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ST LO NTIS =i ae Ine | | i ao a vi ALIO Se Lp cal MS His ao hss? fr R) se a) sa _ SY & SS" a om, 5 Me) PN Fee, “ie an ‘| ry " I fei eae in Hi Mineman iy, og.) Re, is 1 By be Le “ch a eter al Sy wah = if f ee he 125, ‘ #p oe iy i } ~ ay lly fae Hea. hy 4 Gy cs vn meer Set Ie REY a = | Se : ul aoe Ore 20) Bas 5B = a i Ve Ae mane é \ ey = Sy, Ne >. ey fi) Paddy! MI-ah " cali a5; at ni al on ilb ni WW =r 7 4 fe Ze. ae 53 SHOR ay Ke Vv ri) Bre Merre SSNS ene we J bs 4 YEAS, 3 ib | ae, ie ert THE JOURNAL OF THE Bompay Natura Hisrory Socrery. EDITED BY H. M. PHIPSON, C.M.2Z.S., Honorary Secretary. PRARAA A een SF een : Ke Nationaj 200% VOL XT: Consisting of Five Parts and containing Forty-four Plates and Vwelve Woodcuts, Dates of Publication. Part ICPages 10170)... coc ese cae eve soe seo ooo LOZ June, 1897. PER Races 171. £0/ 346) toon Meo) ons, |) nec)” ee ee eel Ngee Tao 99 ITI (Pages B47 to 554) eoo eee ee0 ene ooo eee enor eee 2th Feb., 1898, IV (Pages 55d to 750) ece coo coe eon eve eon eno eon 12¢h July, 1898. 2 V Cade, £e.) 020 eae eee eee oa woo aoe oae 1s¢ Dee., 1898, 22 : Hombay: OREN RD ACE 2 LM Eee INES) Ook) IN DIA” (ST EAM PORE S)S Hombay Hatuyal History Society, OFFICH-BEARERS, LIFE MEMBERS, : HONORARY CORRESPONDING MEMBERS, AND MEMBERS ON fst SEPTEMBER, 1898. LIST OF OFFICE-BEARERS. President. H. E. the Right Honorable LorD SanpHursv. Wice- Presidents, Dr. D. MacDonald, M.D., B.SC., C.M. Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B. Won. Secretary. Mr, H. M. Phipson, c.m.z.s. Won. Treasurer, Mr. N. C. Macleod. Lditor. Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.u.z.s. fManaging Committee. Lt.-Col. C. T. Bingham, F.z.s. Mr. L. de Nicéville, F.H.s., ¢..Z.8. Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker, F.z.s. Capt, A. J. Peile, R.a. Dr. D. MacDonald. Mr. E. L. Barton. Mr. G. W. Vidal, 1c. Mr. Reginald Gilbert. Rev. F. Dreckmann, s.J. Mr. R. M. Branson. Surg.-Lt-Col. T. 8. Weir. Mr. Hi. Comber. Surg.- Lt.-Col. K.R. Kirtikar, r.s.m. | Mr. R. C. Wroughton. Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B, | Mr. T. R. D. Bell. Mr. W.S8. Millard. Capt. A. Newnham, F.z.S. Mr. N.C. Macleod, ex-officio, Mr. H. M. Phipson, ¢.m.z.s., ex-officio. 1st Section —(Mammals and Birds.) President—Mr, J. D. Inverarity, B.a., LL.B. Secretary—Mr. HE. Comber. 2nd Section.—{ Reptiles and Fishes.) President—Mr. G. W. Vidal, 1.0.8. Secretary—Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.o.z.s. 3rd Section.—{ Insects.) President—Mr. L. de Nicéville, F.E.8., C.M.Z.S. Secretary—Mr. E. H. Aitken. 4th Section.—{ Other Invertebrates.) President—{ Vacant.) Secretary—Dr. P. W. Bassett-Smith, R. N. dth Section.—(Botany.) President—( Vacant.) Secretary—Surgeon-Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, r.s.m. (France), M.B.c.s. Bombay Hatural Histo | Society. LIST OF MEMBERS. Lirt Memerrs. Aga Khan, H. H. the -- Bombay. — Austria, H. I. H. the ArchdukeFranz Ferdinand. . Europe. Baroda, The Curator, Baroda State Museum _... Baroda. Barton, E. L. ae coe A .-- Bombay. Bates, S, B (E.Z.8.) Sor ees .. Mingin, Burma. Beale, H. F. .. Poona. Bhownagar, H. H, the Maharaja Bhoosingj of .. . Bhownagar. Bhurie Singh, Mean Saheb ... .. Chumba. Bikaneer, H. 'HL. the eee of ae . Bikaneer. Caccia, A. M. “a we re Dehn Dunes Cama, Dr. Maneckjt D. ise eee .-- Bombay. Cama, K. R. 300 Sh -»» Bombay. Coode, J. M. oc ... Madras. Cursetji, Khan Bahadoor ©. M. a .-- Bombay. Cutch, H. H. the Rao Saheb of sae .-- Cutch. Dawson, W. H. (1.¢.8.) ie ae ... Rangoon. Drake-Brockman, Surg.-Capt. H. H. ... --- Bhurtpur. Dwarkadas, Naranji ie ... Bombay, Goculdas, Nurrotum Morarji Ae .-- Bombay. Habibuddin, 8. (H.c.s.) ee oe --- Khamamet. Hyam, Judah ase . Poona. Ichalkaranji, The Hon’ble Meherban Narayenrac Govind alias Babasaheb Ghorpade, Chief of ... Kolhapur. Inverarity, J. D. ... ws .-. Hurope. Kolhapur, H. H. the Maharaja OL inte. ... Kolhapur. Lamb, R. A. (1.¢ = wie sie .». Poona. Long, G. R. Bee ee .-. Moulmein. Mee iiovela. Dr. D. ee use .-- Bombay. Mandlik, Naray Vishvanath ... eae .. Bombay. Martin, Lieut.-Col. Gerald... . Bombay. Miraj, Shrimant Gungadharrao Ganesh alias Baba- sahib Patwardhan, Chief of .«. Miraj. Navanagar, H. H. Maharaja Jam Sahib of _.. Rajkote. Olivier, Lient.-Col. H. D. oo Ms sa Eee Partridge, Henry ... “ oe .. Pyinmana, Burma. Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw seh wee .»» Bombay. Potit, Jehangir Boman}ji S08 a .-. Bombay. Phipson, H. M. (c.m.z. Sey ee ie .-- Bombay. Poncins, Baron Edmond de ... os: ».. Hurope. Ravenshaw, Lieut.-Col. C. W. ees. eee Oodeypore. Scindia, H. H. the Maharaja... oh .. Gwalior, Sinclair, W. F. (1.0s.) wes ae ... Europe. Spooner, T. J. (0.z.) 0 ees ... Mtotowa, Udi, E. Africa. LIST OF MEMBERS. Tata, Dorabji J. Tejpal, Goverdhundas Goculdas silly) Vy El. .. Bombay. .. Bombay. .. Mingm, Burma. Ulwar, H. H. the Maharaja Jey pene of .. Ulwar. Unwalla, andiclia vere .. Bhownagar. Viccaji, Framji iR.. .. Bombay. Whitworth, G. C. (1, C8.) .. Karachi, Yerbury, Col. J. W. .. Hurope. Honorary CoRRESPONDING MEMBERS. Forel, Professeur Auguste .. Hurope. Heeckerenez, Le Baron Von... -. Java. Kerkhoven, H. J. ... Zee eos Java, Maries, Chas. one .. Gwalior. Nicéville, L. de (F.E.S., C.M.Z. s, ) eos «.» Calcutta, Oates, H. W. son on eo. Liurope. | MeEmeBeErs. Abercrombie, A. .. Hurope. Acworth, EH. C. B. Acworth, H. A. Gos.) ig Bombay. .. Europe. Adam, James (GAB)! 55 af Bombay. Adams, Sa Deion ... Hurope. Aga Khan, His Highness (Life Member) -» Bombay. Re .. Poona, Aga Shaha Rookh Shaha, H. H. Aga Sheikh Mahomed Brendon, C.R. .. Hurope. . Castle Rock. Brodie, N. 8. as° eee a ... Hurope. Bromley, H. aoe 2 .. Bombay. Brown, A. J. ... Assam. Brown, Surg. -Capt. EH. .. Jamrud. Brown, J. W. --. Bombay. Brown, R. C. (.0.s. _ .. Alibag. Browne, Capt. C. A. R. Be Bn) .. Dharwar. Browne, Rev. E. .. --. Hurope. Bruce, Chas. W. A.. % i Bee Kindat, Burma. vi LIST OF MEMBERS. Bruce, Lieut. George E, Brunton, kb. ieee Buchanan, J. G.... Buchanan, Capt. K. J. oe Buck, Sir Edward (K.c.s.1.) . Bulkley, d. Burder, H. C. a: Burn- Murdoch, Major J. (RB. B, ) “6 Burne, Mrs. A... oe eee Burnett, Surg.-Capt. 8. H. Burrard, Capt. C. Burton, ‘Lieut. A. R. Burton, Lieut. Richard W. Butcher, L. H. (c. y Butler, A. L. ie soe Bos Byrne, C. H. wes Bythell, Major W. ae (RE) “00 Caccia, A. M. (Life Member) tas Cadell, P. R. @.c.s.) Calcutta, Hon. Secretary, Zoological Gardens Walebe worms aa. Cama, Ke ey iit Member) . Cama, Dr. Maneckjee D. (Life Member). Cameron, W. L. (c.z.) . aS Campbell, Capt. F. J. B. Campbell, John (C.£.) ee tee Jampbell, Sir J. M. (1.c.8.) ..- ae Campbell, Capt. Malcolm 4 Candy, R. Hi. (1.c.s.) Cane, Rev. A. G Cappel, E. L (1.0.8.) Capper, Lieut. A. 8. Cardew, A. G. (1.¢.8.) Carew, Capt. Cai ae Carrington, Col. E.. Carroll, E. B. (CE) Carter, ‘Capt. J. R.B. G. Cather, G. F. H. ... Chalmers, Allan M. Chalmers, H. Chambers, Chas... Channer, Surg.- Lieut.-Col. O. H. Chapman, E. J. B... os Chappel, H. EK. ... see ove Charles, L. (1.¢.s.) ih Chichgar, cae VIS eaeenactt ak Chico, J. R. (0.E.) .. aa ae Chitty, C. W.. mae oe .. Allahabad. --- Bombay. -» Calcutta. ... Dalhousie, .-» Hurope. ... Kharaghora. oe Europe. ... Dharwar. .-. Lurope. es Bombay. ... Peshawar, .. Jalna. ... Bolarum. -.s Khandwa. ... Selangor. .. Europe. .. Poona, ... DehraDun,N.-W.P. .»» Karachi. ... Calcutta. ... Lahore. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Hurope. ... Allahabad. ..- Bombay. ... Hurope. .-. Quetta. .-. Broach. .. Hurope. .-» Dharwar. .. Agar, W. Malwa. ... Ootacamund. seo Natal .-. Hurope. ... Hurope. --. Dadra. .. Taung-gyi, Burma. -.. Cachar: ... Bombay, ... Delagoa Bay. ... Europe. ... Europe. .. Rajputana. .-. Europe. .»» Bombay. ... Baroda. ... Bombay. LIST OF MEMBERS. Cholmondeley, H. C. es pence ae A. G. G C. any ade Clabby, J. H. oe 2S, Clark, Capt. A. C. Clark, J. (1.0.8. ) Clark, W. 4H. Clarke, Robt. L. H. (1.cs.) Clarkson, Surg.-Lt.-Col. J. W. Clements, H. (1.c.s.) 4 Jleveland, C. = (1.0.8.) soe Cleveland, Surg.-Capt. H. Ea ag Clifton, C.N. (c. on aes Close, EH. P. as Clowes, Capt. H. .. Clutterbuck, P. H. A Z.8.) Cobbold, Capt. R. P. (2.6.8. yy Coggan, R. T. ae ae Collie, Surg.-Major M. A. T. ane Collins, Major G. A. we ae Collister, J. G. 4. Colombo, The Librarian, Colombo Museum Comber, Edward Conder, H. oe Conley, Andrew... Coode, J. M. (Life Member) Cooke, Lieut. A. St. John Cooke, [Dress Te Labi ae Cooke, Dr. Theodore Cooper, C.P: Ba Copleston, W. EH. Corbett, P. J. 4 oe a Corbett, Capt. W. F. ate oct Cory, Rev. C. P. ee ts Cosserat, L. te we 2 Cotton, Sir Geo. ... a uae Coventry B.O. ... . ea Coventry, &. M. ... * ios Covernton, J.G. acts Wee Counsell, J. G. Cox, Capt. Bak (P28. Panos) Cox, woe Crawford, bLeslie 14 Crofton, Chas, S. F. (1.0.8.) Crofts, Surg. -Major A. M. Cruddas, Lieut. H. W. Crump, H. A. 306 ees es Crump, L. C. (i.¢.s.) ee ack Cuffe, T. W. we was : Cumming, W.D. ... Vil ee. Indore, C. I. .. Europe. 565 ... Yellapur, Kanara. .. Bombay. ... Rangpur. ... Vizianagram. .. Bulandshahr. ... Poona. .. Satara. e Nagpur. .. Neemuch, C. I. zc mednagar. : .- Kharaghora. ... Hurope. .. Gorakhpur. Bombay. .. Haflong. i Bombay. ... sehore, ©. I. .-- Jabalpur, .- Colombo. .. Bombay. he Europe. .. Nagpur. .. Madras. ... Peshawar. ... Bhosawal. ... Hurope. ... Hurope. ... Belgaum. ... Karachi, .. Karachi. .. Thayetmyo, Burma. ".. Raj-Pardi. ... Bombay. .. Lahore. eee Montgomery, Punjab. ... Bombay. .. Bombay. Baroda. ... Waltair, Madras. ... Bombay. .. Ahmednagar. .. Gwalior. -e» Myitkyina,U. Burma. ... Hoshungabad. .«. Dharwar. .-- Bombay. .. Karachi, Vili LIST OF MEMBERS, Curreembhoy Ebrahim Currey, E. 8. a Currie, R. G. Carsetji, Khan Bahadur C. M. ‘(Life Member) Curtis, J. H. Cutch, H. H. the Rao Saheb of (Life Member) Dadarkar, Dr. Bhawanishankar B, Dadina, Dr. Rustomji R. Daintrey, W. M. Dalal, D. M. Dalby, C. J. Dalgado, Dr. D. eke Dallaporta, J. N. Daly, W. Mahon Damania, Surg.-Major P. see Davidson, J. (_. C.8.) Davies, H. 8. (c.z.) Dawson, W. H. (t1.c.s.) (Life Member) Deane, Dr. A. H. Sc Deane, Surg. g-Major HE. Deane, H. H. (¢.z.) DeCourcy, W. B. ... Delme-Radclitte, Capt. H. Delme-Radcliffe, Lieut. 8. Dempster, F. E. (c.1.2.) Denso, Max Dhakmarwala, ieeeai Diy Ae? Dharampur, H. H. Maharana pales of Dhargalkar, Dr. Luxumon _.. Dimmock, Surg. i P; Dixon, Re M. os els Dobbs, Lt.-Col. G. Dodgson, C. G. (1.c. a Dodgson, James Doig. S. Bui. zB.) . Donald, C. Donovan, Surg. -Capt. C: Dormer, Lord aes Douglas, Mrs. Chas. Doveton, Col. J. C. .«. Bombay. ... Hurope. . Bombay. Bombay. eee . Rangoon. my Bhuj, Cutch. ... Dadar, ... Kalyan, ... New York. .. Bombay. Sini. », Sawantwady. .. Bombay. -- Kummergode, Kadur, .-» Quetta. .-. Hurope. »» Ghadechi. -- Madras. a Bombay. . Bombay. .. Nandurbar, Khan- deish. .-» Chalsa, ... Hurope. -. Jabalpur. . Calcutta. . Bombay. .. Bombay. .. Dharampur. ... Bombay. ... Hurope. .. Bombay. .«. Poona. .. Satara, ..- Hurope. --. Karachi, .. Bhadarwa, Kashmir, ... Mangalore. ... Hurope. .. Kurope. Drake-Brockman, Surg.~Capt. i. (lite Member). Dreckmann, Rev. F. (3. J.) Drury, Surg.-Major M. O’C. . Du Boulay, . J. H. (1.c8.) Dudgeon, G.C.... “6 Dumayne, F.G.... Ben Duncan, P. ( M.1.c.8. ) a . Nagpur. Bhurtpur. .. Hurope. .. Hurope. .. Bombay. -.. Punkabari. ... Bombay. .. Ongole, Madras. Dunlop, H. H. G. Dunn, G. W. O. LIST OF MEMBERS. Dunsterville, Major | K. 8. (R.A.) Duthie, J. EF’. ( ¥.1.s.) Duxbury, Grats 4 o.s Dwane, HE. H. Dyson, Surg. ~Capt. ' Abe 3, Hardley- Wilmot, 8. Earle, A. A. Hbden, EH. J. (1c. s.) Hde, F.(c.8.) ... Edie, Ne Or ota Edmiston, W. L. ... Edulji Nusserwanji, Dr. Edwards, 8. M. (1. ¢. s.) Egerton, Crs Ehlers, B. Elliot, Surg. “Capt, | W. H.W. eS Elliott, A. Elliott, Cy dike ae Elsworthy, Dyas eee Elwes, Major E. V. (R.a.) Elwes, H. J. ( F.R.s. ) Enthoven, R. EH. ae Eunson, H. J. (¢.z.) Hivans, Vet.-Capt. G. H. Evatt, C. B. Fairclough, J. Farquharson, Lieut, E. G. Gx) Farrington, H. A. (LF.s.) (1.0.8.) Fenton, Lt.-Col. L. L. : SBE ae Ee) Faweett, (Oeidale Ferguson, H Fernandez, ©. Fernandez, Abedin Ferrand, Surg.- -Lt.. Col. EB. Ferreira, Miss C. (uM. & O.. inlay, William .. Finny, Capt. T. G. hi. Fischer, CHEve. Cams.) Fisher, W. F. D. (u8.s.) Fitz-Hugh Lance, Lieut, F.... Fleming, W. N. _ Fletcher, W. M. Flower Be, Mis)... Flower, Lieut. 8. S. Foote, R. Bruce 2 ix .. Hubli. ... Hurope. .. Allahabad. ... Saharanpur. ... Sholapur. ... Secunderabad, .. Bombay. ... Lucknow. ... Hurope. ... Lurope. ... Cachar. .. Bandra, ... Kotagiri. .-. Bombay. .. Bombay. .. Rajghat, ... Hurope. .. Dharamsala, ... Amraoti, Berars. ... Lahore, ... Bombay. ... Hurope. ... Hurope. ... Europe. ... Vizianagram. Bee Rangoon. .. Delhi. ..- Bombay. .. Akola. ... Jalpaiguri, Bengal. ie Bombay. ... Hurope. ... Lrivandrum, ... Lurope. .. Rajkote. ... Bangalore. ... Bombay. ... Jalpaiguri, ... Bombay. ... Berhampore, Madras, .. Chana. ..- Loralai. ... luticorin. eee Kurope. .-- Bombay. .«. Cairo, Heynt. e oes a x LIST OF MEMBERS. Forbes, A. W. Forbes, C. H. B. Forbes, J. D. Forbes-Sempill, The Hon’ble R. A. Forrest, TW Forsyth, 1Dies AW as Forteath, H. H. (1.F.s.) Foster, Capt. L. M. Foulkes, George I. F. Fowler, F. D. ee iRlox, Cs e(OLEe)) | aes Fox, F. G. Brook “ =) Francke, A. Fraser, Major A. ... Fraser, Capt. H. A. D. (x8). Fraser, S. M. (1.c.s.) Freeman, Col, T. French, Surg. -Capt.G. B. ... Frenchman, Surg.-Major EH. P. Friedlander and “Sohn, Messrs. R. Bry, 0. B: Fuller, Hon’ble Mr. J. B. Ci 0. S., C.1.E. vi Fulton, Hon’ble Mr. Justice E. M. (1.¢.8.) Fulton, Lt.-Col. BR... Furdoonji Jamsetiji... Gabbett, E.(c.z.) ... Gaddum, F. he Gadsden, F. O. (R.1.M,) Gahagan, E. G. (c.z.) Gama, Dr. J. A. Da Gamble, J. S. (F.1.8. Gaye, W. C. Gell, H. G. George, CHP, Gerhardt, Paul Gibbs, H. M. Gibbs, R. T. Gilbert, C. F. (wr. OE. = Gilbert, Be Ee Giles, E. Giles, Bk Gimlette, Surg. -Major G. H.S. Giro, C. G. Girvin, Surg.-Capt. JZ. ee Glazebrooke, N. Rai ene wae Gleadow, F. See Godwin-Austin, H, .. Secunderabad. i Bombay. .. Bombay. .. Rangoon, Forel, Professeur aoe a Correspa. Member). EKurope. .. Hurope. .. Europe. .- Pokokku, U.Burma, .-. Kirkee. ... Madanapally. ee Madey ; ... Gadag, 8. M. Ry. ... Hurope. ... Bombay. .. Mean Meer. .. Bangalore, .. Bangalore. f . Bombay. .. Calcutta, .. Bassein, Burma. .. Europe. .. Bandora. Bad abalpur. .. Bombay. .- Dharamsala, ee Bombay. .. Rangoon. oe Europe. .. Bombay. .. Hurope. Ae Bombay. .. Dehra Dun. .. Secunderabad. us Bombay. .. Secunderabad. Bombay. .. Hurope. .. Waltair, Madras, .. Bhamo, Burma. .. Europe. .. Poona. ... Karachi, .-- Indore, C, I. ... Bombay. ... Hurope. .-. Bombay. .-. Dehra Dun. .- Ellichpur, Berar. LIST OF MEMBERS, Goethals, Rev. Dr. Paul, ili of Calcutta .. Goldsmid, F. L. ... Ne Goldthorpe, Lieut. F. H. ba ate Gompertz, Rev. F. W. ee Bi Gonsalves, Dr. J. F. is eae Gordon, D. M. Ae aa Gore, Col. St. G. C. (n.8,) Greene, Col. R. C. ... oe Be Graham, J. A. on Soe ace Graham, W. D. is... tes Grant, Surg.-Capt. D. St. J. Gray, Chas. i Gray, Brig.-Surg. Lt.-Col. Wellington... Greany, Surg. -Major H. ne - Greany, Surg.-Lieut.-Col. J. P. Greatheed, C. ube Greaves, John 2 Green, B. Ernest (F.E. ‘s .) Green, Surg.-Major J. 8. Green, W. M. (I.F.S.) Greig, Joseph ss Griffiths, John be Guinness, Major EH. (.a.) Gunn, Vet.- -Capt. W. D. Guy, G. Filmer Gwyn, Capt. A. Habibuddin, S. (c.s.) Haig, Brig.-Surg.-Lt.-Col. P. de H. Haines, H. H. Hall, Mitchell Hamilton, R. E. A... Hampson, Sir gene? FE, (Bart ), FL g., "PES. Hankin, H. H. Hannyngton, Ww. 0. Hanson, C. O. aS Hare, A. J. B. 208 Hargrave, H. J. B. (c.z.) Harington, Lieut. in C. Harington, Surg.-Major V. Harold, it -C; Bi... coe ous Harris, Uae be Wa 6 se oes Harrison, Lt. H. ... wes ee Hart, G. H. R. aoe Ba Harter, hi. A. Harvey, W.L. (1.0.8.) Haslope, Rey. L. M. Hasted, W. A. eee Hatch, Capt. A. E. ... . Calcutta, .. Poona, ... Jacobakad. ... Europe. ... Bijapur. ..- Mone, Burma. ... Dehra Dun. .. Huropé. Coorg. .. Hongkon ia Tae of .-» Coonoor. .. Europe. .- Bolarum. ... Dharwar. ... Ahmednagar. ... Bombay. .. Ceylon. ... Benares. ... Kurseong, Bengal. ... Sylhet. : ... Lurope. ... Europe. .. Meerut. i Bombay. .. Calcutta. ... Khamamett. ... Hurope. ... Hurope. .. Jalpaiguri. vee Hurope. .. Hurope. .. Europe. .. Pyinmana, Burma. ... Neoni, Chapara. ... Jalpaiguri. .. Hurope. Bolarum. .. Ulwar. .-- Zaila, Somali Coast. .-. Vizagapatam. . Aden. -- Calcutta. ..- Bombay. .-- Bombay. -- Deesa. Waltair, Madras, Poona. xii LIST OF MEMBERS, Hatch, H. F. ... Rajkote. Hatch, Surg.-Lt. -Col. W. K.. ..- Bombay. Hate, Vinayek N. ed .. Bombay. Hatherell, Capt. W. G. Haughton, Samuel (c.c.s.) Hauxwell, T. A. Hearsey, TN. Heath, R. H. Heeckerenz, Le Baron Von(Hon. we a ae Henderson, Surg.-Capt. R. 8. F. .-. Quetta. ... Colombo, Ceylon. ... Longhoo, Burma. .-- Kurnool, Madras. .. Kot-Kapura, Pun- jab. Java. .. Campbellpur. Henderson, Surg. -Major W. G. H. ... Bombay. Herbert, Surg.-Capt. H. : ... Europe. Hibbert, Capt. H. .. ... Lurope. Hibbert, Colada aac: ... Hurope. Hickman, R Sts oe. ... Cachar. Hight, nee AvB ... a s+. 1 OOnG. aiehaeel Lt: A. B. R. (sa .. Bombay. Hill, F. J. A. Sp .-- Hurope. Hill, H Charles ... Mandalay. Tey, Manne Poy... ae .. Mingin, Burma. Hodges, Capi. AEN SS sae ... Hurope. Hodgson, C. M. ee ... Hurope. Hojel, Surg.-Capt. eG: Hole, H. A. 5 Holland, W. J. Hollis, t. Hooton, Surg.-Lt. Be, Hope, G. A. (B.A.) .. Hore, Lt.-Col. W. S. Hornidge, 8. (c.z.) .. Howes, Mowbray... Howlett, Col. A. (1.8.¢.) ... Bombay. ... Silchar, Cachar. ... Bijapur. ... Bombay. ... Poona. ... Hllichpur. ... Hurope. ... Ahmednagar, .. velangore. . Bhamo, Burma. Howse, G. EK. .. somlbaiy. ae Hudson, G. W. M. cu C.8.) ... Ahmednagar. Hudson, L. 8. ... Lurope. Hunt, BE. R. ... Sylhet. Hunter, rats Che alas ... Lurope. Hunter, Lt.-Col. J. M. .. Rajkote. Hunter, Capt. W. H. Hussey, Col. C. EH. Hutchinson, F. T. ... Hyam, Judah (Life Member) . ... Sawantwady. .. Europe. ... Hurope. .. Poona. Ichalkaranji, The Hon’ble Narayenrao Govind alzas Babasaheb Ghor eiara Chief of oa ay ... Kolhapur. Imray, Kobt. 8... ... Peermaad, Travan- core. Indore, H. H. the Maharaja Holkar of ... ... Indore. LIST OF MEMBERS. Inglis, Chas. M.__... Inverarity, J. D. (Life Member) Israel, Shalom Bapujee Jackson, A. B. (18.8.) Jackson, Col. F. H. Jacob, Mrs. Arthur.. Jacob, G, (I...) . Jacob, ELS 5: Jameson, Surg. -Capt J. B. Jamrach, W. Jameetii, M. Doctor Jardine, A.J. A, ... Jardine, H. RB. J ardine, James Jardine, Lady John.. Jardine, W. F. Jayakar, Surg.-Lt. Col A. SG Jeffrey, J. A es ae Jennings, Capt. INK Jermyn, Capt. T. John, H. ©. John, H. E. Johnson, J. R. Kirby Johnson, S. He wale Johnson, W. P Jones, Surg. -Capt. ow CL Jones, Lieut. M. D. Goring .. Jowitt, John KF... se Jugmohundas V. Bhaisett Kaliandas Keshavdas Kay, Dr. W. Kazi Sahabudin, Khan Bahadur (C.LE. ) Kearns, A. S. Keary, Lt.-Col. H. 1B eee Keatinge, G. (1.¢.8.) sc aes Keene, Lt. C. W. ... nas Ao Kemball, H.. Vi. (cu Kendall, Lieut. C. Bi: (RM)... Kennedy, Lt.-Col Wee Pon os Kennedy, H. E. Rear-Admiral W. ee Kennedy, R. 508 nee : Kenyon, James ___... oc aoe Ker, L. B. Kerkhoven, E. J. (Hon, Correspe, Member Keys, H. W. Kian, Muncherji Fr ramji ees occ Khareghat, M. P. (.c.s.) ve X1E .. Darbhanga, .. Hurope. .. Murud, Janjira. -- Nilamber, Malabar. .-- Palanpur. ... Mhow, C. I. .»- Karachi, .- Munmar. .. Poona, -. Europe. ... Bombav. .. Bangkok, Siam. ... Hurope. ... Hurope. to. Liurope: ... Hurope. .. Muscat. ... Bombay, ... Murope. ... Kohat, ... Mirpur Khas, Sind. .- Bombay. | .. Europe. ... Cawnpore. ... Bombay. .. Europe. Cu Poona: ... Bandarwella,Ceylon. . Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Hurope. .. Poona. ... Bangalore. .. Meiktila, Burma. ..« Dharwar. .. Peshawar. .. Jdacobabad. .. Bombay. ... Navanagar, .. Hurope. ... Bombay. .-- Karachi. ... Bombay, .. Java. ... Hurope. ... Bombay. ... Ratnagiri. xiv LIST OF MEMBERS, King, Alfred Kinsman, F. RS. Kirtikar, Surg.-Lt. GolK. Re 46 Knight, D. Kolhapur, H. H. the Maharaja of (Life Member). Kotah, H. H. the Maharaja ... $6 Kunwar Kushal Pal Singh Lamb, R. A. (1.¢.s.) (Life Member) Lambert, R. M. Lang, F.. Lang, Walter Langley, Brig.-Surg. H. H. Lathi, H. H. the Thakore Sahib of La ‘nate, Lieut.-General C. D. Lawder, on K. J. Lawrence, Mrs. ie wae J. Lee, Lieut. A. W. H. Bas cae Lee, P. Henry K. ... bee ve Lees, John ‘iva Lee- Warner, i (Gi c Sy CS. 1) Leggett, 8. Lely, F. S. p Gos.) Leslie, A. K,. Lester, Lt. C. D. Leville, Rev. H. Lewis, "Fred ( F.L8. ) Light, Major R. H. Light, Lieut. W. A.. Lightfoot, Se Sirah CBee Lindesay, Major E.. Lindgren, O. Lingard, Dr. Alfred — Linnell, Fred. Little, FE. A. Littledale, Professor H, Loam, Mathew Loch, Col. W. W. . Logan, Ue CIeCsS 5). Long, "A. M. Long, G. R. (Life Member) , Lovegrove, W. H. (i.r.s.) cig he Lowdell, Surg. stele C. G. W. bene: GR. Lowrie, A. H. Luard, ELS. --- Bombay. .-. Calcutta, .. Ratnagiri. wo Lurope. - Kolhapur. .»» Kotah, es Narki. ..- Poona. ... Hyderabad. Land Records and Agricaltar, “The Director Olnes: Be ... Hurope. .;. Bombay. ... Kurope. s.. laathi ... Lurope. ... Hyderabad(Decean). ... Hurope. ... Bombay. ... Sima, Upper Burma. ... Bangalore. .. Cachar. ... Europe. ... Karachi. ... Hurope. ... Bombay. .. Quetta. ... Hurope. ... Colombo, Ceylon. .. Quetta, ... Poona. ... Mimbu, U. Burma. ... saugor, C. P. ... Debrogarh, Assam. .. Naini Tal. ... Rangoon. ..- Hurope. .. Europe. ... Coimbatore, Madras. ... Bagdad, .. Europe. .. Hurope. .. Moulmein. Poona. .». Kotedwara. ... Hurope. ... Bombay. .. Coorg. .. Bombay. Tienckenore The Gumier & Sec.. “Provincial Museum. Lucknow. LIST OF MEMBERS, Lye, Rev. 8. L. Lynch, C. B. oe Lynn, G. R. (C.E.) be ee Lyons, Surg.-Major R. W.S. 3c Macaulay, Capt. K. 56 Macaulay, Hon’ble Mr. R. H. Macaulay, W. M. sc MacCartie, Surg. ~Maj or F. MacDonald, Dr. D. (Life Member MacDonald, J. A MacDonald, P. J. ... Mackenzie, J. Muir c CS Da Mackenzie, Col. K.. ee Mackenzie, ener Mackenzie, Lt. K. L. W. Mackenzie, M. D. Mackenzie, M.M. ... Mackenzie, T. D. (1.c.8.) Mackinnon, P. W. Ce E.S. Me Maclean, Jas. Macleod, N.C. ... Maconachie, Brig.-Surg.-Lt. “oa eh uy Macpherson, John. Bi Macpherson, Col. T. RM: Mactaggart, H. B... Madden, Lieut. T. E. Madras, The Supt., Govt. Central Museum Mahaluxmiwalla, K. D. co Mainwaring, H. Mair, A. Maitland, Surg. -Major Capt Mallins, Surg Major ie (Or Mandlik, Narayan V. (Life Memb) Manson, F. B. sae Mant, R. N. oe Maries, Chas, (Hon. Correspg Member) Marjoribanks, Surg,-Lt. J Marston, G. D. (c.z.) Marten, James... Martin, Lieut.-Col. Gerald Cite Member) Mason, Geo. KE. ... Masson, D. P. Mathew, Surg. -Lt. C. M. Maxwell, Bea es, McArthur, Vet.-Surgn. G. W. McCabe, R. B. (1.c.s.) “ McClelland, W. S. (a1.1.¢.z. yc Melntosh, Alex. (c. B.) .. Bombay. .. Europe. . Baroda. .. Hurope.. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Hurope. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. -. Calcutta. .- Poona. .. Europe. .- Kurnool, Madras. --- Poona. .. Karachi, ... Chapra, -. Europe. .-. Mussoorie, .-» China. -- Bombay. .. Europe, .-- Bombay. .»» Poona, .. Negapatam. .»- Silchar. --- Madras. ... Bombay, .-. Lurope. ee. Calcutta. .. Poona. .- Mominabad. .. Bombay. .-. Tenasserim. .. Hurope. .. Gwalior. . Poona, .. Hurope. .-» Dehra Dun.,N.-W.P. --- Bombay. ... Hurope. .. Lahore. ... Nowgong. ... Maubin, Burma. ... Murope. ..- Kamrup, Assam. ... Hurope. ... Cachar. xvi LIST OF MEMBERS. MelIntosh, H. J. oe McIntosh, R. (1.8.8.) McKay, Surg, aie ol. HK McKee, J. A. - ae McKenzie, AIOX, ses dee aes McMullen, Dr. G. C. sok vat McNair, Major J. F. A. Be McNeil, J. (1.0.8.) Mead, Capt. H. R. Mead, le dle (.08.) .. Meade, EeeOu MS, Meredith, Richard ... Merrony, Chas. ot Messent, P. G. dae Meyer, Surg.-Capt. C. H. Le eyer, She ss Middleton: Weil & Oe Millard, W.S. Miiler, E. Millett, G. P. Mills, Vet.- ~Major Jas. Milne, Surg.-Capt. C.J. Minniken, ‘GG: Miraj, Shriman Crna. Ganesh alias Babee saheb Patwardhan. Chief of og ue) Modi, Bomanji Edulji ‘ Moir, E. McArthur Monks, Surg.-M:jor C. Monté, Dr. A.de ... Monté, Rey. Dr. B. de Moon, A. J. Morgan, A. Morgan, Surg.-Lt. BL dk Morison, W. T. (1.c8. ) Morris, Lieut. D. O. Morton. Surg.-Lieut. J. P. Moscardi, EK. H. (1.c.s.) Moss, Capt. C. Moulvi Syed Ali Belg ram Mowis, Paul de Moylan, W. Muir, Frank Muir, Surg.-Col. HS. Muller, Professor 0. V. Mure, TS wae Murray, W. Nagpur, The Curator, Central Museum... Nangle, Lieut. K. E. .. Bhagalpur. --e Madanapally. ... Jabalpur, C. P. .. Nagpur, C. P. ... Bombay. .. Kotri, N.-W. P. ... Lurope. Sor SuaLE ... Hurope. .. Ahmedabad. .. Bushire. .. Lahore. .- Bulsar, -- Bombay. .. Bombay. .. Hurope. .. Hurope. .. Bombay. .- Hurope. . Nasik. -- Bombay. -. Bombay. . Lahore. . Miva}. “ iene .. Kuro pe. .. Bombay. .. Bandora. .. Mahim. .. KadraBeat ,Bombay. . Kotagiri. s .. Bombay. -. Bombay. .. Hurope. .. Hurope. .. Surat. -. Bombay. .. Hyderabad. .. Darjeeling. .. Haflong, Cachar. .«. Jhansi. ... Hurope. .. Bombay. .. Lahore. .. Bumbay. i .. Nagpur. .«. Kherwara. LIST OF MEMBERS. Naranji Dwarkadas (Life Member) Narrotumdas Morarji Goculdass (Life Member) Navanagar, H. H. Maharaja Jam Saheb of Newland, Surg.-Major A. G. E. et Newnham, Capt. Ae (EAS) see Nicéville, L. de (Hon. ean Member) Nicholson, is Lh Nicholson, Capt. J. 8. Nicholson, Surg.-Major R. Bi Nisbett, Lieut. W. G. Nurse, ‘Capt. UC. G. (-.B.6.8., Fas) Nurse, Lieut. H. H. Oakes, George Fe Oates, E. W. (Hon. Correspg. Member) O’Brien, Edward __... OQ’ Brien, Hon’ble W. T. O'Callaghan, I. O’Connell, J. O’Conor, J.B. (c.1..) Oldham, F. T. Olivier, Lt.-Col. H. ‘iD. (RB) ‘(it Member) Ollivant, Hon’ble Sir HE. C. K Ommanney, D. G. ae Ommanney, H. T. (1...) Opiumwalla, Dorab E. ~ Ormiston, Geo. EH. oe) Orr, J.P... Orr, Col. W. J. Osmaston, B. B. Osmaston, L. 8. Owen, R. R. Ozanne, E. C. (1.c. s.) Palliser, H. G. (c.z.) Pandurang Gopal, Dr. Parker, Surg.-Major J. Parmenides, John os. Parratt, F. BH. A. Parsons, Hon. Mr. Justice... Partridge, Henry (Life peony) Pawalla, Jamsetji C. ah Pearse, Surg. ~Capt. A. Pearson, BEM: Pearson, Mrs. H. C. Pease, Vet.-Capt. H. T. Pechey-Phipson, Mrs. (a. pi Peet, A. W. Pele, Capt. A. J. (R.A.) SC EG.See RR Cistht is. KVii --- Bombay. .. Bombay. .. Rajkote. .- Meiktila, Burma. .-- Mhow, C. I, .. Calcutta. ... Bombay. ... Natal. .-- Choubaitia. ... Mandalay. .. Deesa. .. Europe. ..- Ootacamund. .. Europe. ... Amreli, Kathiawar. .-- Karachi. ... Hurope. ... Lurope. ... Calcutta. ... Kamptee, C. P. .- Bombay. . Poona. ... Chana. ... Europe. .. Bombay. .-- Hurope. .-. Hurope. ... Karachi. .. Chakrata, N.-W. P. .-. Poona, ... Hurope. .. Europe. ... Belgaum. ..- Kharaghora. .. Hurope, - Europe. ... Chiegmai, Siam. -- Bombay. ... Pyinmana, Burma. ... Bombay. ... Calcutta. .. Hurope. ..- Bhaynder. ... Lahore. ... Europe. ... Hurope. .-- Hurope. xyiii LIST OF MEMBERS. Felly, C.. By... Pemberton, E.S8. ... Pennington, R. W. R. Pentland, Major R. C. Penton, John EH. Pestonji Jivanji ... Peters, Surg.-Lt.-Col. C. T. Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw (Life ember) ae Petit, Jehangir Bomanji us) Revel) Phillips, Mrs. . ses Philpott, C. C. .... a: Phipson, H. M. (c.m.z.s.) ( Life Member) Pilcher, Capt. A. J. a son eee Pilcher, Surg.-Col. J. G. Pinhey, Capt. AC Place, G. ... Boa Plinston Gu. : 7! ..: Pollen, Dr. John (1.¢.8. Pollock, Surg-Capt. C. rE. ‘ Poncins, Baron Edmond de Gat Member) Poore, Capt. R. M.. Pope, RG fae C.S. ) Powell, R. M Prain, Surg.-Capt. D. Prall, Surg.-Capt. S. H. Pratt, E. M. (1.C.8.) Pratt, a Gos(-C:8,),5. Peentig, TCI); one Preston, F. J. 254 Primrose, Alex. M. Prior, Major H. M. Prior, Capt. W. Proctor, etki. eee Pyrke, Capt. R. D. Quicke, Surg.-Major W. H. ... Radeliffe, R. C. J. ... Rahimtoola Khairaz Raikes, E, B. Rambant, B. R. R. “(na.) Rattray, Lieut. H. B. Rattray, Major R. H. Ravenshaw, Lt.-Col. C. W. (it Member) Rayment, Vet.-Major G. J. Readymoney, N. J. Rees, J. C. (c.E.) . ate Reeve, R. au a .. Madras. ... Marmagoa, ..- Bombay. .- Natal. ... Ratnagiri. .. Hyderabad, Decean.. ... Belgaum. ... Bombay. ..- Bombay. ... Hurope. ... Hurope. ... Bombay. ... Hurope. . Simla, .-. Sutna, ... Akyab, Burma. ... Bombay. ... Hurope. ... Rauikhet. ... Hurope. wa. Natal: ... Kurnool, Madras. .. Ongole,Nellore Dis- trict. ... Calcutta. ... Bandra. ... Sholapur, ... Sholapur. ... Fort Stedman. ... Europe. -. Cachar. ... Lurope. ... Dilkusha, Lucknow. ... Hurope. .. Lurope. .. Bombay. ... Shahadadpur, Sind. .-- Bombay. .. Bombay. ... Lurope. ... Malakand, Punjab. ... Thul,K uram Valley. .-- Oodeypore. ... Rawal Pindi. --» Bombay. .-- Pegu, Burma. ». Bombay. LIST OF MEMBERS, xix Reid, G. B. (1.c.8.) .. ws ee ... Hurope. Reid, M. F. aiek ae ..» Bombay. Renton, Capt. C. C... siete aa ... Hingoli, Deccan. Reynolds, Pa(em®)!.. on aa ..- Bombay. Rhodes, T. M. Se ... Haflong, Cachar. Richardson, Vet.- -Capi. A.E.. 5 ... Allahabad. Richardson, Cecil... eS ... Bombay. Richardson, Major W. St. J ohn was ... Poona. Ritchie, A. M. (c.z.) bei ae ... Ahmednagar. Rivett-Carnac, J. T. Fi nee ... Silchar, Cachar. Rivett- -Carnae, laa. see .-- Bombay. Robb, Surg. aa John (M.D. .) See ... Hurope. Roberts, R. sae ... Secunderabad. Roberts, T. L. Se nis vet ..- Bombay. Robertson, B. (1.¢.s.) aes as ... seoni, Ohapara. Robertson, Col. D. ... See wal ... Bangalore, Robinson, Mrs. ae ee ae ... Europe. Robinson, Lieut. G. T. se a ... Kalam, Burma, Rodon, Major G. 8. eee sas ... Dharwar. Rodonachie, Ambrose as bie ... Lurope. Roftey, T. H. ASE aes oe ... Mysore. Rogers, C. G. a ae ae ... Hurope. Rogers, Henry (M.R.C.V.8.) os aoe ... Bombay. Rogers, Thos. aN. he his ... Bombay. Rome, F. J. ie si Bas ... Bombay. Rome, R. E. ss ... Jacobabad. Roorkee, The Principal, Thomason College ... Roorkee. Roosmale Cocq, Lt. Chas. H.... sae ... Mardan, Rundle, Surg.-Major C.8._... ia ... Lhayetmyo, Burma. Rushton, Kenneth C. Sc ct ... Ahmednagar. Russell, L. P. se as dee ... Hurope. Rustomjee, H. J. ... Be wai ..- Karachi. Rutherford, D. ssa noe wes ... Larkhana, Sind. Ryan, G. M. (1.F.s.)... ae see ... Phana. Ryder, Capt. W. J. sas A. ... Dharamsala. Ryland, H. C. eed aay .. . ee Barisal, Bengal. Ryves, A. H. daz sige dud ... Allahabad. Sada, Monsieur A. ... ee ro ... Europe. Sale, Edward L. (1.¢.s.) ae = .« Poona. Sandhurst, H. EH. Lord ie e« Poona. Sanjeli, H. H. Kumar Shri Ranjit Singh of ... Dhulia, Saone, G. Prier De.. ... Bombay. Sargent, H.G.F. ... os ies ... Bareilly. Sassoon, Mrs. S. D.. cos eee ... Bombay. Saunders, Lt. F. W. (nn He wanes ae ... Fort St. George. Savile, P. B. ..- Bombay. Scindia, H. H. the Maharaja (hie Member) ... Gwalior, Scott, Lieut, E. W. W. ... Egypt. XX LIST OF MEMBERS. Scott, M. H. (1.0.s.) Scott, Venerable Archdeacon W. E. Seal, Dr. ©. E. Bae Sealy, Lieut. A. E.. Seervai, Rustom nee Selby, Col. H. O. (R.z.) Sellick, Surg.-Capt. J. H. Sewell, Major J. H. Sewell, Lieut. R. A. D. Sharp, Professor W. H. Sharpe, Genl. C. F... Shaw, F. W. Sheppard, W. D. (1.08.) Shipp, W. (c.z.) Shipp, W. E. Shouse! EL 0 1B Shuttleworth, A. E. Silcock, H. F. (1.¢.8.) Simcox, Ais cA e Ce Simkins, A. R. M. Simpson, A. F. An Simpson, J. Hope (1.¢.s.) Sims, E. Proctor Sims, R. Proctor... Sinclair, W. F. ie c.s.) (Life Member) Skey, Capt. Pe. G. GE) ee * Slade, H. A Sladen, J. (1.¢.s.) ... Slater, D. McLauchlan Slater, EH. M. 554 Slater, J. Sanders ... Sly, F. G. G.cs.) Smales, Chas. B Smetham, E. R. Smith, Capt. 8.C. . Smith, Major Stanley Smith, Mrs. Yorke ... Smyth, R. Bateman... Smythies, Arthur Snuggs, J. F. Spalding, C. 8. Ae Spaa, Lt. H. J. B. ... Spence, L. H. Spencer, F’. A. Spooner, T. J. (c. B.) ‘(Life Member) Spragge, Miss B. E. .. Hurope. ... Bombay. .. Darjiling. ... Bakloh, Punjab. ... Bombay. ... Hurope. ... Myingyan, Burma. ... Mandalay. ... Jalna, Deccan. .-. Bombay. .. British Columbia, Canada, .. Bombay. ... Bijapur. ... Jabalpur. ... Ajmir. ... Jacobabad. .-- Mokoekchund. .- Bulsar. .. Malegaon. - Europe. .-. Bombay. . Banda, N.-W. P. .- Bhavnagar, .. Bhavnagar. .. Hurope. ... Drosh, Chitral. ... Bangkok, Siam. ... Karachi, ... Bombay. ... Calcutta. ... Bombay. ... Hurope. .-. Shwebo, Burma. --» Bombay. ... Hurope. ... Hurope. ... Hurope. ... Europe. ... Mandalay. swleliameter, \C2aeys .. Bhavnagar. ... Fort St. George, Madras. .. Ahmednagar. ne Bombay. .. Mtotowa Udi, Hast Africa. ... Poona. LIST OF MEMBERS. Sprague, Surg.-Capt. W. C. . he Squire, W. W. (c.z.) a oo Squires, Mrs. R. A. wale 405 Standage, Surg.-Lt. Rh. F. Standen, B. (1.¢.8.) ... Stansfeld, Lt. H. G. Stanton, W. OC. BAR Stawell, Lt.-Col. G. D. Stebbing, E. P. : Steele, F. J. Sterndale, H. O. Stevens, P. W. - Stewart, Lt. J. Dolinaten Stewart, R. B. oe Stirling, GaCaByie Stiven, J. ... ae St. John, Lt. J. A. Goan) eae Stone, 8. J. aus Storey, Thos. H. Strachey, Hon’ble Mr, Justice Sturrock, G. O. (R.a.) : Snlivan, Col. G. D. F. Summers, Thos. (¢.£.) Sutherland, J. (c.z.) Sutherland, W. oc Sutton, F. H, Swan, H. H. Swinhoe, Col. C. ... a iis Swinton, Surg.- oe see Bice aa Sykes, C. M. bh : Symington, J. H. ... Symonds, W. P. (1.c.s.) Symons, H. 8. Shs Symons, J. L. Talbot, W. A. ( 1.5.8. ) ci Talyarkhan, Maneckshaw J. . Tanner, Capt. C. O. O. [anieian. Ye Lee at Tata, Dorabji J. (Life Member) Tata, Jamsetji N. (3.P.) Bab Taylor, James H. ... eae Taylor, M. D. wae Taylor, R. H. Bentley Tejpal, Goverdhundas Goculdas (Life Member) Temulji B. Nariman, Dr. Xxi .. Europe. . Europe. .. Kurope. --. Deesa. .. Betul, C. P. ... Rangoon. ... Rangoon. ... Deesa. .. Caleutia. »-. Rema. ... Jalpaiguri. »-. Gaya. ... Hurope. ... Bombay. .. Kengtung, Upper Burma, .. Europe. Bombay. . Mussoorie,N.-W.P. .. Oodeypur. ... Bombay. ... Hurope. ... Rawal Pindi. ... Hurope. .. Chibaw, Burma. .. Rangoon. eco Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Europe. .. Poona. ... Jamnagar. a Bombay. ... Hurope. ... Bombay. .. Europe. .. Belgaum, .-» Bombay. .. Chaman. ... Bassein, Burma, .-- Bombay. ... Bombay. .. Khorda, Orissa. -. Kumargram. ... Mangalore, .. Bombay. .. Bombay. Tenasserim Agri- Horticultural I Society, 1 The Hony. Secretary of the ... .. Moulmein. XX LIST OF MEMBERS. Terry, G, W. Thacker, B. B. Thacker, W. Thatcher, Lieut. ieae iis F.C, ns Thesiger, Hon’ble P. ‘Thomas, Rees: Thomason, R. M. Thompson, fon ble Mr. EL M. Thompson, H. N. (F.z. 8) Thompson, P. Thompson, 2. H. EB. Thompson, li M. ... Thomson, Capt. D. B. Thornhill, Capt. J. ‘Tighe, Capt. M, J. Tilly, T. H. (Life ee Tod, Alex. M. Tooth, Hi. Topham, F. D. Tottenhan, W. F. te Townsend, Capt. BE. C. G(s.) Townsend, G. H. Trail, John Traill, W. H. ''rapmann, A, G. (c.B.) ‘Travers, G. H. Trevithick, R. L (AMICE.) .. Trevor, Hon’ble Mr. A.C. . Trewby, Miss Lilian Ow. D.) Public Gardens Trotter, W. Troup, Non Truninger, L. Trydell, Vet.-Lt. AL 8. Tudball, W. (1.c.s.)... Tufnell, aa H.R. Tumer, Mrs. A. F.. Turner, A. W. ‘Turmer, Hon’ ble Mr, M. CG: Twopenny, © Q. D. ‘Tydd, F. A. Uloth, H. W. .. Hurope. .-. Damang ... Bombay. ... Quetta, ... Bombay. ... Calcutta. ... Bandiqui. .. Poona. .. Taunggyi, Burma. ai Ootacamund, ... Dehra Dun. .» Dehra Dun. ... Poona. .-. Bannu. .. Mombasa, Hast Africa. ... Mingin, Burma, ... Hurope. ..- Bombay. -. Guntakal, Madras. ... Chiengmai, Siam. ... Myitkyina, Burma. ... Bombay. .. Kurope. ... Hurope. ... Hurope. ... Chatrapur. .. Bombay. .. Simla. Bee . Amraoti. Trivandrum, Hon. Sec., Government eres and .. Lrivandrum, .. Jalpaiguri. .. Kumaon, .. Rawal Pindi. .. Rawal Pindi. .. Pilibhit. .. Europe. .. Bombay. ..» Hurope. .. Calcutta. .. Europe. .- Cachar, -- Europe. Ulwar, H. H. Maharaja Jey Singh of clit eee Ulwar. Uniacke, Lie No Unwalla, J. N. (Life Member)... . Hurope. .. Bhaynagar. LIST OF MEMBERS. Vaidya, Dr. Poput Prabhuram Vanderzee, Capt. H. F. Cs Vanderzee, Lieut. J. H. dé Varley, Bd. (1.C.8.) Vaughan, Surg.