram. Immediately beyond stretches a succession of sand-dunes with their typical shrubs, interspersed with extensive pals of firm level ground. The sand-dunes in places are hard crusted, but for the most part they consist of loose, rippled, wind-blown sand. Amongst the scanty xerophytic vegetation, the two species of Salsola, locally known as Lani and Lana, predominate. Manthar, while in general retaining its typically desert character, represents a further stage in the evolution of the canal colonies. The desert 1s here encroached upon to a greater extent than at Yazman since this area was canalised and opened up to cultivation some years earlier. The soil has, however, proved to be poor and subject to water- logging, and large patches are kallar and covered with a deposit of salt. The usual desert shrubs are in evidence around the ‘island’ of cultivation and on and about the abandoned crusty-surfaced fallow land. Beyond succeeds an infinity of sand- dune wastes. Haranabid is what may be termed the climax of canal-irrigated desert cultivation in Bahawaiptr State. Pure desert until a few years ago, it 1s at the present time an extensive, fertile, green and intensively cultivated tract. Striking development has taken place within the last twelve vears during which has sprung up the flourish- ing town of Haranabiad with a large and important mandi or grain market. Shisham (Dalbergia Sissoo) and Babal (Acacia arabica) trees of respectable size lining the canal banks, dotted about the cultivation or growing in well-tended forest plantations, impart to the country a refreshingly green and wooded appearance. The numerous minor water channels that intersect the area are lined on both banks with Ak (Caletropis gigantea) and clumps of the tall coarse Sar grass (Saccharum). Beyond the island of cultivation and with incongruous suddenness comes the desert—-an undisturbed succession of hummocky sand-dunes with pats interspersed, as if in constant watchfulness, ready to sweep in and reclaim lost territory should the vigilance and industry of Man show the least relaxation. LESERT COLOURATION. A great deal has been written concerning the ‘effacing’ colouration of desert animals. The various problems in_ this connection were constantly borne in mind but although a quantity of factual and suggestive data was obtained, no nearer approach to a solution of any of them can be claimed. The investiga- tor in the desert is early beset by curious anomalies, but the general truth is sufficiently obvious that the majority of animals here are in fact coloured strikingly like the soil upon which they live. He is naturally led to the conclusion that this close colour resemblance, by rendering the animal inconspicuous in its environment, gives it a degree of protection from its enemies, or if a predator it confers advantage in capturing its prey. A _ little observation, however, THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 707 soon convinces him that for the colouration to achieve this end effectively one vital condition must be fulfilled, and that condition is complete immobility. Movement at once betrays an animal how- soever obliteratingly coloured. One variety of bat commonly met with in the desert, is pinkish and of a hue strikingly like that seen in the wings and tail of the Desert Finch-Lark (Animomanes deserti), I frequently observed that a scattered group of 3 or 4 of these birds feeding on such soil only a few yards away could becoine completely obliterated from view. But the effacement lasted only up till such time as the birds remained perfectly motionless. The slightest movement on their part sufficed to dispel al! illusion of their invisibility. It is a well-known habit of birds frequenting bare open spaces—~- like bustard and stone-curlew—to squat down and stretch out their necks, Ilving ‘doggo’ on the approach of an enemy as if conscious of their natural camouflage. But under normal conditions it must be only rarely that they receive sufhcient warning of impending danger to enable them to resort successfully to this ruse. In nine cases out of ten the predator’s attention has, in the first instance, been drawn to its quarry by its movements while in search of food. In such cases it is difficult to believe that obliterating colouration even helped by such a manoeuvre can and does give them adequate protection. There seems no doubt, however, that effacing or obliterative colouration may (and in fact does) at times serve to protect an animal from a chance predator. For example, no seed- or fruit- eating bird will fail to seize a juicy insect or spider if accidentally come upon. But if that insect or spider happens to be effacingly or unobtrusively coloured—and what is still more important, if if remains motionless—it may stand a fair chance of being passed by. Not so, however, from an insectivorous bird that habitually preys upon such quarry. In that case the colouration alone will not save its possessor. In other words it seems unreasonable to suppose that effacing colouration by itself can give adequate pro- tection to an animal against a predator who has been habituated and trained from infancy to hunt effacingly coloured prey, often to the exclusion of other prey not so coloured. Apart from other considerations it is by no means certain that the faculty of colour-perception in animals is sufficiently developed for them to differentiate so keenly between colours, and even between shades of the same colour, as to have evolved through Natural Selection—-as some still hold—the remarkable similarity in the colouration of desert animals to their sandy environment. Experi- ments suggest that a bird’s vision and man’s are practically the same towards the orange-yellow end of the spectrum (long-wave Jengths), but that birds cannot perceive blues and violets at all. Colour sense in mammals seems to be considerably poorer. A dog, for example, is said to see objects only in monotones, something like a sepia-toned photograph, and the proverbial red rag to a bull pro- bably means no more than a rag of any other dark colour. This being the case it seems futile to speculate on the true merits of what we call the effacing colouration of a desert animal to its possessor. 708 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIS. SSOCLE?Y. Vol. exclaim Whatever the benefits derived from desert colouration by its possessors, to my mind at least it appears highly improbable’ that the presence of such colouration is the direct result of Natural Selection, i.e. that it came about by the gradual elimination of such organisms as did not conform with the colouration of their sandy environment. It seems more reasonable to suppose that the same factors as are responsible for making the desert desert-coloured are also responsible for making the majority of its animals, both diurnal and nocturnal, desert-coloured: that the similarity is thus primarily the result of some purely mechanical and extraneous process or processes. That humidity has something to do with it, and may even be the principal controlling factor, seems clearly established. Animal forms living in moist evergreen forest biotope are invariably darker pigmented than their representatives inhabiting a more arid environment. Animals are palest coloured in the desert where humidity is lowest, and darkest coloured in areas where it is highest. An attractive theory, that has stood the empirical test, is advanced by Col. R. Meinertzhagen (Ibis, 1940, p. 120). This authority who has had considerable experience of deserts in Africa and Asia and has made a special study of desert birds and life conditions, suggests that the density of humidity (ozone?) in the atmosphere controls the amount of ultra-violet radiation that gets through to the earth and therefore to the life upon the earth. In the very low humidity of the desert a very high percentage of the ultra-violet rays get through, whereas in heavily saturated air their penetration is greatly impeded. According to him wherever a large amount of ultra-violet radiation gets through one finds comparatively lightly pigmented plumage or fur among the resident animals, and wherever the radiation is obstructed and reduced by atmospheric humidity comparatively darkly pigmented plumage or fur is met. In a discussion on the relation between plumage and environment (Ibis, 1934, p. 54) Meinertz- hagen pointed out that in the Red Sea littoral which enjoys brighter sunshine than Sinai, Egypt or Palestine and where rain is practically unknown, 1s found the darkest form of the Sand-Partridge (Ammo- perdix hayi cholmleyi). This seeming anomaly is explained by the fact that the humidity in this region is double in density to that cf the Sahara and much greater than that of Sinai, Egypt or Palestine in all of which countries paler forms of this partridge occur. In spite of the cloudless dazzling skies of the Red Sea littoral, the suspended water vapour in the air reduces the force and effect of the ultra-violet rays getting through to the earth and brings about the same darkening of the plumage of birds as it does in humid forested regions. A suggestive fact noted by me in the course of the Bahawalpar Survey was how after being drenched in a shower of rain the colouration of desert birds, e.g. Ammomanes deserti and Cursorius cursor, darkened to exactly the same shade of brown as that of the sodden soil upon which they found themselves. These very birds whose pale sandy colouration was of some obliterative value to them in an environment of pale dry desert sand now enjoyed the same advantage when the soil was rain-sodden and rendered con- siderably darker. Here is a suggestion that it may in reality be Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Pate I. Fig. 1.—Tamarisk and kandi (Prosopis) scrub on flood-inundated land, as in Tracts II and III. (Haunts of Dryobates scindidnus, Molpastes leucogenys Cyanosylvia swecica, Phoenicurus ochruros and several Phylloscopus). = Photos : the late F. H. Hallberg. ‘ig. 2.—An aspect of the desert in Tract II-I, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. PuateE II. Fig. 1.—An aspect of the desert as in Tract I—Hartnabad environs. the late F. H. Hallberg. Fig. 2.—Cultivation in desert canal colony interspersed with sand-dunes, as about Yazman and Manthar (Tract I). (Haunts of Chamydotis u. macqueeni, Sylvia curruca and nana, CEinanthe xanthoprymna, U2. capistrata, Argya caudata etc.). Photos: THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 709 the same common factor (or set of factors) that is directly responsible for the similarity in the colouration of desert animals and of their environment. In this case that common factor was moisture. I had also frequent occasion to remark how the slanting evening sun, shortly hefore set, imparted to the desert the same pinkish or vinaceous flush as is to be seen in the plumages of such desert birds as Ammomanes deserti, Lanius phoenicuroides and LL. minor. This may only be a coincidence, but the similarity is such that no observant person can fail to be struck with it. ITINERARY. 27 January-11 February; 8-11 March: Bahawalptr Town & Environs (IIT) 12-19 February: Bhing (III) 20-27 February: Manthar (1) 28 February-7 March: Jajjah-Abbasian (IT) 12-17 March: Haranabad (I-II) 18-24 March: Bahawalnagar (III) In the course of the Survey over tooo miles were covered by motor car within the State, and every type of country visited. Public roads as such are few in number and poor in quality, but the excellent roads maintained by the Irrigation Department, running along the canal bunds throughout the vast network that now spreads over all but the remotest desert tracts, are open to private motor traffic. They afford a speedy and fruitful access to distantly out- lying localities, to explore which it would otherwise necessitate tedious days on camel back and elaborate camping arrangements. Thus collected, the specimens are naturally representative of a much wider area than indicated by their labels. For convenience in plac- ing the localities on ordinary maps, obscure place-names have been avoided and those of better known landmarks. nearby substituted in their stead. During the limited time at the disposal of the Survey it was naturally impossible to deterniine the correct status of the- various species met with, i.e. whether: a species is a winter, summer or rains visitor, and whether it breeds in the locality or not. In many cases, as with most of the wildfowl, the status is of course well- known, but the deficiency remains where resident birds and local migrants are concerned. In the notes that follow, therefore, it must be understood that such remarks as ‘Common’ , Occasional’ and others, apply only to the period covered by the Survey. S You EMATIC: LIST: Corvus corax laurencei Hume. The Raven. __ Specimens collected: 393, 40Q 2-2-39 Bahawalpir:- Town environs (II-ITT). Elsewhere noted: Yazman, Manthar, Haritnabad (1). —____. eee ah I=Desert (Ch6listan or Ro6hi); IT=Semi-desert (central belt); III= Riverain tract (the Sind). 110 JOURNAL, BOMBAY (NATURAL HIST, (SOCIETY? Wol.xieil [Measurements : Bill Wing Tail Dacia 78 448 242 mm. re OO sad:. 74 413 220 mm.--H. W.] Fairly common in smali numbers. Usually pairs, but sometimes small parties of 4 or § (once £5) about colonists’ homesteads in the canal-cultivated desert areas (L and IT). Has a bell-like call which in the distance sounds rather like bits of a Barred Owlet’s (Glaucidium). Some of the birds on the outskirts of HarGnabad town-—where they largely fed on offal—were evidently ruficollis. The survey specimens were sexually mature and apparently breeding. Testes 22X15; largest ovarian follicle 5 mm. Corvus splendens zugmayeril.aub. The Sind House-Crow. Specimens collected: 14630, 147Q 18-2-39 Bhang (II-III). : Elsewhere noted: Hartinabad town (1); Bahawalpur town and _ environs, Bahawalnagar town and environs (III). [| Measurements : Bill Wing Tail I i ad: 52 264 163.5 mm. 1 92 imm. 44 243 149 mm. —H. W.] Very common and abundant in towns and villages in III, and also in the fairly well established canal colonies in I as in Hartinabad and its environs. It has not yet penetrated to the more recent colonies in I, e.g. Yazman and Manthar, but its extension there is no doubt only a matter of time. Within the village of Bhtng stand some large Banyan and Peepal trees which are the nightly roost of hundreds upon hundreds of House-Crows. The birds flight in every evening before sunset in straggling parties and flocks over long distances and from all points of the compass. Although there are other large trees in neighbouring villages the crows concentrate only upon_ this particular grove in Bhing. This preference is, 1 think, explainable by the historical fact that Bhtng is the oldest village in the locality. Its trees have been used by the crow population since long before the outlying villages became sufficiently established to provide similar amenities. The Bhung roosts therefore continue to function as community centres to this day. Another very large roost was seen in a shisham plantation on the outskirts of Bahawalnagar town. Mangled and partly desiccated remains of several crows, one here another there, were found lying on the ground under the roost trees. Two of these had their heads completely wrenched off. Who was the culprit? The gonads of the specimens were inactive. No Jungle Crows were met with in Bahawalpir State. Dendrocitta vagabunda pallida (Blyth). The N.-W. Indian Tree-Pie. Specimen collected: 83 @Q 7-2-39. Bahawalptr town environs (III). Elsewhere noted: Bhing, Jajjah-Abbasian, Chachran (II-III). [ Measurements : Bill Wing Tail Lene |ad: 34 162 277, inti —H. W.] Not common. The first example seen in Bahawalptr town or its environs was only after a whole week’s working in the locality, during which I had specifically noted it as absent. Met with singly or in pairs—occasional—in trees in Inspection Bungalow compounds, well-grown shisham plantations and the like. On 5 March (Chachran) a nest was found 30 ft. up in a Babul tree in the Inspection Bungalow compound. One of the owners visited it several times and sat in momentarily, but on examination it was empty ! THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPOR (PUNJAB) 711 Remiz coronatus (Severtz.). The Penduline Tit. Specimens collected : 68 0?, 69 Q 7-2-3g. Bahawalptr town environs (III-II) ; 2NOn, 262 ),'283 9 314-3-39. arumabad (1); 303 6, 304 2 19-9-39, 320 ¢ 20-3-39. Bahawalnagar (III-II). Elsewhere not noted. {[ Measurements : Bill Wing Tail Cs HONIG 10 52-53-5 43-44 mm. 6 2° 10-11 52-54 39-43-5 mm. This species had not previously been known to extend into N.-W. India below the line Lahore, Mozaffargarh and Upper Sind about Ruk Junction so its occurrence in some numbers in Bahawalpur State is a slight but interesting extension of range.-—H. W.] The Penduline Tit was not uncommon in the localities where the specimens were obtained. It was inseparable from shisham trees (Dalbergia) wheiher planted along the boundary of Inspection Bungalow compounds, along canal banks cr in the various plantations of the Forest Department. Small flocks were met with hunting insects in the foliage of these, especially amongst the freshly sprouting sprigs. They have the typical tit habits of clinging upside down and sideways to the leaf clusters in quest of food. The birds utter mousy cheeping notes as they move about—swee .. . swee etc.-— rether like those of Dumetia, but feebler. Whether the birds here were merely winter visitors or had some other status could not be ascertained. Turdoides somervillei sindianus (Ticeh.). The Sind Jungle Babbler. Specimens collected: 128 ¢ 16-2-39 Bhung (III-II). Elsewhere noted: Bahawalpur town and environs, Jajjah-Abbasian, Bahawal- nagar (III-II); Hartinabad (1). [ Measurements : Bill Wing Tail at 24.5 105 11r mm. —H. W.] Patchily and locally distributed. Both in Bhung and in Rahimabad—two villages about 3 miles apart isolated from each other by canal cultivation— situated in the midst of semi-desert country, a single flock each of these Jungle Babblers was observed within the small walled-in mango gardens belong- ing to their respective zamindars. No others were seen, nor did the country around seem a likely habitat. In other localities the birds frequented tamarisk jungle on the margin of dhands, and groves of trees about villages. In shisham plantations with tall coarse grass and thickets the terrain of the Jungle Babbler overlapped that of Argya earlit. At Harunabad the species was met with in the wooded Inspection Bungalow compound and in other similarly wooded patches. It has as yet not spread to the younger desert canal colonies of Yazman and Manthar since the requisite habitat has not developed there. Argya earlii(Blyth). The Striated Babbler. Specimen collected: 314 3 19-3-39 Bahawalnagar (III-I]). Elsewhere not noted. [Measurements : Bill Wing Tail Wes 22 05 worn —H W:] Two flocks were observed in a dense patch of tall sarkan grass on the edge of a shisham plantation, and a third amongst a bed of bulrushes in a dhand. It inhabits better wooded, moister Jocalities than A. caudata. The specimen, with testes enlarged to 16X8 mm., was probably breeding. Wi2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY “NATURAL BIST SOCTET VV ole Arzya caudata caudata (Dumont). The Common Babbler. Specimens collected: 67 ¢ 6-2-39 Bahawalptr town environs (III-IT); 136 3S 17-2-39 Bhung (III-II). Elsewhere noted: Yazman, Manthar (I); Bahawalnagar (ITI-II). [ Measurements : LSU Wing Tail 20d 20.5 81.5-84.5 123-128 mm. 26th these birds have remarkably long tails 123 and 128 mm., the length usually associated with A.c. eclipes, but their colour and the identity of other specimens from neighbouring areas in the S.-W. and S.-E. Punjab shows that one is safe in calling them caudata caudata. Length of tail is very variable in this species—for instance 2 ¢ ¢ collected at Dandot 2000’ in the Salt Range within a month of each other, have tails of 113 and 130 mm. and I could quote similar examples in other districts.—H. W.] Common on the fringe of desert cultivation and on the banks of dry sandy canals in a mixed growth of tall coarse sarkan grass and kandi (Prosopis) bushes, scuttling about like rats from one clump to another. Also in II about pats with Salvadora and Capparis bushes. Flocks were also met with far out in the desert amongst sparsely scrubbed sand-dunes. In this biotope, along with Sylvia c. blythit and S. minula it was the commonest bird species to be met. At Bahawalnagar the edge of its terrain overlapped the edge of that of A. earlit so that frequently both species could be seen side by side in a circum- scribed area. The gonads of No. 136 (17 February). were enlarged te, 125) )mmi-), and the bird was evidently preparing to breed shortly. Chrysomma sinensis hypoleucus (Frankl.). The Sind Yellow-eyed Babbler. Specimens collected: 220 Q, 221 G 4-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (IITI-I1); 327 6, 328 9 22-3-39 Bahawalnagar (IJI-II). Elsewhere not noted. [ Measurements : Bill Wing Tail 28K 14-1465 67-67.5 95 mm. | BOVe) 13-3355 64.5-67.5 99 mm.—H. W.|] Not common. Frequents date scrub along dry canal banks and tall sarkan grass intermingled with thorn thickets, on the edge of young Shisham plantations. Two of the specimens were obtained from a flock which kept to heavy tamarisk scrub standing partially submerged in a dhand. A careful look-out was kept for Chrysomma altivostris but without success. Molpastes leucogenys leucotis (Gould). The White-eared Bulbul. Specimen collected: 116 ¢ 15-2-39 Bhuing (III-II). Elsewhere noted: Bahawalptr town environs (III); Manthar, Harinabad (1). | Measurements : Bill Wing Tail 6k Gi 87 81 mm.-—H. W.] Fairly common—usually in pairs or small parties—and generally distributed in all three tracts. In I it is found for considerable distances in the interior, but is absent in the most outlying and sandy desert portions. Partial to riverain jungle subjected to annual flood inundation where tamarisk and kandi (Prosopis) abound. On one occasion a gathering of over 30 birds was observed feeding on black ants on the ground. In desert and semi-desert areas the fruit of Capparis and Salvadora form the main attraction for this bulbul. THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 713 Molpastes cafer [pallidus (Balker)]. The Central Indian Red-vented Bulbul. No. specimens. A single example (or pair?) was observed in the garden of the Guest House (Abbas Manzil) on 10-2-39. Escaped cage bird? Certhia himalayana limes. The Trec-Creeper. Specimens collected: 81 @Q 7-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III-II); 129 © 16-2-39 Bhung (III-II); 230 ¢ 5-3-39 Chachran (III); 311 @ 19-3-39 Bahawalnagar (III-II). . Elsewhere noted: Hartnabad (1); Bahawalptr town (III). [| Measurements : Bill Wing Tail Lc 23 Tt <4 68 mm. . 3. oo 20.5-21 66-69 60.5-64 mm.—H. W.] Obviously winter visitor. Common. Invariably present on shisham trees in forest plantations, in groves about villages and in Inspection Bungalow com- pounds even where these are isolated by miles of inhospitable semi-desert or treeless cultivated tracts. The birds were met with singly working their way up the tree-trunks and along the boughs in short spurts like a nuthatch and extracting tiny insects from the crevices of the bark. Saxicola caprata bicolor Sykes. The North-Indian Pied Bush-Chat. Specimens collected: 17 ¢ 29-1-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III); 86 ¢ 8-2-39 Dera Blakha (Bwp. town environs), (II); 141 9 18-2-39 Daulatptir (Sukkur Dist. Frontier), (III-II). Elsewhere noted: Jajjah-Abbasian, Bahawalnagar (IIJ-I]); Harunabad (ff). [Measurements : Bill Wing Tail 26d 13-14.5 Ti Ser S 50-55 mmm. r 186 71:5 50.5 mm. —H. W.] Rather rare in the environs of Bahawalpur town, but common _ elsewhere in III and II as well as in the colonised parts of I. Noted as paired off, with males in full song, from about the first week of March. Partial to the tamarisk growth in the neighbourhood of dhands, canals and cultivation, commonly perch- ing on the tips of the long, coarse grass clumps (Saccharum) growing on and about the margins and bands. The white in the wings of the male is displayed prominently while he is singing, with tail depressed and wings partly drooping at the sides. The tail is nervously twitched open now and again. In this race the white underparts of the male extend in life well up to the lower breast, reminiscent rather of (Enanthe picata. Its extent can be very considerably diminished in a_ badly made-up skin. As early already as 8 February the testes of a specimen had commenced. to mature. They measured 4X3 mm. Saxicola torquata indica (Blyth). The Collared Bush-Chat. Specimens collected: 16 ¢ 2g-1-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III-II); 105 3 13-2-39 Bhing (III-II); 265 @ 13-3-39 Hartinabad (1). Elsewhere not noted. J Measurements : Bll Wing Tail PEON th 14-14.5 69-73 48-50.5 mm. 1 @ Ti 70 50 mm. According to the criteria given by Ticehurst (Ibis 1938, pp. 338-341) No. 16 would pass as S. t. maura as it has a wing measurement of 73 mm. and the white on the base of the tail feathers is more extensive than in No. 105 (wing 69 mm.), but the difference between the two forms is exceedingly slight and 714 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII I am not sure how far they are worth recognition. No. 265, the female with wing cf 70 mm., would also seem to be maura as it is larger than a large series of Himalayan breeding birds—H. W.] Evidently winter visitor. Not common. Met with singly about fallow canal cultivation, the edge of tamarisk beds in the riverain, and dry reed-beds on the margins of dhands. (Enanthe picata (Blyth). The Indian Pied Chat. Specimens collected: 23 9, 37 6 1-2-3g Bahawalpur town environs (II); 122 ¢ 15-2-39 Bhung (III-II); 189 3 27-2-39 Manthar (1). Elsewhere noted: Yazman (1); Between Jajjah-Abbasian and Khanptr (1I-II]). [Measurements : Bill Wing ail eho) 17-5 90. 5-93 62-66.5 mm. we 17 88.5 62.5 No. 23 is a typical female of the type in which the lower throat and upper breast are a sooty black, almost but not quite so dark and pure as in the male.—H. W.] Numerically not abundant but generally distributed in its accustomed biotope —stony semi-desert, and desert with sparsely scrubbed sand-dunes. The males (which appeared to predominate). can be told from other confusing black-and- white chats by their black head, crown, back and breast and white rump, tail and underparts. The tail has a subterminal black band. Met with singly perched on desert bushes, dipping forward violently from time to time like the Redstart or the Brown Rock-Chat (Cercomela), especially when alarmed. Usually very wild. Among the sand-dunes in the remoter portions of the desert this chat was, along with Sylvia nana, about the only bird species found. These desert-haunting black-and-white chats present some of the most glaring anomalies in the colouration of desert animals. Their diurnal habits make them conspicuous (at least they are by no means inconspicuous) in an environment of pale coloured sand, yet we have no evidence to show that they are handi- capped in any way. The desert is as much their habitat as of the most effacingly coloured species. (Enanthe capistrata (Gould). The White-headed Chat. Specimens collected: 20 Q 29-1-39 Bahawalptir town environs (11); 273 9 13-3-39, 297 S$ 16-3-39 Hartinabad (1). Elsewhere not noted. [| Measurements : Bill Wing Tail ra 18 05 69 mm. 2 900 16-16.5 88-90 60-66 mm. These females are of the rather pale brown type with hair-brown ear coverts which are usually recognisable without difficulty as the females of this species.—H. W.] Rare in Bahawalpur State. KFrequents semi-desert and fallow Jand in desert canal cultivation. Biotope same as that of C#. picata. Usually seen singly. Shy. The male is coloured like CG’. picata, but has a whitish grey-buff cap. The specimen of 16 March was very fat and evidently preparing to emigrate. (Enanthe deserti atrogularis (Blyth). The Desert Wheatear or Gould’s Desert Chat. Specimens collected: 15 ¢ 29-1-39, 46 Q 3-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (11); 52 3 4-2-39, 87 0? 8-2-39 Dera Bakha (JI). Elsewhere noted: Bhiing (III-II); Manthar, Yaztnan (1). [ Measurements : Bill Wing Tail Bue 16 93-5-90.5 60.5-64 min. 1 Ir 94 64.5 mm. —H. W.] THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 715 Fairly common. Met with singly in semi-desert, and amongst rippled sand- dunes covered with half-buried scanty bushes. (Enanthe xanthoprymna chrysopygia (De Fil.). The Red-tailed Chat. Specimens collected: 42 9, 43 @Q 3-2-390 Bahawalpur town environs (II); 88 ¢ 8-2-39 Dera Bakha (II); 92 Q 10-2-39 Yazman (I); 190 ¢, 191 Q 21-2-39 Manthar (1). Elsewhere not noted. [ Measurements : Tail Wing Bill PFO Gh alos 94-5-90.5 61.5-63 mm. 4 Q9Q — 18.5-19.5 91-95 58.5-63 mm. —H. W.] The Red-tailed Chat was not uncommon in the sand-dune facies of the desert, and was occasionally also observed on the outskirts of desert canal cultivation. It was met with singly perched on iow bushes or running on the ground, often far out in the dreary rolling expanses of desert where, besides an occasional (Hh. picata and a stray Sylvia nana, no other bird life was visible. In Sind, according to ‘Ticehurst, it is associated chiefly with rocky ground and rocky hills. The birds were always inordinately shy, for some unaccounta- ble reason even more so than the other species of chats. Two specimens, when winged, ran swiftly and made straight for gerbille holes in a seemingly pre- meditated manner and disappeared deep down the maze of subterranean tunnels. Phenicurus ochruros phoenicuroides (Moore). The Kashmir Redstart. Specimens collected: 10 ¢ 28-1-39 Bahawalpur town environs (IIT); 133 ¢, 134 0? 16-2-39 Bhiing (III-I]); 155 @Q 21-2-39, 182 0? 25-2-39 (Manthar (I); 235 9 5-3-39 Chachran (III). Elsewhere noted: Hartnabad (1); Bahawalnagar (III-1I). [| Measurements : Bill Wing Tail BGG | S15-15i5 83-86 62.5-63 mm. 2 (ONO) 7 15-15-5 77-81.5 5675-00 mim. li. W,| Common in riverain tamarisk jungle and babool trees along the canals. Also about villages and cultivation. The notes commonly uttered (by the male!) are a mousy whit... whit... whit ete. like an unoiled, squeaking bicycle wheel. The interval between one whit and the next is just about the time taken by one revolution of the wheel when ridden at an easy pace. Cyanosylvia suecicia ssp? . The Bluethroat. 104 6d Specimens collected: 27 ¢$ 1-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III); aay fo peze 3h 60 23039 13-2-39 Bhiing (III-II); 195 0? 1-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-I]); Chachran (IIT); 277 3 14-3-39 Harunabad (I). No. 195 (Bill 16, Wing 71, Tail 58 mm.) is clearly pallidogularis. The remainder (4 dO Bill 15.5-17; Wing 72-78; Tail 55-56 mm.) are either in winter dress or heavy moult on chin and throat, and I am unable to identify them with certainty but they evidently are not pallidogularis.—H.W. | Not numerically abundant anywhere, but fairly common and generally dis- tributed in the better watered portions of the State. Riverain tamarisk beds, and tamarisk scrub growing on the edge of wheat cultivation or dhands are favourite resorts. ates found the prevailing race in Sind to be pallidogularis. (Ibis, 1922, pe 638). Saxicoloides fulicata cambaiensis (Lath.). The Brown-backed Indian Robin. No specimens collected. Noted in the environs of Bahawalptr town, at Bhtng and Jajjah-Abbasian. Unconimen. Met with sporadically about the canals, in scrub country dotted with clumps of tall grass. It has not as yet penetrated to Haranabad. 716 JOURNAL, BOMEAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII Copsychus saularis saularis (Linn.). The Indian Magpie Robin. The only example seen during the entire Survey was in the Inspection Bungalow compound at Bahawalnagar on 21 March. No others were met with even in this locality. It is of doubtful or exceptional occurrence in Sind also, although the Fauna ‘Distribution’ implies that it is common. Turdus atrogularis Temm. The Black-throated Thrush. Specimen collected: 28 ¢ 1-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III). Elsewhere noted: Chachran (III). The specimen was shot from a scattered party of 4 birds, hopping about and feeding on the ground in voung gram, mustard and vetch crops and on sparsely scrubbed-failow fields in the Sutlej riverain. The only other example seen (5 March-—Chachran) was in identical facies near the Chenab river. Prunella atrogularis alrogularis (Brandt). The Black-throated Hedge-Sparrow. Specimen collected: 49 @ 3+2-39 Bahawalptr town environs (III-II). Elsewhere not noted. [| Measurements + Biull Wing Tail eet — 76 64.5 mm. The races of this species are hard to discriminate, but the paler and more lightly streaked back and the paler ‘halo’ round the black throat-patch seem to distinguish the specimen from the race huttont which is the common form in N.-W. India. The typical race is only a straggler to N.-W. India. There is a female in the British Museum from Gilgit 5000’ 9 Jan. 1879, and Mr. H. W. Waite obtained another female at Jhelum on 17 Feb. 1926. A male in my own collection (Mochiwala, Jhang, 25 Jan. 1919) may well also belong to the typical form.—H. W.] The specimen was obtained from a small party feeding on the ground at the edge of canal cultivation in sandy semi-desert. It was fat. Muscicapa parva parva (Bechstein). The European Red-breasted Flycatcher. Specimens collected: 78 Q 7-2-39 Bahawalptr town environs (IIT); 288 ¢, 289 ¢, 290 dO 15-3-39 Hariinabad (I); 315 3G 19-3-39 Bahawalnagar (III). {| Measurements : Bull Wing Tail Os 13.5-14 67.5-72-5 49-5-54 mm. Ta 13.5 Fhe 54 inm. It may be of interest to remark for the benefit of Indian ornithologists that in May 1936 I was on the breeding ground of this species in Eastern Poland near Tarnopol and Zalisczcezyki and collected a series of males which by their organs were all clearly breeding. Half of these birds were red-breasted and of the type familiar to us in India (e.g. Nos, 288, 290 and 315 above). Other breeding males were, however, of two types, and these by their more worn wings and tails were evidently first year birds though the distinctive juvenile spotting had been worn off the tertiaries and ceverts. One of these types was indistinguishable from the adult female. The second was very similar to the female but the throat and breast were washed with reddish-fulvous, though not so rich in tint as in the adult male. The grey border was absent. No. 289 represents this type-—H. W.] This flyeatcher was not uncommon in the better wooded portions of the State. It was particularly partial to shisham trees whether growing in groves about villages and cultivation, in the compounds of Inspection Bungalows or in forest plantations, both in the riverain as well as the colonised desert tracts. The birds were noted as having become more abundant from about the middle of March. Three of the March specimens, as also the majority of males observed in the second half of that month, were in freshly moulted, perfect red-breasted plumage. THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 717 The specimen of 19 March moreover, was very fat suggesting that the birds were preparing to emigrate. Leucocirca aureola aureola (Less.). The White-browed Fantail Flycatcher. Specimens collected: 130 ¢, 131 Q 16-2-39 Bhung (III-II). Elsewhere noted : Manthar (1), Jajjah-Abbasian (II-III), Bahawalnagar (III-II). [ Measurements : Bill Wing Tail re 15 84 98 mm. ree) — 80.5 97 Imm. —H. W. | Not common, but a pair or so usually met with in the walled-in fruit gardens in villages even where these are isolated by miles of semi-desert and inhospitable treeless country from its next likely habitat. It frequents tamarisk jungle by canals and bordering the dhands formed by seepage from these or from the backwaters of the great rivers. It was less uncommon about Bahawalnagar where the Forest Department’s shisham plantations were its favourite haunts. Here, on 1g and 20 March respectively two nests under construction, nearly completed, were observed both about 15 ft. up in shisham trees. The male shot on 16 February had testes measuring 8x4 mm., therefore with gonad development considerably more advanced than its mate whose ovaries were merely granular. This pair was evidenily preparing to breed. Lanius excubitor lahtora (Sykes). The Indian Grey Shrike. Specimens collected: 14 @Q 29-1-39 Bahawalpur town environs (II); 218 3-3-39. Jajjah-Abbasian (II). Elsewhere noted: Yazman (1), Hartinabad (1). [| Measurements : Bill Wing Tail eG 24.5 115 107.5 mins i 2 24 111 110.5 mm. —H. W.] Fairly common, but not abundant. Solitary examples occasional or frequent in desert or semi-desert facies. The specimen of 3 March had maturing gonads measuring 10X6 mm, Lanius vittatus Valenciennes. The Bay-backed Shrike. Specimen collected: 262 Q 13-3-39 Harunabad (I). Elsewhere noted: Jajjah-Abbasian (II-III). [| Measurements : Bill Wing Tail r 9 87 go mm. —H. W.] Uncommon. Only 5 solos observed during the entire Survey. Usually in babool trees about semi-desert canal cultivation. Lanius schach erythronotus (Vigors). The Rufous-backed Shrike. Specimen collected: 259 ¢ 9-3-39 Lal Sohara (II). [ Measurements : Bill Wing Tail Io 2t 94 115 mm, —H. W.] Rare. The specimen was the first and only shrike of this species met with in Bahawalptir State. It was among young date palms lining a canal. Testes 3X2 mm. ‘Lanius isabellinus Hempr. & Ehr. The Pale Browa Shrike. Specimens collected: 13 6 29-1-39, 22 @ 1-2-39, 66 9 6-2-39 Bahawalptr town environs (III-IT); 96 9 10-2-39 Yazman (1); 137 gd 17-2-39 (Bhing (III-I]) ; 258 2 9-3-39 Lal Sohara (II); 275 Q 14-3-39 Hartinabad (1). 3 ¥ig JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLil [ Measurements : Bill Wing Tail 2G Gs 19-5-20 QI1-93 80-82 mm. eo OwO 18-19.5 89.5-92 74-82 mm. —H. W.] Common. Occasional solos alternating with or in the same facies as L. e. lahtora, i.e. on the edge of canal cultivation and fallow fields in desert and semi-desert. The specimen of 14 March was very fat. Pericrecotus brevirostris brevirostris (Vigors). The Indian Short-billed Minivet. Specimens collected: 196 ¢G, 1079, 198 @, 199Q 1-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (II-III) ; 305 @, 306 0? 19-3-39 Bahawalnagar (III-II). Elsewhere noted: Bahawalptr town and environs (III-II). [ Measurements : Bill Wing Tail iat 14.5 93 TAA. 5 inl. 429 14.5-15.5 89.5-94 100-114 mm. No. 196 is in female-like plumage, but it was sexed by Mr. Salim Ali personally and the correctness of this determination is confirmed by the pinkish-red tinge on odd feathers both of the forehead and of the chin and throat—a tinge of colour which is found in none of the rest of the series; yet various new feathers which are coming in quill on the chin and throat will evidently be yellow and not red. Yellow males of this type are usually and naturally described as tst year birds, but the possibility should be borne in mind that they are males which will always retain the female type of plumage, i.e., that males in this species may be to a limited extent dimorphic.—H. W.] Not uncommon in the better wooded portions such as among the shishams in compounds and forest plantations, and in tamarisk jungle by dhands and back- waters of rivers. Mixed flocks of red and yellow birds were met with busily hunting for insects among the foliage or flying from tree to tree uttering a quick-repeated musical wee-twee? Its status in Bahawalpur is uncertain. In Sind, according to Ticehurst, it is a winter straggler from the Himalayas. (bis, 1922, p. 612.) Specimen No. 305 (19 March) was very fat. Pericrocotus peregrinus pallidus Stuart Baker. The Sind Small Minivet. Specimen collected: 82 ¢ 7-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III). Elsewhere noted: Harunabad (I). | Measurements : Bill Wing Tail i -c 1215 69 76 mm.—H.W. ] Rare. Small parties were seea on a few occasions only, in Shisham plantations and in groves of trees and wooded compounds. Dicrurus macrocercus albirictus (Hodgson). The Himalayan Black Drongo. Specimen collected: 47 ¢ 3-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (II-III). Elsewhere noted: Yazman (I); Bhung (III-II); Harunabad (I); Bahawalnagar (II-III). | Measurements : Bill Wing Tail ete} 23 153 106 mm.~-H. W.] The Black Drongo was fioted as practically absent in Bahawalpir town and environs between 29 January and 7 February. Indeed, during these 9 or 10 days the specimen (very fat!) was the only example seen. After the latter date it was somewhat more in evidence—singly or in twos and threes by canal cultivation— but still far from common. The same proved to be the case over the rest of the State also, though in the neighbourhood of Bahawalnagar it was perhaps slightly THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 719 more numerous than elsewhere. The scarcity of this species, so plentiful in culti- vated areas over the greater part of India needs explaining. The more so as in the adjoining province of Sind Ticehurst found it ‘very common everywhere except in the hills and barest deserts.’ (Ibis, 1922, p. 546.) Acrocephalus agricola (Jerdon). The Paddy-field Warbier. Specimen collected: 268 3 13-3-39 Hartnabad (1). [Measurements : Bill Wing : Tail Tc Tes 59 56 mm.—H. W.] A solo, flushed in oat field. Orthotomus sutorius guzurata (Latham). The Tailor-Bird. Specimen collected : 239 ¢ 5-3-39 Chachran (III). Elsewhere noted: Bahawalpur town (III), Bhtng (III-I]), Jajjah-Abbasian (III-II), Hartnabad (I), Bahawalnagar (III-I1). [ Measuremenis : Bill Wing Tail Tics 16 53 — mm.—H. W.] On the whole rather scarce, but a pair or two were usually met with wherever green shrubbery was present as in gardens in towns and villages, shisham planta- tions and Inspection Bungalow compounds in canal colonies even where these were isolated by miles of semi-desert. The gonads of the specimen were maturing. They measured 4X3 mm. Hippolais caligatarama (Sykes). Sykes’s Tree Warbler. Specimen collected : 148 ¢ 21-2-39 Manthar (1). [ Measurements : _ Bill Wing Tail ae 16 60 51 mm.—H. W.] Shot in babool tree by tributary canal. I have no other specific sight records, but feel that it may be less uncommon than this circumstance would indicate. Ceitia cettia cettioides Hume. The Eastern Bush-Warbler. Specimens collected: 215 ¢, 216 3 3-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-II). Elsewhere not noted. The specimens were obtained at Tatar dhand where they kept hidden amongst the partially submerged reeds and thickets at the edge of the inundated tamarisk jungle. They are great skulkers and best secured by patient waiting and watching when the restless bird will present momentary glimpses as it hops amongst the stems. Snatches of a loud, clear song were uttered by the males. Lusciniola melanopogon mimica Madardsz. The Eastern Moustached Sedge- Warbler. Specimens collected: 210 Q 2-3-39, 211 dG, 212.9, 213-9, 214 of 3-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-IT). Elsewhere noted: Bahawalnagar-Minchinabad (III-I]). [Measurements : Bill Wing Tail 2 iG 16 64.5-05 54-57 min. Gente 16 60.5-62 49-5-55 mm.—H. W.] Not uncommon at dhands amongst partly submerged tamarisk thickets. It picks its food from the surface of the water or the squelchy mud, clinging sideways to the reed stems or hopping amongst the root stocks with cocked tail. 720) JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIil Laticilla burnesi (Blyth). The Long-tailed Grass-Warbler. Specimens collected: 307 9, 308 3, 309 od, 310 CG 19-3-39; 329 6, 330 6 22-3-39 Bahawalnagar (II-III). Elsewhere not noted. [Measurements : Bill Wing Tail 5 3d 14-14.5 557-59 102-IIO mm. ip 54-5 105.5 mm.—H. W.] The Long-tailed Grass-Warbler was only met with in the environs of Bahawalnagar. Here it frequevted an open clearing in a shisham_ plantation littered with faggots, dry branches and stacks of firewood and interspersed with sprawling clumps of the coarse saw-edged sarkan grass. The species appeared to be common in this locality, but always kept to more or less identical facies. In general efiect and habits this warbler seems to be midway between Prinia sylvatica and Trochalopteron lineatum now reminiscent of the one now of the other. It is a great skulker, hopping with agility in and out of the scrub and thickets and can be flushed only with difficulty. When it finally does so it is merely to fly feebly for a few yards and dive into cover again. It has a loud song which, curiously enough, is again between those of the two species mentioned. The specimens of 19 March were breeding; they all had fully mature gonads (testes 10X8 imm., ovaries granular with largest follicle 2 mm diam.} On the same date an individual was observed carrying a caterpillar in its bill, but no. nest was found. The 2 males of 22 March had testes 5x4 mm. Franklinia buchanani (Blyth). The Rufous-fronted Wren-Warbler. Specimens collected: 269 ¢ 13-3-39, 276 ¢ 14-3-39 Hartinabad (1). Elsewhere not noted. [ Measurements : Bill Wing Tail 2G 13.5 52.5+53.5 61-64 mm.—H. W.] Uncommon. Met with in sparse semi-desert scrub about canal cultivation. Males in full song, and breeding evidently in progress. Testes of specimens 10X6 and 5X4 respectively. Sylvia curruca blythi Ticeh. & Whistler. The Indian Lesser Whitethroat. Specimens collected: 18 ¢ 29-11-39, 25 0? 1-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III-II); 135 o? 16-2-39 Bhung (II-III); 192 Q 27-2-39 Manthar (I); 238 Q 573-39 Chachran (III); 246 g 6-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-I]); 319 3 20-3-39 Bahawalnagar (III-I]). Elsewhere noted: Hartinabad (1). [Measurements : Bill Wing Tail PANG B-1305 64-66.5 61 mm. ge OsO7 p 1285-18 67-67.5 54.5-59 mm.—H. W.] A very common winter visitor. Found in tamarisk. Capparis and kandi (Prosopis) jungle and scrub, usually on the margin of dhands amidst semi-desert. Also amongst the partially submerged tamarisks and scrub. No. 319 was very fat. It was moulting all its rectrices simultaneously and had a fresh, partly grown stub tail. Sylvia curruca halimodendri Suschkin. The Central Asian Lesser Whitethroat. Specimen coliected: 193 0? 27-2-39 Manthar (I). Elsewhere not differentiated. [Measurements : Bill Wing Tail 12 69.5 59-5 min. It is not surprising that this race should have been obtained in Bahawalptr THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 721 as Mr. Waite has procured a number of examples of it in the Jhelum Salt Range and in the Shahpur and the Dera Ghazi Khan Districts.—H. W.] This pale form of the Lesser Whitethroat, first obtained by me within the limits of India proper at Philji, Larkana Dist., Sind, in 1926 (J.B.N.H.S., xxxii, p- 376) is evidently less rare in this part of N.-W. India than it appears to be, no doubt on account of possible confusion with blythi with which it corresponds both in measurements and wing formula. It is, however, much paler than blythi being the same in colour as minula. Whitethroats, along with Argya caudata, were the commonest bird species in the desert about Manthar. On 27 February (when this specimen was secured) the weather was heavily overcast and there had been rain throughout the pre- vious night. Whitethroats—especially blythi and minula—were literally swarming ! The specimen was very fat. Sylvia curruca minula Hume. The Small Whitethroat. Specimens collected: 26 0? 1-2-39 Bahawalptr town environs (III-II); 53 Q 4-2-39 89 oP? 8-2-39 Dera Bakha (II); 120 Q 15-2-39 Bhtng (II-III); 145 0? 18-2-39 Daulatpur (Sukkur Dist. frontier, IIT); 152 @Q 21-2-39, 165 @ 22-2-39 Manthar (I). [ Measurements : Bill Wing Tail 4 9Q 10.5-12 60-63 52.5-55 mm.—H. W.] A ccmmon and abundant species. Met with singly amongst Capparis, tamarisk and kandi (Prosopis) scrub in I, II and III. It is frequently found miles out in absolute sand-dune desert amongst the sparse stunied Capparis bushes half buried in mounds of wind-blown sand. It is easily differentiated in the field form blythi by its smaller size and markedly paler colouration. Sylvia nana nana (Hempr. & Ehren.). The Desert Warbler. Specimens collected: 32 3,33 Q 2-2-39 Bahawalpir town environs (II); I0I dg, 102 G 13-2-39 Bhing (II); 163 ¢, 164 ¢ 22-2-39 Manthar (I). Colours of soft parts: Iris bright lemon-yellow; legs and feet yellowish flesh colour; bill same but with upper mandible brown. [ Measurements : Wing Bill Tail el eh II-11.5 50-60.5 47-5 mm.—H. W.] I Q igi 57 46-51 mim. Common in I and II. Seen singly hopping about on the sand amongst the bases of scanty Saisola, Capparis and Prosopis bushes growing on the sand- dunes and mounds. Its movements are somewhat reminiscent of Scotocerca. Often met with miles out in the desert where the only other birds were perhaps a stray Cfnanthe capistrata or a Small Whitethroat. Phylloscopus griseolus Blyth. The Olivaceous Tree-Warbler. Specimen collected: 318 3 20-3-39 Bahawalnagar (III). Elsewhere not noted. [Measurements : Bill Wing Tail ‘tre 14 67 52 mm.—H. W.] The first and only example met with in Bahawalpur State. Very fat and evidently on passage. Its habits differed from those of other Phylloscopi in that it kept to tree-trunks more than to the foliage, running up and down them rather like a Tree-Creeper. Phylloscopus collybita tristis Blyth. The Brown Willow-Warbler or Siberian Chiffchaff. Specimens collected: 79 S$ 7-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (1G 8 Cnt paprs ee 113 Q 142-39, 121 Os 15-2-39 Bhung (RMIET). ey 18 195 30 mm.—H. W.] Several small flocks were observed on pats on the outskirts of canal cultiva- tion in this locality. R. C. Bolster (J.B.N.H.S., xxvii, 807) records the Spoti2d Sandgrouse breed- ing 10 miles west of Ahmadpur East in 1922 (?). On 7 April he found 2 downy chicks a few days old, and remarks that one of them who distinctly larger than the other. As brooding in the open scrapes in sand in which the sand- grouse lay their eggs must necessarily begin with the first egg in order that it may not get baked by the fierce desert sun, this discrepancy in the age and size of the chicks is not what one would expect. 42. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL iS. "SOCIED Ys Vol alin Coturnix coturnix coturnix (Linn.). The Common or Grey Quail. Specimen collected : 187 Q 26-2-39 Manthar (I) Elsewhere noted: Bhung (ITI-I1) | Measurements : Bill Wing Tail i-9 15.5 107 36 mm.—H. W.