-Capt. J. C. S. Vaughan, J. P. (I.C.8.) Vidal, G. W. (1.c.s.) Viccaji, Framji R. (Life Member) Vincent, W. H. A. (1.c.s.) Wadia, Hon’ble Mr. Rowe, NEY (Cul: #) Waddington, C. W. Walker, A. C. as Wall , Surg.-Capt. Ith Wallace, Aa Mass Wallace, John (¢.E.) NVallces Aly... Wallinger, W. A; ‘velioee Sure. - Lit. H. ee Wapshare, El. Ward, Lieut. C. a Ward, Rowland Ward, T. J. od Warneford, Lt. G. Warner, W. W. B Wasey, G. K. ‘Watson, Surg. -Major JG ms) Watson, Capt. John C. i Watson, L. P. Webb, Wm. Weir, Surg.-Lieut. -Col. L. Ss Wells-Cole, Capt. H. Welsh, F. T. sf Wenden, ale B) Westall, dg Westmacott, Genlt Be Whateley, Richard .. Whitin, F. D. ae Whitcombe, Surg.-Capt. EH. GR. White, W. ‘A. (C.E.) san Whitehead, Wits de lae Whitehouse, Langford Whiting, J. H. (GE,) Whitly, ’A. W. Whittle, A. T. ‘ Whitworth, Cae: iy 0. =) (life Member) Whyte, Capt. Ca Wo XXL .. Bombay. .. Cawnpore. ... Sadon, Burma, .. Dhulia, .. Burdwan. .-. Karachi. ... Hurope. ..- Bombay. ... Khulna, ... Bombay. w. Hurope. we Kurope. ... Lrichinopoly. .. Europe. .. Bombay O60 Fhurop “ .. Europe. .. Bombay, . Hoye. Guynd. .. Fort William, Cal- cutta, .. Hurope. ..- Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Mozambique, Hast Africa, ..» Marmagoa, Goa. aoe Agra. ... Hurope. ... Cawnpore. ... Bombay. ..- Bombay. .. Ahinednagar. ... Caleutta, ... Bombay. pa Prope. ... Kamptee. ... Hurope. ... Singbhoom. .. Jacobabad. .. Morvi, Kathiawar, ... Keng Tung, Burma. .. Pak kku, Burma. ... Bumbay. ... Hurope. oo Wadhwan. ... Karachi, .-- Quetta, Xxiv LIST OF MEMBERS. Wickham, P. F. Wilkieson, Lt.-Col. iC. B. (n.E.) Wilkins, A Ve oh Wilkinson, Surg. -Capt. Mie ecs Williams, Surg. -Capt C. E. Williams, Capt. Jet ah Williams, W. R. Willis, R. A. Wilson, A. R. eth Wilson, Lt. H. A. ... tie Wilson, Lt. N. F. T. (B.1.m.)... Wilson, V. 8. Fellowes Wilson, W. G. Winsloe, Lt. H. E. ( (Rz.) Winter, KE. L. (1.0.s.) Wise, H S. Wodehouse, Lt. F. W. Wolff, W. H. (c.£.) Wolf: Murray, O. (1.c.8.) Wolseley-Smith, F. ree Wood, A. (1.¢.8.) Nioodeslay HerAn el... Woodburn, A. F. (1.¢.s.) Woodhouse, Lt. C. Woodrow, G. Marshall W oodrow, W. R. .... Wright, Fred. Gee Wright, B.A. (¢:5.) Wright, EC: nes Wrouyhton, Ite Oe Wylie, R. : Yeld, Surg.-Major H. Yeo, ldwin: W. Yerbury, Col. J. Ww. Cit Member) Noung, Ack. so Young, E. H. Be Young, H. G. Young, John Young, W. E. Younghusband, Ay DS (nos) « Winlles (Cok, did aly» ee ... Mandalay. ... Bangalore. ... Kumargram. .. Bakloh, Punjab. ... Calcutta. .«. Madras. ... Roorkee. ... Hurope. ... Binsur, Almora. Wa Shoe, N.-W. P. “s Bombay. ... [rimulgherry. .. Hurope. .. Ali Musjid. Saharanpur, N.-W.P, .. Hurope. ... Radhanpur. ..- Bombay. -- Madras. ... Bangalore. ..- Bombay. ... Cuddapah, Madras. .. Europe. ... Loralai, .» Poona. ... Dharwar. ... Necunderabad. ... Howrah, Bengal. .-. Hurope. ... Hurope. .. Hurope. .. Kurope. ass Bombay. | . Europe. .. Hurope. a Rutlam. . Europe. .. Bassein, Burma. .. Bombay. a Raipur, C. P. o. Hurope. XXV “MOdNsDat], “UOFT “ATANOMOVAAV “V G9 OG GT OB ere HONS) G ¢ 9ggcGT 6 9 S168 0 8 298 i Wie WOE @ © (Ai 0 0 G&FT 0 0 00G tT ol Oy sha Sh “MOppny “UOT ‘WLW IS “WA "S681 ‘Aunnune ys, ‘xvanog "qooLl0N pUNof PUB POUTUeXA, sy? [eIO, Sea G Ol ‘raqut9a(] ISTE UO souR[VG YSeQ A999qG “*- 76.84 “doQUIe00q ISTE Uo YUBA WI soUR[V gosuadxy [ereu94) es se soap “NuRpday ono soiziq jo 4s00 pur yeumor surgutad jo 4800 ‘gumoo0Vy [euno¢ " feuoneig pur sunUitg qunooo Vy oINgTutn, J qunosoy A1eaqiy LEST “LoqUIeAoN YI0E ‘requis00q 4ST WOTJ qOUISTI Ge IS yquoUl Jad GZ “St 9% “2681 “AON YIOG 07 “96ST ‘TequIeoaq 4ST Worf yuoYy ace eee eoe eee OO) eco eee oP Ger eee coe eee fee eos see eee eee coe 01 “OGST "TUN LIGNAAX GY 2 9 OG0'ST aa ane 019) cCreoo°ore > ‘ SoS0 0% ea AHO oUt ion) es Sut TIO], “> (rodegq “qaox °/,$@) squousoAUT U0 4soI0yU] sqdieoayy snosuEypsosTp] pur sjeuno re yor Joerg 4060 coo e@ce eee se" S90 VUBIQUY noe se drysiaqurayyy oft] 107 ‘0d @eo0 eee eee erpuy jo 4110 ;sUapiseH SIOQUIIT, WOT VUAMOL 10F ‘0d : ses (Q0URAPR UL) ~G8T 107 Ogi “7,697 JOE *Oq es ‘op ) 9681 10 0g “s+ (pA1DAUOAI SIvEAIB) GERT IO} stOIydILosqng "* FEST ‘Aienuve ys Wo souREq Yseg Aq10g oe LOST ‘Arenuve IST UO YUL UT coURTeg *SLATHON yy “1697 ‘uoquaoag ISTE on ‘6ST ‘hapnue isp woul INNOQOV f° LNANWALVLS ALalIOs A2Oisin TVaNLVN AVGNOd XXV1 *LaMnspal, fj, “UORT ‘LOpIpAY *uoyy ‘AIT NOMUOUAAV 'V ‘THLVIS ‘Wa "9681 ‘A.wnupp ps1 ‘xVaNog "JOaLLOO PUNO PUL PoULUeX 0 0 Oost |*:*seodnyy 0 0 009‘F Dee Os OUG ET = = ot tes eke eee = (Ang 0 0 008'F |-Wog jo yueg oy yA poysodap tedeg quoummiea0% °/ Fe jo sourjeq | Tg 09g Ti a ES | ROSIE || MOL asi ‘qUNODDY puaugsaauy tee goed y aeo eee eee eee Aeq, -mog jo yurg oy} YIM popsodap jedeg guewuieaoy) °/,¢ jo coureg |" 1 “ue “L68T -KIHIOOS AMOLSIH IVUNLVN AVAWod CONTENTS OF VOLUME XI. PAGE List oF Orrick BEARERS ee ees Pee ls ae Sean d ete t List oF MEMBERS so aA oat aig ears sua i STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR 1897 aoe ae moe MOV: Iypran Ducks aND THEIR ALuES, Part I. (With Plate I.) By H.C. Stuart Baker, F.z.S., M.B.0.U. oae ae ae ae cose THe ButTerFLIgs oF THE NortH CANARA DISTRICT OF THE Bompay Presmpency. Part IV. (With Plates VIT and aaa - By J. Davidson, T. R. Bell, and E, H. Aitken ... sce 22 Brrps’ Nustine inv THE Tons Vauury, Part I. By B. B, Osmaston, Indian Forest Department ... soe ose as ha we §=64 A New Krair rrom Sinp core SINDANUS.) (With a Plaie.) By G. A. Boulenger, F-.R.S.. ane one a6e ae we 18 A List oF THE Brrps or ApEn. By Col. J. W. Yerbury .. clo BIRDS COLLECTED DURING FIVE YEARS’ RESIDENCE IN THE Hyta- KANDY District, Cacwar, Part III. By C. M. Inglis coo (el PLANTs oF a Bompay Swamp. By G. Marshall Woodrow 88 Tae BURMESE GOAT-ANTELOPE, OR SeRow. (With a Plate.) By Veterinary-Captain G. H. Evans ... 56 soe ee meth OD DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF SCORPIONS FROM InpIA. By R. I. Pocock, of the British Museum of Natural History ... vee 102 THe FLORA OF WesTERN Inpra. Part I. By G. Marshall Woodrow, Lecturer in Botany, College of Science, Poona ose see -- 118 SoME LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS COLLECTED IN THE ISLAND ‘OF Bompay. Part]. By A. J. Peile, pa. aes ae cee) LSE List oF Birps IN THE GwALIorR STATE MUSEUM, COLLECTED IN THE GwaLior State, By C. Maries, F.u.s., Curator ... . 136 PROCEEDINGS... ce ss 2 253 ose sae -. 141 eh CONTENTS. PAGE MiscetLaANnrots Nores— 1,—The Destructive Work of Termites... me Ag 2—The Distribution of the Black- eae cae Kingfish (Hai- cyon pileata) soe vee o- 148 3.—Deflection of Bullets on a Tiger? S Skull zen Ses ee IAS 4.—An Instance of the Natural Repellent effect of “ Warning Colours” .-- oe eo. 149 5,—The White-faced Bale er isan opera -- 130 6.—Crocodiles ves 306 cori) WeacmelioE 7.— Leopard versus Cl fal: re Versus The seal =e ee --. 158 8.—Nidification of the Thick-billed Flower os (Piprisoma agile) 25 Ba oan vos ide 9,—Small Game of the Pee ar Dis trict . ue dee ... 160 10.—The Blue Rock Thrush ah kee een eS sve PG 11.—The Indian Mongoose in Jamaica es ven tae, LG 12.—On the Occurrence of the Lesser Coucal (onsen Ce ; Blyth) in Ceylon ... “6 iim eyes ae ky 13,—Sinall Game in the Kharaghora District 360 on aoe OS 14,—On the Occurrence of Asto acr7pitrinus, Pallas, in Ceylon ... 163 15.—On the Distribution of Halcyon mileata (the Black-capped Kingfisher) Bes 500 Bt: eo. 164 16,—Savagery of the Indian Sloth-bear _... Aa ce eee 164 17.—The Sealey Ant-eater (Manis pentadactyla) «.. aoe ose) OD eeco 18.—On Avtapa ceylonensis (Gmel.) breeding in Captivity... -- 165 19.— On the Indian Porcupine a ace ae oo ... 166 20.—The Indian Sloth Bear Shc ae aoe ane wae OY, 21.—Late Stay of Wild Fowl ie ae oo 22,—Late Stay of Wild Fowl ib as aks ae --. 169 Inpian Ducks anp THEIR ALLIES, Part II. (With Plate I.) By K. C, Stuart Baker, F.Z.S,, M.B.0.U. ... ae 3p ep ean iligne Birps CoLLECTED DUBING Five Years’ RESIDENCE IN THE HyLAKANDY Disrrict, Cachan. Part IV. By C. M. Inglis ... oe eee LOD _A List OF THE BuTrerFLies or Mussoorie IN THE WESTERN HIMALA- YAS AND NEIGHBOURING Ruaions. Part I. (With Plates U, V, and W.) By Philip W. Mackinnon, r.£.s., and Lionel de Nicéville, *} C.M.Z.8.,F.E.S., &C. as. ae ae a ahs 500 --- 205 Tue Birps or Norra Cacwar. Part VIII, By E. C. Stuart Baker, F.Z,8., M.B.0.U. sd 504 aes aoe ee woe 222 CONTENTS. XXIX PAGE Nzw SPECIES OF WESTERN PentnsutarR Puants From NorTH KANARA AND Mysore. (With Plates I to X.) By W. A. Talbot, .1.8., Deputy Conservator of Forests es 7 tke ay ree ne IS4 A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF cna AND BHUTAN. Part I. (With a Map and Plate I.) By G.C. Dudgeon, r.z.s. With notes by H. J. Hlwes, 2.8, FHS, &e., and additions by Sir George F. Hampson, Bart., B.A., F.E.S., &C. ... wae ee ea seep zag Tax Poisonous Puants oF Bompay. Part XVII. (With Plate S.) By Surgeon-Lieut.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, 1.M.s., F.L.S. ase eongoe SomE LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS COLLECTED IN THE ISLAND OF Bomeive) Parley A. Je PellesR a =. 3k dee soo eIB2, THE Fiona oF Western Inpra. Part II. By G. Marshall Woodrow, Professor of Botany, College of Science, Poona... wee eet) OF On Some BATS OBTAINED IN THE SuRAvT aND THana Districts sy Mr. R. C. Wroucuton. By Oldfield Thomas, British Museum see Tue Morss or Inpra. SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THY VOLUMES IN “THE Fauna oF BririsH Inpra.” Part I. (With Plate A.) By Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., 7.2.8. FBS, ... oce oa Seo ET THe Larch INDIAN SQUIRREL (SCIURUS INDICUS, ERX.) AND ITS LocAL Races on Sus-Specres. (With Plates A and B.) By W. T. BLANFORD, F.B.8. eve oe ane vee rae ee ea 296 MiscenLanrtous Nores— 1.—The Nepal Wild Swan (Cygnus musicus not C. bewicki) ees 306 2.—The Great Indian Hornbill in Captivity. es Plates A ans) cles 60 jae en Ol 3.—The Great Indian Henle in ie Wild eta abs --. 308 4,—The Kol-Bhalu ae ne ais ie pe cee oli 5.—Notes on Shooting in Oudh ... oak ae mies seenenke 6.—Scorpion Carrying a Flower... : : . 313 7.—Some Notes on Crows, and on the Protects Toe er of Sia in Animals a3 esi 8,—Nesting of the White-browed Bush Bulbul (225 Pape bronis) in Guzerat ae wis whe 50) SG 9,—Pearl Fishing in the Bassein District ( Burma) fs Seoul 10.--The Flamingo Breeding in India .... ee aT Re een 5 | 11.—Late Stay of Water Fowl ... woe wes 321 12.—The Occurrence of the Water-cock (Ganintes AMD) in Cutehr<:c.! “es ae at ue ate =. 321 xk CONTENTS. PAGE Miscertantous Notus—contd. 13.-The Elephant in Burma eae nae sen oe 14,—Gum from the Weaver’s Beam Tree ‘Geiiepeb ona Swietenioides, ROxb,) 4 ie. eee eae a wee aes bse B26 15.—Wounded Tigers be ies Ro aa ome so OO 16.—Fowls killed by Ticks ... ue. ie ah wee wes Oo 7.—Tne Oceanic Teal (Mareca gibberzfrons) ee 555 vee OOD 18.—Occurrence of the Gargany Teal in India during July yes 838 19,—Nesting of the Little Fork-tail (Microcichla scoulert) ... we. S34 2(0.—Cats as a Protection against Snakes ay ; me 21,—Tusk Measurements of the Asiatic Elephant ... ae ee 22.—Plants of a Bombay Swamp ... 44 me .. 335 23.—The Rlue Rock Thrash (Petrophila Vicon see »-» 336 24.—The Migration of Butterflies ... ne wat ae sé 25.—Our Annual Caterpillar Pest and its Remedy... Bae we B37 26,—Notes on “ Hume and Marshall ” a ae: woe ODS 27.—Decoying a Monkey ... ae 485 eee oe segue Oprtuany. Ds, J. C. Lispoa ... nies me ee Ba vee 339 PROCEEDINGS wae aes ae see aie se -.. 840 Inpian Ducks snp THEIR ALures. Part III. (With Plate IIL.) By E. C. Stuart Baker, F.2.S., M.B.0.U. eee oe Me. w. B47 A List or THE Burrerriirs oF Mussoorie IN THE WESTERN HmiALaAyas AND NeEIcHBouRING Recions. Part II. By Philip W. Mackinnon, F.z.s., and Lionel de Nicéville, c.u.z.S., F.E.S., &. 368 ne Brraps or Norte Cacuar. Part IX. By EH. C. Stuart Baker, ¥.Z.S., M.B.0.U. cos ear Hee ee «es BOO A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BuutTan. Part II. By G. C. Dudgeon, rus. With notes by H. J. Hlwes, F.z.s., F.ES., &¢., and additions by Sir George F. Hampson, Bart., B.a., F.E.S., &C. oes aoe “00 400 ace see --» 406 The Frora or WeEsTeRN Inpia. Part II. By G. Marshall Wood- row, Professor of Botany, College of Science, Poona oe 5 420 | On some Hartaworms From Inpia, (With Plates I and II.) By Sophie M. Fedarb ... soe ae 455 an 366 woe 431 CONTENTS, FOC PAGE THs Morus oF InpIA. SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN “THe Fauna or Britis |ypra.” Part II, By Sir G. F. Hamp- son, Bart., F.Z.8., F.E.S. Me ae ae als ne aes A New Corcoma From tHe Deccan. (With a Flate.) By D, Prain, Nore ON SOME SPECIES OF COL/JAS FOUND IN Lapak. By Il. J. ELWES, F.R.S. ae oes site es aee ake See PROBABLE HYBRID BETWEEN THE SCARLET-BACKED FLOWER-PECKER (Dic#uM CRUENTATUM) AND THE FIRE-BREASTED FLOWER- PECKER (2. 7¢nrpecTus). By EH. C. Stuart Baker, F.z.S,, M.B.0.U. Birps’ NESTING IN THE TonS VauLEy. Part II. By B. B. Osmas- ton, Indian Forest Department _.... oh sia mie Brrps CoLLECTED DURING Five Years’ RESIDENCE IN THE Hytas- KaNDY Disrrict, CacHar. Part V. By ©, M. Inglis Campina IN CHAMBA. By Professor Harold Littledale, m.a. ... sss DESCRIPTION OF NEw SprcrrS OF Marine SHELLS FROM Bomray, (With a Plate.) By J. Cosmo Melvill, uw 4., F.1.s., &e. {NOCULATION AGAINST THE VENOM OF SNAKES AND THE NEw Treat- MENT OF VENOMOUS Bites. By Doctor A. Calmette ... seen MIscELLANEOUS Nores— 1,—An iron band on a Tiger’s Tooth. (With a Plate.) ‘ 2.—The Protective Power of Scent in Animals and other matters... 3.—The Destruction of Locusts by means of Arsenic 4.—The Social System of Ternutes “als aa = 5.—The Migration of Butterflies ... nee 6.—Speed of Flight in Butterflies ... 7.—Curious Accident to a Palm-civet ... Me 8.—Extract from Pedro Teixeira ... ae 9.—The Large Pied Wagtail (Motocilla maleraspaten ee AG in Captivity ... sce 00 see sok s ees 10.—Notes on Man-eaters and other things 438 463 465 467 . 468 11.—The Young of the Hunting-leopard. (With Plates 4 and B. ) 544 12.—-Snakes at Trincomalee re - 546 18,—Seedling Orange Trees’ thse see See she Seo Bly) 14.—The Comb Duck or Nukhta ... ay wae ae Herr) a —TDoes the Brown Bear hyhernate ? . BAZ —The “‘ Kol-Bhalu, ” and the Instinct of eset in LW ild Animas 548 XXxXil CONTENTS, PAGE Miscettannous Norss—contd. 17.—The Bre ding of the Comb Duck ... aya ane a5 LO) 1¢.—' he Kol-Bhalu an 6c ee. 590 19.—On the Distribution of the Blade ea Rane hoy (Gua pileatt) es 350 chs nae nee ee oe OO2 20.—Occurrence of the Lesser Flamingo (Pkceniconaias minor) neat Bombay eae ses see mae os 5d2 PROCEEDINGS oo S60 — sh ast “8 wee B53 Inpran Ducks AND THEIR ALLIES. Part 1V. (With Plate ZV.) By . C. S:uart Baker, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U.... 4 A List or THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE IN THE WESTERN Himausyas AND NEIGHBOURING Rzcions. Part III. By Philip W. Mackinnon, F.£.S., and Lionel de Nicéville, ¢.M.Z.S., F.E.S., &c. Tue Porsonous Pants oF BompBay. Part XVIII. (With Plaie T.) By Surgeon-Lient.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, 1.0.8., F.1.8., on Special Duty (Plague), Bombay Municipality Ae SOE wee ace A CaTaLocur or THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. Part III. By G. C. Dudgeon, F.E.s. With notes by H. J. Elwes, F.ZS8., F.1.8., &¢., and additions by Sir George I’. Hampson, Bart., B.A. F.E.S., &¢. ec ee one sie So ose 50 Yur Fiona or Western Inpra. Part 1V. By G. Marshall Weod- row, Professor of Botany, College of Science, Poona Tue Birps or NortH Kanara. By J. Davidson, 1.0.8. SOME CASES OF CAUDAL ABNORMALITY IN A/4nUIA CARINATA AND OTHER Tizarps. (With a Plate.) By H. H. Brindley, m.a., St. John’s College, Lecturer on Biology at Clare College, Cambridge ... SPECIES OF WESTERN PENINSULAR TREES, SHRUBS, ETC., FROM NORTH Kanara, Bompay. (With Plates Xl to XIV.) By W, A. Talbot, F.L.S., Deputy Conservator of Forests ne 300 Ben A Nore on THE ZoonogicaL Drvisrons or Srkuim, By H. J. Elwes, F.R,S. “iss aise ane 343 On AFRIDIA, A NEW GENUS OF LaBlaTa FROM THE NortH-WES? Frontier oF inpia. By J. F. Duthie, rus. ... Bee Tue Morus or [npra, SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN “Tor Fauna or British Inpia.” Part UL By Sr G. F, Hampson, Bart., F.Z.8., F.E.S. 500 20C seo 585 606 624 - 635 . 652 680 - 690 . 694 - 696 . 698 CONTENTS. XXXIil xu PAGE. MiscELLANEOUS Nores— 1,—The Baira Antelope of Somali Land. (With a Plate) sep CEE 2.—Notes on two specimens of Hypsirhina sieboldis a we Coa 3.—A Panther with 20 Toes 500 oe wes ae woe 734 4,—The Growth of the Green Tree Frog ... aa Sal 8) ere 5.—Sapphires found in the Gizzard of a Jungle Fowl ... dap) (GB 6.—Distribution of the Slender Loris ane 505 “on Sho W810 7.—The Nidification of the Indian Lorikeets ee one ws 736 8.—Pied Variety of Hirundo javanica... re ae ... 736 9.—Polecats as pets. (With a Plate) ... aa ne sean diend 10,—Panthers and their Ways Soe = Add Be vee 139 11,—Reasoning Power in Bees’... he See we 741 12.—Bahmeen Fishing in Bombay Tathone tae eon woe 142 13.—The Young of the Hunting Leopard ... Ree 743 14,—The Nesting of the Malabar Rufous Woodpecker (atic ternus gularis) ... ore eee nee 044 15.—The Hybernating of Indian Bears, etc. eee at Rae 33) 16.—The Protective Power of Scent in Animals ... o6 ee is) 17.—The “ Kol-Bhalu ” ... See eee pe ah eal PROCEEDINGS oie See ez ane Las ae at Asis: Ay ee lel nr LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. VOLUME “Xt. PAGE, AITKEN, E.H. ; Davipson, J. ; and BELL, T. R.; The Butterflies of the North Canara District of the Bombay Presidency. Part IV. (With Plates VIL and VIII) 22 ; On the Distribution of Halycon pileata (The Black- capped Kingfisher)... . 164 ; Savagery of the In- dian Sloth-bear ax. ese L6H -——————; The Migration of Butterflies ... ccs coe - dab ; Our Annual Cater- pillar Pest and its Remedy 337 ———_—— ; The Breeding of the Comb Duck eco “eu eco oe 500 Ancock, A., M.B., C.M.Z.S., SUPER- INTENDENT OF THE INDIAN Museum; An instance of the Natural Repellent Effect of ‘“ Warning Colours” cod --. 149 ANONYMOUS ; The Indian Mongoose iN JSGMAICG oo. 300 006 eo. L6L 3 Powls hilled by Ticks 331 ; The destruction of Locusts by means of Arsenic ... 528 BaKeR, E. C. Stuarr, F.Z.5., M.B.0O.U.; Indian Ducks and their Allies, Parts I, II, ILI and IV. (With Plates I, II, III and IBY ca6 2 LS 171, 347,055 3 The Parts eon 222, 390 Birds of North Cachar. VillandIxX ... aoc -——— ; The Blue Rock Thrush. (Petrophila solitaria) eco eee eae ooo 336 eee oe PAGE. BAKER, E. C. STUART, F.Z.S., M.B.0O.U., Probable Hybrid be- tween the Scarlet-backed Fsower- pecker (Diceum cruentatum) and the Hire breasted Flower-pecker (D. ignipectus) ene 467 BARTON, H. L.; Bahmeen Fishing in Bombay Harbour coe coe VED BASSETT-SMITH, P.W., R.N.; Snakes at Trincomalee exe 200 eo. 046 Bates, 8S. B., F.Z.S.; Sapphires found in the Gizzarad of a Jungle Fowl... 206 200 coc sao 735 BELL, T. R.; DAVIDSON, J.; AND AITKEN, H. H.; The Butterflies of the North Canara District of the Bombay Presidency. Part IV. (With Plates VII and VIII).. 22 BETHAM, CAPTAIN R. M., 87H BomBay INFANTRY ; Midification of the Thick-billed Plower-pecher (Piprisoma agile) ... 606 com IED —_—— ; The Kol-Bhalw ... 006 -.. 310 —_——_-—_ —_; Nest- ing of the White-browed Bush Bulbul (Pyctonotus biteolus) in Guzerat —.. ae 6s0 coo 3LO BETHAM, W. G., INDIAN FOREST SERVICE ; The *“* Kol-Bhalu” ... 747 BINGHAM, LIEUT.-COoLONEL C. T. ; The Great Indian Hornbill én the Wild State ... eee 308 BLANDFORD, W. F. H.; The Social System of Termites... 200 eee O29 BLANFORD, W. T., F.R.S.; Zhe Large Indian Squirrel (Sciurus indicus. 2rz.) and its local Races or Swb-species (With Plates AandB) ... ade vee wee 298 XXXVI PAGE, BLANFORD, W. T., F.R.S.; Zhe Nepal Wild Swan (Cygnus musi- cus n0é C. bewicki)... nae ae BoULENGER, G. A., F.R.S.; A Wew Krait from Sind (Bungarus sinda- nus. (With a Plate) oor con Bs BRINDLEY, H. H., M.A., St. JOHN'S COLLEGE, |.ECTURER ON BIOLOGY AT CLARE, COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE; Some Cases of Caudal Abnormality in Mabuia carinata and other Li- zards. (Witha Plate) ... - 680 BuLKLEY, H.; Small Game in the Kharayhora District eve Butuer, A.L.; On the occurrence of the Lesser Coucal (Centropus bengalensis, Blyth) in Ceylon 306 163 On the occurrence Pallas, in ; of Asio accipitrinus, Ceylon eee eco ece eee ; The Scaly Anié- eater (Manis pentadactyla) - 165 —= ; On Ketapa ceylon- ensis Gomer). Peas an ge VIEY ave con eee 165 ——; The Oceanic Teal (Mareea gibberifrons) eee OOS : Curious Accident to @ Palm-civet eve DOE ; The Nidification of the Indian Bu iheets soe coe 100 — oe ————— * SS 3; Pied variety of Hirundo javanica ... 5 aoe aXe CALMETTE, Dr. A., DIRECTOR OF THE PASTEUR INSTITUTE AT LILLE ; Jnoculatéion against the Venom of Snakes and the New Treatment of Venomous Bites ... 515 CLEVELAND, SURGEON-CAPTAIN H. F.,3RD Bo Cavanry; The Young of the Hunting Leopard ... Cox, Capt. P.Z,; The Batra An- telope of Somali Land. (With a Plate) bes aan ie pele uo 743 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. PAGE. DAVIDSON, J.,1.C.8.; BELL,T.R.; AND AITKEN, E. H.; The Butterflies of the North Canara District of the Bombay Presidency. Part IV. (With Plates VII and VIII). 3; The Birds of North Kanara. PartI ... a0 nor DupeG@eon, G. C., F.E.S.; A Cata- logue of the Heterocera of Sikhém and Bhutan, with notes by H. J. Elwes, ¥.Z.8., F.ES., ete., and additions ry Sir George £. Hamp- son, Baré., B.A., F.H.S., etc. Parts I, If and III. (With a Map and Plate I) -- 289. 406, DuTHIE, J. F., F.L.S. ; On Afridia, a new Genus of Labiate from the North-West Frontter of India ELWES, H.J., F.R.S. ; Notes on some species of Colias found in Ladak. 465 ; A Note on the Zoological Divisions of Stkhim ... 22 652 624 Evans, VETY.CAPTAIN G. H., A.V D., SOPERINTENDENT, CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, Burma; Zhe Burmese Goat- antelope, or Serow, Nemorhedus sumatrensis. (With a Plate) ——; The Ele- - 322 FEDARB, SOPHIE M.; On some Earthworms from India. (With Plates I and II) eo. 431 FLOWER, LiEvT. §.§,, 5TH FUSI- LIERS, TEMPORARILY LENT TO THE SIAMESE GOVEENMENT AS SCIENTIFIC ABVISER, R.S. M.; Tusk Measurements of the Asiatic Hlephant ot GRAHAM, JOHN A.; The Growth of the Green Tree Frog eels Scoaon Hampson, Sik G. F., BARBT., F.Z,5., F.E.S. ; Zhe Moths of India. cans plementary Paper to the volumes in “The Fauna of British India.” Parts I, IL and II. (With Plate A.) 277, 438, 698 95 phant in Burma eco eco 335 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. PAGE, Hiuu,F. J. A.; The Indian Sloth PEA ec CaM cen. e¢a.' deacee DOM INGLIS, C. M.; Birds collected dur- ing Five Years? Residence in the Hylakandy District, Cachar. Parts Ill, IV and V... .. 77,199, 474 Kintoce, ANGUS M.; Distribution of the Slender Loris noc cee (Ou KirgTIKAR, SURGEON-LIEUT.-CoL. K. R, I.M.S., F.L.5., ON SPECIAL Dory (PuaGus), BomBAy Munti- CIPALITY ; The Poisonous Plants of Bombay Parts XVII and XVIII. (With Plates S and T). 252, 606 LESTER, UIEUTENANT C. D.. 17TH BomBayY INFANTRY ; Late Stay of Wild Fowl “4 oe wae) L6S ; The Hlamingo coe Oa Breeding in India .. cod —— ; Late Stay of Water Foul ... sec ore o. BBL ; Lhe Occur- rence of the Water-cock (Gallicrex cristatus) in Cutcheo. cee soe Ook ee LITTLEDALE, PROFESSOR HAROLD, M.A.; The Blue Rock Thrush ... 161 ——; Notes on “ Humeané Marshall” ... dos BES — — —-—_ —_ —_; Camping in Chamba ... oe b0C .-. 482 MACKINNON, PHILIP W., F.E.S., AND LIONEL DE NICEVILLE, C.M.Z.S., F.ES., ETc. ; A List of the Butterflies of Mussoorie in the Western Himalayas and Neigh- bouring Regions. Parts J, II and III. (With Plates U, V and Wires eos see ee 205, 368, 585 MACLEOD, N. C.; The Protective Power of Scent in Animals and other Matters 25 soc ooo 026 XXXVI PAGE, MACPHERSON, LIEvUT.©CoLONEL T,; An Iron Band on @ Tiger's Tooth, (With a Plate) exe) Weise \esshOL6 MARTINS, C., F.L.S., CURATOR ; List of Birds im the Gwalior State pre collected in the Gwalior State .. “55 ves sac eee 136 ——".—— 3 Gum from the Weaver’s Beam Tree (Schrebera Swictenioides, Rowd.) “36 --. 326 Mason, J. M., CURATOR, BoMBay NATURAL HIstory SOCIETY ; Occurrence of the Lesser Bina (Pheeniconaias minor) near Boim- BAY axe O00 san 200 coo DOL MAXWELL, Capt, F, D., Deputy CumMissronER, BASSEIN ; Peart Fishing in the Bassein Dreier (Burma) 280 o00 20 eo LT MELVILL, J. Cosmo, M.A, F.L.S., &C. Denne of en Sygate of Manic Shells from Bombay. (With a Plate) 2a6 cee ove D06 MorzAv, L.; On the Indian Por- cupine S06 vee — -. 166 NEWNHAM, CAPT. A,, 15TH Bo. IBltss Scorpion carrying a Flower doo Sule alae aa Le eee Lemme Pied Wagtail (Motacilla maderas- patensis, Gm.) in Captivity coe 535 NICEVILLE, LIONEL DE, C.M.ZS., HENS. &e., and) PHInir) W. MACKINNON, F.E.S.; A List of the Butterflies of Mussooric in the Western Himalayas and Neigh- bowring Regions. Parts I, I and JII. a Plates U, V and Wa) nes ne coe 205, 368, 585 OBITUARY. Dr. J.C. Lispoa ... 339 Osmaston, B. B., INDIAN ForzEst DEPARTMENT ; Bird’s Nesting in the Tons Valley. Parts I and ED eitaieve ay ar «» 64, 468 XXXVI PAGE, PEILE, A. J. R.A., Some Land and Fresh-water Shells collected in the Island of Bombay. Parts I and IE ... eo. 131, 262 Purpgon, H. M.; Zhe Great Indian Hornbill in Captivity. CWith Plates A and B) cog BU¢ eco ene Pocock, R. I, OF THE BRITISH MvusEeuM of NATURAL HisToRY Descriptions of some New Species of Scorpions from India ... cee Prain, SurG.-Capr. D.; Plants of a Bombay Suanp ... 230 s08 ; A New Curenma from the Deccan. (With a Plate) atic eas ane Ee —<——— PRALL, SURG.-CAPTAIN 8. E.; The Migration of Butterflies... a ne ———— 5 of Flight in Butierpites «.. 533 PROCEEDINGS w-» 141, 340, 553, 748 RaTTRAY, Mason R. H., 22ND PungaB INFANTRY ; Occurrence of the Gargany Teal in India during July... see ere DOO ; Nest- ing of the Little Fork-tail (Micro- cichla scouleri) ... ae os DOL Ropon, Magor G. 8.; Leopard versus Chital. Pig versus JLeo- part ... 500 bot 206 cco dss) ———— ; Pecoy- ing a Monkey cee o00 sos. OOD == | The Young of the Hunting Leopard. (With Plates Aand B) ... coe O44 — ; Does the Brown Bear hybernate? ... eas SEWELL, Masork J.H.; The Comb Duck or Nukhta s one ... 54 SHERWOOD, CApT. H. J., R.H.; The White-faced Duck (Brismatura leucocephala) coe HELD LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. PAGE, The SINCLAIR, W. F., LATE LCS. ; Destructive Work of Termites 147 — ; Letract from . 5384 SKEY, CAPTAIN F, BL G., R.E. ; The Hybernating of Indian Bear's, $e. ; 000 “ SMOOTHBORE™ ; Crocodiles Pedro Teixeira STRAKER, J., F.Z.8.; Motes on Man- eaters and other things TaLBoT, W. A., F.L.S. DEpury CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS; Vew Species of Western Peninsular Plants from North Kanara and Mysore. (With Plates I to X) ... 5 coe coe ; Species of Western Peninsular Trees, Shrubs, §c.,from North hanara, Bombay. (With Plates XI to XIV) - 690 THOMAS, OLDFIELD, BRITISH Mv- SEUM; Qn some Bats obtained in the Surat and Thana Districts by Mr. RC. Wroughton ... Sue UXWIN, COLONEL W. A. ; Late Stay of Wild Fowl cco VANDERZEE, Lirvut. J. H., laviees STAFF CORPS; Defeeran of Bul- lets on a Tiger's Skult eo. 148 ; Wounded “60 oe. B26 VIDAL, G. W.; The Distribution of the lace -capped Purple King- jisher (Haleyon pileata) eee 148 ; Onthe Distribution of the Black-capped Kingfisher (Haleyon pileata) ... sos eee DD2 WALL, F., SurG.-Capr., I.MS.; Notes on two specimens of Hypsix- hina sieboldii ... eco eco Tigers 732 WALLINGER, W. A., DIVISIONAL FOREST OFFICER; The Kol-Bhalu. 550 ————--———_; Panthers their Ways coc ae ane ece 739 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. PAGE, WEIR ,SURG.-LIEUT.-COL.T.S. ; Cats az @ Protection against Snakes ... 334 Witmot, S. HARDLEY, CONSERVA- TOR, OUDH; Notes on Shooting in Outkh eee eco eoe eeo eee 312 ———-—; Some Notes on Crows, .and on the Protective Power of Scent in Animals - Bue A LYE GEE Bahlu”, and the Instinct of Pear in Wild Animals coo eco eu 548 — ——_—_—_—_- -—=; A Panther with 20 Toes... 500 eee «. 134 Reasoning Power in Bees ses one ooo, 4Al 3; The Protec- tive Power of Scent in Animals ... 745 XXXI1X / i PAGE, Winson, Linut. N.F.T., R.IM.S. “CLIVE”; he Nesting of the Malabar Rufous Woodpecker (Mieropternus gularis) ... eee 744 Woopkrow, G. MARSHALL, PROFES- SOR OF BOTANY, COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, Poona; Plants of a Bombay Swamp ... 600 sos) OD: ; The Flora of Farts I, II, eee 118, 265, 420, 635. a Western India. III and IV ... -—— ; Seedling Orange woe O47 YaTE, Mrs. M. 1. ; Polecats as Pets. (With a Plate) ae 2 ooo Mai YERBURY, Cou. J. W.; A List of the Birds of Aden... see Bo) Loe Trees ovo sce COS 508 YULE, LIEvT.-Cou. J. H., DEvVon- SHIRE REGIMENT; Small Game of the Peshawar District... ee GG: eee ets LIST ORMEEAT ES. VOLUME XI. To face page The Mute Swan—Cygnus olor. Bewick’s Swan—Cygnus minor, Plate I ees 1 Larve and Pup of the Butterflies of the North Canara District of the Bombay Presidency, Plates VII and VIII eee on Bungarus sindanus. New Krait from Sind aes Sie eee ae 3 The Burmese Goat-antelope, or Serow coc an6 see ee Ea snem Os The White-fronted Goose. Anser albifrons, Plate or sus soo eH eee Wall Western Himalayan Butterflies, Plate U ... aes O66 one 660 coo BADE Garcinia malabarica, Talb., Plate I... : 506 00 Pa 934 Strombosia leprosa, Talb., Plate II ... tes coc Son ond one Bsn Pes Bugenia utilis, Talb., Plate III 200 so: 200 hoe 508 bas eon dt Bugenia kanarensis, Talb., Plate [V... 506 cos do0 ae ae ao OE Hugenia memecylifotia, Talb., Plate V eee ae AE ae ee aes ave aod Anotis Prainiana, Talb., Plate VI... awe wan He aS Psychotria octosulcata, falb., Plate VII... a one Bae ee oe EOS Vernonia bababudensis, Talb., Plate VILL Symplocos kanarana, Talb., Plate IX “oc aes he 2oe coc Plectranthus parvifolius, Talb., Plate X ... cls «eo one sale eee ORY! Skeleton Map of Sikhim and Binnie: eae ike ct 239 Nerium odorum, Soland., Nat. Ord, Apocynacee, Plate Sion 20s 200 50.) Indian Moths, Plate A. coc 600 eee 200 aa6 277 1. Sciurus snare Gapicel form). 2, iSpameus indicus, var. qeaioatas Plate A . ee soe noe soc O00 006 wo» 299 1. Sciurus Sindee: var. malabaricus. 2. Silicon: indicus, var. eatin Plate B... cee coe eee eae aoc ese eee ood 20 soe 299 The Great Hornbill. Dichoceros bicornis, Plates A and B osc cre coe 307 The Bar-headed Goose. Anser indicus, Plate III ... coc ao “05 .. B4T Western Himalayan Butterflies, Plate V ove eee at coe ooc Some Harthworms from India, Plates I and II oo b0 bas SoH foo! CB Curcuma Ranadei, Prain ascitl eek aaa tel. aura ties See cab) teoeAOS New Mollusca from Bombay ... : se eee ons -- 506 Iron Band on a Tiger’s Tooth ... 6c 200 coe onc coc ee 526 Young Hunting Leopards or Chita. Cynelurus jubatus, 3 weoke! old, Plate A. 544 The same animals when 43 months’ old, Plate B ... ese cos coo oo O44 The Larger Whistling Teal. Dendrocygna fulva, Plate 1V eo. 555 Western Himalayaa Butterflies, Plate W ... oe 0c Bac 00d ee 585 Calotropis gigantea, Br., Nat. Ord. Asvlepiadee, Plate ... eee eos eee 606 New or Little Known aemecme from Sikhim and lietotn Plate I ... eos 624 Mabuia carinata, Calotes cristatetlus, Lacerta muralis and Anolis grahami... 680 Dysoxylum glandulosum, Talb., Plate XI... o08 aoe sc0 eo. 690: Pyschotria canarensis, Talb., Plate XII... ese eee ° - 690 Vernonia ornata, Talb., Plate XIII ... cee coo - 699 Diospyros crumenata, Thwaites, Plate XIV . pac coc on «oe 690 The Baira Antelope. Oreotragus megalotis one he eon coe con aE The Mottled Polecat. Putoriuse sarmaticnus occ aoe coc asc no, Wee 6 a JG Kealemans del Mintern Bros. Chromo lith. London. THE MUTE SWAN — Cyénus olor. BEWICK’S SWAN — Cygnus mmn.oer. aie : /2 Nal size. CORRECTION, Vol, X, page 628, line 7—for (Pica boitanensis) read (Pica rustica). JOURNAL OF THE | BO MM Be Awy Aatural History Society. Vol. XI. BOMBAY. No. I. INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. By H. C. Stuart Baxsr, F.Z.S. (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th November, 1896.) My excuses for undertaking to attempt to compile a series of articles on the order Chenomorphe are two: first, that no one else could be found willing to deal with the work; second, that it consists mainly of extracts from what other men have written and involves but little that is original. In order, however, that in addition to what is already on record something new or interesting may find a place in these papers, I sincerely trust that ornithologists and sportsmen will send me any notes they possess connected with ducks either from a sportsman’s or an ornithologist’s point of view. Few ducks remain throughout the year in India and breed, but even these few are not as widely oras thoroughly known as they ought to be. The classification I have adopted is that of Salvadori, as given in Vol. XXVII of the “ Catalogue of the Birds of the British Museum 8 and the keys to sub-orders, families, sub-families, and genera, etc., are taken from that book, merely changed, so far as is necessary for Indian ducks, by eliminating such matter as does not refer to them, and other minor alterations, The references made are only to books which refer to the birds as Indian birds, as a complete reference to synonyms and publications would both have taken too much time and have proved of but little interest to the general reader. 2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xi. The books mainly referred to are the “‘ British Museum Catalogue of Birds,’ Vol. XXVII; Jerdon’s “ Birds of India ;” “ Stray Feathers ;’ Hume and Marshall’s “ Game Birds ;” “ Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds ;” Legge’s “Birds of Ceylon;” and this journal. Order CHENOMORPHAS. The characteristics of this order, as defined by Huxley, are Palate desmognathous ; young covered with down and able to run or swim in a few hours after hatching. The order is divided into three sub-orders, but with the first of these, the Palamedece or Screamers, we have nothing to do, as they are confined to the neotropical region, and do not visit our part of the world. The two remaining orders are the Phenicopteri or Flamingoes, and the Anseres or true Swans, Geese, and Ducks. There can be no chance of these two being confounded by any one, as the two forms are so widely different. Key to Sub-orders.—Tarsus, three times the length of femur; bill strongly bent down- wards in the centre... a Ho ... PH@NICOPTERI. Tarsus, about the same length as the femur ; bill not bent but straight ... aos ... ANSERES. The sub-order Phenicoptert contains but one family—the Pheni- copteride—and that family, as far as we are concerned, but two genera, both of which contain but a single species. Key to the Genera.—Upper mandible over- Japping lower ; throat naked... a ... PH@NICOPTERUS. Upper mandible not overlapping ; throat feathered 90 506 S25 536 ... PHGNICONAIAS. Order PHGINICOPTERUS. Family PHa@Nicopreripé. (1). Pheoenicopterus roseus. The Flamingo. Phenicopterus roseus.—“ Cat. B. of B. M.,” Vol. X XVII, p. 12 ; Jerdon’s “ B. of L.,” Vol. III, p. 775 ; Hume’s Cat., No. 944 ; cbid., “ Str. Feath.,” Vol. I, p. 257; Butler, zbed, Vol. LV, p. 25 ; Fairbank, ibid, p. 264 ; Butler, cid, V, p. 284; Davids and Wend., «bid, VII, INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 3 p- 923Murray, zbid, p. 112; Vidal, éb¢d, 1X, p. 91; Butler, cid, p. 486; Legge’s “ B, of Ceylon,” p. 1092; Reid, “ Str. Feath.,”’ X p. 78 ; Davidson, ibid, p. 325.; Hume, ibid, p. 513. Phenicopterus antiquorum—Hume, “ Str. Feath.,” VII, p. 491; Barnes’ “ B. of Bombay,” p. 392. Phenicopterus andersoni.—Hume, “ Str. Feath.,” III, p. 414. Description : Adulé male—Whole plumage, with the exceptions noted, a beautiful rosy-white; the rose colour much more developed on the tail and rather more on the head and neck. Primary coverts nearly or quite white, other wing coverts and innermost secondaries: light rose-red. Primaries and outer secondaries black; underwing coverts and axillaries scarlet ; under median and primary coverts black,» Orbital skin, fleshy-pink to bright rose-red ; irides lemon-yellow, pale yellow, or pale golden-yellow, (Jerdon); bill bright flesh- colour ; edge of mandible and terminal portion of bill black ; legs and feet pinkish-red ; claws black. Length varies from 44" to 58", wing 15:5" to 17:5", tail 6" to 7:5"; tarsus about 13", bare part of the tibia 9”; culmen 5°5" to 6:4", depth (of bill) at centre 1°5" (Legge’s B. of Ceylon). Female.—Similar to the male ; the rose colour on head, neck, and back often less pronounced, but not always so. Length from 38" to 48"; wing 14:3" to 15:8"; tail 5°5" to 6°8"; tarsus about 10°5" to 11:5"; bare tibia about 7"; culmen 4°75" to 5°6". Young.—Head, neck, and lower plumage white, more or less tinged with rosy-buff ; back and wing coverts ashy-buff with dark shaft stripes ; the greater coverts more brown, but with pale tips soon wearing off ; underwing coverts and axillaries pale pink. Bill more dull than in the adult ; legs dark plumbeous. : Nestling.—White down, more or less tinged with grey, especially on the upper parts; down in texture like that on a young swan (Dresser). In the nestling the bill is perfectly straight, but soon assumes the normal shape. Habitat.—Southern Europe, practically confined to the Coast line, Asia on the Kast and South-East, and the whole of Africa, In India it is found more or less throughout the Continent, but f£ ean find no record of its having ever extended to Burma, and in 4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI. Hume’s collection there are none from the Hast of Bengal or Assam, though from the latter place there is one skin marked “ «! juv. sk. Assam ” obtained by McClelland in the British Museum collection. It is very common on the major part of the West Coast and extends quite down to Ceylon, where Legge states that it is seen in large numbers both on the West and Hast Coast. Thence it extends north- wards and is common in certain parts of Madras, but in Hastern Bengal is a decidedly rare bird. I have once seen it during the cold weather in the Sunderbands, and there are a few other recorded instances. In the widely-known and shot-over Chilka Lake in Orissa it is fairly frequently met with, though, I hear, less frequently and in smaller numbers than formerly, probably owing to the lake being more accessible to sportsmen now-a-days than it used to be. Elsewhere in Bengal it is only a casual flock that is seen in the cold weather. Legge seems to have thought that the Flamingo bred in Ceylon; but his ideas on this subject have never been confirmed, and it is un- | likely that it breeds anywhere within our limits, or anywhere nearer than the northern shores of the Persian Gulf. Its principal breeding-places lie in Africa and in Asia, in Arabia and Persia, where they collect during the breeding season in countless numbers. It also breeds in Spain, and is said to do so on the Rhone delta, Hume, and after him Barnes, in Vol. VI, No. 3, p. 285, have commented on the eurious and untidy habit these birds possess of dropping eggs about in a casual sort of manner, and in this way a good many have been found in India. Other ornithologists have noted this habit, and it seems to be one common to the whole genus, as Barnes notes, having obtained eggs thus which he considered belonged to the Lesser Flamingo. Again, my friend E. Hartert, when visiting Bonaire, came across a colony of Flamingoes breeding ; and, though he could not approach near enough to obtain specimens and satisfy himself as to the species, he managed to visit the nesting-places, and he mentions that he obtained two fresh eggs which were lying in the water. Here the birds do not seem to have commenced breeding in earnest, and these eggs. appear to haye been casually dropped by the bird into the water either before the nest had been made to receive them or, more likely, before the bird felt inclined to commence incubation. INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 5 All kinds of Flamingoes, of which the nidification is known, breed in large communities and seem to select much the same kind of country, sheets of water wide in extent but very shallow, as the sites in which to make their nests, These are inverted cones of mud, some foot or eighteen inches high, with the ends broken off and a shallow cavity made in the summits instead. The nests are made close together, in many cases several in a group almost touching one another, but of course their proximity depends greatly on the depth of the water in which they are placed. Where thisis variable, the nests will be found in close clusters in the shallower parts, sometimes even on mud or sand-banks above water-level ; where the water is all shallow—such as is found in the Rhone delta, Spain and elsewhere—the nests are scattered casually over a considerable extent of land. In Bonaire, the land on which the birds had made their nests was not of mud or sand covered by water but of coral. Hartert’s own words describe the place vividly for us, he says : “ The water was deep in places and the bottom very rough, consisting of very sharp corals and often of a deceitful crust of salt or saltpetre under which the water was black and very deep. It required much care to avoid these places, and it took us over an hour to reach the nests. The nests themselves were flat plateaus standing out of the water from 3" to 6", the water round them being apparently very shallow ; but it was often the fatal crust that caused this appearance, not the proper bottom., Many of the nests were close together and some of them connected by dry ground. They were quite hard, so that one could stand on them, and almost the only way of getting along was to jump from one nest to another. The nests consisted of clay, hardened by the sun and penetrated and encrusted with salt and pieces of coral, with a distinct concavity in the centre.” The eggs, nearly invariably two in number, are long ovals, generally a good deal pointed at both ends. The colour of the true shell itself isa pale skim-milk blue, but they are so encrusted with a dense chalky covering thatthey appear, except where stained, to be pure white. They vary in size considerably, but average about 3°6'x '2°3", Although so common in many parts of India, they are nowhere, I believe, easy to get shots at, as they are extremely wary and cute birds. All over their habitat shyness seems to be their most 6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. prominent characteristic, and a close approach means the result of a stalkas carefully made as if the stalker was after the very wildest kind of deer or antelope. A mistake made in attempting to conceal one’s self and the whole flock rise gracefully into the air and remove themselves into safety. Typically their flight is distinctly anserine, not perhaps exactly Y shape, but more inthe form ofa curved ribbon, the ends fluttering backwards and forwards as the birds, more especially those at the two extremes, alter their position. Asa matter of fact different writers have declared the birds’ flight to vary very much; some have said that in no respect does the flight of these birds resemble that of ducks or geese, but that, rising in one indiscriminate mass, they con- tinue their flight as they rise ; others, on the other hand, say that the formation they assume is nearly as regularly V shaped as that adopted by geese. Both are doubtless right, and it seems probable that, when flying for a short distance only, they adopt no special mode of flight, whereas on migration, or when moving to any distance, their forma- tion is much as already described. Flying or wading, they are a lovely sight and, often as they have been described, no one has yet been able to do justice to their beauty. In December, 1881, when passing through the Suez Canal, I observed more of these birds congregated together than I had ever considered possible, the banks in some places looking as if covered with a rosy snow, so densely were the birds packed. As the steamer gradually approached nearer and nearer, the snow melted on its outskirts into a crimson flame as the birds lifted their wings prior to taking flight, and in so doing exposed their scarlet underwing coverts and axillaries. They made but little noise, the few calls that were heard being very similar to those of a wild goose, but not, I think, quite so discordant. Writing of these birds, Mr. Hagle Clarke (Ibis, Vol. I, No. 2, p. 200, 1895), writes: “To witness the simultaneous unfolding of a thousand lovely crimson and black pinions under sunlight is a sight the recollection of which will not readily be effaced from our memories. The flock did not run forward to rise on the wing, but we noticed that they deliberately turned and faced a gentle breeze that was blowing and rose with perfect ease... .. We several times noticed the whole herd .... onthe wing ... but in no instance was any particular formation maintained.” , INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 7 They do not, however—at least in this country—always rise in the same graceful manner, but both before rising and after alighting run forward some steps in a most ungainly manner. They generally leave Northern India in May or June, though they have been seen in July, and the first few birds return in the end of September. From Southern as well as from Eastern India, they migrate earlier a good deal, as a rule, but they have been recorded in Ceylon in May. As might be expected from the very curious formation of the flamingo’s bill, their mode of feeding is also rather remarkable. Bending down their long necks between their legs, and looking very much like bird acrobats preparing to stand on their heads, they invert their bills entirely and use them as shovels in which to catch or collect their food. This they obtain by moving their heads backwards and forwards, or from one side to another, and gently stirrmg up the mud. What they actually feed on is not at all well known, and is one of the easy points still left for sportsmen to clear up, as it only means the examination of the internal economy of a few birds shot whilst feeding. We know that a considerable part of their diet is vegetarian, but they are also, in all probability, far more given to animal food than has generally been believed to be the case. Mr. Hagle Clarke, in his interesting article already referred to, came to the con- clusion that the flamingoes inhabiting the Rhone delta existed almost entirely, if not quite, on a tiny Phyllopod, the brine shrimp (Artemia saleria) which he states is found there in ‘ marvellous abundance.” The value of the flamingo when divested of its feathers and placed on a table has been variously estimated. Some have said that skinned and well cooked it is equal to almost any duck in flavour, whilst, though few abuse it as fishy or nasty in any way, many have said and written that the flesh is black, flavourless, and stringy. Probably, as with go many ducks, it depends greatly on the bird’s diet and the length of time it has had to recover from its migratory flight. Doubtless birds just arrived, wanting food and not very particular as to what they eat, are tough and may acquire almost any taste ; on the other hand, those that have had a good time to rest and gain flesh ai the expense of muscle are tender, and those that have lived on a good diet are also well flavoured. 8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT. (2), Phceniconaias minor. The Lesser Flamingo. Pheeniconaias minor, Cat. B.B. Museum, XX VII, p. 18; Hume, Str. Feath., I, p. 31; Adam, zbid, p. 400, Il, p. 339 ; Hume, cbid, IV, p. 25 ; Butler, ¢bid, V, p. 234 ; Hume, ébéd, VIII, p. 114; id. Cat. No. 944, bis ; Butler, Str. Feath., IX, p. 436 ; Legge, B. of Ceylon, p. 1093 ; Hume, Str. Feath., X, p. 513 ; Barnes, B. of Bombay, p. 393. Phenicopterus roseus, part, Jerdon, B. of India, III, p. 775. Description: Adult male——General colour a bright pale pink ; feathers at the base of the bill crimson ; the longest scapularies and median wing coverts crimson, the latter edged paler; other wing coverts and the edges of the underwing coverts rosy; the greater underwing coverts and quills black ; axillaries crimson ; rectrices darker, and with the outer webs tinged with crimson; under tail coverts subtipped with a tinge of crimson. Some old males, perhaps during the breeding season only, have the feathers of the back with crimson shaft stripes. Iris red minium, bill dark lake red (with the tip black), feet red (Antinori); length 34! to 38"; wing 13” to 14”; tail about 5"; culmen 4" to 4°25” ; tarsus 7°5" to 8°25" (or 95" ?). Female.—Similar to the male, but smaller and paler, without the crimson scapularies and with no crimson on the back or breast. Length about 32” to 34”; wing 12:2"to 18”; tail about 5” or less ; culmen about 4" ; tarsus about 7°25", The young appears to be very like that of Phanicopterus roseus, but with a more rosy and less brown or buff tinge about it. Altogether a brighter, paler bird. Habitat.—This bird is not spread over nearly so large an area as is the common flamingo. Jt appears to extend through South Africa on both Coasts, but the extent of its range northwards or the West Coast is still doubtful. In the British Museum Catalogue Salvadori marks its habitat Bengal witha “?” In the east it is found on many parts of the Coast as far north as Abyssinia and also in Madagascar. From N.-E. Africa it extends to N.-W. India, where, however, it is not found far south, or far into the interior, nor is it found anywhere towards the east. Tt has been recorded from various parts of India from the end of September up tothe beginning of July,and cannot breed very far from INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 9 our shores ; in all probability most of the birds which visit us breed on the west coast of the Red Sea, and, if such is the case, there would be nothing very remarkable in the shortness of the time elapsing between the departure of the last birds and the arrival of the earliest ones in the following September and October. It seems likely that none of the various species of flamingoes migrate to any great distance, and some, as we know, are practically permanext residents of the countries they inhabit. In Vol. IV of Stray Feathers Hume has the following note on this beautiful bird : “ We know but little as yet of this species. Lascertained that it occurred in Scind in the early part of the hot weather. Captain Fielden shot it in July in Secunderabad. It has been seen on the great Majuffearh Jheel, 20 miles north of Delhi, during the cold season, and Mr. Adams has given us full accounts of its occurrence in great numbers, but irregularly, at the Sambhar Lake. We have no record of its occurrence in any other part of Jodhpore, or in Kutch, or in Kathiawar. In habits the Lesser Flamingo seems to differ in no way from its larger cousin, and is just as wary a birdas the latter. It is on the Sam- bhar Lake alone, perhaps, that it has, as a species by itself, been obser- ved in any numbers in India. There it was found to be an extremely wide-awake bird ; even in the middle of the day it rested well away from all cover and was most difficult of approach. It feeds in the manner usual to the genus—that is to say, in groups, the formation of which is generally a long line. This line slowly advances through the shallow water, the long necks of the birds covering a radius of some two feet or so as, head downwards, they shovel and rake about in all directions in search of food. The only note I can find regarding the nidification of this flamingo is that made in this journal by the late H. Barnes, who says that he obtained an egg from a fisherman who had found it on a sand-bank in the Indus. This egg, from its very small size, he believed to have belonged to the present species, and he adds that he examined the huge series of flamingo eggs in the Frere Hall Museum, Karachi, but failed to detect any so small. There is no reason to be found why the egg should not belong to P. mznor, and Barnes was so careful in the statements he made that I think this egg is more likely to belong to that bird than to P, roseus, 2 10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. Sub-Order ANSERES. Family ANATIDAA. Key to the Sub-Families— a Hind toe not lobed. a! Neckas long or longer than the body ... 1 SyGnin«. b' Neck not as long as body. a' Hind toe rather long, tail-feathers rather long. Upper part glossy ... 2 PLECTROPTORINA. b" Hind toe moderate, tail-feathers rather short. Upper parts not glossy. Mocere. 3 ANSERINE. b Hind toe very narrowly lobed, c! Bill short and goose-like ae .. 4 CHENONETTINA, a" Bill rather flat and broad tee ... OD ANATINA, ce Hind toe broadly lobed, e! Bill more or less depressed. c' Tail-feathers normal... soe ... 6 PULIGULINA. d" Tail-feathers narrow and very stiff... 7 HRISMATURINA. jf Bill more or less compressed, never decidedly depressed _— ave coe »» 8 MERGINA. Sub-Family Cyenina. This sub-family contains but one genus which is represented in India, the other two families Chenopsés and Pescoroba being con- fined to Australia and South America only. The swans are so easily identified by the veriest beginner that it is not necessary to add anything to the above key, though there are a good many other distinctions they possess, besides the one named, interest- ing only from a scientific point of view. Key to the Species— a No knob at the base of the culmen ; lores yellow, a Black apical portion of the bill gener- ally does not extend above the nostrils, and on the side only reaches half-way to the gape. Culmen exceeds 4” ... 1 C. musicus, b' Black apical portion of the bill extends much above the nostrils and back- wards to the gape. Culmen under 4"... 2 C. BEWICKI. 6 Culmen with a prominent knob at the base ; lores black aes wee oe en 3 C, OLOR. INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. iL (3) Cygnus musicus, The Hooper. Cygnus musicus, B. of B. Museum, XXVII, p. 20 ; Hume and Marshall, Game Birds, IIJ, p. 4. Cygnus ferus. Hume, Str. Feath., VI, pp. 106, 107, 464; VIII, p. 114 ; éd..Cat.,. No. 944 guat. | Description : Adult, male and female, Pure white, rarely showing a slight rufous-grey wash on the feathers of the head ; this probably | due to immaturity. . Young.— Wholly a light brownish-grey. Nestling.—White down. Length of adult male 60", expanse 95"; wing 25°75" ; tail 7:5"; bill along culmen including bare space on forehead 4°5" ; from tip to eye 5°16" ; tarsus 4°16"; weight 19 lbs. (Hume). Total length about 5! ; wing 25:5" ; tail 8:5"; culmen 4:2"; tarsus 4:2" (Salvadori). Female length 52” ; expanse 85" ; wing 23°35"; tail 7:5"; bill as above 4:5" ; to eye 4°84" ; tarsus 4"; weight 16°5 Ibs. (Hume.) A young bird killed in March (in India ?) measured 44” in length and weighed 8°25 lbs. (Hume). The young have the bill a dull flesh-colour with the tip and margins black, which extends with advancing age until it leaves only an orange band across the nostrils, and the bases of both mandibles very pale yellowish-green, or greenish-white, In the adult bird the bill has the terminal half black, the base and margins of the maxilla yellow. Legs, toes and webs black ; irides deep hazel. It is more than probable that this swan, the Hooper or Whooper as it is often called, has not really been recorded within the limits of the Indian Empire at all. So far the only foundation for calling the bird an Indian one is a drawing, and from this drawing different ornithologists have arrived at different opinions. The specimen from which the drawing was made is not now in existence, and the drawing, which is by Hodgson or one of his men, does not contain the usual voluminous notes which most of Hodgson’s illustrations contain on their backs, and which would, no doubt, have helped to elucidate the matter. Hume—and it is, I suppose, impossible to get any one better qualified to settle the question—considers the drawing to represent Cygnus bewicki. Brooks however, as well as other men, have given 12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. their decision the other way, and so the matter stands. Salvadori does not mention India as one of the places visited by the Hooper, nor are there any specimens in the British Museum which have come thence ; on the other hand there is a skull and feet which come from Nepal, presented by Hodgson, which are labelled Cygnus bewvcki. Although there is no better evidence than this of the occurrence of this swan in India, it is rather strange that such should be the case, for its range is a very extensive one and one weuld have thought it more than likely that stragglers should have penetrated within our limits. It extends practically over the whole of Northern Europe and Asia, extending in its limits to Japan and to Greenland. In winter it works south and visits much of Southern Hurope, and in Asia has been recorded from Japan, South Vezo, Shanghai, Corea, Teheran, &c. On the Caspian it is very common in the winter, and a few even remain to breed about its northern shores, About Corea it cannot be said to be rare in winter, for Mr, C. W. Campbell remarks: “In mild seasons IT have noticed that a number of these swans pass the winter in a bend of the Han River about three miles south of Soul,’ In Iceland this was the only species of swan observed by Messrs. H. J. and C. H. Pearson, and in the “Ibis” (Vol. I, No, 2, p. 243, 1895) they have the following note :— “ Hegs were taken on June the 20th and 28th, but the weather among the hills had been so bad this season that several pairs were only commencing to prepare their nests about the latter date. We afterwards saw a clutch of seven eggs which had been recently taken. Although these birds sometimes breed cn islands in the inhabited districts, itis little use to look for their eggs until you pass the last farm as they are generally taken either to eat or sell.” They also breed, but not, I believe, in great numbers, in South Greenland and in the north of Hurope, and in Asia as far south as it is allowed by civilisation, which is, of course, equivalent to slaughter. All swans seem to have the same breeding habits. They make huge nests of rushes, grass, and any other vegetable material which is soft enough and easily moved, the preference naturally being given to such kind as is the most handy. These are placed on the borders of marshes and swamps, often on islands, large or small, situated in INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 13 such places, sometimes actually in shallow water. More rarely they are placed by rivers, either up on the banks removed from the river itself or in amongst the rank herbage bordering its course. When placed in water they are said to raise their nests when the water happens to rise and threatens to swamp them, and as tame swans do this, it is in all probability likely that it is true that the wild ones do also. They lay from four to eight eggs, but in captivity often lay a larger number still, and I have known a tame duck-swan lay 14 eggs in a sitting. According to Morris, the smaller number of eggs laid are generally those of young birds, whilst the greater number of eggs are laid by those fully adult. I should think, however, judging by analogy, that though birds of the first season may lay fewer eggs than is normal, it is, on the other hand, almost certain that very old birds lay but small clutches. Their breeding season naturally varies very much according to the country they breed in. In the warmer—lesg cold would perhaps be the more correct expression—countries they commence breeding in May, but in Iceland, Greenland, &c., I imagine that they are normally at least a month later, and that August even may still find some of the latest birds laying. Incubation lasts from 35 to 40 days, 37 being the most usual number of days for the swan to sit, though eggs of the same clutch may vary considerably in this respect. Swans are very good parents and look after their young with the greatest care, the duck-bird often carrying her young ones about on her back whenever they want a rest. In the Asan of the 5th March the following curious note was published, and from the habitat of the swans mentioned, concern- ing which the note was written, it probably relates to P. musicus :-— “A Scandinavian writer, cited by the ‘ Zoologist,’ has recently described a curious method of capturing swans much employed for centuries past in the north-west of Iceland. The swans, after moulting in autumn, leave the interior in order to reach the coast. The inhabitants of the coast and their dogs are prepared, and, when the birds approach, begin to make as much noise as they can by shouting, striking boards with stones, and making as much of a racket as possible. This noise has a Hapen effect on the young swans, which, terrified and distracted and not knowing which way to turn 14 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCTETY, Vol. XI: their heads, allow themselves to fall to the ground, when they are captured without any difficulty. Fear is likewise exploited in South America for the capture of another species of swan by the Guachos, who, when they perceive a flock, run towards it keeping themselves leeward to the wind and concealing themselves. When they get close enough to the flock, they spur up their horses and rush upon the birds with loud shouts. The swans seized with fear are unable to take flight, and allow themselves to be seized and slaughtered upon the spot.” In spite of the beautiful novelty of this way of catching swans, Indian sportsmen had better keep to that dear, old-fashioned weapon, the D.-B. breechloader and leave the attempt to put salt on ducks’ tails to Guachos who can “run towards” a flock on horseback by “ keeping leeward to the wind ” and then “spurring up their horses,” or to Icelanders who are sufficiently atime in their ways to con- fuse even the wily swan. The hooper is said to have not nearly as stately or as graceful a carriage as the common swan, holding its neck in a much stiffer and more erect position than does that bird, which, of course, gives it a more jerky carriage when swimming. This trait may prove of use to the future sportsman or ornithologist who sees swans at too great a distance to examine their bills, and thus ascertain to what particular species they belong. (4) Cygnus bewicki. Bewick’s Swan. Cygnus bewicki.—Cat. B. of B. Museum, XXVII, p. 29. Cygnus bewickit.— Hume, Str. Feath., VII, pp. 107, 464, VIIT, p. 114. Hume’s Cat. No. 944, guat; Hume and Marsh., G. B., III, p. 51. Cygnus ferus.—PBlanf., Str. Feath., VII, p. 99 ; Hume, ébid, p. 464. Description : Adult Male.—Similar to C. musicus, but considerably smaller. The whole bill is black, with the exception of the basal por- tion which is yellow ; the lores, as in C. musicus, are also yellow. Legs and feet dull black, irides light brown or hazel. Length 3'-10" to 4!-2"; wing about 21"; culmen 3:8"; tarsus 4°8" (Salvadori). Length 45", expanse 74”, wing 20°5", tarsus 5:5", bill along culmep from margin of frontal feathers 3°5", to eye 4°41", tarsus 3° 75" (Hume). It must be noticed that Hume mentions the tarsus twice, INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 15 giving widely different measurements, both of which also differ from that given by Salvadori. The female is some few inches sniallen than the male, with a wing about 19". Naumann gives the following dimensions for a female. Length 30°8", expanse 73:0", wing 18:6". Young birds of the second season are white, with the head and breast much marked or suffused with rusty ; the base of the bill is a dull lemon-yellow. Birds of the first winter are greyish-brown, and have the base of the bill a dull fleshy yellow, whilst the feet are not black but are of a dull reddish colour. The irides are said not to be of so bright a brown as in the adult bird. I can find no record of the nestling of this species, which, however, is almost sure to be white. This swan is said to be an Indian visitor on the strength of the same evidence brought forward to prove the finding of C. musécus in India, but with, I think, far greater probability of being correct in the ease of C. bewickt. That itis of the very rarest occurrence is, however, proved by the fact that no others have been recorded. The skull and feet of the bird obtained by Hodgson in Nepal are in the British Museum, but the skin, as I have already mentioned, is lost, haying been destroyed by insects. This is more of a British bird than the whooper, at the same time less, perhaps, of an European one. It is said to be a very rare visitor on migration to Heligoland is extremely seldom met with anywhere in the furtherest west of Hurope, and is really nothing more than a casual wanderer in Central Europe, getting more and more common to the Hast. Its stronghold is Siberia, European and Russian— more particularly to the South, and Northern China. Seebohm remarks : ‘‘ Bewick’s swan is a winter visitor to the Japanese Islands. It was first included in the Japanese list on the authority of a specimen in the Tokio Hducational Museum (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 212),” There is an example in the Pryer collection from Tokio Bay. Four birds were obtained by Mr. O. C. Ricketts at Foochow. These were shot by one of his collectors in a bay on the coast appt of Sharp Peak, and were killed in January. 16 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. Hume in “ Game Birds” has these remarks on Bewick’s swan. “This species is in a wild state very shy and difficult of approach, more so, if possible, than the hooper ; but in captivity it is said to be very gentle, never molesting other water-fowl, as the mute swan often does, The cal] is said by some to be a low deep-toned whistle once repeated, but Naumann represents it by the syllable ‘ kuk,’ uttered many times. In England they have not unfrequently been mistaken for geese, and when swimming their carriage is intermediate between that of the mute swan and the goose, wanting alike the ‘ grace and majesty ” of the former. On the land, however, where by choice they spend much of their time, they show to greater advantage, and winged birds will run well and fast. It seems on the whole to be more of a marsh and narrow-water species and less of an open-water bird than the hooper. Their food, like that of the other swans, seems to consist of seeds, stems and corms of rushes, and various kinds of aquatic herbs, together with, perhaps, worms and larvee of insects.” There is little on record of the breeding habits of Bewick’s swan. Seebohm says that it “‘ breeds in the high north both of the Eastern and Western Palearctic region.” Mr. Trevor Battye found its nest in Rolquen Island, and reports it as having been made entirely of moss, presumably the handiest material it could obtain. Messrs. Seebohm and Harvey obtained their nests in Petchora. They are said to breed there in May and June and to lay from five to seven eggs which differ from those of the hooper only in their smaller size. They are, of course, white, or almost so, and glossless. (5) Cygnus olor. The Mute Swan. Cygnus olor.—Cat. B. of B. Museum, X XVII, p. 85; Scully, Str. Feath., IV, p. 197; Blanford, ibid, VII, p. 99 ; Hume, ibid, pp. 10i— 106 ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds, ILI, p. 41. Cygnus unwini.—Blanford, Str. Feath., VII, p. 100; Hume, zdid, p- 104. Cygnus sp.—Hume, Str. Feath., VII, p. 33; VII, p. 104, Description: Adult Male.—The whole plumage white, with the excep- tion of the lores which are black. Bill, the tubercle, base of maxilla, nostrils, margins and nail black, remainder of maxilla reddish-horny, mandible wholly black. Legs and feet dull black, irides rich brown. INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 17 Total length from 4:7" to 5:2" ; wing 23''to 27"; tail about 10" ; culmen 4°2" ; tarsus about 4°5”, but varying much. Weight about 15 to 20 lbs. in a wild state, rarely running up to 24 or 25 lbs.; ina tame state birds of 30 lbs. may be met with, and heavier birds even than this have been recorded. Female.—Smaller than the male, and with the tubercle at the base of the bill less developed. The neck is also more developed and the bird “swims deeper in the water” (Hume). In the majority of the birds of this order, the ducks swim deeper than the drakes, the reason of this being the anatomical structure of the different sexes. Length 4:2" to 4:8"; wing 18” to 22"; tail under 10"; culmen about 4” ; tarsus about 4'3". Young.—* Plumage almost a sooty grey; neck and under surface of the body lighter in colour ; beak lead-colour ; nostrils and the basal marginal lines black ” (Salvadori). Cygnets.—“ Covered with soft brownish or dull ashy-grey down, which in the lower throat and breast becomes much paler, almost white ; bill and legs lead-grey ” (Salvadori). In India the specimens of the mute swan obtained are nearly all young ones, and these have the tubercle on the bill very slightly or not at all developed, but the feathers of the forehead at the base of the bill are prolonged to a point “ slightly truncated ”” (Hume). The range of this swan does not seem to be nearly as extensive as that of the two birds already mentioned, that is to say ina truly feral state, as a domestic bird it is, of course, almost cosmopolitan. In the summer, in its wild state, itis said to be found throughout the central and south-eastern parts of Hurope, but is more rare in the North, andis practically absent from the extreme North and the West. It has only twice been recorded from Heligoland, once in 1881, and once many years previous to that, both times in the winter. It extends throughout Prussia and Russia, and writing of Hastern Prussia, Hartert says : “ C. olor breeds in small numbers in some of the greater lakes.”’ Breeding-places are recorded in West Turkistan and Siberia and also in Denmark, Norway, and Swedan, and, I believe, in Greece, and parts of the valley of the Danube. In Asia it is found in West Siberia and adjoining countries. In winter it extends its range to Northern Africa, but does not seem to work far to the West, through 3 18 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT. Hgypt, Arabia, Asia Minor and frequently into Afghanistan. North- West India is, however, the extreme south-east point to which it has penetrated, not being on record as yet as havipg been obtained in China or further East. In India it is only a very rare winter visitor, and as far as I can learn from what is recorded, seldom, if ever, appears except in very severe winters. As regards its occurrence within our limits, I can merely quote what has already been written several times. I pillage Hume and Marshall’s Game Birds en bloc for this purpose, with many apologies to the authors. Hume gives it as a pretty regular but rather rare visitor to the Peshawar and Hazara districts, and as a straggler to Kohat, Rawalpindi, and the Trans-Indus portion of Scind. The first bird recorded in India was shot by W. Mahomed Umar Khan and placed in the Peshawar Museum, from which place it eventually came into Hume’s possession. This bird may be the one now in the British Museum marked ‘‘2!, Im sk, Peshawar, June,” only that W. Mahomed Umar Khan got his bird in January not June. Regarding this bird Hume got the following letter which he reproduced in eatenso in Game Birds, and which I take the liberty of again producing here together with other letters from the various sportsmen who have had the luck to obtain swans :— 3 “Yn the month of January, 1857, I shot this swan in the Peshawar district in the Shah Alum river, about a mile and a half on this side of the Kabul river. Neither before nor after have I seen other swans, but a few years after I killed it I heard from the shikaries of Hashtnagar (also in the Peshawar district) that they had recently seen five of these birds in Agra (?) village lake, in this same ne but had failed to shoot any.” The next birds Hume got were a pair of young birds received from Captain Unwin in 1871. These birds were for some time thought to be a new species and were called Cygnus unwinz, after Captain Unwin who shot them, and who wrote to Hume about them in this letter:— ‘* To-day while duck shooting on the Jubbee stream on the border of the Hazara and Rawalpindi districts, during a short halt for breakfast on the banks of the nullah, I was attracted by seeing two large white birds flying over the stream some 250 yards lower down. The Jubbee has here a wide strong bed, with a small stream INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 19 in the centre forming occasional pools, in one of which the birds seemed inclined to alight. Changing their intention, however, they came flying up and passed me at a distance of about 60 yards ; to my surprise and delight I recognised in them most undoubted wild swans. Firing with loose shot at that distance was useless, so I watched in the hope that they would settle in some of the pools higher up in the stream and thereby afford a stalk, but they continued their slow, heavy flight until I lost sight of them in the distance. “ Concluding that they would not stop until they reached the Indus, some 2G miles off, I was returning to my breakfast, a sadder and a wiser man, when, in taking a last look in this direction, I saw them returning, I hastily got into the centre of the nullah in their line of flight, and as they rose slightly to avoid me fired both barrels, No. 3 shot, at the leader. She (for it proved to be the female) staggered but went on, slowly sinking, until she settled in a large pool about 400 — yards off, accompanied by her male who alighted close beside her. «The pool, being commanded by a high bank, offered an easy stalk, and getting round into a favorable position I found the swans within 20 yards of me. A crowd of gadwal (C. streperus) which waa close by took flight on seeing me, but the male swan stuck nobly by his mate and paid dearly for his fidelity, and shortly I had the satisfaction of landing them both. “The villagers who collected to see the birds, gave the local name ‘penr’ (pronounced with a nasal n) and told me that the birds came there occasionally once in every three or four years.” In 1878 other three swans were obtained in the Sewandistrict, Scind, somewhere near the Manchur Lake, by Mr. H. HE. Watson, after he had previously seen some birds of the same species in the lake itself, doubtless the same flock from which he afterwards obtained specimens. Besides these a good number seem to have been seen, and in four cases a pair were shot, but in no instance were the skins preserved, though Hume seems to be satisfied that they were C. olor. Mr. Hill of the Rifles also shot a swan which was said to be C. olor, but again the skin was not preserved. Mr. Watson writes of his birds, “I shot three swans this morning. As far as I can judge they are identical with the Indian species 20 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. (that is the tame swan), There were five on a small ‘dhan’ or tank, about half a mile or less in length by a quarter of a mile or less in breadth. I went to shoot ducks, but seeing these large white birds, I went after them and recognised them to be the same as those I had seen on the Manchar. They let a boat get pretty close, and I shot one. The other four flew round the tank a few times and then settled on it again. I went up in the boat and fired again, but without effect. They flew round and then settled again. The third time 1 shot another ; the remaining three again flew round and settled, and the fourth time I fired I did not kill. Exactly the same thing happened the fifth time, the birds flew round and settled close to me and I shot a third. The remaining two flewa little distance and settled, but I thought it would be a pity to killthem. I considered that there would be more than I could skin myself (for I have no one to do it for me) so I began to shoot ducks and then the two remaining swans flew by me, one on the right and one on the left, so that I could easily have knocked them over with small shots. However, I spared them and came home with three.” Everyone will notice how remarkably tame and confiding the above swans were; were it not for the date on which they were shot, the 12th of February, one would have imagined that they were birds exhausted by their long flight on migration: as it is, there is no explanation beyond the fact that the birds were young in age and even younger in experience. In the same year as that in which Mr. Watson obtained his swans, but strange to say in the month of June, three more birds were seen, of which two were shot, one by Major Waterfield which was identified as Cygnus olor, and one by Mr. D. B. Sinclair, This last, most unfortunately, went bad before it could be examined by anyone competent to decide its species, and though, in all pro- bability, the bird was C, olor, the point must remain in darkness, Even later than this swans were seen that year, for on the 7th July Mr. Sinclair wrote to Mr. Hume to tell him that there was still one more swan on the Gulabad jhil, a body of water some two miles north-east of Peshawar. This swan is said to breed gregariously, so it is to be presumed that it is not so pugnacious a bird in its feral as in its domestic state. Certain birds which belonged to Shakespere’s birth-place used to breed INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 21 every year on the river Avon, but these showed the keenest jealousy of one another, and no approach of any strange swan was allowed within about 200 yards of a nest by the owners thereof. It must be admitted that their ire was aroused equally as much by the advent of humanity as by that of their own kind. Boats were always greeted by the most warlike of demonstrations and canoes not unfrequently upset, their occupants being more or less damaged by the furious birds, which made for them in the water attempting to beat them under with their wings. These swans, like most others of this species, generally choose small islands well covered with bushes and rushes as sites for their nests, most often selecting a mass of rushes close to the river’s edge in which to place it ; now and then, but not often, one might be found well inland amongst the bushes. The site taken up by the birds was not always above flood-level, and whenever the river rose they were forced to add largely both to the height and bulk of the nest in order that the water should not wash away the eggs, They appeared to have no difficulty in working the materials under their eggs, nor have I ever heard of their upsetting their eggs into the water when so employed. Sometimes, however, when much frighten- ed or when rushing to repel an enemy, they sweep an egg or two into the water. They sometimes make use of an immense amount of material in constructing their nests, and one such, in the Avon above-mentioned, must have contained a couple of cart-loads of weeds. What it was originally I do not know, but when J first saw it, after a small flood, the diameter of the base must have been ten or twelve feet, and it was close on six feet high, 22 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. Parr LY. By J. Davivson, T. R. Beni, anp EH. H. Arrxen. (With Plates VII and VIIT.) (Continued from Vol. X, page 584.) (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th March, 1897.) Family HESPERITD A. The number of species of this family that we have observed in this district is 56. Most of them are fairly plentiful either in the larval state or as imagines, for some have been rarely seen on the wing, but have been bred from larvee in numbers, while others have been caught with the net in sufficient numbers to warrant the supposition that they are not uncommon in the localities where they occur, though their larvee have not been obtained ; of other species again, we have only succeeded in catching single specimens, as for example Isma submaculata, Staudinger, and Zographetus ogygia, Hewitson ; the former species is, we are informed by Mr, de Nicéville, new to India, having been obtained hitherto only in the Philippine Islands and Sumatra, We have bred all but seven species out of the 56; all the larvee, pups, sometimes also the egg, have been carefully described, and the food-plants and habits of the larvee noted. The larve and pupze of eighteen species have been depicted in the plates accompanying this paper; five others will be found in the plates of our former paper. The insects are numbered from 178 to 233, being a continuation of — the consecutive numbers adopted in this paper up to the end of the Papilioncde. The names given to the butterflies are according to Captain E. Y. Watson’s paper in Vol. IX of the Society’s Journal, p. 411 (1895), The order followed by us is based upon the habits of the larvee and upon analogies in the larval and pupal stages. According to the habits of the larve, z.c., to the nature of its food-plant, we have divided the family into two large divisions, namely :— (1) Those whose larvee feed on dicotyledonous plants. - (II) Those whose larvze feed on monocotyledonous plants. Plate VII. s. Chromo th. London. Bro Mantern ies * ‘Chromo kth. London. Mantern Bros mrs Mat Oke 3a THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 23 There is an exception in the first division in the genus Tagiades, which feeds on plants that are scientifically placed amongst the mono- cotyledons, although to the uninitiated they are extremely like dicot- yledons, having reticulated leaves, cordate or digitate in shape ; these plants belong to the Yam and Lily families in the botany books ; the butterflies evidently consider them to be dicotyledons; can it be that the butterfly is right and the scientist wrong ? Division | divides itself into the following groups, containing the butterflies given under each :— Division I. Group A. Imago heavy-bodied and of strong flight; closing the wings over the back when at rest. larva stout, brightly coloured, cylindrical in shape, thickest in the middle, with amore or less squarish head, sometimes higher than broad, sometimes the reverse, with the lobes little apparent. The larva in its latter stages makes a cell by cutting a leaf from the edge to the midrib, at right angles to the midrib, on one side only, and turning over the piece on to the top of the leaf, fixing the edges down by silken threads all round except at the opening, which is towards the main surface of leaf; the cell is always made at the point end of the leaf; when the leaf is small, the whole leaf is double lengthways, its edges being joined to form the cell; the inside of cell is generally covered with silk. The young larva is very quick in its movements and resembles a moth larva. The pupa is stout, circular in transverse section ; the head, shoulders and fore-part of abdomen about the same breadth ; a slight constric- tion ; thorax somewhat humped, very little higher at apex than abdomen at segment 7 ; the head swollen between the eyes into a more or less accentuated round boss; pupa attached in the cell by the tail and a body-band. : 178. Ismene gomata, Moore. (Plate VII, Fig. 1.) This insect was never caught or seen in the district until a few years ago when a pupa was found by chance up on the ghats, rolled up ina leaf of Strobilanthes ; the cells of a skipper were found just overhead on a-large creeper with thick, 5-digitate leaves, called Heptapleurum venulosum, a kind of ivy. We have since bred the insect in quantities at all seasons of the year both above and below the ghats ; it is pro- bably to be had throughout the districts ; it has only once been seen 24 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, outside our cages, on a cow-dropping in adark place in evergreen jungle; it is probably a dusk-flier, if not an absolute night-flier. The flight is heavy and fluttering in the day time. Larva.—Head squarish, same breadth as height, light brown-yellow in colour ; six black spots transversely across the middle of the face ; a semicircle of four black spots round the top of the face. Anal seg- ment depressed, rounded at the extremity, with two black, shiny, subdorsal patches at the hinder margin. Colour of body french-grey, suffused dorsally on segments 5 to 12 with light yellow; a black band covers the front half of segments 6, 8, and 16 ; segments 4 and 12 have a large black patch above the lateral margin; the rest is spotted and lined symmetrically with black. Pupa.—Light yellowish-green in colour ; a semicircle of orange on the front of the head, round which is a circle of black spots; from the centre of the spots arises a conical, sharp, short tubercle; along the front margin of the thorax is a dorsal streak flanked by a subdorsal one and a lateral black spot ; shoulders tipped with black; a lateral row of large abdominal black spots, one spot to each segment ; cre- master triangular, black. Habits—Kiggs laid in batches of from five to twenty, in lines, on underside of leaf; larva gregarious while young ; after second moult, makes a cell and eats the cuticle of leaf in a quarter of a circle from midrib upwards to the edge of the leaf, feeding inside the area thus marked off only while in that stage. When grown, wanders to feed, returning to its cell. 179. Ismene fergusonit, de Nicéville. (Plate VII, Fig. 3.) This, the largest but one of our skippers, is found all over the dis- trict in similar localities to the last, preferring the damp evergreens and cool valleys of nallas, where the food-plant of its larva is plentiful about the rocks of waterfalls and by the sides of streams. It flies much like the Sphingide moths, making a distinctly audible fluttermg with ils wings. The butterfly is not commonly met with anywhere, but may be caught on the tops of the hills round Karwar on misty afternoons during the rains, and about evergreens towards the evening. Nearly all of our specimens—and they are many—have “been bred from larvze found on a large creeper, Combretum eaxtensum, Roxb, The insect is a dusk flier. THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 25 Larva,—Head large, rounded, slightly higher than broad, ver- milion-red with a broad black band, dilated on vertex into a circle, two black circles down middle of face, one on each cheek, connected by a narrow stem with the central band, and a black band just above the eyes on each side ; jaws black. Body high in the middle and rounded at extremity of last segment ; colour black, with a double thin, blue, dorsal line, a lateral broader yellow line, from which, and at right angles to it, proceed short yellow and blue lines which do not quite reach a broad white double line along the body above the base of the legs; colour of abdomen bluish-white ; onsegment 13 are two vermilion subdorsal spots, one on each side of dorsal line. Length 51 mm. Pupa—vVery stout and compact ; colour light flesh-pink, powdered with a white powder excreted by the pupa ; five black spots on front margin of thorax, one spot in centre of segment 2, one on the eye, and an indistinct mark above each spiracle, all black; spiracles surround- ed by a black line ; cremaster tipped with black; a dorsal black spot on the last two segments. Length 26 mm. Habits—The egg is laid on the underside of a leaf near the point ; the young larva makes a cell by turning over a smull portion on one side of the midrib at the point on to the top of the part on the other side of midrib, eating through the greater part of the midrib, so that the cell part withers and dries; it coats the inside densely with silk ; this form of cell is adhered to throughout its life. The larva pupates as a general rule in the cell. 180. Bibasis sena, Moore. This butterfly, the larva of which feeds on the same food-plant as the last (Combretum extensum), occurs in much the same _ localities. throughout the district, and is very nearly as rarely met with on the wing. Unlike the last, however, it flies generally in the morning, between 8 and 11 o’clock, and may be caught in small numbers on the ' tops of the hills above Karwar during the monsoon, where it is its habit to fly about, backwards and forwards, with a quick, darting flight, in certain prescribed open places in the forest; it is. nearly. impossible to catch it on the wing, but it settles at intervals. low down near the ground, when it may be captured, Larva.—the larva is. similar to [smene ferguson, de Nicéville, in every way; it feeds on the young pink leaves of the same plant, 4 96 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT. whereas J. fergusoni: feeds exclusively on the tough leaves. It can be distinguished from the larva of the last by the yellow lines at right angles to the lateral yellow line being continued down to the marginal double white line, giving the body the appearance of having a lateral row of large black spots. Length 40 mm. Pupa—Similar in every way to, though smaller than, that of Tsmene fergusoni ; it can be distinguished at once, however, by having a large transparent-looking dirty patch in the middle of the thorax, which the former does not possess. Length 22mm. See Journal, Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V, p. 373, No. 88, pl. F, figs. 2 larva ; 2a, pupa (1890). 181. Hasora chromus, Cramer. (Plate VII, Fig. 2). This is one of the commonest butterflies with us, occurring every- where. Its flight is very quick ; it is fond of the vicinity of water, where it may be captured, laying its eggs on the young shoots and leaves of Pongamia glabra, Vent. It is difficult to distinguish on the wing from either of the two following. Larva.—Head large for the size of the insect, nearly quite square, covered with longish white hairs, yellow or red-brown in colour; when yeliow it has a black spot around the eyes (at the base of each lobe) ; a broad black collar on segment 2, reaching from spiracle to spiracle ; anal segment slightly sloping, rounded at the extremity, with a shiny black dorsal patch on it ; body sparsely covered with longish, erect, white hairs ; colour more or less dark mauve, variable, suffused dorsally with light yellow ; a dorsal dark mauve line, an obsolescent similar Jateral line, and a broad marginal yellowish band bordered above and below with white ; abdomen greenish-yellow ; there may be a black spot on segments 5 to 9, that on segment 5 ae being wanting. Surface oily-looking. Lionipth 31 mm. Pupa.--Stout, very similar to the foregoing, light green in colour, without markings, covered with a white powder. _Habits:-—Larva makes a lax cell by folding a leaf longitudinally, which it does not line with silk ; is very moth-like in its young stages, and pupates in the cell, attached by tail and a body-band. 182. Hasora alexis, Fabricius. This insect has been but rarely met with. We have caught it near Karwar. We were lucky, however, in finding six lary once near THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 27 Karwar at an elevation of 1,000 feet, which we managed to rear suc- cessfully. It is probably similar to H. chromus, Cramer, in its habits, as, like it and in fact all the butterflies of this group, it is found resting on the undersides of leaves. Larva and pupa.—the larve that were obtained by us were so similar to those of H. chromus that we mistook them fer such; the pup were also exactly like those of the same species. The larva feeds ona species of Rourea or Derris, a climber, eating the young leaves only and making a cell exactly like H. chromus. 183. Hasora chabrona, Plotz. This species was named for us by Mr. de Nicéville. It is extremely common throughout the northern above-ghat portions of the district from December to June ; we found it absolutely swarming during the last two months of one year, the larva being so abundant that its food- plant, which was in young leaf and very plentiful, had hardly a leaf on it. The females may be seen any year, in the afternoons, laying their very small pink eggs on the young shoots of Millettza racemosa, Ben., a large woody creeper with leaves very like those of Pongamia glabra. It isa butterfly of rapid darting flight. ‘ Larve,—The larva is very similar to that of H. chromus, Cramer, except that the head is broader than high and of a dark brown colour, light towards the vertex. Segment 2 is smaller than the head ; somewhat swollen, glubrotis and shiny. Last segment broadly rounded, flattish,, thick, dorsally dark and shiny. The surface of the body is covered fairly densely with longish, white, erect hairs ; it is much hairier than H. chromus. Colour mauve-green (never as dark as H. chromus), densely spotted with small yellow spots ;adouble dorsal yellow line ; a subdorsal, lateral and marginal yellow line ; a lateral black spot on segments 3 and 6. Length 34 mm. Pupa.—Very similar in shape to that of B. sena, Moore, but without the dorsal patch on the thorax. Colour pink on abdomen, dirty green-white on the wings, thorax and head; a long black dorsal streak on front slope of thorax reaching to front margin; a short dorsal black streak on hinder margin of same ; a dorsal black mark on segment 13 ; two black marks on the inner margin of the eye ; head-point and cremaster black. Length 25 mm, 28 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, Xf, Habits.—The habits are identical with those of the last two in the larval and pupal stages. The imago, however, is generally found in dry situations on the slopes of hills in rather open jungle, where the food-plant is found. 184. Badamia exclamationés, Fabricius. Probably the commonest skipper in the district. It may be seen at any season of the year, resting on the underside of leaves, or flitting about flowers ; in some years it is, however, less abundant than in others. It is excessively rapid in its flight, and is consequently diffi- cult to capture on the wing ; but it rests often, when it falls an easy prey to the net. About the month of April, one year, we have seen the insect so plentiful as to be put up in veritable clouds in the course of one’s walks through the jungles ; the food-plant was then in young leaf. The food-plant, Terminalia belerica, Roxb., was in this particular year denuded of its leaves, and it is one of the largest as well as one of the commonest trees in our jungles ; the larva was in such quantities that, after eating all the available food on one tree, it would wander down the stem in such numbers as to hide the bark from view; each leaf of every surrounding tree later on contained a pupa. Larva.—Similar in shape to that of H. chabrona, Plotz, but slimmer and more moth-like. The colour is bright yellow, more or less thickly banded with black ; the head is yellow with two parallel lines of black spots, often coalescing into lines across the face ; it is broader than long and somewhat depressed in the centre of the vertex. It is sometimes found feeding on Combretum extensum. Length 34mm. Pupa.—Similar in shape to the foregoing, but slimmer, with a long triangular cremaster, knob-shaped spiracular expansions on segment 2, a knob-shaped boss in front of the head between the eyes, and a slight transverse ridge parallel to the front margin of each segment ; thorax more humped than in any of the foregoing species, Colour brown, with dorsal abdominal black spots ; wing cases nearly white ; surface shiny and covered with a white powder. Length 24 mm. Habits—HEgg laid on young shoots. Young larva makes a cylindrical tight cell at the edge of the leaf ; the later cells are like those of H. chromus, Cramer. THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 29 185. Hasora badra, Moore. We have only caught a few specimens of this butterfly near oe and at Gairsappa and at Kadra, all places below the ghits. N othing is known of the larval and pupal stages. 186. Hesperia galba, Fabricius. (Plate VIM, Fig. 6.) This little butterfly is placed here as forming the connecting link between this group and the next. The imago rests with its wings closed when at rest, although, when basking in the sun, it keeps them three-quarters open ; the fact of its keeping its wings closed when at rest prevents us from including it in the next group, although the larva and pupa by their analogies belong to the following group, the imagines of which all rest with their wings wide extended. The butterfly is to be found only on the immediate coast in the district, and particularly in sandy open places where it gets the full benefit of the sun, and where the food-plant of the larva, a little straggling ground weed, Waltheria indica, is common. The insect is very hard to see, being spotted with grey and black, but is easily captured once espied, as it often rests to bask on some leaf or stick ; its flight is not very rapid; itis not uncommon in the localities where it is found. Larva.—Front view of head round, shallowly bilged, thick, shiny black, clothed with close yellow fur interspersed with long white hairs ; very long white and black hairs on the sides of the head, the black hairs flattened ; jaws red. Segment 2 bright orange with a ._ narrow black collar and a central row of long black hairs. Body cylin drical, rounded at extremity, covered with small white tubercles, each bearing a long white or brown erect hair, the brown ones being con- fined to the front part of the body. Colour green with a darkish dorsal and a white marginal line. Length 17°5 mm. Pupa.—Head square with a swelling between the eyes ; thorax slightly humped ; constriction slight; pupa broadest at centre ; circular in transverse section. Spiracular expansions of segment 2 are oval, large, well raised from the thoracic surface, dark chocolate-brown, rounded in outline. Surface finely rugose, covered with long, white, erect hairs, densest on head and around eyes. Colour of body green- yellow, green on thorax, wing cases covered all over with a’ white powder. Length 13 mm. 30 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1. Habits—Larva doubles a part of a leaf on to the top or bottom of the rest of leaf, fastening the cell thus formed with silk all round and lining the inside strongly with silk, The larva rests like those of Sarangesa and Coladenia of the next, group with its head turned round on its side. The pupa is formed in a cell, and is fixed by the tail and a body band. In the localities where this butterfly is commonly found at the end of the rains, in the months of September and onwards, there is not a specimen to be seen in the dry-weather and the beginning of the rains. The eggs probably lie over on the stems of the plant during the long period during which it is leafless— from December to June. Group B. The imagos of this group rest with their wings fully open ; the flight is strong, but of short duration ; they rest generally on the upperside of leaves. The larva is spindle-shaped, thickest about the fifth segment, attenuated towards both ends; last segment narrow, rounded at extremity ; head round, somewhat bullet-shaped, hardly bi-lobed, large ; the colour of the larva is some shade of brown or green, with a collar of a different colour on segment 2; the larva makes a cell by turning over part of the leaf from the edge on to the upperside or underside, lining the mside with silk; the method of making the cell, however, differs in the different genera, The pupa is stout, square in front, with a boss between the eyes, and large spiracular expansions to the spiracles of segment 2; it is attached by the tail anda body band. The larva and pupa of Hesperia galba, Fabricius, are very similar to the larvae and pupz of this group. The egg is nearly hemispherical, and is rayed from top to bottom. 187. Caprona ransonnetii, Felder. (Plate VIL, Fig. 4.) This insect is very common throughout the district at all seasons ; it is very variable in colour, running from bright golden-brown above with few markings to dark brown with many markings ; the golden-brown form, named C. tayloriz, de Nicéville, for us by Mr. de Nicéville, has been bred in the cold season from larvee and pupz similar in all points to those which produce C. ransonnetz? in the monsoon. The butterfly is rapid of flight, and difficult to capture on the wing. Larva.—Head slightly bi-lobed, dark chesnut in colour, with the lower third of the face clothed with white adpressed hairs densely, above which THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 31 are erect white hairs traversed by a band of brown erect hairs ; near the vertex of each lobe isa bare patch; the sides of the head are clothed with long, curved, white hairs ; the head is large. The sur- face of the body is covered with small, hair-bearing tubercles, render- ing it somewhat rugose. Colour green with a yellowish tinge at the margins of the segments. Length 28 mm. Pupa.—Head thick and quadrate, with a small pointed tubercle on the front of each eye, and a larger blunt one between the eyes on the front of the head, which latter tubercle is hairy. The spiracular expansion of segment 2 is kidney-shaped, large, and red-brown in colour. The colour of the pupa is light green spotted with black as follows :—-A 5-sided spot at the dorsal front margin of the thorax, ano- ther behind the spiracular expansion, eight others in different positions on the thorax, a series of subdorsal spots on the abdomen, one to each segment, each spiracle surrounded by black, some black markings about the cremaster, four longitudinal black lines on the wings. Sur- face of pupa finely hairy with short, adpressed and erect hairs. Leneth 19 mm. fabits—The egg is laid on the top surface of the leaf; the young larva makes a cell by cutting a circular piece out of the leaf, leaving this piece attached by a hinge and turning it over on to the top of the leaf, where it is fixed down by silk and strongly lined inside with the same material ; this piece is small and withers soon to a brown colour. The final cell, and some before it, is made by turning a large piece from the edge over on to the underside of the leaf, and fixing loosely with silk ; the larva eats holes in the top-covering of the cell thus formed, leaving, however, space enough to rest on, for it rests on the roof of the cell with its back towards the ground ; the change to pupa is performed in the cell. The larva feeds on Helicteres isora, l14—Sce Journal, Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V, p. 374, No. 94, pl. F, Figs. 1, larva; 1a, pupa (1890), where the transformations of this species are figured under the name of Abaratha ransonettz, Felder. 188. Odontoptilum anyulata, Felder (—sura, Moore), (Plate VII, Fig. 3.) Is met with all over the district, above and below the ghits, with the exception of the parts immediately bordering on the plains. It is nowhere common. The flight is rapid and jerky, but it often 32 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. rests on the uppersides of leaves, on flowers, &c. We have bred many. Larva.—The larva is very similar to that of the last in shape and habits; the head, however, has not such long hairs at the mar- gins; it is of the same colour, and is covered with longish, erect white hairs, there being three patches ima line across the face near the vertex of the head, where the hairs are brown ; there is also a line of brown hairs above each jaw ; the lower third of the face is clothed with adpressed white hairs. Segment 2 has a broad, glabrous, shiny collar. The surface of the body is covered with short, thick-topped hairs, which are longer on the last segment than anywhere else. Col- our is green-yellowish to dark red-brown. Feeds on Allophylus cobble, Bl. Rumph. Length 22 mm. Pupa.—Very similiar to that of the foregoing species ; the spira- cular expansion of segment 2 is here smaller, hemispherical in shape and yellow-brown in colour. The colour of the pupa is green, with a yellow tinge on the abdomen. The markings are similar to those of the last, but there are many more black spots. Length 17 mm. Habits—The egg is laid on the top surface of the leaf as in the last species ; the habits of the larva are identical with those of that of C. ransonnetii, Felder. 189. Coladenia tissa, Moore. The insect is common throughout the district at all seasons; the golden-yellow or brown form in the dry-season ; the dark form in the monsoon months ; these two forms differ from each other just in the same degree that C. taylori, de Nicéville, differs from C. ranson- netii, Felder. The insect is easily captured as it is resting on a leat, stone, &c., near the ground; it is fond of shade. Both forms have been bred plentifully by us. Larva.—Head nearly round from front view, thick through, and with a slight linear depression down the centre of the face; surface finely rugose, clothed with very short, white, star-shaped hairs mixed with a few longer red hairs about the mouth. Posterior half of seg- ment 2 is pure white; anal end thickened, squarish at extremity; surface of body clothed with short, white hairs, similar to those on the head; colour of body dark greenish-chocolate, becoming lighter when the larva is about to pupate ; abdomen bluish. Feeds on Xylia THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 33 dolabriformis, Benth., Grewia microcos, L., and many other plants of different orders. Length 19 mm. Pupa.—Head with a knob-like process between the eyes pointing forwards and constricted at the base, covered with short, red bristles ; surface finely rugose, covered with minute red hairs, spiracular expansion of segment 2 prominent, ear-like, facing forwards, spongy- looking, golden in colour. Pupa stout, constricted somewhat in centre, of a dark red-brown colour, strongly glazed. Length 15:5 mm. Habits—The habits of the larva in its first stages are similar to the habits of the young larve of the last two species ; in the form of making the last cell, however, it differs; the cell is formed by cutting right across the leaf from edge to edge about the middle and at right angles to the midrib, which is also partially gnawed through, so that the piece thus separated dies and withers ; one side of the part so separated is turned over on to the top of the other and diagonally across it ; the cell is thickly lined with silk, so that it is difficult to tear it ; an aperture is left in front where the midrib has been gnawed through. The larva is of slow growth, and is very much attacked by: spiders, birds, wasps, &c., notwithstanding its strong retreat; it is caught when out feeding. 