|] The Survey found the Grey Quail scarce. It may be more plentiful when on actual passage in spring and autumn. Occasional pairs or loose parties of 3 or 4 birds were flushed in young gram and wheat fields. Francolinus francolinus henrici Bonap. The South Persian Black Partridge. Specimens collected: 157 ¢ 21-2-39 Manthar (I) Elsewhere noted: Bahawalptr town environs (III), Bhung (III-IT) | Measurements : Bill Wing ; Tail ime 25 163 94 mm.—H. W.] Frequents tamarisk scrub and tall sarkan grass patches in the riverain tract and by dhands and canals. Not abundant now and steadily growing scarcer. Almost completely wiped out from certain localities. From what I gathered, this species and the Grey Partridge are very largely netted in Bahawalpur by professionai bird catchers although of late the shikar department has been making an effort to check the ravages. For a recent official shooting camp and for the banquetting of high and mighty State guests I was informed that each of several tahsildars had orders to supply 500 birds. It is not difficult to conceive that many more birds must actually be captured for the required number to filter through to the other end! Thus extermination proceeds apace and unless stringent protection is enforced and_ professional snaring and netting completely banned—and that without delay—it is not im- probable that soon partridges may have to be looked for in vain. Francolinus pondicerianus interpositus Hartert.- The Northern Grey Partridge. No specimen preserved. Noted: Bahawalptr town environs (III-I1), Yazman (I), Bhing (III- II), Hartiaabad (1) and elsewhere. : More abundant than the Black Partridge but equally persecuted. Frequents riverain cultivation as well as canal colonies in desert and semi-desert. Rallus aquaticus korejewi Sarudny. The Turkestan Water-Rail Specimens collected: 244 G, 245 oO 6-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-I1). | Measurements : Bill (from feathers) Wing Tail 2 41.5-42.5 121-122 — 49.5-53.5 mm.—H. W.1 Shot in a reed-bed bordering Gagree dhand. Porzana pusilla pusilla (Pallas). The Eastern Baillon’s Crake. Specimens collected: 217. Q 3-3-39 Jaijah-Abbasian (ITI-IT) | Measurements : Bill (from feathers) Wing Tail Ta 17, gI 45 mm.—H. W.] Shot nea reed hed sat aiatarein are Amaurornis phoenicurus subsp.? The White-breasted Waterhen. No specimen. Noted on Baggah and Tatar dhands, Jajjah-Abbdsian. : Journ, Bombay Nat, Hist. Soc. A winged Houbara taking cover behind a diminutive bush. Priate IIT. Sdlim_ Ali. Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Sec. Piate IV. j : 2 Ss 5 Mee $ 4 Photo : Sdlim Ali. The Houbara (Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni) when lying ‘doggo’ is a perfect example of obliterative desert colouration. ere THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 743 Gallinula chloropus subsp.? The Moorhen. No specimen Fairly common on Baggah, Tatar, Gagree and other dhands at Jajjah- Abbasian, and also at Bahawalnagar. Porphyrio poliocephalus subsp. ? The Purple Moorhen. No specimen. Noted: Jajjah-Abbasian. Common on Gagree and other dhands with reed-beds, on the edge of which it occasionally showed itself. It is much prized by the mohanas (boatmen) as food. Fulica atra atra Linn. The Coot. No specimens. Abundant on dhands at Jajjah-Abbasian, Bahawalnagar and and elsewhere. Anthropodes virgo (LLinn.). The Demoiselle Crane. No specimen. Noted at Yazman (1), Chachran (IIT) and Harunabad (1). Said to be unusually scarce this season (1938/39). Only small occasional flocks of 4 or 5 and up to 10 birds met with among young wheat fields in the riverain tract or canal cultivation in desert. On 16 March on a loose sandy pat among low hummocky sand-dunes in the desert’ some 2 miles from the edge of cultivation, were observed recent foot- prints of an enormous congregation of some hundreds of large crane-like birds, possibly this species. Had they massed here prior to emigration? Choriotes nigriceps (Vigors). The Great Indian Bustard. No specimen. A pair was observed at Manthar on some abandoned fallow land bordering cn sand-dune desert. The birds were excessively shy and _ diffi- cult to approach even within fair rifle shot. Once on the wing, they flew steadily on for miles and were finally lost to view. Said to be rare in Bahawalpir. Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni (Gray). The Houbara. No specimen. Noted: Bahawalptir town environs (III), Yazman (I), Dera Bakha (11), Manthar(I) Common and plentiful among the sandy mustard fields and low tamarisk scrub on the banks of the Sutlej river. Also in sparsely scrubbed desert and semi-desert country, often on the outskirts of cultivation especially of sirsdn (mustard) crops. Flocks of 4 to 7 birds were commonly met with. The Houbara, at all times alert and swift on its legs, is well nigh un- approachable on a cool cloudy day. It is apparently not much hunted by the Punjabi settlers in the desert canal colonies, and it was difficult to find anybody with a proper idea of manoeuvring a camel round the bird in ever-narrowing circles as is the normal method of circumventing it in Sind. When pressed the Houbara surreptitiously lies ‘doggo’ behind a bush or mound, and it must be seen to be believed how thoroughly inconspicuous stich a large bird can thus become in its sandy environment. In flight the white underparts and the round white patches near the wing tips are’ prominent. The flight, seemingly heavy with slow wing beats, head and neck extended as in the Stone-curlew, is in reality con- siderably swifter than it appears. Cursorius cursor cursor (Lath.). The Cream-coloured Courser. Specimens collected: 291 Q 15-3-39, 2908 ¢ 16-3-39 Hartnahad (1) Elsewhere noted: Yazman (1) [ Measurements Bill Wing Tail TG 32 167 67 ‘mm. Ue 33 165 64 mm.—H. W.] Patchily and locally distributed but apparently not uncommon in desert areas 440 JOURNAL,* BOMBAY NALURAE HIST. SOCIKRTY. V ol. Slr on pals among sand-dunes, the facies common also to the Desert Lark (Alaemon). In colour scheme and general effect it is but an enlarged edition’ of the Desert Lark. In overhead flight the bird is strongly reminiscent of the Pratincole or Swallow Plover. No. 291 was evidently ready to breed. Its largest ovarian follicle was over ‘ mm. in diam. No. 298, less sexually mature (testes 6X4 mm.), was very at. Chettusia leucura (Lichr.). The White-tailed Lapwing. Specimens collected: 57 ¢, 58 ¢@ 5-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III). Elsewhere noted: Jajjah-AbbAsian. [ Measurements : Bill Wing Tail PEE 16) B5=s5-5 , 173-179 71-73 mm.—H. W.] Not uncemmon, Small flocks of 6 to 8 birds were usually met with on the marshy margins of dhands, The gonads of the specimens showed signs of enlargement. They measured 4x2 and 3X1.5 respectively. Lobivanellus indicus subsp? The Red-wattled Lapwing. No specimen. . Noted: Yazman (I), Jajjah-Abbasian (III-I1), Bahawalpur town | environs (111-11). Fairly common but not abundant. Pairs or small parties about irrigated ploughed and fallow land in semi-desert canal areas. Also at dhands. The Yellow-watted Laping [Lobipluvia malabarica (Bodd.)| was not met with by the Survey between January and April. There is no information for other seasons of the year, but it is not unlikely that it may he a_ hot weather breeding visitor to Bahawalptr territory as it is in Sind and_ else- where. Charadrius dubius jerdoni (Legge). Jerdon’s Little-Ringed Plover. Specimen collected: 8 @ 28-1-39 Bahawalpur town environs (ITI). Elsewhere noted: Bahawalnagar (subspecies ?). [| Measurements : Bill Wing Tail . ie 15.5 114 60° mm.—H Waa Not common. Small parties of 3 or 4 were occasionally seen on sandy river beds and at dhands, Left testis of specimen 6X3 mm., right 3x2 mm. Tringa totanus eurhinus (Oberh.). The Redshank. Specimens collected: 59 9, 60 ¢, 61 CG, 62 Q 5-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III). . Elsewhere nected: Bhutng (III-I]), Bahawalnagar (III-II). [ Measurements : Bill Wing Tail 206 1) 49-51 160-161 66-72 mm. 2tO7© 51-53-5 162-165 66.5-67 mm. These birds belong to the grey eastern race for which I prefer to use the name eurhinus and not terrignotae. here has, however, been considerable con- troversy about the matter and for this consult. Ibis 1934, p. 115, 1936 p. 826 and 1938 p. 525.—H. W. | Redshanks were seen in large flocks of 40 to 50 each at dhands in the environs of Bahawalptr town. They were common here in early February. Elsewhere solitaries or small parties of 3 or 4 were met with. The last date recorded is 21 March, by which time most birds had certainly left. There was of course no development as such in the gonads of the specimens though in both sexes a slight departure from the absolute quiescent condition was discernible. The testes of No. 60 measured 3X1.5 mm, THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 74 wr All the birds were infested with flukes in the posterior body cavity. One had 28 of the parasites clinging in a mass to the ceiling of the lumbar region. Outwardly the birds appeared perfectly healthy, and they were in good. condition. Philomachus pugnax (Linn.). The Ruff and Reeve. ~ Specimen collected: 325 dO 21-3-39 Bahawalnagar (I1I-II.) | Measurements : 1716; Bill - Wing Tail ABS 181 69 mm.—H. W.] One of a pair at a dhand. Testes 3x2 mm. Very fat. Tringa ochropus Linn. The Green Sandpiper. Fairly common at dhands and puddles. Tringa glareola Linn. The Wood Sandpiper. Noted at a dhand between Bahawalnagar and Minchinabad. - Tringa hypoleucos Linn. The Common Sandpiper. Not common. Noted singly on margins of dhands. Glottis nebularia (Gunnerus). The Greenshank. Noted Bhtng 16 February. Solo on a small open pond. Erolia temminckii (Leisler). Temminck’s Stine. Noted: Bahawalpur tewn environs, Bhung, Jajjah-Abbasian, Bahawalnagar. Fairly common on damp grassy margins of tanks whence the water has receded. In small parties of 3 or 4 and flocks of up to 20 individuals. Capella gallinago gallinago (Linn.). Vhe Common cor Fantail Snipe. Common. Shot arcund the dhands at Jajjah, Bahawalnagar and elsewhere. Lymnocryptes minima Brunnich. The Jack Snipe. Fairly common. Shot at Jajjah-Abbasian. ’ Larus ridibundus (or brunicephalus?). The Biack- (or Brown-?) headed Gull. Two gulls in winter plumage were observed on Gagree dhand at Jajjah-Abbasian on 2 and 6 Marchi. gunshot. They were extremely wild and impossible to approach within Sterna aurantia Gray. The indian River Tern. Common on the larger rivers—Indus, Sutlej, Chenab. Sterna melanogaster Temm. The Black-bellied Tern. Noted in Bahawalpur town environs and near Bhung, on the Indus rivers. Sutlej and Phalacrocorax niger (Vicill.). The Little Cormorant. Noted at Gagree dhand, Jajjah-Abbasian, 2-6 March. Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis (Shaw & Nodder). The Indian Large Cormorant. Fairly abundant on Gagree dhand, Jaijah-Abbasian, 2-6 March. Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Stephen. The Indian Shag. Several on Gagree dhand, Jajjah-Abbasian, 2-6 March. 746 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST, SOCIETY) Vol. wxLit Anhinga melanogaster Pennant. The Indian Darter or Snake-Bird. Noted: Bahawalptr town environs, Jajjah-Abbasian, Bahawalnagar. Common at dhands. Ciconia nigra (Linn.). The Black Stork. Noted only in Bahawalpur town environs in Sutlej river bed. Three on 28 January; solo 29 Jan. Ardea purpurea (manillensis Meyen). The Eastern Purple Heron. Two or 3 solos seen at Gagree dhand, Jajjah-Abbasian, 2 March. Ardea cinerea subsp.? The Grey Heron. Occasional solos observed at dhands in Bahawalpur towh environs and at Jajjah. Egretta alba subsp.? The. Large Egret. Noted: Bahawalpur town environs, Jajiah-Abbasian. Solos at dhands. Egretta intermedia (Wagler). The Indian Smaller Egret. Observed at Gagree dhand, Jajjah-Abbasian, 2-6 March. Egretta garzetta (Linn.). The Little Egret. Observed at Gagree dhand, Jajjah-Abbasian, 2-¢ March. Ardeola grayii (Sykes). The Indian Pond Heron. Noted: Bhung. | Apparently uncommon in Bahawalpur State. Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax (Linn.). The Night Heron. Noted :: Jajjah-Abbasian (Gagree dhand) 4 March. Butorides striatus javanicus (Hors!.). The Indian Little Green Heron. Specimen collected: 209 @Q 2-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-I]). [ Measurements : Bill (from feathers) Wing Tail r 64 170.5 60 mm.—H. W.] One of a pair amongst partially submerged tamarisk tangles in Gagree dhand. Anas platyrhyncha Linn. The Mallard. Evidently the most abundant wintering duck in Bahawalpur. Out of about 1000 duck killed during one of the big shoots at Jajiah-Abbasian between 26 and 29 January (1939) about 800, i.e. about 80% were Mallards. By the beginning of March most birds of this species had left. Spatula clypeata Linn. The Shoveller. Common on dhands, Jajjah, 2-6 March. Anas streperus Linn. The Gadwall. Common on dhands, Jajjah, 2-6 March. Anas penelope Linn. The 'Wigeon: Common on dhands, Jajjah, 2-6 March. Dafila acuta (Linn.). The Pintail. Fairly common on dhands, Bahawalpur’ town environs & Jajjah. “wT —_ ban THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR PUNJAB) Nettion crecca (Linn.). The Common Teal. Common on dhands everywhere. Casarca ferruginea (Vroeg.). The Ruddy Sheldrake or Brahminy Duck. A couple were observed on a SCIONS in the Indus at Daulatpur (Sukkur Dist. frontier) 18 February. Netta rufina (Pallas). The Red-crested Pochard. Common. By the end of the first weelk of March mostly this species, Althya rufa and Nettion crecca were left on the various dhands at Jajjah-Abbasian. Marmaronetta angustirostris (Ménétriés). The Marbled Teal. I examined 2 specimens killed during the big shoot at Jajjah between 26 and 29 Jan. Aythya fuligula fuligula (Linn.). The Tufted Pochard. Observed on Baggah and Tatar dhands, Jajjah-Abbasian, 2-6 March. Aythya rufa rufa Linn. The White-eyed Pochard. Common on dhands throughout the area. One of the last ducks to leave for their breeding grounds. Podiceps nigricollis nigricollis Brehm. The Black-necked Grebe. I examined a specimen killed’ during the big shoot at Jajjah between 26 and 29 January. No cthers were seen. Podiceps ruficollis capensis (Salvadori). The Indian Little Grebe. Specimens collected: 207 d, 208 9 2-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-II). | Measurements : Bill Wing Tail 2G 20.5-27 99-5-102.5 27-34 mm.—H. W. ] Common and abundant on all dhands. No. 207 was very fat with testes 6X4 mm. Testes of 208 4X3 mm. 4 THE EARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. BY Di G. SEVASTOPULO} “ERIE. S: Part VIII. (Continued from. Vol. xiii, No. 3 (1941), p. 517). RHOPALOCERA, PIERIDAE. Delias berindu Moore. berinda. Pupa looking very like a large bird dropping. Cephalic snout slightly bifid with the points upturned. Two small spines immedi- ately above the eyes. Thorax slightly keeled. A series of very small dorsal tubercles decreasing in size towards the cremaster. A dentate ridge on the abdomen subdorsally above the edge of the wing case. Ground colour olive brown. The sides of the mesathorax, a triangular patch on the wing case, its apex, a lateral abdominal stripe, wider justi before the cremaster, and a ventral stripe on the anterior portion of the abdomen white. A ventral stripe and the dorsum of the last two abdominal somites and the centre tooth of the ridge above the wing case black.» A lateral tubercle on the mesathorax and the rest of the dentate ridge above the wing case yellowish. Suspended by a girdle and tail pad of white silk. A number of pupae were found attached to rootlets under the over-hang of a bank beside a path through woods. One was found about six feet from the ground attached to a bamboo. escribed from a number of pupae found in Shillong, from one of which a male emerged 6-v-q1. NYMPHALIDAE. Precis orithya L., ocyale Hbn. de Nice:; Butt. nd., ii,773. ° 1886. Moore, Lep. Ceyl., 1, 41, pl. 22, Ho. HOSi. . Moore, eps ind; my 69, pl. 311, figs. 1, Ia-1e. 18Q9-1g00. Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butteriies, 17° 358) 1905, Head black, the clypeus filled in with orange, hairy and with each lobe ending above in a short branched spine. Body black, a paler double dorsal stripe, the area between sprinkled with white dots, a very broken yellowish lateral line from the 4th somite bacine ard and a yellow subspiracular line. «1st somite with a pale orange collar. The lateral area with occasional minute white dots arranged in transverse lines. 1st somite with a short subdorsal black branched spine, a double sublateral branched spine, the upper deep yellow, the lower black. 2nd and 3rd somites with longer THE EARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA 749 subdorsal and lateral black branched spines .and a double shorter sublateral one. 4th to roth somites with dorsal, subdorsal and lateral black branched spines (five in all) and a double sublateral, the upper with a deep yellow base. i11th somite similar but with two dorsal spines, one before the other. 12th and 13th somites with subdorsal black spines only. Two small branched black spines at mnie" base or each ‘proles. Legs’ black. Prolegs “deep yellow banded with black. Venter blackish grey. Pupa suspended by the cremaster. Shape rather short and stout, thorax hardly keeled. ,Colour dark brownish black, the dorsum with a series of small subdorsal tubercles marked with pale pinkish grey, and with a transverse pinkish grey band before the cremaster. Traces of a pinkish grey dorsal line. Wing cases more olive brown in colour. Described from. a full fed larva found in Shillong 24-iv-41, pupated 27-iv-41 and a female emerged 15-v-41. Bingham, quoting de Niceville, writes:—‘Larva head and body of a very dark shining black shading into brown . . . head on a short neck, latter of an orange colour for a short distance; caudal extremity also tipped with orange. Body covered with perpendicular spines armed with strong radial hairs... Head bifurcated, reddish spot in centre of face, a small spinous process in the angle of each eye. Pupa suspended by tail, naked; wing-covers of a muddy yellow; rest of body of a purplish colour variegated by lines of a dull creamy white. Slight projections of an angular nature along the abdomen.’ Moore describes the Ceylon form, now known as ssp. swinhoei Btlr., as follows:—‘Larva dark purple-brown, each somite with short branched spines, two lateral rows of small yellow spots. Pupa ochreous, speckled and lined with dark brown. Feeds on Acanthads.’ His figure shews a black larva with a double lateral row of white elongated spots. Vanessa cardui L. Wioore bep. Ceyt., “1, 50,. pl. 27, fig: ta. 18S. Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butterflies, 1, 366. 1905. Head black with short bristly pubescence. Body dull black clothed with short erect white hairs. An indistinct double yellow dorsal line, traces of a transverse yellow line intersegmentally and a broad yellow sublateral stripe. 1st somite with a minute sub- dorsal black tubercle and with a lateral and two sublateral yellow ones. 2nd and 3rd somites with a subdorsal, lateral and two sublateral short branched spines, pinkish basally and yellowish apically. 4th to 11th somites with similar spines dorsally, subdors- ally and laterally (five in all) and two yellowish spines sublaterally. 12th and 13th somites with the subdorsal spines only. Legs and prolegs brown. Venter grey speckled with whitish. Pupa suspended by the cremaster. Pale pinkish buff with a darker subdorsal and lateral stripe. Wing cases darker and mottled. A series of nine short stout golden spines subdorsally on thorax and abdomen. ‘Traces of a gold tinged dorsal. abdominal stripe, the keel of the thorax slightly golden. Shape, thorax slightly § 250 fOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII keeled, wing cases slightly angled, head truncate, very slightly bifd. Food-plant—Thisties. Described from a full fed larva found in Shillong 8-v-41, pupated 12-v-41 and a male emerged 2g9-v-41. Moore’s description, which is quoted by Bingham, is ‘Larva blackish-brown, with a longitudinal pale interrupted line on each side; the segments armed with short branched spines. Feeds on Artemisia. Pupa tuberculate head bluntly cleft, pale ochreous or brown, more or less spotted with yellow.’ The figure shews a black larva with greyish intersegmental stripes. Vanessa canace L., canace. Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butterflies, 1, 372. “1905. Head black, hairy, with an inverted reddish Y-shaped mark. Ist somite reddish spotted with black, rest of the body with a bright rust-red black-spotted transverse band across the centre of each somite, the intersegmental area black transversely lined with ~ whitish. 1st somite spineless. 2nd and 3rd somites each with a subdorsal and lateral white branched spine, the apical branches black. 4th to 11th somites each with a similar dorsal, subdorsal, lateral and sublateral spine (seven in all). 12th and 13th somites each with a pair of subdorsal spines only. Anal plate black. Legs black. Prolegs black banded with rust-red. Venter black trans- versely lined with whitish. The young larva is similar but the rust-red is replaced by bright cadmium yellow. The rust-red colour develops after the last ecdysis. Pupa suspended by the cremaster. Colour dark purple brown mottled with darker and paler and varying considerably in depth. The abdomen with a pale dorsal line, a double pale ventral line and a pale lateral stripe from the edge of the wing case to the cremaster. Wing: cases with a central triangular dark mark. Metathorax and 1st abdominal somite with paired subdorsal golden spots. 2nd and 3rd abdominal somites tinged with metallic copper colour. Shape longer than the usual Vanessid pupa. The head bifid and the cephalic horns long and curved inward. Thorax keeled. Wing cases angled. Abdomen with a series of seven sub- dorsal and five dorsal spines. remaster very long, the edges pale. Food-plant—Smilax. Described from a full fed larva found in Shillong 21-iv-q1, pupated 25-iv-41 and a male emerged I1-v-41. Bingham, quoting a description by Hampson, writes :—‘Larva segments alternately orange and white, with numerous black spots on the orange segments and black streaks on the white; seven white, branching, black-tipped spines on each orange segment. Pupa variegated reddish brown, with frontal gold and silver spots ; head produced and bifid.” “Moore (Lep. Ceyl., 1,49, pl. 25, te. 2a- 1881) describes and figures the larva and pupa of the Ceylon sub- species haronica Moore. The description is ‘Larva light red, spotted wth black, the segments divided by black and purple lines, armed with eight longitudinal rows of delicate branched spines; anal THE EARTY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA 751 segment slightly humped. Feeds on Smilax. Pupa reddish-brown, abdominal segments tubercular, thorax angular, head produced and bifid.’ He further mentions that the larva also feeds on Wild Yam. The figure shews a bright yellow larva spotted with black and with the intersegmental areas streaked with black and purplish, The pupa is too short and the shape of the cephalic horns is in- correct. Bingham quotes another very similar description from Moore. (Lep. Ind., iv, 94, pl. 315, fig. 2. 1899-1900) which gives the spines as yellow and mentions that the head and legs of the larva are black and that the pupa has two dorsal rows of small reddish pointed tubercles on the abdomen. Argynnis hyperbius L., hyperbius dep Nices, bultwind., ti, 131. 1886. Bingham, (Mauna, Brot; Inds, “Butterilies, 1.440. 1905. Head dull black. Body velvety black with a broad dull orange dorsal stripe. ist somite anteriorly with a long subdorsal and posteriorly with a shorter lateral black branched spine. 2nd somite similar. 3rd somite with the subdorsal spines only. 4th to 11th somites with a _ series of subdorsal, lateral and sublateral branched spines, the subdorsal series longest, those on the 4th somite black, on the others with the apical third black, the basal two-thirds pink. 12th somite with a subdorsal and a lateral pink and black spine. Legs black. Prolegs black, the feet yellow. Venter black. Pupa dark blackish brown, the wing cases slightly mottled with paler. Dorsum with traces of 4 median stripe composed of chestnut specks, the thoracic keel chestnut. The thorax with three and the abdomen with two subdorsal golden spots. Shape head bifid and produced into two short horns, wing cases angled, thorax keeled. A small black spine in each of the thoracic and abdominal gold spots and a series of six subdorsal outwardly curved spines, of which the first is the largest. Suspended by the cremaster. Focd-plant—Garden Pansy. Described from a full fed larva found in Shillong 5-v-41, pupated 8-v-41 and a male emerged 18-v-41. Bingham quotes de Niceville as follows:—‘Larva head and legs black; body black, this colour, however, obscured by orange-tawny markings. A broad orange-tawny dorsal stripe. Four straight horizontal simple black spines on head; spines on pectoral segments black; on abdominal segments pink tipped with black; on caudal segments pink faintly black-tipped. Pupa head and wing-cases pale Indian red; ten pale metallic spots on back; abdomen dark pink; spines faintly black-tipped. The head ends in two well-separated blunt points; there area pair of spines anteriorly, another in the middle, and a third smallest pair posteriorly on the thorax, the latter being hunched and keeled, on the abdominal segments there are eight pairs of spines, the third anterior pair the largest.’ Moore, in‘ Lep. Ceyl., i, pl. 31, fig. 2b: 1881, figures the larva and pupa of the Ceylon subspecies taprobana Moore, he gives no description but mentions Wild Violet as the food-plant. The figure shews a dull black larva with a dull tawny dorsal stripe. The shape of the pupa is not very accurate. 752 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL Fist SOCTE IW. Viol mace nl Cethosia biblis Drury, tisamena Fruhs. Head black. Body with the intersegmental areas black, each somite with a transverse white, purple and white stripe, a black stripe dividing the colours. An interrupted sublateral white stripe. Lateral area and venter black. Legs and prolegs black, the feet of the latter grey. Spiracles black ringed with white. Head with a pair of long thin tuberculate black spines. 1st somite with an anterior subdorsal and a posterior lateral similar but shorter spine. 2nd somite with similar but slightly longer spines. 3rd somite with the subdorsal spine only, but rather longer. 4th to 11th somites with a subdorsal, lateral and sublateral spine. 12th somite with subdorsal and lateral only. On all the somites the subdorsal spine is longest, the sublateral shortest, and, except for the 1st and 2nd somites’ lateral spines, all arise from the purple stripe. Pupa suspended by the cremaster. Shape—head truncate and projecting laterally into a slightly upturned tubercle. Pro- and meso- thorax with a subdorsal spine, wing cases with two lateral pro- jections above, abdomen with three pairs of subdorsal spines, then a rounded lobe terminating in a spine and then a further four spines decreasing in size from front to rear. A lateral series of four spines on the abdomen, the first fairly long, the fourth little more than a tubercle. A pupa formed in captivity was ivory white with a sub- dorsal and lateral series of small olive brown blotches. The wing cases also blotched centrally with olive brown. Cremaster black, last three abdominal somites marked with black dorsally and ventr- ally. A double dorsal golden spot on the prothorax and two on the anterior somites of the abdomen. A wild caught pupa of similar shape, which unfortunately died but was almost undoubtedly of this species, had a rich deep golden brown ground colour. Food-plant—A small creeper with heart-shaped leaves. The larvae refused to eat the ordinary cultivated Passion Flower. Described from a full fed larva found in Shillong 7-v-41, pupated 16-v-4£ and a female emerged 23-v-4I. Pareba vesta Hs) vesia. Moore, sLep: Ind.) v, 31,.pl, 387, Mes.) a-1s om. O3e Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butterflies, .1, 470. 1905. Head yellowish brown, a pale inverted Y-shaped mark, the arms filled in with black and edged with black externally. Ground colour of body creamy-white, a’ chocolate brown dorsal, lateral and sublateral stripe and with two transverse chocolate brown stripes across each somite posterior to the spines and another on the intersegmental area. Armed with the following slightly branched spines, basally vellow brown and apically black and arising from yellowish warts between the longitudinal stripes, rst somite with a subdorsal spine, 2nd and 3rd with a subdorsal and lateral, 4th to 11th with a subdorsal, lateral and sublateral, and r2th somite with a subdorsal and lateral. Legs and prolegs black. Venter whitish with a purplish brown lateral stripe. Pupa suspended by the cremaster. Shape long, not prominently angled, a series of short black spines subdorsally on thorax and abdomen. Colour white. Abdomen with a black subdorsal, THE PARE V STAGES, OF INDIAN CEPIDOPTERA 753 lateral and a median ventral stripe, the subdorsal and lateral bear- ing seven and four deep yellow spots respectively, the ventral with an interrupted yellow internal stripe. Wing cases veined with black. Thorax with a central yellow stripe edged with black. Antenna cases yellow outlined with black. Head and leg cases marked with black. Described from a full fed larva found in Shillong 21-iv-41, pupated 25-iv-41 and a male emerged 14-v-41. Bingham, quoting Moore, gives the following description :— ‘Larva elongated; head unarmed; segments armed with a_ sub- dorsal and a sublateral row of long, sharp-pointed, branched spines and a lateral row of shorter naked spines. Head reddish ochrace- ous, black-spotted, front with a white stripe; segments dark purplish violet, with longitudinal’ rows of short transverse white bars; spines ochreous with black tips; legs ochreous with black bands. Pupa suspended. Elongated, narrow; head with two short frontal points; thorax convex. and uneven; abdominal segments with a dorsal and two lateral rows of short tubercular points. Colour ‘white, tubercles and streaks on wing-cases ochreous.’ LYCAENIDAE. Rapala nissa Koll., rectivitta Moore. , Head small, black and _ retractile. mst somite hood-shaped. 2nd to 9th somite each with a subdorsal and sublateral fleshy tooth ending in a few black bristles. 1oth somite with two sublateral teeth but no subdorsal. i1th somite with one sublateral tooth. Colour yellowish green with a darker dorsal line, the teeth some- what paler and with an oblique triangular pale lateral mark on each somite. Legs, prolegs and venter paler green. Ant gland and tubercles inconspicuous. Pupa of the usual Lycaenid shape. Pale pinkish grey, the sides of the thorax and wing cases suffused with blackish. Formed in captivity on a slight mat of silk on the bottom of the tin and covered by a leaf, and secured by a slight girdle and the cremaster. Described from a full fed larva found in Shillong 21-iv-41, pupated 27-iv-41 and a female emerged 15-v-41. HETEROCERA. LYMANTRIIDAE. Porthesia scintillans Wlk., limbata Btlr. Head black. Ground colour of body black. A double orange- red dorsal line on the ist to 3rd somite, the lines divide and become subdorsal on the 4th and 5th somites and then join again and continue dorsally very indistinctly to the roth somite. 4th and 5th somites with small dorsal humps tufted with short black hair. 6th to roth somites with round subdorsal patches of white scale-like hairs, qth and 5th somites with smaller patches below (94 JOURNAL, BOMBAY) NATURALAIST, SOCIETY aol eum the dorsal humps. 12zth somite slightly humped and‘ with a few of the white scale-like hairs laterally. An orange-red sublateral line with a series of crimson warts bearing white hairs, the warts continuing across the 12th somite. 1st somite with red subdorsal tubercles tufted with blackish hairs. A few white hairs. Dorsal glands pale lilac. Legs and prolegs yellowish grey. Venter black streaked transversely with orange-red. Cocoon of dark brown silk mixed with larval hairs. Pupa olive brown, the abdomen tinged posteriorly with yellow, the wing- cases with green. Described from a full fed larva found in Shillong 23-iv-41, spun 27-1v-41 and a female emerged 17-v-41. A larva found at Peshoke (2,500 ft. Darjeeling District) in December 1937 on Tea was similar to the larva of P. scintillans scintillans (mihi, Journ. Bomb, Nat. Hist. Soc., xl, 406), but un- fortunately failed to emerge so that it was impossible to be certain whether it was of ssp. limbata or not. LASIOCAMPIDAE. Metanastria Iidderdalii Btlr. Head pale grey, striped with darker. Ground colour of body whitish, overlaid with minute specks and streaks of grey, black, pink, brown and green and giving a general greyish appearance tinged, in some examples, with brown, pink or green. 1st somite with deep crimson subdorsal blotches marked externally with dark blue and with a broad dark dorsal stripe, which continues onto the 2nd somite where it is lost in the dense hair. A dark zig-zag subdorsal line from the ath to 11th somite enclosing a dorsal series of dark shield-shaped marks. A constant feature is a pale grey shield-shaped mark on the posterior portion of the 7th and anterior portion of the 8th somite. 5th to rith somites with oblique pale lateral stripes. Some larvae with deep cherry red blotches laterally. 2nd and 3rd somites clothed dorsally with a dense mass of. short purple-blue hairs intermixed with a few longer white-tipped hairs and with five transverse bands of short white spatulate hairs running through them. A sublateral series of large tubercles bear- ing fringes of grey hair. 4th to toth somites with subdorsal pencils of a few longish black hairs. 11th somite slightly humped and it and the 12th somite with a few single longish black hairs. Venter pale grey with a deep pink central stripe. Legs deep pink. Prolegs greyish. Spiracles dark grey ringed with whitish. When at rest the hairs on the 2nd and 3rd somites are not very noticea- ble, but when alarmed the head and 1st somite are doubled under- neath the body, erecting a dense fuzz of sharp hairs, and the whole of the forepart of the body is lashed from side to side. Cocoon boat-shaped of tough greyish silk shaded with yellow, and studded with the sharp larval hairs projecting point outwards. Usually spun along a twig. Pupa brownish black, the interseg- mental areas dark olive brown. The abdominal somites with a THE EARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA 755 few very short hairs. Cremaster a bunch of short reddish brown hooked spines. Food-plant—Pine. Described from a number of full fed larvae found in Shillong, one of which spun 1&-iv-41 and a male emerged 20-v-41. LIMACODIDAE. Mambarilla narosides Hering. Head blackish, small, retractile. «Ist somite pale purplish brown, retractile. Shape almost flat, very nearly diamond-shaped, the lateral edges scalloped. 2nd somite cut straight across and in four scallops. 8th somite broadest. 12th somite ending in two blunt points. Colour dull dark purplish, a dark rust-coloured broad dorsal stripe on 2nd to 4th somites, a dull whitish lateral mark on the 6th somite, the lateral area of the oth to r1th somites dull whitish, roth somite with a white dorsal bar with rounded ends and a paler dorsal blotch on the r2th somite. The lateral scallops ending in a few short bristles, white on the goth to rith somites, brown on the others. Venter whitish. Cocoon small, almost spherical, of the usual hard Limacodid type. Colour silvery white with a slightly curved deep chocolate brown stripe on the top and an incomplete circle of the same colour at one end. ‘Some have more than one stripe on cop and may be marked at both ends. Food-plant—Pear. Described from a number of full fed larvae and cocoons found in Shillong 1-v-41, from one of which a female emerged 19-v-41. NOCTUIDAE. Acronicta indica Moore. Head deep reddish chestnut or black, with an inverted V- shaped paler mark. Ground colour black, the intersegmental areas transversely lined with yellow. 3rd to roth somites with an orange dorsal streak on the anterior portion of each somite and an oblique white stripe subdorsally. A zig-zag creamy subspiracular stripe with an erect pinkish-chestnut dash behind each_ spiracle. rst somite with single longish pale hairs. 2nd somite with a double subdorsal tuft of white hair, 3rd somite with a triple subdorsal tuft of black hair, 4th to Sth somites with triple subdorsal tufts of white hair. All somites with single longish hairs. Legs chestnut. Prolegs pinkish-chestnut. Venter blackish. Spiracles white. One larva had the ground colour deep brown instead of black, the subdorsal tufts of hair pinkish brown instead of white and the subdorsal stripes reddish orange instead of white. Cocoon spun, in captivity, among leaves and of golden brown silk. Pupa very dark purple brown, minutely punctate. Cremaster broad, a short point on either side ‘and clothed with short straicht dark brown bristles, | 756 .° JOURNAL, “BOMBAY, NABURAR HiSi-tSO ChE TA, alcole tlt Food-plant—Plantago sp. Described from a full fed larva found in Shillong 12-v-41; spun 16-v-41 and a female emerged 27-v-4t. The larva is very similar to that of the European A. rumicis L., with which the present species was formerly considered synony- mous. GEOMETRIDAE. Terpna ornataria Moore. Head grey green, triangular and produced into a long point, bifid at the extreme tip. Body grey green, a yellow subdorsal line which ends by edging the anal flap, which is produced into a longish point. The dorsum, under a lens, minutely speckled with dull red, with larger dull crimson speck on’ the anterior portion of each somite dorsally and another subdorsally just external to the subdorsal line. A sublateral line, consist- ing of a white, a yellow and a brown line, starting from the posterior pair of legs and terminating on the 11th somite. Venter frosted green with a white median stripe, joined by dark-edged whitish oblique stripes with a dull red speck at the point of junction. Legs green, the Ist pair very small, the 3rd marked with red posteriorly. Prolegs green, the anal claspers with the apex dull reddish. Rests with the legs tucked in and the projection on the head forming a line with the dorsum, position slightly curved. Pupa in a folded leaf spun together and lined with silk. Colour pale watery yellow-green, the head and prothorax pale olive-brown and with a pale spot ringed with chestnut enclosing the spiracle on the 9th somite. In all pupae found wild, the leaf had a hole bitten through it, through which this spot shewed. Described from a full fed larva found in Shillong 24-1v-41, spun 26-iv-41 and a female emerged 17-v-41. Anisodes obrinaria Guen. Pupa shape triangular. Head truncate, thorax with the front produced into a pair of horns. Thorax not keeled. Colour pale green. Front edge of the thorax blackish brown, a dorsal red brown line. Abdomen with a red brown line on the posterior half, the line originating from a red brown spot. Formed on the surface of a leaf without any cocoon, the cremaster being fixed into a few strands of silk. Described from a pupa fourd in Shillong 26-iv-41, from which a female emerged 30-iv-41. (To be continued), ON THE BANKS OF THE NARBADA. BY Lizut.-CoL. R. W. Burton, 1.4. (Retd.). ParT I. (With 4 plates). “Narbada Mai’, or Mother Narbada as it is also. reverently named, is considered by many Hindus to be the most sacred of all the rivers of India. It rises to the east of the Central Provinces, at Amarkantak on the borders of the State of Rewah, and enters the Arabian Sea near the town of Broach after a course of some seven hundred miles. In earlier years it formed, with the forests and hills along its course, one of the main barriers which then shut off the peoples of Northern India from those of the Deccan. At the close of the triumphant career of Samudragupta, the second king of the Gupta dynasty, the Narbada was his southern frontier. He did not attempt to retain conquests made south of the river, and returned about the year A.D. 230 past the fortress of Asirgarh which is nowadays seen by railway passengers between the stations of Burhanpur and Khandwa. The Narbada (Sanskrit, Nar-Mada, ‘causing delight’) is rightly named for it is a beautiful river through most of its long course, and to camp on its banks during the cold season is truly a delight. In the hotter months of the year the pleasure may be somewhat vabated; but tiger and panther are more readily come by, and at (aa certain places the fishing is good. If one’s stay is leisurely suitable swims can be baited with parched gram by means of which excellent sport is obtained. This gram fishing is a method peculiar to the Central Provinces, and an art in itself. Suitable equipment is a fly rod for fish up to tro Ibs. or so, a gut cast as fine as you dare use, and size 8 ‘model perfect’ fools. Mine vane, tar of “1s the maxim to bear-in mind, and the threaded peliet must swim naturally with the other grains thrown in to accompany it down the stream; for any ‘drag’ will be fatal to success. And unless there is a ripple on the water it is likely that all the pellets will be sucked down except that to which one is expectantly attached! It is expert angling, can be most disappointing at times, and is not so simple as the chapter on the subject in the ‘Rod in India’ by the immortal Thomas would lead one to suppose. Anglers wishing to have the fullest possible information and guidance as to gram fishing should refer to the excellent article on the subject entitled ‘Fishing in the Rivers of the €.P.’ by Maj: W. B. ‘Trevenen which was published in the Journal of the Bombay Natural Hors. Society, Vol. xxxiv, No. 3, p- 700 ef seq. 4 758 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol: XLII Where there are boisterous falls in the river, as at Dhariaghat, there is excellent sport, using natural bait, with mahseer and a number of other predaceous fish both for a period when the water is subsiding after the rains and in the hot weather-—March being the best month tf the intense heat is not objected to. To hit off the former some considerable margin of time is necessary, or there may be disappointment due to late floods. The waiting days can be passed in pursuit of tiger and panther, in natural history observa- tions, or just walks through an always interesting forest country. One day three large stones had to be moved to one side of a forest track to clear the way for the cart. Under one stone was a snake, beneath the next a centipede quite eight inches long, and the third harboured a scorpion! Trails of large pythons are oecasionally seen in sandy places; huge spider’s webs are stretched from bush to bush; the night’s tracks of all the jungle animals and birds are along the paths: so jungle strolls can be full of surprises to an inquisitive and observant eye. There is much life on the river and along its sand banks and islands. We see a crocodile on a sand-spit, and perched on the near-by jutting branch of a submerged snag is a ‘snake bird’, as the Indian Darter is called by Europeans, and very snake-like he appears when his lean head and neck are protruded above the surface of the water after a dive. The specimen we see has his wings spread out to dry and looks like a bird on a lectern—or the German Eagle! At a respectful distance from the seemingly sleep- ing saurian are two brahminy ducks—Ruddy Sheldrake, to give them their other name. Wary birds they are, and without good reason, as they are not sought after by European sportsmen and are protected by Hindus, who do not like them being shot. Grace- ful river terns are seen sweeping over the water. with light and airy flight, and kingfishers of three varieties are noticed; the black and white species (‘The pied fish-tiger hung above the pool’) being less common on this river than the larger and smaller coloured ones—the common Indian kingfisher, with appearance and _ habits of the one so familiar to us in the British Isles; and the Indian white-breasted kingfisher, with large, conspicuous red beak. Cormorants are common, and that curious bird, the Indian Stone-Curlew, or Goggle-eyed Plover, is often flushed as we float silently in the dug-out past the islets of the river. Among the bright green toliage of the dwarf jamun bushes many small birds, bulbuls, warblers, sparrows and the like are seen and heard; while the ubiquitous king crows and their larger and more ornate relatives the racket-tailed drongos, are seen hawking the air from selected vantage points. -Screeching paroquets weave emerald skeins among the tree-tops; egrets show dazzling white amid the dark foliage of the trees; there is the occasional splash of fish; and a wide ripple is caused by a crocodile having slipped silently into the stream from a sloping bank. Troops of monkeys and lungoors, an occasional otter: all these and many other sights are the ordinary daily happenings; but all that is to be seen and noticed would fill a volume. Indeed this river is a delight not only on account of the many forms of life to be observed, but because of the changing forest scenery; the -ON THE BANKS OF THE NARBADA 799 gracefuily waving bamboos, grasses and tamarisks; the lovely lights and shadows on the water; and the beauty of the crimson sunsets followed by the softening light of the risen moon which makes the wide river bed with the dark brooding forests on either bank a fairy land of magic and mystery. ; The rainy season in the north-western part of the Central Pro- vinces is frequently prolonged into October, so when setting out late in September we knew there might be some unpleasant weather and cart tracks in a bad state. However, after two marches to cover the twenty-four miles from the small wayside station we pitch camp within sight and hearing of the falls under the scanty shade of small teak trees from which the leaf has mostly fallen. Above the basaltic barrier the river is now some four hundred yards in width, narrows to a hundred and fifty, and tumbles in separate cascades of varying volume over the rocks through which it has cut its way during countless centuries. It is a fine sight. Below the falls the perpendicular rocks confine the river in a gorge eighty to a hundred yards wide, to open out and again con- tract, and so make its way for twenty miles to Mandhata, where are famous temples and a cliff from the summit of which human sacrifices took place up to. the year 1824, when the country came under British dominion at the close of the Third Mahratta War. It is plain to the eye that the falls we now see were, ages ago, some eight hundred yards further down; and aeons before that again, several miles below. By the side of the path approaching the sacred river is a small temple dedicated to Mahadeo, from. within which issues the almost unceasing chant of the solitary priest. All through the day and night, with but short intervals for rest and food, he drones away ; and so passes the monotonous days of his earthly existence in contemplation and hope of the Nirvana he aims eventually to attain. ‘He is one of the’ really earnest devotees. and has been here three years, alone in the tiger-haunted forest, with no human dwelling within miles of him on this side of the river. In earlier days similar devotees were carried off from the jungle temples at Amarkantak by man-eating tigers: and that may be so occasionally even at the present time. Early on the 4th October we are on the rocky bank below the nearest fall. The water is beginning to clear; so a good sized murral is seen cruising about. With us is a dhimar, a man of the fisherman caste summoned from the Dhar State on the further bank. Having lived much of his life with the roar of the falls in his ears he has acquired a habit of conversing by signs, so interprets his meaning by taking off his loin cloth which he fashions by means of pieces of driftwood into a sufficiently serviceable net. Squatting at the edge of the rough water he has in a few moments bait for the undoing of Ophiocephalus striatus—and whitebait for our dinner ! ‘He then takes the smail rod set aside for his use, attaches a treble hook to the line, and, stalking the place, quietly drops his bunch of wriggling fry into the rushing stream ten feet below. In less than no time the reel is singing a merry tune. 4 Ibs. and 24 inches long: one of the best eating freshwater fish of India. But all murral are not so simple as that, 760° JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIEIY: Wolo aelt On the other side of the river, where the rapids from the main fall sweep in rushing eddies. along the rugged rocks, are two men with sixteen-foot bamboos and twenty feet of cord. Using dead bait they search the likely places with perpendicular lines and we see three large murral unceremoniously lifted out of the water. ‘Sometimes,’ says our henchman, ‘they catch as much as three maunds of fish in a morning’. It is mahseer we want and: not these coarser fish. The water is too celoured for spinning and we try live bait without result, for the river is rising fast and there must have been heavy rain higher up. In the evening we go to see the reported tracks of a tiger: yA fine fellow he is by his footprints, of which we see both old and new, so know that the sandy ravine is where he passes regularly on his rounds. A tree for a machan chair is selected. There being no suitable root or stump to which the young buffalo can be pick- etted, a trench eight feet in length and a foot wide is dug, with a further length tunnelled at each end, so that a ten-foot log can be sunk two feet below ground level. Round the log is passed a flexible wire rope with a loop at the surface to take a similar rope for attachment to the poor boda’s foreleg. The loop round the animal’s leg is carefully padded. The sand being filled in and well rammed down over stones, adding to the weight, all is secure. No tiger can move such a fixture. A tiger killing at this prepared dinner table should be as good as bagged. There must be no wounding; for, the jungle, apart from any other consideration, is so thick at this season that the follow- ing up of a wounded beast would almost amount to suicide: yet it would have to be undertaken for such are the ethics of the game. Next day a thunderstorm makes everything damp and uncom- fortable, but on the following morning a cloudless sky evidences more settled weather. The water is now less coloured and a 3-lb. mahseer is secured on a spinning dead bait, and in the afternoon another -of the same’ size on “the further ‘side vof ‘the ;riveray Next morning two mahseer of 5 and 6 Ibs. are taken, also on spinning tackle, and then the uncertain weather brings the river down in heavy spate. The rain to cause this six-foot rise must have been a long way off and very heavy: probably it was around the head waters on the Rewah border. Here is a cloudless sky, hot sun, and chilly nights. At 6 a.m. it is 66° and 96° at 2 p.m. For twelve days the river continues in flood. Neither we nor the locals take many fish, and none of them are mahseer. For days our desultory efforts produce only tengra of one to three pounds weight. These scaleless fish afford no sport, but are good to eat. Several perrun, also of the family Siluridae, are caught on live bait, the largest 8 Ibs.