190. Coladenia dan, Fabricius. This butterfly, very local in this district, occurs only along the banks of rivers above the ghats, and ia the deep river valleys away from the coast below the ghats ; we have seen it in places’ both in Supa and Karwar ; it is fond of shade, and rests on the surface of leaves near the ground like the last, which it indeed resembles in every way: it is found in thicker jungle than the last. We have bred about a dozen specimens ; it varies much in size. Larva.—tThe larva of this species, the foregoing species, and the next following two species, are only distinguishable with difficulty ; that of C, tissa, Moore, being the largest, the other three much of a size and a good deal smaller than that of C. tissa, The larva of C. dan is spindle-shaped ; has a white collar to segment 2; head round from front view, shallowly bi-lobed, covered with minute semi- adpressed, white, transparent hairs in bunches ; the head is a good deal larger than segment 2, about equal in diameter to segment 3. The: last segment is rounded. The surface of the body is covered 5 34 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. with minute, colourless, star-topped hairs and is minutely punctured ; anal margin with eight longish simple hairs and a few branched hairs. Colour is black brown as to head ; the body is greenish-chocolate. Pupa.—tThe pupa is identical with that of S. dasahare, except that the spiracular expansions are longly semi-circular, thickened at apex, and rugose ; the proboscis is free from the end of the wings to the centre of segment 9 only. Colour of pupa isa dirty greenish-white. Size as in S. dahasara. Habits.—The habits of the larva are exactly similar to those of the larvee of the genus Sarangesa ; the cells formed are similar, and the manner of pupation also, 191. Sarangesa purendra, Moore. (Plate VII, Fig. 4.) The imago is similar in habits to C. dan, Fabricius. We have found many in Karwar during the monsoon months, settling on the ground and on leaves in shady places. We have bred many, but only below the ghats and in the monsoon. Larva—tThe larva is exactly similar to that of C. dan, except that in this species the collar is rosy-white, and the colour of the body a dark, blackish olive-green. Length 17 mm. Pupa.—Head large, quadrate, with a rounded boss between the eyes, which is clothed with fine, erect, red hairs curved at the points; surface of body clothed with reddish, short, curved-topped hairs, shorter than those on the head ; segments 1 and 2 finely rugose ; rest of pupa shiny and smooth. Proboscis free from end of wings and reaching end of body (to the cremaster). Length 14 mm. Habits—Kigg laid anywhere on leaf or stalk ; the larva on emerg- ing immediately makes a cell by turning over a triangular piece from the edge of the leaf on to the upperside, choosing a small young leaf. Tn the last two stages the larva makes a cell out of two or three leaves, which it binds together strongly with silk, often incorporating a dead leaf, and covers the inside of the cell laxly with silk ; it pupates in the cell. Larva feeds on Blepharis asperrima. 192. Sarangesa dasahara, Moore. This insect is like the last in habits; the imago differs from typical S. dasahara in having a white, instead of a dark, fringe (we have been informed by Captam Watson, wko has seen our specimens), THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 35 Our specimens were bred above the ghats in the dry-season only ; they are much lighter in colour than the last insect. Larva.—The larva is not distinguishable from that of S. purendra, Moore, except by its colour, which is greenish-chocolate, and by the shape of the head, which is more broadly lobed ; it is more narrowly lobed, however, than the head of the larva of C. dan, Fabricius. Same size as last. Pupa.—fSame as that of S. purendra; the spiracular expansions of segment 2 are semi-circular in shape, slightly raised from thorax and face forwards. Body covered with fine, white, simple hairs. Colour a transparent emerald-green. Size the same as that of S. purendra. Habits——Are the same as those of the last two. The larva feeds on an acanthaceous plant allied to Lepidagathis, growing in moist places generally. The larva of this and the last two species rest in their cells with the head turned round on the side. Group C. The imagos of this group rest with their wings wide open as those of Group B, and generally on the underside of the leaves. They are all shade-loving insects, and have a very rapid jerky flight, never sustained for any length of time. ‘The typical larva is stout, thickest at the fourth and fifth segments and somewhat narrow at the anal end, the extremity being flattened and rounded ; the head is large, very strongly bi-lobed, the lobes being separated by a deep triangular sinus on the vertex ; surface of the head rugose ; jaws strong. The colour of the larva is variable, being brown, green or white, according to the species. The larva lies closely applied to the surface of the leaf, with its head turned round on its side when at rest, like that of the foregoing group ; it raises its head and opens its mandibles when disturbed, as if to bite ; it makes a cell by turning over a triangular piece of leaf from the edge on te the upperside, fixing laxly with silk round the edges, and lying with its back towards the leaf-surface on the underside of the piece turned over ; it sometimes scollops the edge of the piece turned over. The pupa is stoutish, with a slightly humped thorax and slight constriction, a short snout to the front of the head between the eyes; in some cases, there is a spiracular expan- sion to segment 2. The pupa is attached by the tail and by a body- 36 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, Xf. band. Tapena thwaitesi, Moore, has been placed in this group, as it evidently is most intimately related to the imagos of the group ; its larva is somewhat abnormal in the shape of the head, and the pupa in not having spiracular expansions to segment 2. 193. Tapena thwartest, Moore. (Plate VIII, Fig. 5.) The imago is common throughout the damper parts of the district in the cold weather and rains ; it is of fast flight, but rests often on the upperside of leaves generally, though we have seen it also pitch on the under surface of leaves in the same way that all the other members of the group do. We have bred many. Specimens bred in the wet months are darker than those bred in the dry ones. Larva.—Head with lobes rounded on the vertex ; less prominent than in any other of the group, being shallowly, though broadly in- dented ; very thin through ; of a yellow colour more or less suffused with dark brown on the upper part, with a marginal red line. Body pure opaque white tinged with blue. Length 22 mm. Pupa.—tThe pupa is square in front, with a short beak between the eyes, and no spiracular expansions to segment 2. The colour is greenish-white, waxy-looking. Length 17 mm. Habits—The imago lays many eggs on the young shoots of the plant, but always singly. The young larva on emerging proceeds at once to make a cell by turning over a piece of the edge of a leaf on to the top and scollops the edge of the cell. It pupates in the cell; the pupavis attached by the tail and by a body-band. The larva feeds on Dalbergia latifolia, D. tamarindifolia and D. volubilis. 194. Celenorrhinus leucocera, Kollar. The insect is fairly common both below and above the ghats where there is heavy jungle ; it rests on the undersides of leaves; it is very easily captured. We have bred quantities of it. Larva.—Head very large, dark brown, nearly black, square from front view, with a deep triangular broad indentation on the vertex, rugose as to surface ; thick in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the larva. Body more or less cylindrical, very fat and flanged some- what on the margin, thickest towards the centre ; anal end narrowish, rounded at extremity. Colour dark indigo-green; segmental margins yellowish, and a dark pulsating dorsal line ; a thin white marginal line. Length 28 mm, THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 37 Pupa.—Head large, quadrate; eyes prominent, witha short, conical obtuse beak; constriction slight ; section of abdomen circular ; at segment 7 the pupa is broadest; shape longish ; surface corrugated finely, slightly and shortly red-haired ; spiracular expansions of segment 2 large, raised, oblong, facing forwards, spongy-looking and golden in colour ;_ proboscis reaches beyond the cremaster, being _ free from the end of the wing cases. The colour is a rich golden- brown and shiny. Length 23 mm. FTabits—The habits of the larva are those given for the group, except that it does not scollop the edge of its cell. The pupa is attached by the tail and by a body-band. The larva feeds on a plant of the acanthaceous genus Eranthemum, 195. Celenorrhinus ambareesa, Moore. (Plate VIII, Fig. 1.) Is found much in the same localities as the last, but often visits the verandahs of bungalows ; it haunts places where the shade is deep amongst rocks in the jungles, and may be caught at flowers in the early morning round the open spaces in the forest, We have bred many from larve obtained with larve of the next species. Larva.—Head similar to the last in colour and shape. Segment 2 somewhat swollen and shiny. Shape of body the same as the forego- ing. Colour of larva when young is black (C. leucocera, Kollar, and C. fusca, Hampson, are green) but is dark brown olive-green when full grown, with a pair of lateral short white lines to each segment, a dark dorsal pulsating line, and a white marginal line. Length 32 mm. Pupa.—tThe chrysalis of this species is nearly exactly the same as that of the last in every particular, the proboscis being produced to the same length, &c. Length 25 mm. Habits.—The habits are the same as for the last ; the larva does not scollop the edge of its cell, Feeds on Strobilanthes callosus, Nees. 196. Celenorrhinus fusca, Hampson. (Plate VIII, Fig. 2.) Much commoner than either of the last two species in the imago state ; it swarms in the monsoon on the tops of the hills round Karwar, where the “ karwi,” the food-plant of its larva, is common ; it is to be met with everywhere above the ghats in the dry-season. We have bred great numbers of it. It rests on the underside of leaves in thick jungle. 38 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. Larva.—Is the same as the last in shape. Colour green, with a light dorsal line, and a whitish marginal line ; otherwise the body is ‘unmarked ; the head is always yellow or brown-yellow, never being as in the two foregoing species C. leucocera, Kollar, and C. ambareesa, Moore. Length 32 mm. Pupa—tThe same as the pupa of C. ambareesa in shape, but stouter, shorter, and more like that of Z. attécus, Fabricius, and green in colour instead of brown. Pupates in its cell with tail suspension and body-band. Length 23 mm. | Habits.—The habits are those of the fone species ; the food- plant of the larva is also the same, z.e., Strobilanthes callosus, Nees. 197. Tagiades atticus, Fabricius. The insect is very common throughout the district, more particu- larly, however, in the dense jungle tracts ; it can be seen any time flying about in shady places at a great pace, low down. We have bred many at all seasons. Larva.—Head same shape as that of the last, yellow-red in colour : shape of body also the same as the last ; colour indigo-green, speckled with yellow dorsally. Length 28 mm. Pupa—Head quadrate, with a strong conical beak ; abdomen stout, circular in transverse section ; cremaster triangular, curved, strong ; constriction slight ; surface smooth, pitted finely. No prominent spiracular expansions on segment 2. Colour transparent, light olive-green ; margin of dorsal segment edged with brown; two white, enamel-like, triangular marks laterally on the wing-case line. Length 24 mm. Habits—Are the same as for the foregoing species of the group ; the larva scollops the edge of its cell. The larva of this as well as that of the preceding and succeeding species live sometimes in a state akin to hibernation; we have noticed them lying in the same place for nearly two months, without eating, prior to pupating ; this happens generally in the cold weather. The larva of T. atticus feeds on Smilax macrophylla, See Journal Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V, p. 878, No. 91, pl. F, Figs. 5, larva ; 5a, pupa (1890). 198. Tagiades obscurus, Mabille. This butterfly is scarcer than the last throughout the district, though by no means uncommon in Karwa in the months of September THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 39 and October. We have generally found it at flowers; it is fonder of thick jungle than the last species; like the last, it rests on the under- side of leaves. We have bred a fair number. Larva.—ts not to be distinguished from that of T. atéécus, Fabricius, except by the colour of the head, which is here black, and hy the front segments of the body being suffused with rose colour. The larva is .somewhat larger than that of 7. attécus. Pupa.—the pupa, though larger, is proportionately slighter than that of the foregoing ; the surface is covered with minute brown pit- tings and very minute hairs. Spiracular expansion of segment 2 is small, slightly swollen, with a spongy-looking surface, facing slightly backwards. Colour a light greenish-yellow. A little larger than that of 7. atticus all round, and a good deal longer comparatively. Habits —The larva scollops the edge of its cell ; occasionally hibernates ; resembles.in habits the last species ; feeds on Dioscorea pentaphylla. | Grover D. This group consists of a single species. The larva makes a cell by gnawing through the midrib half-way up the leaf, separating the top half from the basal half by eating 2 line across ; the latter half is joined by the edges and withers, hardening into a perfectly cylindrical curved cell; this cell is lined inside thickly with silk, drawn under the green half and fastened there, being thus protected from wet; the mouth of the cell is at the point where the midrib has been gnawed through. The young larva makes a tight and cylindrical cell at the edge of the leaf by turning over an oblong piece on to the top ; the larva is pecaliar in being broadest at the twelith segment ; the head _ is heart- shaped, the vertex being the narrow side, and is slightly bi-lobed, very finely velute, and chocolate-brown in colour, larger than segment 2. Body cylindrical, depressed at the last 4 segments, squarish at the extremity; segment 2 has a broad, shiny, red-brown collar. Surface covered with small, light, erect hairs. Colour light green, yellow- ish on segments 3 and 4 ; posterior segments yellowish ; a dorsal brown line on segments 11 to end; a greendorsal line on segments 2 to 10 ; the margins of segments 11, 12,13 are marked with brown. Length 25 mm. Pupa.—tThe pupa has the head rounded in front, with a semi- circularly rounded boss, which is flattened above and below between the 409 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. .X]. eyes, and covered with long, stiff, erect, white hairs ; on the vertex of the head is a subdorsal sharp point covered with long adpressed hairs ; eyes prominent, with long erect hairs on hinder margin, Anal segment with a subdorsal tuft of long erect hairs. Spiracular expansion of segment 2 raised, oval, moderately large, and brown in colour ; thorax stout, abdomen gradually decreasing in diameter to the end; cremaster stout, square, square at the extremity, set with strong, red, hooked _ hairs all round the margin ; surface of body covered with small, stiff, erect hairs ; colour light olive-green ; shape that of Telicota. Length 14mm. Fixed by the tail only. The imago at rest folds the wings over the back. 199. Cupitha purreea, Moore. We bred this insect on Zerminalia paniculata from the larva long before we ever saw one on the wing ; it has been caught twice latterly in Karwar atthe end of the monsoon, but these were the only tae occasions it has ever been seen below the ghats near the sea coast. In the cold season we have bred many above the ghats as well as in the valley of the Kalinaddi river, thirty miles from the coast, We have only once seen the butterfly in the cold weather in what might be called its wild state, and then it had only just emerged from the pupa. It is probably a dusk, if not a night, flier. It inhabits the densest jungles, generally near water. The larva feeds also on Yerminalia belerica and Combretum ovalifolzum. DIVISION II. Group A. This group contains two insects, the imagos of which at rest fold their wings over their back ; the butterflies are both dusk-fliers, only appearing in the morning and evening ; they bave a rapid flight, and are fond of flowers. The larvee are somewhat dissimilar, one having a rounder head than the other ; the one being broadest at the twelfth segment, the other more or less cylindrical and narrowest at the neck (segment 2); the one rough of surface, the other smooth. The pupe are similar in that they are both longish, not particularly stout, and have the thorax humped ; they have a moderate constriction dorsally, the shoulders being the broadest part of the body, the apex of the thorax the highest ; the transverse section of thorax is circular, THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 41 oval at the sixth segment to end ; there is no spiracular expansion ; the proboscis is free after the end of the wings ; the head is broad, with a boss between the eyes; the eyes are very prominent, the pupa is fixed only by the tail and rattles about in the cell when disturbed. The egg of Matapa aria, Moore, is dome-shaped and bears long hairs. The larva makes a cell in its first stages in the same way as does C. purreea, Moore. In the last three stages the cell is made of a leaf spirally rolled into a cylindrical tube, the leaf being cut across near the base so as to allow the tube to hang by a small strip ; the inside of the cell is lined with silk disposed in short, thick, horizontal lines. With this group we commence on the insects feeding on monocoty- Jedonous plants. 200. Matapa aria, Moore. This insect, remarkable for its bright red eyes, is plentiful at all seasons in the more densely forest-clad parts of the district. It appears in the early morning and about twilight in the evening, flying about flowers, and settling low down on leaves, &c., in shady places. It is easily captured, though it generally spoils itself by fluttering in the net. We have bred many specimens at all seasons, and have noticed that those bred in the dry-season are much lighter in colour than those bred in the monsoon months. Larva.—Head only a little higher than broad; somewhat heart- shaped, but rather depressed on the vertex, which is the narrowest part; itis thick in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the larva, larger a good deal than segment 2, slightly bi-lobed, reddish-yellow in colour. Body more or less cylindrical, though somewhat depressed, being highest at the twelfth segment and also broadest. Anal segment rounded at the end, slightly sloping; spiracles black ; colour of the body pure, opaque white, with a bluish tinge, strongest on segments 2,8, and 4 ; under parts bluish-white. A narrow black collar near the hind margin of segment 2, Length 32 mm. Pupa.—As in the description of the group; shoulders slightly angulated; a low, transverse, flattened ridge, yellow in colour, across the top of the thorax; abdomen a good deal depressed, oval in transverse section ; constricted between the segments ; cremaster square, curved, thin; thorax humped strongly. Length 28 mm. 6 42 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI. - Habits—The method of making the cell, &c., is described in the group. The egg is laid on the underside of a Jeaf near the point ; the young larva is red in colour; the larva feeds on bamboos, principally on Teinostachyum. See Journal, Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V, No. 85, pl. F., figs. 3, larva; 3a, pupa (1890). 201. Gangara thyrsis, Fabricius. This is our largest skipper. It is only seen flying at dusk, resting on tree-trunks, rocks, and on the underside of leaves in the darkest places in the jungle during the hours of sunlight. It comes to flowers in the dusk, but. is very rapid on the wing and is very difficult to capture ; the larva is, however, abundant all over the district, and we have bred the butterfly in numbers. Larva.—Head large, much higher than broad, heart-shaped, dark brown in colour, the colour being however hidden by a _ white cerous secretion which covers all but the clypeus; slightly hairy on the sides and about the jaws; body cylindrical, broadest about seoment 5; anal end high, sloping slightly, and broadly rounded at extremity ; surface of body slightly hairy, with light, erect, shortish hairs, especially laterally ; colour of body rosy-brown dor- sally, excepting on segments 2 and 3, which are:pale sea-green like the sides ; the larva exudes a white excretion from the surface which hides the green colour and only allows the brown to appear in - patches; this excretion takes the form of long feathery threads arranged in bunches dorsaily, being most dense on the sides of the first three seements. Length 62 mm. Pupa—Hyes very prominent; thorax moderately humped ; wings very slightly expanded behind the shoulders ; section of abdomen nearly circular ; proboscis nearly half as long again as the total length of the pupa; segment 12 quite square at the end, with a tooth at each corner, segment 13 appearing as a thin oval piece tacked on behind; cremaster oblong, stout, curved, not one- third the breadth of segment 12; the pupa is broadest at the shoulders and highest at the apex of the thorax ;is fixed only by the tail and rattles against the sides of the cell when disturbed, making a creaking noise by rubbing the abdominal segments to- gether at the margins. The inside of the cell is covered thickly with white powder. Length 40 mm. THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 43 Habits.—The habits are those given for the group ; the larva lies with its head turned round on its side, in which it differs from that of M. aria, Moore. The larva feeds on Cocos nucifera, L., Calamus rotang, L., and Caryota urens, L. Group B. Tha group is composed of two species, the one a Padraona, the other lambria salsala, Moore. The imago is similar to the imago of the succeeding group; it keeps its wings closed over its back when at resé, but, unlike that of the next group, does not like the strong sunlight, but prefers to keep to the underwood in the jungles ; the butterflies are never found in the open country ; they fly quickly in curves, and are difficult to see on the wing, but rest often, when they are easily caught ; they are generally seen chasing each other. The - larva is cylindrical, the last segment rounded at the extremity and somewhat depressed, the head being triangular in shape seen from in front; the colour is green. The pupa is stout, circular in transverse section, except at the head, where it is oval; the head is broad as the eyes are prominent; constriction dorsal, slight ; thorax slightly humped ; spiracular expansions of segment 2 prominent: is affixed ; P cla 3 by the tail only, and covered with a white powder. The cellis made of a leaf folded into a cylindrical tube by joining the two edges longitudinally; it is very strongly made. 202. Padraona dara, Kollar. The butterfly is fairly common throughout the district ; it has been, noticed everywhere and at all seasons. We have bred many in the rains and in the cold weather. Larva.—As given for the group ; head dark brown or black with a white marginal band not meeting on the vertex and ending at the jaws ; segment 2 with a black dorsal collar; colour transparent- looking green, witha darkish, not very conspicuous, dorsal line ; abdomen light green; anal segment with short, light, fine hairs round the margin. Length 25 mm. _Pupa.—tHead slightly bowed, otherwise as for the group ; last “segment is square at the extremity ; cremaster short, strong, ending square, with two strong converging ridges on the dorsum which end each ina sharp, turned-up, short point behind ; spiracular expan- sions of segment 2, large, ear-like, oval, facing forwards, red-brown 44 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, in colour, with a spongy-looking surface ; proboscis produced free to hinder margin of segment 9 ; surface finely rugose, with short hairs from segment 8 to end of dorsum; some longish, stiff hairs on front of the head and round the eyes ; colour light green, strongly suffused with red-brown, especially on the top of segments 1 to 3. Habits —The larva makes a cell as above described for the group, and eats the leaf above at the base, leaving the cell attached by the midrib to the stalk ; often, finally, the cell falls to the ground, where the larva pupates inside it. The larva feeds on bamboos, chiefly on Teinostachyum, the egg being laid always on a leaf near the ground. 203. Iambrix salsala, Moore. (Plate VIII, Fig. 9.) The butterfly is very common in this district, more especially during the latter part of the rains, in the months of September, October and November; it is never, however, scarce ; it frequents shady places in the thick, damp jungles, and keeps generally near the ground. We have bred the insect often. Larva.—Head as in the group; colour of head dirty whitish-yellow with a red-brown marginal band meeting the opposite one on the vertex ; an impressed brown line from the vertex to the apex of the clypeus, and ashort brown line parallel to this on each side of it running from the centre of the clypeus to half-way up the face ; clypeus light brown, with a dark brown line from the apex io the base ; jaws dark brown ; shape of body as in the group ; colour of body is a watery-looking green, on the sides yellow, dorsally spotted minutely with green ; a dorsal and subdorsal dark green line ; surface oily-looking, The hinder edge-of the last segment somewhat shortly hairy. Length 275 mm. Pupa.—Similar to the last ; cremaster shortly triangular, pointed, with a single bunch of hooked hairs at extremity ; spiracular ex- pansions of segment 2 raised slightly, semi-circular, facing forwards ; dark brown in colour ; proboscis produced to the end of segment 9 ; surface slightly and shortly hairy. Length 15 mm. Habits—The egg is laid on the upperside of a blade of grass or on a bamboo leaf near the ground ; it is nearly smooth to the eye, dome- shaped, rather higher than broad, and of a dark red colour. The larva makes a more or less lax cellat first, but finally a very tight one by joining the leaf by its edges longitudinally ; the larva will often lie on THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 45 the open surface of a leaf ; the pupa is generally formed inside the cell 3 it is covered with a white powder. The larva feeds on Bambusa _ arundinacece, or on grasses—generally broad-leafed coarsish grasses. Group C. The imagos of this group are very similar to those of the last in shape ; they keep their wings folded over the back when at rest; often, when basking in the sun, they open the lower wings; they are all fond of bright sunlight and are found basking ; they are of very rapid flight, which flight is sustained frequently for along time; they are alk easily captured at flowers or when basking. The larva is, as in the last group, cylindrical, with a flattened anal segment somewhat rounded at the extremity ; the head is, however, here more or less round when looked at from in front and slightly bi-lobed. The colour of the larva is some shade of green without transverse markings of any sort, with one exception, namely, H. honore?, de Nicéville, which has the larva coloured red, yellow, and white. The pupa is similar in form to that of the last group, being circular in transverse section, having large expansions to the spiracles of segment 2, being unmarked by spots, and fixed only by the tail in the cell (AZ. mooret, Watson, is an exception in the latter respect, in that it is fixed neither by the tail nor by a body-band, but lies quite free in the cell). The larva changes in the cell to the pupa; and feeds on bamboos and grasses ; it makes its cell in a cylindrical shape by folding a leaf, generally lengthways, but H. moored folds the leaf transversely. 204, Baoris bada, Moore. The insect is the commonest butterfly in the district, swarming together with the Al. subochracea, Moore, around and in every rice- field at all seasons of the year when the rice is green, and around flowers in the rains; it is quick of flight, but is easily caught when feeding on flowers. The larva is to be had in the rains in hundreds in the rice-fields. We have bred great numbers of it. Larva.—As in the description of the group; segment 12 slightly swollen laterally round the spiracles ; anal segment somewhat narrow- looking in consequence, sloping and applied close to the leaf, head rough, on the surface finely and sparsely hairy, shiny, light yellow- green in colour suffused with brown, a black brown marginal band of varying width, a central band of the same colour splitting along the 46 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1. sides of the clypeus;and a line on each side’ of the central band parallel to it reaching half-way up the face; segment 2 thickened in the centre, with a thin dorsal black collar from spiracle to spiracle; colour of body is greyish-green, with conspicuous brown spiracles; body shortly hairy round the margin, and covered with minute setiferous tubercles, the setee being also minute. Length 32°5 mm. Pupa.—As .in the description of the group ; constriction nearly nil ; proboscis free beyond the wings to the centre of segment 10; spiracular expansions of segment 2 large, facing forwards, slightly raised, brown; colour of pupa very light, watery yellow-green, the abdomen being a dirty whitish-yellow, covered with white powder in the cell. Itis stout. Length 20 mm. Habits —The larva makes an extremely tight cell of several blades, clothing it inside so densely with silk that it is difficult to tear open ; the cell is thickly powdered inside ; it is cylindrical ; the final cell in which the change to pupa takes place is made generally low down near the stem of the plant. The larva feeds upon Oriza sativa (rice) and on certain grasses. 205. Swastus gremius, Fabricius. This skipper cannot be said to be rare at any season or in any part of the district, but is not met with as often as certain other butterflies. Tt has a rapid flight and is difficult to capture on the wing. We have bred nearly all our specimens. Larva.—As in the description of group; head round, flattish, slightly bi-loked ; jaws strong and large ; colour whitish, with a marginal brown band and a central one of the same colour separating along the sides of the clypeus, a brown mark above the jaws, and a large brown ova! patch in the centre of each lobe ; body-colour grey- green with many minute green spots ; spiracles pure black ; head is large for the body ; anal segment flattened, rounded at the extremity. Length 30 mm. Pupa.—Not very stout ; eyes prominent ; thorax slightly humped; constriction slight; spiracular expansions of segment 2 large, ear- shaped, brown in colour; colour green, with head and abdomen slightly yellowish ; pupa covered with a white powder in the cell. Length 16 mm. THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 47 * Habits —The larva makes a strong cylindrical cell of a leaf longi- tudinally folded, which it clothes densely with silk, rendering it difficult to tear open; the cell is thickly covered with white powder inside. It feeds on palms (Caryota, Cocos, Calamus, &c.) 206. LEsma submaculata, Staudinger, This insect, very like the last to look at in the imago, is only known to exist in the district from the fact that we caught a single specimen a few years ago in the south. The exact locality we do not know, as we took the butterfly to be a S. gremius, Fabricius, until it was examined during the mensoon. The specimen was sent to Mr. de Nicéville for identification and pronounced by him to be J. sub- maculata, a species, he informs us, that has never yet been taken in India, though known to oceur in the Phillipine Islands and Sumatra, It is placed here in this group as it is so like the foregoing in general facies. The larva is unknown to us. 207. Baoris philotas, de Nicéville. We know little about this small skipper. We have bred two specimens of it from larvee feeding on grass or rice, both of which larvee we took to be Baoris bada, Moore; it is possible that there may have been a larva slightly differing from those of the last-named species among the crowd we had, but we did not notice it if this was the case. One specimen was bred in the monsoon below the ghats, the other in the dry weather above the ghats. One specimen was sent to Mr. de Nicéville, who identified it for us. May it not be possible that Baoris philotas is only a starved individual of B. dada ? The question would be worth investigating. B. dada is easily reared from the ege in a cage in which it is only necessary to plant some rice and, after it has sprouted, to introduce a female P. bada ; a few larvee can be put apart and brought up on shortallowance after the first three moulis, This insect has been placed in this group, as we think it very similar to Baoris bada, 208. EHalpe moorez, Watson. This insect is very common all over the district at all times of the year. It is fond of water and basks in the sun on leaves ; it may be easily caught when drinking and basking, but is of extremely rapid flight and difficult to capture on the wing. We have reared many, both in the monsoon and in the dry weather, 48 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, Larva.—As in the description of the group; head yellow-brown with black mandibles; eyes black; a red-brown central band down the face, and a red-brown crescent-shaped mark in centre of each lobe ; the colour may vary from yellow-brown to brown-black, but is always somewhat lighter on the vertex of each lobe. The dark head is characteristic of the wet months, the light of the dry season; body covered with short, darkish, erect hairs ; longish hairs round the margin; colour of the body is a watery dirty dark green, Length 31:25 mm. Pupa.—As described for the group ; slight boss between the eyes, surmounted by four fan-shaped tufts of dense bristles ; eyes prominent, with short erect hairs ; head bowed slightly ; segments 11 to 13 with tufts of hairs directed backwards on their lateral margins ; cremaster short and square, with a short tooth at each hinder corner, clothed along the margin and extensor ridges with longish, dense, red-brown hairs which are not hocked ; body covered with more or less erect, short, yellow hairs ; a lateral row of oval, flat, raised, dark brown, smooth tubercles ; another subspiracular row of similar tubercles ; also a ventral row; on segment 11 there are three tubercles arranged in a triangle; colour of thorax and wings green; of abdomen green-yellow; a green dorsal line ; hinder edge of cremaster and teeth dark brown. Length 16 mm. Habits.—This larva builds a cylindrical cell tightly closed, like the cell described for the group, until the last moult, when it forms a cell by doubling the leaf transversely across the middle bringing the point up to the stalk and joining the edges loosely with silk ; when about to pupate, it eats the leaf free at the stalk end, and the cell falls to the ground where the pupation takes place. The pupa is in no way fixed inside the cell. The larva feeds on bamboo. . 