—ugly fish having enormous mouths fuil of rows of sharp teeth. All fish of this ‘cat-fish’ family are voraci- ous feeders, and some of them grow to a great size—six feet in length, and 200 lbs. and more in weight. . In 1891 I hooked one quite six feet long, from the stern of an Irrawaddy paddle-wheel steamer lying at anchor for the night below Katha. ° 8 ° 2° ° ipo ee . oo L e ° es a. 'e ee e a . . e Sof . . e he oe * Poe Cea? « d i 08 el Pe a nis ” . oo ee Y e re 7 ¥ f ce '° a & Ae x. 0 -* e a 4 P 2 . ao * | y) 4 S uses a Po ~ 4 . ry hy . q a; 1 | 5 n, H by J . 1 ry 4 ’ 1 . e ° a g . e Fs ‘< ‘ S *, ' 4 b A ‘ tar 2 x ‘. . b ig “i P ate! ao Y g <3 i . tee 5 . . °s A. = Py De a d ‘i . ed Pl « 1 oe 4 Fi o ¢ x ( ao OV Be 64 e Oy bY eB fe aA 4 ed S metas! Ar -: OR ° d ° o " obey 9 = se fey . | ee Le of e iwieg i ° P. £ Wy. Bas - & 3 b 4 . ee ‘ peeee ". ° G5 5 of ee 7 Sane - oes Aa 3 sa . apo 0 . ry . eee 5 ry E soe ue aa J rA5 z “oJ ° ree to ye °° "e i vv? , oe ° sf LF Ae . beth for) ° . ag” fr 6 A Co der s Ye ‘ ° ea are a? y “Foros. oe J A*. SRO 0,5 CMAN °c Bad Se ee A By. 4 roe a a oat = af ° ° - 5 ° . Cr) e a ‘es ° 5 ° ee te . ° ° ° ° YY e . Sieve . » e ®e 4%, 2 0 0 ofqhs rr Agoerodella punkata sp.n. G. Fig. 1, head. Fig. 2, anterior leg, dorsal. Fig. 3, wings. Fig. 4, genitalia dorsal, penis omitted. Fig. 5, genitalia ventral, dorsal plate omitted. Fig. 6, lateral. ‘ —~ a ey Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE VI Adinarthrella brunneasp.n. g. Fig. 1, wings. Fig. 2, head. Fig. 3, genitalia lateral. Fig. 4, dorsal. Fig. 5, ninth sternite and inferior appendages. Journ. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE. VII Adinarthrella inconspicua sp. n. g. Fig. 1, wings. Fig. 2, basal joints of antenna. Fig. 3, palpi. Fig. 4, genitalia lateral. Fig. 9, penis dorsal. Fig. 6, genitalia dorsal. Fig. 7, ninth sternite and inferior appendages. ees Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE VIII Hf if gE g a _ gE . _—— —ISS : | EX Qe Vara | ‘NS (/ Wwe \\ XX Adinarthvella kimsasp.n. G. Fig. 1, wings. Fig. 2, head. Fig. oF genitalia lateral. Fig. 4, genitalia dorsal. Fig. 5, ninth sternite and inferior appendages, bristles from ome apex removed. sia om at ist Byes cea PreK see iy ut ‘6 GN Se Ms a " a ee i Dia ee ’ ‘ 4 t CC { a ie . Ed é = Sees : f 1 oF , ‘ . . . Journ. Bomsay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE IX Adinarthrella parva sp.n. g. Fig. 1, wings. Fig. 2, maxillary palpus. Fig. 3, basal joints of antenna. Fig. 4, genitalia lateral. Fig. 5, penis and sheaths lateral. Fig. 6, genitalia dorsal. Fig. 7, wings, Q PEATE. XxX Journ. BomBay Nat. Hist. SOC: Goerodes indica Mart. ¢. Fig. 1, wings. Fig. 2, palpi. Fig. 3, basal joints of antenna. Fig. 4, genitalia lateral. Fig. 5, inferior append- ages from above. Fig. 6, dorsal plate. Fig. 7, genitalia ventral. Journ. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. PEATE Xi Goevodes inaequalis Mart. g. Fig. 1, wings. Fig. 2, genitalia lateral. Fig. 3, dorsal. Fig. 4, ventral. (After Martynov.) Journ. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE: XT Goerodes kanda sp. n. gO. Fig. 1, wings. Fig. 2, palpi. Fig. 3, genitalia lateral. Fig. 4, dorsal. Fig. 5, ninth sternite and inferior appendages. ey 1B) THE INDIAN CADDIS FLIES (TRICHOPTERA) 781 furrowed on its upper surface; inferior appendages very broad, five-branched; from beneath, four short branches are situated in the apical third, directed inwards and tailwards; the fifth branch arises on the upper surface of the appendage towards its base; it is short with a slender stem and clavate apex. Length of the anterior wing ¢ 7 mm. Ceylon: Mousakande, Gammaduwa, 19-24-x1-1933, Colombo Museum. Type ¢ in the collection of the British Museum. NOTES ON SOME INDIAN BIRDS. BY E. H. N: LowTHER, M:B.0.U., F.Z.S. (With 8 plates). gia Aor RIVER-BEb. (Continued jrom page 777 of Vol. xli, No. 4). March gave place to April a fortnight ago, and already the heat in the United Provinces is such as to necessitate the closing of all doors, windows, and shutters, by 8 o’clock in the morning at the latest, the bungalow thereafter remaining in a dark and more or less air-tight state for some nine hours until the air without becomes cooler. ’Tis then that the Coppersmith tonks his loudest and the koel repeatedly informs us we’re ill, till we begin to think such reaily is the case. Unnecessary noises leave our nerves on edge; the sight of the cook with his hissab makes one itch to wring his neck; everybody and everything seems to conspire to make us thoroughly crossgrained, and we wonder ‘if we had only known before that it was going to be like this’ whether we would have come out to India to earn our living. Although, with the advent of the hot weather, such thoughts annually assail many of us, the true bird-iover is not rattled by the rising thermometer; rather does he welcome the arrival of April, because he knows it is during the next three or four months that the nesting season in India reaches its peak. On all sides now—except at the jhils—there is plenty to interest him, nowhere more so than on the bare sandbanks in our large rivers where, already, the little pratincoles, skimmers, and the different species of terns and plovers are nesting. In spite of the fact that a visit to the breeding haunts of these birds means braving a relent- less sun, and is made with the knowledge that we are going to be well ‘cooked’ long before we are back home again, we decide that we cannot let the month pass without seeing again how the several river-bed birds are faring. But whereas formerly we made the rather tiresome journey to the river in the early morning, we now go overnight, so as to be on the scene of operations with the first blush of dawn. Thus we not only conserve our energies— very necessary aS we grow older—but are likely to see far more of interest during the early hours of the day. Nor is this all: between 6 and 8 a.m. the light is more favourable for photography in the river-bed than during the remainder of the twenty-four hours. And so, having dined well, we proceed about ten miles by car; then, boarding a small boat, are rowed some five or six miles up the Jumna, a full moon making our passage through the shallow channels easier, and showing up an occasional country boat laden with ballast or fodder, anchored for the night. Not a NOTES ON SOME INDIAN BIRDS 783 human sound is to be heard, though other noises keep us awake for a while. The croaking of frogs never ceases—a sure sign we have had rain recently; now and again spur-winged plovers or red-wattled lapwings leave the small islands on which melons are being grown, and where their nests are, to circle over the beat, rending the night with their piercing alarm notes. At this late hour we can note more accurately than is possible during day-light the difference between the notes of the two species: how the former’s call is neither so frequently uttered nor so penetrating as that of the did-he-do-it bird. Then, as we soliloquise, jackals ululate from the river’s bank; which.makes us’ communicative too. Asked for his views concerning the war,.the manji (boatman) holds forth on the Hindu-Muslim lara: (war). Questioning him further we learn he has not heard that the Empire is at war with Germany ; this inspite of the fact that he lives within ten miles of the de jure capital of the United Provinces. Surprising though this may seem, the incident is not without parallel in our experience. We recall a friendly talk round the Christmas camp-fire in a wild part of the. Hazaribagh district in Bihar, when several of the beaters denied all knowledge of the Great War of 1914-18; which shows how little the masses in India are affected by Armageddon, so we!l are they cared for, in spite of its many imperfections, by the SARKAR. It is soon after this ‘discovery’ that the batrachian chorus and the rhythmic beat of the oars lull us to sleep, but not before we have donned a cardigan and pulled a blanket over us, so chilly does it become on the water towards midnight even at this season of the year. We tie up at our destination at 3 a.m., skimmers and terns protesting at this unwarranted intrusion of their haunts, but con- tinue sleeping for another two hours. Then, as Rosy-fingered Dawn, Child of the Morning, appears, we step ashore and climb the right bank in order to obtain the best possible view of the sand islands below us, and to observe through the glasses the teeming bird life on them. A sight fit for the gods is presented to our astonished view, and as we regard it with bated breath we instantly feel as must that hushed throng have felt which gazed on Aeneas as he addressed Dido, the crowd whose bearing is so graphically described in the opening line of the Second book of the AENEID :— Conticuere omnes intentique ora tenebant. We cannot believe that so many birds or so many species can breed in such close proximity to one another: literally hundreds of Indian river terns, black-bellied terns, and little terns are sitting on their eggs, a duty which numbers of skimmers and _ little swallow-plovers are also performing. Many young birds too are to be seen running about the bare sand. Our pulses are quickened by the sight; and though we realise that to-day our time will be well occupied photographing the nests and eggs, as well as the young, of the several species, we decide we must attend to ‘the 784 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL. HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII requirements of the ‘inner man’ before investigating matters further. While breaking our fast with chicken cutlets, and bread, and butter, washed down with copious draughts of delicious iced coffee from. the several flasks, we needs must observe the unceasing pageant of bird-life which passes before us. On the stake to which our boat is secured sits a pied kingfisher, watching the water below for some unsuspecting fish to appear near the surface. Something frightens the bird and it leaves its point of vantage, only, however, to quarter the river in front of us, bill pointing downwards and hovering in the air much like a kestrel. Twice it drops almost vertically, but when within a foot of the water, changes its mind, and rising, hovers once more, wings beating rapidly. Down it dives again—no_ half-heartedness about the plunge now—and this time the bird strikes oil, or rather a fish, and uttering a squeal of delight, flies off with the victim. A pair of large pied wagtails keep flying to and fro between our bank and the sandy islands, returning always with food in their bills. Investigation shows that they have a nest tucked well away under: the exposed roots of a tree.a little further. up the river.” Pine contains four large young. We learn later that 7m our boat is another nest of this species, also containing four well-feathered young birds. The parents have not accompanied us on our. outing, so their offspring will have to remain unfed for some hours, which incident seems to indicate that the adults do not remain overnight with the young. when they are a week or more old. This discovery reminds us of a number of other large pied wagtails’ nests we have seen on ferry-boats plying on the same river, and of the numerous occasions that we have noted the adult birds visit the old and dilapidated tubs when in midstream, in order to feed their young. Most nests of this species that we have seen, however, have been built on the underside of pontoon bridges, immediately over water. Yet other birds we notice are sarus cranes, blacknecked storks, and a Pallas’ fishing eagle. Normally the sarus is, seen in pairs, or in family parties of three or four, according as to how the parents succeeded in hatching off their eggs, but at this time of the year numbers of these birds foregather on the banks of rivers, apparently for feeding purposes. To-day we count fifty- three collected together, and a wonderful spectacle Antigone a. antigone always presents, whether standing proudly or flying with slow, measured wing-beats, red legs and long neck outstretched, and uttering the loud trumpet-like call which is one of the most familiar sounds near jhils in many parts of northern India: The black- necked storks—a family party of four—are feeding not far from the cranes, moving about energetically in a shallow stretch. We note the manner of their progression, how the foot is first removed from the water by a slightly backward movement, then is raised and finally advanced clear of it, and not forced forward through the element as one might expect. Wonderfully handsome the parents are in their glossy black and snow-white plumage: how dowdy though are the young in their smoky brownish-black garments. The Pallas’ fishing eagle flies from a large pipal tree Cn Pee ‘Sunod Ss} JOF poof YM Joysysury prtg YW % NOTES ON SOME INDIAN BIRDS 785 standing back a short distance from the left bank. On it is the bird’s eyrie which, to our knowledge, has been used every year for the past fifteen years, and, according to the villagers, for a very much longer period. Nesting duties are now over, and the young gone out into the world. We are impressed by the large size of the eagle, the yellowish-white colouring about the head and neck, and the wide white subterminal band in the tail, all of which, together with the loud clanging call, make identification easy. The sight of the eagle reminds us of a visit made during an earlier year to the same place, when both birds were observed to swoop down again and again to the far end of the island, there to remain for short periods, all the time chased and mobbed by skimmers, terns, and plovers. Investigation later showed they had ravished countless clutches of these birds’ eggs. No young ones were to be seen. Was this due to none being left or because they had not yet: hatched out? We believe the latter was the case as what eggs remained were either fresh or only slightly incubated. The Pallas’ fishing eagle is not the only enemy of these river- bed nesting birds. Common or garden house crows, and even kites, plunder the eggs in exactly the same manner—indeed I possess quite a good photo of a pair of house crows at a skimmer’s nest, one of them with an egg in its beak. Jackals too are partial to the eggs of terns and skimmers and not one escapes their attention when the birds have laid on a peninsula instead of an island. | am not sure the great stone plover does not also occasionally help itself to the eggs or young: of this more anon. The manjis, for- tunately, do not seem to be interested in these birds’ breeding arrangements. In spite of the season being so late a small colony of sand martins is still engaged in nursery duties. By the margin of the far shore numbers of little stints—smallest of all waders—are feeding. Energetic creatures, they are constantly on the move in their quest for food. Often also they take to flight; at one time they appear to be all brown and the next moment all white, this depending on whether we see their: upper or lower plumage as they ‘bank’. On a spit of one of the islands some forty or fifty teal are attending to a leisurely toilet. Elsewhere Brahminy ducks stand in pairs, all suspicion and ready to take to wing for little or no reason, calling honk-honk. They, as well as the stints and teal, will soon be departing to cooler climes—in fact they ought to have gone ere this. Closer at hand the fowls of the air whose nests, eggs, and young we shall shortly study, are going about their lawful occasions. River terns and little terns fly past us, upwind, twenty feet or more above the water, on the look-out for the tiny surface-feeding fish on which they live. As one is spotted, down the tern plunges, perpendicularly, or nearly so. If the dive is successful, the fish ‘is either eaten, head first, on the wing, or is taken to the. mate sitting on eggs Each piece of water is quartered two or three times before the terns seek pastures new: frequently this is the same stretch but nearer the bank, or further out towards the middle of the river. Now and again the terns strike a shoal of 786 JOURNAL, BOMBAY.NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII tiny fish; then, flying round in graceful circles, they help them- selves freely at the banquet provided. At times, however, fish are apparently not to be found, or had easily. I have seen a little tern, with a fish in its bill, flying in the direction of its breeding ground five miles away. This I had just visited. There was no other nesting haunt in between. There can be no doubt that the fish was being taken to a sitting mate. Thus the capture of the fish, and the return journey to the nesting island, meant a flight of at least ten miles. / _ The black-bellied tern’s feeding arrangements differ some- what from those of the river and little terns. Certainly the bird flies over water and obtains much of its food from that element, but this seems to consist of insects more than fish, though the latter are also taken. It also hawks over the bare sand banks for what it may consume; in which respect its departure from the normal is similar to that of the white-breasted kingfisher which, even the casual observer will tell one, lives more on insects than on fish. Identification of the different species of terns with which we are concerned here is, fortunately, a simple matter, size alone making this easy. Largest of them all—I do not include the skimmer, to which I shall refer presently—is the river tern; then - comes the black-bellied tern, and smallest in size, the little tern. All have the tail long and forked; all have a french-grey upper plumage, with the top and sides of the head, and nape, black, the little tern in addition possessing a conspicuous white forehead. In the colouring of the lower plumage, however, the three species differ; while the under parts of the river tern are a greyish-white, the black-bellied tern’s lower plumage, is either chocolate or black. The little tern has the under parts a chaste white. All three species have the bill yellow, though the depth of colour varies from deep yellow in the river tern to light yellow in the little tern, and orange-yellow in the case of the third species. The legs of the three species are also different in colour: the river tern’s legs are red; those of the black-bellied tern orange-red, and of the little tern yellow. I have said that size alone makes identification of the terns easy, and that the river tern is the largest of the three. But the river tern must not be confused with the skimmer which has a wider expanse of wing, and differs markedly from the terns in other respects also. It is a large black and white bird—much of the black is really a dark brown—with very long pointed wings. At rest, and above, when the bird is flying, the wings are black; viewed from below, the wings in flight are white. The forehead, the lower sides of the head, and from the end of the nape right down the back are white, as is the entire lower plumage and the tail, excepting the central feathers which are dark brown. The rest of the skimmer’s plumage is brownish-black. It will be seen therefore that the skimmer is a very distinguished looking bird. Even more compelling than its plumage, however, is the bill. In. size, shape, and colouring this is distinctive. It is large, some- what arched, the upper mandible noticeably shorter than the lower. and a lovely shade of coral in colour, with the ends tipped yellow. Should the reader have the good fortune to examine a skimmer RN. BoMBAY NAT. Hist. Soc. PLATE II A Little Tern brooding its eggs. The River Tern—the largest of them all. ‘00S “LSI ‘LVN AVAWOg ‘NyNof _ NOTES ON SOME INDIAN BIRDS 787 really closely, he will notice that the mandibles are closely com- pressed, so that they look like two fine knife blades set edge to edge. The reason for this highly specialised structure of the bill becomes immediately apparent if the skimmer is watched obtaining its food. The bird skims over the water with the beak wide open—it is amazing how the wings do not touch the water at all—the lower mandible cutting through the water like a plough, the upper one clear of it. Any fish or other food met with must run up the incline formed: there is no escape. In much the same way, in British railway practice, an express train locomotive picks up water, while running at a high speed, from troughs placed between the rails. By 6 a.m. those skimmers which are not covering their eggs are collected in packs twenty to thirty strong, at the water’s margin, there, except for occasional flights, or to relieve their mates, to spend the best part of the day, leading a thoroughly idle life. If we would watch the skimmer feeding freely and see the bird at its best we must visit its haunts late in the evening—- the hour before sundown is the best time. Feeding begins again at the false dawn but lasts only a short while. Observation at this early hour is, moreover, difficult, and at best guess work. Even under the most favourable circumstances, however, it is difficult to determine what exactly is the nature of the skimmer’s diet. Very small fish are certainly taken but mv observations go to show this is not the staple food; indeed a skimmer usually holds a fish crosswise in its bill for such long periods, and toys-so much with the wretched creature that I always feel it regards the victim with lack-lustre eyes. On the other hand I[ have seen a skimmer pass a fish over to another of its kind; the gift was promptly accepted though some minutes passed before any attempt was made to swallow the fish. More usually, it is my belief, the skimmer prefers insects for its food, and probably also small shrimps. One would imagine dissectign should settle the problem, but apparently even this has not elucidated matters greatly as I see Stuart Baker states that the stomachs of those examined held nothing but a thick oily fluid. es The different species of terns, and the skimmers, naturally attract our attention most, but there are two other species that have their being on the sand banks, which we cannot fail to observe from our vantage point, though at this range we must use the glasses to see whereabout exactly is the main stronghold of the little pratincoles or swallow-plovers; these birds being the colour of the sand it is not an easy matter to pick them up with the naked eye. The little swallow-plover has the upper plumage a sandy-brown with a black line close to the eye. The lower parts are white, including the tail which, however, is tipped black. There is some black and white in the wings which are long and pointed and give this small aberrant plover a swallow-like appearance in flight, though it is appreciably larger than any swallow. Much of the bird’s time is spent in the air, both over water and sand, where it captures its insect food; in which respect it differs from the true plovers who obtain their meat from the soil. Lest it be 788: JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIBTY, Vol: XLII thought that the little pratincole does not obtain its meals from the ground also I hasten to add that it does, in considerable quantities, and possesses short legs which take the bird over the sand at a very creditable speed. The spur-winged plover is of much the same size as the did- he-do-il bird, but possesses none of the self-assurance of that species. It has a small black crest, black head, chin, throat and bill, and a black band across the abdomen. The upper plumage is a greyish-brown, the under parts a greyish-white; there is a good deal of white in the wings and tail, and a black terminal band as well in the tail. Always--in the breeding season at all events—the spur-winged plover seems to be sneaking away from our direction, body and head lowered; always it appears wishful to avoid our gaze, as though it had committed some foul deed, and was now thoroughly ashamed of itself. It is strange that those very methods which the bird employs to escape our notice usually bring the spur-winged plover under observation. Not flashily clad, its alarm note is not so penetrating or interrogative in character as is the red-wattled lapwing’s. It is usually a clear did, or did-did. But we have tarried too long over breakfast, and must be up and doing if we would avoid the sun’s fiercest rays, and the dust storm which is such a trying feature of the month of April. So, boarding the boat once more, we are rowed across to the largest of the islands, on which the different river-bed birds are breeding. As we land, river and little terns fly overhead, and make an appal- ling noise. Presently an unusually bold river tern swoops down on us repeatedly, without, however, actually striking us, its loud and rather drawn out note—ping—sounding like the scream of a bullet whistling past us. But before we have seen a single hest or young bird we halt to enquire the explanation for a number of holes going vertically into the sand. The manji tells us they have been made by the goo-goo, which lives at the far end of the burrows. Intrigued to see the creature, we have not long to wait, for, as the boatman pours some ,water down a burrow, up pops a remarkable looking cricket with a thick body some two inches in length, over which is a finely checked grey sheath. Over the tail is an object that looks like a watch spring. On either side of this is a single spike about a quarter of an inch in length. Other remarkable features are the very long, fine whiskers, the fierce-looking jaws, the prominent black eyes and the three sets of feet, all powerfully arrayed with spikes, the centre pair armed both fore and aft, the leading pair in front, and the trailing pair in rear. All these feet end in ‘hands’, used apparently first to dig up the sand or earth, and then to throw it away. The general colouring is light brown, with dark brown markings. The boatman volunteers the information that goo-goos, when matched against each other, fight to the death; that they are nocturnal in their habits, and those that return to their homes late are greedily snapped up by kites and crows. A reference to the Society, however, tells us that the goo-goo is less terrifying than its appearance, in spite of scientists having saddled it with the appalling name of Schizodactylus monstruosus; that it is a JouRN. BoMBAY Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE IV The Little Swallow Plover hunts its insect food in the air or on the ground. A Spur-winged Plover approaching its nest. JOURN. BoMBAY Nat. Hist. Soc. Baby Skimmers are even more difficult to detect than the eggs. They are indistinguishable from the indentations of crusted sand in which they lie. A young Skimmer hiding after its first flight. NOTES ON SOME INDIAN BIRDS 789 species of cricket which burrows into the sand banks in rivers, and into the loose soil in fields. We learn too that it occurs in the drier parts of northern and north-west India, and is described as doing a certain amount of damage to cultivation by cutting the roots of plants in the course of burrowing. Very little, however, is known of the insect’s habits. But we came not to study goo-goos, fascinating though these must be to the bug-hunter. Let us theretore press on and see — what the teeming bird-life has to show. Ah! here’s the first lot of eggs . . . Yes, three is the largest number I have known ide by any tern ... Not much of a nest, is it? ... The eggs lie on the bare sand. House furnishing is a very simple matter, all that the female has to do being to turn round once or twice, the circular depression so formed serving as a nest. Sometimes, however, a few straws line the nest; particularly is this the case when the eggs are laid near the water’s margin, where the sand shows signs of remaining damp . .. Judging by the size of the eggs, and the greenish tinge in their ground colour, I should say this clutch is the property of a pair of river terns. The skimmer’s eggs are about the same size as the river tern’s, but are invariably of a buff or stone colour. However, eggs of both species are commonly similarly coloured, so that identification is by no means always easy. The only certain method of identifying the eggs of the river tern and skimmer is to watch the parent bird to the nest . . . All terns and skimmers’ eggs are spotted or blotched with dark brown or reddish-brown markings on the surface, with under-lying patches of a purple shade. In the case of the little tern these markings frequently form a pronounced band about one-third the way down the egg, though the remainder of the egg is also marked . . .The eggs blend astonishingly with their sur- roundings . . . More nests? Yes, of course, skimmers and _ all these terns are very colonial in their breeding arrangements .. . Hereabouts all three species of terns are nesting together, hopelessly mixed up. Not many black-bellied terns though—they always seem to remain somewhat aloof. At other times territory appears to be carefully parcelled off, so that each species keeps to itself. The eggs are seldom deposited on the bare expanses of fine, glistening sand; usually the nests are made along the ridges left by the receding water at the close of the previous monsoon... . A clutch of four eggs? . . . Without doubt they are a skimmer’s. Every year I happen on one or more clutches of five laid by this species. . . Hullo! eggs sprinkled with water ... More treated in this wise?. . . From mid-April onwards, when the sun is well in the heavens, I usually come across eggs, and young birds too in the down state, sprinkled with water. I suppose the parent birds do this to prevent the eggs being baked . . . Just put the back of your hand on the sand . . . Wickedly hot, isn’t it? ... Ah! some young birds . . . Sandy-brown in colour with buff markings on the head and back .. . Lying stretched out full length, as flat as pancakes, and not moving a hair, they are even more difficult to distinguish from their surroundings than are the eggs, particularly when they rest in indentations in the ‘crusted’ sand, These are baby skimmers. Young terns have the down a 790. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII richer brown, and are more heayily marked about the head and body . . . I wonder when the young skimmer’s bill becomes shaped like, and assumes the colour of, the adult’s? Certainly not before it has learnt to fly. At this age the young skimmer’s bill and feet are of a horn colour. The bill has assumed, more or less, the shape of two knife blades placed edge to edge, but the two mandibles are of much the same length, and the upper is. not yet arch-shaped. Now we are approaching the breeding territory of the little swallow-plovers ... . Becoming a bit excited, are they. not? Yes, as they flutter about before us, every single one apparently either with legs or wings broken, they look as though some sportsman (sic) had ‘browned’ them. Actually they are as hale and hearty as either of us. They have eggs or young, and this is their method of decoying us away from their treasures . . . No good your chasing the birds, Pokhi. Look about for their eggs instead . . .. We must be right on the spot now—the swallow- plovers are almost dancing on their heads in their anxiety. Yes, here» are the eggs—only two im each nest. At one.’ time and another, I suppose I must ,have examined quite oné thousand nests of this species, but only once have I seen one with more than two eggs—a clutch of three . . . Must be quite fifty nests hereabouts. Most of them on caked sand; some in the shelter of a small plant that looks like groundsel. Some in no nest proper, others in a slight depression. Like terns’ eggs, those of the swallow-plover vary greatly in colouring, the ground ranging from light fawn to grey and pale green, with brown, reddish-brown and purple blotches, spots and pencillings super- imposed . . . There are a couple of newly hatched pratincoles. Already they know how to lie low. What large gapes they have— rather. like voung nightjars. Clothed in grey down—different from the baby terns and skimmers . . . Here’s an interesting find— a light blue-coloured egg of the little swallow-plover, and without» any spots on it. I remember seeing a clutch of river tern’s eggs similarly coloured. The species possesses notes which I would never have dared to attribute to it had I not heard and seen them uttered while inside a hiding tent photographing a little swallow- plover at the nest. Some sounded like the tuck-tuck-tuck call of the house lizard; others made me feel I was listening to a green- finch singing . . . Look at that spur-winged plover on our left, sneaking away, ventre a terre. Its nest is probably alongside those derelict bajra stalks about thirty yards our side of the bird:. . . As I thought, the four eggs lie in a noticeable’ depres- sion, their pointed ends meeting in the centre. A real effort at nest building here, the eggs lying on several small pieces of straw. A favourite situation for the nest is among the melon beds on these islands. The owners do not usually demonstrate while we examine the nest. However, a member of this species once endea- voured to draw me away from its eggs by playing the broken wing game. It is a different matter when the spur-winged plover has young: then the parents show their anxiety by flying over us, calling the while. We now make for the island’s ‘coast line’, the ground there being. firmer and walking consequently easier than over the soft N. BoMBAY Nat. Hist. SOc. PLATE VI Like Terns’ eggs, those of the Skimmer vary greatly in colouring. A young Swallow Plover hiding. JouRN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. A Little Ringed Plover comes to its nest. ‘A little ball of fluff, mottled grey and brown above’ Little Ringed Plover. Se ——— NOTES ON SOME INDIAN BIRDS 791 sand we are traversing at present. We have not gone far when we see a little ringed plover running from inland towards the water’s margin. About six inches in length ‘and assimilating with its surroundings to a remarkable degree, the bird is always hard to spot and its eggs even more difficult to locate. I ‘am con- fident, however, that the bird we have just seen has a nest; other- wise it. would not have been such a distance away from the water. Mark carefully the place where we first saw the plover and look about ten .or fifteen yards to the right, as the bird had probably run that distance before we spotted it... We search diligently, each step taken with the greatest care lest we crush the eggs. Soon they are found, within seven yards of where they were expected to be, lying in a depression of the ‘caked’ sand Notice how the little ringed plover stands by the water, not uttering a sound but, every now and then, pretending to be searching for food. ‘The bird’s conduct is in strong contrast to that shown by. another of the same species whose downy babes I once examined. Hearing the plaintive notes of an adult ringed plover and fancying these indicated the presence of young birds I commenced looking for them, my search made to the accompaniment of even more plaintive calling. As I examined her children-—little balls of fluff, mottled grey and brown above and pure white below, wearing the inevitable ‘collar’ peculiar to baby plovers and possessing con- spicuous black-eyes—the parent ran close up to me and literally seemed to beg me not to harm her young. . . Nests of this species which I have found in the plains have never contained more than three eggs; in Kashmir all my nests contained four eggs. Two personal experiences immediately come to mind in con- nection with the photography of the little ringed plover. The first concerns a hide which had been put up against a nest of this species on the left bank of the Chumbul river. [I was inside the hide and my shikari had taken his departure, when the sound of heavy foot- steps was borne in on me. Thinking the obtruder would soon veer off I remained quiet. The steps came nearer and before I could act, the hide and camera, to say nothing of myself. were knocked over by a cow which had come to graze off the branches, grasses, etc., stuck on to the outside of the tent for purposes of camouflage. The camera shutter was broken; so were the three eggs in the nest . . . The second experience produced far more satisfactory results to everybody concerned. I had taken a number of photos of a little ringed plover at the nest. The plates on development being found to be heavily over-exposed, I returned the following day to the hide-—fortunately it had been Jeft in situ over night— to correct my error. The ringed plovers were now very tame. Having made a few exposures I dismantled the tent and sat down less than five feet away from the nest, in full view of its owners. This made no difference to the birds who proceeded to incubate and even change places on the nest as though nothing untoward had occurred. During this session too I was to learn that birds sometimes continue to woo each other after the eggs have been laid. The male ringed plover not only courted his mate vigorously— rushing up to her with the lower plumage fluffed out—but indulged 792 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII in the sex act, the female leaving the three hard set eggs for the purpose, We are now nearing the extreme end of the island. It was a fortunate thought that made us tell the manji to meet us here with the boat, for it is now 10-30 and the sun uncommonly hot. Before, however, we commence the journey home, we must (as we are so near) investigate that long, narrow limestone or kanker reef standing only two or three feet out of the water some two hundred yards upstream; it is just the sort of place where we may expect to find the great stone plover nesting . . . That tiny bird you nearly trod on then did not delay its departure for nothing... It. was a Ganges sand-lark . . . There is the nest, a snug little affair, made of grass and fine roots, lined with vegetable fibres, tucked away in a small cavity in the ground where the great heat has cracked the clay soil till huge fissures appear. The nest con- tains three eggs, in general appearance very similar to miniatures of those laid by the large pied wagtail. How difficult it is to realise, even as we stand almost over it, that we are looking into a bird’s nest. In this terrible glare the structure harmonises wonderfully with its surroundings. Now we are in for it—here comes the sand storm. We can do nothing, situated as we are, except bear its full force. The sand will get into our mouths, our hair, down our throats, into our eyes and ears, penetrate everything, even the cameras in their cases and the loaded dark slides . . . I shall have to be more than careful when I take out the plates to develop . . . Ugh! how beastly it is crunching sand, and how it /ashes one in the face. . . Every year I make up my mind never to bother again with these river-bed birds; every succeeding year they appeal with even greater force . . . Yes, I suppose there is no fool like an old fool . But our sufferings are nothing compared with those of the young skimmers and terns. After such a storm I have seen large numbers of these young birds practically buried by the drifting sand, only the tops of their bodies, heads and bills visible. However, they soon crawl out of their temporary tombs, the sand that still adheres bearing eloquent testimony to the discomfort they have suffered. On such occasions the parent terns and skimmers do overtime splashing water over their eggs and young. Many clutches of eggs also become completely buried; only the tops of others are to be seen. Matters are, however, soon put right and in a few minutes all the eggs again lie in neat, circular depressions. The storm having spent itself at last, we board the boat to see whether our surmise is correct with regard to the nesting of the. great stone. plover; . ... It 2s; by Jove . -* i Bere so0es one of the pair, running as hard as it can. It is a considerably larger bird than the stone plover, and essentially a denizen of the river bed, where outcrops of rocks, mingled with patches of sand, occur. The hird’s most conspicuous feature is (to my mind) the bill which is shaped very much like a mortising chisel... Now the second bird comes into view—standing still, watching us. Very likely the female, and in all probability she has just come off the eggs. . . Here they are—beautiful objects, of a stone colour with bold dark brown blotches and underlying markings. e ® TTA aLVv Td = O S LSI} “LV NI AVdWOg Nuno[ NOTES ON SOME INDIAN BIRDS 793 No nest worthy of the name really ... Two is the full clutch... The egg is about 2.1”X1.6” in size. Earlier I hinted that the great stone plover may possibly be an egg-lifter, a baby-snatcher. I have very little to advance in support of this view and possibly the facts can also be used in argument against my theory; any way, here is the evidence for what it is worth. Passing a small island one morning, on which some driftwood and small babool branches lay scattered about, 1 noticed river and black-bellied terns swoop constantly at something under one of the aforesaid branches. The glasses showed it to be a great stone plover; and a thin time old ‘goggle-eyes’ was having, judging by the manner in which he—perhaps she—I shall revert to this presently-—flinched every time a tern dived at him. Obviously the great stone plover was incubating eggs, and equally obviously the bird was thoroughly scared. An hour later, on my return from a visit to a crested lark’s nest, I waded out to the island. Now no mobbing was taking place, nor were there any signs of a great stone plover under the lopped off babool branch. A pair of these birds were, however, standing at the end of the island, each on one leg, looking the forlorn souls they often do. Past them flew an occasional tern, now taking no notice of the great stone plovers. Investigation of their nest showed that a tragedy ,had very recently occurred: the two eggs were broken, their yolks still drying in the sand. Did a tern smash them? or did the great stone plover itself cause the damage, exasperated beyond measure at being persistently mobbed, and having to incubate under such trying circumstances? Personally, I incline to the latter view. But why did the terns mob the great stone plover in such determined manner before, when now they took no notice of the birds? We can only speculate as to the reason, but the impression that was created in my mind at the time still remains to-day, that the great stone plover had been caught in flagrante delicto filching an egg or young bird, and the terns were determined that Justice should be done. Somewhere I have read that only the female great stone plover incubates. This may be the case generally but it is not the in- variable rule. At the one and only nest on which I have succeeded in photographing this species, the ‘change over’ took place three times during the course of two days. Certainly the bird which I took to be the female incubated for long periods, but on one occasion the male (presumably) sat continually for a little over two hours. This brief study of the great stone plover concludes the list of breeding birds we may normally hope to study when visiting a river-bed. There are, however, two other species I constantly meet with when proceeding to the nesting haunts of skimmers and terns; not that the nests of the two species referred to are not found also in localities far removed from the neighbourhood of our large rivers, because they are, the wire-tailed swallow’s some- times even in the verandahs of our houses, and those of the cliff swallow under the arch of a canal bridge. But the cliff swallow’s nesting site, par excellence, is the high bank of a river, such as the Jumna or Chumbul. These high banks are cliffs to all intents 794 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII and purposes, and are a feature of parts of the Agra and Etawah districts, through which these rivers flow. Similarly the nesting of the wire-tailed swallow is associated in our minds with shelving rocks, whether these be on the river’s bank, or piled one on another in mid-stream. _ Never shall I forget my first glimpse of the nests of the cli swallow. I was on the right bank of the Chumbul and noticed, upstream, on the face of the left bank, something that looked like a large map of India. Due to the shimmer that was coming off the sands I was unable to tell, even with the glasses, what the ‘map’ was. I therefore waded across and in due course investigated matters. The ‘map’ turned out to be between two and_ three hundred nests of the cliff swallow! They looked just like so many carafes, their bases stuck to the cliff face, the mouths of the bottles protruding towards the river. What a scene of activity pervaded the colony—birds flying in and out. of their nests the whole time, feeding the young, twittering the while. The ubiquitous sparrow had taken possession of a number of nests, and where this was the case the tubular entrances were broken away in vary- ing degrees. ; | A beautiful and striking bird is the wire-tailed swallow, with its bright steel-biue upper plumage, chestnut-capped head, spotless white under-parts and long wire-like outer feathers some seven inches longer than their companions. The nest of this species, a shallow, pellet constructed affair, lined scantily with dried grass and a few feathers, and containing up to three eggs, ground colour white, with reddish-brown spots and speckles, mostly collected round the broad end; is commonly attached to the under surface of a sloping rock, sometimes only a foot or two above water. I cannot conclude this article without some reference to the photography of river-bed birds. A hide placed in the tree tops is quickly accepted by spoonbills, cormorants, etc. as part and parcel of the tree in which their nests are located, but the sudden appear- ance of a hiding tent on a large sandy island is regarded with disfavour by terns and skimmers, even though at first this is placed at some distance from any nest. This suspicion of the hide is only natural, as whether it is erected to look like a bush, or a large pimple or wart in the sand, the creation is, to say the least, something quite out of the ordinary on what, after all, is a bare desert island.. With the river-bed birds, therefore, the photo- grapher starts at a;disadvantage. But this is not all. The west wind, or loo, which blows throughout April and the first half. of May, the principal breeding season of the terns, skimmers. and swallow-plovers, literally speaking. rocks the hide, no matter how deep the uprights go into the sand, or how tight-fitting on its frame, is the canvas work. Every bird-photographer knows there is nothing that, alarms a sitting bird so much as movement of the hiding tent... And what shall I \say of ‘the heat inside the hide? This is greater than anything one can conceive. Many a time, on crawling out of, the tent after photographing a tern or swallow-plover, blinded with perspiration and almost in a state of collapse, have I felt;..on exposure to the sun,,as though I had suddenly been transported to the Arctic regions, ,-so cool is it in <<< NOTES ON SOME INDIAN BIRDS 795 the open after the stifling heat within. I do not exaggerate the conditions; I merely state the facts so that the would-be photo- grapher may know what he is up against. But if the obtaining of pictures of skimmers and terns is attended with difficulties, the photographer is, at all events, a constant spectator of most interest- ing and exciting episodes in the bird-life around him, as the fol- lowing extracts from my diaries indicate :— ‘From time to time I am a silent witness of the most affectionate intimacies in the lives of these birds and cannot help feeling a horrible Peeping Tom. One little tern brings a small fish which it holds proudly and delivers to its sitting mate, to the accompani- ment of much loving chit-chat on the part of both birds. A photo of such an incident might well be entitled ‘‘From the Bridegroom to the Bride’’ Sometimes, after presenting the fish, the donor proceeds to incubate the eggs, while his mate flies off; at others, on the approach of her mate, the sitting bird runs off ‘the eggs to greet her husband, and having swallowed the fish, returns to incubate. Occasionally one bird relieves the other without first having presented it with a fish, and when this is the case I think it must be the female returning to ‘the nest.’ ‘I have just witnessed a most amazing incident. A little tern ‘arrived at one nest with a fish in his bill, and the bird’s move- ments indicated that he intended presenting it to his wife who, by her movements also, obviously anticipated receiving the dainty morsel. Instead he withdrew, and then strutted round his sitting mate three times, finally ‘‘treading’’ her on the nest; which done, he pranced round and round his wife again, and once more ‘‘trod”’ her, whereupon he presented her with the fish and then flew. aw ay. ie nest holds three eggs.” ‘A disappointing day so far but I have just seen pOmeine: that compensates for a great deal. A young river tern-—no young birds here are more than two or three days old—ran across the open sand and was about to pass a sitting skimmer when the latter leit its eggs and attacked the young bird. The baby tern bolted in alarm, hotly pursued by the skimmer who tried to pick up the tot in its feet. At the third attempt the skimmer was successful in doing this and carried the little thing off, vigorously’ chased by a pair of river terns. All three birds ‘twisted and turned during the hurly-burly, and eventually the skimmer dropped the ternling in the river. I feared the worst had happened to the mite but presently saw it heading for the island, on reaching which it at once went into hiding.’ OCCURRENCE OF SYNANTHERIAS SYLVATICA SCHOTT IN THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY, AND NOTES ON SOME OTHER ARACEAE OF INTEREST. BY CHARLES MCCANN, F.L.S. (With 4 plates) Synantherias sylvatica Schott. Gen. Avoid. (1858)t. 28. As far back as 1917, soon after I had commenced my _ botanical training, I had seen the leaves of an aroid which appeared different trom the species I was familiar with. Perhaps I had seen the fruit also, but had mistaken it for that of one of the more common species of Amorphophallus—quite an easy mistake in this instance. The leaves were characteristic enough, but in the absence of the inflorescence, they could not be identified with any degree of certainty. I repeatedly tried to obtain the inflorescence, especially at the time when I made a special study of some of the local aroids, but without success. I visited the known habitat, Bhandup, Salseite Island, repeatedly in all weathers, but I seemed doomed to failure. The reason tor the disappoint- ment was obvious, I was not at the spot at the right time, a most important point when dealing with many of the aroids. Then again, DEE conditions may retard or accelerate the flowering period. Some years ago, I was in the same locality towards the end of the rains and I came across a number of the plants in leaf. The old longing to solve the problem of this baffling aroid returned, and so I brought some of the plants home and planted them in a pot in my garden. The corms leafed regularly every year at the break of the monsoon, but never flowered. The reason for this non-flowering was obvious to me, the corms I had brought were not yet large enough—this fact is common to many species of the order. At last, towards the end of May 1941, an inflorescence appeared in the pot, and on the 24th of the month was fully open. It was Synantherias sylvatica Schott, a plant excluded by Cooke* from the Flora of the Bombay Presidency. At long Jast, almost after a quarter of a century I was able to fix the identity of this illusive aroid! Elated with my ‘discovery’, I sat down at once and worked late into the night to complete the accompanying drawings. Next morning I made the colour notes and took the necessary measurements before setting off for work. No rain had fallen up till now. On. the 3rd June there were a few showers with all the signs of the approaching monsoon. On the 4th I visited Bhandup with the sole purpose of obtaining further material for examination and preservation, thinking that Synantherias, like Amorphophallus, flowered soon after the first showers. This was precisely my mistake all these years. Most of. the inflorescences I now found were already in well advanced fruit, which clearly indicated that the former flowered some time before the rains. In the Journal B.N.H.S., xxxv, p. 29, Blatter and I recorded the occurrence of this species in the Presidency from a sheet in the Herbarium of the Economic Botanist, Poona, from Bedoli, N. Kanara. The date on the sheet ‘Sept. 1893’ indicated that it flowered in September. Likewise there is a xeference to the flowering period in Trimen’s flora as ‘September 1885.’ Why there should be this difference between the Kanara and Ceylon specimens and the Salsette plants I fail to understand. Amorphophallus generally blooms only after the first showers of rain. Another point of difference between the two genera is that the corms of Amorphophallus either flower or leaf in the same season, but do not do both in the same season, whereas the corms of Synantherias flower and then bear leaves in the same season—a point worth consideration. Authors appear to be undecided as to whether this plant should be con- sidered as a species of Amorphophallus or be treated as a member of a separate Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prate If. C. McCann del. Synantherias sylvatica Schott. 1, Inflorescence; 2, Inflor. in section; 3, grain of pollen; 4, top view of stigma; 5, pistil; 6, anther; 7, neuter; 8, 1. s. of fruits) 9, t. ss of fruit, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prate II. Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume. 1; entire plant; 2, bud; 3, spadix; 4, T. S. of bacea; 5,.open flower ; 6, seed ; 7, tube of spathe in fruit; 8, seed. OCCURRENCE OF SYNANTHERIAS SYLVATICA SCHOTT 797 genus, Synantherias Schott. Hooker? (1893) considers it as a species of Synan- therias; Cook* (1908) follows Hooker; but Fischer? (1931) considers it as a species Of Amorphophallus! In the absence of firsthand knowledge of the plant Blatter and I’ followed Fischer when revising the Araceae of the Presidency, but in the light of my recent cbservations I feel that Synantherias should be retained as a separate genus. Blume created the genus Amorphophallus, and according to the works I have at my disposal, distinctly says, ‘neuters 0’. ‘In Synantherias neuters are present. Hooker* under the generic characters of Synantherias writes, ‘Charac- ters of Amorphophallus, but male and fem. infl. distant, with oblong depressed interposed neuters.’ Fischer, ‘Neuters 0 or few.’ This appears a departure from Blume’s definition. I do not know of any of our species of Amorphophallus in which neuters are present. Therefore, as neuters are present in Synantherias I consider it worthy of generic rank. Coupled with the presence of the neuters is the absence of a distinct limb to the spathe. Then again, there are the two field characters already referred to, namely (a) the earlier flowering period, and (b) the production of inflorescence and leaf by the same corm in the same season—both physiological character, perhaps of some importance. The size of the leaf or the inflorescence is relative to the size of the corm. Colour is also often a variable character. Though the general tones are similar there is much individualism, and it is also dependent on age, i.e. whether the inflorescence is fresh or old. : Measurements and colour notes taken from fresh specimens: Peduncle reach- ing 550 mm., dark green with lighter longitudinal markings, or pinkish with or without the markings, the markings when present are greenish brown. Inflorescence reaching 310 mm. Spathe 86X36 mm. dia. (when in bloom) similar in tones for the basal third as the peduncle then passing into deep purplish tones with or without markings. Internally, deep’ red-purple for the upper two-thirds, passing downward to almost black at the base. Spadix 305 mm. the flower-bearing portion reaching 59 mm., included within or exceeding the opening of the tube; appendage reaching 240 mm., smooth or slightly wrinkled, olive green or purplish-brown. Males purplish; female flowers at first creamy, the ovaries passing to green, the stigma yellow; neuters 14X14 mm. at first creamy, smooth, turning light earthy brown (like the skin of a potato) and finally becomes pinkish and somewhat rugose. The portion of the spadix bearing the female flowers alone enlarges in fruit. [Fruit at first dark green then turning scarlet. Corm 80X50 mm. creamy or earthy brown. Distribution.—‘The Deccan Peninsula, from the northern Circars to the Concan, and southwards to Ceylon’ (Hooker).* ‘A native of the mountainous parts of the Circars’ (Roxburgh)'. Cooke* mentions it under the ‘Excluded Species’ and gives the following reasons for its exclusion :— ‘I cannot find any satisfactory evidence for the occurrence of this as a Bombay plant. [Engler D. C. Monog. Phan. v. 2 (1879) p. 320] gives Bombay as its habitat from the specimens in the Herbarium of Hooker and Thomson, which were however obtained from the Nilgiri Hills and Kurg, localities quite outside the Bombay Presidency. There is in Herb. Kew. a solitary specimen which was presented to the Glasgow Botanic Gardens by Mrs. Nimmo, but this is accompanied by no authentic note of locality and may have been collected anywhere. Woodrow gives Marmagao in his list, but the Marmagao plant is Amorphophallus commutatus, Engl., which though quite distinct, has often been mistaken for this. The plant occurs in S. India and is common in the drier parts of Ceylon.’ Localities: The only place where I know this species exists is at Bhandup, Salsette Island. It is very common in the area. Here it grows in the open among rocks or under mango trees. Elsewhere, I do net remember having seen the plant.* _— Illustrations.—Wight’s® table 802 though it certainly gives a good idea of the plant is a little defective in detail, The spathe, as far as I have been able to observe (I have examined several) does not fold over on the left side, but on the right. The spathe seldom opens to the middle (old fls.) it usually ———$————— ES wee * Since writing the above, I discovered this plant in leaf in the forest along the road to Vajrabai, near the Tansar river, on the 13th July 1941. 8 a 798 jJOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST: SOCIETY; Vol. XEI1 fits closely round the spadix. The neuters are not the correct shape. The details of the female flowers are not quite correct. Note.—-Both in the wild state and in my garden example .I found species of small cockroaches (Blattidae) within the tube, bui it was not clear whether these insects were just tenants, or whether they were concerned with pollina- tion. The pollen is spherical, smooth and yellow. Aniorphophaltus commutatus Engler. On the 25th June 1934 I came across an outsize of this species on the banks of the Powai lake, Salsette Island. Some of the measurements are as follows :— Tuber 210 mm. across, and weighing 3 Ibs. 10 oz. Cataphyl, the longest 3065 mm. Spathe 420 mm. by 130 mm., rough within to the height of the male and female flowers. Appendage of spadix 420 mm., purple, tip subacute. Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Biume. I have had ample opportunity cf observing this plant both in the wild state and in pots in my garden. Jo my detriment I introduced this plant into my garden. It is most prolific, the parent corm gives off innumerable small bulbils which give rise to new generations—it is a pest. The reason for this . co) prolife propagation by budding was soon apparent. The plant flowers profusely, but does not set seed in proportion. It is the frequent infertility of the flowers which is counterbalanced by a generous tuber formation. With regard to the colouration of the spathe there is a difference of opinion :— Hooker’, ‘lurid red, papilose within.’ Cooke*t, does not mention this point. Trimen®, “spathe 4-5 in., -peduncled, green.’ Fischer®, ‘greenish, white or lurid without, red within.’ Strangely, very little is mentioned in any of the works of the colour of the other parts of the inflorescence. My own observations after several years are as follows :— Spathe at first pale green with a very narrow, faint purplish margin. The tube becomes intensely green with age, then yellows before it dies off. The limb is at first a transluceni pale green turning whitish as it-dies. The limb first falls away from the appendage, flat, then soon after becomes spirally twisted and falls back. The tube thickens, becomes strongly winged (ribbed)—a character omitted by most authors. Trimen being the only one who mentions this point. The neck closes tightly. The appendage is a pale sulphurous or orchreous yellow. Male flowers yellow; upper neuters white, lower neuters white with deep purple tips; females pale yellow turning greenish. In no instance have I found the spathe to be lurid or réd in this species. Attention was drawn to this point in vol. xxxv, 22, of the Journal. Trimen® has got the disposition of the neuters in his description all wrong— there are no neuters above the male flowers—all the neuters are between the male and female flowers. The subulate neuters are below the males and below these are the clavate neuters followed by the females as in the accompanying illustration. Measurements.—Peduncle 95 mm. Spathe, tube 35 mm., limb 170 mm. Spadix, appendage 152 mm. ¢@d 5 mm; upper neuters 8 mm. lower neuters Io mm: 99 5 mm. Illustrations.—Wight’s table 791 is a figure of a robust plant with the inflorescences still in bud. The corm is too bulb-like. Localities.—T. flagelliforme is an extremely common plant in some of the roadside gutters at Andheri often forming dense tufts. The plants continue to produce leaves as long as there is moisture. It flowers profusely in August and September, but may continue to do so later into the year. Typhonium amboinense Blatt. & McCann. On the 21st June 1940 Mr. J. Jacobs, Secretary of the Prince of Wales Museum gave me a specimen of this species in flower which he had found in the Museum grounds. I saw a second specimen which was in bloom collected by Fr. Santapau in the grounds of St. Xavier’s College, Bombay, during the month of May 1941. The colour of the museum specimen was recorded as follows :—Spathe deep red-purple within, darker outside. Spadix appendage deep purple, male flowers q H Piate IIT. t. Soc. IS ourn.. Bombay Nat. | ri Tastee sae! a= EN: SN = ‘ Typhonium amboinense Blatt & McC, - Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Pate Iv. \ Nak . iN t/ i : bp at ss : ees a 8 - wa = ena 9 carina nan St OST, G Theriophonum indicum ‘Dalz. 1, entire-plant; 2, fruit; 3, inflorescence in section X23; 4, bacca; 5, bacca in section; 6, seed. OCCURRENCE OF SYNANTHERIAS SYLVATICA SCHOTT 799 pinkish; neuters yellow; females purplish. The spathe opens flat, but becomes twisted towards the tip as it gets older—a point common to the spathe of several aroids. Wight’s table 803 is the figure of a robust specimen. The corm is much too bulb-like. Comparing table 803 with table 790 there seems little to choose between, but a closer examination shows a difference; t. 803, T. amboinense has the neuters recurved whereas t. 790, T. divaricatum, portrays the neuters erect. Theriophonum indicum Dalz. This plant is common on the eastern faces of some of the Salsette Hills in the neighbourhood of Mulland. I have come across it at Borivli, but it is less frequent on the western side of the island. The leaves appear soon after the break of the rains followed by the inflorescence. Generally there is only a single inflorescence to each plant. The tube of the spathe is at first pale green, it then turns almost white. The limb is red-purple. Appendage of spadix purple. The leaves are very variable in size and may reach 300 mm. long, by almost half. as broad. In fruit the peduncle clongates and becomes twisted. The interval between the appearance ot the flowers and the formation of the fruit is almost a month (22-7-"35 to 18-8-'35). ae ei LITERATURE. Roxburgh.—Flora Indica, vol. ili. Hooker, J. D.—Flora British India, -vol. vi. Schott, H. G.—Prodromus Systematis Avroidearum. Cooke, F.— Flora of the Bombay Presidency, vol. ii. Fischer, C. E. C.—Flora of the Madras Presidency. Trimen, H.—Handbook of the Flora of Ceylon, vol. iv. Blatter, E.—Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency, Part XV. Vigsoss NH. S., vol. xxxv. Wight, R.—Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis, vol. iii. Oo SW DNbwW dh 4 A NEW FOSSORIAL SNAKE (RHINOPHIS DORSIMACULATUS) FROM CEYLON. BY P, E. P,. DERANIYAGALA, M.A. (Cantab.), A.M. (Harvard), BP: CIP] Sa8 Fk. Dec, ehezes Director, Colombo Museum. (IVith one piate and one text-figure). The new snake here described belongs to the genus Rhinophis Hemprich, a genus restricted to southern India and Ceylon and representing one of the mosi advanced phases of fossorial adaptation in the suborder Serpentoidea. In this genus not only are the head shields and tail strongly modified for such a habitat but the pigmentation is remarkable in that a number of species, particularly those from the more arid districts, display the reverse condition to that usual in ordinary snakes by being light dorsally, and dark ventrally. The variety of bright colors displayed by this family, the Uropeltidae, and the related Ilysiidae, atfords a striking contrast to the sombre pig- mentation of either the equally fossorial Typhlopidae, or some of Ceylon’s fossorial lizards of the family Scincidae. Members of the family Uropeltidae are remarkably stenotopic, and the variety and abundance of the species of Rhinophis in Ceylon as compared with India, suggests that this Island is the original home of the genus from whence it apparently entered the sub-continent during one of the more recent Pleistocene connexions between the two countries. Six of the seven species recorded from Ceylon possess large caudal shields which are longer than half the shielded area of the head. These are further sub-divided into species in which the rostral shield is at least half the length of the shielded area of the head, and into those in which it is shorter. Another method of sub-division is by estimating the relative lengths of the rostral and parietals in fractions of the length of the frontal shield. When the species is not uniformally colored the easiest method of identification is by attention to pigmentation which is more or less constant for each species, but this is not’ possible in decolorized spirit specimens. The large rostral and caudal shields and distinctive color pattern of black vertebral blotches along an orange dorsai band assist in the ready identification of the new Rhinophis for which the speci- fic name dorsimaculatus is here proposed. In Ceylon there are two recorded species with large caudal and rostral shields, the rostral being twice as long as the frontal or longer. In one of them, R. punctatus Miller, the frontal is as long as the parietal; in the other, R. porrectus Wall. it is only about two thirds (Wall Snakes of Ceylon tg21, fig. 13). The following compa- rison of these two species, as described by Wall, with the new form shows the relationships between the three. Features of interest in A NEW FOSSORIAL SNAKE 801 the new species are its reduced number of scales and body length, the larger rostral, and the breaking up of the black vertebral band into blotches which might be regarded as signs of progressive specialization. “s R. dorsimaculatus R. porrectus|R.tfunctatus sp. nov. Frontal length in rostral length. twice twice more than twice Frontal length in parietal length. | two-thirds equal twice Caudal shield length in shielded part of head length zat three- quarters equal three-quarters Number of ventrals ee 281 24€-236 238 Anterior and posterior costal counts re on NU ee taney ey 17, 16-17 Body diameter contained in total length ee wa 76 49-47 43 Dorsal yellow band marked with dark vertebral oa band band blotches Rhinophis dorsimaculatus sp. nov., pl. tr. This snake is readily distinguished from other species of Rhinophis by the characters tabulated above. It is known from two specimens, in one of these Fig. 1. Rhinophis dorsimaculatus sp. nov. (a) dorsal view of head. (b) ventrilateral view of head. (c) ventral view of tail. P, Deraniyagala del, 802. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL BIST] SOCIETY, Vol XL the head.is missing. The snake possesses a strongly arched, overshot snout and the body is not noticeably enlarged anteriorly. Colour. One of the most conspicuously coloured snakes of Ceylon (PI: 1). In the freshly preserved specimen the héad shields are brown, suffused with bright orange. Dorsally there is a broad orange vertebra) .band occupying about five or six longitudinal rows, and in it the three more or less median rows possess black centres and form a zig-zag band tor about five head lengths, after which it breaks up into a series of about forty black blotches, each larger than the head. The remaining body scales are black with yellow margins which form fine, zig-zag, yellow, longitudinal lines both laterally and ventrally. The sixth or seventh longitudinal scale row from the ventrals lacks black pigment as in a few other species of Rhinophis. The caudal shield is brown suffused with orange and possesses a dark *U’ shaped mark opening dorsally. Pholidosis. Shielded portion of head slightly longer than caudal shield, rostral shield strongly carinate, arched, equals half the head length and. com- pletely separates the nasals; prefrontals contiguous and about twice as long as broad; frontal subtriangular as broad as long, is less than half the length of rostral and equals half the length of the parietal. Ocular about thrice length of pupil and somewhat narrowly in contact with frontal which it slightly exceeds in size. Supralabials four, the last being the largest head shield. Mental with a broadly rounded posterior margin, infralabials three, the second the largest; the suture between the first and second infralabials is under the suture between the second and the third supralabials, that between the second and third is under the suture between the third and fourth supralabials. The first row of post-mental scales is elongate and does not extend behind the anterior halves of the second infralabials (fig. 1b). Body scales as wide as long, subequal, 17 costals at two head lengths behind head, 17 or 16 at mid- body, ventrals 238 extremely feebly enlarged, preanals enlarged two or three in one or two rows, subcaudals entire 6, (fig. 1c), scales round caudal shield 12, caudal shield convex, rugose with numerous small tubercles and is about three- fourths the length of the shielded part of the head. . Dimensions. The type specimen No. 86 Colombo Museum, measures as follows :—length of shielded area of head 7.6 mm., diameter of body 8 mm., total length 350 mm., tail length 8.5 mm., width of frontal 1.7 mm., length of frontal 1.7 mm., length of rostral 3.8 mm., length cf parietal 2.8 mm., interorbit 2.6 mm., length of gape 6 mm., caudal shield 6 mm. long 5.2 mm. wide. Distribution, Known from two specimens, one obtained in February 1938 the other in March 1941 from the coastal village of Marichchukate, North Western Province, Ceylon. This area is unusually arid, and is of special interest in possessing such Indian dry zone reptiles as the scaly gecko Lophopholis scabriceps (Annandale), the sand boa Gongylophis conicus Russell, and the saw-scaled viper Echis carinata Russell. In conclusion I wish to express my thanks to Dr. Baini Prashad, Director of the Zoological Survey of India, Indian Museum, Dr. A. Aiyappan, Acting Superintendent, Madras Government Museum, and to Mr. S. H. Prater of the Bombay Natural History Society for comparing photographs of this snake with the specimens in their collections, ENPLANATION (OM FrPiEAt bet: Photographs of Rhinophis dorsimaculatus sp. nov. (4) Showing size of caudal shield, black dorsal blotches and lack of anterior enlargement of the body xX #2 natural size. (pn) Ventrilateral view of head x 7 #5 natural size. ° ai (c) Enlarged head of photograph (a) showing dcrsal scalation x 7 natural size. * qatee seeeaeautts é ee at 44 we * Rhinephis Prare I. dorsimaculatus sp. nov. For explanation see end of article. am THE «GAME FISHES, OFS INDIA. BY SUNDER: EAL TLORA,. D.SC., E:RtS:E., -F.Z:S., F.R-A.S-B., F.N.1., Assistant Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, (With 3 plates and 2 text-figures). (Continued from page 532 of Vol. xlii, No. 3). XIV. THE MAHSEERS OR THE LARGE-SCALED BARBELS OF INDIA. 7. THE BLACK MAHSEER WITH NOTES ON OTHER COLOUR VARIETIES. Mir, UR, Eo Parsons;: F£.RiE.S-,.. Indian, Police, . Dibrugarh, Lakhimpur District, Assam, .directed the attention of the Bombay Natural History Society to the lack of information about Black Mahseer in my series of articles on the Game Fishes of India and made the following interesting observations in his letter of May 5, 1941 :— ‘I have read with great interest Dr. Sunder Lai Hora’s series, The Ganre Fishes of India, with particular reference to Mahseer. I have not, unfortunately, got the numbers: of the Journal in which they were published before me at the moment, but one point has struck me, which I think is correct and that is that Dr. Hora makes no mention of a black Mahseer. I do not know whether these black fish are a distinct species of Mahseer or whether they are instances of melanism. They inhabit the same water, take the same bait and fight in exactly the same way as-the ordinary Mahseer that one usually obtains in Assam rivers. They are also of the same shape, but the colour is definitely black with a little white about the belly scales. I have personally caught only two of these black Mahseer. The tirst I obtained on the roth November 1934 on the Sisseri river in the Sadiya Frontier- Tract, Assam. It weighed 16 lbs. and was a game fish, giving an excellent fight on a light 7 ft. ‘Victor’ rod. The other I caught at Ukiam on the Um Khri river in Kamrup District, also in Assam, on the 29th December 1937. This latter fish weighed 112 Ibs. and had a little more white about the belly. These black fish are evidently very rare, although they are occasionally caught. Mr. F. Needham of Munkongselek, in -the Sadiya Frontier Tract, has obtained several, the biggest being just over 20 Ibs. I enclose photographs of the specimen I obtained on the Sisseri where it is photographed with the remainder of my catch for that day; the contrast in colour is very striking. It is noticeable that even the fins are black, as well as the tail. I do not think that it can possibly be that the black colour of these fish is due to the nature of the hed of the river they inhabit, for there are the ordinary type of Mahseer in the Um Khri and the four fish on the right of the enclosed photograph, including the black specimen, all came from the same pool in the Sisseri. The other three fish show the usual colouration. This pool was not very deep and had a sandy bottom at the lower end with small boulders at the top end. The river is in a wide valley at this point and was by no means in a dark gorge. ‘There was no doubt that the two specimens I got were Mahseer and not some other species. The general shape and appearance were quite unmistakable. It was only the colour which was so completely different. It is, I suppose, quite possible that melanism is met with in fish as in other orders.’ * Published with permission of the Director, Zoological Survey of India, 804 JOURNAL, BOMBAY: NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XLII In a_ subsequent letter, dated 31st May 1941, Mr. Parsons referred to two more records of Black Mahseer from Assam and stated: ‘On looking more closely through my records, I find that I have. caught two other black Mahseer besides those mentioned in my previous letter. The two fish I did not mention previously were caught (1) on the Syon River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra on its right bank about 40 miles north of Pasighat in the Sadiya Frontier Tract. This fish weighed 18 lbs. and the name of the place I caught it was Pangin. (2) The other fish was caught at Rongdoi near the confluence of the Brahmaputra and the Lohit on 29th January 1937 and it weighed 10 Ibs. Rongdoi is also in the Frontier Tract.’ Mr. Parsons’ surmise about the identity of his Black Mahseer is correct and morphologically the black specimen photographed by him (Plate ii, fig. 2) is indistinguishable from the common Mahseer of Assam, Barbus (Tor) putitora (Hamilton). It may be pointed out that though melanism is not so common a phenomenon in fishes as albinism, several interesting cases of melanism in divers types of fishes are on record. Attention is directed below to some of these cases.! In 1871, Giinther (6) recorded a black specimen of Platyglossus notopsis Blkr., and observed: ‘We have received from the Godeffroy Museum a specimen from Savay of a uniform black colour; however, the two ocelli on the dorsal fin are present, and it has also thirteen soft dorsal rays, so that it rust be regarded as merely a variety.’ In 1875, Fatio (4) discussed melanism in Phoxinus laevis and concluded that though the nature of food is generally responsible for melanism, in the case of P. laevis presence of Helminth parasites encysted in the skin of the fish were probably the cause of the change in colouration. Knauthe (13) was of the opinion that melanism in fishes resulted not from the nature of the food taken by them, but through lack of food, i.e., starvation. He had observed melanism in Cyprinus carpio var. nudus v. alepidotus, Carassius carassius, Gobio fluviatilis, Leucaspius delineatus, Leuciscus phoxinus, Nemachilus barbatulus and Esox luctus. In an important contribution on melanism in animals in general, Klun- zinger (11, pp. 280, 281) dealt with some of the earlier records among fishes and considered the secretion of black pigment under the following headings: (a) inner constitutional peculiarities and (b) external factors, such as (i) influence of light, (ii) influence of temperature, (iii) influence of humidity (iv) influence of food and (v) influence of climate. Four years later, he (12) observed a large proportion of frogs and trout of certain ponds with a uniform black colour and ascribed this colour peculiarity to the acids pro- duced: by the humus soil. At the same time, he referred to the changes of colouration in the males of certain fishes during the breeding season. Annandale (1) described certain melanic speci- mens of Barbus ticto, but Hora, Misra and Malik (8, p. 267) found them to be males of B. conchonius and stated (p. 270) that during * Numerals in thick type within brackets refer to the serial number of the various publications listed in the bibliography at the end of the paper, | THE GAME FISHES OF INDIA 805 the breeding season males of several species of Carp-Minnows develop melanic colouration. In 1935, Goff (5) recorded a case of melanism in Lepisosteus osseus and observed : ‘During Apri! 1933, while gigging gars in Lake Harris, Lake County, Florida, a melanistic specimen was picked up. It was the common long-nosed gar, Lepisosteus osseus. At first it was thought that it might be covered with some foreign substance but a vigorous washing and closer examination showed the coloring to be in the specimen itself. Since the writer had never seen a gar that approached this one in color a picture was taken of the specimen beside a normally colored individual. This picture brings out fairly well the degree of darkness in comparison with the normal.’ The observations recorded by Gott are similar to those made by Mr. Parsons regarding the Black Mahseer (vide supra, p. 803). An interesting case of localized cutaneous melanosis occurring in lungfishes (Lepidosiren) of the New York Aquarium is recorded by Smith and Coates (19). They are of the opinion that ‘Abnormal black pigmentation of the skin of fishes seems to depend on both genetic and post-embryonal factors.’ Further, it is stated that ‘Pathologic pigmentation of the skin caused by an increase in the number of melanophores occurs, for example, when certain parasitic larvae gain access to the skin and become encysted.’ Attention is also directed to the fact that ‘Experimental studies covering a wide biological field attribute pigmentation to disturbances involv- ing the endocrine system or enzyme activity.’ So far as I am aware, the melanic pigmentation of Black Mahseer has not been properly investigated, but from the nature of the records available it seems that it may either be due to some genetic or pathological causes. As pointed out by Mr. Parsons, there is no difference in the ecological conditions of the Black and Ordinary Mahseer which could account for melanism among these giants of fresh waters. The first reference to Black Mahseer I have been able to find is by Macdonald | (14, p. 305) who regarded it as a distinct variety and characterized it as follows:—- "3ehe “black and of a stocky build. ~ Head small and black, mouth small. Barbels and eyes black. ‘This fish is marked by a jet black line two half scales above the lateral line, scales above having a tinge of gold on the scale tips running to jet black on the back. Below lateral line scales are lighter but dirty white, almost shot black to the scales on belly, which are dirt ty white with a black fringe. Fins black with grey at base. Best fish talken 19 pounds.’ The above description is not sufficient to distinguish the variety, but fortunately a good photograph of the black variety along with 4 ordinary Mahseer is published by Macdonald (plate i, fig. 2). A study of the figure shows that though the depth of the body is propor- tionately greater than that in the ordinary type, the length of the head is considerably ereatermthan.the depth of, the body. On. this character alone, it is possible to regard it as conspecific with the ordinary type—Barbus (Tor) putitora (Hamilton). The greater depth of the body may be due to its being a mature female. In 1933, Macdonald (Lo) described once again the varieties of Mahseer in Burma and regarding the Black Mahseer stated (p. 107) 806 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST SSOCLEDY, "Volant that 4 E In some of the true Mahbseers of the Deccan and Southern India, tubercles are present on the cheeks. These forms will be dealt with in the subsequent articles of this series. 312 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII the Mahseer caught there were not different from the usual type.’ Mr. Parsons onthe basis of his records of Mahseer fishing finds that one black specimen turns up for about every 800 fish caught in Assam waters. Mr. C. Fairweather in his communication to Mr. C. M. Inglis, Curator, Natural History Museum, Darjeeling, stated ‘ ““Black’’ Mahseer are quite common: I am inclined to agree that ‘‘wooded’’ banks have something to do with this protective colouring. . . I aiso caught Black Mahseer and Ordinary Mahseer from the same pool but the fish were-travelling up at that time so the ‘‘same pool’’ means nothing.’ Mr. Fairweather also directs attention to another type of Mahseer—-nicely streamlined, which is found in the Champamati, District Goalpara, and looks like a Katli with a sharper head but has the eyes and scales of a Mahseer. it is stated to be ‘Very short and very deep in the belly . . . His tail and fins were bright red’. He suspects it to be a cross-breed and states ‘There must be innumerable ‘‘crosses’’ between various types of Mahseer with infinite modifications of ‘‘lips’’. I cannot see the males of one type carefully selecting temales of the same type for attention or ratner ‘attendance’. ‘lherefore “‘noses’’ will get graded up or down.’ Hybridisation 1s a tairly common phenomenon among Carp or Cyprinid fishes and several instances have already been descrinped. I (Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. 36, pp. 307-310, 1934) have myself described cross-breed between two snow trouts—Schizothorax labiatus McClelland and Oreinus sinuatus var. griffithit McClelland and shown the occurrence of all gradations between the _ trilobed lower lip of the former and the papillated, flat lip of the latter. Mr. Fairweather’s suggestion is very valuable and needs close scrutiny at the hands of those who have opportunities to handle large series of specimens of these game fishes. It_is likely, how- ever, that the nicely streamlined Mahseer of the Champamati may have been Barbus (lor) mosal (Hamilton). Col. Burton also states that Black Mahseer are found in the Cubbany River near Kartikolam below Manantoddy and he caught one black specimen of 5 lbs, (Plate i, fig. 3) from the Bhavani also. He is also inclined to attribute variations in colouration to environmental factors. He states that: ‘The pool in the Bhavani river where I caught the Black Mahseer was deep and shadowed by giant trees. The upper waters of the Cubbany river are in many places ‘similarly dark and gloomy. So I feel sure that environment has much to do with the colouration of Black Mahseer. ‘Many of the Mahseer taken by my party in the upper waters of the Kakki Ar in.Travancore in 1933 were very deep in colour. That was a stream with much peaty looking water and running through thick forest. ‘From the fact that during many years I never saw a Black Mahseer in the open sunlit rivers of Central India and Hyderabad—Godavery, Beema, Kistna, Tungabadra—it would seem that Mahscer of this colouration are not in those rivers, at any rate in the plains portions of them.’ Col. Burton has so far collected only one specimen of the Thick- lipped type in the Indravati on the Central Provinces border. — Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. PraTe II. (Reproduced by courtesy of Mr. A. Fig. 1.—A Red Mahseer from Burma. St. John Macdonald.) . Fig. 2.—A Black Mahseer (second from left, 16 Ibs.) from Assam with siz ordinary Mahseer. (Reproduced by courtesy of Mr. R. FE. Parsons.) Fig. 3.—A Black Mahseer (5 Ibs., smallest specimen) from the River with two ordinary Mahseer. (Reproduced by courtesy of Lt.-Col. R. W. Burton.) Fig. 4.—-A Black Mahseer from the Kumaon Hills. (Reproduced by courtesy of Mr. A. St. John Macdonald.) . Bhavani 9 RGR dea gears THE GAME FISHES OF INDIA i 813 Mr. Macdonald has also written to say that melanic specimens of the Ordinary Himalayan Mahseer, Barbus (Tor) putitora (Hamil- ton), are fairly common and may frequently be seen (one or at the most two) cruising about in shoals with the golden variety. He has found such specimens ‘from 4 a pound to 37% lbs., over. as wide a range and as far as the Indus and the Jhelum and Mahl in the West Punjab; in the Ganges and Surju rivers in the U.P.; in the Girwa and Bhagmati in Nepal; and in Burma.’ Mr. Mac- donald has never collected a black specimen of the Putitor Mahseer with thick lips and this is certainly a matter of unusual interest and well worth further investigation. Mr. Macdonald has observed that the black variety of Mahseer of the Naini Tal Lake ‘can be seen in shoals by themselves, and aloof from the other fish, (putitora)’. It seems probable that in the lake there are two distinct species which do not mix with each other, but any further information on this point will be very interesting. Regarding the stocky-type of Black Mahseer, Mr. Macdonald has sent the following further information :— ‘I have only taken these fish in N. Burma in the Nant and Sahmaw Chaung. I have also seen them taken in the Mali H’Ka. In shape it resembles the Katli or Bokar far more than putitora. The Sahmaw Chaung is a small gin clear stream, no more than io yards across, and 15 miles over its total length. The Namti Chaung was a river of greater depth and size, but so far as my observations went here too, only this black variety of fish was caught. I never saw or caught a‘Chocolate Mahseer or Bokar in its common or more general colouring.’ A photograph of the stocky-type sent with the above description clearly showed that Mr. Macdonald had specimens of the Katli, Barbus (Lissochilus) hexagonolepis McClelland. As I have shown in my two articles on this species in the present series, this fish is liable to vary considerably in colouration. In fact, in Burma alone it has been called as ‘Chocolate Mahseer’ of the Myitkyina District, ‘Olive Mahseer’ of the Pegu District and ‘Red Mahseer’ of the Myitkyina and Tavoy Districts. The stocky-type Black Mahseer of Mr. Macdonald seems to correspond in colouration and habitat to Mr. Godfrey’s Bokar of dark purpie-plum colour from the Siang in. Assam. , Regarding the development of thick lips, Mr. Macdonald has sent the following very interesting observations :— ‘While fishing in the Ladaya in Kumaon, we used the casting net for catch- ing small fish, smaJl Mahseer provided the chief bait. These fish were from 4 to 10 inches in length, and in shoals of from too to 200 fish. We could get a dozen or more in the net at a time. In one place all would be of the thick-lipped variety, and in another the ordinary type. Is it possible that these fish all came from the same spawner, or through environment all developed these lips, or coilected together for some special reason? Until I read your article 1 was inclined in the belief that they must be yearlings from the early spawn and had not separated. We caught some two hundred and fifty fish on this trip, and fully half were the thick-lipped variety. This is excepticnal as the ratio is usually one in ten.’ As noted in my previous articles, I am unable to throw any definite light on the causation of the hypertrophy of the lips in the large- 9 814 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII scaled barbels of India and the neighbouring countries. Even some very young specimens possess this character in a marked degree, but we do not know what changes these structures undergo with growth and sex. These points are still open for investigation by enthusiastic anglers. About his Red Mahseer, Mr. Macdonald has sent me the fol- lowing further note:— ‘These fish were in fairly large numbers at the same confluence in Burma in 1928: They were chiefly seen in quiet water of pools cruising about in shoals ‘of 15 to 20 fish, and appeared to keep apart from the other varieties. They were in habit more like the Bokar, sucking vegetation from the surface and avoiding fast water so beloved of putitera.’ The photograph (Plate ii, fig. 1) that accompanied the above description showed that this variety is also referable to B. (Lis- sochilus) hexagonolepis. It may be noted that Mr. D. E. B. Man- ning sent specimens of the Red Mahseer of the Tavoy District which were found to be B. (Lissochilus) hexagonolepis. To sum up, there appear to be four species of the Large-scaled Barbels in the Himalayan waters of which two, Barbus (Tor) putitora (Hamilton) and B. (Tor) tor (Hamilton) are found all over this region, while the remaining two, B. (Tor) mosal (Hamilton) and B. (Lissochilus) hexagonolepis (McClelland) are found towards the west only as far as Nepal but are more common in Burma. The last species is very variable in colour and is known to anglers under several names; its range has been extended to Nepal (Garwa and Bhaghmatti rivers) on the data supplied by Mr. Macdonald. Through the courtesy of Mr. B. S. Bhimachar, Fisheries Officer, Department of Agriculture, Mysore, I have received two specimens of Mahseer from Bangalore which show normal and melanic coloura-~ tion. Though I have not yet studied the races and varieties of Mahseer found in South Indian waters, I give here the drawings (Plate iii) of these specimens to show differences in colouration and at the same time their structural identity. The systematic position of these specimens will be discussed later. In sending these specimens Mr. Bhimachar observed that ‘among the Mahseer at Bangalore, the local people distinguish two types—the ordinary tvpe and a black variety’. It would thus appear that the melanic specimens are of frequent occurrence in those parts. In this con-_ nection reference may also be made to Col. Burton’s observations given above (vide supra, p. 812). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. As will be seen from the text and descriptions of figures, in writing this article I have received much help from several persons interested in the study of Mahseer and it gives me great pleasure to extend my sincerest thanks to Messrs. R. E. Parsons, A. St. John Macdonald,C.E.. S\ Bairweather, S. Ti. Prater, (CMa atineinc. B. 'S. Bhimacharsand Lt.-Col. R? W.. Burton. .lvam)indebted Gre the Darjeeling Natural History Society for the loan of blocks used for plate 1, and to the Bombay Natural History Society for bearing the entire cost of the illustrations. {lay 8 8 42 R ys ¥ ta 4 ‘(ayvys asoshyy ‘4adtf{{O Satsagstg ‘avqovuigg °§ ‘qd * AJOTIVA Yryq v pur adj ATvuIpIO 94} —d OSA ey AYAT 07) Juas ‘aroyesurg suautgags mod, aprul adam SSutnvscqy y wory Jasyeyy JO sanonvaA OM} OY, Bi THE GAME FISHES OF INDIA 815 List OF REFERENCES. ! 1. Annandale, N.—‘Melanic specimens of the Putia (Barbus ticto)’. Rec. Ind. Mass, vol. 1; pe. 81 (1907): 2. Annandale, N.—The Fauna of certain small streams in the Bombay Presidency. V. Notes on Freshwater fish mostly from the Satara and Poona Districts. Rec. Ind, Mus., vol. xvi, p. 134 (1919). 3. Day, F.—Fishes of India, p- 564 (London, 1878). 4. Fatio, V.—‘Sur un cas particulier de mélanisme chez le véron’. Journ. Zool. Gervais, vol. iv, pp. 222-9 (1875). Grothe. C.—A case of melanism in Lepisosteus osseus’. Copeia, peat (April, 1935). 6. Giinther, A.—Report on several Collections of Fishes recently obtained for the British Museum’. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 667 (1871). >. Hamilton, F.—‘An Account of the Fishes found in the River Ganges and its branches, pp. 303-307 (Edinburgh, 1822). 8. Hora, S. L., Misra, K. S. and Malik, G. M.—A study of variations in Barbus (Puntius) ticto (Hamilton).’ Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. xli, pp. 263-279 1939 ( Dee S. L.-—‘The Game Fishes of India. VilIl.—The Mahseers or the Large-scaled Barbels of India. 1. The Putitor Mahseer, Barbus (Tor) putitora (Hamilton).’ Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xli, pp. 272-285 (1939); 2. ‘The Tor Mahseer, Barbus (Tor) tor (Hamilton)’. ibid., pp. 518-525 (1940) ; 3. ‘The Mosal Mahseer, Barbus (Tor) mosal (Hamilton)’. tbid., pp. 784-794 (1940); 6. ‘The Jungha of the Assamese, Barbus (Tor) progeneius McClelland’. ibid., vol. xlii, pp. 526-532 (1941). 10. Ingen, J. D. van—'Mahseer Fishing in Mysore’. Journ. Darjeeling Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xii, pp. 28-31 (1937). 11. Klunzinger, C. B.—‘Ueber Melanismus bei Tieren im allgemeinen und bei unseren einheimischen insvesondere’. Jahresh. Ver. Vaterl. Naturk. Wurt- ere vol. lix, pp. 267-297 (1903). Klunzinger, C. B.—‘Ueber neue Funde von schwarzen Froschen und Fomilen im Murgtal’. Jahresh. Ver. vaterl. Naturk. Wurttemberg, vol. \xili, pp. -lxxv, ixxvi (1907). 13. Knauthe, K.—‘Ueber Melanismus bei Fischen’. Zool, Anz., vol. xv, P25 (1892): 14. Macdonald, A.—‘Mahseer (Barbus tor) in Burma and their habits’. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xxxiii, pp. 302-308 (1929). 15. Macdonald, A.—-‘The Mahseer and, its Varieties in Burma’. Journ. Darjeeling Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vii, pp. 105-108 (1933). 16. Shaw, G. E. and Shebbeare, E. O.—‘Varieties of the Mahseer’. Journ. Darjeeling Nut. ist. Soc, vol. av; pp. 22-25. (1929). 17. Shebbeare, E. O.—‘Varieties of the Mahseer’. Journ. Darjeeling Nat. tSta SOC. = VOlmiV, py SQ (1930). 18. Shebbeare, E. O.—'The Dark Variety of Mahseer’. Journ. Darjeeling INGize T1tSt SOC VOl. Vi, (pps. 73-75, (1931). 1g. Smith, G. M. and Coates, C. W.—‘Cutaneous Melanosis in Lungfishes (Lepidosirenidae).’ Biol. Bull. Woods Hole, vol. Ixxi, pp. 282-285 (1936). 20. Thomas, H. $.—The Rod in India, 3rd ed., pp. 24-33 (London, 1897). * In this list only those papers are included which were consulted by the author. The foliowing papers dealing with melanism in fishes are not available in any of the libraries in Calcutta. 1. Arnold, J. P.—Ueber Melanismus bei den lebendgebirenden Zahnkarpfen. Wochenschr. Aquar. Terrar. Kunde, PP. 377-379 (1912); 2. Siebold, C. T.—Ueber den melanotischen Hautausschlag der Gyprinoidens ‘Amtl. “Ber: Vers: ‘Deutsch. ‘Naturf..'vol. 35, pp. 138) 139, 1860 (1861). SOME COMMON INDIAN HERBS WITH NOTES ON THEIR ‘ANATOMICAL CHARACTERS. BY M. SAYEEDUD-DIN, Professor of Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad—Deccan. (With three plates). (Continued from page 601 of Vol. xlii, No. 3). VIL{.—EvoLvuLus ALsInowweEs Linn. (CONVOLNV ULACEAE). SYNONYMY AND SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION. Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.~.Sp...Pl. ed: 2 °(1762) p. 302: H:F:B.1:, IV, 220;> Cooke; LS Pres: Bombs: Ve ihr tae 22a, Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras, Pt.-V, 923; Duthie, Fl. upper Gangetic Plain, Il, 104; Trim., Fl Ceyl., Ill, 2275 Watt) Dict. eon nr nodm Ind. .Vz-DETy +305: Syn.: Evolvulus hirsutus Lamk. Encyc. Méthod., V.. III, 538; Dalz; and" Gibs= Bomb. mie ero2: A perennial herb with a small woody root stock; annual branches numerous, prostrate, spreading, slender wiry, clothed with long hairs. Leaves alternate, 1/4-3/4 by 1/6-1/3 in., elliptic-oblong, strongly apiculate, densely clothed with appressed silky hairs; petioles very short or sometimes almost o. Flowers light-blue, usually solitary, or sometimes two from a pair of lanceolate bracts on the peduncle; peduncles very long, axillary, filiform; pedicles filiform. Calyx densely silky; sepals 5, lanceolate, very acute. Corolla sub-rotate; limb 5-plaited. Stamens 5, included; anthers ovate; pollen grains spherical. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 4; styles 2, each cleft into 2 subclavate stigmas. Fruit a globose, thin, 4-valved capsule. Seeds usually 4. (Plates I & II.) Flowers practically throughout the year, but more abundant from July- November. Medicinal (Kirtikar, 6). INDIAN NAMES. Sankhpushpo (Punjab); Shankaveli (Bombay); Vishnukrandi (Tamil); Vistna--clandi (Malayalam); Vishnukranta (Telugu) HaBITAT. Throughout India and Ceylon, very common; rare in very damp regions (Hooker, 4); common everywhere in the Bombay Presidency in grassy places (Dalz. & Gibs., 2); very common in Madras Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Sayeedud-Din.—Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. PuaTe I. Mee), it TOS | tae lee ee } ! Journ. Bombay Nat, Hist. Soc. Pate II. Sayeedud-Din.— Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. For explanation see end of article, Prate III. Oo bee = Be 7) Sere @z558 SD AJ) Hist. Soc. Journ. Bombay Nat. For explanation see end of ariicle. Sayeedud-Din.