209. Halpe astigmata, Swinhoe. We have caught a single specimen of the butterfly in Supa, above the ghats, in the month of May, basking on a leaf in a very thick place ina nalla. It is the only specimen we have seen. 210. Halpe ceylonica, Moore. We have obtained a few specimens of this butterfly also at some time with the net, but took them to be slightly weathered individuals of H. moore?, Watson. THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 49 211. Halpe honore, de Nicéville. The imago is found throughout the district at all times of the year. It is not common anywhere. It has the same habits as T. bambuse, Moore. We have bred it at all seasons. Larva.—As in the description of the group: head light yeliow- brown with a round black spot at the top of each lobe. The colour of the body is as follows :—a dorsal green line, a subdorsal broad yellow band, a lateral rose-coloured band, broader than the subdorsal one and with just a shade of green in it, and a marginal white band ; the last segment is quite black and rough. The skin is somewhat transparent. Length 28 mm. Pupa.—Shape as in the group; on the front cf the head is a broad, heart-shaped overgrowth of the same thickness throughout, occupying the space between the eyes, rough and honey-combed on the surface ; immediately behind this overgrowth are two small similar overgrowths, oblong in shape, situated along the front margin of seg- ment 2 and separated by atriangular overgrowth; the front of the eyes is also rough and honey-combed, as well as a small spot at the anterior inferior corner of the eye and a smaller one on each side and contiguous to the maxilla. These overgrowths are all black- brown in colour ; the spiracular expansions of segments 2 are large, nearly circular, face forwards, and have a transverse depression in the centre ; they are black-brown in colour. On segment 2 is a black, narrow, lateral triangular mark reaching on to the thorax; cremaster curved, provided with many irregular hooklets on its dorsal surface and around its edges; the dorsal ridges of the cremaster are. strong and are provided with three teeth pointing hackwards along their length ; colour of pupa a waxy-looking white with a slight yellow tinge ; cremaster brown. Length 14 mm. Habits.—Larva generally incorporates a few dead leaves in its cylindrical cell ; the cell is coated inside with steps of silk which are disposed irregularly ; pupa fixed by the tail only; the larva feeds on bamboo, and is generally found on bamboo-clumps in: which there are a lot of dead yellow leaves. 212. Halpe hyrtacus, de Nicéville. This insect was caught in the valley of the Kalinaddi river in the ghats, for the first time, a short time ago, in the early morning, at the 7 50 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf. flowers of Kydza calycina ; the larva was obtained shortly afterwards in the same locality. It is a new species, named from a single speci- men obtained quite lately in another district by Mr. de Nicéville, to whom we forwarded some specimens bred by us, which he kindly identified. The insect is very similar in its flight to H. moorei, Watson, but seems to frequent the neighbourhood of water to a greater degree than the latter. It is not a common insect in this dis- trict, and seems to be extremely local, frequenting the bamboo jungles in the evergreen portions of the district on the edge of the ghats. Larva.—Head round, slightly indented on vertex; face convex; surface rugose; finely hairy all over; the hairs being quite apparent to the naked eye ; clypeus and about the jaws very dark brown; margin and hinder part also dark brown ; the rest dirty yellow, with a broad, central, dark brown, longitudinal band ; shape of body as in the group; the anal segment covered all over with reddish-brown star-shaped spots, from each of which springs a short seta ; surface of body covered with fine, short, erect, colourless hairs, which are longest on the anal — margin ; colour of larva isa watery greenish dirty yellow, with a brown tinge on the hinder segments ; a dark green dorsal line. Length 37°5 mm. Pupa.—Head bowed, square in front, parallel-sided, broader trans- versely to length of pupa than long ; nearly as broad as is the thorax at the shoulders ; slightly bossed between the eyes; hairy m front and around the eyes, with erect, light, longish hairs ; segment 2 narrow, parallel-sided ; thorax only slightly humped; twice as high at the apex as segment 2; evenly convex, rounded at shoulders; section (transverse) of body is circular from shoulders to anal end ; cremaster shortish, triangular, rounded at extremity; perfectly flat: underneath, — with feebly developed dorsal extensor ridges, and a tuft of hooked hairs at upperside of rounded extremity ; proboscis does not extend free beyond the wings ; spiracular expansion of segment 2 large and kidney-shaped, with its edge slightly raised from the surface of the thorax, with a strainer-shaped central hollow and a rugose surface, facing forwards ; dark brown in colour, very conspicuous ; body- surface covered very densely with semi-erect, short, light hairs ; irregularly and finely rugose, coloar of pupa light dirty yellow tinged with brownish-red ; a lateral dark smudge along the side of the PRE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 51 thorax as well as some dark spots ; each of the abdominal segments from 6 to 12 has two rows of black spots transversely to body length across it. The pupa is stout and similar to that of Telccota bambuse, Moore. Length 22 mm. Habits—The larva builds a strong cylindrical cell, in which it lives like T. bambusee. The pupa is fixed only by the tail and is not covered with white powder ; is formed in the cell. 213. Telzcota bambusce, Moore. The butterfly is very common at all seasons throughout the district ; ‘it basks on bamboo leaves, &c., in the sun with its wings half open, when it is easily caught; it is an insect of very rapid flight. We have bred it at all seasons both above and below the ghats. Larva.—As in the group; head round and thick ; colour yellow, with a central dark red line down the face broadening out at the clypeus, and a black spot at the eyes; the colour may vary from this to a rich dark black-brown all over; last segment rounded and flattened at extremity; colour of body isa watery grass-green, yellow- ish at anterior margins of anterior segments. Length 34 mm. Pupa.—As in the group; spiracular expansions of segment 2 are large and ear-like, red-brown in colour; cremaster is a truncated triangle in shape, with a sharp tooth at each hinder corner, and set with spare bristles on the hinder margin ; the thorax is slightly com- pressed; the surface is covered with fine, red, short hairs ; the head is somewhat inclined. Colour is red-brown with greenish wing-cases. Length 19 mm. Habits.—The larva"makes a cylindrical cell as described for the group, lining it inside densely with silk; it pupates in the cell. The egg is laid on a young leaf, whereas that of H. honorei, de Nicéville, is laid on an old tough leaf. 214. Baracus septentrionum, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville. (Plate VIII, Fig. 11.) This butterfly and the next are very similar in habits, except that this one frequents places where the grass is high, and is often found in dense jungle ; it keeps to the tops of the hills around Karwar, and is never found at a lower level than 800 feet. It is plentiful where found, but is local. We have bred many. The insect has a slow, somewhat jerky flight and is always found near the ground. 52 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT. Larva.—Shape as in the group; head black, very perfectly round, with a finely reticulated surface ; finely and sparsely hairy, with very minute, more or less adpressed hairs; about the jaws the hairs are— longest; the head is large for the size of the body; last segment covered with dense, low, conical, brown tubercles; body covered with minute erect hairs. Colour is a watery dirty green. Length 25 mm. Habits.—The larva makes a cell as for the group at the point of a leaf, eating the substance of the leaf below the cell, towards the stalk, and leaving the midrib only. The pupa is suspended by the tail, and has a loose body-string; this body-string is black in colour. The larva feeds on a very long-leafed soft grass, 215. Taractrocera ceramas, Hewitson. This insect we for a long time mistook for what we called Ampittia coras, Cramer (—Taractrocera nicévillet, Watson). It is common below the ghats in the monsoon months ; it skips about amongst the small grasses in open places, on paths, and in the compounds of bungalows on the hills. We were a long time in finding the larva, which we obtained for the first time last monsoon. The butterfly is easily caught sunning itself on blades of grass with its wings half-open. Larva.—Head rounded; not very thick in the line of the longitudinal axis of the larva; face convex; surface rugose ; hairy about the jaws; green-white in colour, with the hinder margin black; a black band on the cheek reaching from the vertex to the base ; a broad central black line continued along the sides of the elypevs; another from the apex to the base of the clypeus, and a brown longitudinal streak in the centre of each lobe not reaching the vertex; segment 2 has a thin, black collar joining the two black spiracles; last segment flat, broadly rounded at the extremity 5 surface of body covered with minute, brown, setiferous tubercles ; margin shortly hairy. Colour of body grass-green. Length 16 mm. Pupa.—Shape as in the group ; head bowed, nearly as broad as ~ the shoulders; a slight constriction between segments 2 and 3 ; the pupa nearly the same breadth from the shoulders to segment 10 ; thorax slightly humped and somewhat compressed ; transverse section of abdomen absolutely cylindrical from segment 4 to segment 10; cremaster very short; a mere ledge, with a short triangular THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 53 tooth at each hinder corner ; the cremaster is slightly turned-up as in P. dara, Moore, and has in the centre of its hinder margin a dense single row of simple red hairs pointing straight backwards ; head rounded between the eyes, with an eliptical shield-like surface raised from the surface of the head between the eyes; spiractlar expansion of segment 2 large, raised, semi-circular, spongy-looking as to surface ; body covered with erect and semi-erect small red hairs; some erect longish hairs on the head and eyes; colour of pupais a watery- looking dirty cream ; cremaster, spiracular expansions, and front of head red-brown, Length 11°5 mm. Habits—The egg is laid on the underside of the leaf; the larva - makes a cylindrical cell, when small, at the side of a leaf ; when full- grown it makes a cell by folding a leaf longitudinally ; when about to pupate, it makes a cell at the root of the plant in which some dead leaves are ‘incorporated. All the larve obtained were taken when nearly full-grown in October ; they ceased feeding by the 25th of the month, remained in the larva state in the cell until the 12th of Febru- ary, when they commenced to pupate, all about the same time, the butterfly coming out in fifteen days’ time. The pupa lies free within the cell. The larva, when feeding, wanders somewhat ; when disturbed in its cell it will ran out and fall to the ground, where it will curl up. 216. Taractrocera mevius, Fabricius. We have captured some specimens of this little butterfly near Bhatkal, in the southern part of the district, near the sea-coast ; they were flying about on the road in the sun. We have never bred it. 217. Zographetus ogygia, Hewitson. A single specimen was caught on the hills near Karwar, in the monsoon, some years ago, by Mr. C. Hudson of the Indian Civil Service. This is the only specimen we have ever seen. 218. Hyarotis adrastus, Cramer. This butterfly is not uncommon in the southern parts of the district, but has not been caught in the north. Although a fair number of specimens have been caught, we do not know the food-plant of its larva, nor, consequently, the larva itself. It is an insect of rapid flight. It has been placed in this group as it was thought to be more closely related to the butterflies of this group than to those of _any other. 54 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1, Grovur D. All the imagos of this group and the next two groups rest with their wings closed over the back. They are, moreover, connected together by the similarity of the pupa, and the fact that the pupa is formed free on the surface of the leaf, attached by the tail and a body- band, instead of inside a cell. The larvee all feed on monocoty- ledonous plants. The butterflies of the group D are all fast-flying insects, generally fond of basking in the sun on leaves, and are all greedy flower-feeders, The larva has a head of a semi- eliptical shape, somewhat narrowed at the top, truncated at the base and slightly bi-lobed ; the body is cylindrical, somewhat depressed, thickest at segment 5, sloping at the last segment, with the extremity of the anal segment rounded broadly. The pupa is cylindrical, very slightly constricted dorsally only, behind thorax, produced generally into a long, sharp, conical snout in front (in Ampittia maro, Fabricius, there is an up-turned small conical point in front of each eye), the eyes being prominent ; the abdomen is tapering, and ends in a thin, long inore or less broadly triangular, curved cremaster; the proboscis (except in A. maro, Fabricius) is produced beyond the wings, and generally as far as the cremaster ; the colour is a bright watery-looking grass- green all over ; the surface is quite glabrous and shiny ; there are no spiracular expansions to segment 2 ; it is fastened by both the tail and a band. ‘The pupa is formed on the open surface of the leaf, either on the upperside or the underside (A. maro is again abnormal in that its pupa is formed on the stem of the grass or rice on which its larva feeds); the edges of the leaf may be slightly drawn together, but they are never made to meet, the pupa is quite exposed. The larva makes a, cell by joining the edges. of the leaf longitudinally, loosely (never tightly), but it as often as noi lives on the open surface of the leaf ; it feeds on grasses and bamboos. 219. Ampittia maro, Fabricius. (Plate VII, Fig. 10.) The butterfly is common throughout the district at all seasons; it is very abundant round rice-fields. Its flight is not very rapid, and +t rests often ; wherefore it is easily captured in the net; it is fond of basking with its wings half-open, We have bred many specimens in cages from the egg. ee ee ee THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 55 Larva.—As in the group; colour of head transparent-looking, dirty, yellow-white, with a green clypeus, a light brown stripe running down the centre of each lobe from the vertex to base, and another inside it and parallel to it; eyes black ; jaws black ; surface finely celled, covered with erect, short,-light hairs ; surface of body covered with minute, erect, white hairs ; segments 3 and 14 covered with brown setiferous tubercles ; anal margin with longer hairs than the rest; colour dark green, with a subdorsal yellowish band flanked by a whitish line ; two lateral and a marginal white line. Length 20 mm. Pupa.—Head square, convex on top; eyes prominent; between the eyes in front of the head are two conical excrescences which overhang the eyes somewhat, the two together having the appearance of a smail crescent, the horns of which point forwards ; proboscis not produced ; surface glabrous, shiny ; colour grass-green, with the markings of the larva apparent on abdomen. Length 16 mm. Habits—Larva lives absolutely in the open when full-grown. Pupa forms on the stems of grass, or rice, with its head downwards. The larva feeds on rice and grasses. , 220. Aéromachus indistinctus, Moore. This little skipper is extremely local in this district, but occurs in quantities where found ; such is our experience ; in the months of November and December we found it in the valley of the Kalinaddi, far away from the coast, in numbers ; in January there was hardly a specimen to be seen. The spot where we found it was a piece of marshy ground surrounded by dense jungle. It is a greedy flower- feeder ; flies low down near the ground among the grass and settles often; it is extremely difficult to see, being so small. We have noticed odd individuals now and again at different times of the year ; always in nalla beds and in thick jungle country ; we have bred two specimens; we possessed a very few specimens until we came across the lot mentioned above, when we obtained as many as we wished. Larva.—Very like that of the preceding species, A. maro, Fabricius ; head half-elliptic, higher than broad, finely hairy about the mouth ; colour green; jaws yellow ; colour whitish-green, with dark green showing through in small spots ; a dark dorsal line ; a white lateral distinct line ; anda submarginal, white, indistinct line. Length 19 mm. 56 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, -Pupa.—Head square ; eyes prominent, with a conical, parrot beak of moderate length ; thorax ending square behind ; shoulders rounded ; segment 5 has a small dorsal point under which the suspension-band passes, this point being directed forwards ; proboscis free to the end of segment 10; cremaster nearly parallel-sided, minutely hairy round the margin ; surface of pupa extremely minutely hairy under a lens; coloura dark watery-looking green, with a fine subdorsal and lateral white line and an obsolescent white spiracular line. Length 14 mm. Habits—Kigg laid anywhere on dead or green leaves, but nearly always on the underside ; larva makes a lax cell; when full-grown, the larva makes an open cell, lying on the underside of the leaf, where it changes to the pupa, fastening itself by the tail and a body-band ; the egg is very large for the size of the insect ; hemispherical in shape, somewhat depressed ; 18 thin low ridges from top to base ; white in colour ; the larva feeds on grasses, and generally on short grasses. 221. Padraona gola, Moore. (Plate VII, Fig. 5.) This butterfly is found in similar places to A. maro, Fabricius ; unlike A. maro, however, itis found also in the jungles among bushes ; it is very similar in habits to A. maro ; itis common throughout the district and at all seasons of the year ; the larva is one of the com- monest found on grass in the monsoon months in Karwar. We hava reared many. Larva.—As in the group ; head light-yellow, bordered narrowly with black, and having a thin black central line splitting along the edges of the clypeus down the face ; segment 2 swollen, narrow, shiny green ; surface of body very minutely hairy, the hairs being longer on the margin ; colour grass-green spotted all over with dark green, a dorsal dark green line, and a lateral and submarginal indis- tinct white line. Length 25 mm. Pupa.—As in the group ; the snout is shortish, slightly turned- up ; proboscis not produced beyond the wings ; colour watery-green, with the markings of the larva. Length 17 mm. Habits—Has the habits as described for the group ; larva sometimes makes a lax cell ; pupa always forms on the underside of a leaf, with the edges of the leaf just drawn towards each other by a few threads of silk ; the larva feeds on soft grasses. THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 57 222. Baoris conjuncta, Herrich-Schiaffer. Uncommon in the early rains below the ghats ; at the end of the rains, and throughout the cold season, though plentiful enough at times, it cannot be said to be common. The butterfly is fond of settling on the ground and on stones; it is a very fast flier, but generally returns to the same spot, like all the following species of this group, when disturbed ; it makes a very audible fluttering noise with its wings when flying ; it is most plentiful in the vicinity of water, This butterfly is perhaps better known in India as Parnara narrooa, Moore. _ Larva.—As in the group ; head white witha black line from the apex to the base of the clypeus ; a large round black spot near the top of each lobe and another near the base ; these spots may be coalescent and the face suffused with black in the lower portion in the monsoon specimens ; the colour of the body is white tinged witi blue and yellow, punctuated finely with dark green, and clothed with fine, erect, white, minute hairs. Length 50 mm. . Pupa.—aAs in the description of the group ; snout long, pointed ; proboscis produced to the end of the cremaster ; colour green, with a subdorsal and lateral white band. Length 36 mm. over all. ubits—As described for the group ; larva generally lives in a laxly closed cell ; egg dome-shaped, broadest just above the base, more or less smooth ; larva feeds on long grasses, also on Zea mais. 223. Baoris oceia, Hewitson. (Plate VII, Fig. 6.) This butterfly being so like the next, we did not distinguish it for a long time, and consequently did not know it existed in the district until we bred it. Since breeding it, however, and thereby he- coming aware of its existence, we have caught many males basking on bamboo leaves, in the beds of nallas, in shady places where liltle spots of sunshine came through, with Buorts canaraica, Moore, up till 9 o'clock in the morning and for a short time before sundown ; it retires when the sun is hot. We bred specimens below the ghats and above the ghats in the monsoon and in the dry weather ; the larva is always much ichneumoned. The butterfly always returns to the same leaf when disturbed ; can be caught between one’s finger and thumb when sit- ting ; and has a strong flight. The females, probably on account of their not being found basking, are difficult to obtain. 8 5§ JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. Larva.—Similar to the last ; head white, with a shiny black, broad border ; a broad shiny black line down the centre of the face splitting down the sides of the clypeus, and a curved black mark in the centre of each lobe ; all these marks are broader in the rains specimens than in the dry weather ones. Length 47 mm. Pupa.—tThe pupa is not distinguishable from the pupa of the pre- ceding in any particular. Habits —The same as for &. conjuncta, Herrich-Schaffer ; larva feeds on bamboo. 224. Baords kumara, Moore. A very common insect at all times and places in this district ; it basks like the last, but always on leaves, and is fond of flowers in the early morning; it is easily captured when basking as, if disturbed, it returns to the same leaf ; it has an extremely rapid flight. We have bred many specimens at all seasons and above and below the ghats, — Larva.—Very similar to the last, except that the head is somewhat smaller, light yellow in colour, with a dark line down the centre of the face; the head is suffused with black in the monsoon months. Length 27 mm. Pupa.—Not distinguishable from that of the last, Length 27-5 mm, Habits Larva makes a cell out of two or more leaves iaxly drawn together with a few threads, when full-grown ; feeds on bamboos, The transformations of this species have been figured in Journal, Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V, p. 370, No. 80, pl. F, Figs. 4, larva ; 4a, pupa (1890), as Parnara kumara. 225. Baoris plebeta, de Nicéville. Ts found throughout the district at all seasons in similar localities to B. kumara, Moore ; it is very similar to the last in appearance ; indeed so similar as to be difficult of separation as concerns the males; the female of this species is, however, greyish on the underside of the hind wing, whereas the female of the last is rusty-red ; the male of this is perhaps also more constantly rusty-red underneath than the male of B. kumara. Larva.—Very similar to the last, but has a broad black band round the head; a black line down the centre of the face splitting along the sides of the clypeus, the furcations reaching half-way down the cly- peus, where they are met by a brown line parallel to the central line, a ee Lee THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 59 which brown line runs up the face, but does not reach the vertex of the head; all these markings are obsolescent in some specimens; a black line down the centre of the clypeus; segment 12 is slightly broader than segment 11, being somewhat swollen at the spiracles. colour bluish opaque white all over, with a yellow tinge at the front margins of the anterior segments. Length 40 mm. Pupa.—As in the description of the group; the beak is slightly curved downwards ; has a blunt tip, and a small bit stuck on to the tip; colour is a very watery darkish green, with a double, broadish, white dorsal line ; proboscis reaches only to the hinder margin of seg- ment 9. Length 34 mm. over all. Habits—The same as for the last. The larva feeds on bamboo, 226. Baoris canaraica, Moore. This insect, of which we have never reared or discovered the larva, was unknown to us until last year, when we found it plentiful in the same localities as B. oceza, Hewetson ; it has the habits of this latter species in that it is only found basking in the early morning sun and just before sundown, but it frequents the borders of the open glades in the jungle, whereas 6. oceia prefers the small spaces under high trees where the ground is covered with weeds. Single specimens have been caught near Karwar on the coast. The females are extremely rare, as only the males bask ; it is a rapid flier. Group KH, This group is characterised by the insects having a larva with a triangular-shaped head when looked at from in front ; otherwise, the larva and pupa are the same asin the last group. The imagos rest with the wings closed over the back; are of rapid, short flight; are fond of flowers, and are found always settled near the ground. The larvee feed on rice and grasses, 227. Baoris colaca, Moore. (Plate VII, Fig. 7.) We have bred great numbers of this insect in Karwar in the monsoon ; it is the commonest of the grass-skippers in the larva state; it is so like others of the genus that we did not distinguish it after capture for a long time, much less did we recognise it as a distinct species on the wing ; the most probable reason for our never having obtained it with the net until quite lately Gn shady places in the big jungles above the ghats, not in Karwar) is that it is a 60 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. dusk flier, for, since we became acquainted with B. colaca through — breeding, we have caught pretty nearly everything resembling it, but all these captures turned out to be other species. Larva.—Head dark chocolate, nearly black, with a white marginal band and a green clypeus ; for some distance round the clypeus the . face is marbled with greenish ; such is the rains coloration ; in the dry weather, and indeed sometimes in the rains, the black is obsoles- cent ; colour of body biuish-white, or greenish-white, with a sub- dorsal anda lateral white stripe; surface clothed with very short, erect hairs, longest at the margins of the body. Length 30 mm. Pupa.—As in the description of the group; colour green, with white longitudinal lines ; proboscis aie to the posterior margin of segment 12. Habiis—The habits of the larva of B. colaca are the same as the habits of the larvee of the preceding group; it makes a lax cell; it pupates on the underside of a leaf, drawing the edges somewhat together. The larva feeds on soft, small grasses, 228. Baoris subochracea, Moore. We have confounded this species and B. mathias, Fabricius, up to a few months back, when Captain HE. Y. Watson drew our attention tothe difference. In our former paper we called it Chapra mathias. In company with the next species B. subochracea is found throughout the district, around rice-fields and flowers in the more open parts, commonly; it isa fast flier; is fond of the sunlight, and may be caught at flowers. We have bred many. Larva—As in the group; head large, light green, with a red marginal band bordered on both sides by white, and a central darkish - mark splitting down both sides of the clypeus; colour of body grass- green with a yellow tinge ; a dark dorsal line, a faint yellow lateral line, anda marginal white line ; stouter than the larva of 6. colaea. Length 34 mm. Pupa.—Same as for the group ; colour grass-green, slightly glauc- ous ; a dark dersal line, an indistinct subdorsal band, and a white lateral band. Length 25 mm. Habits. —Larva lives on the open surface of a leaf, and the pupa is often formed on the top surface of the leaf; the larva feeds on rice and grasses. THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 61 229, Baoris mathias, Fabricius. We have bred a few of this butterfly from larve which we ea to be the larvee of B. subochracea, Moore, feeding on rice. We remem- ber having noticed a few larvze, which had black borders to their heads instead of red borders; theso might have been the larvee of this species ; if this is so, the larva and pupa is in no particular distinct from those of the preceding species ; the specific distinctness of the two species remains a point for future elucidation; the insect is not so common as the last. Group F. | The imagos of this group rest with their wings closed over the back, but bask generally with them half-open ; they are insects of damp and shade, frequenting the beds of nallas and damp evergreen portions of the district ; they are not very strong fliers, and rest often and always close down near the ground, on a convenient upperside of a leaf. We have bred some individuals of Udaspes folus, Cramer, from pupz that have Jain over for nearly two months after the rains ; the indivi- duals differed from those obtained from pupz that come out in the normal time in having the tip of the forewing decidedly bleached or faded. The larve are very stout when full-grown, and have the habit of resting with the first three segments after the head contracted soas to give the appearance of being humped about the anterior seoments, the relatively small head lying with its apex pressed on the second segment ; the body is flattened ventrally as the larva always lies closely applied to the resting surface ; the anal segments are sloping, and the margin is closely applied to the leaf, rounded at the extremity and semewhat thickened at the edge ; when at rest the fourth segment is more than twice as long as the head ; the head is triangular when seen from in front, and narrowly bi-lobed and small for the body. The colour of the larva is some shade of indigo-green ; there is often a white excretion on the abdomen laterally between the bases ‘of the prolegs. The larva feeds upon Scitaminee ; the pupa is hardly distinguishable from the pupa of the last group; the larva makes a Jax cell by turning over a triangular piece from the edge on to the upper surface of the leaf. 230. Udaspes folus, Cramer. U. folus is a very common butterfly in the monsoon in Karwar ; it frequents the jungle, and may be found any day basking on the ground, or on a leaf, or flitting about amongst the herbaceous ground plants. 62 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, The larva is to be had in any numbers during the rains. In the dry weather, owing to the food-plant dying down, it is not at all common anywhere. Larva.—As in the description of the group ; head black, with the surface rugose and shiny ; each segment slightly swollen around the spiracles ; surface of body glabrous, greasy-looking ; colour of body a watery, very dark indigo-green, the trachese showing through as white threads ; a dark dorsal pulsating line; end segment whitish ; segments 2 and 3 yellowish, as well as the margins of segments 4 and 5, Length 37 mm. A good deal more when fully stretched out. Pupa.—As in group; snout of head squarely blunt at tip ; colour is a watery bright green ; proboscis reaches to end of cremaster. Length 32°75 mm. Habits-—As for the group ; the larva feeds on Curcuma aromatica, 231. Notocrypta feisthamelii, Boisduval (= alysos, Moore). — This insect is of common occurrence in moist thick jungles above the ghats, especially in evergreen jungles; it is probably found in similar situations below the ghits. We have bred numbers, together with Sancus pulligo, Mabille, in the dry weather above the ghats, though never in Karwar in the monsoon. Larva.—Nearly exactly similar to that of the last species ; the head ~ is here, however, chocolate-brown in colour ; the body dark indigo- green; anal segment whitish-yellow. Length 31°25 mm. Pupa.—Not distinguishable from the last. Habits.—The habits are the same as those of the last ; the larva pupates in the cell ; larva feeds on Maranta. 232. Notocrypta restricta, Moore. (Plate VIII, Fig. 7.) In the monsoon round Karwar this skipper is very plentiful in similar localities to the next ; it has a weakish flight, and is found basking low down among leaves, &c. We have reared many in the monsoon in Karwar and a few above the ghats in the dry weather ; it is found throughout the district, though not common jn the dry months. Larva.—As in group ; with a black head, broadly whitish-yellow in the centre of each lobe. Length 37°5 mm. Pupa.—As in the group ; proboscis produced well beyond the end of the cremaster ; same length as last. Habits—Same as the last ; pupa formed on the underside of a leaf. THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 63 233. Sancus pulligo, Mabille. (Plate VIII, Fig. 8.) The imago is fond of damp shady places, like evergreen forests and beds of nallas, We have bred many at all seasons and in many parts of the district ; it is always plentiful where it exists—that is, where its food-plant grows. The flight is very weak ; the insect keeps low down near the ground and pitches often on leaves ; it is rarely found basking in the sun. Larva.—As in the group; not to be distinguished from that of NV; feisthamelii, Boisduval, except that the head is smaller. Length 31mm. Pupa.—As in the group ; not to be distinguished from that of NV. feisthamelii, except by the snout (or beak) being slighty turned-up. Hahits.—The same as those of JV, feisthamelii in every particular. A few months ago, whea out at work in the ghats, we noticed a skipper which we have never seen before in the district. It was rest- ing on a cane-leaf with its wings closed over its back ; from a pretty close examination of the underside, previous to trying to bottle it in a tube (we had no net with us), it appeared to be a species of Jsoteinon. This would make the fifty-seventh species occurring in the district, ExPLanaTion oF Prats VII. Figs. 1, la... Larva and pupa of Ismene gomata, Moore, p. 23. of Leg AO era mene ee Hasora chromus, Cramer, p. 26. », 10, 10a... 5, 49 5) +~=-Ampittza maro, Fabricius, p. 54. bap lel ge Elaine 35 » » Baracus septentrionum, Wocd- Mason and de Nicéville, p. 51. 