—Evolvulus aisinoides Linn. SOME COMMON INDIAN HERBS 817 Presidency in grassy places except in the driest months (Mayura- nathan, 7); commonly wild in Hyderabad on grassy lands and waste places (Sayeedud-Din, 10); very common in most parts of the Upper Gangetic Plain, especially on open sandy ground and by roadsides (Duthie, 3). Distrib.: Tropical and subtropical countries. ANATOMICAL NOTES. Structure of the leaf. (Plate III, Fig. 1.) The cuticle is thin and striated. The epidermal cells are enlarged, and their outer walis are arched convexly outwards. The stomata are developed on both surfaces where they are deeply sunk, and are accompanied by two subsidiary cells placed parallel to the pore. The leaf- structure is isobilateral. Oxalate of lime occurs in varied shape in the leaf and stem. The clustered crystals occur only in the veins of the leaf. Secretory elements occur in the form of isclated cells containing whitish substance in the mesophyll, and in the cortex and pith. They do not, however, possess the surrounding specialised cells as, for example, those figured by Mullan (8) in the case of Ipomaea pes- caprae Sweet, or described by Sabnis (9) in the case of some species of the Convolvulaceae. Epidermal cells in the leaf and stem hold tanniniferous contents. | The clothing hairs consist of two cells. In the stem the long terminal cell is simple and unbranched, and inserted vertically on the short stalk-cell (Plate III, Fig. 2), whereas in the leaf the terminal cell has two nearly equal horizontally placed arms (Plate II], Fig: 1). The glandular hairs consist of a short and unicellular stalk-cell seated on an epidermal cell. In the leaf the head is flat, and consists of four cells. In the stem the head is ellipsoidal and is divided by horizontal and vertical walls (Plate III, Fig. 2). Structure of the axis. The cuticle is striated. The outer and inner epidermal walls are thickened and arched convexly outwards and inwards respectively. The lateral walls are straight. The primary cortex consists of chlorenchyma. The pericycle contains stone-cells in a broken ring. The vascular bundles are bicollateral. The vessels are numerous and arranged in rows, and the medullary rays are narrow and uniseriate. The intraxylary phloem is deve- loped in the form of isolated groups of soft bast. | The above observations tally a great deal with those recorded by Solereder (11) in other species of Evolvulus. CONCLUSIONS. The following is a brief summary of the characteristic features revealed by the anatomical study of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. 1. Stomata are surrounded by twe subsidiary cells parallel to the pore of the guard-cells. 2. Oxalate of lime occurs in the form of ordinary solitary crystals in the stem, and in the form of clustered crystals in the veins of the leaf. 3. The hairy covering consists of two kinds of 2-celled hairs. The hairs on the stem possess a long straight terminal cell, whereas 818 “JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL VATSI SOG IY aol aiein those on the leaf have a 2-armed terminal cell, the arms lying horizontally. | 4. The glandular hairs are of two types. In the stem the head of the hair is elongated and is divided by horizontal walls, but a few vertical walls are also seen. In the leaf the head is spherical and divided by vertical walls into four cells. 5. Isolated secretory cells with whitish contents occur in the mesophyll of the leaf, and the cortex and the pith of the stem. Those in the leaf are elongated horizontally. The epidermal cells in the leaf and stem hold tanniniferous contents. 6. The vascular bundles are bicollaterai. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I am thankful to Mr. Sri Ramloo for the photograph and the drawings which were prepared under my _ supervision, and_ to Mr. M. Moinuddin for kindly preparing the slides. LITERATURE (CONSULTED. . 1. Cooke, T.—The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay, vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 229 1904). : 2. Dalzel, N. A. & Gibson, A.—The Bombay Flora, p. 162 (1861). . Duthie—Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain, ii, p. 104 (1911). . Hooker, J. D.-—The Flora of British India, vol. iv, p. 220 (1885). . Gamble, T. S.—Flora of the Presidency. of Madras, pt. 5, p. 923 (1923). . Kirtikar, K. R. & Basu, B. D.—Indian Medicinal Plants, 2nd edition, vol. ili, pp. 1738-1739. 7. Mayuranathan, P. V.—The Flowering Plants of the Madras City and Immediate Neighbourhood, p. 192 (1929). 8. Mullan, D. P.—'Observations on the biology and physiological anatomy of some Indian halophytes.’ j.J.B.S., vol. xti, No. 2, pp. 172-175 (1933)- 9g. Sabnis, T. S.—‘The physiological anatomy of the plants of the Iadian desert.” fl sB., vol. ii, Noi sp. 66-715 1(1920): 10. Sayeedud-Din, M.—‘Some of the common Flowering Plants of the Hyderabad State; their distribution, economic and medicinal importance.’ JSALS . NN SON GET, mS CNC OE \agh AG + Ly, A We, SHY Dri ups RWW Wa ) VEZ vr pis ia . We Pee \S B. C, Kundu,—tTwo NEW NITELLAS. For explanation see end of article. TWO NEW NITELLAS 845 1 or 2, of the tertiary rays usually divide again into 2-4 ultimate rays; in some cases all the tertiary rays do not divide again. Dactyls always 2-celled, 2025-2475 / long, go-112.5 thick, penultimate cell slightly tapering at the distal end; ultimate cell narrow, conical, acute or slightly acuminate, 58.5-126 long, 31.5-40.5 / broad at base. Fructifications usually at the second and third furcations of the branchlets, sometimes also in the first. Oogonia solitary, usually along with an antheridium at the second and third furcations of the branchlets, but without an antheridium when in the first furcation of the branchlets, 432-450 / long (including coronula), 315-350 & broad; spiral cells showing about 7-9 convolutions ; coronula persistent, occasionally deciduous, 31.5-36 # high, 51 #broad at base, upper cells somewhat elongated. Oospore subglobose, 240-270 # long, 210-240 / broad, light yellowish brown, showing 6 slightly flanged ridges; membrane thin, translucent, finely reticulate, 11-12 meshes across the fossulae. Antheridium 225 in diameter. Dhapdhapi, about 20 miles south of Calcutta, 30-1-40. The plant was collected from a shallow ditch near Dhapdhapi Railway Station, which was fast drying up. The entire area round about the small ditch was covered with, water during the rains and formed part of a shallow lake ‘the. Kalidaha’. At the time the specimen was collected a large part of the lake had already dried up excepting small ditches formed here and there, the places being slightly deeper than the surrounding area. The plants were growing under 6 inches of clear water in the middle of one of such ditches. It is a rather slender plant, not more than 8-10 cm. in height and is some- what tufted in habit. It is covered with annular incrustations or in some cases incrusted all over its body. Its nearest relation seems to be N. mucronata Miq. from which it is separated by the following characters :—(i) dactyls uniformly 2-celled, (ii) shape of the apex of the lower cell and of the end cell, (iii) short internodes, (iv) first furcation of the branchlets frequently sterile, (v) branchlets being unequal in ihe fertile whorls, (vi) presence of a central ray, (vii) small oospore with low ridges, (viii) colour of the oospore. From N. gracilis Agardh it is distinguished by the above characters and also by the character of the oospore membrane. It resembles N. tenuissima Kutz. in having 6 branchlets at a node and the first branchlet-node being frequently sterile, but differs from that species in its entirely different general habit and having internodes shorter than branchlets, overlapping and congested fertile whorls, the branchlets of the fertile whorls being unequal in length, smaller number or ridges in the oospore and the nature of the reticulation of the oospore membrane. \ SUMMARY. Two new Nitellas N. pseudotenuissima Kundu and N. bengalensis Kundu are described. N. pseudotenuissima has the general habit of N. tenuissima Kutz., but is sharply distinguished from the latter by its regularly branched nature, the whorls of two different kinds, the branchlets less frequently forked especially in the case of the stem whorls, the oogonia being sometimes geminate, less number of ridges in the oospore which are often irregularly arranged and by the entirely different decoration of the oospore membrane. By the above characters it is dstinguished from all other Nitellas. N. bengalensis Kundu is characterised by short internodes, overlapping and congested fertile whorls, the branchlets of the fertile whorls being unequal in length, dactyls uniformly 2-celled, fructifications mostly at the second and third furcation of the branch- lets, oospore showing only 6 ridges and the oospore membrane being finely reticulate, having 11-12 meshes across the fossulae. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Allen, T. F. (1896).—Characeae of America, part ii, fascicle iii. Braun, A. and Nordstedt, C. F. O. (1882).—Fragmente einer Monographie der Characeen, Berlin. Groves, J. (1935).—Primary divisions of the genus Nitella. Journ. Bot., Vol. Ixxiii, pp. 46-49. II 846 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII Groves, J. and Bullock-Webster, G. R. (1920).—The British Charophyary Vol. I, Nitel lae. London. Groves, J. and Stephens, E. (1933).—New and noteworthy South African. Charophyta, II. vans. Roy. Soc. South Africa, Vol. xxi, part iii. Kundu, B.C: (1937).--A new Nitella from Rajshahi, "Bengal. Journ. Ind. Bot. Soc., Vol. xvi, pp. 223-226. Migula, W. (1900) ).—Die Characeen in Dr. L. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen Flora. Leipzig. EXPLANATION OF PLATES Prate I. Figs. 1-16.--N. pseudotenuissima Kund. | Fig. .1.-—Part of a plant with branches (nat. size). Fig. 2.—A well developed branch with small congested whorls Whe size). Figs. 3-9.—Ends of dactyls. x 65. Figs. 10-11.—2 branchlets from a branch with fruiting organs. XxX 65. Fig, 12.—-A young oogonium. x _ 188. Fig. 13.—A mature oogonium showing displacement of the convolusions. X 65. Figs. 14-15.—Oospores. xX _ 188. Fig. 16.—Part of oospore membrane showing decoration. X 575. Figs. 17-30.—N. bengalensis Kund. Plate II. Fig... 473-—A “plant. :) x 011/16. , Fig. 18.---A fruiting whorl showing unequal branchlets. In this fructifications are not found in the first furcation of the branchlets. Figs. 19-25.—Ends of dactyls. xX 62. Fig. 26.—Part of a young fruiting whorl with antheridium and oogonium. xX 22. Fig. 27.—A mature oogonium, xX 45- Fig. 28.—Top of an oogonium showing the coronula. xX _ 179. Fig. 29.—An oospore. X 4lI. Fig. 30.—Part of oospore membrane showing decoration. X 550. aie OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF SOME SOUTH INDIAN COCCIDS. BY T. V. VENKATRAMAN, B.A., M.SC., Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. (With 4 plates). The insect group Coccidae constitutes one of the largest and most important families of Homopterous bugs, and from the economic point of view this family is one of the most important groups of insects which man has to deal with. With the idea of supplementing our knowledge of the species of this group found in South India, an attempt is made in this paper to give descriptive accounts and life-histories of three species, one of which is recorded for the first time from India. The results of the studies embodied in this paper are based mainly on the material collected by the writer during his stay as a research student in the laboratory of the Government Entomologist, Agricultural College, Coimbatore, during the year 1934. -Pulvinaria durantae, var. nov? (Plate I; figures 1 to 11). Ayyar (1936) recorded this new variety for the first time from India on the roots of cultivated Amaranthus plants in and around the Agricultural College Estate, Coimbatore. On plants which are badly infested with this scale, almost all the different stages of the insect can be found at any time. The attacked plants have a sickly appearance, with the foliage faded and drying up. In fact these insects were revealed when such withered plants were pulled out. Adult female: The mature female measures 2.86 mm. in length (average of 6 adults) and 2.4 mm. in breadth at the broadest region, which is very near the posterior extremity. The anterior portion is slightly pointed. The general shape is ovoid with the dorsum highly convex. [In older specimens the posterior ‘region is flattened. The body is covered all over with long curved spines which are longer and more numerous towards the posterior end. The anal cleft extends to about one-fifth the length of the body. The limbs and antennae are well-developed. The anal operculum is quite prominent and darker in colour than the rest of the body. The general colour of the insect is dark brown, more or less obscured by a white powdery secretion. The stigmatic clefts are shailow, transverse grooves and are not very clearly demarked in life. The development of ovisac and oviposition are in P. maxima Gr., (Ayyar, 1925). The sac attains a maximum length of 8 to 10 mm. There is a median longitudinal groove along the ovisac with two lateral ones on either side. The Formosan species, P. durantae to which this species is allied, is described by Takahashi (1931) as below :— _ ‘Adult female: Very closely related to P. psidit Mask., but differs from it in the following characters. 1. Marginal setae simple, not dilated nor furcated apically, nearly half the length of the longest stigmatic spine but longer than the shorter one ; about 0.0277 mm. in length. 2. Legs shorter; hind femur about 0.18 mm.; hind tibia about 0.16 mm.: hind tarsus about 0.097 mm. in length. } 848 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII 3. The three setae arranged in a row near the base of each antenna, a little smaller. The body of the adult female is about 3 to 4 mm. in length and is provided with many circular or sub-circular small pores over the dorsum and the abdominal and thoracic segments are defined on dorsum.’ The adult female when mounted, is broadly ovate, with the anterior end pointed. The antenna is well-developed, eight-segmented. In some specimens the third segment shows a division, making the antenna nine-jointed. The lengths of the various antennal: segments, of. six specimens are as fol- lows. he right antenna is taken into consideration and Mic asureMmients are given in microns. ; SEGMENTS Specimens 1 | 2 | Sa ae PT | SE Weta a are een I 15 17 20 13:54 <4 tO ey, 10 II 16 17 21 12 | 15 9 8 12 III 15 16 19 11 Tae sea ad 6 mt IV 13 Jk igs [iso ale dse |e 92 hewn F V 12 15 19 11 Ae Ze, 6 Broken v1 14 15 20 11 142 6% Guy ey 1t The average length of antenna is 0.44 mm. The antennal formula is 3. 2, I,.5, 4, 8, 6, 7. The third segment is ‘the ltorigest and the second is the stoutest and next to the third in length. The terminal segment carries four to five hairs. The stigmatic cleft is shallow and in older specimens: not demarked. There are three stout spines marking the stigmal’ région, central one twice as long as the lateral. The spiracular opening is wide and conspicuous. There is a series of pores leading from the margin up to the stigmata. The margin of the body is fringed with slender spines. In this variety the spines are of 'two kinds. There’ are the usual spiny curved hairs intermingled with stout, dilated and furcated hairs as in P. psidit Mask. The leg is well-developed. The femur is longer than Aisiae tarsus more than half the length of tibia. The claw is well-developed and curved. The tarsal digitules are short, stout and dilated distally. The unguals arise from the sides of the claw. The anal cleft extends to about one-fifth the length of the insect. The anal plates are more or less triangular, the inner side the longest. The outer angle carries a very long seta. On the distal end also there are smaller hairs. ‘The anal region is provided with numerous multilo- cular pores. Remarks.—This form appears'to be a variety of P. auneniae Tak., the adult female agreeing with it in possessing smaller legs and_ shorter setae arranged near the antennae, but differing in that some of the marginal hairs are dilated and furcated apically as in P. psidit Mask. This form is intermediate between P. psidti Mask., and P. durantae Tak. In external appearance and production of ovisac it resembles very much P. psidii Mask. Ceronema koebelei Green. (Plates I, 11; figures 12° to128:) This coccid was found by the writer on the branches and stems of Caesalpinia coriaria, a familiar tree around the Agricultura! Farm, Coimbatore, during January 1934. Ayyar (1936) recorded this insect for the first. time from India. It was originally described by Green (1909) from Kandy, Ceylon, on branches of Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Pate f. Venkatraman.—SOUTH INDIAN COCCIDS. For explanation see end of article. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Sec. Piate II. i Totten en 08 7 7 ! | oe CA, or oe Tuy. del. Venkatraman.—SOUTH INDIAN COCCIDS. For explanation see end of article. stan OBSERVATIONS ON BIOLOGY OF SOME S. INDIAN COCCIDS 849 Sapium sebiferum collected by Alber Koebele after whom it is named. Accord- ing to Green it has never been noted as a pest in Ceylon. Rutherford (1915) has recorded it from Ceylon on the twigs of Pithecolobium saman. Description, life-history and habits. The adult females were noted on the older branches of the tree and the freshly hatched nymphs were seen migrating slowly to the tender shoots. The mature female insect measures from 7.5 mm. to 8.2 mm. in length and 6 mm. to 7.25 mm. in breadth. The broadest region is just behind the middle. The general shape is elongate oval, convex above, with an inconspicuous carina on the dorsum. The general colour is greenish brown. The ventral surface is slightly lighter in colour. The eyes and the anal operculum are chocolate brown in colour. THe mid-dorsal area is covered with a fine coating of mealy material. The anal cleft extends to about one-sixth the length of the whole body. The anal valves are small. The ovisac is made up of a felted buff-white secretion, secreted by special glands found on the dorsum of the insect. The ovisac is formed by the fusion of seven to eight pairs of coiled-up creamy white processes arising from either side of the dorsum. These processes spread outwards coiling and fixing them- selves on the host plant. The fusion of these processes are clearly indicated on the ovisac by prominent ridges. Due to the formation of the ovisac the adult is carried up and assumes a tilted position as in the genus Pulvinaria. In the early adult female a crenulate line of white secretion along the sides marks the formation of the future ovisac. The margin of the body is fringed ail round with stout. pointed spines. The female insect, after maceration in potash agrees with Green’s description. The following remarks may, however, be added to his description. | The body is broadly ovate. The dermis covered irregularly with more or less polygonal cells. The spinning glands corresponding ta the ridges of the ovisac are placed round the margin of the body just dorsal to marginal spines. Anal lobes are furnished with a variable number of spinose hairs and the anal oper- culum. is provided with eight,4to ten long hairs. The margin of the body is provided with a close series of pointed spines. The stigmatic clefts are furnished with ten to eleven spines each, including a large central spine and the cleft is bordered by a lunate chitinous plate. The antenna is eight-jointed; third and fourth joints apparently without any hairs and sixth with a very long hair. Legs are well-developed; foot with four digitules, dilated distally. Claw is _bent strongly at the tip, and provided with a minute denticle on -the inner side near the extremity. The adult females with their eggs are found grouped together on the same branch. The ovisac under normal conditions, is fairly big and handsome. The interior of the ovisac is smooth. Each ovisac encloses numerous eggs, all beautifully and closely packed together. The number of eggs in a single ovisac was found to be 640. The eggs are greenish in colour, smooth, elongate and measures about 0.28 mm. in length. The eggs in each mass do not hatch all at’ the same, moment, but it takes three to four days for all the nymphs in one mass to hatch cut. The nymphs break through the walls of the ovisac and emerge through small slits made on the ovisac. The eariy larval stages. The just hatched larva, which is a fairly active creature, is elliptical and reddish in colour. It bears a pair of caudal setae as long as the body. The margin of the body is fringed with fine curved hairs. The antennae and legs are well-developed. The antenna consists of six segments the third segment is longest and the fifth carries a very long seta. The fifth and terminal segments show traces of segmentation. The anogenital ring is provided with six stout hairs. Length 0.72 mm., breadth 0.6 mm. The just hatched larva after moving about for some time near to its birth place, migrates slowly to a favourable spot and settles down to feed. The nymphs are restless only for five or six days after which they permanently settle down on the food plant. The nymphs are very slow in developing. They moult thrice before they attain the adult stage. In the process of moulting the whole outer covering is involved including the rostral apparatus and anal plates. aye Although the male puparia were found in large numbers adult males could rot be noticed, : 80 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII The female insect is clearly marked out in the second stage; the insect grows broader and the waxy spots appear on the dorsum. The life-cycle is found to occupy 95 to 100 days. Natural enemies.—A few adult coccinellids, Scymnus coccivora Ramakrishna, were found feeding inside the eggsacs. Lecanopsis ceylonica Green. (Plates II and III; figures 29 to 53.) These: insects were collected by the writer on the roots of grass in Coimbatore during April 1934. They were mostly found on the roots of grass covered by stones or pebbles. Green (1922) first described the species collected from Ceylon, ‘at the base of a grass plant, below a large stone’. It is clear that these insects require a cool and shady place to thrive well. This is the first record of this insect from India. The nature of the damage done by the insect.--A number of adult females with conspicuous eggsacs were revealed on removing a few stones, mostly attached to the lower sheathing base of the stem and roots of the grass. They were noted in all stages and generally the mature females selected the broad blades of the grass fer oviposition. The attack spreads rapidly all over the place and the plants dry up. The young nymphs are very active, crawling over long distances in search of a suitabl2 place. A species of black ant visits them in large numbers to feed on the honeydew secreted by the maturing female. The ants sometimes go under the soil in search of the sweet sugary fluid. Description, life-history and habits.—On grasses which are pretty badly infested with the scale, almost all the different stages can be noted at any time. The mature female, just before it develops the ovisac measures from 3.0 to 3.5 mm. in length and 1.5 to 1.7 mm. in breadth; more or less ovate, broadest portion near the posterior end. The derm is highly convex and the insect is partially surrounded by a white felted test. Specimens collected by the writer are larger than the Ceylonese form and are very closely pitted on the dorsum. The antenna is six-segmented, without any trace of ne segmentation. The 6th segment carries a very long lateral seta which is longer than the antenna itself. Antennal formula may be noted down as 3, 2, 1, 6, (5, 4). Measurements of the right antennal segments of 6 adults are as below: (Measure- ments in microns). SEGMENTS Adults I | II | Ill | IV | Vv | 7 VI. 1 So 9 20 5 6 7 2 8 10 21 3 5 6 3 7 9 20 5 6 7 4 7 10 19 5 5 6 5 8 10 22 6 6 8 6 6 9 21 6 6 8 Legs well developed, 2.7 mm. in length with the tibiotarsal articulation sub- obsolete. Tarsus is about half the length of tibia. Tarsal digitules slender, long and knobbed, The ungual digitules are dilated, Anal plates surrounded Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prate III. TVV. deb. Venkatraman.—SOUTH INDIAN COCCIDS. For explanation see end of article, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Pirate IV. Adult female of Ceronema koebelei gr. with egg-sac in situ. (nat. size). OBSERVATIONS ON BIOLOGY OF SOME S. INDIAN COCCIDS 851 by a narrow, densely chitinised area, the base about equal to outer margin; outer angle rounded; three dorsal and one sub-apical spines; stigmatic spines two, of equal length, stout, curved, pointed and wide apart; the distance is at least equal to thrice the length of the spine. Dorsum rather densely chitinised, thickly set on the margin with small circular openings leading to tubular ducts. Margin with long setae. There is also another shorter series slightly more internal. Some of the spines of this series are branched. This species is closely related to Loemica ghesquierei L., a subterranean form found on the roots of grass in Belgian Congo (Laing, 1929). The early larval stages.—The newly hatched larva is a very active creature, crawling up the blades of the grass. It is about 1.0 to 1.2 mm. in length; 0.5 to 0.7 mm. in breadth, with fairly well-developed limbs and antennae. The general colour is yellowish, with brownish eyes. Antenna of larva apparently 6-segmented, but the 4th and 5th segments show clear traces of division, thus making the antenna 8-segmented instead of 6. The terminal segment carries nine hairs including one long lateral hair, which is longer than the antenna itself. Legs robust; tibia and tarsus approximately of equal length and the articulation is distinct. Claws slender and strongly curved. Stigmal spines as in the adult. The anal lobes are prominent, with 3 to 4 long setae. The anal ring is provided with 6 long hairs. The male insect.—-The male puparia have the usual glassy test with longi- tudinal and transverse ridges on the surface. It is about 2.0 mm. in length and 0.8 mm. in breadth. It is more or-less elongate and made up of a shining secretion of wax. The adult emerges in about 10 days after pupation. The waxy caudal filaments are seen protruding from the posterior end of the puparium just before emergence. Males are comparatively fewer than females and the emergence of males ‘takes place mostly in the afternoon. Soon after emergence they remain stationary for some time, drying their wings and body. Then they try to move about slowly and in about 3? to 1 hour they begin to react to the presence of females, by raising the tips of their abdomen. The male wanders about climbing up various females, and finally selects a fairly mature one for copulation. It clings on to the posterior end of the. female and slowly introduces the genital sheath into the aperture of the female. Copulation lasts for two to three minutes. In the course of about an hour, a single male was observed to copulate with 5 females. The adult male is a delicate active creature, yellowish-red in cclour and with transparent wings. It is about 1.8 mm. long. Ocelli black. Antennae and legs long and slender. The antenna consists of 10 segments, the terminal segment carrying a few curved hairs. Wings fairly large, about 1.2 mm. in length, clear, with very few lines. The genital sheath is long, curved and with a pointed tip (about 0.34 mm. in length)... There is a pair of long waxy filaments, rising from the caudal end of the abdomen. The caudal end bears two rounded prominences on either side, carrying a number of spines. Natural enemies.—This scale is subject to the attack of a very interesting Epipyropid caterpillar which feeds on the eggs and young nymphs of the insect. The caterpillars were found under the soil feeding voraciously on the eggmasses. In the Insectary, a single caterpillar, in the course of week, devoured about 18 fully matured eggsacs and a few young nymphs. The young larva is pale white in colour and hardly distinguishable from the bases of the grass. Fully developed caterpillars are 15-18 mm. in length. General colour is brownish. The anterior end is tapering and the posterior bulging out. The stoutest portion is about 5 to 8 mm. broad. The dorsum is covered with numerous, regularly arranged, long hairs. Each segment bears about 8 to 10 hairs. Head chocolate coloured, with well-developed dark mandibles. The prolegs are flattened and fringed with a complete circle of crochets. The true legs are well-developed, with robust, recurved claws. The curved claws help the larva in crawling through the soil. The caterpillars pupate under the soil, often attached to the leaf-sheath of the plant. The cocoon is made up of tough silk, mud particles and remnants of eggsacs of the scale. devoured. by: the caterpillar. The cocoon is oval, about 12) sto. 43) mim. long. The adult moth emerges through a circular hole near the anterior extremity of the cocoon. The adult moth is bright rufous; head brownish; thorax with scales tipped with Ta as wing with small spots, Expanse 40 mm, 852 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII My thanks are due to Dr. T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar, Retired Government Entomologist, Madras, for kindly going through this paper and offering helpful suggestions. REFERENCES. 1. Ayyar, T. V. R. (1925).—Pulvinaria maxima Gr., Bionomics, Mem. Dept. Agri. "nt! Ser. vil, pp. 127-155. 2. Ayyar, T. V. R. (1936).—Notes on Coccidae (Homoptera) from South India. - Jl. Bombay Nat. Hist. “Soc..39; No. 1; \pp:* 146-148: 3. Green, E. E. (1909).—Coccidae of Ceylon, Part iv, London, pp. 255-257. 4. Green, E. E. (1922).—Supplementary notes on the Coccidae of Ceylon, Jl. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. xxviii, pts. 3 and 4, pp. 1007-1037. 5. Laing, F. (1929).—Descriptions of new and some Notes on old species of Coccidae. Ann. Mag. Nai...Hist. Volo v,' ps 465.- 6. Rutherford, A. (1915).—Some Ceylon Coccidae. Bull. Ent. Res. Lond. V, pp. 267-268. 7. Takahashi, R. (1931).—Coccidae of Formosa, Part iii. Trans. Nat. Hist. So¢.. Formosa, 21, pp.) 1-5. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. Pulyinaria durantae var. nov? Fig. 1.—Adult female before gestation, dorsal view, x8. Fig. 2.—Insects on Amaranthus roots, (2/3 nat. size.) Fig. 3.—Adult female with eggsac, x6. Fig. 4.—Adult female before gestation, after maceration in potash, ventral view, X18. ’ Fig. 5.—Anal operculum and pores, adult female, X 180. Fig. 5a.—Multilocular pore in the anal region, female, x 400, Fig. 6.—Different kinds of setae, adult female, Xx 180. Fig. 7.-Stigmatic region with spines, adult female, xX 180. Fig. 7a.—Quinquelocular pores in the stigmal area, female xX 400. Fig. 8.—Mid leg, adult ‘female, xX 36. Fig. 9.--Just hatched larva, x18. Fig. 10.—-Right antenna, adult female, xX 180. Fig. 11.—Tarsus of midleg and claw, adult female, X 400. Ceronema koebelei Green. Fig. 12.—Adult female with eggsac, in situa (2/3 mat. size). — egy Fig. 13.—Adult female, beginning to oviposit, x8. cam | Fig. 14.--Larva, 15 days old, ventral view, X18. Fig. 15.—Larva, 15 days old, dorsal view, X18. Fig. 16.—Adult female, after maceration in potash, x8. bs | Fig. 16a.—-Quinquelocular pore from stigmal region, X 400. | Fig. 16b.—-Multilocular pore from anal region, X 400. Fig. 17.—Stigmatic area and spines, adult female, xX 180. Fig. 18.—Anterior spiracle, X 400. Fig. 19.—Different kinds of setae from adult female, x 4oo. | Fig. 20.—Antenna, adult female, X 180. ; Fig. 21.—-Foot of mid leg, adult female, x 4oo0. Fig. 22.—Mid leg, adult female, xX 180. EXPLANATION OF Puate II. Ceronema koebelei Green. (Contd.). Fig. 23..—-Posterior Extremity, larva, (15 days old) ventral view, x 180. Fig. 24.—Posterior extremity, larva, (15 days old) dorsal view, xX 180, Fig. 25.—Right antenna, larva, xX 18o0. 5 Fig. 26.—Mid leg, larva, x 180. Fig. 27.—Stigmatic region, larva, x180, Fig. 28.—Male puparium (entarged). Fig, . 50.—Anterior pro-leg of caterpillar (enlarged). . 51.—Anal pro-leg of caterpillar (enlarged). . 52.—Cocoon of caterpillar, x2. . | /83:-—Cocoon “of caterpillar. ‘on “grass, .(2)3! nat. Size)... 0h ei 3 OBSERVATIONS ON BIOLOGY OF SOME S. INDIAN COCCIDS 853 Lecanopsis ceylonica Green. . 29.—Test of male (enlarged). . 30.--Insects on grass (sligthly reduced). | . 31.—Adult female, dorsal view, (enlarged). 4 . 32.—Adult female, before oviposition, dorsal view, ((enlarged). . 33-—Adult female after maceration in potash, ventral view, x 400. . 33¢.—-Quinquelocular pore from stigmatic area, adult female, x 400. . 33b..—Multilocular pore from anal region, adult female, x 4oo. . 34.—Adult female, before oviposition, ventral view, (enlarged). - 35.—Anal valves, female, x 180. . 36.—Antenna, female, x 180. . 37-—Mid leg, adult female, x 180. . 38.—-Tarsal claw, adult female, x 180. . 39.—Posterior extremity, female, x 180. . 40.—Anterior spiracle and stigmal spines, adult female, x 180. . 41.—Different kinds of setae, adult female, x 180. EXPLANATION OF P rate ITI. Lecanopsis ceyloniea Green. (Contd). 6 . 42.—First stage larva, after maceration, ventral view, X28. . 43.—Antenna, first stage larva, xX 180. . 44.—Abdominal extremity, first stage lava, xX 180. . 45.—Leg, first stage larva, xX 180. Ss . 46.—Female nymph, 2nd stage, (enlarged). ‘ os . 47.—Foot of adult male, xX 400. aoe . 48.—Adult male, xX 180. | . 48a.—Terminal segments, antenna, adult female, x 4oo. - . 49.—Leg of predatory caterpillar on L. ceylonica Gr., showing the c urve Dike jones iv kt 3 claw. (highly magnified). EXPLANATION OF PrateE IY. 54-—Adult female of Ceronema koebelei Gr., with eggsac, in situ,'’(nat. size). Bi fA INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA BY Cot. Sir R. N. CHOPRA, \C.1.E., M.A., M.D., SC.D. (Cantab.), F.R.c.Pp. (Lond.);_ R. L. BapHwar, B.sc. Hons., m.sc. (Pb.); . | AND 5. L. .NAVAR; Msc. (Medicinal Plants and Food Poisons Inquiry, Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta.) The discovery and application of cheap insecticides for the diverse needs of agriculture, destruction of household pests, and preventing of vectors of malaria and similar insect-borne diseases play a very important part in the economy of nations at the present day. At a moderate estimate the total annual loss to India through insect pests has been computed at roughly 2,000 millions of rupees and over a million and a half of human lives. Added to this is the fact that, in spite of all efforts to the contrary, advances in civilization are producing conditions specially suited for insect multiplication in most areas. Most of the insecticides used in India at present are very expensive as they have to be imported from foreign countries. Further, owing to shipping difficulties and the rise in prices due to war conditions, the situation has become so acute that even ordinary well-to-do people are unable to afford these protective remedies against the ravages of insects. The great masses of India, whose economic condition is proverbially low, could il-afford to use the costly imported commodities even before the outbreak of war while the present-day prices are entirely beyond their means. The ever-increasing demands of the large fighting forces has further made it imperative to fall back on the easily available indigenous supplies which may replace the imported materials. The Medicinal Plants and Food Poisons Inquiry has of late received many inquiries from various parts of India and overseas for in- formation in regard to the medicinal and insecticidal plants of this country. Thanks to the foresight of the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research for financing this Inquiry six years ago, it is now possible to help with advice scientists, agriculturists, and commercial concerns interested in this field. Chopra and Badhwar (1) recently discussed the vast potential resources of the country in these directions and published a comprehensive survey of Indian plants poisonous: to man, livestock, insects and fishes. Their studies revealed that a much larger number of potential insecticidal plants are available in India than in any other area of a similar size. In this paper we deal with the distribution, chemistry, and INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA 855 other details with regard to the Indian insecticidal and piscicidal plants. | Arsenicals, lead and _ silicofluoride insecticides, etc., are very efficacious but have the serious drawback of being injurious to human beings and other warm-blooded animals generally. It is for this reason that increasing attention is being directed nowadays to insecticides of vegetable origin which, besides being effective against insects, are less harmful to man and animals. A large number of plants have been the subject of investigation in different countries, and, in this field of research, workers have taken advantage of the fact that quite a number of plants which are employed by the local natives as fish poisons from time immemorial have also been found to possess insecticidal properties. It is for this reason that we deal with the commonly recognized Indian insecticidal and piscicidal plants in this article, so that workers may be able to select plants for investigation from as large a list of suitable material as is known at the present day. The most outstanding results of the investigation of native fish poisons have been the discovery of the important insecticidal properties of certain species of Derris, Lonchocarpus, and Tephrosia. It does not, however, follow that, because a particular plant possesses piscicidal properties, it is necessarily of equal value as an insecticide. Pyrethrum, for example, which yields pyrethrin as its active constituents, 1s one of the very potent and widely used insecticides at the present day, but its use as a local fish poison is not recorded anywhere. Biological investigations are very essential to evaluate the effect of insecticides on various kinds of insects, before any plant can be pronounced as a suitable insecticide. No plant must without detailed experimental data be regarded as universal insecticide, for, several which cause cent per cent mortality in one species of insects, may be less efficacious or even useless for others. Attention has recently been drawn to the fact that the total toxic effect of a mixture of two different insecticides is greater than the sum total of the individual effects of the two component insecticides taken independently (2). This phenomenon is known as synergism, 1.e., working together or co-operating, and is important not only from the point of view of increasing the efficiency of known insecti- cides by making suitable combinations, but also for the utilization of many insecticidal plants of ‘Indian origin that may not be quite up to the standard when used alone. - IMPORTANT VEGETABLE INSECTICIDES Among vegetable insecticides of proven value may be mentioned some species of Chrysanthemum (pyrethrum), Derris (tuba root), Lonchocarpus (cube root), Tephrosia, Nicotiana (tobacco), Picrasma (quassia), Delphinium (larkspur), Veratrum, etc. Of these Chrysan- themum cinerariifolium Vis. and Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth. have acquired great importance as plant insecticides during the last 15 years. On account of the proved effectiveness of the flower-heads of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium in destroying insects and mosquito larvae, Japan, Kenya, Yugoslavia, Brazil and some other countries 856 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIEIY)..Vols MACTI have taken up extensive cultivation of this plant. According to Holman (3), the total world production of pyrethrum flowers at the present time is probably over 15,000 tons. Various types of powders, dusts and sprays, with pyrethrum as the main ‘insecticidal constituent, are available in the market for horticultural, household, and veterinary use. Recently the ‘control of insect pests, which damage stored products in warehouses, has been successfully attempted with the help of pyrethrum sprays. At least two efficient aqueous base pyrethrum insecticides are now available in the market for destroying insects and mosquitoes in the interiors of aircraft, thus preventing the transmission of diseases, such as yellow fever, where for obvious reasons it is imperative to use non-inflammable spray (4).. A very important use to which pyrethrum is being put nowadays is as a mosquito larvicide in antimalarial measures. A large number of the known larvicides are unsuitable for this purpose as they are definitely injurious to the aquatic vegetation and fishes in the areas treated, but a pyrethrum larvicide prepared according to a formula developed by Guisbug (5) is stated to be free from these disadvantages, and still a very useful larvicide. As suggested by Chopra and Badhwar (6), outer temperate ~ Himalayas and hill stations'in other parts of India are likely to prove suitable for the cultivation of pyrethrum in this country; and it may be noted that the plant, on the whole, has grown well at altitudes of 5,000 to 6600 ft., but it is advisable to avoid areas of high rainfall. A ‘series’ ‘of samples analyzed at the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine from plants grown in Kashmir and the Murree Hills were found to be of as good a quality as any produced elsewhere. Both the total oytethrin: content of the flower- heads and biological tests compare favourably with the imported stuff. Large areas in the North-West. Himalayas, especially in Kashmir, are available where good quality of pyrethrum could be grown in practically unlimited quantities and where ideal conditions for successful cultivation prevail. Amongst the attempts so far made for the’ cultivation of pyrethrum in India may be mentioned those at Baramulla and Tangmarg in Kashmir, Murree Hills, Kulu Valley, Palampur and Kasauli in the Punjab, Parachinar in the Kurrum Agency, North-West Frontier Province, the United Pro- vinces, Bengal, Madras, and Mysore State. Cultivation has so far failed at Ranchi, Poona, Kasauli, and in Sind. The failure of pyrethrum germination at Kasauli in the Punjab and at Ranchi must be regarded as accidental, and further attempts to grow it are likely to meet with success. Dervis elliptica is found in Burma, Siam, Cambodia, Cochin- China and Malaya, and also in the East Indian: “Archipelago and the Philippines. It‘is found'in India only to a limited extent in Chitta- gong. Practically all the tuba root of commerce is produced: in Malaya, Dutch East Indies, Philippine. Islands and Sarawak, where large-scale cultivation of the plant is carried out. It has also been successfully cultivated experimentally in other tropical countries, such as parts of East and West Africa, the Congo and West Indies.:. Of the other? species of) Derrisy examinedjq,only D. malaccensis Prain-has: assumed commercial value equal in im- portance to D. elliptica, and is being largely cultivated. Experi+ INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA 857 mental cultivation of D, elliptica and D. malaccensis has been attempted, in Travancore, the Punjab, Kashmir, Mysore, and Dehra Dun; that grown in Mysore has been found to contain up to 7 per cent of rotenone in its roots, which is encouraging. Over 20 species of Dervis are found in India, several. of these growing abundantly. There is a great possibility that some of these at least may prove to be of important insecticidal value. Of the Indian species so far examined, only D. ferruginea (Roxb.) Benth. has been shown to contain rotenone, and may prove a good insecticide. A number of species of Derris are known to be used extensively in tropical countries for catching fish. The crushed portions of these plants thrown into streams and ponds stupefy fishes, and make them float up to the surface. Of other plants containing rotenone and = allied compounds, mention may be made of species of Lonchocarpus, Tephrosia, and Mundulea, which, like derris, are locally used as fish poisons. Some species of Lonchocarpus, such as the cube root (L. utilis A.C. Smith and L. uruca Philip and Smith) have assumed importance as insecticides equal to that of derris. Commercial supplies of both L. utilis and L. uruca at present are obtained only from Peru and Brazil, where their cultivation is being successfully carried out. No attempts so far have been made to cultivate any of the cube roots in India, but there seems little doubt that successful planta- tions could be raised in Bengal and the Madras Presidency. Some of the foreign species of Tephrosia have been shown to possess marked insecticidal properties, while others have been found to be of little or no value. T. vogeli Hook..f. has been shown in Africa to be an efficient insecticide for fleas, lice and ticks, and has been suggested as a cheap commercial dip for cattle. JT. vogelii is largely cultivated in the tea gardens of Assam for use as a nitrogenous manure. Chopra and collaborators (7) have recently found that the leaves of the Assam-grown plants do not possess insecticidal proper- ties to any marked degree. It is possible, however, that this con- clusion may have to be modified when leaves plucked at various times of the year are examined. Its seeds, which are stated to be the most toxic part of the plant, have not been investigated so far. Mundulea sericea (Willd.) Greenway (M. suberosa Benth.) is extensively found in South India; some samples of its leaves, bark, seeds, and root have been shown to be fairly toxic to certain types of insects (3). Tobacco and its preparations in the form of sprays, dusts and fumigants are widely used as insecticides in horticultural and to some extent in veterinary practice. The very simple but quite effici- ent method used in many places is to prepare tobacco extracts by soaking or macerating tobacco leaves in water. In fact, a large proportion of the insecticides based on nicotine consists of crude tobacco extracts. Other insecticides prepared from tobacco contain nicotine sulphate, nicotine tannate, nicotine bentonite, etc. Nicotine is generally regarded as a contact insecticide, but it appears to act principally as a fumigant and sometimes as a stomach poison. Tobacco (both Nicotiana tabacum Linn, and N. rustica Linn.) is extensively cultivated in India, and the agriculturists should be edu- cated to use it against insect crop pests. 858 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII Quassia (Picrasma excelsa Planch.), a foreign species, is also used as an insecticide, and there is every likelihood that some of the allied Indian species possess similar properties. We have recent- ly been iuformed that powdered young leaves and twigs of P. javanica Blume, var. nepalensis (Benn.) Badhwar nov. comb. (2. nepalensis Benn.) are used to destroy mosquito larvae in Assam. Several Indian species of Delphinium are even now used for destroying maggots in wounds and may be potential insecticides. It has also been stated that the alkaloid cytisine is an important constituent of the Persian and Australian insect powder. This alkaloid, which resembles nicotine in its action, has been found in at least six genera of which Euchresta and Sophora are repre- sented in India. The rhizomes of hellebores (Veratrum album Linn. and V. viride Ait.}, both foreign plants, are quite efficient insecticides, but they have failed to survive the introduction of rotenone-containing insecticides, and are very seldom used nowa- days. INSEC c-REPELLENT PLANTS The importance of insect-repellent plants in the economy of nations is obvious. ‘The cheaper and larger the number of effec- tive insect repellents that could be used from amongst the common indigenous plants, the greater the likelihood of the masses of India benefiting from their use. The leaves of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) and of patchouli (Pogostemon heyneanus Benth., syn. P. patchouli Fl. Brit. Ind., non Pellet.), and the roots of costus (Saussurea lappa C. B. Clarke) are used to protect woollen fabrics from insects. Articles placed in boxes made of sandalwood (Sant- alum album Linn.) are immune from the attacks of these pests. Some essential oils, such as the eucalyptus oil from Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and citronella oil from Cymbopogon nardus (Linn.) Rendle (Andropogon nardus Linn.), when applied to the body, give relief from the bites of mosquitoes so long as the odour lasts. - Hemp (Cannabis sativa Linn.), if spread under a bedsheet, affords ample protection against fleas which disturb sleep at night in many of the hill stations of India. The simple device of mixing of the leaves of Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn., Vitex negundo Linn., etc., with the grains before storage, especially during the rainy season, as practised by the agriculturists in some parts of this country, saves the produce from the ravages of insects. All these plants contain essential oils, which are well known for their repellent or attracting properties for different kinds of insects. Research is being directed nowadays for finding suitable essential oils for use against particular insects. Pine oil in dilute solution appears to have repellent properties and is being increasingly used as an ingredient of plant sprays, household fly sprays, and cattle sprays. It has a greater solvent power for rotenone than mineral oils, and is believed to possess the important property of increasing the toxicity of pyrethrin and rotenone. Similarly, citronella oil, eucalyptus oil, and oil of wintergreen constitute one of the ingredi- ents for several sprays. The use of repellent sprays for protecting cattle from the attacks of flies nowadays constitutes an integral a INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA 859 part of routine protective measures in all progressive countries of the world, although opinion appears to be still divided as to whether the protection thus afforded results in an actual increase in the yield of milk. Sen (8) reports that the use of a spray consisting of high-speed Diesel oil, ‘Pyrocide 20’ (a concentrated extract of pyrethrum flowers), and pine oil, when applied on Sahiwal cows for 21 consecutive days proved very effective against some species of biting flies, and resulted in an appreciable increase in the yield of milk. Investigation of suitable plants which, when grown, will keep away mosquitoes from habitations has been engaging the attention of malariologists for some time. No really effective plant for this purpose has so far been discovered but extended trials with the shrubby basil (Ocimum gratissimum Linn.), absinthe: (Artemisia absinthium Linn.), and other plants, which diffuse strong fragrance in the surrounding atmosphere, are likely to yield valuable results. CONTROL OF Mosquito LARVAE BY VEGETATION Hackett, Russell and others (9) have discussed the naturalistic methods practised for the control of mosquito. larvae, and have referred to the role of plant kingdom in this connection. It is stated that pollution by vegetable matter in the form of industrial wastes has often been tried with success as an antimalarial measure. Bagasse from sugarcane mills in the Philippines in one reported case seemed to keep a stream free from Anopheles flavirostris ; the refuse from the Government Sisal Experiment Station is said to have a similar action, and numerous large pits used for macerating canepa hemp in Italy did not breed anophelines. Stagnant pools, such as engineering borrow-pits into which green-cut vegetation has been thrown are stated to breed culicines only, as no anophe- lines were found. The lethal effect of a fortnight-old brew of cut grass is said to be remarkable. The extension of this method in the form of ‘herbage-packing’ to shallow, small volume running channels has been advocated by Williamson and these authors. They are of the opinion that the effect is biological and not mechani- cal, and advocate the use of green-cut vegetation only, for dry straw results in a hay infusion favourable to larval growth. It is not every plant, however, that is suitable for use in running waters. According to these authors: ‘The best so far found in India are Cleistanthus species and Holorrhena antidysenterica (sic). The first of these are fish poisons; the latter contains several alkaloids’. We are confident, however, that many more plants mentioned in the conspectus, which is appended, would be found to be equally good or even better for this purpose. The piscicidal plants cannot, however, be used if the waters contain fishes, or drain into tanks or reservoirs which contain such animal life. PLANTS POISONOUS TO FISHES For centuries, vegetable products of diverse nature have been used in different parts of the world for poisoning or stupefying 860 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII fishes in streams, ponds and pools for facilitating their capture. Wholesale poisoning of fishes by means of these plants is very uneconomical and is not allowed in any civilized country, but cases are known where such plants have come into contact with water and enormous number of fishes have died as a result. As pointed out already a knowledge of the local fish poisons has assumed a great importance in modern times, and a systematic investigation of these plants is gradually leading to discoveries of several potent insecticides. A comprehensive list of Indian piscicidal plants was published by Chopra (18) and lately considerable additions to it have been made by Chopra and Badhwar (1). POTENTIALITIES IN INDIA -* India with its great variety of climatic and edaphic conditions is particularly well suited for the cultivation of almost every. plant. Vegetable insecticides of such proved value as pyrethrum and derris can be extensively grown in a number of suitable areas. The indigenous vegetation also abounds in potential insecticides and insect repellents, and a search from amongst the resources existing | in this vast country will repay scrutiny. A list of those already in use as insecticides and insect repellents, as well as of those which are reputed to have piscicidal properties, is given below. The distribution of such plants in India, their active principles and pro- perties and uses are also briefly mentioned. In addition to the plants detailed in the list, a number of essential-oil-bearing plants could be usefully investigated, especially as insect repellents or for use as valuable adjuncts in sprays. A perusal of the following conspectus shows that the family Leguminosae contains the largest number of reputed insecticidal plants. Other important families in this connection are: Araceae, Euphorbiaceae, Compositae, Solanaceae, Ranunculaceae and Rubia- ceae. The family Leguminosae also contains the largest number of piscicidal plants, while other important families in this respect are: Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae and Thymelaeaceae. 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BmEdy ‘uuryT Bsomenbs euouLby ‘UUTTT BYRNE. BDODUY ‘S1IV-' [0 BIJOJIpsod ovyIBIpNY “ULY 2 IUSIM (‘uUI'y) snjnd909 vyIWRDY “GL Tl =n ee SSS NAME OF PLANT | DISTRIBUTION CONSTITUENTS REMARKS | n 10. 11. 12, 13. 14. 15. 16. Agaye americana Linn. Albizzia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. (Syn. A. stipulata Boiv.) Albizzia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Anacardium occidentale Linn. Anagallis arvensis Linn. Anamirta cocculus (Linn.) | Wight & Arn, Audrachne cordifolia Muell.-Arg. Annona reticulata Linn. Annona squamosa Linn. Apama tomentosa Engl. (Syn. Bragantia tomen- tosa Blume) Arenga obtusifolia Mart. | A stout shrubby plant with a rosette Acrid volatile oil in the leaves | with Wall paper impregnated of spiny leaves. A native of America ;) (19). A crvstalline saponin in| juice of the leaves is said to be planted in parks and gardens through- t India. jou A large tree found throughout India, | ascending to an altitude of 4,000 ft. in the Himalayas. A tall tree found in the Sub-| | Himalayan tracts from the Jumna) | eastwards; also in Bengal, Bihar and | Orissa, Central Provinces, Bombay} Presidency and South India, usually | |in moist places. . Occasionally seen as} | an ornamental or roadside tree. | A small tree from South America; now established in the coastal districts of South India, Chittagong and the Andaman Islands. An erect or procumbent annual found over the greater part of India up to an altitude of 8,000 ft. in the Himala- yas. The red-flowered variety is found in Kashmir, but the blue-flowered one is more common in India. A large climbing shrub found in{ Assam, Eastern Bengal, Oudh, Orissa, and Konkan southwards to Ceylon. An erect shrub met with in the temperate Himalayas from the Indus | eastwards to Nepal at 4,000 to 8,000} ft. ; common in shady places, | A small American tree. Cultivated, | but not so extensively as the following species, A, sguamosa. the roots (20). Leaves likely to| proof against the ravages of white contain saponins, ants (21). According to Pammel (17), the plant is used as a fish poison in some countries. Pammel (17) records it as a fish poison. Saponin (20). Raizada & Varma (10), on the authority of Watt (21), state that the bark of this tree, if pounded and thrown into a pond, stupefies fish, We do not, however, find any such reference in his book which they quote. Kirtikar & | Basu (16) mention that the leaves | have insecticidal properties. A black, caustic, oily juice} Juice used to protect timber, | containing phenolic compound | books, ete., from white ants. |cardol, anacardie acid and an} ether-soluble substance (22). | Volatile oil (11) and two! Used in India to intoxicate fish | glucosidic saponins have been and to expell leeches from the isolated from the herb, while the nostrils of livestock. root contains cyclamin which is} ; also a glucosidic saponin (20). Picrotoxin in the seeds (20). A kind of ointment prepared from the drupes employed as an insecticide. ‘I'’hey are also used to | poison fish. Hydrocyanic acid in the leaves, Leaves believed by people in (17). Jammu to have insecticidal pro- perties. | ‘Lhe powdered root-bark of 4. | ovalis Muell.-Arg. of Africa, used asa fly exterminator by the Zulus, |after it is mixed with milk (19). An alkaloid anonaine in the) Properties similar to 4. sgua- | bark (23). | mosa. An American tree about 20 ft. high. | Cultivated and naturalized in several parts of India. Herbaceous plant found in Assam and Manipur. A Malayan palm, found in India only under cultivation. | (25). Seeds contain an oil and a’ The seeds, leaves and the resin which contains an acrid | immature fruit contain an acrid | Principle (21). Leaves and seeds | principle fatal to insects ; the dried contain an amorphous alkaloid unripe fruit, powdered and mixed | (24). | with gram flour, used for killing | {cena and the seeds to kill body lice. | The powdered seeds and an | Aqueous infusion of leaves have |valuable insecticidal properties Pammel (17) records the | plant as a fish poison. | Recorded as a fish poison (17). In the Philippine Islands it is used for poisoning fishes (16). | a ee, re {vqwod “TrNYNO!L ‘ALFIIOS “LSIH THY ALUN 1°A IITX Ee PIGNI JO SLNVTd T¥CIDIOSId GNV TF CIOILIASNI £98 URINE Vol. SOCIETY, JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. 864 ‘QINn|IUIN} pur SIYJO[O SUIJSOJUT WOT} SJOOSUT I9]}0 pue syjour jueAetId 01 pss *SyJOUL TWOJJ SJUSMIIVS yojo1d 0} pas "JOVF SIU} JO OATS -S9Idx9 St ‘(Lo][iy JOOSUI) 4r2uU2L1y ‘suUIvU ABINOVUIDA OUT, ‘IAI yoosur AoIjsep 0} Si190[N_ pa}99[ -s9U puv [NoJ 0} paljdde some ‘pvoiqe pus BIPUT Ul S1OOSUT [ITY 0} posn oOsTv DUIVSIAPY JO Sajioeds i9yjo suMIOS to1lj peiedeid sieqn} 94} Woy uolMo00ep YW ‘uosves AuIer 9y} SULINP 9]}}8O JSOJUL YOIYM sSuUIIOM III} 0} poesn ose sioqn} oy "1U4NSO -940] * 0} Jets sorsodor rau! 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CTIEM) wHsorseds BUISBSIIV */] SMUVNGY SINHNLIILSNOD NOILNGLIALSIGg INVId 40 JWWN a 865 INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA eee ener esses serra esse se SSS ‘uostod ysy v oq 0} pres osle ole Spses ey], ‘Wosy} sulpiy jno -U}IM sy soyadnys pue sarisdoid o1001eu sassassod juvid oy ‘(9z) ssodind suivs oy] Joy pasn 39q 0} PIS OS[V O1¥ S}]OOI pu spaas | out ‘eipuy jo syied Aueu ut) ysy Ajednjs 0} pasn st y1eq oy, (pe) ovary oymbsow UO UWOT}OV [eye] 2AKY s}ooYS ‘uostod ysy 8 sB sqeiy uvolljy Aq pue weipuy ut soovd | [BisAOs UL posn SI YIvq 9sUY, *‘SYOV}B JOOSUI WO; SYOO PUY SOLIQe} UaTTOOM 4ooj}01d 0} poAojdura Ajasie, saavs-] ‘utuodes oiptsoonyts we jo 4ua0 | Jed. = /Z-€ (1z) User eB YIM pautquio. |[]O 9[IBIOA B aq 0} pa}¥BqsS st) /SUIB]UOD jMIJ 94} JO YSIB 9yL *puvjsusesnG Ul puv sorpuy }S9 AA 941 UT YsY sinoo1d 0} pesq -oefqo UJI [10 paxy 1917!q B ule} | (gg) Uljoues0}sUIIIEG S@ pojeusisop souvjsqns ve jo }U90 Jod [ pue ‘uluoSsuULIIeg °9]8]S P[IM B UL jou Jnq ‘e[nsuludsg uBo00q + UINYyINOG 9y} UO sINd90 OSTV ‘q. ‘uold9g -puv aiodesuig ‘spuvysy UBVULBPUY 9} JO 9A1}VU ®B SI YOM 99.1} | PeZzIS-d]B1OpOUl 10 [[eUIS IeyIel VW UIe]U0D spsIdsS JJ,’ yreq Jo afdrourid aatjoe oy ‘j] ‘e9s5UeI [BPI] oy] puoAeq js¥vod 9y} ‘sutuod ivou ‘ | and body. The plantroastedina _ | room, or pounded and thrown 5 | about the floor, is believed to = | expel fleas; hence the popular 5 | English name, purple fleabane 2 | (21). | | eh 41, Cerbera manghas Linn. | A smal! tree or a large shrub found; ‘I'he seeds contain a poison-| Pammel (17) records the plant & (Syn. C. odollum | throughout India in the salt swamps! ous glucoside, cerberin, having as a fish poison. S Gaertn.) |or on the seacoast. It is abundant on |a digitalis-like action. | a “|\the Malabar coast but not very com- | 5 = | mon in the Bombay Presidency and! = | elsewhere. | | et | a 42, Chrysanthemum cinerarii-| A glaucous perennial, experiment-| Pyrethrin I and pyrethrin Il/ The flower-heads of pyrethrum = folium Vis. jally cultivated in some parts of in flower-heads (42). These, have of recent years gained very 4 India, especially in the North-Western | however, do not appear to be! great importance because of their © | Himalayas. the only insecticidal principles insecticidal properties. They are in the plant, as watery extracts|employed in the form of powder ©& of the flower-heads are also} or as a prepared extract for use as ia toxic to mosquito larvae (43). | (a@) household insecticides, (6) as ~~ | | livestock sprays, and (c) as horti: = | | cultural dusts and sprays. Till = | recently Japan and Yugoslavia ., | were the biggest producers of WN | |pyrethrum, but of late years = | Kenya is assuming increasing im- | | portance: It is also being grown OO ee ae a ii a on a commercial scale in Persia, | Algeria, Australia, Brazil, France, Spain and Switzerland. | Examination of various samples of flower-heads of C. cinerarii- | folium cultivated in Kashmir and |Murree hills has shown 0°702 to | 1-300 per cent of pyrethrins, which | compares favourably with foreign- | grown commodity which is im- |ported. The biological tests |against different species of mos- quitoes ard flies have also shown | |that the Indian-grown stuff com- | pares favourably with the flower- |heads imported from Japan and also with another powerful pro- |prietary extract sold under the name of ‘Pyrocide 20’. Thus | beth the chemical and biological ‘tests carried out in connection | | with pyrethrum grown in India, | lead to the conclusion that the cultivation of C. cinerariifolium | should be extended at a rapid rate |so that the large and growing ‘demand for it in this country is met with (43). TV CIQILOASNI 43. Chrysanthemum coccineum A glabrous perennial, experimentally|See under C. cinerariifolinm. | A very important insecticide but Willd, cultivated in Murree and some other /not nearly as efficacious as C. places in India, cineraritfolium, at least in case | of specimens grown in India (43). ——es_s«=see_eee oo VIGNI JO SLINVId TVCIDIOSId ANY 698 XLII Vol. SOC MIs y Cre, Seni | JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATL 870 “OUI *saysy 0} snouosiod ele vUuoyju1y Jo soyoeds SNOLIvA ‘(g]) Jowureg 0} SurIplojy ‘queqsng ‘ouleU YST]ouq Sil soUNY : Ajsodoid ouies oy} savy Alqeqoid pue jews ptj}eoj Alowielj}x9 ue dABY, S}INIJ odt1un puv sIaMOF 97} : Bileqig Ul svay pue senq AvmMe 9AIIP 0} poesn dIB sjoOOl SU], SMUVNAY “OUUCT "O19 “[I0 d[TI}VjOA ‘S19}}BUL BUTINOjOO [eijneu sulos jO s90¥81} ‘saonevysqns ‘SUIUU By ‘SPIOV SIUBSIO SOI} MJ ® SAIe}JUOD YIVq BUuoYyouUTO ‘SpIoy | -By[e 9Sey1 SepIsoq ‘ouIpIuoys -UWid puv suTuOyouIO ‘ourpruinb ‘guiuinb 018 9S9y} JO UMOTY }S9q | UL ‘wUoyju17 jo soroeds I90yj}0 PU® SIU} WIOIJ pe}BTOST Useq SAB ‘sonrodoid [eorsojoovurreyd pus [Botueys 194} UL Ieyjo yYove gIquiesel YoImM ‘(oquInu Ul QZ jnoq®) sproyey[e jo Jequinu Vv *S$]U9}1]SU00 | IB[IUIS IO [BOUSpPI sUTe]U0. juvjd werpuy sayz yey} arqissod st l] ‘[IO reljuesse Ue U1V}U0D OS|B AouL, *(pp) TOWoo,e ur syqnyos jnq Id]eM Ut osjqnjosur apis -OoOn|[s & pus ‘apisoon[s 9/qnjos -IojeM 8 ‘UIUUe} dIpIsOON[s e ‘uituodvs e urejuoo ‘sorloads usisioy e ‘[eynN (‘udiq) DSOMAIIDA *D JO SOMLOZIUY *saroads oy} [[® | jo outumnb jo Ajddns [njrju9]d jsour oy} Sp[sth puv BALL UI poj}eAr}[No Alesse] SI }[ ‘YOSzjO[y xa *Aeq VuagnA1zINS ‘7 sBuieider Ajjenpeis st pue suon -ejuvid ueripuy [je ut pedojsasp su1eq MOU St AJOIIVA SI} JO WOTjBAT[NDO PIVMOF{ BUBIIISpI} ‘ItA “ppoM BABSITRD “4 *[QAI] BAS sA0qe 3 000‘ 0} OOS'T JO SUOl}BADTS je ULYYISG Ul peyearjpno Ajas1v] st pre ‘SUOT}IPUOD OVUIL[O UBIPUT JopuN [OM | pepessosons eAvy oj pres oq Avu satoods | SIU] ‘Nieaq pUuv BIATIOG jo 9AT}VU WY = *PP9M BABSITBD BUOYIQ “CF ‘13. 000‘ZT 93 000'Z 32) uejnyg 0} Itmysey wor seAepeuly | '9y}] UL punoj [eruueied Jsnqol [je] WY |S UU] «Bpiyooy BSNyKIMID «= “PP SINHALILSNOD NOILOAGIULSIG INVIg HO FWVN 871 INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICGIDAL PLANTS’ OF INDIA a (gp) soysy BurAyodnys 10} pasn pur | dn popunod st }insy Sanod ay J, ‘ysy 10g uosiod v sev psAojdus oie indy puv yieq ‘Jeaj “joor oyy, ‘suoleredeid [eploloasul | v1oAes JO UOT}ISsOduUr0d 9Y} 0}UI SIe}us puv s]OOsUI ysUTesB SOLIQU} Ua[[ooM joojoid 0} poesn st souduedg ‘ond md ‘(¢p) surucE} pue suluodes sulejuoo yleq 9], ‘roydurvd Jo 901n0g ‘ontd “OWI | | | ‘eleuBy, UWON Jo svyn[v} IeAvuopH{ ipue viduny oy} jo s}Ssez0j jstou 94} Ur punoy ued jusoylusvUL VW | ‘Ieqeleyy pue ‘peqviepAy ut AT | -[etoedse uvosaq 94} ‘olyVulEd “SIedIID “UIOUWION ‘BSSUQ ‘S9oUIAOL [¥B1}UID | ‘mdsen vejoyg ‘puvyyjapung jo sjso10j AIp 94} Ul pUNoOj sel} [TUS V ‘svACTRULIET ISOM-UION oY} UI ‘33 Q00'P 03 dn vIpuy ul suapies auios ut pojuvid f‘ueder puv vulyg ‘CSOULIO YT O} SNOUSSIPUI 9eI} [[VUIS V "13 000°9 93 000‘E JO SepninTe ye []IM spsasoons pue soroeds pazvaryno AjIses jsSOUI puv \SoIPIvy 94} 9q 0} poAotd sey J ‘eipuy jeijueg ur osuey eindjes oy} Jo syed ur puv ‘(ULyyIS) oodsunj{ je suorjejuvlg j[esueq jo JUSWIUIOAOL) 94} Ul UMOIS OST@ SI I, "13.0009 03 00S‘ FO Epny ye uv ze vIpUy | yjnog UL pa}VAN[no AjTesivy si pure Jopenoq jo oArjeu wv st jueid sy, *JSIOUL 00} 9G 0} PUNOJ SI 9}VUIT[D 94} Sv ‘UI YIG UL pouopueqe ATTeonovid usaq sey sotoeds sig} Jo uoTeAnINO oy ‘soroeds 1oyjo Aue wey} 19}339q (°3} 000‘8 03 000‘'9 Useeaijoq) sepnzi}je Joystiq je SOAIIY] PUB PUNUIde}0O Iau SHIS[IN ou} Ul BIpuy Nog UI posjvatj[no St I ‘Y 00S‘Z 0} 000'S JO UojeAgTe uv je Jopenog pues nisg jo 9AT}vU & SI} ‘SOIJOLIVA [BIOADS YIM ‘sotoads std J, ‘UOT BiayyNoesyun «RB YdAION “J “OOH “UjUIC SNUJ][OI SUYIDBISIII ‘MUIIIgy WY SIIN Bloydweds whnwomenuiy YOSZJO[S va ABT BIQNAINSs BUOYNID "UUl] SIPBUIITJO BUOYIUT) 0S “OP ‘SP ‘LP ‘OF NAME OF PLANT ———— ia) DISTRIBUTION CONSTITUENTS REMARKS 44, Cimicifuga foetida Linn. 45. Cinochona calisaya Wedd. C. calisaya Wedd., var. ledgeriana Howard 46, Cinchona officinalis Linn. 47. ex Klotzsch 48. Cinnamomum camphora Nees & Eberm, 49, Cinchona succirubra Pay. Cieistanthus collinus Benth. A tall robust perennial found in the | | Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan | , at 7,000 to 12,000 ft. | A native of Bolivia and Peru, this | species may be said to have succeeded | well under Indian climatic conditions, | | ard is largely cultivated in Sikkim at| elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 ft. above sea level. | } | Cultivation of this variety is now being developed in all Indian planta- tions and is gradually replacing C. | succirubra Pay. ex Klotzsch. It is largely cultivated in Java and yields the most plentiful supply of quinine of | ) all the species. | | 20 in number), which resemble | chonidine. | some |colouring matters, | Rhizomes of C. racemosa| (Linn.) Nuttal, a foreign | species, contain a saponin, a glucosidic tannin, a water- soluble glucoside, and a gluco- side insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol (44). They | also contain an essential oil. It | is possible that the Indian plant contains identical or constituents. A number of alkaloids (about leach other in their chemical and pharmacological properties, have been isolated from this and other species of Cinchona. The best known of these are quinine, quinidine, cinchonine and cin- Besides these alka- loids, cinchona bark contains a few free organic acids, tannins, neutral substances, traces of volatile oil, ete. Ditto. similar | The roots are used to drive away bugs and fleas in Siberia ; | the flowers and unripe fruits have an extremely foetid smell and | probably have the same property ; | hence its English name, bugbane. | According to Pammel (17), various species of Cinchona are poisonous to fishes. Ditto, This species, with several varieties, | is anative of Peru and Ecuador at an| elevation of 5,000 to 7,500 ft. It is cultivated in South India in the Nilgiris near Ootacamund and thrives at higher altitudes (between 6,000 to | 8,000 ft.) better than any other species. |The cultivation of this species has been practically abandoned in Sikkim, as the climate is found to be too moist. This plant is a native of Ecuador jand is largely cultivated in South | India at an altitude of 4,500 to 6,000 ft. }It is also grown in the Government of Bengal Plantations at Mungpoo (Sikkim), and in parts of the Satpura Range in Central India. It has proved to be the hardiest and most easily cullivated species and succeeds well at altitudes of 3,000 to 6,000 ft. A small tree indigenous to Formosa, China and Japan; planted in some gardens in India up to 4,000 ft. in the North-West Himalayas. | A small tree found in the dry forests | & Hook. f. of Bundelkhand, Chota Nagpur, |Central Provinces, Orissa, Northern Cirears, Carnatic, the Deccan especial- | ly in Hyderabad, and Malabar. 5¢. Corypha umbraculifera; A magnificent palm found in the Linn. moist forests of the Kumpta and Honavar talukas of North Kanara, Ditto. Ditto. Source of camphor. The bark contains saponins |and tannins (45). Ditte Ditto. Camphor is used to protect woollen fabrics against insects and enters into the composition of several insecticidal preparations. The root, leaf, bark and fruit are employed as a poison for fish. The young fruit is pounded up and used for stupefying fishes (46). 048 ‘ISIH TVYQLVN AvVaNOd ‘TVNYNOL “A LFIIOS 1d LITX VIGNI HO SLNVTd ‘IVCIOIOSId GNV THCIOILOASNI 148 NOL Vol. JOURNAL, BOMBAY-NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, 872 ‘asodind | IB[IWIS IOJ pasn sq plnod asayi jo JsOUL PUB ‘LIPUT UW PpIM Surmois VDUNIANTD JO sotoeds uss}Iy Inoqv O18 919, “STO JUV 9Y} WO UIC; | Japmod ut Suryurids Aq sjuv. ABM VATIP 0} pasn st dIJowWINy, -asodind s:qj Joy syuney I1ay} Ur UMET}S OTe SedI]s jNo ATYSeay | : SJOASUI YSY PUB Idi; POOM saysiurq | soint 94} BY} Pres Useq sey IJ “CLD soysy wosiod 0} salijun0d US1910F sutos ur peAo[dure st ind}; oy "OPIOIJOISOUI | UV SB PISN SSUMIIJOUOS SI [IO SILT, | "2umn1g52] ‘J jo 9804} 0} I¥IWIS sojsed -O1d YIM [lO 1B S9ABY Spees-olJ, } | ee oniid B UL8}UOD S}INJZ IL, | SL WIM [Io we UI¥]UOD Spodg (QI) ploreyTe ‘Tro peuessy ‘pourezylaose | waeq. jou sey YoIUM Jo sinieu sq} “soUBISqNs J9}}Iq Be UTe}mOO 0} punoj oste ore Aoyy, * (pF) uisdels Surjquieser eurAzue on "(9Z) sutejoid | OM} pues ‘oUrUIOLI ‘proyey]e | O1TXO} ue ulejuoo osje Asyy, ‘sai. -I8Y}8O T[][B JO JUa[OIA }SOT 9y} |-1]]NO ATPAISUd}X9 ‘qIoy Snoleqn} VW | payeatyino saquryps Airey Atpidsiq w ‘OTIOUIIN}] SB UMOUY SOULOZIUI S}I IO} CIPUT ISAO [[Z pa}Ba ‘BIPU] UI9YIION Ur p[iMm punof os[e si JT “Solsjuno0d (oy eIOdUI9}-MIeM pure WIV [|e Ul ‘UessSY pues jesueg | | TIL pezieinjeu SuUITIODSq JsSOWTR BIpU] ‘jnoysnoiy} sset 10 o10ur suspies | Ul pojyuv[d 991] UssISIOAO [[eUS V ‘eIpu] UlsyjNo, pue | UI91S9aM ‘[eijUIg 94} Ul pue ‘indsenN | 810UD ‘“jouTAS ‘[esueq utr osle ‘spivM -1S89 YpNO WolF joel] uvAR[eUI_-qns 24} UL pUNo} 9a1} snonpioep ][VUs VW *poywa -1}[N0 A][BVUOISBdDO SI TL BIpPUT TeoIdos3 (JO jsal oy} Uf ‘9}¥yS PyIM AT[NWqQnop @ Ul jnq BIOOUBARIT, puv IEeqeleN UL iSINd90" Os[v IE a The seeds have an oil with pro- Ss perties similar to those of C. = figlium. oe ca = The oil is sometimes used as an > insecticide. = The fruit is employed in some I foreign countries to poison fishes & (17). a | Fa It bas been said that the juice 5 banishes wood lice and fishinsects; 5 freshly cut slices are strewn in a their haunts for this purpose. = | y te Turmeric is used to drive away 5 ants by sprinkling in powder - | form on the ant holes. There are rs about fifteen species of Curcuma is | growing wild in India, and most = | of these could be used for similar | purpose. a = The commercial supply of oil of citronella is obtained princi- pally from Ceylon, Burma and the Straits Settlements. It is an important constituent of mosquito > repellents found in the market. a & 9) 8 The leaves are dried and = | powdered, and used to destroy the IS! maggots which infest wounds in| > animals. & | The bark and root of this plant }are stated to be used to poison fishes (10). Aitchison (48) remarks that the juice of the leaves is used in Kurrum Agency to destroy ticks on animals, particularly when they affect sheep. The root is applied to kill mag- gots in the wounds of goats (21). In Europe the seeds are used as an insecticide (21). —————— eee a VIGNI JO SLNVTd TVCIOIOSId ANV el8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII 874. |eprorosid ssassod wey} jo 1equinu e yey} Apex] AIOA SI }T ‘vIpUy ul punoj o1¥B st44aq jo satoeds I394}0 78. Eupatorium odoratumLinn.| An obnoxious weed introduced from) tases Recorded as poisonous to fishes. the West Indies; covers extensive) | < | areas in Bengal and Assam. | Sy 79. Euphorbia antiquorum| A fleshy much-branched large! Acrid milky juice. Milky juice used to kill maggots Linn. | shrub or small tree with a few decidu- in wounds. — ous leaves. Found in dry places| Juice also used by the Mundas | throughout the hotter parts of India up of Chota Nagpur to stupefy and to 2,000 ft. Occasionally cultivated | catch fish (16). as a hedge plant in villages. N 80. Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. A large fleshy shrub or small tree 00 According to Pammel (17), the a occasionally planted in villages as a plant is a fish poison. & hedge plant throughout Irdia and is ‘s sometimes found to run wild on waste- x land. In Orissa and in the Deccan it @ is said to occur in a state of nature in S rocky places. ES 81. Euphorbia royleana Boiss. A glabrous fleshy shrub or small} —_ Pammel (17) records the plant 5 tree common on the dry and hot rocky as a fish poison. 8 slopes of the outer ranges of the Western Himalayas from the Indus to x Kumaon, ascending to an altitude of te 6,000 ft. ; also on the Salt Range inthe =~ Punjab. It is commonly grown in) 2) hedges in the Sub-Himalayan tract S and the adjacent plains. = 82. Euphorbia thymifolia| A small prostrate annual found| Essential oil. Essential oil used in sprays to 2g Linn. throughout the greater part of India, keep off flies and mosquitoes from = up to 4,000 ft. on the Himalayas. inhabited rooms (64). S | va 83. Euphorbia tirucalli Linn. An unarmed shrub or small ia The milky juice contains} Used as a fish poison in the which is a native of Africa and has| about 20 per cent of resins (20), | Southern Mahratta Country. 2 become naturalized in several places} re in India. It is often grown as a hedge | = or occasionally as a roadside tree. S ES 84. Excoecaria agallocha Linn. A small evergreen tree found in ie Pammel (17) records the plant tidal forests and swamps on all the as a fish poison. coasts of India, re ee 618 €1 70. Tae 72. 73. 74, Dodonaea viscosa (Linn.) Jacq. Dolichandrone Seem. . Duranta (Syn. Jacq.) repens D. falcata Linn. plumieri Edgeworthia gardneri Meissn. Entada pursaetha DC. (Syn. Benth. ) E* scandens An evergreen shrub, rarely a small tree, met with in the North-West} (60). Himalayas up to an altitude of 4,500 ft.; also in Sind and South India up to 8,000 ft. in the Nilgiris. Commonly planted in Northern Irdia as a hedge plant. A deciduous tree found in Rajpu- tana, Bundelkhand, Bihar, Central Provinces, Berar, Konkan, Deccan, Mysore and most districts of the Madras Presidency in dry deciduous forests and often on rocky places. An evergreen shrub, one of the com- monest hedge plants in Indian | gardens. A large much-branched bush found along the Himalayas from Nepal to Sikkim and Bhutan, between 4,000 and 9,000 ft. It is also plentiful in Manipur. A gigantic. woody climber found) in the Central and Eastern Himalayas ascending to 4,000 ft. in Sikkim ; also in Eastern Bengal, Bihar and Orissa The plant contains saponins | The leaves contain a saponin | (125). The berries contain an alkaloid analogous to narcotine (124). According to Pammel (17), the plant is poisonous to fishes. The bark is used in the neigh- bourhood of Poona and other places as a fish poison. When macerated - the - berries exude a juice which is lethal to all anophelines and culicines. Man- son (124) has found that the juice ‘is'lethal’' to anophelines and culi- Cines in dilutions up to 1 in 100, but not in weaker strengths. The action on culicines is less marked than on anophelines. Pammel (17), on the authority of Greshoff, records it as a fish poison. The seeds contain two toxic saponins (61) ; also said to con- tain a glucoside which is hydro- lyzed by emulsin (62). | | | | The seeds are used as a fish poison in some parts of India, |South Africa and in the Philippine Islands. Watt (21) records that cS SSS SSS SSS VIGNI JO SINVTd TVCIOIOSId GNV TVCGIDOILOFISNI L18 893 INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA ‘MmnNplID * > Se SOUIeU Iv[noeUleA sues 94} Aq UMOUY O1¥ 9S8ILJ, *9d1IY} 1oy}O 94} jo Aue wey} ysnqol oloul st pue Aijunog ¥v}elyey_y Uloyjnog pues pulg Ul punoj St “f “YOOH 228490]S ‘S pay} egy “eipuy U1eyynNosg pov urlI9}S9M Jo. sjueqeyul ere “ouoaq mnipamagurt °S pue ‘UIY 2 WSIM Mnuviuounsqg °S$ ‘aIsy} JO OM], ‘pesn Ayie]IUtts aiv ‘jyuvid sty} Wolj 9}e}s Aip @ ul JIC VYSINSUI}SIPUI JSOUI[V O16 YOM ‘snuos SI} Jo sotoods ueipuy Iayi0 salu, ‘({z) dors ayy Surinfut yno -YJIM sjue oy} AOI]Sap 0} pe}vis u990q SVU po} VUSOICUI OS 19]VM SUL], “Ayjenpvis sAjossip Avm jt eq} OS ‘poxyovd prey ‘yes jo seq B YIM Suole ‘poleyVM SI Poy 9} Yom WOJJ [JOM 942 Jo YSnor} oY} OJUT jnd st s8imj} Jo apunq WY ‘spay SUBOIESNS WOIJ sjue oj14M oozed -II}X9 0} SIotIej Aq posn us}O *punoj St 991} oY} O10 ajdoed =jeooy Aq jUuvdoIXO}UI-YSsYy e se poXojduis o1Bv spoos ou ‘aurejuoo As} suruodes jo jUNOUIv oS1B] 94} JO jJUNODOV uo dvos Joy 9jnjIsqns @ se pasn | ‘osye [esusg UISINODO ‘ling pue tmnqysurs ‘(yso10y dveyszozy) rmouey TWOlJ payioder osjy. ‘HW 00S‘P oO} dn epuoyAo[sloyy uo pues oeuieg ‘sIvo -IIQ UleyJION ‘uBo09q 9} ‘UvyuOy UI SYOOI pliv wo punoj A][ensn qniys pojurol ‘SsuruIM} JO Sur[Tes} ‘ssopeey — "OIOOUBABL J, pue Ieqe[V{ Url siIolemyorq suo[e ysvor) SAMA 9} UI pues ‘suvqIepuns 94} Ul puNnof 991} UseeIsIoAO uy (uly 29 JUSTM BINSHSIAIIq “S "uAS) 3S10A (*qx0Y) wnpiridse BVMMISOIIBS “SPL "PIITM WHoiporwnideg °ZPFT 14 SAIOIUE Vol. SOCIETY; JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. 894 Hoy TTY 0} Ssofoy ,Sqeio O}JUT paynys ose SI] ‘USY [[t{T 0} Ja}eM OUI YT MOJIY} pus jueid sOUM 94} oSInIG indsen Bjoyg jo sepunyy ou ‘(g]) WluttaA SulAoIjsap 10j [njasn oq 0} pe}¥j}s 918 Spoes oT, “(g01) ssojInbsour ABMeB dATIpP 0} posn O18 SOABOT po}JUSOS-UOWs, oJ, *S1OSSeUL SUIAOWISI OJ S[VUIIUS UT SIOO[N 0} pet[dde ore spees palopMod 94 J, ‘quayeyjydeu seop Sv Sulyj}oTO Ilay} wo Aloploiquie pros yYysture} jou op Aey} }eq} Selpey UvIpuUy Aq peaaljeq St }]T ‘“SspeSUT WOly dIQe} UWeTToom joo}o1d 0} ¥BIpuy] UI posn 918 snjsod JO sjOOL at, "(9z) ploletle I9}}Iq & UTe}UOD 0} pd}¥}sS OST ST }I !(POL) [lO Tel}Uesse Ue Jo U0 lod 7Z.0 SUIvjUOD qisy OL *PIO[VY[B [VOIJUSp!I IO Iv]IUIIS sure -JU0D S$7770ut *S yey} AOA] ST IT ‘paploderI JOU ST SploljOOSUT UB sev juetd 94} jo asn oy} Ysnouje soljiodoid [epronoesul sey pro] -ex]e SIU, “suopivs ueiput ut peyeaj[ns AT[euoIsvooo osle pus ‘Spusv|s] JVQOOIN pus UuvUepUy oy} Ul puUNnoy ‘uUIT vsozuam -02 ‘*“S WO} peajelost useq Sey SUISI]AD YM [eoijuapr st ory ‘ouroydos ‘plojey[e uy “(ZOL ‘101) Punodaios on -ouesouedd & JO SatjI]Uenb [Tews puv [IO paxy ® Ule}U0D Spaag "(Q01) 039 ‘90tR}sqns I9}}Iq @ Jo Sool} ‘IISaI ‘ouUTInS -snes ploley[e ‘TIo [eyuessay "WUIYYIS 0} UOPUIN yy TWOl “33 000'S JO SpnynTe ue o} dn SvAB[CULFT 94} Ul Sarpusose ‘}soAIvYy Joye spley pe}eaty[no ui pue soovid dwep ur Ajjeioedsa ‘eipuy jroysnoiygy punoj qioy pejyusos Ajsuoljs V * ‘ung Biyeq 1vou eleypeisuvyes pue iqeysng ‘eqily pue uvsey Ul ‘puryeley, Jvou uow -m09 AT[¥I0T “33 900‘Z 0} dn jedan pue UOVUIUY 0} 9dULY [eS 9} pue viezePy Tey “UST Woy vipuy wisjsoM -UWION Jo sjovi} uvAepemipy-qns pue | SBAB[VULLE] 94} UL pUNOJ qnIYs MOT V ‘ued0aq, oY} pue Indsen vjoyD ‘ieyIg ‘messy 0} "33 000'S JO 9pHine ue ye [eMYyIey WOIJ pols}je0s ATOPIM ‘eIpU] UIoyjNoS puv [v1 -JUSd jNoYySno1y} pue spremjsve lating 94} WOIJ ‘s}OvI] UBAB[EUIIFT-qns 9} Jo sjsoloj Alp UL punoj 901} OSIe, VW ‘AI]WNOD SUIPUNOLINS sy} pus IIMYysey Ul punoj qioy [eruusrted jno}s [[8} V SHIIPUL snyynesseyds "YUBIL) Wy siyjom Bsoydos (SOONT) SIPOBISIId BIII]IS | B8niiy “Ss ‘uAg) ‘110xT (‘AnoryT) BSOd]O BIOYIIIIYIS ‘SPI LET “OFT ‘SPT ‘TPL SHUVNAY SINHASILSNOD NOILNAIULSIG INVIg 40 ANVN SSS ESS SS SS STS TT 895 INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA ‘uosiod ysy @ sv jueld 93 spI0004 (Z1) [omured ‘uosiod Usy © S¥ SIIIS[IN jo soqii} [IY oy} Aq posn oiv Sp9es 24} ey} soyBj}s (17) HEM *soysy 0} snouos -1od aq 0} ATexI] o1e Spoes OUT, *(g]) S8o1J 0} uostod BUOIJS G SB S}OV jOvI}XO OLY, ‘(601) eulIpsyds jo sjunoure [Tews pue ‘(goJ) Upeorxe} QPISOON][S oY} UlvJUOS OS[e SOABI] sy, “plow ormsoj yONU ule}UOD SOABI] 9} }BU} S9}B1S (JOT) WIAT_ ‘TIO O]I}B[OA B suTe}UOD des 94} ‘(901) JopueT 0} Sulpiosoy (98) oUIxe}] ‘PIO[VY[e I1xX0} B UTe}UOD S]InIJ pus ‘s}OoYS ‘soAvda] OU, (gz) Wluvsol oprsoonys 94} UlB]UOD OS[V Spse0S oT, "oja ‘dind yinig ‘soava] ‘xIeq, ‘pOooM ‘}001 oy} ul osite jnq ‘juv[d 94} Jo yied juejiodmt }sour oy} ‘spoas oy} ur AJUO jOU jsIx9 Spunodaroo osoy], ‘Sioyjo puv suloniq jues -oid a1 oJet{} SIq} sapiseq : juvyd SIU} Ul poUuleyu0d ployexye jue -JJOdGUI JSOUL 9} ST ouTTYOAIT]G ‘(9z) ouruyoAsys pu outo -Iq Splojey[e? oy} UlejUOD poom pue yieq ‘spses ‘s}ool oy “(gol) suiluodvs sutvjuo0o Ajqeqolg "13. 000°S JO sopny}ii[e je S[[IH eiseqy ey} ur pue “13 000‘TT 93 000‘9 Jo Sophie ye sede] -CULIE] 9} ¥1OdUI9} OY} Ul YIM JOUL 991} U99ISIOAD pozIs-WINIpSUl Io [[euUIS VW *ArjuNOD ATTY Ut "13. 000‘F 0} dn puv s}so10j snonptdoep ut ADUSPISAIgG SPIPBI 9} JO JSvO%) ISOM 9} UO Osje : Oteuleg pus Uvd09q 94} ‘SIvolIgQ UloyJIoN ‘AljUNOD BV eIGe IL uleyynog ‘eivuey YWoN ‘ueyuoy ‘essliIQ. pue Jeylq ‘indyyeloy jo S]SOIOJ 9} UL pUNO|J 901} snonpioep WY *S}BUD) UIOISIM 9} JO S}SILOJ IOMO] 9Y} 0} VIODUVARIY, 0} VIVUPY NOG WoT ysBODd UIIISON\ ‘SIUTJON JO SII epuosipe, ‘olyeureg ‘eleuey ‘euoog ‘uvyuoy ‘Aequiog ut eIpuy jo syied ulsyjnog pue UIO}SoM UL PUNO} qNniYS SUIqUII[D s51e, VW "WEessy pus [esuog \seq ‘UIIYYXIS ‘weyoed ‘ysvog seq pues jsos, 93 UO pUNO}J qnIYS SUIUIM} Jopuals VW ‘WUIT B}B99Bq SNXP] BOIWOA-xnu ‘UUTT BOLIqn{o) souysAys “OST ‘UUlT SODYIANS “1ST ‘OST “diem (“PIEM) BIOULIPUBDIOY Bueydays ‘6PL ( E——E—e————EEeeeeeeeeee NAME OF PLANT DISTRIBUTION CoNSTITUENTS REMARKS 144. Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke 145. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr. (Syn. S. trijuga Willd.) 146. Scleria pergracilis (Nees) Kunth 147 Sophora mollis R. Grah. 148. Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. 149, Stephania _hernandiifolia (Willd.) Walp. 150. Strychnos colubrina Linn. 151. Strychnos nux-yomica Linn. 152. Taxus baccata Linn. —_—_—_aave—e eee amore — — — — — — A tall stout perennial herb found in Kashmir and the surrounding country. A large tree found in dry forests of the Sub-Himalayan tracts, from the Sutlej eastwards and throughout Cent- ral and Southern India. Widely scattered from Garhwal at an altitude of 5,000 ft. to Assam, Bihar, Chota Nagpur and the Deccan. A low shrub found in the Himalayas and Sub-Himalayan tracts of North- Western India from Gilgit, Chitral, Hazara and the Salt Range to Knmaon and Nepa! up to7,000 ft. Locally com- mon near Malakand, in Kagan and Kilba, Bushahr and Sahansradhara near Dehra Dun. - A strongly scented herb found throughout India, especially in damp places and in cultivated fields after harvest, ascending in the Himalayas up to an altitude of 5,000 ft. from Kumaon to Sikkim. A slender twining shrub found on the West and East Coast, Cachar, Sikkim, East Bengal and Assam. A large climbing shrub found in Western and Southern parts of India in Bombay, Konkan, Poona, Kanara, Carnatic, Veligonda Hills of Nellore, Western Coast from South Kanara to Travancore to the lower forests of the Western Ghats. A deciduous tree found in the forests of Gorakhpur, Bihar and Orissa, Konkan, North Kanara, Southern Mahratta Country, Northern Circars, in deciduous forests and up to 4,000 ft. in hilly country. A small or medium-sized evergreen tree met with in the temperate Hima- layas at altitudes of 6,000 to 11,000 ft., and in the Khasia Hills at altitudes of 5,000 ft. Essential oil, alkaloid saus- surine, resin, traces of a bitter substance, etc. (100). Seeds contain a fixed oil and small quantities of a cyanogene- tic compound (101, 102). An alkaloid, sophorine, which is identical with cytisine has been isolated from S. {fo- mentosa Linn. found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and also occasionally cultivated in Indian gardens. This alka- loid has insecticidal properties although the use of the plant as an insecticide is not recorded. It is likely that S. mollis cont- ains similar or identical alkaloid. The herb contains 0:22 per cent of an essential oil (104); it is also stated to contain a bitter alkaloid (26). wood contain the alkaloids bru- cine and strychnine (20). Strychnine is the most import- ant alkaloid contained in this plant ; besides this there are pre- sent brucine and others. These the Deccan and Carnatic; also on the} compounds exist not only in the West Coast of the Madras Presidency | seeds, the most important part of the plant, but also in the root, wood, ‘bark, leaves, fruit pulp, etc. glucoside loganin (20). contain a toxic alkaloid, taxine The seeds also contain the The leaves, shoots, and fruits The roots of costus are used in India to protect woollen fabric from insects. It is believed by Indian ladies that they do not tarnish gold embroidery on their clothing as does naphthalene. The powdered seeds are applied to ulcers in animals for removing maggots. The lemon-scented leaves are used to drive away mosquitoes (103). The seeds are stated to be useful for destroying vermin (16). The Mundas of Chota Nagpur bruise the whole plant and throw it into water to Kill fish. It is also stuffed into crabs’ holes to kill them, Probably contains saponins} The extract acts as a strong | (105). | poison to frogs (16). The roots, seeds, bark and The seeds are likely to be poi- sonous to fishes. Nilgiris as a fish poison. as a fish poison. Watt (21) states that the seeds are used by the hill tribes of Pammel (17) records the plant (86). According to Lander (106), the sap contains a yolatile oil. Blyth (107) states that the leaves contain much formic acid. The leaves also contain the glucoside taxicatin (108), and small amounts of ephedrine (109), AVINWOT “TENNNOL F68 “LST TWYALVN ‘A LAIIOS OA Wh IITX VIGNI JO SINVId TVGIOIOSId ANY TVCIOILOISNI S68 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HisT. SOCIETY, fol. XLIt 896 944 Jo sult} Auv je soljredoid [epio -T]09SUI JUa}jod ssassod saAve] 94} er JoyjJeyM Jno puy o} Aressaoo0u si YIOM IoyINY *seIsep peyivur Aue 0} sotjzedoid [eprorjoesurt ssassod jou. op javid wuaors-urvssy jo SIAR] 9} JVY} Puno ATJUIOOI DALY (2) szozetoqe]joo pue evidogg (61) 919389 10z dip [eloseur -UIOD B SB pasn oq JY sur JULTd OY} Jey} pojsessns useq sey jI ‘jOV} UT “(STL ‘FL]) wljensep ‘IapMod vay 8 se pasn ole Ady} -0s2 pue ulso1ydejos7p ‘utjanSep 9383S AIp 94} Ul ‘ syol} pue aol[/-o1pAyap ‘ualjenSep ‘ursomyde} ‘seop jSUIVSe aployjoasul JUSIOWJa | ule}uUO0D spseg ‘(¢g]]) wiTenSep ‘OINUBUI G9915 B SB Slo}UeTd va} Aq ay ue oq 0} ples ale seAvo] ay, | pue ulsor1yde} ulvju0s saavey | uressy ul payeATyNo oq 0} pewodoy —-yooyy mjes0A eysosyday ‘ect (Z11) ‘ uljizhso ‘apisoon;s ee Jo juao Jed z node ured SdAzvBgI dat, "13. 000‘9 ‘eIpuy UI poj1odei usaaq sey “CLIT OWL) °939/Jo opnijpe ue oj dn svdeleullzy 9sn yons ou jnq ‘vuBINne) Yous | ‘ououejor ‘utsorydejosz ‘ulfensap | oy} ur SuIpusose ‘vIpuUy J9A0 [}e punoj ‘slog (‘uurqT) Ur ysy Uosrod 0}. pasn St joor oy, | ‘uisoryde} ureju0o sjoor oy, | permuased Snosoeqisy joote-qns YW |jvasandind eisosydoy ‘rST ‘SnOIDvOya o}Inb 9q 0} punoy pue ‘s[VlI] play ayeos-[]vuIs uo sarjzied -O1d [@Pl91}O9SUI S}I IO} pajse} us9q SBY Spres oY} Jo (ge) JOVI}XO UY *yue[d [ejustIvUIO Ue se UMOIS AT[eUOISeI00 ‘osodind siq} 10F SI} ‘STII Jemysomvs oy} pue Bu08 pasn Ayoryo ole soavel pue yxivq “BIG UL: WLYAIG Ul “33 9000'S JO opny oy} +: BUlIng pue [esusg Ulo\seq -1]]8 UB OJ dn Sulpusose ‘uressy pue ul uostod ysy e@ se (¢g) a[quiey vISeyy, 0} TeMyIey Worl sedeleunypy Fara | &q papioce1 useq sey juvtd ayy, teers [eotdo1} 94} Ul punoj qniys yeam Vv ('qx0 XZ) BpIpued BIsoyday = ‘ect ge eee a ee ee ee | | SHUVNAY | SINAN LIISNOD NOILNGIALSIG INVIg JO ANVN | a 897 INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA ‘IoyJeomM Aurel SULINp sjoosul JO syov}je wo Wey} o}01d 0} Jopio ut ‘séeq ut dn pealojs SuIvIs 94] YUM jUBId palip oy} xia qelung 3} Ul JOI1]SIp vIsuey ey} Ul sjslinjnouse ‘ juajjedes JOOSUI UB SB poasNn ST Yyoorsnusy ‘(ZI}) uostod ysy e se poAojdurs useq sey jev{d ou} [Izeig UT ‘souvpUNQe }¥dI5 S}I Jo o}Ids UI BIPU[ UL osn wv YonNs Jo pivoy JAN oABY OM jnq ‘(p7f) Wostod ysy ¥B SB pojtodar useq sey jueyd ou, *suostod ysy se posn o1B ‘aAoqe pauot} -UsT SB ‘YOryM “Slog Vang Ang * 7 pue ‘uUly vpzpuvo -f, jo Ajyetoodsea ‘asoy} Jo saizzedoid § yeptorjoesut 94} SUNVSISOAUL O[IUM YIIOM oq pinomM J *YyyAA your AjuoulmIOD oie Uley} Jo oulos pu vIpPUy Ur punoj 918 sotoeds uszop 8 jnoqy ‘UOT]ELIVA [BUOSBOS MOUS S2ABI 94} Jey} viqissod stjyp “1BaA *[IO [B’1]UaSSo pue ‘(gy) ourjouosis} plolexly “(Q]]) WNaAeq} UTe}]UOS 0} puNoj ussq cs[e@ eAey sjool oJ, “UIJOA 94} pue ‘urydryoy ‘urenoye ‘uljolsysojAyd ev—soaourjsqns QUI]]RISAID InoJ puv ‘[ausay 94} jo Jus tod 7g UPy. 910M Suijny1jsuos ‘{Io Ayey B pops} -xo savy (OTT) WUD BW usyD °(97Z) wluuy} Jo JuI0 tad /[ 0} ¢ UleyUOD s}InJj oy, ‘wIpuy jo sjred Auvur UL poyeAl[no Afaprm fure,gd oesuey roddq ey} pue qelung oy} ‘r1urysey Ul PIIM punoj qioy [enuue o1}eWIOIe UY ‘ospoy v jou Jr ‘sqniys MOJ @ JNOUWM sureid oy} UL Uapies e A[a01vOS SI oI0y,J, ‘“seovjd somos UI PaZI[VInjeU JSOW]? MOU SI 991} [[eUIS IO QNIYS UI9IBIIAD 9S1¥] SIU} ‘SOIPUT SIM puv vollouly jo sATeU @ AT[BUISIIO ‘JSIM 9} UL SjoOeI} ple 94} jo uorjdeoxe oy} YIM eIpuy JHoysSno1y} s[[iy 1eMo, pus sured sj UI WIOWIMIOD 931} SNONplosp s61el V “uUry WNIDBIS“WNVIO] BIJOVOSIIL, “SCL (‘pnojg Ya ‘ssnue BOY -jos0u yy, “UAG) “IAI (‘s19q) BuBIANJad BHOADYL “2ST. “qxoy (‘u}19¥y) BOTTI, 9 q Biyeuimdey, “SSL a NAME oF PLANT DISTRIBUTION CONSTITUENTS REMARKS 153. Tephrosia candida (Roxb.) DC. 154. Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. 155. Tephrosia vogelii f. Hook. A weak shrub found in the tropical Himalayas from Garhwal to Khasia and Assam, ascending up to an alti- tude of 5,000 ft. in Sikkim ; in Chitta- gong and the Sameshwar hills. It is occasionally grown as an ornamental plant. A sub-erect herbaceous perennial found all over India, ascending in the Himalayas up to an altitude of 6,000 ft. Reported to be cultivated in Assam by tea planters as a green manure. The roots contain tephrosin, deguelin, zsotephrosin, rotenone, etc. (110, 111). The leaves contain about 2 per cent of a glucoside, osyritin (112). Leaves contain tephrosin and} deguelin (113). Seeds contain tephrosin, deguelin, dehydro- deguelin, a//otephrosin and iso- deguelin (114, 115). The plant has been recorded by Gamble (85) as a fish poison in Eastern Bengal and Burma; the bark and Jeaves are chiefly used for this purpose. An extract (56) of the seeds has been tested for its insecticidal pro- perties on small-scale field trials, and found to be quite efficacious, The root is used to poison fish in French Guiana, but no such use has been reported in India, | | | The leaves are said to be an efficient insecticide against fleas, lice and ticks; in the dry state they are used as a flea powder. | In fact, it has been suggested that | the plant might be usedas a com- mercial dip for cattle (19). Chopra and collaborators (7) have recently found that the leaves of Assam-grown plant do not possess insecticidal properties to any marked degree. Further work is necessary to find out whether the leaves possess potent insecti- cidal properties at any time of the year. It is possible that the leaves show seasonal variation. About a dozen species are found 968 JITX ‘19A ‘ALFIOOS “LSIH IVWNALYN AVAWod “TYNYNOL in India and some of them are ‘ commonly met with. It would be worth while investigating the insecticidal properties of these, especially of 7. candida Linn. and T. purpurea Pers., which, as men- tioned above, are used as fish poisons. WR, A large deciduous tree common in the plains and lower hills throughout India with the exception of the arid tracts in the West. Terminalia bellirica a vs The fruits contain 5 to 17 per aertn.) Roxb. The plant has been reportedas a cent of tannin (20). fish poison (17), but we have never heard of such a use in India in spite of its great abundance. 157. Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Merr. (Syn. T. nerei- folia Juss. ex Steud.) Originally a native of America and West Indies, this large evergreen shrub or small tree is now almost naturalized in some places. ‘There is scarcely a garden in the plains without a few shrubs, if not a hedge. Chen & Chen (116) have ex- tracted a fatty oil, constituting more than 62 per cent of the kernel, and four crystalline substances—a phytosterolin, ahouain, kokilphin, and the- vetin. The roots have also been found to contain thevetin (118). In Brazil the plant has been employed as a fish poison (117). 158. Trigonella foenum-graecum 0 An aromatic annual herb found wild Linn. in Kashmir, the Punjab and the Upper Gangetic Plain; widely cultivated in many parts of India, Alkaloid trigonelline (18), and a Fenugreek is used as an insect essential oil. repellent; agriculturists in the Kangra district in the Punjab mix the dried plant with the grains stored up in bags, in order to protect them from attacks of insects during rainy weather. V—__—_— V7 VIGNI JO SINVTd TYQIOIOSId GNV TVCIOILOXSNI 168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY, NATURAL AIST... SOCIETY) (Val. Caerr 898 9U} Jey} Ssj1ode1 wosuTy}y oTIyM ‘Ysy SUTT[IY JOJ posn si y1eq oy] ‘SIpPUvIg 0} SUIpIODDy ‘uostod ysy ve se (y]) Joumeg Aq peplosel useq sey juvid oy, ‘ysy AIVUIPIO Uy} 1e9 0} SUIOSIIOYM SSI JOU oI JYSnvI OS YSY Jey} pue USy 9}eorKXO}UT 0} psAojdwia. Ajasiel st yivq oy} 384} 9}e}s sIoyIoM Jayjo AueUt WHY SUIMOT[OJ pue YsinqxoYy *sjoasut Yo daoyx 0} SUIBVIS PoI0}]S I9AO PIF o1e jeAtid uvIpuy Jo soavoy ouL ‘uostod ysy 8 sv juefd 94} sprooer os[e (JJ) jowWUeg ‘uorIsodu0s [@o1aieys =s}r Woiz juoredde StI se ‘soysiedoid yeprorosid sossossod juvjd sjoym ouj yey} Ajay = ‘IaAaMOY St J ‘uostiod ysy & S® Sps0s 94} Jo 9sn oq} SSOIOv 9TI0D JOU sALY sJOyjNe jussoid oy, ‘Yysy Sutdostod IO} pesn oie spses oy} ‘(1z) Assouysneyy,Q 0} Suip1osy SHUVNAY EE SSS SSS: SSS SSS SSS SSS ss SSS SS SSS SS SSS SSS SSS SSS SSS SS SSS SS SS SSS SSS EST MESSRS NSS I9jjIq 8 suUIe}U0D yIeq ody, *(¢Z]) [10 [eljuasse ue jo yU90 Jed ¢.[ JNoqe UIy}UOd s}INIJ oY, eeccee « ‘(ZZ ) suruodes UI¥jWOS 0} pd}vjs St yuVeTd SIL, (QI) prlorexlVv ‘([Z[) 2ptsoon],s e ulejyu0d sjoo1 UL ‘(9zt) wtuodes e jo juss Jed /¢.90 Spses 94} pue utuodes @ SIoMOop 94} : (6, ],) Utuodes @ pue a0uRjsqns Io}Iq snoyd -1OWI’ UB UlV}UOD SoAvII OY], SINHNLILISNOD vale SNpuUy-suvly, oy} Wor svAv] -CUllE] [eordo1}-qng oy} Jo sAayTvA joy 9] UL PUNO} 9a} [[VaIs Io qniys VW ‘Su0se}}IYD Ul punoj qniys Aysnq v ‘UOISIAIC, LINg 9} Ul pus ‘syeyy eke ‘yseqiivzepyy ‘uvoooq 94} ‘oeuIegQ ‘sIBvoIIQ §6UsJOJION : WOOUBAVIT, pue sAdu[ng ‘siepeurvuy oy} 0} Bleuey YON Wolly sjeyy UI9]SIAA 94} Ul pUNOJ 991} [[VUSs VW ‘seABlBUlIH ISOM-YION 9Y} Ul “33 000‘E 0} dn vipuy wmoysno1yy UOMIUIOD qNIYS 1eqICIv ss1e, VW *Ssurpvoids A[Ipider Mou st puve poonpoljur wssq sey yt o10yM punuvoe}0oQg jo pooy -INOqYsleu 94} UL SIIIS[IN oY} ut pue S]ey4) UIdISAAA OY} Ul Siuooo0 os[e I] ‘JOQLL, UloysaM Ul pue ‘33 QOO'ZI °} 000‘S us2eM}eq SeAL[VUIF, a}e10dUI9} 94} Ul ponoj qioy AT]OOM jnNo\s VW NOILNAIaLsIq "qxOY WHzR]e wnyAxoyueZ “COT "J “OOH (‘USSIOJT) —- BAOYJIPTITA LOAN 2 NON a Nee) (“CULT ) BOIPUT BIWIOISHIA *ZOT “Qxoy Byprosid BINs]eAA “TOT “UUIT] opun3ou xajtA “OOL ‘UUI'T SNsdey} WHISBqJIA “6ST INVIg 4O ANWVYN 899 INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA "(FZ1) Aep Yi¢ 94} wo Jaur soulossq pue sfep ¢ Joye Aousjod s}t sasoy soinf pojyntip oyy, ‘eednd uo Uol}Ov OU sey jnq soUToLNS pue souljaydoue uo Ayenba sjoe 4] *SOJNUIU / Ul OBAIYT oUL[aydoue OOT PeF{ S}oor sy} Jo Uorj}Nyos ysolj potiog wv ArojeIOGY 9y} ul ‘inoy uv Jey ynoqe wi pa -]s93u00 saX9 Itsy} pue peyednys euloseq YsYy ey} pue pidei Apres SI UOl}Oe OY, “YSy SuIUIe}UO0D puod ¥ 0}UI UMOIY} SI YOIUM Seq @ Ul 9say} Bulyjnd pue saoserd OJUL Wey] sunjno Aq uwUostod Yysy ¥ SB posn o1¥ sjOO1 oY, *([z) esodind SUBS 94} IO} pasn ose st jimIy *([Z) SUISOI pUv [ID 9II}B[OA B SUle]UOD OST WT 9UTteqisq YIM [eoljUuspt SI yorym ‘edioutid our[e}sAr9 ‘messy pue WIAYIG Jo qniys Auloy} suiquip yw "33 00S‘p Noe je WEyedesezin pue weluer Jo STI oui ul pue ‘13 900s PU 000‘Z peers ile SI[IH] BIseyy 94} Ur osTe + "73 000‘Z Jo epnjiiire ue 0} dn uejnyg 0} spivMjseo -1Ho;]}BY “TI@M wnue wnyjAxoyjueZ ‘POL ne et EEE Gee eee NAME OF PLANT DISTRIBUTION CONSTITUENTS REMARKS 159. Verbascum thapsus Linn. 160. Vitex negundo Linn. | | 161. Walsura piscidia Roxb. | 162. Wikstroemia indica (Linn.) C. A. Mey., var.) viridiflora (Meissn.) | Hook. f, 163. Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. | | hot valleys of the Sub-tropical Hima- 164. Zanthoxylum anum Wall. hamiltoni- | throughout India up to 3,000 ft. in the | A stout woolly herb found in the temperate Himalayas between 5,000 to 12,000 ft., and in Western Tibet. It also occurs in the Western Ghats and in the Nilgiris in the neighbour- hood of Ootacamund where it has been introduced and is now rapidly spreading. A large aromatic shrub common| North-West Himalayas A small tree found in the Western Ghats from North Kanara to the Anamalais, Pulneys and Travancore ; Northern Circars, Carnatic, the Deccan, Hazaribagh, Gaya Ghats, and in the Puri Division. A bushy shrub found in Chittagong, A shrub or small tree found in the layas from the ‘Trans-Indus area eastwards to Bhutan up to an altitude of 7,000 ft.; also in the Khasia Hills between 2,000 and 3,000 ft., and in the hills of Ganjam and Vizagapatam at about 4,500 ft. A climbing thorny shrub of Sikkim and Assam. The leaves contain an amor- phous bitter substance and a saponin (119); the flowers a saponin and the seeds 0°37 per cent of a saponin (120). The roots contain a glucoside (121). Alkaloid (18). The plant is stated to contain saponins (122). The fruits contain about 1°5 percent of an essential oil (123). The bark contains a_ bitter crystalline principle, which is identical with berberine. It also contains a volatile cil and resins (21). According to O’Shaughnessy (21), the seeds are used for poisoning fish. The present authors have not come across the use of the seeds as a fish poison. It is however, likely that the whole plant possesses piscicidal properties, as is apparent from its chemical composition. Pammel (17) also records the plant as a fish poison. The leaves of Indian privet are laid over stored grains to keep off insects. Roxburgh and following him many other workers state that the bark is largely employed to intoxicate fish and that fish so caught are not less wholesome to eat than ordinary fish. The plant has been recorded by Pammel (17) as a fish poison. According to Brandis, the bark is used for killing fish, while Atkinson reports that the fruit is also used for the same purpose (21). The roots are used as a fish poison by cutting them into pieces and putting these in a bag which is thrown into a pond containing fish. The action is fairly rapid and the fish become stupefied and their eyes congest- ed in about half an hour. In the laboratory a boiled fresh solution of the roots killed 100 anopheline larvae in 7 minutes. It acts equally on anophelines and culicines but has no action on pupae. The diluted juice loses its potency after 3 days and becomes inert on the 5th day (124). 