64 BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY. By B. B. Osmaston, Inpran Forust DEPARTMENT. (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th March, 1897.) There is a great charm in birds’ nesting, whether at Home or in India, but especially so in the latter country where there are so many birds of whose nidification nothing is as yet known, and where consequently there is ample scope for new discoveries. What I now propose to do is to describe shortly the nests a eggs of afew birds which I found during a trip last hot weather up the river Tons. The nidification of about half a dozen of these species has not been previously recorded, and notes on a few other kinds have also been included chiefly where my observations differ from or tend to amplify those recorded in Hume’s “ Nests and Hggs of Indian Birds. a Before, however, I proceed to business, I may explain for the benefit of those who do not happen to be acquainted with the locality about which I am about to write, that the Tons isa large branch of the river Jumna rising in the snowy ranges of the Himalaya, and winding its way southward through Tehri-Garhwal and Jaunsar, traversing a forest-clad country from the zone of the juniper and the birch at 13,000 feet to that of the long-leafed pine at 3,000 feet. The first nest to be described is that of the Himalayan Tree-creeper. 1 (341). CxeRrHta HImaLAyaAnA.—-The Himalayan Tree-creeper. his bird is very common at elevations of from 5,000 up to 10,000 feet, but especially so in the spruce-fir zone. Previously its nest appears to have been found by Col. Marshall in Kashmir and Capt. Cock in Murree, only the former procuring the eggs. The latter remarks that this tree-creeper always selects tall trees to build upon, and that the nest is always placed at a height of some 40 or 50 feet from the ground. This is not, however, my experience. I found three nests of this species on the following dates :— April 4th, containing 4 hard-set eggs. fee LOL i 5 fresh eggs May 26th 3 Ae s The two first nests were placed between the semi- -detached bark and the wood of large spruce-fir trees, at heights of about 4 and 7 feet, respectively, from the ground, and the third was in a narrow rift BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY, 65 caused by radial splitting in the wood of a karshu oak, about 4 feet from the ground. The two first nests were at an elevation of about 8,000 and the third 9,000 feet above the sea. This shows that the Himalayan tree-creeper does not always nest at great heights from the . ground. The nests of this creeper were all very similar in structure. They consisted first of an irregular mass of spruce twigs, above which was a more or less distinct layer of dry rotten wood (touch wood), the cavity being lined with fur and feathers. The whole of the nest, except the lining, was studded with the silky egg-cocoons of some spider, some of which were red and others green. These served to bind the nest together and to attach it to the bark and wood of the tree. The colour of the eggs is white, spotted with brick-red, in some al] _ over, in others chiefly at the larger end, and bearing in addition a few indistinct greyish spots. The dimensions of the eggs were as follows :— MAID Gem COCR el tecue. tne. OO) I “AO! Smallest egg ......sceeee00. “G4” XX *50" Average of 12 eggs ...... °65"” & °49" 2 (241), PrERuTHtus xANTHOCHLORIS.— The Green Shrike-tit. Very little indeed seems to have been recorded about the habits of this shrike-tit, and nothing whatever on the subject of its nidification. It is not by any means a common bird, and its quiet habits, plain colours, and the thick nature of the forest it frequents do not tend to render it conspicuous. On April 14th I found a nest of this bird containing two fresh eggs. The nest was at an elevation of about 8,000 feet, in mixed spruce and deodar forest, and was suspended like that of an oriole or white-eye from the slender horizontal forked twig of a deodar sapling, about 7 feet from the ground. It was in shape a deep cup, very thin and delicate, but neatly put together. The ground-work of the nest consists of root fibres and a grey hair- like tree-lichen (Usnea sp.), decorated on the outside with ordinary grey leaf lichens, the whole structure being bound together with silky spider cocoons and threads. The deep cavity is lined with fine black hair- like fibres (the rhizomorph of a fungus), and the nest is attached to the twigs by the red egg-cocoons of a spider, The two eggs are long 9 46 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XJ, ovals, white spotted rather sparingly and chiefly at the larger end with dark bay spots and specks. They measure ‘75">‘54" and 74" 52", respectively. . Two appear to be the full complement of eggs for this species, as 1 waited two days after finding the nest, but no more eggs were laid. 3 (672), MeruLa aLsicincta.—The White-collared Ouzel. No account of the nidification of this ouzel seems to be on record, and all that we know of the eggs is from Hume’s description of two specimens brought from Native Sikhim in June. This fine ouzel is fairly common in the karshu oak zone from 8.000 to 10,000 feet where its fine mellow-noted song may be heard daily in the spring. I found two nests near Deoban at about 9,000 feet elevation on May 23rd and 24th. The first containing four fresh eggs was placed in a dense bushy “karshu’”’ oak tree about 10 feet from the ground, and the second with three slightly set eggs was on the ground at the roct of an old stump in oak forest. The nests were massive structures, made of moss and lined with fine grass not unlike those of the missel-thrush. The eggs are very pale blue, mottled all over with reddish-brown ‘and with some inconspicuous pale grey markings as well. They measured as follows :— Tareesie ee... c.c.. 2c .loss%> pele Se boa Smallestheoe .i......+06 Bean TED Sg Roe Average of five eggs ...... Lal er soe 4 (831). Moractnna MADERASPATENSIS.—The Large Pied Wag-tail. Hume in his “‘ Nests and Eggs” says that this wag-tail does not, he believes, ascend the Himalayas above 3,000 feet. It may therefore be of interest to record in this connection that I found a pair breeding at about 5,000 feet elevation near the head of the Rama Serai Valley. The nest was built between the roof timbers of a small wooden temple in a field, and contained four fresh eggs. 5 (653). TanrsiczrR carys#us.—The Golden Bush-robin. This pretty little bird is fairly common, but only at high elevations of from 10,000 to 12,000 feet in the birch and rhododendron scrub, where it breeds. It is very shy and difficult to observe, and keeps chiefly to the dense patches of rhododendron. I found one nest only at about 12,000 feet on June 3rd, placed in a hole in the ground at BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY, 67 the root of a small bush in the open, but close to a patch of rhododen- dron bushes. It contained three hard-set eggs of a uniform pale blue colour. This bird does not descend below 8,000 feet in these parts, except in winter. 6 (832). MoraciLta mELANOPE.—The Grey Wag-tail. The grey wag-tail is common about 9,000 feet in the Tons Valley. I found a nest of this bird on June 4th, containing four fresh eggs. It was built in a faggot of sticks lying on the roof of a house in the middle of a village (Oshol). The nest was made of grass and lined with goat’s hair, and the eggs were pale yellowish-brown with a fine black streak on each egg towards the large end. The nest of this bird has hitherto in India only been found in Kashmir. 7 (567). Cyornis LEUCOMELANURUS.—Lhe Slaty-blue Flycatcher. The slaty-blue flycatcher is not nearly so common in the Tons Valley as its congener, the white-browed blue flycatcher (C. superci- liaris). The latter is one of the commonest birds in these hills, between 5,000 and 9,000 feet, whereas the former is somewhat scarce, and is chiefly found between 9,000 and 11,000 feet. I found a large number of nests of C. supercilzaris at various elevations between 6,000 and 9,000 feet, and three nests of C. leucomelanerus at about 9,000; 9,900 and 11,000 feet, respectively. I mention this as Hume says that this flycatcher breeds throughout the Himalayas from Nepal to Kashmir at elevations of from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, though my observations would appear to show that, at any rate in portions of its range, it prefers a higher zone to nest in. The male birds were in all three cases indistinguishable from the females. 8 (199). Hopnesonius PHa@nicuroiDEs.—Hodgson’s. Short-wing. This is another bird about whose habits very little. is known, and nothing at all appears to be on record about its manner of nesting. It is very common in the Tons Valley at elevations of from 10,000 to 11,000 feet, but is rarely seen owing to its being of shy and retiring habits. I found 12 nests between June Sth and 11th, all of which contained either 2 or 3 eggs, mostly fresh, and 3 seems to be _ the normal full complement. ‘The nests were all placed in low bushes from 1 to 3 feet from the ground in open scrub forest. They were deeply cup-shaped, composed of coarse grass without, and lined with 68 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. finer grasses. The eggs are a pure dark blue, about intermediate in shade between those of Crateropus canorus and Garrulax albigularis, and give the following measurements :— Largest 020°... siccrscesvenscocestee Aue On, Smallest ego vutecele-sceees POs ROU! Average of 18 eggs ......... °87" & *64" 9 (718). THARRHALEUS sTROPHIATUS.—The Rufous-breasted Accentor. Hodgson says of this bird that it breeds in the higher ranges of Nepal and Sikhim, building its nests on the ground in tufts of “sunputi” grass and laying 3 to 4 eggs. I found it very common in the low scrub jungle of juniper, dwarf rhododendron, Lonicera and Berberis, which is found elcthing the hill-sides at about 12,000 feet in the Tons Valley. 1 found over a dozen nests, all in low bushes (chiefly of Berberis and Lonicera), from 1 to 2 feet from the ground. The nests which much resemble those of the English hedge sparrow, were made of moss and small twigs, lined with moss and hair (chiefly that of Burrhel or muskdeer). The eggs were mostly hard set, generally turee, but sometimes two in number, and I never found as many ds four in any nest. They were pale blue and measured as follows :— Wancest Vener cer. jeccmaseedrenen Oleg aa" Dmallesthe so Meike. seven sees ey Lon OO Average Of QNeC os y.cctcccsuss ti Ou xara, 10 (651). CaLbiopE PECTORALIS.—The Himalayan Ruby-throat. This pretty chat is fairly common in the hot weather on the rocky hill slopes just below the glaciers of the Harke Dun, where the Tons takes its rise, and its short lively song uttered from the top of a rock is most attractive and characteristic. In the cold weather it is a regular visitor to the Dehra Dun, where it may often be seen, especially in and about tea gardens, The only occasion on which the eggs of this speeies are said to have been obtained is recorded by Hume in his “ Nest and Kggs,” two eggs with a nest said to belong to this species, having been brought down from Native Sikhim. The eggs are described as being “of a uniform pale salmon buff’ and the nest as having been placed “in a deep crevice in a rock” and to have been “ saucer-shaped ” and BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY, 69. composed of “very fine moss and fern-roots closely felted together.” The above description, however, differs so entirely from my observa- tions of the nests and eggs of the ruby-throat that I have no hesita- tion in saying that the eggs received by Hume must have belonged to some other bird. On June 7th and 9th, in the Harke Dun, at an elevation of about 12,000 feet, I was lucky enough to stumble on to two nests of this bird which, owing to the careful manner they were concealed, would certainly have escaped my notice had they not been betrayed in both cases by the sudden exit of the bird near my feet. The nest is a domed structure with a large opening on one side towards the top. It is rather loosely constructed of coarse grass and lined with finer grass. The locality selected was an open rocky slope with grass and low scrub between the stones and rocks, and the nests were placed on the ground among the grass and scrub. The eggs, fresh in both cases, were three in one nest and four in the other, of a rather dark bluish-green (more green than blue) with pale rufous markings, in some all over, in others chiefly in a zone at the large end. The measurements of the eggs were as follows :— Tar gest C22 1.cj.recscsecececeoe “OD X63" Sinalllesteg@ a |.c ses s-tecescaes "80" x °58" ALvetage Oly (OSES) cia sess .ee 100" Xn OL! The domed character of the nest of Calliope would seem to be most exceptional for one of the Turdide. 11 (405). Puytoscopus arrinis.—Tickell’s Willow-warbler. Nothing is on record concerning the nidification of this willow- warbler. On June 7th, I noticed a small greenish-yellow bird fre- quenting the low scrub on the mountain side at about 12,000 feet elevation. This scrub consists chiefly of dwarf juniper, Lonicera and a small yellow-flowering rhododendron which grows only 2 or 3 feet high. There are few trees, except here and there a birch, and the bird keeps chiefly to the low scrub. It hasa rather loud mono- syllabic chirp which it frequently utters. After a considerable search I was rewarded by finding two nests of this species both in the above-described scrub and about 1 foot from the ground. The nests are domed with a small side entrance, and are made of grass and lined with feathers, 70 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1, The eggs were four in each nest, very broad ovals and either pure white or white with a few very pale pink spots. They gave the following measurements :— Largest €go (-..bpcecve-neree aU ioe Smiallest:ege: 2.2 t.u;dcese see eOO eee OF Average of 8 eggs. ............ 60" X °47" 12 (850). AntHus Rosacrus.—Hodgson’s Pipit. This species is fairly common in the Harke Dun, but I only suc- ceeded in finding one nest. It was placed on a steep grassy slope at about 12,000 feet and was of the usual pipit type, a shallow cup of grass lined with hair and finer grasses, well concealed beneath a tuft of grass. It contained 8 hard-set eges which are whitish, densely marked and speckled chiefly at the larger end with very dark grey. They might easily pass, except in size, for egos of the common sparrow. Two of the eggs measured *85” & °64" and °87” x ‘63" respectively. 13 (603), CHELIDORHYNS HyPOXANTHUM.—The Yellow-bellied : Flycatcher: The nest of this lively little fantail seems rarely to have been found. Jerdon had the nest brought to him at Darjeeling after the young had flown, and Hodgson has figured the nest and eggs. Mr. R. H. Thompson, too, saw the nest in the Kumaon Bhabar, but never took down the eggs. ‘This bird is fairly common at high elevations in the Tons Valley during the hot weather, frequenting at that season forests of the high level silver-fir and birch at about 10,000 to 12,000 feet. Tt visits the plains in the cold weather but never remains there, or even low down on the hills, to breed, retiring to the higher ranges near the snows for that purpose. This only refers to Dehra Dun and the neighbouring hills, which is peculiar, for #t must be borne in mind that Mr. Thompson found it breeding in the Kumaon Bhabar (the dry sub-Himalayan tract west of the river Sarda at an elevation of about 1,000 ft. only above the sea). On June 11th, I noticed a willow warbler (Phylloscopus proregulus) enter its nest high up on a bough of asilver- fir. My orderly was at once told off to scale the tree, which he did, bringing down the nest and eggs in safety. While he was thus engaged, I noticed a pair of yellow-bellied fantails in the same tree which seemed much upset by the intrusion. I watched them carefully and justas my man reached the ground I saw one of the fantails, BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY. v1 much to my satisfaction, settle down comfortably upon what looked like a little lump of moss ona small branch of the tir, not six feet from where the willow wren’s nest had been. I could not risk losing such a treasure, so 1 climbed the tree myself and with no small difficulty managed to draw in the branch upon which the nest was placed. It contained two eggs, unfortunately hard set, but still preservable, and they with the nest were safely brought to the ground. _ The nest is in shape rather cylindrical, 23" in external diameter, and 1}” across the egg-cavity. The depth of the cavity is 1” and that of the nest 3”. It consists of moss, firmly compacted together and covered with grey lichens. It has a scanty lining of moss fruits (with their stalks), The eggs are cream-coloured with a cap of faint markings towards the broad end, similar in colour to, but of course much smaller than, those of the verditer flycatcher (Stoparola melanops). They are the smallest eggs in my collection, measuring *56 x -44 and 54" x 43", respectively. 14 (191), Larvivora BruNNEA, Indian Blue-chat. This is a very common bird throughout the Tons Valley, at elevation of from 8,000 to 11,000 feet, but only in the wooded portions. In a former note written by me and inserted in this journal in Vol. LX of 1894, I wrongly identified this bird as Tanthia indica. I have since ascertained my mistake. LT found two nests which I attribute to this bird, but unfortu- nately | am not ina position to state the fact positively, as I never saw the parent birds actually visit or leave the nests, Moreover, the eggs are so totally different from those described in Hume's “Nests and Hges ” as belonging to this species, that I feel some- what diffident in stating that I believe them to belong to Larvivora, On the other hand the only bird I ever saw approach either of the nests was a male of Larvivora brunnea, and this I saw on two separate occasions. Moreover, it was evidently breeding at the time, and showed evident signs of excitement when I approached the nest. The nests were built on a bank by a frequented footpath at about 8,000 feet elevation, and were exactly similar, both in position and construction, to those of the English robin, but the eggs instead of being “ pale greyish-green thickly mottled with reddish-brown” as 72 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. described by Hume for Larvivora brunnea were of a uniform pale blue, in shade about the same as in the eggs of the English starling. There were four eggs in each nest, the largest egg measuring *84" x -78", the smallest °78" x *58", and the mean of eight eggs °80" x °60". Next year I hope to revisit this locality and to be able to speak more positively as to their identity. 15 (1186). Giavorrum BRopreI.—The Collared Pigmy Owlet. I found a nest of this pretty little owlet on May 21st, close to the Deoban Forest bungalow, at an elevation of 9,000 feet, It was situated in a hole in a “karshu ” oak tree, which had formerly been excavated by some woodpecker (probably Dendrocopus timalayensis) at a height of about 12 feet from the ground. The nest hole had to be enlarged with an axe, and when finally my hand was inserted it had a warm reception from the mother bird inside, who evidently knew how to use her beak and claws with the best possible advantage. She allowed herself, however, to be taken out of the hole and to be banded round for inspection, after which she was replaced. The nest contained four freshly-hatched young and one egg, very large for the size of the bird, very round and of the usual owl type. The owlet did not desert her nest, and I afterwards obtained a pair of her young which until quite lately were both alive in my possession, as tame as possible, and making very interesting pets with their comic gestures and grotesque movements. Now, as I write, on a Peninsular and Oriental boat, I have only one, the female, who sits unabashed in her solitary cell, but with the guilt of fratricide heavy upon her. a3 A NEW KRAIT FROM SIND (BUNGARUS SINDANUS). By G. A. Boutencsr, F.R.S. (With a Plate.) (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th March, 1897.) A short time after :the publication of the Reptiles of the “ Fauna of India,” Mr. Blanford brought me a “ krait ” from Umarkot, Sind, received from Mr. H. HE. Watson, which differed from Bungarus cceruleus in the number of scale-rows (17) and of ventral shields (237). Although both Mr. Blanford and I suspected at the time that the - specimen might prove the type of a new species, we agreed that, considering its close affinity to B. ceruleus, it would be prudent to wait for further specimens which we were in hopes Mr. Watson would be able to procure. Owing to the death of this gentle- man, no more was heard of the snake, the unique specimen of which was provisionally referred to B. cwruleus: I have now received from the Bombay Natural History Society two more specimens, obtained by Mr. L. J. Mountford at Sukkur, Sind, which - remove my hesitation, and I proposed to designate the new “ krait” as BUNGARUS SINDANUS, 8p. 2. Eye somewhat larger than in &. ceruleus, with vertically oval pupil. Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above measuring one-third to two-fifths its distance from the frontal ; inter- nasals about half as long as the prefrontals ; frontal one and a half to one and two-thirds aslong as broad, as long as or slightly shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the paristal ; one pree- and two postoculars ; temporals 14-2 ; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 or 19 rows, vertibrals strongly enlarged, but none broader than long. Ventrals 220—237 ; anal entire ; subcandals 49—52, single or a few of the hindermost in pairs. Black above, white below ; transverse series of white spots on the body forming interrupted cross-bands same as often present in B. ceruieus; rostral, upper labials, anterior nasal and preeocular, white. Total length 1,300 ; tail 150 millimetres. 10 74 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. Mr. Mountford observes: — “This snake is common in the desertin Upper Sind. The large specimen is not supposed to be anything out of the way, as they are said to reach six feet commonly.* The natives call them “ Pyan” (pronounced pee-un), meaning, “a drinker,” being the same as the word “to drink,’ The snake is said to suck a man’s breath while he sleeps, the result being that he dies at sunrise with a swollen face, but no mark of a bite on him. The belief is entertained by all the natives here, educated or uneducated. No one will sleep on the ground in the desert at this time of the year [September] through fear of the “‘ Pyan.” “The snake lives at the roots of small bushes, some four.feet or so down, and has frequently, so I am told, been found with the “ junndi”’ (Echis carinatus) in its stomach. The natives admit that it can bite a if necessary, and fatally too, but it hardly ever does.” * The largest Bungarus ceruleus in the British Museum measures 1,080 millimetres (=33 feet.) —G.A.B. Journ.Bombas Nat.Hist.Soc. J.Green del.et lith. : Mintern Bros.imp. London. BUNGARUS SINDANUS. New Kratt trom Sino. Gy HK Go bo . Carine, . Asio acciptrinus, . Scops giu. . Strix flammea, . Cypselus melba. . Cypselus affinis. . Caprimulgus nubicus. . Merops cyanophrys. . Merops persicus. . Merops Sp. ine. . Coracias garrula, . Coracias abysinnica (lorti 2). . Upupa epops. . Halcyon semicerulea,. . Cuculus canorus. . Coccystes jacobinus. . Centropus superciliosus. 75 A LIST OF THE BIRDS OF ADEN. By Con, J. W. YERBURY. (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society 18th March, 1897.) As considerable progress has been made in our knowledge of the birds of Aden since the publication by the late Lieutenant Barnes of the list given in the Journal Bombay Natural History Society (Vol. VII, p. 231), it is thought that a revised up-to-date list may he of interest :— 1, Vuliur monachus,—Recorded by Barnes as Gyps fulvus, The specimen referred to is at pre- sent living in the Zoological Society’s Garden. . Neophron percnopterus. . Circus macrurus., . Milierax polyzonus, . Buteo vulgaris.—A specimen liv- ing in the Zoological Society’s Garden at the present time (January, 1897) is recorded in the Listof Vertebrated Animals, &c., 9th Edition, as being from Aden and presented by Capt. Workman, 23rd October, 1894. . Accipiter nisus, . Aquila imperialis, . Aquila chrysaétus, . Haliaétus leucogaster. . Milvus egyptius. Elanus ceruleus, . Falco peregrinus. . Falco punicus. . Linnunculus alaudarius. . Pandion haliaétus, Bubo milesi. Sp. inc. 34, 35, 36. an 38. 39, 40, 41, 42, 48, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 58, 54, 55, 56, 57. 58, 59. 75, 76, Ue Lanius iahtora. Lanius nubicus. Lanius isabellinus. Lanius collurio. Hypocolius ampelinus. Musicapa grisola. Terysiphone cristata, Hirundo rustica. Ptyonoprogne obsoleta, Monticola cyanus. Cercotrichas melanoptera. Argya@ squamiceps. Pycnonotus arsinoé. Pycnonotus wanthopygius. Oriolus galbula, Saxicola cenanthe. Saxicola desertt. Saxicola pleschanka. Saxicola zsabellina, Myrmecocichla melanura, Ruticilla, Sp. inc. Prinia. Sp. ine. Cisticola cisticola, Phylloscopus. Sp. inc, Burnesia gracilis. Moitacilla alba. . Motacilla feldegg. . Nectarinia metallica. . Dilophus carunculatus. . Corvus affinis. . Corvus corax. Corvus umbrinus. . Ayphantornis galbuia. . Estrelda rujfibarba. . Aidemosyne cantans, . Passer euchlorus, . Passer domesticus. . Pyrrhulanda melanauchen, . Galerita cristata, . Alemon desertorum. . Mirafra, Sp. inc. Vinago waalia. Columba livia. Lurtur senegalensis. 76 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XL, 104, 105. 106. 107. 108, 109. . Turtur risorius. . Aina capensis, . Pterocles exustus. . Pterocles lichtensteint. . Caccabis melanocephala. . Caccabis chukar. . Ammoperdia bonhami,—With re- ference to my remark in bis, January 1896, p. 32, the speci- men referred to by Lieutenant Barnes was presented by him to the Zoological Society’s Gar- dens, vide List of Vertebrated Animals, &c., 9th Edition, 1896, and appears to have been cor- rectly identified. Coturnix communis. . Coturnia delegorguez. . Turnia lepurana, . Hupodotis arabs. . Houbara macqueens . Rallus aquaticus, . Gallinula. Sp. inc. . Crea pratensis, . Cursorius. Sp. inc, . Squatarola helvetica. . Charadrius pluvialis. Gidicnemus scolopas. Aijgialitis mongolica, . Aigialitis cantiana, . Strepsilas interpres. Dromas ardeola. . Heematopus ostralegus. . Himantopus candidus. Totanus calidris. Helodromas ochropus. Tringoides hypoleucus. Terekia cineria, Calidris arenariae Tringa alpina. Tringa minuta. 110, Numenius arquata. 111, Numenius pheopus, 112. 118. 114. 115, 116, LG 118. 119. 120. 121, 122. 123, 124, 125, 126, 127. 128. 129. 130. 131, 132. 138, 134, 135, 186, 187, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142. 143. 144, 145. 146. 147. 148. 149, Gallinago celestis, Larus afinis, Larus ichthyaétus. Larus brunneicephalus, Larus ridibundus. Larus hemprichi. Sterna albigena. Sterna minuta, Sterna bergit. Sterna media, Sterna anestheta. Sterna fuliginosa. Sterna anglica, Podiceps nigricollis, Puffinus persicus. Ardea cinerea. Ardea alba, Ardea gularis. Ardea bubulcus. Butorides javanica. Nycticorax griseus. Ardeita podiceps. Ciconia abdimii. Platalea leucorodia, Scopus umbretia. Pheenicopterus roseus. Spatula clypeata, Anas boscas. Casarca rutila, Mareca penelope. Fuligula fuligula, Querquedula crecca. Querquedula circia. Phalacrocoraz, Sp. inc. (Black.) Phalacrocoraz. Sp. inc. (Brown.) Sula jiber. Pelecanus onoerotalus, Phaéthon indicus. A comparison of this list with Lieutenant Barnes’ shows 149 species instead of 126, and 12 species removed from sp. inc. as identified. There still remain 10 sp. inc. awaiting identification, and it is to be hoped some resident of Aden will wipe out these blots, Thanks to the kindness of Messrs. Chevallier and Kelsall, I have been able to add seven species since the publication of my paper on “The Birds of Aden” in the Ibis of January, 1896. 77 BIRDS COLLECTED DURING FIVE YEARS’ RESIDENCE IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, CACHAR. Part III. By OC. M. Inetis. (Continued from Vol. X, page 617.) Family Muscicapide. Genus Siphia (Hodgs., 1837). Hume, No. 328 ; Oates, No. 562. SIPHIA ALBICILLA—The Eastern Red-breasted Flycatcher. This is a common bird, but I have only managed to secure one with ee the chestnut breast. Name— Tay-tay-ree. Genus Cyornis (Blyth, 1843). Hume, No. 304 ; Oates, No. 575. CYORNIS RUBECULOIDES (Vigors).—The Blue-throated Flycatcher. This is a very rare Flycatcher here. I have only got one specimen. a Hume, No. 308 ; Oates, No. 577. CYoRNIS MAGNIROSTRIS (Blyth.)—The Large-billed Blue Flycatcher. This species is very rare. I have only seen two since I have been MY collecting. Genus Culicccapa (Swin., 1871). Hume, No. 295 ; Oates, No. 592. CULICICAPA CEYLONENSIS (Swains.)—The Grey-headed Flycatcher. This is an exceedingly common Flycatcher and is found both in the im) open and in the jungle. Genus Niltava (Hodgs., 1837). Hume, No. 315 ; Oates, No. 599. NILTAVA MACGRIGORIm (Burt.)—The Small Niltava. This is the only Niltava I have come across here and it is very rare. a It frequents tree-jungle. Genus Terpsiphone (Gloger, 1827). Hume, No. 289 ; Oates, No. 599. TERPSIPHONE AFFINIS (Hay).—The Burmese Paradise Flycatcher. Young males and adult females are very common ; chestnut males 2 with lengthened median tail feathers are rarer ; but the adults in white None plumage are exceedingly rare, ahah oa 78 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1. I found a nest of this bird, in construction, on a sapling at an elevation of about 5 feet from the ground. It was made in the shape of a paper cone, and consisted of dry leaves, moss and fibres. Unfor- tunately the nest got blown down in a storm before the eggs were laid. The adult males of this species I have only found in dense jungle, but the females and young males I have often shot in the tea seed gardens. This bird is generally found in company with a lot of small birds: WM. rubricapillus, C. ceylonensis, &c. Genus Hypothymis (Boie, 1526). Hume, No. 290; Oates, No. 601. HyporHyMis AZUREA (Bodd.).—The Indian Black-naped Flycatcher. a3 This is a very common Flycatcher and may be seen wherever there is any tree-jungle. Genus Rhipidura (Vigors and Horsf., 1826). Hume, No. 291; Oates, No. 605. RHIPIDURA ALBICOLLIS ( Vicill.)—The White-throated Fan-tail Flycatcher. Hume, “N, and E.,” 2nd Hd., Vol. I], p. 85. Leucorcerca aLBi- couiis, Inglis, “S. F.,” Vol. IX, p. 249 ; Oates, “S. F.,” Vol. X, p. 203. ‘ 74 This species is common here. It frequents bushes and the under- growth more than trees. They have got a habit of dancing with out- spread tails and are continually on the move. Family Zurdide. Sub-Family Sawicoline. Genus Pratincola (Koch., 1816). Hume, No. 481; Cates, No. 608. PRATINCOLA CAPRATA (Linn.).—The Common Pied Bush-Chat. 75 Very rare here. I have only procured a single pair. Hume, No. 483 ; Oates, No. 610. PRATINCOLA MAURA (Pall),—The Indian Bush-Chat. v6 This is by far the commonest Bush-Chat here. They frequent bushes, scrub and the tea and look very pretty, moving their tails up and down as they wait, perched on a bush, for any unfortunate insect. They are ~ not shy and will allow close approach. BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 17 Hume, No. 484 ; Oates, No. 611. PRATINCOLA LEUCURA (Blyth.)—The White-tailed Bush-Chat. This is a very rare Bush-Chat here. I have only shot one male specimen. They frequent reeds. Genus Oreicola (Bonap., 1854). Hume, No. 487; Oates, No. 614. OREICOLA JERDONI (Blyth.).—Jerdoni Bush-Chat. This bird is fairly common in the cold weather. It is to be found on reeds or ekra grass, and is much shyer than the other Bush-Chats. Oates in his Key to the Species of Oreicola, in Fauna, British India, Birds, Vol. I, says :—0O. jerdoni, no supercilium; but in the specimens I have got, there is a decided supercilium. Hume No. 486 ; Oates, No. 615. OREICOLA FERREA (Hodgs.).—The Dark-grey Bush-Chat. This species is rarer than O. jerdoni.. For four years I did not see a single specimen, and then I got four or five in one season. Sub-Family Ruticilline. Genus Henicurus (Temm., 1823). Hume, No. 586 ; Oates, No. 632. HENIcurus scHistaczevs (Hodgs.).—The Slaty-backed Fork-Tail. This is a rare Fork-Tail here, but it is sometimes found near streams in the jungle. Hume, No. 585; Oates, No. 633, Henicurus immacutatus (Hodgs.).—The Black-backed Fork-Tail. This is the common Fork-Tail found here. It is found in all the streams, more especially where they run through the jungle. It has the habit when frightened of uttering a whistle and flying off a few yards and again settling on a stone or on the sand by the side of the stream, wagging its tail incessantly. I found a nest with three young ones on the 11th April. They were, I should say, about three days’ old. The nest was in the crevice of a rock on the bank of the stream, about two and a-half feet above water-level. Genus Ruticella (Brehm., 1828). Hume, No. 497; Oates, No. 644. RUTICILLA RUFIVENTRIS (Vicill.)—The Indian Redstart. This bird is rather rare in this district, though I believe elsewhere it is fairly common, I have only obtained one pair. 18 79 80 $1 82 83 84. 85 Native Name— Doy-al. 86 Native Name— Shama, 87 80 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. Genus Cyanecula (Brehm., 1828), Hume, No. 514 ; Oates, No. 647. CyanEcuta suncica (Linn.).—The Indian Blue-Throat. This bird is common here during the cold weather. I have found more females and young males than adult males ; the latter seem to be rather rare. They are insectivorous. I have never seen them feeding except on the ground. Genus Calliope (Gould, 1836). Hume, No. 512; Oates, No. 650. CALLIOPE CAMTSCHATKENSIS (Gmel.),—The Common Ruby-Throat. Fairly common here, frequenting brushwood and also the tea. I have several times seen it perched on a tea-bush, but always out of range. Both sexes are common, but if anything, I think male birds are oftener come across. Genus Copsychus (Wag., 1827). Hume, No. 475 ; Oates No, 663. CopsycHUs sAULARIS (Linn.).—The Magpie Robin. Hume, *N- and Ei,” 2ndelid: (Veli Mp. S0);) Emme, 7Sietaa Vol. Il, p. 2380; Inglis, “S. F.,’ Vol. V, p. 35; Hume and Dayv., “9. F.,” Vol. VI, p. 332 ; Oates, “S. F.,” Vol. X, p. 212. This species is exceedingly commonand may be found everywhere, coming into gardens, &c. It has a habit of raising its tail whilst sing- ing, in which position it is very pretty. They are excellent songsters, being kept in cages by many people. I took a nest of this bird in a ,tump of a tree on the 10th April, 1895, containing four fresh eggs. They were of a greenish colour, mottled with brown. Genus Cittocincla (Gould, 1836). Fume, No. 476 ; Oates, No. 664. CrrrocINcLA MACRURA (Gmel.)—The Shama. The Shama frequents mostly tree-jungle, and isa very shy bird ; when approached, it gives a jerk of its tail and utters a sound like “ kurrick” and off it goes. Itisa very goodsongster, and is easily kept im captivity. Sub-Family Turdine. Genus Merula (Leach, 1816). Hume, No. 861 ; Oates, No. 676. MERULA BOULBOUL (Lath.)—The Grey-winged Ouzel. This Ouzel is rare here. I have very seldom come across it. BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 81 Hume, No. 361 ; Oates, No. 676. MERULA ATRIGULARIS (Temm.).—The Black-throated Ouzel. Planesticus atrogularis—Scully, “8. ¥.,” Vol. IV, p. 140 ; zd. Vol. VIII, p. 286 ; Cichloides atrogular’ts—Hume, “S. F.,” Vol.-I, p. 179. Slightly commoner than I. boulboul. It sometimes comes into 88 gardens, but keeps more to woods. I have only seen it in the cold weather. . Genus Geocichla (Kuhl., teste Gould, 1836). Hume, No. 355; Oates, No. 686. GEOCICHLA crrriNa (Lath.).