868 Avawog ‘TyNunol ‘ALFIIOS “LSIH TWYALVN 19 IITX VIGNI JO SLNVId TVGIDIOSId GNV TVCIOILOASNI 668 900; JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST..SOCIETY, Vol. XLII REFERENCES Chopra & Badhwar: Indian J. Agric. Sct., 1940, 10, 1. ‘Bliss: Ann. Appl. Biol., 1939, 26, 585. - Holman:A Survey of Insecticidal Material of Vegetable Origen, 1940. Mackie & Crabtree: Lancet, 1938, August 20th, p. 447. Guisbug: Proc. 22nd. Ann. Meeting N. J. Mosquito Extermination ASSOCs, W935) (prla7. Chopra & Badhwar: Agric. Live-Stk. India, 1938, 8, 222. Chopra, Roy & Ghosh: J. Malar. Inst. India, 1940, 3, 185. Sen< indian =]. Vetmscrs (igaqs a nage. Hackett, Russell, Schraff & Senior White: Bull. Hlth. Organ., League of Nations, 1938, 7, 1016. 10. Raizada & Varma: Indian For., 1937, 63, 108. 11. United States Dispensatory, 1926. 12..' Kelkar & “Rao. 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(Rep.: 1012,, 28. 29. "Gram, « “Arch. “Exp. “Pathol, 21885) 19.) 350. 30. Harnack: Arch. -Exp. ‘Pathol., 1885, 2, (303,- 434. 31. Vanret: -C.. R. Acad. Sc.) Pars, 1885, 100,277]. Pharm Chim, ESo4 9,02 TO: . 32. Watson, Chatterjee & Mukherjee: J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1923, 42, 387. 33. Weil “Avch “Pharim., ootw 12395 6363. 34. Chopra: Rep. Medicinal Plants and Food Poisons Inquiry, 1936-37, p. 3. 35. Van den Driessen-Mareeuw: Pharm. Weekbl., 1903, 40, 7209. 36. Worsley: Ann. Appl. Brol., 1934,°21, 646. 37- Wood, Spivey & Easterfield: J.. Chem. Soc. 1896; p: 530: 25. Marshall: Lancet,, 1897)0l,..235: 39. Chopra & Chopra: Indian J. Med. Res., Memoir No. 31, 1939. 40. Greshoff: Meded.’s Lands Plantent., 1898, 25, 23. 41. Chopra, Ghosh & Mukherjee: Indian J. Med. Res., 1934, 22, 183. 42. Gnadinger: Pyrethrum Flowers, 1936. 43. Chopra: Rep. Medicinal Plants and Food Poisons Inquiry, 1939-40. 44. -Mercier & Blansard:: Ck. Soc. Brol.,, Paris, 1935, 118, 2606. 45. Dekker: Pharm. Weckbl., 1909, 46, 16. 46. Cooke: The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay, 1901-1908, Vols. 1-2. 47- Chopra & Roy: indian Jv Meds Res7,91933,- 21,17, 48... Aitchison: Jo Linn. Soc, 188i el Sanone 49. Keller: Arch. Pharm., 1925, 263, 274. 50. Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 1936-39, Vols. 1-2. 51. Butenandt & McCartney: Liebigs Ann., 1932, 494, 17. 52. Butenandt & Hilgetag: Liebigs Ann., 1932, 495, 172. 53. Krishna & Ghose: Curr. Sci., 1936, 4, 32. 54. Krishna & Ghose: Curr. Sci., 1936, 4, 857. 55- Krishna & Ghose: Curr, Sci., 1938, 7, 32 OIA Noy do “INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA — 901 Power: Pharm. Arch., 1902, 5, 145; ibid. 1903, 6, 1. Leyva ScouGutiernez fon bel.) Med. ASSOC. .11937,, 173, 340. Prain & Burkill: Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard., Calcutta, 1936-39, 14, parts 1 & 2. Gimlette: Malay Poisons and Charm Cures, 1929 . ,Greshoff : Apoth. Ztg.,, 1893,. 589. Chopra: Rep. Medicinal Plants and Food Poisons Inquiry, 1937-38. Bourquelot & Bridel: J. Pharm..Chim., 1909, 30 (6), 162; C. R. Acad. Sci., .Paris, 1909, 149, 36r. Gane; Amer. Druge. Pharm. Kees, 1895, Sept. 5; uide,Wehmer (2a). Freise: Perfum. Essent. : Oil; Rec.,.. 1935, 26, 219. Puran Singh’: ‘Indian: For. ‘Rec., 1917, 9, 333. Warden : Indian Med. Gaz., 1880, 15, 253. Clewer, Green & Tutin: J. Chem. Soc., 1915, 107, 835. Power & Less: J. Chem. Soc., 1905, 349. Power & Barrowcliff: J. Chem. Soc., 1905, 884. Van der Harr: Arch. Pharm., 1912, 250, 434; ibid., 1913, 251, 650. Block: Arch. Pharm., 1888, 226, 953. Kuwada & Matsukawa: J. Pharm. Soc. Japan, 1934, 54, 8. Power & Gornall: J. Chem. Soc., 1904, 838. Hashimoto: J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1925, 47, 2325. Rosenthaler: Arch. Pharm., 1913, 291, 56. Brissemoret & Combes: C. RK. Acad. Sct., Paris, 1905, 141, 383. Kanjilal: Forest Flora of the Siwalik and Jaunsar Forest Divisions, IQII. Droit: Bull. Inst. Colon. Marseille. Mat. grasses, 1932, 16, 270. Rodger: Handbook of the Forest Prcducts of Burma, 1936. Weil: Arch. Pharm., 1901, 239, 369. Boorsma: Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg, 1902, 14, 30. Chen: Science, China, 1935, 19, 1405. Greenway: Kew Bull., 1936, No. 4, p. 245. Worsley: E. Afr. Agric. Res. Sta., Amani, 7th Ann. Rep., 1934-35, 23-6. Gamble: Manual of Indian Timbers, 1922. Henry: The Plant Alkaloids, 1939. Yamafugi: Bull, Agric. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1932, 8, 1. Plugge: Arch. Pharm. 1891, 229, 552. Greshott :> Ber, Dtsch. “Chem. Ges.,; 1890,. 23, 3537. Rosenthaler: Z. Oesterr. Apoth-Ver., 1906, 44, 147. Chakravarti & Ganapati: Proc. 20th Indian Sci. Congr., Patna, 1933, 22,00. Steenhauer: Pharm Weekbl., 1919, 56, 1084. Maurin:: Bull. Sci..Pharm., 1925, 32, 27. Subramaniyam. J. Mysore Agri. & Exptl. Union, 1932, 13, 57. - Vogtherr: Arch. Pharm., 1894, 232, 480. Subramaniyam: Mysore Dept. Agric. Ann. Admin. Rep., 1933-34. Siddiqui & Siddiqui: J. Indian Chem. Soc., 1931, 8, 667. Sollmann: A Manual of Pharmacology, 1936. Kesava Menon: J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1910, 9, 1431. Ghosh, Chatterjee & Dutt: J. Indian Chem. Soc., 1929, 6, 517. Bose & Sen: Indian Med. Gaz., 1919, 54, 413. Rosenthaler : Schweiz. Apothztg., 1920, 58, 17. Hooker: Flora of British India, 1894, 6, 685. Dymock: Pharm J., 1884, 14, 985. Boorsma: Meded.’s Lands Plantent., 1897, 97; 1898, 31, 124; Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitzenzorg, 1902, No. 14, 14. Lander: Veterinary Toxicology, 1926. Blyth: Poisons, 1920. Lefebvre: Arch. Pharm., 1907, 245, 486. Callow, Gulland & Virclen: J. Chem. Soc., 1931, 2138. Clarke: “Science, 1930, 71; 306; 1bid. 1931, 735. 17; Clark & Claborn: J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1932, 54, 4454, Clark & Banerjee: Proc. Chem. Soc., 1910, 25, 16, Clarke: J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1931, 53, 729, Merz: Arch, Parm., 1932, 270, 362. 902 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XLII 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120, 1217 122: 123; 1243 125. 126.0% Merz & Schmidt: Arch. Pharm., 1925, 273, 1. Chen & Chen: J. Biol. Chem., 1934, 105, 321. Waddell: Lyon’s Medical Jurisprudence for India, 1928. Ghatak & Pendse: Bull. Acad. Sci. Allahabad, 1933, 2, 259. Latin: Amer. J. Pharm., 1890, 62, 71. Kobert: Saponinrubstanzen, 1916. | Bourquelot & Bridel: C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 1910, 151, 760; J. Pharm. Chim., 1910, 2, 481. Boorsma: Meded.’s Lands Plantent., 1900, 31. Simonsen & Rau: Indian For. Rec., 1929, 9, 133. Manson: J. Malar. Inst. India, 1939, 2, 85. Boorsma: Meded.’s Lands Plantent., 1899, 31, 122. Gamble: Kew Bull., 1921, p. 312. BS pene ieee retried pay i ecmenneemewenter seamne Si we) etl = bene® act asgnts Oe Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Sayeedud-Din. Fig. 1.—A view of part of the Ajanta Hills where the forest is of the monsoon type. Sayeedud-Din. Fig. 2.—A thicket of Calamus Rotang Linn, near the Ramappa tank in Mulug. ADDITIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF H. E. H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS, HYDERABAD, DECCAN. BY M. SAYEEDUD-DIN, M.A., B.SC., F.L.S.. F.R.M.S., F-F.SC., Professor of Botany, Osmania University. (With one plate). DICOTYLEDONS. It is now nearly three years since a contribution was made to the pages of this Journal. During this period a number of collec- tions have been made from several districts, viz., Mulug, Sirnapalli, ' Vikarabad, Amrabad (including Mananur and Farahabad), Adilabad, and from the suburbs of Hyderabad city. This report deals with only such material as has been carefully identified, and later on com- pared with the type specimens at the Sibpur and Dehra Dun Herbaria. The families and species dealt with number 53 and 170 respectively. The author is now in a position to say something about the types of forest, and the dominant species met with in the above- mentioned districts. There is really no typical rain-forest in the Dominions. An intermediate form between rain- and .monsoon- forest is met with, viz., near Salvoy in the Mulug Talukha of Warangal District (Fig. 1), near Mananur at Pedda Omamahesh- waram, in the vicinity of Kuntala (in Both Talukha of Adilabad Dis- trict), and along the Ajanta Hills (Fig. 2). The dominant species common to most of these forests are Tectona grandis Linn., Olax scandens Roxb., Erythroxylon monogynum Roxb., Termuinalia tomentosa W. and A., Balanites Roxburghii Planch., Buchanania latifolia Roxb., Semecarpus Anacardium Linn., Cleistanthus collinus Benth., Bombax malabaricum DC., Diospyros tomentosa ‘Roxb., Diospyros Melanoxylon Roxb., Chloroxylon Swietenia DC., Phylian- thus Emblica Linn., Aegle Marmelos Correa, Strychnos potatorum Linn., and others. Strychnos Nux-vomica Linn. is, however, very common in the Warangal, Karimnagar and Adilabad Districts. Dendrocalamus strictus Nees is common in hilly regions. Calamus Rotang Linn. is found only in the Warangal District in Mulug below the Ramappa tank (Fig. 3). The second type of forest is the open-forest which is common. The dominant species in such forests are Boswellia serrata Roxb., Bassia latifolia Roxb., Tectona grandis Linn. of stunted growth, species of Gardenia and Randia, Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb., Anogeissus latifolia Wall., Feronia Elephantum Correa, and others. * “A further contribution to some of the common flowering plants of the Hyderabad State; their distribution and economic importance—Dicotyledons,’ (vol. xi, No. 2, Sept. 1938). 904 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII The last type of forest met with in the Dominions is the thorn- forest or scrub-jungle. It is common on laterite and on rocky soil. Amongst the trees, members of the Leguminosae family form gre- garious patches. Species of Zizyphus, Gardenia, Wrightia and Grewia, Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. and Anona squamosa Linn. are common. Amongst low shrubs Cassia auriculata Linn. is very wide-spread and dominant. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. ._ I am thankful to all my colleagues, particularly Messrs. M. A. Salam and M. R. Suxena for the help rendered in connection with the collection, preservation and identification of the material. While working at the Sibpur Herbarium,:-Mr. Salam compared some of our collections with the type specimens there. Mr. Suxena did the same during his work at the Dehra Dun Herbarium. I. : RANUNCULACEAE. 1. Naravelia zeylanica DC. Syst. 1. 167; H. F. B. I, i, 7; Dalz. & Gibs. it: Prim., F.-Ceyly i, 2;, Watt. Dict. Econ; sProdscl.. Vi. 317) talon Ofte Bompb:./ Press, al) 7. Cooke. i "Press: Bomiben sinc. Habitat.—Found in moist forest on the paves of Dayyum Murgu near Salvoy in Mulug (Warangal District). Flowering Season.—Nov.-Dec. II. DILLENIACEAE. 2. Dillenia indica Linn. Sp. Pl. 535, H.F.B.I., i, 36; Talb. For F. Bomb. Pres., I, 10; Watt. Dict. Econ. Prod. I., iii, 113; Cooke F: Pres. Bomb.,.I, 6. Syn.—D. speciosa, Thunb. in Trans. Linn. Soc., I+ (1791), 200; Dalz. & Gibs,, 2° Wtr ler S823. Indian Names.—Chalta, Girnar (Hindi); Motakarmal (Mar.); Kalinga, Peddakalinga (Tel.); Chalta (Beng.); Bettakanigala (Canarese); Chalita (Mala- yalam). _Habitat.—Cultivated in gardens. Flowering season.—May-June. Uses.—Medicinal (Kirtikar). III. ANONACEAE. 3. Saccopetalum tomentosum H. f. & Thos. Bl. Ind. “(8§s5)}; “HF B19, 88; Dalz. & Gibs.,.4; Talb. For. F. Bomb. Pres., i, 31; Watt. Dict: Econ. Prod. I, VI, Pt. 2; 3815. Cooke, FY Press) Bombs ay 16: Habitat.—Found in the Anantgiri rapes (Vikarabad). Flowering season.—April-June, fruits in Aug. 1. MENISPERMACEAE. 4 Tinospora malabarica Miers Contrib. iii (1864), 32; H.F.B.L., i, 963. Dalz. ‘& > Gibs. 5 trimer bee Ceylac i, 385 Talb. For. F. Bomb. Pres., i, 36; Cooke. FB.) Pres: Bomb... 17 118. Syn.—Cocculus malabaricus DC. Syst., i, 518. Indian Names.—Giloe, Gulancha, Gurch (Hindi); Gulvel (Mar.); Potchindil (Tam.); Padmagaluncha (Beng.). Habitat.—Common in most forests. Flowering season.—Collected in Feb, Uses.—Medicinal. (Nirtikar), FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS 905 5. Cissampelos Pareira Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 1031; H.F.B.I., i, 103; Daizgs7& .Gihs.,:<;° Trim. Ul. -Ceyl., 1, 46; Talb. For. F. Bomb. Pres., i) 45 ; Cooke. b. Pres.s-bomb.,) i, 22);) Watt. Dict.. Econ. Prod. I. “ii, 327. Syn.—Cissampelos convolvulacea Willd. Sp. Pl., V, 863. Indian Names.—Akandi, Dakhnir-bissi, Harjeuri (Hindi) ; Ambashtha, Brihat- tikta (Sans.); Padavali, Pharmul (Mar.); Pahadmul, Pahadvel (Bomb.); Appatta (Tam.); Adivibankatige (Tel.). — a Habitat.—First collected in the Mulug forest (Warangal District), also sub- sequently collected at Ooperpalli and elsewhere. Fowering season.—April-Sept. Uses.—Medicinal (IKirtikar). V. BERBERIDACEAE. 6. Mahonia nepalensis DC. Svst. ii, 21. Syn.—Berberis nepalensis Spreng. Syst. ii, 120; H.F.B.I., i, 109. Indian Names.—Amudanda, Chiror (Punjab); Gurm, ‘alike (Garhwal) ; Chatri (Nepal). Habitat.—Native of Temperate Himalaya. Cultivated in the Botanic Garden, Osmania University. Flowering season.—Collected in flower in March. Uses.—Medicinal (Kirtikar). VI. CRUCIFERAE. 7. Lepidium sativum Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 644 (The Cress), H.F.B.1., i, 1593) Watt. Dict: Econ. “Prod..f., iv, 627; Cooke: F: Pres: Bomib:; «1,735: Indian Names.—Half, Hurf, Harfulabaz (Arab.); Chaunsar, Halim, Hurf (Hindi); Rukhame ispanda (Pers.}; Chandrik (Sans.); Aliverai (Tamil); Adala vitulu (Tel.); Halim (Urdu). Habitat.—Commonly cultivated. Flowering season.—March and April. Uses.—-A good pot-herb, also. medicinal. VII. CAPPARIDACEAE. 8. Cleome felina Linn. f. Suppl., 300; H.F.B.I., 170. Syn.—Polanisia felina DC. Prodr. i, 242. Indian Names.—Ariavila (Malayalam). Habitat.—Wild throughout the Dominions. Uses.—Medicinal. 9. Maerua arenaria H. f. & T.; H.F.B.I., i, 171; Trim. F. Ceyl., i, 58. Syn.—M. ovalifolia Cambess. in Jacquemont, Voy. Bot. (1844), 23, t. 243 Talb. For. F. Bomb. Pres., i, 48; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., i, 41. Niebuhria oblongifolia Royle, Ill. Himal. Bot., 73; Dalz. & Gibs., 8. Capparis hetero- clita Roxb. F. Ind:,: ii, 570. Indian Names.—Bhumi-chakkarai (Tam.); Bhuchakramu (Tel.). Habitat.—Collected from Mulug forest. Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec. Uses.—Medicinal. 10. Crataeva religiosa Forst. f.. Prodr. (1786), 35; H.F.B.1.; i, 172; Talb. For. F. Bomb. Pres., i, 64; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., i, 42; Watt. Dict. Econ. Prod= Ie, ° 1150583. Indian Names.—Varvunna (Hindi); Nirvala, Kamla, Waiwurna (Mar.). Habitat.—Planted near temples. Apparently wild. Flowering season.—March-April. Uses.—Useful in turnery. 906 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII 11. Cadaba indica Lamk. Encyc., i (1783), 544; H.F.B.1., .i, 172; Trim. EF. Ceyl-5 1,603 °\Talb> For. ¥.” Bcenib. Pres@ei,. 50% Geek. F. Pres. Bomb., i Age Dalz. & Gibs., 9. ; ; Syn.—Stroemeria tetrandra Vahl., Roxb. F. Ind., ii, 78. Habitat.—Collected from Mulug. Grows in dry situations. Flowering season.—Nov.-Feb. VIII. BIXACEAE. 12. Bixa Orellana Linn. (The Arnatto) Sp. Pl. (1753), 512; H.F.B.I., i, 190; Roxb. Bo Ind.,7i1, 31; Dalz. & Gibs: Suppl, 54. Wight i, ater. Indian Names.—Japhar, Kesari, Shendri (Mar.); Kuppamannal (Malayalam) ; Arnuttu, Kesari (Canarese); Amudadaram (Tamil); Jabura (Tel.); Jolandhar (Beng.). eis Sie American plant, cultivated in the Botanic Garden, Osmania University. Flowering season.—Sept. Uses.—The pulp surrounding the seeds gives a flesh coloured dye, used for colouring butter and for dyeing silk fabrics. Bark yields. a good cordage. The West Indians rub two pieces of wood to produce fire. Medicinal. IX. POLYGALACEAE. 13. Polygala elongata Klein in Willd. Sp. Pl., iii, 879; H.F.B.I., i, 203; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., i, 60 Syn.—P. campestris Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot., ii (1850), 40; Dalz. & Gibs., 13. Habitat.—Wild at Adigmet and elsewhere in the Dominions. Flowering season.—Sept.-Nov. X. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 14. Polycarpea corymbosa Lam. Ill., ii (1793), 129; H.F.B.I., i, 245; Wt. Ic. t. 712; Cooke.: F. Pres. Bomb., i, 66; Dalz. & Gibs., 16; Trim: iP. Ceyl., i, 88. Indian Names.—Bhistta (Sans.); Nilaisedachi (Tam.); Bommasari, Rajuma (Tel.). Habitat.—Common throughout the Dominions. Flowering season.—Oct.-Dec. Uses.—Medicinal. XI. MALVACEAE. 15. Hibiscus vitifolius Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 696; H.F.B.I., i, 338; Dalz. & Gibs., 20; Trim, F. Ceyl., i, 154; Cooke. F. Pres..Bomb., i, 109. Indian Name.—-Van-kipas (Mar.). Habitat.—Collected from Humpii ruins, Raichur district. Not common. Flowering season.—Feb. ae 16. Hibiscus canceilatus Roxb. Hort. Beng., 51; F.I., iii, 201; H.F.B.I., igaor Habitat.—Collected from Sirnapalli forest (Nizamabad District). It is strange that this plant which is not found either towards Bombay or towards Madras, has been collected from this place. Flowering season.—July-Aug. 17. Hibiscus schizopetalus Hook. f.; Bailey, Ency. Hort., 1487. Habitat.—Cultivated as an ornamental shrub. Flowering season.—Throughout the year. FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS 907 18. Urena lobata Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 692; H.F.B.I., i, 329; Dalz. & Gibs., 18; Trim. F. Ceyl., i, 147; Cooke. F. Bomb. Pres., i, 100; Watt. Dict. eon. Prod.v.,) viv pta 4, 212. Indian Names.-—Bachata, Bachita (Hindi); Otte (Canarese); Rantupkadu (Mar.); Van-bhendi (Bomb.); Vanachenda (Sans.); Ottatti (Tam.); Peddabenda (Tel.). Habitat.—Common ; first collected from Nizamabad. Flowering season.—Oct.-Dec. Uses.—Medicinal. XII. STERCULIACEAE. 19. Eriolena Hookeriana W. & A. Prodr., i, 70; H.F.B.I., i, 370; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., i, 131; Watt. Dict. Econ. Prod. I., iii, 265. Indian Names.—Bute, Bother (Bomb.) Habitat.—Collected from the Mulug forest. Flowering season.—March-April. 20. Waltheria indica Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 673; H.F.B.I., i, 374; Dalz. & Gibs., 23; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., i, 135; Gamble. F. Pres. Mad., i, III. Habitat.—Common everywhere in waste places, on roadsides, and as under- growth in forests. Flowering season.—Aug.-Oct. 21. Melochia corchorifolia ~Linn. Sp. Pi. (1753), 675; H.F.B.I., i, 374; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., 1, 134. a Syn.—Riedlea corchorifolia DC. Prodr. i, 491; Dalz. & Gibs., 24. Indian Names.—-Ganugapindikura, Sittanta kura (Tel.); Pinnakkuppunda, Punnakkukkirai (Tam.); Seruvuram (Malayalam); Tikidkra (Beng.). Habiiat.—A widely spread weed, commen at Adigmet and elsewhere. Flowering season.—Collected in October. Uses.—Medicinal (Kirtikar). XIII. TILIACEAE. 22. Grewia aspera Roxb. Hort. Beng., 42; Fl. Ind., ii, 591. Syn.—Grewia abutilifolia Juss. in Ann. Mus. iv, 92; H.F.B.I., i, 390; Dalz. & Gibs., 26; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., i, 144. Habitat. _-Common in Sirnapalli forest as an pudeser ony in shady situations. Flowering season.—June-July. XIV. MALPIGHIACEAE. 23. Banisteria laurifolia Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. ii, 611. Habitat.—Cultivated. Flowering season.—Jan.-April. XV. OXALIDACEAE. 24. Biophytum sensitiyum DC. Prodr. i. (1824), 690; H.F.B.I., i, 436; Dalz. & Gibs., 42; Cooke, F. Pres. Bomb., 167; Gamble. F. Pres. Mad., i, 133. Indian Names.—Lajalu, Lakhshana, Zarer (Hindi); Jalapushpa (Sans.) ; Jharera, Ladjiri (Mar.); Jhalai (Beng.), Habitat.—Cultivated. Uses.—Medicinal (Kirtikar). XVI. CELASTRACEAE. 25. Celastrus paniculata Willd. Sp. Pl., i, 1125; Roxb. Fl. Ind., i, 621; Dalzs & Gibs., 747s Wt. lil! “t72\5 Ic. t., 158: Indian Names.—Malkakni, Malkamni, Malkangni (Hindi) ; Kangani, Malkan- gani (Mar.); Bavanji, Malkanguni, Maneru (Tel.) ; Kangli, Kangondi (Canarese) ; Lataphatakai, Malkangni (Bomb.); Sankhu (Punjab). 908 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XLII | Habitat.—Common. First collected. from the Rare Ha = ce aeapad District). Flowering season.—July- Aug. | | hat f . a wh ert i Uses.—Medicinal. ‘26. Gymnosporia Rothiana M. Laws. 1. c.' 620; H.F.B.I.,' i, 620; Cooke. PF. Pres.) Bomb.) it 232, eit Syn.—Celastrus Rothiana Wt. & Arn. Prodr., 159; Dalz. & Gibs.,\47 & 318. \ Bib 462) Indian Name.—Yenkli (Bomb.). Habitat.—Common throughout the Dominions.. Flowering season.—April-June. XVII.” VITACEAE. 27. Vitis repanda Wt. & Arn. Prodr. (i834), 125; H.F.B.I., i. 648; ‘Trim. PF. Ceyl., 1,. 292"; Cooke. F. Pres: Bomb:;'ai, 251; alb: Wer, 4°. s0mb: ites, hice j an re Syn.—Cissus repanda Vahl., Symb., iii, 18; Dalz. & Gibs., 39... Indian Name.-—Gendal (Bomb.). Habitat—Common in moist forest. First collected from ‘Mulug forest (Warangal District). Flowering season.—March-April. XVIII. ANACARDIACEAE. 28. Rhus mysurensis Heyne, ex Wt. & Arn. Prodr. (1834), 1172; Cooke. F. ‘Pres. Bomb., Cooke. Fb.’ Pres: (Bomb., 1, 302. Indian Names.—Gulabi (Hindi and Punj.); Jenjaru © (Mar.); Ranmetht (Gujerati). Habitat.—Collected from Mulug. Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec. p Uses.—Officinal (Kirtikar). 37. Crotalaria trifoliastrum Willd. Sp. Pl., iii, 983; H.F.B.1., ii, 82. Habitat.—Common at Adigmet. Flowering season.—Collected in Aug. Uses.—The root is medicinal (Kirtikar). 38. CrotaJaria umbellata Wt. & Arn., 191; Gamble. F. Pres. Mad., ii, 294. syn.—-C. nana Burm., H.F.B.1.; 1, 71. Habitat.—-Collected from Mulug where it is very common, Flowering season.—Dec. 39. Indigofera cordifolia Heyne, ex Roth. Noy. Pl. Sp. (1821), 35753 HP Bas, i193; Dalz: & ‘Gibs., §8; Cooke, F. Pres. Bombi, ii, 311. Indian Names.—Godadi, Bechka (Bomb.). Habitat.—Common at Adigmet and elsewhere. Flowering season.—Collected in April. Uses.—Seeds are eaten in times of famine (Watt.). 40. Indigofera enneaphylla Linn. Mant. ii (1771), 571; H.F.B.1., ii, 94; Dalz. cy Gibs., 555) Urim. ib. “Ceyls in, 225, Cooke, i. “Pres. ‘Bomb.,, 11,312 ; Kirtilkar, 41," 709. Syn.—I. semitrijuga Forsk. Fl. Aegypt—Arab., 137; Indian Names.—Kenneggilu (Canarese) ; Bhuiguli (Mar.) ; Chalapachi, Cherra- gaddamu, Yerrapalleru (Tel.); Vasuka (Sans.), Cherupullate (Malayalam). Habitat.—Common at Adigmet. Flowering season.—Oct. Uses.—Medicinal. 4). Indigofera hirsuta Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 751; H.F.B.1., ii, 98; Dalz. So Gibss e60.) imma by Cevl- 114 265) Cocke. Ea Pres. Bomb... ti, 310. Habitat.—Common in all districts. First collected from Nalgonda. Flowering season.—Oct.-Dec. 42. Mundulea suberosa Benth. Pl. Jungh., iii (1851-55), 248; H.F.B.I., ii, Lio 1GOolkes Ws ebess bombs. wil, 322); Kairtikar, ul. ‘Med. .Plis.. 01,5722! Syn.—Tephrosta suberosa DC. Prodr ii, 249; Dalz. & Gibs., 60. T5 y10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIit Indian Names.—Bettahuruli (Canarese) ; Supti, Surti (Bomb.); Kadupporasu, Pirala-varam (Tam.); Kondavempali, Palasaram (Tel.). Habitat.—-Collected from Nalgonda, common elsewhere also. Flowering season.—Oct.-Dec. 43. Zornia diphylla Pers. Syn. Pl., ii (1807), 318; H.F.B.I., ii, 147; Trim. I. (Ceylt, a1; 35; ‘Cocke. ko Pres, Bombs, mi, 334. Syn.—Z. angustifolia Sm.; Dalz. & Gibs., 62. Indian Names.—Landgu (Bomb.); Nelammari (Malayalam). Habitat.—Common at Adigmet. Flowering season.—Aug.-Sept. Uses.—Medicinal. 44. Alysicarpus rugosus DC. Prodr., ii (1825), 353; H.F.B.I., ii, 159; Gamble. F. Pres. Mad., ii, 338. Syn.—A. Wallichii W. & A. Prodr., 234. Habitat.—Collected from Adigmet. Flowering season.—Sept. 45. Desmodium latifolium DC. Prodr., ii (1825), 328; H.F.B.I., ii, 168; Dalz. & Gibs., 66. Frim. Fs Ceyl.ii, 514, Cooke. Kh. Pres, Bomb: s,.-350- Habitat.—Common in the moist forest at Mulug. Flowering season.—Sept.-Nov. 46. Desmodium gyrans DC. (Telegraph Plant) Prodr., ii (1825), 326; HRB... ai, 174; ‘Trim. Fo Ceyls, i, 56;5'Cooke. Pa ires ss Bomb.,u tipegso: Habitat.—Hitherto not found wild. Cultivated. in the Botanic Garden, Osmania University, for its well-known movements. 47. Atylosia lineata Wt. & Arn. Prodr. (1834), 258; H.F.B.I., ii, 213; Cooke. (he bres Bomb: ails soz, Syn.—A. Lawi Wt. Ic. t. 93; Dalz. & Gibs., 74. Habitat.—Common in Mulug. Flowering season.—Dec. 48. Atylosia scarabeovides Benth. Pl. Jungh., ili (1851-55), 243; H.F.B.L., il, 2155, Trim: bo rCeyl. ii, 79%, (Cooke... “Pres, sBomb., ain gst Syn.—Cantharospermum pauciflorum W. & A. Prodr., 255; Dalz. & Gibs., Habitat—Common in Mulug in hilly tracts. Flowering season.—Oct.-Nov. LEGUMINOSAE. (Caesalpiniaceae). 49. Cassia Leschenaultiana OO«., Prain in Jour. As. Soc. Beng. cxvi, ii, 477° Syn.—C. Wallichiana DC.; W. & A., 292. C. mimosoides var. Wallichiana Baker; H.F.B.1., ii; 266. Habitat.—Not common. 50. Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. Encyc. Method., i (1783), 390; H.F.B.I., i, 276; Cooke. FF. Pres. ‘Bomb:, in, 431 ;)-Dalz) & Gis, 432: Indian Names.—Ashta, Asoda, Papri (Hindi); Ara, Ayata (Canarese) ; Apata, Kanraja (Mar.); Are, Manjiyare, Pachare (Tel.); Anupushpaka (Sans.); Banraj (Beng.); Apta, Vanu-raja (Bomb.); Kotapuli, Mandaram (Malayalam). IIabitat.—Common in some of the deciduous forests. : Flowering season.—April-June. Uses.—The fibre of the inner bark is used for making ropes. Leaves are pickled by the Burmese, and they are also used for making bidis in India. Medicinal. FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS 911 XX. SAXIFRAGACEAE. 51. Hydrangea hortensis Sm. Ic. Pict. xii. Habitat.—Cultivated in the Botanic Garden, Osmania University. XX. (CRASSULACEAE, 52. Bryophyllum tubiflorum Harv. in Harv. & Sond. Fl. Cap., ii, 380. Habitat.—Cultivated in rockeries. A xerophytic plant, multiplying by means of bulbils. Flowering season.—Jan. XXII. COMBRETACEAE. . 53. Terminalia citrina Moxb. (Citrine Myrobalan). ex. Fleming in As. Res. Xt (TS10)7 1530 ROxb. ‘Hort. Beng., 335: HE. BP, it,--446. Indian Names.—Haritaki, Harra (Beng.). — + Habitat.—Common in the Mulug forest. Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec. Uses.—Medicinal. 54. Combretum decandrum Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 59; H.F.B.I., ii, 452. Habitat.—Collected from the Mulug forest. Flowering season.—Dec. XAT. UY LHRACEAE, 55. Ammania peploides Spreng. Syst. Veg., i, (1825), 444; H.F.B.L., ii, S00) s Crimwwh Ceyl..nit, 22305 Cooke, 1h bres. bombs, lil, 2500; Syn.—Ameletia indica DC. in Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Genev., iii, Pt. ii, 82; Dalz. & Gibs., 96. Habitat.—Collected from a field in Mulug. Flowering season.—Dec. 56. Ammania baccifera Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. ii (1762), 175; H.F.B.I., ii, 569; Cooke. ‘Pres; (Bomb., iii, 509); “lrim. i. Ceyl.,, 11,1224 3 Dalz... & Gibs., 97. Syn.—-A. vestcatera Roxb. F. Ind., i (1820),)/427; Wirtikar, Ed. 1, 11; 1072. Indian Names.--Agya (Urdu); Dadmari, Jangli Mehndi (Hindi); Agnivenda- paku (Tel.); Bharajambhula (Mary.); Kallarivi (Tam.); Kshetrabhusha (Sans.) ; Dadmari (Beng.). Habitat.—Also collected from a moist locality in Mulug. Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec. U'ses.—Medicinal. XXIV. ONAGRACEAE, 57. Ludwigia parviflora Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814), ii; H.F.B.1., ii, 588; @ooke;- i. 2 Pres, Bomb., au, 517; Dalz. ‘& Gibs., 99; Trim: Fs Ceyl., 11, 234; Wight. “ll< t:; 101. Habitat.—Hilly places in Mulug and elsewhere. Flowering season.—Nov.—rather uncertain, because the old material in the Osmania University Herbarium is not dated. XXV. TURNERACEAE. 58. Turnera ulmifolia Linn. Sp. Pl. 271. var. angustifolia Willd. ; Gamble F. Pres. Mad.,) iii,- 523. Mayuranathan. Fl. Plts. Madras City., 124. Habitat.—Collected from an old well in the ruins of Mushk Mahal, and later on from a waste place towards Osmansagar. It is interesting to note that this plant, a native of the West Indies, should be found growing wild in a few places in Hyderabad. It has not, however, propagated profusely. Neither has Hooker nor Cooke recorded it. Flowering season.—Aug. 912 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLti XXVI. PASSIFLORACEAE. 59. Passiflora edulis Sitas. Bot. Mag. t. (1989); Kirt. Ind. Med. Plts. II Ed., ily \TIOR" Habitat.—A native of Brazil, cultivated for its fruit, Uses.—Fruit edible and medicinal. XXVIII. CUCURBITACEAE. 60. Ctenolepis Garcini Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 5, vi, 13; H.F.B.L., li, 629. Habitat.—Collected from Sirnapalli (Nizamabad District). Flowering season.—July-Aug. XXVIII. FICOIDACEAE. 61. Mollugo voppositifolia Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 89; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., ill, 658 Wsirt. ind...Med,. Pliss 911, id. ier ren Syn.—M. Spergula Linn. Syst. ed. 10 (1759), 881. Indian Names.—Jima (Hindi); Parpataka (Canarese); Jharasi (Mar.); IKaipa- jira (Malayalam); Phanija (Sans.); Kachantarai (Tam.); Chayun-tarashiaku (ier): Habiiat.—Common at Adigmet. Flowering season.—Sept.-Oct. Uses.—Medicinal. 62. Mollugo pentaphylla [inn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 89; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., li, 9658; Dalz. .& Gibs. 16. : Syn.—M. stricta Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. ii (1762),..131. Indian Names.—Jharasa (Mar.); Verrichatarasi (Tel.); Julpapra (Beng.).. Habitat.—Common_ elsewhere. Flowering season.—Sept.-Nov. Uses.—Occasionally eaten for its good properties. Medicinal. XXIX. UMBELLIFERAE. 63. Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn. (Asiatic Penny-wort) Sp. Pl. (1753), 2343 HE. B.1, di,3 660; “Dalz.” & “Gibs.,) 1053, Wt.> Icon! t) soci Goole. Manes. Bomb., iii, 562. Indian Names.—Barhmi (Urdu); Brahmamanduki (Hindi & Beng.) Babassa (Tam. & Tel.); Brahmi (Mar.); Kodagam (Malayalam). Habitat.—Near water-courses. First collection from a shaded moist situa- tion near a stream in Mulug. Flowering season.—May-Oct. Uses.—Medicinal. XXX. ARALIACEAE. 64. Panax fruticosum Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. ii, 1513; H.F.B.I., ii, 725; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl: 142; Cooke. F: Pres. Bomb., iii, 574. Habitat.—Commonly grown for its foliage. XXXII. RUBJACEAE. _ 65. Stephegyne parvifolia Korth. in Verh. Gesch. Nat. Bot., 161; H.F.B.L, Lit, mass Habitat.—Common in Mulug forest. Flowering season.—Nov. 66. Oldenlandia herbacea Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814), ii; Fl. Ind., i, 424; Cooke. Fo Pres.) Bombs). 11,.1680: ; Syn.—O. Heynit G. Don. Syst. iti (1834), 531; H.F.B.L., iii, 65. Hedyotss herbacea Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 102. Hedyotis Heynii Br. in Wall. Cat., 867; Dalzs & Gibbs. 176. FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS 913 Habitat.—Collected from Nalgonda, also common elsewhere. Flowering season.—Aug. Uses.—Medicinal (Kirtikar). 67. Oldenlandia dichotoma Koen: “HF B.1S lin; 67; Cooke. “hb. Pres; Bomb., iii, 590; Gamble. F. Pres. Mad., iv, 601. : Syn.—Hedyotis dichotoma W. & A. 416 in part. Hedyotis Heynei Bedd. Fcont: blinds On, 257.35: Habitat.—Nalgonda, in moist places. Flowering season.—July-Sept. 68. Randia dumetorum Lamk. Tab. Encyc., ii (1793), 227; H.F.B.T., ii, 110; Dalz. & Gibs., 119. Syn.—Randia longispina DC. Prodr., iv, 386; Dalz. & Gibs., 119; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., iii, 600. Indian Names.—Mainphal (Urdu); Arar, Mainphal (Hindi); Gehela (Deccan) ; Galay, Ghela, Madan (Mar.); Madanamu (Tel.); Kadudam, Karai (Tam.). Habitat.—Common in the Mulug and Sirnapalli forests. Flowering season.-—May. Uses.—The fresh fruit is roasted and eaten. The wood is used for agri- cultural implements and for fuel. The plant is sacred amongst Hindus. Medicinal (Watt.). 69. Gardenia latifolia Ait. Hort. Kew., i (1789), 294; H.F.B.I., iii, 116; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., iii, 602; Dalz. & Gibs., 120; Wt. Icon. t., 759; Trim. Pa @eyvie il, nae Habitat.—Very common in Mulug, Sirnapalli, and Vikarabad, Flowering season.—April-June, fruit in Aug. U’ses.—The wood is used in making combs. 70. Canthium parvifolium Roxb) Hort.a:Beng,, 15 bl, tnd: a) 524; Dip aloe, tie iiss Habitat.—Vicinity of Adigmet. Flowering season.—Collected in the fruiting condition in Aug. 71. Pavetta indica Linn. (Indian Pellet Shrub) Sp. Pl. (1753), 110; H.F.B.TI., iii, 150; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., iii, 612; Dalz. & Gibs., 112; Wt. Icon. t., 148. Syn.—Ivora Pavetta Roxb. FI. Ind., 385. Indian Names.—Kankra, Papari (Hindi); Pappadi (Canarese) ; Papadi (Mar.) ; Nallapapidi; Tapra (Tel.); Pavaltai (Tam.); Papat (Bomb.); Kukurachura (Beng.). Habitat.—Common in hills in the Mulug forest. Flowering season.—April-May. Uses.—Medicinal (Kirtikar). 72, Hamiltonia suaveolens Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814), 15; H.F.B.I., iii, 197; Cocke. F. Pres. Bomb., iii, 621. Syn.—Hamiltonia mysorensis Wt. & Arn. Prodr., 423; Dalz. & Gibs., 115. Indian Names.—Gidasawa, Gidesa (Bomb.); Mahabal (C.P.); Fisauni, Gohinla, Kanera (Punjab). Habitat.—Coliected from the hills in Khuldabad (Aurangabad District). Flowering season.—Feb. Fruit in June. Uses.—Medicinal. . 73. Spermacoce stricta Linn. f. Suppl. (1781), 120; H.F.B.L., iii, 200; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., iii, 623. Habitat.—Common at Adigmet and elsewhere. Flowering season.—Aug.-Oct. XXXII. COMPOSITAE. 74, Vernonia cinerea Less. in Linnaea, iv (1829), 291; HBB laa 23516 Dalz, .&)Gibs:,, 12m: Cooke, FB. Pres; Bomb:, Vol: ii, Pt. 1; 10) 914 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII Indian Names.—Dandotpala, Sahadevi (Hindi); Osari, Sadodi, Sahadevi (Mar.); Garitikamma (Tel.); Puvamkurundal, Sahadevi (Tam.); Sadodi, Shedardi (Guj.); Puvankuruntal (Malayalam) ; Sahadevi (Punjab); Dandotpala, Devasasha, Devika (Sans.). Habitat.—A common weed. Flowering season.—Dec.- Feb. - Uses.—Medicinal. 75. Ageratum mexicanum Sims., Bailey, Cycl. Hort. 239. Habitat.—A much-cultivated annual. Flowering season.—Winter, about Dec. and Jan. 76. Blumea Wightiana DC. in Wt. Contrib. (1834), 14; H.F.B.I., iii, 261; ‘Cooke. I. Pres; Bomb!, Vol: ii, Pti 1, 193 DalzitenGibs anc Habitat.—Common in waste places round about Adigmet and elsewhere. Flowering season.—Dec.-Feb. 77. Helichrysum sp. (Everlasting Straw Flower). Habitat.—A hardy annual grown for its beautiful flowers. 78. Pulicaria angustifolia DC. Prodr., v, (1836), 479; H.F.B.1., iii, 299; Cooke. Fis Pres. Bomb., Vol. 1i,) Pteat 34¢Clarke, (Comp. Ind; Gro: Syn.—Callistephus concolor Dalz. in Kew Jour. Bot., ii, 344. Habitat.—Common at Adigmet and elsewhere. Flowering season.—Nov. 79. Lagasca mollis Cav. in Anal. Cienc. Nat., vi (1803), 332; H.F.B.I., ill; 302. Habitat.—Common in grass lands. Flowering season.—Almost throughout the year. 80. Acanthospermum hispidum DC., Gam. F. Pres. Mad., Pt. iv, No. 4, 7OAs Habitat.—A South American plant spreading rapidly here. Flowering season.—Aug. 81. Sclerocarpus africanus Jacq. Icon. Pl. Rar., (1782), 17; H.F.B.I.,° iii, 305; -Cooke., °F. Pres: Bomb., Voli i,) Pty af 39; (Dalza& iGibsi e126) ae lance, Comp: Ind? 9134: Habitat.-—-Common in the Dominions in hilly regions. Flowering season.—July-Aug. 82. Tridax procumbens Linn; “Sp. - Ph (1753), 19005) GHEE Bel ti aie Clarke, Comp. (nd., 142; Cooke. B./Pres. Bomb:,;" Vol. 1, Bt 15845- Habitat.—Although a native of Central America, it is found as a common weed throughout the Dominions... Flowering season.—Almost throughout the year. 83. Flaveria australasica Hook., Benth. FI. Aust., iii, 546; Gamb. F. Pres. Mad., Pt. iv, No. 4, 711; Mayuranathan, FI. Pits. Mad. City., 152. Habitat.—A herb introduced from Australia, now common in moist places. 84. Gynura nepalensis DC. Prodr. vi, 300; H.F.B.I., iii, 333; Clarke, Comp.) Inds; “171. Habitat.—Much grown for its handsome foliage and flowers. 85. Emilia sonchifolla DC.; H.F.B.I., iii, 336; Gamble, F. Pres. Mad., iv,’ 716. Habitat.—Common in rice-fields. 86. Notonia grandiflora DC. in Wt. Contrib. (1834), 24; H.F.B.1., iii, RGe pe Clarke. Comp. Ind., 176; Cooke. F, Pres,. Bomb., Vol.. ii, Pt, i,. 50; Dalz. & Gibs., 133. FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS 915 Indian Names.—Gaidar (Bomb.); Wander-roti (Mar.); Kunde-lucheviyaku (Tel.). Habitat.—Not wild. Often grown in gardens. Uses.—Medicinal (Kirtikar). 87. Tricholepis radicans DC. Prod., vi (1837}, 564; H.F.B.1., ii, 381; Clarke; Comp: Ind., 239; Cooke. Fs Pres. Bomb. Vol. ii, Pt. i, 56; Dalz: & Gibs., 131. Habitat.—Nalgonda. Flowering season.—Dec.-Jan. 88. Dicoma tomentosa Cass. in Bull. Soc. Philom (1818), 47; H.F.B.T., it, 387. Clarice, Comp. Ind... 245'; (Cooke. i, ‘Pres: “Bomb, Voli. 11, Pt. 1, 58. Syn.—Dicoma lanuginosa DC. in Wt. Contrib. (1834), 26; Dalz. & Gibs., 132; Indian Names.—-Navananjichapala (Belgaum); Gholoharnacharo (Gujerati). Habitat.—Common on gravelly soil. Flowering season.—Dec.-Feb. Uses.—Medicinal. 89. Cichorium Intybus Winn. (Chicory), Sp. Pl. (1753), 813; H.F.B.I., iii, 391; Kirt. Ind. Med. Plts., ii, 1433. Indian Names.—Kasani (Urdu, Pers. and Gujerati); Kasni (Hindi); Kasini (Tel.); Kashini (Tam). Habitat.—It is rather strange that Abdus Salam found it growing wild near a canal at Himayathnagar. Since then its development and distribution is under observation. Flowering season.—Feb. Uses.—Medicinal. 90. Sonchus oleraceus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 794; H.F.B.I., iii, 414: Cooke. Fy Pres.. Bomb.,0ii, 61. Sonchus ciliatus Lam. F.°Fr., ii, (1778), 87; Wits (cone. ty) 1rr4 1. Indian Names.—Ratrinta (Tel.); Mbhatara (Bomb.). Habitat.—Apparently wild in cultivated lands and gardens, also on road- sides. Probably an_ introduction. Flowering season.—Oct.-Jan. Uses.—Medicinal. 91. Launaea pinnatifida Cass. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 1, xxiii (1831), 85; Heke Beliaui e4160 Cooke. by) Press Bomb.gei, Pt. 1, 64; "Kirt. ‘Ind. ‘Med. Plts. ii, 1447. Syn.—Microrhynchus sarmentosus DC. Prodr., vii, 181; Wt. Ill. t., 131; Clarke, Comp. Ind., 277; Dalz. & Gibs., 132. Prenanthes sarmentosa Willd. Sp. Pl, iii,. 1540; Grah. Cat., 94. Indian Names.—Bankan (Hindi); Bhonpatri, Pathradi (Mar.) ; Pathri (Bomb.) ; Bhonpatri (Gujerati). Habitat.—A common _ sandbinder. Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec. Uses.—Medicinal. XXXIII. EBENACEAE. 92, Maba nigrescens Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. (1861), 142; H.F.B.I., iii, ger: Cooke. BF. - Pres. Bomb;,° ii, Pt.- i, (97. Indian Name.—Rakta-rora (Bomb.). Habitat.—Common in Mulug forest. Flowering season.—Nov.-Feb. Uses.—The wood is used in making rafters. XXXIV. OLEACEAE. 93. Jasminum auriculatum Vahl. Symb. Bot., iii (1794), 1; H.F.B.I., iii 600; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. i, 113; Kirt. Ind. Med. Plts., ii, rs2q. Indian Names.—Adavimolla (Tel.); Hurinaballi (Canarese); Mullaikkod) (Tam.); Ambashtha, Jai (Sans.). 916 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII Mabitat.—Common at Anantgiri Hill (Vikarabad). Flowering season.—May-Aug. Uses.—Medicinal. 94, Ligustrum robustum Blume Mus. Bot. i, 313; H.F.B.L., did nome Habitat.—Cultivated., ° XXXV. SALVADORACEAE. 95. Salvadora persica Linn. (Tie Tooth-brush Tree). Sp.2 Place) 1221 H.F.B.}., iti, 619; Cooke. F,. Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. i eras Syn.—S. indica Wight Ill. t. 181. S. Wightiana Planch. in Thw. Enum., 190 3) BeddujElor.” Sylvat. it..247. ; Indian Names.—Pilu, Pilva (Mar.); Khakan (Bomb.) ; Waragarwenki (Tel.) ; Pilu (Sans.); Arak (Arab.); Darakhti-misvak (Pers.). Habitat.—Probably a cultivated tree. Flowering season.—Dec.-Feb. Uses.—-Fruits are eaten. Wood is employed ior making tooth-brushes. Medicinal. XXXVI. APOCYNACEAE. 96. Rauwolfia serpentina | Benth. ex Kurz For. Fl. Brit. Burma, ii (1877), 171; Hib BL, “ii,6323" Cooke. Fo Prec. Bombiami. bt 127: Syn.—-Ophioxylon serpentinum Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 104; Dalz. & Gibs., 1434) Noxb.; Fis lnds3 491604, Indian Names.—Chhotachand (Hindi); Chandrike (Canarese); Dumparasna, Patalagandhi (Tel.); Harkaya, Harki (Mar.); Sovannamilbori (Tam.); Chandra (Beng.); Amelpodi, Chandra, Chhotachand, Harkai (Bomb.). Habitat.—Collected from Mulug forest. Flowering season.—Dec. Uses.—Medicinal. . XXXVII. ASCLEPIADACEAE. 97. Calotropis procera R.Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, ii (1811), 78; HF .B.T.,. iv,,18; Cooke.. F. Pres.) Bomb: 11, “Pt.4, 152 ; Dalz 3&.Gibs) so. Witivilc. ats ‘278: Indian Names.—Ak, Madar, Safedak (Hindi); Mandara (Mar.); Jilledu, Mandaramu, Nallajilledu (Tel.); Vellerukku (Tam.).: Habitat.—Common in dry situations throughout the Dominions. Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec. Uses.—Medicinal. 98. Pergularia pallida Wt. & Arn. in Wt. Contrib. (1834), 42; HF Bas iv, 38; Wet: Icon. t. 585; Cooke. Pi" Pres... Bomb.) ty" Pil ti, 6a. Habitat.—Collected from Adigmet. Flowering season.—Feb. 99. Pergularia extensa N. EF. Br. in Fl. Cap. iv, i, 758; Gamble. F. Pres. Mad, v; 8373) Kirt.) Ind, Med.) Plts.- pin, 1616: Syn.—Daemia extensa R.-Br:, H.F-.B.I.,. iv, 20; Wit... Icon. . 506: Indian Names.—Jutuk, Utran (Hindi); Utarana, Amaradudheli (Mar.); Dushtupatige, Guruti (Tel.); Belihatti (Canarese); Achanimuli, Kudagaram (Tam.); Veliparutti (Malayaiam); Amaradudheli, Nagaladudhi (Gujerati); Utarni (Bomb.); Chagulbanti (Beng.); Karial (Punjab). Habitat.—Common in Nalgonda District. Flowering season.—Dec. Uses.—-Medicinal. 100. Tylophora macrantha Hook. f.; H.F.B.I., iv, 40; Gamble. F. Pres. Mad., v, 842. Habitat.—Collected from Mulug forest. Flowering season.—Dec, ; FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS 917 101. Tylophora asthmatica W. & A. in Wt. Contrib. (1834), 51; H.F.B.1., Ivy 4g a WVite Lest, 277); Cooke: i. Pres: Bomb... i1, Pt: i, 164 Indian Names.—Antamul (Hindi); Kakapala, Kukkapala (Tel.); Pitakari (Mar.); Adumuttada (Canarese); Vallippala (Malayalam) ; Antomul (Beng.). Habitat.—Common at Adigmet and elsewhere. Flowering season.—Aug.-Nov. Uses.—Medicinal. 102. Ceropegia pusilla W. & A. in Wt. Contrib. 31; Wight Icon. t. 1261; iP BT) iv,) 66; Gamble. Fs Pres. Mad., v, 856. Habitat.—Collected from Adigmet from a grassy hillock. Flowering season.—July. 103. Ceropegia spiralis Wt. Ic. t. 1267; H.F.B.I., iv, 66; Gamble. F. Pres. Mad., v, 856. Habitat.—A common herb in dry, hilly situations. Flowering season.—May-June. 104. Ceropegia hirsuta W. & A. in Wt. Contrib. (1834), 30; H.F.B.I., ivy, 7a; Cooke: bh. Pres, Bomb:, ii, Pt: «1, 177; Cooke WH: Pres. Bomb., 11, Pt.. ii, 2901; Wt.,1c. t. 86%. Indian Name.—Mahaka (Bomb.). Habitat.—Common in marshy places in Mulug and elsewhere. Flowering season.—Dec. 121. Bonnaya veronicaefolia Spreng. Syst. Veg., i (1825), 41; H.F.B.I., iv, 285; Cooke KF. Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. ii, 298; Dalz. & Gibs., 178. Indian Names.—Shewal (Bemb.). Habitat.—Common in moist places towards Vikarabad, Mulug and else- where. Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec. 122. Angelonia grandiflora C. Morr. in Ann. Soc. Hort. Gand, iii, 93, ¢. 119. Habitat.—Extensively cultivated in gardens. Flowering season.—Winter. XLIV. BIGNONIACEAE. : 123. Bignonia venusta Ker—Gawl. in Bot. Reg. t. 249. Habitat.—Cultivated for its beautiful flowers. Flowering season.—Dec.-March. 124. Tecoma jasminoides Lindl. Bailey, Encye. Hort. 3317. Habitat.—Cultivated. Flowering season.—Almost throughout the year. XLV. ACANTHACEAE. 125. Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. Cor. Pl., 1 (1795), 47, t, 67; H.F.B.E., iv, 390; Cooke F. Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. ii, 342; Dalz. & Gibs., 183. Indian Name.—Chimine (Bomb.). Fabitat.—A common garden escape. Flowering season.—Almost throughout the year. I agree with Cooke that the specific name is a misnomer. I have examined many flowers from several plants, and have satisfied myself that there is absolutely no fragrance. 126. Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814), 45; H.F.B.I., iv, 392; Cooke F.. Pres: Bomb.,: 11, Pt. ii, 343. Habitat.—Commonly grown in gardens. 127. Thunbergia mysorensis JT. Andres. in Jour. Linn. Soc., ix (1867), 448; H.F.B.I., iv, 393; Cooke F. Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. ii, 342; Dalz. & Gibs., 183. Habitat.—Cultivated. Flowering season.—Dec. 128. Elytraria crenata Vahl Enum., i, 106; H.F.B.I., iv, 394; Dalz. & Gibs., 183. Habitat.—Collected from the Mulug forest. Flowering season.—Dec.-March. 129. Hygrophila polysperma TT. Andres, in Jour. Linn. Soc., ix (1867), 406. Hebe bel iv, 406), Cooker hi. Pres. Bomb: , ity st. ti, 4363" Syn.—Hemiadelphis polysperma Nees. in Watt. Pl. As. Rar., iii, 80; Wt. lcs 1492" ‘ Habilat.—Common in marshy places throughout, Flowering season.—Nov,-Dec, ; 920 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII 130. Hygrophila spinosa T. Andres. in Thwaites Enum. 225, and in Jour Linn. Soc., vii; 22; H-E-B-1., “iv, 408. Habitat.--Common in ditches near tanks and fields. Flowering season.—Feb. 131. Ruellia longifolia TT. Andres. in Jour. Linn. Soc., ix (1867), 460; HF Bil. iv. 4r2 5" Watt, Dict Econ. Pied al van bt asso: Syn.—Dipteracanthus longifolius Stocks, in Kew Jour., Bot., iv (1852), 177. Habitat.-—Vicinity of Adigmet. Flowering season.—Undated sheet in Herbarium Hyderabadense. 132. Ruellia tuberosa Linn. Sp. Pl. 635. Habitat.—Collected from Adigmet, a cultivated plant. Flowering season.—Undated sheet in Herbarium Hyderabadense. 133. Phaylopsis parviflora Willd. Sp. Pl, iii, 342; H.F.B.L., iv, 417. Habitat.—Collected from Mulug forest. Flowering season.—Dec. 134. Strobilanthus Kunthianus ‘J. Andres. in Jour. Linn. Soc., ix, 465; EE Beal iy, 434: Habitat.—Common in the vicinity of Adigmet. Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec. 135. Blepharis bcerhaaviefolia Pers. Syn. 41 (1807), 71805HAE BT, viv, 478; Caoke FP: Pres. Bomb.; 11; -Pt))it; 549; Dalz.-7& iGibss, sio2- Wie le mt-. 458. Habitat.—Collected from Mulug. Flowering season.—Dec. 136. Barleria cuspidata Heyne; Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar., iii, 93 and in. DC. Prodr:, xi, 239;,H.F-B.N, iv, 483; Cocke FY Pres: Bomb.) ii) (Bee i B80 7 Wits ATC tas: Habitat—Common at Adigmet,. Flowering season.—Dec. 137. Barleria strigosa Willd. Sp. Pl., iii (1800), 379; H.F.B.1., iv, 489; Cooke F: Pres. .Bomb., ‘ii, Pt. ii, 384; Kirt. Ind.“Med. Plts.) ii,” 1880: Syn.—Barleria terminalis Nees in DC. Prodr., xi (1847), 225; Dalz. & Gibs., 188..B. coeruiea Grah. Cat., 161. Indian Names.—Nilam baramu (Tel.); Nilambaram, Nili (Tam.); Nilakurinni (Malayalam); Wahiti (Bomb.); Dasi (Beng.); Nilakurantaka (Sans.). Habitat.—Collected from Mulug forest. Flowering season.—Dec. Uses.—Medicinal. 138. Phlogacanthus curviflorus Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii, 113 and in DC.. Prodr.,. xi, 320; H.F Bi. av, 5115,Cooke —. ’Pres., Bomb: aii ol eal, Habitat.—A native of khasia mountains, cultivated for its showy brick-red | flowers. 139. Rhinacanthus communis Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii, 109, and in DCveProdr) xi, 7 442); Job Ble av, sa. Habitat.—Doubtfully indigenous. 140. Peristrophe bicalyculata Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii, 113 and in DC. Prodr. xi; 496; H.F.B:1.,/iv;.554; Cooke... Bres:sibombs, ing Pt. en ange Dalz. & Gibs., 197. Indian Names.—Atrilal, Itrelal, Masi (Hindi); Ghatipittapapada, Rankirayat (Mar.); Chebira (Tel.); Pitpatra (Sans.); Nasabhaga (Beng.). Habitat.—Common in Mulug and elsewhere. Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec. U'ses.—Supposed to be medicinal. 141. Fittonia argyroneura F. Coem. in FI. des Serres, xvi (1865), 103. Habitat.—A_ native of Peru, grown in gardens, . FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS 991 XLVI. VERBENACEAE. 142. Vitex Negundo Linn. (Indian Privet) Sp. Pl. (1753), 638; H.F.B.L., iV, 583; \cooke |.) Pres’ Bomb.s11; Pte i 428: Syn.—Vitex bicolor Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol, 660 (in note); Dalz. & Gibs., 201; Vitex trifolia Grah. Cat., 155 (not of -Linn.). Indian Names.—Nirgandi (Hindi); Shamalu, Shambalu (Deccan); Nirgunda, Lingur (Mar.); Nallavavili (Tel.); Nochi (Canarese) ; Nirkkundi (Tam.); Banjan- gasht, Sisban (Pers.); Aslag, Fanjangasht (Arab.); Indrani, Nilapushpa (Sans.) ; Nirgundi (Bomb.); Bankhu (Punjab). Habitat.—A common targe shrub along roadsides near villages, Flowering season.—Almost throughout the year. Uses.—Medicinal. 143. Clerodendron phiomidis Linn. f. Suppl. (1781), 292; Cooke F. Pres. Bomb.taije Lt i, 480, Syn.—Clerodendron phlomoides Willd. Sp. Pl., iii (1800), 386; H.F.B.L., iv, 500, Dalz.1d))Gibs.,, 2003, Wits Te. t.2 14732 Indian Names.—Arnl, Piran (Hindi); Talaki, Tekkali (Tel.); Sayandi, Takkari (Tam.); Arni, Irun (Guj.); Tirutali (Malayalam); Arani, Agnimantha, Gandhapushpa (Sans.). Habitat.—Common in Mulug and elsewhere, growing in hedges in dry situations. Flowering season.—-Noy.-F eb. U'ses.—Medicinal. 144, Clerodendron serratum Spreng. Syst. Veg., ii (1825), 758; H.F.B.!., iv, 592; Wt. Ic. t) 1472 3; Coske F--Pres. Bomb., ii; Pt: ii, 432'; Dalz. & Gibs., 200. Indian Names.—Barangi (Hindi); Bharangi (Urdu and Bomb.); Barangi. Bhramaramari (Tel.); Bharangi (Mar.); Gantubarangi (Canarese); Cherutekku (Malayalam); Bharangi Bhargavi, Bramhi (Sans.). Habitat.—Common on the Telangana side. Flowering season.—Sept. Uses.—Medicinal. 145 Verbena chamaedryfolia) Jus. in Ann. Mus. Par., vii (1806), 73; Cooke, b= Pres’. Bombs; +t, Pts 7105.5 437. Habitat.—A native of S. America, several hybrids of which are grown largely in gardens. ¥ 146 Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. Obs. fasc., vi (1791), 31: Cooke IF. Pres:, Bomb., it; Pt. “ii, 437; Watt.- Dict. Econ... Prod. J,; iv, 260: Habitat.—A native of the subtropical Himalaya. Its large rounded red calyx is remarkable. Commonly grown in gardens. XLVII. LABIATAE. 147, Coleus spicatus Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar., ii (1831), 15; H.F.B.1., iV, O24. Wt. le. t.. t4ar-) Cooke i Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. ii, 440; Syn.—Coleus Zatarhendi Dalz. & Gibs., 206. Habitat.—A strongly scented herb. Collected from Mananur. It was grow- ing among bushes on stony ground. Flowering season.—Dec.-Feb. 148. Hyptis suaveolens Poit. in Ann. Mus. Par., vii (1806), 472; H.F.B.I., iv, 630; Cooke F. Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. ii, 476; Kirt. Ind. Med. Plts., tii,.2032. Habitat.—A native of Tropical America, has become naturalized in many parts of India. Collected from Mulug. Flowering season.—Dec. Uses.—Medicinal. 149. Dysophylla myosurvides Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar., i (1830), Bor tebe. wiv. 6398 Cooke Eo Pres: Bomb, a1, Pt. aii) 56: Habitat.—Collected from a rocky place in Mananur forest. Flowering season.—Jan.-Feb. 923 «JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLit 150. Meriandra bengalensis Benth. (Bengal sage) Lab. 189; H.F.B.I., iv, 653; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. iii, 475; Kirt. «Ind. Med. Plts., iii, 1996. Indian Names.—Kafur-ka-patta (Deccan and Bomb.); Kafurkapat (Hindi); Simakarpuramu (Tel.); Sayayilai (Tam.). Habitat.—-A native of Abyssinia—cultivated in gardens. Flowering season.—Almost throughout the year. Uses.—Medicinal. 151. Leucas mollissima Wall. Pl. As. Rar., i (1830), 62; H.F.B.L., iv, 682; Cooke F: Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. iii, 469; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. I., iv, 634. Habitat.—Common in the vicinity of the city. First collected from Umberpet from a_ hedge. Flowering season.—Oct.-Dec. XLVIII. NYCTAGINACEAE. 152. Boerhaavia repanda Willd. Sp. Pl., i (1797), 22; H.F.B.1., iv, 700; Daiz.. & Gibs., °213; Wt. Ic. t.:1766; Cooke F. Pres. Bannb., ii, Pt. ii) 480; Indian Names.—Punarnava, Pungali (Bomb.). Habitat.—Collected from Mahboobnagar. Flowering season.—Dec., but it is in flower more or less throughout the year. XLIX. AMARANTACEAE. 153. Alternanthera echinata Sm., in Rees, Cycl. Suppl. n. 10. Habitat.—Common at Adigmet. Flowering season.—Aug.-Jan. L. POLYGONACEAE. 154. Polygonum glabrum Willd. Sp. Pl. ii (1799), 447; H.F.B.1., v, 34; Dalz: & Gibs.,* 214; Wt. Ic. t.,. 1790; Cooke Fc Pres. Bombs, 11) 9PG i) 514s Watt Dict. Econ. Prod. I., vi, Pt. 1, 3185" Kirt. Ind Meds Plts= 111, 2098. Indian Names.—Sheral, Raktarohida (Bomb.); Atalari (Tam.). Habitat.—Found in ditches and wet places. : Flowering season.—Oct.-Feb. Uses.—Leaves are medicinal. 155. Polygonum tomentosum Willd. Sp. Pl., ii (1799), 447; H.F.B.L., v, 30; Tyim. F: Ceyl., ii, 411; ‘Cooke F. Pres. Bomb.) 11," Pt. ii, 5055) Gam: F, Pres. Mad., vii, No. vii, 1189. Habitat.—-Common in wet places at Adigmet and elsewhere. Flowering season.—Dec.-April. 156. Muehlenbeckia platyclados Meissn. in Bot. Zeit., xxiii (1865), 313; Cooke F. Pres: Bomb., ii, Pt. i, 519; Gam: PF. Pres. Mad\ivuy No vit, 71102: Syn.—Coccoloba platyclada F. Muell. in Bot. Mag., xix (1863), t. 5382. Habitat.—A native of Solomon Islands, often grown in gardens. LI. PIPERACEAE. 157. Piper nigrum Linn. (Pepper)) Sp. Pl. (1753), 28; H.F.B.1., v, 90; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl., 84; Cooke F. Pres. Bomb., ii; Pt. iii, 526.; Gam. F. Pres.. Mad., vii, No. vii, 1206; Wt. Ic. t. 1935; Watt Dict. Econ. Prod, 1, Vi, PEG 2 200; Syn.—Piper triotcum Roxb. FI. Ind. i (1832), 151. Indian Names.—Kalimirch (Urdu) ; Golmirch, Kalimirch, Safedmirch (Hindi) ; Filfilesiyah (Pers.); Filfiluswud (Arab.); Marichamu (Tel.); Kalimirch (Mar.) ; Agutlam (Tam.); Kalimari, Kalimirich (Guj.); Menasu (Canarese) ; Golmorich (Beng.) ; Golmirich (Punjab). Habitat.—Cultivated. Kindly presented to the Botanic Garden, Osmania University by Mr. Chacko of Cocanada. Uses.—-Economic and medicinal. FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS 923 LI. EUPHORBIACEAE. 158. Euphorbia pycnostegia Boiss. Cent. Euphorb. (1860), 9; H.I’.B.i., v, 240; Gam. FF.’ Pres: Mad., ‘viii 1274; Cooke F. ‘Pres. Bomb.; i1;) Pt. ‘iii, 505. Habitat.—Collected from Mulug. Flowering season.—Dec. 159. Euphorbia Clarkeana Hook. i. F. B. I. (1887), 253; Cooke F. Pres. Bombs, gti, Pe t.crill, 570: Habitat.—Collected from Adigmet. 160. Euphorbia tortilis Rottler, ex Wight Ic. t. 898; H.F.B.L, v, 256; Gam. K. Pres. Mad., vii, No. vii, 1277. Indian Name.—Pedda jamadu (Tel.). Habitat.—Common in dry situations in some of the districts. 161. Bridelia montana Willd. Sp. Pl. iv (1805), 978; Kirt. Ind. Med. Pitss, ellis 2204. Indian Names.—Geia, Khaja (Hindi); Asana (Mar.); Gundu bigalu, Pantangi (Tel.); VWengaimaram (Tam.); Asano (Guj.). Habitat.—Common in the hilly tracts in Mulug. Flowering season.—Sept.-Nov. Uses.—Medicinal. 162. Phyilanthus simplex Retz. Obs. Bot. fasc. v (1789), 29; H.F.B.L., Vi0 2055) Wala .&- Gibs.. 2345) Cooke, lc) Pres. Bomb... 11, Pt. . iti, 587 ;,: Kirt. Indi Meds 7 Pits. a1, 2224. Indian Names.—Bhuiavali (Mar.); Uchchiyusirika (Tel.); Motibhonyaanmali (Guj.). Habitat.—Common at Adigmet. Flowering season.—Aug.-Nov. Uses.—Medicinal. 163. Phyllanthus manus Hook. f.; H.F.B.1., v, 298. Habitat.—Collected from the vicinity of Adigmet. 164. Phyllanthns debilis Herb. Ham. ex Wall. Cat. (1828) sub-n. 7892; le nsBaleay..2oo.7), Cooke fjPress Bomb...) Pty win 58S: Habitat.—Collected from Adigmet. 165. Pedilanthus tithymaloides Poit., Gam. F. Pres. Mad., vii, No. vii, 1346. Habitat.—An American shrub cultivated in gardens. 166. Plecospermum spinosum Trecul, in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. iii, Vol. viii (is47) wei2teei Eh b.L av. 40n5 Wits [eo t. .1903 5. Cooke’, H.. Pres) Bomb... “41, Rtv. oO42rn Gamewe as bres. Mads ebt. viii, INO. Vili, 1352: Indian Names.—Koriti (Tel.); Achingudi, Daiyal (Tam.); Bendaka (Canarese). Habitat.—Cultivated. Flowering season.—April-June. LI. URTICACEAE. (MORACEAE). 167. Ficus tomentosa Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814), 103; H.F.B.L., v, 507; Wt. Ic. t. 647; Cooke F. Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. iv, 646. Indian Names.—Jivi, Juvi (Tel.); Kallu-goli (Bomb.); Ichchi, Kal-ichchi (Tam.); Kal-al (Malayalam); Kallatti (Canarese). Habitat.—A common tree in the hilly tracts in Mulug. Flowering season.—April. 168. Holoptelea integrifolia Planch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. iii, Vol. x (1848), 2662 Hak Bolsa vy 48u59 Dalz. c& Gibs., 238; Wt. Ic.t. 1968); Ceoke Es! Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. iv, 629. 924 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HiST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIi Syn.—Ulmus integrifolia Roxb. Corom. Pl. I. (1795), 50, «t: 478" Kirt ain Med.” Pltse mii, 2203 , : ere Maran Kumba, Papri (Hindi); Kaladri, Tapsi (Canarese) ; apara, Vavli (Mar.); Aval (Malayalam); Avali (Tam. ; Nevili, Tz i (a Chirabilva (Sans.). : emg ta Habitat.—Grown in gardens, doubtfully indigenous. Uses.—Medicinal. (URTICACEAE PROPER). _ 169. Pilea microphylla} (Gun-powder or Artillery Plant). Liebm. in Vidensk. Skr. ser. v, Vol. ii (1851), 296; Cooke F. Pres. Bombs, 11,, Pt. ive 650)-Gam F. Pres. .Mad., : Pts’ viii, No. viii, 1379. Syn.—Pilea mucosa Lindl. Coll. Bot. (1821) t. 4; H.F.B.L., v, 551. Habitat.—A native of S. America, extensively cultivated as a border herb. _ An interesting feature about the pollen is that, when ripe, it is discharged in clouds from the anthers when the plant is slightly shaken. : 170. Pellionia Daveauana N. E. Brown, in Gard. Chron. (1880), Pt. ii, 262; Cooke I*. Pres. Bomb.,, ii,/ Pt. "av, 650: ; Habitat.—A native of Cochin-China, grown in baskets as an ornamental plant, and also in rockeries. Regarding the ejection of pollen the same remark applies to this plant as to Pilea microphylla. LITERATURE CONSULTED. Abdus Salam, M.—On the occurrence of Cichorium Intybus Linn. (Chicory) tn Hyderabad, Deccan. J.B.N.H.S., vol. xli, No. 3, 1940. Bailey, L. H.—The Standard Encyclopedia of Horticulture {1937). Brandis, D.—The Indian Trees (1906). Cooke, T.—The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay (1903-8). Dalzell, N. A. and Gibson, A.—The Bombay Flora (1861). Fischer, C. E. C.—Flora of the Presidency of Madras, Part VIII (1928). Gamble, J. S.—Flora of the Presidency of Madras, Parts I-VII (1915-25). Hooker, J. D.—Flora of British India (1875-9). Jackson, Dayden B.—Index Kewensis (1893). Kirtikar, K. R. and Basu, B. D.—Indian Medicinal Plants, 2nd Ed. Mayuranathan, P. V.—The Flowering Plants of the Madras City and its immediate Neighbourhood (1929). Partridge, E. A.—Forest Flora of the Hyderabad State (1911). Roxburgh, W.—Flora Indica (1874). Sayeedud-Din, M.—Some of the Common Flowering Plants of the Hyderabad State; their distribution, economic and medicinal importance. (J.A.S.B., vol. i, No. 1 (1935). Sayeedud-Din, M.—A Further contribution to Some of the Common Flowering Plants of the Hyderabad State; their distribution and economic importance. ().B.N.H-S:,) vol: “xl y Now. 2, (1938): Sayeedud-Din, M.—Preliminary Notes on a recent Botanical Tour to Amrabad Forest Reserve, H. E. H. The Nizam’s Dominions, Hyderabad (Dn.). J.B.N.H.S. vol. xli, No. 4, (1940). Talbot, W. A.—Forest Flora of the Bombay Presidency and Sind (1909). Watt, G.—Dictionary of the Economic Products of India (1889-96). Wight, R.—Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis (1838-53). Wight, R.—Illustrations of Indian Botany (1839). EXPLANAPION OF YPLATE. Fig. 1.—Photograph of a moist forest near Salvoy in Mulug. In the fcre- ground is a river—-Dayyum Mudgo, in the background are lofty trees. Fig. 2.—-A panoramic view of a part of the Ajanta Hills where the forest is. of the Monsoon type. Fig. 3.—Photograph of a thicket of Calamus Rotang Linn. near the. Ramappa tank in Mulug. REVIEW THE BOOK OF INDIAN BIRDS by Salim Ali. With 171 coloured, 18 blacls and white plates, 3 line plates and a map. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, Rs 14. Every one enjoys birds. The beauty of their forms and _ colouring, the vivacity of their movements and the sweetness of their songs make bird-watching past time for the out-of-doors that for fascinating is without equal. In spite of the wealth and variety of birds, closer acquaintance with them has hitherto been difficult due to the scarcity of a handy, well illustrated and simply written volume which every one could conveniently carry into the field and which at the same time would be within the reach of the modest purse. Such a book has now appeared and wili, we are sure, be welcomed. It con- tains 171 full page coloured plates and descriptions of 181 of the commoner birds to be met with about cultivation, towns, and villages, jheels and scrub jungles in the plains of India and about the seabound. The coloured plates, while they do not as a whole claim to reach a high artistic standard, will certainly serve the purpose for which they are intended namely to enable the reader to name his bird. They are the same as were used in the Bird Charts the Society issued some years ago, and with which most people interested in Indian Birds must by now be familiar. Opposite each coloured plate is the description of the bird ‘ites a This is subdivided into the following sections: Size, Field Characters, Distribution, Habits, Nesting. In addition the book contains a number of chapters of general interest including an Introduction to bird study, nesting, migration, economics and bird watching. What we consider to be a feature of the book is the keys to identification by prominence of crest or bilf and by colour which should prove of great help to the beginner and the layman. Another detail we are glad to see is that the size of the bird is indicated not in inches as is customary, but by comparison with a standard of size which must be familiar to most people such as crow, sparrow, bulbul, myna and so on. As the author points out size given in inches for a bird in the field means little to the layman and may be even misleading where abnormal necks, bills or tails have to be dealt with. All the latest information gained in the various ornithological surveys carried out in India during recent years, as regards distribution, habits, taxonomy and other branches of bird study have been embodied in the text. The 18 odd black and white plates, reproduced from the author’s own photographs and from those of such well-known bird photographers as E. H. N. Lowther and R. S. P. Bates add considerably to the attractiveness of the volume and the migration map specially prepared for the book is of much interest. The Society are to be congratulated on this their latest effort to popularise natural history and we feel that this is decidedly a book that must be on the shelf of every bird lover be he young or old. i6 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES I.—RIVERS AS BARRIERS TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF GIBBONS. With reference to my note on Gibbons published on page 434 of volume xli of the Journal, I have now had an opportunity of investigating the status of this animal at Sadiya and have found one small party in the jungle to the north of the station. This means that these animals are present east of the Dibang River, but not west of it, thus further defining the area mentioned in my _ previous note where they are quite definitely absent. I still have to obtain information with regard to the area west of the Subansiri River. D1rBRUGARH, R.cE. PARSONS; LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, Indian Police, ASSAM, August 31, 1941. FRIES? I.—WHERE A TIGER: SHARPENED IS CLAWS. (With a photo). I enclose two photos I found when going through my collection which you might like to publish. The tree was on the side of a jungle MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 927 road, along which a particularly large tiger used to promenade. The tree is an Arjan (T'erminalia Arjuna). The fire-watcher is standing on a slightly lower level than the ground at the near edge of the tree; the top claw mark was 10! 6” from ground ievel. The deeply scored claw marks indicate the energy put into the process, and if one pictures the tiger standing against the tree in the position indicated by the marks, one gets a vivid idea of the might of the tiger. It is a good illustration of paragraph 1 on page 63 of Dunbar Brander’s ‘Wild Animals in Central India’. BETUL.Y Cz 5P.; August 3, 1941. CE SHEW BEESON. \1.6.S: |The passage from Dunbar Brander book reads as follows — ‘Another habit of tigers, which they occasionally practise, is to sharpen or clean their claws on trees. This habit seems to be more an individual peculiarity constantly practised, rather than a general habit occasionally practised; as where the marks on trees are seen they are usually numerous and made by the same animal, whereas miles of jungle containing tigers may be devoid of all signs of the habit. I knew a particular Mohwa tree in a certain valley in the Melghat where a tiger regularly scraped his claws every three weeks or so. He evidently stood up on his hind legs and pulled his claws down, making deep incisions in the bark. This practice had been going on for years, but no other tigers for miles round indulged in it.’-—Eps. | IIIl.—ON THE HEIGHT AND AGE OF AN ELEPHANT. (With a plate). -The fine tusker, Chandrasekharan, belonging to H. H. the Maha- raja of Travancore, died last year of old age. He was a magnificent animal standing 10/ at the shoulders. Captain S. S. Flower (later Major), Director, Egyptian Government, Zoological Service, who visited Travancore in 1913, described him in his Report on a Zoological Mission to India {p. 14) as the ‘tallest male elephant’ that he ‘saw actually measured in India’. After death, the Museum Taxidermist deputed to prepare the animal’s skin, reported his height as 10’ 7”. Major Stanley in the Report quoted above mentions three instances of elephants going over to! in height—a male ‘measured by Sanderson as 10! 75”; Col. Hamilton’s record of Sir Victor Brooke killing one of 11/ and a skeleton in the Indian Museum of Mr. W. M. Smith’s Bilkandi Elephant, measuring 11! 3”’—which would indicate that the animal must have been nearly 12! high in the flesh, if the skeleton was properly mounted. Regard- ing his skeleton, Mr. W. T. Blanford has a footnote in his Fauna of British India-—Mammalia—(p. 464) which explains that he was told by Mr. Sanderson that the femur of the mounted skeleton and of another elephant known to have been less than 10! high, on com- parison, showed only a difference of 1/8”, 638 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIi The elephant Chandrasekharan died on to-4-1115 M.E., i.e., A.D, 1940. The records about his age vary and are conflicting. From his appearance he must have been past y5 at the time of death. He was taken over to the Royal Stables on 15-8-1058 (A.D. 1883) from the Travancore Forest Department. His tusks were symmetrical and graceful and swept up in a semicircular curve. The weight of the tusks is 1424 pounds. — Major Stanley writing on the age of Chandrasekharan in the same report, says that he had an ascertained minimum age of twenty-five and a supposed approximate age of forty years in 1913. This would mean that the animal might have been between 52 and 67. years of age at the time of death. This is considerably low, compared with Mr. W. T. Blanford’s statement that an ‘elephant is fully grown, but not fully mature, at 25 years of age, and indi- viduals have been known to live over 100 years in captivity; in a wild state their existence probably extends to 150 years’, and the evidence furnished by ‘Ortela’ the famous 170-year old elephant of Ceylon described on p. 619, Vol. xxxix of the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Major Stanley’s study on the duration of life in vertebrate animals which appeared in the P. Z. S., 1931, based on actual observations for a number of years brings out 50 as the average life of elephants. It is interesting to note that the thirteenth century Jain Zoologist, Hamsadeva, has said in his ‘Mrigapakshi- sastra’ that the maximum age attained by elephants in captivity iS 100. : The elephant was particularly remarkable for his sagacity, gentle- ness and almost human intelligence. He never harmed ————— (=e ee Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist, Soc. J Photo : Col. E. A. Glennie Nidification of the Indian Cuckoo (Cuculus micropterus) For explanation see end of note. MISCELLANEOUS. NOTES 933 To sum up, we have :— 1. T'wo independent accounts, i.e., Hotz and Ollenbach of King-Crows being cuckolded by some species of Cuckoo. z. Five cuckoos’ eggs, taken in one circumscribed locality, all from nests of Dicrurus longicaudatus. 3. No record either in the Fayna (2nd ed.) nor in Nidifi- cation of the eggs of Cuculus canorus ever having been taken (among thousands of records of other victims) from drongos nests, but the record of fragments of an oviduct egg from C. micropterus obtained, as previously cited, by La Tuche, described by him as resembling some eggs of the Dicruridae. Now these five eggs (the cuckoos) might easily have been passed over for poorly marked king-crows’ had it not been for the fact that the eggs of the latter happened to be unmarked in four cases (nests) out of five. 4. Detection was due to there having been five eggs in the first nest taken by my son, this being a most unusual number laid by any of the Dicruridae. 5. The cuckoo, whatever its species, had taken up its breed- ing quarters amidst a ‘pocket’ of king-crows (four out of five of them) whose eggs are quite abnormal, being un-marked, pure paper-white. This we must however allow is purely fortuitous, but I mention it because had these king-crows’ eggs been normally poorly-marked ones (at times one finds very handsomely marked ones) it would have been more than likely that the eggs of the interloper would have been overlooked. 6. The dates on which four of these nests were taken are May 14th e/4, 18th e/5, 21st e/4, and 30th e/2. Elevations between G 500) tt. sand. 6,000 ft. SIMLA, A. E. JONES. uy AG 4a. The photograph, for which I am once again extremely indebted to Col. E. A. Glennie, shows the four sets of eggs. Of the top pair the right-hand egg is the more or less normal type of drongo or king-crow egg, while the one alongside it is one of the supposed cuckoos’ eggs, which will also be seen (one in each) in the other three clutches. The photograph shows the actual size of the eggs. The photograph is also valuable in showing the rather unusual type, unmarked, of drongo or king-crow (Dicrurus) egg. IX.—THE GREAT BLACK WOODPECKER IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BOMBAY On the ist June, 1941, I was out at Suriamal (45 miles north of Bhiwandi, along the Wada Road on the southern border of the Nasik District), with Messrs. C. McCann and Dinshah Pan- day. During the course of a morning’s tramp through mixed moist deciduous forest along a hill-side, we saw a Great Black Woodpecker (Macropicus javensis subps. ) at very close quarters, 9384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII This woodpecker is large and unmistakeable, and this record extends the known range considerably northwards. In flight it has a grotesque resemblance to a cross between a hornbill and a crow! The white patch on the lower back is distinctive. A loud cackling laugh appears to be commonly uttered. A. pair seen near Sirsi (Dharwar Dist.) on the 8th Sept. 1939, also kept in touch in a similar manner. The female of this pair was shot and had dormant ovaries. Her stomach contained a mass of large black ants, as well as slivers of wood 4 in. to 2 in. long. Among other birds seen around Suriamal, Grey Tits (Parus major) were common, and one of them was observed carrying nesting material. The Little Sunbird (Leptocoma minima) was also common. Both these species are unrecorded from the im- mediate neighbourhood of Bombay. BomBAY, HUMAYUN ABDULALI. June i20, (Oar, X.—THE BOOMING BITTERN [BOTAURUS STELLARIS STELLARIS (LINN.)| IN. LOWER BENGAL. Recently, the Director, Zoological Survey of India, received from Mr. D. J. McMullin, Assistant Superintendent, Coaching, East Indian Railway (Calcutta), a beautiful female specimen of the Booming Bittern. Mr. McMullin writes that he shot the bird on the afternoon of January 7, 1940, among hugla grass in a Dhil (lake) about two miles south-west of Barasat (Barasat Sub- Division, 24-Parganas District, Lower Bengal), and adds _ that ‘it was accidentally shot as it was taken for a Bengal florican whem it; n0se: ; The measurements of the bird are as follows :—Body-length, 485° mm.; Wing, 3c0 mm; Tail 120, mm: ;) Varsus,,.oe mm. @ul= men, 66 mm.; and Mid-toe with claw, 120 mm. The Booming Bittern is a palaearctic bird resident in the temperate areas from Western Europe to Manchukuo and Japan. It migrates in winter largely to the countries around the Mediter- ranean and to South-West Asia, and in much smaller numbers to India, Burma and Southern China. Within Indian limits it occurs in small numbers throughout Northern India and as far south as Bombay, the Deccan and even, it is said, Bangalore. It does not breed in India. (Curiously enough, Hartert in his stand- ard work Die Vogel palaarktischen Fauna, vol. II (1920), pp. 1262- 1263, does not mention India, Burma and Southern China within the over-wintering range of this bird.) Owing to its rarity, the bird is seldom encountered in India and I have, therefore, thought it fit to record a recent instance of its .occurrence in Bengal. Apart from rarity, its capture is made difficult by the fact that it is a nocturnal bird, hiding by day in long, dense beds of rushes and reeds in swamps, MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 935 Intimation of any future Indian records of this bird, as well as skins of it, will be welcomed by the Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. CALcupyta, VEE. “ROONWAL, foth April, 1941, M.sc., Ph.p. (Cantab), Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. XI.—BIRD ‘BATHING’ IN ANTS. I wonder if the following note on the ‘anting’ habit of the Common Mynah will be interesting to the readers of your esteemed journal. On the morning of December 14, 1940, I saw a pair of Com- mon Mynahs (Acridotheres tristis) ‘anting’ themselves on the lawn in front of the Museum. The birds were seen to hop about in the midst of a colony of Red Ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) pick- ing them in their beaks one after the other, rubbing them against the underparts of their wings and tail and finally dropping them. After being thus engaged for about three minutes, they flew away. On the scene of their activities, I. found a number of red ants strewn about, dead and dying. All had their abdomens flexed and crushed at the pedicel and were reeking of formic acid recently liberated. Again, on June 28, 1941, at the same spot, I saw a pair of mynahs engaged in the same act. This time I had noticed the birds at a distance feeding among the grass and working’ their way in the direction of the ants. As my curiosity was roused, I took my stand nearby to watch. On seeing the ants they at once set to pick them up in their beaks and behave exactly as before, spreading and quivering the tail during the act. They did this for nearly a minute and then moved on. Soon, a pair of White- headed Babblers (Turdoides striatus) feeding in another part of lawn came that way, but took no notice of the ants, and hopped clear of them to the adjoining lawn. I made an examination of the spot as soon as the birds had left, but there was no sign of the shambles I expected to see, save for a disabled ant which [ removed to my table. Under a lens, the legs appeared intact and though the abdomen was bent over on its stalk, it was free from rupture and presented no trace of any body juice. At first the ant could hardly move, but soon it recovered and was able to get about as vigorously as ever, so I had it restored to its comrades. According to the notes previously published on the subject in this Journal, the following birds have been observed to pick up and press on their plumage insects with obnoxious effluvia : — (1) Dryonastes coerulatus and the nestlings of Trochalo- plerum nigrimentum and erythrocephalum, Dendrocitta baylet, (Rhynchota)—B, B. Osmaston, 2 Ap 936 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII (2) Jerdon’s Chloropsis—(Red Ants)—Humayun Abdulali. (3) Song thrush—(Red Ants)—Major R. S. P. Bates. (4) Drongo—(Ants—Red ?)—T. B. Fletcher. In all the above cases, the insects were swallowed afterwards, but in (3), as well as in the instances described above, the birds were observed to drop them. Besides these, the Magpie (Pica pica), Jay (Garrulus glanda- rius), Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), the crow (Corvus corone and cornix), Leiothrix lutea, Lioptila capistrata and Garrulus species, the Thrushes (Turdus musicus and philomelos) and _ Dipper (Cinclus cinclus) are also known to indulge in this habit, using in addition to ants, cigar ends, mealworms and Floh-Kerbs (?) and many acid fluids such as lemon juice and vinegar. TRIVANDRUM, N.. GeePIELAL August 12, 1941. Govt. Museum, Trivandrum. XII.—SURVIVAL OF BIRDS=AFTER INJURY. Mr. W. P. Keelan’s note in this Journal (Vol. xii, No! 7, p- 191) on a Mallard which lost portions of the web and toes, the latter being mere stumps, the cause of which he attributes to frost-bite or a jaw-trap, reminds me of the injuries to one of my pets, a Baya (Ploceus philippinus), which survived in spite of the total loss of a leg. Early in 1940 I was living in a small village, but the house I was occupying was comparatively good as it was the property of the State. One morning one of my pets, a bulbul, was miss- ing. I found its feathers under its cage which lay on a ‘shelf. The cage had a wire netting, but the door had a slit 4 by 3H inches and I suspected the marauder had dragged out its victim through this slit, but left the other bulbuls untouched. Worried for the safety of my other pets, I took them to another room. I was afraid the unknown visitor might come from the roof, so I placed the half a dozen cages on a cot until better arrangement could be made. My pets included parrakeets, bulbuls, munias, larks, a pair of koels, a grey partridge, a Nepal mynah and a cockatoo. Nothing untoward happened for some days. Then one night I was awakened by the alarmed twittering and calls of my birds. My wife and I rushed to the room which had no access to cats. We shuddered at the horrible carnage we saw in one of the cages occupied by White-backed Munias, Spotted Munias, Red Amadavats, larks and a baya. The victims were bleeding profusely. Some were already dead, some were dying. A pair of Spotted Munias was unscathed. The baya had lost its left leg entirely. Nothing was left of its leg except a blood clot on the belly. No time was lost to reach and search the room, but no trace of the enemy was found. Wire-mesh of the cage hardly allowed entry of the tip of one’s first finger. The cage measured 14 by 14 by 1% ft. Near the top of the cage, on one side, some feathers were clinging and there were blood stains indicating where the enemy had unsuccessfully tried to draw out MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 937 its victims. No bird was missing. The only survivors in the cage were the pair of the Spotted Munias and—to my extreme surprise and pity—the one legged Baya. I cannot yet imagine the author of this carnage. The other cages on the cot were untouched. Next night I placed the one legged baya in the same cage on the same cot and lay in wait in the adjoining room for the enemy. Nothing happened; only a musk rat was heard chirping. I had seen it the previous night when I searched the room, but I had not suspected it of the crime. The Baya with its one leg lived many months in quite good health. The loss of one leg hampered its movements, but it could — support itself on the perch and at night it perched quite firmly. When I returned home I had, due to circumstances, no alternative but to set it free in a garden. | Can you suggest the name of the mysterious enemy? Could it have been the musk rat? PORBANDER, Ve MESV ASU. August 14, 1941. Advocate. {The common musk shrew is_ insectivorous—insects, cock- roaches in particular being the object of its entry into houses— but these shrews have been known to eat meat and may attack small birds or mammals—this taste for meat-eating may be more developed in a particular individual; or the culprit may have been an ordinary house rat. The attacker undoubtedly seized its victim from outside, the frantic fluttering of the birds against the wire- mesh giving it the opportunity to seize them.—Ebs. | XIIL--FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE EGG-LAYING HABITS OF THE LIZARD, CALOTES VERSICOLOR (BOULENGER). In a paper (Asana °31) published in this Journal the writer has given an account of some natural activities of this lizard including his observations on the egg-laying habits of this creature and the number of eggs normally laid. Subsequent to the publi- cation of this paper there appeared in the year 1935 in the well known series The Fauna of British India, a work by Malcolm A. Smith, entitled ‘Reptilia and Amphibia, Vol. II—Sauria’. In this work is included a short account of the breeding habits of the species, Calotes versicolor, in which reference is made to some of the observations made by the present writer in his paper (Asana 731) mentioned above. In this connection Malcolm A. Smith (’35) on page 193 of his work says, ‘These observations are not in accordance with my own, made in Indo-China or with those of Deraniyagala made in Ceylon. I have never known them to be buried more than a couple of inches below the earth, and the number deposited may vary from 4 to 12. They vary in size from 14-15 mm. long by 8-9 mm. broad’. On July the 20th of this year an excellent opportunity luckily came my way to confirm those of my observations in which 938 . /OURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII Malcolm Smith differs from me, barring one observation, the depth of the hole in the soft earth in which the creature lays her eggs. On this occasion I have been fortunate enough to watch at close quarters in the compound of my bungalow a female performing all her operations for laying the eggs, almost from the beginning to the end of her effort, literally under my very nose. On the morning of the date mentioned above, my wife, while returning from the garden, accidentally caught sight of a calotes digging a small pit in the somewhat moist earth on the surface of the ground. The hole, the animal was making, was quite close to the wall of the low-plinth verandah, not even two inches distant from it. When my attention was first drawn to it, it was about 15 minutes past 10 o’clock in the morning. I could watch the creature from a very favourable position without disturbing ic in the least. Myself bending low on the window-sill I could see her working directly below me on the ground hardly 4 feet away. She was intensely preoccupied and had. nearly completed digging the pit. While she was shovelling out the scraped earth from the bottom of the pit, employing only her fore feet in both these operations, more than half the length of her body was inside the hole. Noting the rate at which she worked one could esti- mate that she must have started digging the hole somewhere between 9-30 and 9-45 that morning working without a_ break. I intentionally use the words, ‘that morning’, because I infer that she had been working continuously the previous 30 to 45 minutes. The reasons for this inference are that (1) the earth that had been scraped out looked quite fresh, moist and granular, and (2) during her subsequent operations, when I was watching her closely and continuously, she never left the spot and worked continually. The colour of -her fore feet’ and. that of 14 imches: Jéength. of the spines-bearing ridge on the dorsum just behind the occiput was dull crimson or brick red. She worked all the time with her fore-feet using each limb alternately one after the other. The scraping and throwing out of the soil, both these operations, were performed by the fore feet alone, never by the hind limbs, which simply rested on the brink of the hole supporting her body. At intervals she would rest for a few seconds. The hole was made ready to receive the eggs at about 34 to 35 minutes past 1o o’clock, she having taken nearly an hour to complete it. The completed hole, as observed later, was about 3 inches broad at the rim outside, narrowing down below to the depth of about 34 to 4 inches. Having finished this part of her job, she took her head and body out of the hole and sitting on the pit turned towards the east in a direction opposite to that when she was digging. She rested for a while, her hind limbs stretched over and across the _ hole. Then she began to eject out of her body and cloaca the eggs, which dropped one after the other down the pit, the process starting at about 10-36 a.m. During this time she lay almost motionless, across the pit her fore limbs pressed back on either side of the anterior part of the trunk. A few seconds before an MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 939 ege dropped out of the vent, a wave of contraction would pass over the abdominal wall pressing the egg outwards. In the early stages of the process, the interval between two successive eggs was about 45 to 55 seconds. Later it increased to about 60 to 70 seconds. Twenty-one eggs were counted as they dropped into the hole, the actual egg-laying operation lasting for about 23 to 25 minutes. All this time the creature lay entirely motionless across the pit, except for the periodic contraction of her abdomen, the head and anterior half of the body pressed against the ground. The last egg laid she rested for about a minute and a half, then turned round over the hole, her head again directed towards the south. Then she lowered the anterior part of her body and her fore limbs again into the hole. Resting these fore limbs against the opposite sides of the pit, she began spreading out and pressing the egg heap with her snout as if to arrange the eggs inside. About two minutes were devoted to this part of her work, the operation of scraping the earth for covering the eggs commencing ade aOMien TT asin, | Bringing her fore feet again into use she began to scrape out the earth from the sides of the pit, throwing it all on the eggs. After collecting a certain quantity she would beat the loose, granu- lar earth with her snout and press it hard on the egg mass, resting at intervals. She toiled and laboured in this way for about half an hour, gradually filling in the hole. During this time she never changed her position, nor did she bring her hind limbs ever into play. The pit was completely filled in at about 11-32 in the fore- noon. During this half hour too she was continually at it and never left the spot. After the hole was filled in she levelled the disturbed area, again with her fore feet, stayed there for a couple of minutes and left the spot. If we presume that she first commenced marking out the area near the wall and scraping the earth for a hole some time between 9-30 to 9-45 a.m., she took about 2 hours to finish the job. During this period she worked almost continuously, taking little or no rest, and she never left the spot, certainly from about 10-15 to I1-35 a.m. and most probably from 9-30 or 9-40 a.m. to the end. This seems to be a remarkable feat in more ways than one for 2 creature so small. I examined the spot after waiting for about half an hour for her return. If the creature had not been seen working there, _it would have been difficult to say that a hole had been dug out in that little area, so cleverly it had been filled in and all traces ot disturbance removed. The eggs were unearthed and counted again in, the presence of our assistant, Mr. R. G. Kharadt, B.sc... \There was no mucous on them and they were not glued together and were quite clean, spotlessly white and exactly 21 in number. In size they did not differ from those mentioned in my previous paper (Asana ’31), being about 1o-11 by 4-5 mm. But they were founc laid in fairly soft, moist earth the female calotes had raked up not more than 24 to 3 inches below the earth. 940 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII It was a most interesting experience watching this fascinating phenomenon of nature at such close quarters. If it could have been reproduced in a film the mother Calotes might have well proved a star performer. One regrets having missed the opportunity. GUJARAT. J. J. ASANA, 2oth July, 1941. Gujarat College, Ahmedabad. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Asana, J. J., 1931.—The Natural History of Calotes versicolor (Boulenger), the. common Bloodsucker. , Bom. ‘Nat... Hist. Sock, iwol. xxxiv, No:/ 74. 2. Malcolm A. Smith, 1935.—The Fauna of British India, vol. ii Sauria, (Reptilia and Amphibia), p. 193. XIV.—REMARKABLE FEEDING HABITS OF AN INDIAN CARP [BARBUS (PUNTIUS) DOBSONI DAY}. The following observation may prove of interest to fellow fishermen and naturalists. On repeated occasions I found the stomach and intestine of the Carp, Barbus (Puntius) dobsoni caught in rivers around Poona, much distended with a mass of finely disintegrated vegetable matter in. appearance like chewed-up grass. The source of this diet intrigued me greatly, as I could not detect much aquatic vegetation in the gravelly pools, where the fish were caught. The explanation came forth, when I noticed a number of large carp disporting themselves close to a herd of village buffaloes wallowing in a pool of the Nira river. Observation with field glasses from an elevated point disclosed fish approaching the pos- teriors of the ruminants and gorgeing themselves on their freshly produced dung, thus obtaining this predigested diet so to say ‘straight from the horses mouth’ or rather the reverse. My observations were confirmed by Mr. McCann, who had noticed a similar occurrence near the Pinjrapole at the Ulhas rive-. The fish weighed from 4 to 14 lbs. and tallied with the parti- culars given in books of reference for Barbus dobsoni, a common carp in our parts. Nearly all of them were caught on an unshelled groundnut used dry fly fashion. 116, KOREGAON Park, M. SUTER, Poona. 22nd July, 1941. XV.—A MANTIS-BLOODSUCKER TRAGEDY. While watering my garden on the evening of the 28th July f spotted a Mantis (Deiphobe ocellata) making a meal of a young Bloodsucker (Calotes versicolor) almost as large as itself. The MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 941 mantis was facing earthwards with the lizard firmly secured in its fore legs. It had eaten the greater part of it. About six inches below, a large bloodsucker was seated on the same pole watching the proceedings. I watched carefully for quite a while when suddenly the large bloodsucker rushed at the mantis. The mantis immedi- ately dropped its prey and assumed a defensive attitude with the forelegs outstretched and ready to strike. The wings were also wide spread. The large bloodsucker snapped up the remains otf the little one as they fell and swallowed: them, but did not dare to attack the menacing mantis. The bloodsucker then went away. The mantis remained in the defensive attitude for a considerable time after the event. Those who have handled one of the larger mantids can well appreciate the painful results of a grip of its well-armed pincer-like forelegs, no wonder the bloodsucker was not anxious to tackle the insect. Bloodsuckers do take mantids when they can get them at a disadvantage, but I have on several occasions seen a_blood- sucker drop its captive soon after it caught it. D. ocellata is no: uncommon in Salsette, and there is a good figure of it in Lefroy’s Indian Insect Life. Bompay NaturaL History Society. BoMBAY. C. McCANN. 2oth July, 1941. | That the larger mantids sometimes hunt ‘bigger game’ is cer- tain. In the Society’s Museum there is a specimen of a Purple Sun Bird taken in the grip of a mantis. The bird was partly scalped when captor and prey were secured.—Eps. | XVI.—PARASITIZATION OF LARVA OF THE HAWK MOTH (OX YAMBULYX SUBOCELLATA) BY. FLIES. Mr. Sevastopulo’s note on the parasitization of Rhyncholaba acteus Cr. by Yachinid flies on page 449 of vol. xlii of the Journal, and Mr. McCann’s previous note on a similar subject but dealing with Theretra lycetus Cr., has reminded me of a case in which I found a larva of the Hawk Moth (Oxyambulyx subocellata Feld.) parasitized by flies of the genus Blepharipoda; but in this’ instance no caking of the soil was noticed. The pupae of the parasites were distributed in various parts of the breeding cage. DIBRUGARH, R. E. PARSONS, LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, E-R-E.Sp ASSAM. Indian Police. 28th June, 1941. XVII.—EFFECTS OF THE BITE OF THE LARGE MYGALOMORPH SPIDER (CHILOBRACHYS SP..). I have today despatched under a separate cover a large spider of the tarantula type and shall be pleased to have your opinion on it. I have never seen such a large spider or one of this hairy type 17 942 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII in this part of the world and it would be of interest to know if it is of a species commonly found in India. It was disturbed in a stack of fire-wood which was inside the house of one of the labourers on the Keyhung Division of this Company. A girl aged eight years took some firewood from the stack and in doing so dislodged the spider which bit her on the hand causing a very painful swelling. A report on the case has been drawn up by Dr. K. P. Hare, the Medical Officer of this District, from particulars given him by our Indian Assistant Medical Officer. Dr. Hare unfortunately was not able to examine the case as it was not reported to him. His report is now given. REPORT ON CASE OF SUPPOSED SPIDER BITE AT KEYHUNG T.E. ‘First day.—A female child aged 8 years came in contact with a large spider which was said by the parents to have bitten her on the dorsum of the left hand.. She was seen by the A.M.O. 2-3 hours later when the dorsum of the hand was swollen and red all over. The swelling was not hot. In the centre of the swelling there was a black mark, circular in outline, about + inch in diameter but no puncture could be seen. Second day.—The swelling had increased and had become hot. The black centre was unchanged. Third day.—The black centre had become vesicular and burst, exuding a serous discharge. There was no slough in the base of the vulecr: Fourth day.—The main swelling was subsiding but the central ulcer had increased to a diameter of about 1 inch. There was some slough in the base but the exudate was still serous. Fifth day.—The size of the ulcer was increasing, and sloughing was more marked. The exudate was still serous. Sixth day.—The ulcer had further increased in size, and suppura- tion had commenced. The condition: remained fairly stationary until :— Tenth day.—The slough separated and the exudate again became serous and the inflammatory swelling subsided. From this day granulation commenced with slow healing. Throughout the course there was no rise of temperature.’ PINGRIMDEAYCO.. Lrpy HooGcRiAN be: OF sal @ TE. WOOLY “SMP: LEE 4) Une. LOAT: [The spider has been identified as Chilobrachys sp. (probably fumosus). These large hairy spiders are commonly called Tarantulas —though the true Tarantula takes its name from the town of Tarentum in Italy and is confined to the Mediterranean littoral. All spiders possess a pair of poison glands opening near the tip of the fangs, but few seem to have the power of injecting their poison into human beings. It is believed that the poison is not auto- matically ejected whenever the fang is used, but is under the spider’s control. Dr. Gravely in his interesting article on Indian Spiders MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 943 (Journ., B.N.H.S., vol. xxviii, p. 1045) gives a few instances of poisoning by large Mygalomorph spiders. The bite may be attended with pain and swelling which may extend up the bitten limb and may persist for 24 hours.—EDbs. | XVIII.—A CENTIPEDE EATING ITS EGGS. It is well-known that the centipedes display a certain amount of parental care; brooding their eggs and coiling round their young till they are able to fend for themselves. The centipede (Scolo- pendra sp.) in question is a small metalic bluish-black species found very commonly in the Ghats. On the 2oth July, at Khandala | . found one coiled round her creamy coloured eggs under a stone. ~ I put her, together with her eggs, into a tube. In the tube she also coiled round the egg mass. On the 25th morning I found that she had devoured all her eggs. This eating of the eggs was evidently occasioned by hunger as I had put nothing into the tube for her to eat, and is, of course, not habitual, especially in an animal that displays parental care. However, it points to one thing, namely, that under normal conditions the parent periodically leaves her eggs or young to feed. This centipede breeds commonly between the months of July and September during which period I have frequently found it with either eggs or young. BompBpay NATURAL History SOcIETY, BOMBAY. C. McCANN. 29th July, 1941. XIX.—A NOVEL WAY OF COLLECTING BOTANICAL SPECIMENS. (Wayside Trees of Malaya by E. J. H. Corner, Hongkong Naturalist, vol. x, Nos. 3 & 4, 1941.) Anyone who has ever visited a stretch of jungle in any State in Malaya will have realized that it is by no means easy to study and to know the trees. When a tree is 150 feet high and has no branches for the first 60 or 80 feet it is difficult to collect specimens of leaves, or flowers or fruits for determination and study. Mr. Corner uses a telescope, not binoculars, to bring the foliage nearer but specimens are essential. One method is to use a .12 bore shotgun and to hope that a lucky shot will bring down enough fragments to be of value. But Mr. Corner evolved a new technique. He recruited, as an experiment, a berok monkey, Macacus nemes- trina, the well-known Pig-tailed Monkey which is widely used in the East by Malayas for gathering coconuts. Merah, as it was named, proved a great success. ‘On one occasion in Johore, for instance, it worked in the crown of a Wild Chempedak at the height of 170 feet: on another day it collected specimens from 24 trees, all of which were over too feet in height.’ ‘At the end 944 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL) HIST. SOCIETY, Vol xia of his days, Merah was able to find in the trees flowers and fruits which had been shown him on the ground: and he knew the meaning of 18 words of Malay.’ It took a genius to think of training monkeys to collect botanical specimens but it took a man of infinite patience and equipped with a rubber-neck to use them successfully. Monkeys so often ‘behave like mischievous childrer and the effort of gazing up at the crown of a tall tree, minute after minute, whilst shouting directions to a disobedient monkey in an atmosphere like a Turkish-bath and attended by swarms of thirsty mosquitoes, requires considerable strength of character and calls for physical fitness of a high order. Unfortunately Merah deve- loped an obscure disease and had to be put away but he was followed by two others, Jambul and Puteh, which were purchased by the Department and probably were the first two monkeys ever to enter Government service! In this book Mr. Corner has limited his attention to wayside trees and the study of these in only rare instances necessitated the assistance of his monkeys, but we have mentioned them as an illustration of the thoroughness and enthusi- asm with which he carries out his researches on the flora of the country. PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY V. M. PHILIP AT THE DIOCESAN PRESS, 18 CHURCH ROAD, VEPERY, MADRAS EDITORS : H. M. MCGUSTY, J. F. CAIUS AND S. H. PRATER, 6 APOLLO STREET, FORT, BOMBAY For sale at the Government Press Publication Store, Mount Road, Madras THE BIRDS OF SOUTHERN INDIA Including Madras, Malabar, Travancore, Cochin, Coorg and Mysore. BY Lr.-Cor. H. R. BAKER, /ndian Army (Retired) AND | CHAS. M. INGLIS, M.B.O.U., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Curator, Darjeeling Natural History Museum. 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It contains 171 full page plates ~ in colour, numerous excellent photographs, and simple, readable accounts of. the habits, food and nesting of 181 species of birds ! commonly seen about towns, villages and | jheels in the plains of India, and about our | Sea coasts. | ’ Bound in soft Rexine. Price Rs. 14 (To Members of the Society. Rs. 10-8) Apply to THE HONORARY SECRETARY, | BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, 6, Apollo Street, Fort, Bombay. Ls! > wee! : ia a Me SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES EAT 3 9088 01205 0787