—The Orange-headed Ground-Thrush. This Ground-Thrush is rather rare here. I have seen it several times 89 hunting for insects on the ground beneath the tea seed bushes. Genus Petrophila (Swains, 1837). Flume, No. 351 bis ; Oates, No. 692. PETROPHILA SoLITARIA.—The Hastern Blue Rock-Thrush, This bird is very common during the cold weather. It is generally 90 to be seen perched on some elevated spot, such as a fence, rock, &c. One I shot was sitting on the top of my bungalow. Genus Oreocinela (Gould, 1837). Flume, No. 371; Oates, No. 698. OrEOocINCLA DAUMA (Lath.).—The Small-billed Mountain Thrush: This Thrush is very rare here. I have only got a single specimen. Family Ploceide. Sub-Family Ploceine. Genus Ploceus (Cuvier, 1817). Hume, No, 694 ter; Oates, No. 721. PLocEUS MEGARHYNCHUS (Hume).—The Eastern Baya. ee This Weaver Bird is very common, They breed largely in the . Name— busties, hanging their nests from the betel-nut palms. They are ee gregarious, large numbers building their nests on the same palms. Whilst building, they keep up an incessant chirping. They feed on grain, doing great damage to the crops. Hume, No. 696 ; Oates, No. 722. PLOGEUS BENGALENSIS (Linn.).—The Black-throated Weaver Bird. 93 This species is much rarer than P. megarhynchus. re ‘91: 94. Native Name— Lall Munia. 95 Native Name— Kalle Munia, 96 97 98 Native Name— Tootee. 99 Native Name— Chora, 82 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI. Sub-Family Veduzne. Genus Munia (Hodgs., 1836). Hume, No. 698 ; Oates, No. 726. Monta AtricaPiLua (Vicill.).—The Chestnut-bellied Munia. This Munia is exceedingly common, breeding here during the sum- mer months and making its round nest usually in a clump of grass. It lays on an average six pure white egos. When the paddy is ripe, large flocks of these birds come down to eat the grain. I have seen as many as fifty in one flock. Genus Uroloncha (Cabanis, 1851). Hume, No. 702; Oates, No. 727. UrotoncHa acuticarpA (Hodes.)—Hodgson’s Munia. This species is also very common. Its habits are the same as J. airicapilla. Hume, No. 699; Oates, No. 735. UrRoLoncua puNctuLata (Linn.)—The Spotted Munia, This Munia is not so common as the last two, but it is, all the same, comparatively common. It is not found in such large flocks as M. atricapilla. Genus Sporeginthus (Cabanis, 1850). Hume, No. 704 ; Oates, No. 738. SPoRaGINTHUS AMANDAVA (Linn,).—The Indian Red Munia. This is the rarest Munia we have here, only a few pairs being come across In a season. Family Pringillide. Sub-Family Fringiline. Genus Carpodacus (Knap., 1829). Hume, No. 788 ; Oates, No. 761. CARPODACUS ERYTHRINUS (Pall].).—The Common Rose Finch. This Finch is exceedingly rare in this district. J have only shot two pairs since I have been collecting. Genus Passer { Briss., 1760). Hume, No, 706 ; Oates, No. 776. PAssER Domusticus (Linn.),—The House Sparrow, The House Sparrow is found everywhere. BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, 83 Sub-Family Limberizine. Genus Hmberiza (Briss., 1760), Hume, No. 720; Oates, No. 791. HKMBERIZA PUSILLA (Pall.).—The Dwarf Bunting. Far from common here ; affects grass lands and, as a rule, drier places than LE. spodocephala. In the Happy Valley District these birds are very common. The white of the outermost tail feathers is very noticeable when in flight. Hume, No. T17 ; Oates, No. 798. EMBERIZA SPODOCEPHALA (Pall.).—The Black-faced Bunting. - This Bunting is fairly common here, coming to us in the cold weather. When the paddy is ripe, numbers are to be found in the fields, causing a considerable amount of damage. Family Hirundinide. Genus Cottle (Boie, 1822). Fume, No. 87; Oates, No. 808. Corine RrpaRtA (Linv.),—The Sand Martin. The Sand Martin is very common, breeding in holes in sand-banks, Along the banks of the rivers the sides are simply honeycombed with their holes. | Genus Hirundo (Linn., 1766). Hume, No. 82 bis ; Oates, No. 814. HiRUNDO GUTTURALIS (Scop.).—The Hastern Swallow. This is the commonest swallow we have, great numbers flying about catching insects. Hume, No. 85 bis ; Oates, No. 822. HIRUNDO NEPALENSIS (Hodgs.}.— Hodgson’s Striated Swallow. This swallow is also common, but not as plentiful as HZ. qutturalis, Family Motacillide. Genus Motacilla (Linn., 1766). Hume, No. 590; Oates, No. 827. MoracitLa LEucopsis (Gould).—The White-faced Wagtail. This Wagtail is very common here in the cold weather. Hume, No. 591 ; Oates, No. 828. Moracitta ocuLaris (Swin,)—The Streak-eyed Wagtail. I have got several specimens of this Wagtail here during the cold ' Season. 100 101 102 103 Native Name— Badool chota. 104 105 106 84 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vok. Xf, Hume, No. 592 ; Oates, No. 238. MoracInta MELANOPE (Pall.).—The Gray Wagitail. 107 This Wagtail is very common here. It is the commonest of this. genus. Hume, No. 593 ter (part) ; Oates, No. 834. Moracitia FLAVA \Linn.).—The Blue-headed Wagtail. 108 This Wagtail is also a common winter resident. Genus Anthus (Bechst, 1807). Hume, No. 596 ; Oates, No. 841. Anraus macuLatus (Hodgs.).—The Indian Tree. Pipit. 109 Fairly common here during the celd weather, being found in the busties where these are fairly well wooded. Hume, No. 600; Oates, No. 847. Antuus RuFoLus (Vicill.).—The Indian Pipit. 110 This Pipit is exceedingly common here, frequenting the ground, especially where it is studded with tufts of Jong grass. Genus Alauda (Linn. 1766). Fume, No. 767 ; Oates, No. 861. ALAUDA GULGULA (Frankl.).—The Indian Sky Lark. 111 Very rare here. I have only come across it once or twice.. Genus Mirafra (Horsf., 1821). Hume, No. 754 ; Oates, No. 870. Mrrarra assamica (McClell.).—The Bengal Bush Lark. 112 Exceedingly common all over the. district, frequenting open lands and grassy patches. They fly very like a quail as noticed by Rume, their flight being very short. Family Nectarinude. Sub-Family Nectariniine. Genus dithopyga (Cab., 1850). Hume, No. 226 ; Oates, No. 882. ANTHOPYGA SCHERIZ (Tick.),—The Himalayan ue Yellow-backed Sun-bird. ative Name— This Sun-Bird is exceedingly common here during the cold Lall phools poochee., weather, It breeds, according to Mr. Baker, in the North Cachar Hills. ° BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 85 | Hume, No. 231 ; Oates, No. 890. AMTHOPYGA SATURATA (Hodgs.).—The Black-breasted Yellow-backed Sun-bird. For four years I never came across a single specimen of this bird, till I gave one of my men the order to look out for A. hasselte I explained to him that A. hasselt? was a dark-coloured bird, but forgot to tell him that it had no elongated tail feathers. After a few ~ days he brought me in a couple of specimens of 4%. saturata thinking they were A. hasseliz ; which, he said, he had shot in some bamboo jungle. Afterwards I kept continually getting specimens, but unfortunately they were all males. I never managed to get even a single female. Genus Arachnechthra (Cab., 1850). Hume, No. 233 bis ; Oates, No. 896. ARACHNECHTHRA HASSELTI (Temm.) I only shot one specimen of this Sun-Bird in this district, at Roopa- cherra. I got another one in the Happy Valley District which I have kept. The first one is now in the collection of Mr. Hole. Both my specimens were shot in March. The second one was killed by a boy with a pellet-bow quite close to my bungalow. Sub-Family Arachnotherine. Genus Arachnothera (Temm., 1826), Hume, No. 223 ; Oates, No. 906. ARACHNOTHERA MAGNA (Hodgs.),—The Larger-streaked Spider-hunter. Some seasons I have found numbers of this bird, and others not a single specimen. It can hardly be called a common species here. It breeds, according to Mr. Baker, in the North Cachar Hills, prin- cipally above 2,000 ft. Hume, No. 224; Oates, No. 909. ARACHNOTHERA LONGIROSTRIS (Lath.).—The Little Spider-hunter. This species is very common and may. be generally found where plantain trees (Musa) are.in flower. I saw an ege of this species 114 116 Native Name— Burra Kola- poochee. 117 Native iName— Chota Kola- poochee, 18 Lall poochee. 120 121 122 128 86 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, belonging to Mr. Hole. It was of a white colour, with a rmg of about 4" broad of a brownish-red colour towards the thick end, and was speckled with the same colour over the remainder of the egg,. diminish- ing towards the small end. Genus. Chalcoparia (Cabanis, 1850). lume, No. 233 ses ; Oates, No. 9E1. . CHALCOPARIA PHENICOTIS (Temm.),—The Ruby Cheek. This bird is very common here. It frequents the jungle more than. the other Sun-Birds. It is, I think, only a cold weather visitant. I have never come across its nest. Family Dicerde. Genus Diceuwm (Ouvier, 1817). Hume, No. 236 ; Oates, No. 912. ~ Dicmum cruentatum (Linn.).—The Scarlet-backed Flower-Pecker. This is the common kind of Flower-Pecker found here. Hume, No. 237 ; Oates, No. 914. DiczuM cHRYSORRHa@UM (Temm.),.—The Yellow-vented Flower-Pecker. This species. is much rarer than D. cruentatum, keeping more to the jungle than the open. Fume, No. 241 ; Oates, No. 915. Diczum 1enreictus (Hodgs.),—The Fire-breasted Flower-Peeker. I procured a single specimen shot near the Cutleecherra Tea Estate. This species is decidedly rare here. Hume, No. 237 ter. ; Oates, No. 917. Dicaum oLtvaceum (Wald.).—The Plain-coloured Flower-Pecker. Very rare, being seldom seen. Mr. Hole notices in the Asian that he has seen them hunting about plantain trees. I have also noticed the same thing. | Hume, No. 238 ; Oates, No, 919. DiIcHUM RYTHRORHYNCHUS (Lath.).—Tickell’s Flower-Pecker. In Vol. X, No. 2, of this Journal, Mr. Baker says he has seen a specimen from this district. I have never come across any myself, but give it a place on such good authority. BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, 87 Family Pittide. Genus Pitta (Vicill., 1816). Hume, No, 344; Oates, No. 927. Pitta NEPALENSIS (Hodgs.)—The Blue-naped Pitta. This Pitta is quite common here. I took a nest in June. It was placed in the fork of a tea-bush about 5 feet from the ground. It was very loosely put together, and was composed of small twigs, dry bamboo and tea leaves. The egg cavity, which opened from the side, was lined with root fibres. Size of nest 8"x11". Hgg cavity 4'><6". Tn front of the mouth of the nest there was a platform composed of twigs and leaves. The nest contained four highly incubated eggs of a white colour blotched with rufous and pale lavender. Hume, No. 346 ; Oates, No. 935. Prrra cucuLuatTa (Hartl.).—The Green-breasted Pitta. This species is exceedingly rare here. I have only seen two speci- mens since I have been collecting. ( To be continued.) 124 125 88 PLANTS OF A BOMBAY SWAMP. By G. MarsHatt Wooprow. (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th March, 1897.) The land from which the plants referred to were gathered is nearly ‘enclosed by three lines—Clerk Road, the Vellard and the “ Main Drain.” Its altitude is nearly mean sea-level, and the greater part of it is said to be under water during the monsoon months, The soil when dry is a sandy loam heavily charged with salt. Vegetation is confined to a bank a few inches higher than the general level ; it is chiefly herbaceous, such woody plants as occur are under one year old, except Tamarix, which thrives on land submerged a portion of the year. : The species found are 79 in number, but it is very probable that further search may greatly increase the flora. The collection referred to here was made in November and December. No Cryptogams were found, and it is probable that a search made during September would reveal many. | In reviewing the plants in their order, according to the natural system, it is found that— CAPPARIDEH is represented by Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC., “ Tilwan.” PortTuLAce® by Portulaca oleracea, Linn., the “ Ghol,” of the Marathas, and Purslane of the English. Formerly much valued in salads and pickles. It has fallen out of use in Great Britain and in this country, and appears to be little valued by the well-to-do classes, as it is seldom seen in the bazaars. CARYOPHYLLE by an elegant Stellaria, of which the specimen has been lost. TAMARISCINE® by a species of Tamarzz not in flower. Matvacem by seedlings of the Portia tree, Thespesea populnea, Corr. The ‘“Bendi acha jhar,’ a well-known littoral plant, and species of cotton. Gossypium Wightianum, Tod., and Malachra capitata, Linn., a plant of tropical Africa and America which has spread all over the neighbourhood of Bombay. It yields a good fibre, and by some has been thought — worth cultivating, but with “Sunn” and ‘“ Ambaree” to compete with, it does not get a front place. 12 PLANTS OF A BOMBAY SWAMP. 89 Ruracea by Peganum Harmala, Linn, “ Ispanda, harmala,’ an herb peculiar to salt-soils and having a strong odour, resembling Rue and credited with medicinal virtues, rather too wide to be deep. AMPELIDEZ by Vitis carnosa, Wall. “ Ambat-vel,’’ a common climbing plant in the Concan; the succulent trifoliolate leaves, when tasted, are at first a pleasant acid, but it soon becomes violently acrid. It is described as a domestic application to boils in “ Pharmcographia Indica.” LrecuminosH by Alysicarpus rugosus, D.C., and Hrythrina indica, Linn., “‘ Pangara,’’ The solitary plant of this species - is on the side of the Vellard and somewhat out of the reach of water. It has more the appearance of a truly wild tree _ than other examples near Bombay have—still it can scarcely be said to be indigenous to the district. LyrHRAcezx by Ammania baceifera, Linn., and numerous vigorous seedlings of Lawsonia alba, Lamk. “Mendi”’ or “ Hinna,.” Those seedlings indicate the class of soil adapted for this plant should the vagaries of fashion again call: for its production as a commercial product. OnaGRACEE by Ludwigia parviflora, Roxb., which is found on the muddy banks of tanks throughout the country. PAssIFLORACEA by Carica papaya, Linn. “‘ Papay ” in numer- ous healthy seedlings. CucursituAm by Luffa echinatus, Roxb., and by another plant so far spent as to be difficult to determine, it is probably Citrullus fistulosus, Stocks., a bitter form of the water melon. Ficorippa by Trianthema monogyna, Linn. “ Vishkapra ” and two widespread species of Mollugo—M. hirta, Thunb., and M. spergula, Linn., “ Jharas.” Umsetnirerm by those useful plants FENNEL: Feniculum vulgare, Geertn., “ Bari shopha,” and Carwm copticum, Benth., “ Ajwan,” The vigour of both species shows that they are indifferent to salt in the soil. Composirm by the widespread weed Vernonia cinerea, Less., “Sahadevi.” Used to promote perspiration. Also Ageratum conyzoides, Linn,, Blumea membranacea, D.C., 90 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XJ. B. amplectans, D.C., Var. maritima, and two more species of Blumea that are undetermined and offer to any member of the Society, who is expert in the identification of plants of this genus, a nice opportunity for the exercise of a valued talent. Eclipta alba, Hursk. “ Maka,” a common weed whose variable medicinal virtues are recounted in the “ Pharmacographia Indica.” Spheranthus indicus, Linn., “Mundi.” Cesulia avillaris, Roxb., had evidently dried up soon after the water went off. Sonchus oleraceus, Linn., the Sow Thistle. Boracingem by Cordia rothiit, Reem. and Sch., “ Gondani ” and Heliotropium indicum, Linn., a true halophyte, was decidedly vigorous. ConVOLVULACEZ by a species of Convolvulus, of which only a single specimen was obtained. It appears different from any described in the Flora of British India, and there is nothing like it in the Herbarium at the College of Science, but one must not dogmatise from a single specimen with very few flowers available for dissection. Cressa creticar Tinn., “Khardi” “Rudantitka,’ was frequent. This little herb affects salt and moist land so generally that by some people it is supposed to cause moisture.. Tpomea sepiaria, Koen, “ Ambti,” occurs on the higher portion by the side of the Vellard. SOLANACEE by Physalis minima, Linn., Datura fastuosa, Linn. Lycopersicum esculentum, Miller, the ‘Tomatoe,” Solanum nigrum, Linn., S. melongena, Linn., “ Benguin” or “ Au- bergine,” and S. zanthocarpum, Schrad and Wend. Those six species are all well-known plants which thrive on rich moist soil; they appear to be indifferent to salt in the soil. ASCLEPIADS, APocYNaDs, and GENTIANS would come in here, and their absence is remarkable. SCHROPHULARINEE by Scoparia Duleis, Linn., a remarkable sporadic plant not hitherto recorded from the Bombay Presidency, but recently abundant in Bengal ; five specimens only were gathered after a long search ; next year they will probably be abundant. PLANTS OF A BOMBAY SWAMP, 91 PEDALINEE by Sesamum indicum, D.C., the “ Til” plant well devoloped, but dried up completely; in soil similarly moist yet without salt this plant would probably have retained some verdure till December. Acantuacen by Peristrophe bicalyculata, Ness ab E., and Lepidagathis cristata, Willd,, “ Talimkhana, ” VERBENACEE by Lippia nodiflera, Rich. “Vakkan,” considered by Hindus to be a febrifuge and diuretic. Lazare by Ocimum canum, Sims., one of the species known as “ Ran tulas,” was growing vigorously. AMARANTACEE by Celosia argentea, Mogq., “ Kurdu,” Amaran- ius spinosus, Linn., “ Katemath.” A, viridis, Linn. A. polygamus, Linn. A. tenuifolius, Willd., “* Tandoolja.” Nothosaerua brachiata, Wight. Zirua lanata, Juss., “ Kapur-madhur.” Aliernanthera sessilis, B. Br., “* Doodhsagar.”’ Achyranthes aspera, Linn., “ Aghada,” occurred on the higher portions. CuEnopopiAcem by Suceda fruticosa, Forsk., one of the plants called ‘Morus,’ which are burned in the preparation of alkali. The variable colour of this and of many other plants which affect salt Jand is remarkable ; there may be found in proximity plants of the palest green, and also plants of intermediate shades up to deep purple. The genus Brassica is another salt-loving group in which the pale green of cauliflower and the dark purple of red cabbage may be seen. HurHorBIAcEa by Euphorbia thymifolia, Burm. LE. hy- pericifolca, Linn., and the castor oil plant, Ricinus com- munis, Linn. Urricacem by 2 solitary seedling of the Banyan tree, Ficus bengalensis, Linn., ‘‘ Wad,” which had germinated on the ground, a, very rare condition for this tree. It is interesting to observe how Nature has provided for the rotation of crops 92 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, by requiring that the fruit of the Banyan, which falls to the ground, may rarely germinate, although it is well matured, as may be proved by sowing on crushed bricks kept moist. If the seed germinated under the parent tree a forest of weakly plants would appear on a soil exhausted by producing the parent. CypERACEZ by Cyperus rotundus. Mariscus microcephalus, Presl., and Scirpus maritemus, Linn. : GRAMINE® by Paspaium distichum, Linn., a littoral grass remarkable for its variability in habit under different condi- tions; the specimens exhibited would scarcely be believed to be the produce of the same species; one simple stem grows up- right and bears long leaves and flowers ; another spreads on the ground, branches freely, and bears very short leaves. It is. to this grass that the great beauty of newly-formed lawns in Bombay is due ; it hasa deep green colour and a dense velvety growth, but as it grows in its native habitat in company with “ Hariyali” the two species are mixed in making a lawn and Paspalum distichum, Linn., either does not get enough salt or does not bear lawn treatment well. It grows well for a time, but soon abdicates in favour of the hardier “ Hariyali.” The lawn at the rear of the Municipal Building at first hada predominance of this grass, but now it has little else than ‘‘Hariyali,” which has a greyish green tint. The vernacular name of this grass has not been ascertained ; it is easily distinguished from “ Hariyali” by the infloresence having only two divergent branches, while the other grass has from one to five branches. Paspalum sanguinale, Lamk., occurs on this land sparsely and looks happier on the roadside out of reach of the salt. Eriochloa polystachya, H.B. & K. The many-stemmed woolly grass as we may translate its name is as giabrous as a grass may be, It is abundant and vigorous on this land. Panicum punctatum, Burm., is probably the most abundant of all plants on the land under consideration, occupying generally the higher parts of the banks ; it is decidedly vigorous. PLANTS OF A BOMBAY SWAMP. | 93 It is also the principal grass in the cultivated meadows of the district which have an altitude a few feet higher than the land on which those plants were found. Panicum colonum, Linn. Ischemum rugosum, Salisb. TIsetlema laxum, Hack, and Pennisetum typhoideum, Pers. All occur in weakly tufts. Sporobolus glaucifolius, Hochst, appears vigorous and at home ; its plant body resembles “ Hariyali” in a striking degree, but the flowers are quite distinct. 99 Cynodon dactylon, Pers. ‘ Hariyali,” is an extremely wide- spread grass; it occurs from the south of England to Australia thriving on moist sandy soils, but capable of bearing much drought, and apparently indifferent to salt. It may be observed growing up through the stable refuse forming the Hsplanade ride, while its companion on the adjoining land, Ischemum ciliare, Retz. is not vigorous enough during the cold season, to pierce the covering. Chloris barbata, Swartz. Eleusine indica, Gaertn. and Leptochloa arabica are grasses of a weedy habit growing any- where, but Diplachne fusca, Beauv., is characteristic of moist and salt tracts. It is very abundant near Bombay, but does not appear to have been observed until recently. The last plant to be presented is luropus littoralis, Pavl., a creeping grass characteristic of salt tracts. The plants of the foregoing list may be separated into true halophytes or salt-loving plants: plants indifferent to salt; marsh plants and weedy plants which grow almost anywhere, HALoPHYTEs. Peganum Harmala, Linn. Blumea amplectans, D.C., Var. maritima. Heliotropium indicum, Linn. Cressa cretica, Linn. Sueda fruticosa, Forsk. 94 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1. Scirpus maritimus, Linn. Eriochloa polystachya, H. B. & K. Sporobolus glaucifolius, Hochst. Ailuropus Uttoralis, Pers. PLANTS INDIFFERENT TO SALT. Portulaca oleracea, Linn. Thespesia populuea, Corr. Malachra capitata, Linn, Carica papaya, Linn. Mollugo hirta, Thunb. M. Spergula, Linn. Fenicalum vulgare, Geertn. Carum copticum, Benth. Cordia Rothit, Reem. & Sch. Ricinus communis, Linn. Cynodon dactylon, Pers. MarsH Pants. Tamariz sp., not in flower. Ammania baccifera, Linn. Ludwigia parvifiora, Roxb. Cesulia axillaris, Roxb. Lepidagathis cristata, Willa. Lippia nodiflora, Rich. Panicum punctatum, Burm. Diplachne fusca, Beauv. The remainder may be included in the section—Plants of a weedy character. 95 THE BURMESE GOAT-ANTELOPE, OR SEROW. Nemorheedus sumatrensis. By VErTeRInaRy-Oaprain G. H. Evans. (With a Plate.) (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society, on 18th March, 1897.} Burmese Names: Taw-Seik [Jungle Goat]. Taw-Myin [Jungle Horse]. Kaba-Gya [Precipice Tiger]. From the above names it will probably be inferred that the goat- antelope is at least a strange looking animal, to have conveyed impressions that it resembled a goat, a horse, and a tiger! I fancy the latter name was given by some one who was overcome by the somewhat ferocious appearance of the creature, or, perhaps, from a more intimate acquaintance. The head and horns no doubt led to its being described asa goat, and the presence of a mane to its being likened to a horse. Be this as it may, it will, I think, be admitted by those who have seen this animal, that there is some excuse for those who applied the names; for the “ taw-seik ” is without doubt an ugly nondescript beast. They are generally distributed over nearly all the hill ranges of the province, and are also found in the Chin Hills and Shan States, and it is probable that they extend into the Lushai country, parts of Manipur, Yunnan and Siam. They may be met with at elevations varying from 700 feet in the smaller hills, to seven or eight thousand feet in the Chin and other mountain chains. They are more or less solitary and are nowhere numerous, though at times a few may be discovered living on the same hil]. As a rule they inhabit dreadful ground, their favourite haunts being the most craggy hill sides, or rugged forest-clad ground, where during the day they rest in caves, or under the eaves of over-hanging rocks ; they may also lie up under the shade of a large tree, but more frequently prefer to retire to the very dense cover often found in sheltered ravines, They are very shy, and this, coupled with the precipitous ground they hide in, renders approach to them a watter of some difficulty. The early hours of the morning and late in the evening are their feeding times, and they are 96 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1, generally careful to confine this operation to places not far from more or less impassable ground, so that on the least suspicion of danger, ‘t is an easy matter for them to escape. Their food consists of grasses, and the leaves of various trees. They rarely feed low down on the hill sides, but I have more than once seen their tracks, &c., in old jungle clearings, and on parts that had recently been cleared by fire; Karens informing me that visits to such places were for the purpose of eating the ashes which contained salt. The ordure of these creatures is usually found in heaps about their regular haunts, and there is a distinct goaty smell about places they have laid up in. Two methods may be tried for circumventing the Serow, wiz., stalking and driving. The former, though the more charming and sporting, is certainly the least successful, the animals being sharp, shy, and inhabiting such difficult ground. Even when it can be got over, there is the constant chance of a slant of wind, or of starting a loose stone to warn them of impending danger. When disturbed there is a loud snort followed by a clatter of stones, after which it is usually a good plan to return to camp. Stalking is however good fun and always excellent exercise. To be successful, an intimate knowledge of the ground is essential, as it enables the sportsman to make an early start and so get above their haunts by daybreak, or as soon after as _ possible, the advantage being that danger is nearly always anticipated from below. A position under cover may be taken up on one of their paths, anda sharp look-out kept with glasses over all likely , ground. In driving, it is also desirable to get the beaters out early, in order to allow them to get to the ground by along route. The beaters are usual- ly Karens or other hill men, who are, needless to say, good cragsmen, but they, like the Burmans, are often very lazy and difficult to get out. The beat should be as silent as possible, only tapping of sticks being allowed. The stops can always give news of animals trying to break. Local men post the guns on the likely paths—a startled snort, accompanied by a clatter of rolling stones announces that a Serow ison the move. As Karens and other hill men say that these animals when wounded are often vicious, it is just as well to be careful, asthe places guns are frequently posted at are such From Photographs. : A.C.Chowdhary lith: THESBURMESE GOA T-ANT ELOPE, OR SEROW. ing > a tk ae ee =i THE BURMESE GOAT-ANTELOPE, OR SEROW. 7 that a good butt might mean a very nasty fall, or even a broken limb or neck. During the dry season the Chins occasionally have some extensive beats. They go out armed with matchlocks and spears. As a rule the drive is in a big ravine, and when everyone is posted tho jungle is fired when every living thing worthy of a Chin’s digestion (and there are few things that are not) has a warm time of it, as few escape. Serow frequently come to grief in these beats. Like al] goats the Serow isa fine climber, very nimble, and quite at home on precipitous ground, though they are not so good on the flat. I know of two instances where animals were driven on to fairly level ground. One was cut down with dahs, the other, a young but full grown doe, was after a hard fight captured, but she met with such a severe handling, that the poor creature died a few days after. In common with many other animals, these creatures sometimes lose their heads and act in astrange manner. On one occasion when after them, I regret to say that I did the same. My gunbearer and I were going over what I considered «very dangerous ground ; being anything but an expert cragsman, I determined to try another route hard by, and while busily engaged seeking nice places for my feet, I flushed a Serow a few paces from me. We stared at each other whilst I felt a fool, not having my gun, and_ expected every moment to be shown a shorter cut down the hill than the one I had taken up it, when suddenly it began to rush here and there not attempt- ing to escape, till I called to the gunbearer who had stuck to the old track, This was too much for the Serow, as he then dashed over some fearful ground and disappeared. He certainly deserved to breek every bone in his carcase, but I dare say he had been there before many a time. I am of opinion that more does than bucks are killed. The only reasons I can assign for this are that these animals are usually hunted between February and April, during which months it is probable that the bucks live apart, or perhaps it is that they hide more than the does. -Serow ate very fond of their haunts, and. though often disturbed, will return to them. The best weapons are a -450 13 eg JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf, express, a double-barrelled-scatter gun loaded with ball or, better still, a gun built to take the “ Pavadox ” bullet. | The female has four teats; the period of gestation is between six and seven months, and it is said that there is only one kid at a birth. The flesh, when fresh, is rather coarse and ‘possesses a decided flavour, but, if kept for a little time, is, to a not ovyer-fastidious person, very good eating, and is at all times a welcome change from fowl. In appearance the “‘ taw-seik”’ is, to my mind, an under-bred, ungainly-looking creature. No doubt the mane, large head, long ears, more or less shaggy coat, and short, sturdy limbs, tend to the impres- sion that he is a heavy, awkward beast. The head, as I have noted, is large and rather long. The ears are donkey-like and from six to eight inchesin length; the muzzle is naked and beardless. In colour the eyes are a darkish sea-green, though sometimes the irides appear very dark brown. Beneath the eyes are the sub- orbital glands, the orifices of which at times look like small sores, and from which a whitish-coloured secretion exudes. In the skull are large laclirymal fosse of medium depth for the reception of these glands. The neck is short, thick, and is provided with a mane, running from the nape to the withers, the hair of which varies from 4% to 6 inches or more in length. The coat is coarse, rather thin (on those found on the lower elevations) and of moderate length. Both sexes are very similar in size and general appearance. In height they stand from 36 to 38 inches at the shoulder. The length of body from nose to end of tait is from 60 to 64 inches. The tail is provided with a tuft of hair three or four inches in length, The feet are goat-like, andthe hoofs measure from 1% to 2 inches in longth. The supernumerary digits on the fore and hind limbs measure from 14 to 14 inches. The knees are callous from lying on hard ground, I should think that a full-grown animal would scale from 170 to 190 pounds. The colour of these animals varies so much in different specimens that it is difficult to d: scribe. Some are so dark as at a distance to make them appear al 1ost black, while others are very much lighter in colour. THE BURMESE GOAT-ANTELOPE, OR SEROW. 99 These variations are, no doubt, greatly influenced by the different elimatic conditions under which they exist. The colour may vary from a grizzled-black, or blackish-grey-roan, to a rufous-brown. In the darker specimens, the mane, head and neck are blackish with a hoary tinge; the hair (coat) on the upper parts Ba erizzled-black. The colour of the hair about the muzzle, under the chin, and sometimes for a short distance under the abdomen is a dirty yellowish-white, as also is the hair inside the ears; these latter are tipped with black. The throat, inside of flanks and thighs is of a tan or reddish-brown eolour, which is also the case with the limbs from just above the knees-and hocks down to the feet [tan stockings]. Most of the red hairs are tipped with white. On the quarters the colour is rufous, with white and black hairs running through it. In the lighter-coloured examples the blackish colour passes into a rusty-grey intermingled with black on the sides, quarters, chest, inside thighs, &c. A dorsal stripe may also be noticed in such Specimens. Horns are common to both sexes, and there is scarcely any differ- ence in size and appearance. They are black in colour and conical in shape. They are closely and irregularly ringed for three-quarters of their length. This is best seen on the posterior surface. In young animals the rings are often complete, but as the animals grow older they become effaced on the anterior surface, excepting perhaps for an inch or so from the base ; this is probably due to butting or rubbing their horns on rocks, trees, &c. In some specimens the rings are broken by longitudinal strie. The horn cores spring fairly close together, are continuous with the facial plane, then taking a slight backward curve, and diverging towards the tips. This, of course, is also the case with the horns which are invariably sharp-pointed. In length they may run to ten or eleven inches and more. The best head I have seen measured was nine and three-quarters inches. This head was from one of the red specimens, and was shot by a Chin Chief at a considerable elevation in the Southern Chin Hills. From numerous heads measured 1 am inclined to think that anything over eight inches might be considered a good head. The circumference at the base of the horns of a good head measures from 4% to 5 inches. be *g9AIN0 JOAO4ON « S 7!) 7 ZG & @aceoe @oeeve Goeecue ese i ” ut? is “ig SUsoy FO osvq PUNO WRIT | CL s WES | “nt neg HES ececoe @oceee ese eve sUIOy axe) peoidg IL S ui8 ued WS | wtG uo ued wh | ie suLoy Jo TSueT | OL = ued ais a Wel ovens oveese evcce esese ceo ace gro a%0) qysue7T 6 3 e@oceve e@secce e@eecee NOG esccce Cseeeo ecccve eco SLONITAM: 04 odvu oueul oGkohocla g 8 < ut urd witb | uf ut? u9 ie Pe eueUt JO Trey JO yISuT | L iq uP u& us pee’ suede av ie “ -gyng Te} FO Yasue] | 9 sxe} S ‘CM dSauemdery, ue an u6F 0S uF [** [LB} FO 700 ‘suLOY esvq YASUE] | g = F ka 3 : a3 wee 5 : = sant = saath aoe uG7G | u9 |uto"S uP | uuS S uF wt0"VG x wilt % 0191S 5 uO uous \ uw ae Tre, Jo WSueT | F 6 = eae nea minh ut 01 u6 : uO. ue | “* suLOoy FO oseq 0} OSON | ¢ out s A[putrs & ‘ BS Eat eae. u8& wi LS aS matt uor u8& ub “* UdtBolOF PUTTIY WAAL) | G ee A svowenunom eng ut68 98 neces ele ies Wee nile “+ goplnoys 9% qLST8H | t & Ss i ee ee = i > & SYIVULOY ITA IA A AI Url II I 5 S <>) e = « 2s MVL, JO SLINGANAEOSVEN NOS woes THE BURMESE GOAT-ANTELOPE, OR SEROW. 101 MEASUREMENTS OF TWO GOOD SKULLS. Extreme length of skull from occipital condyles to end of premaxillary bone nee ws bo vee 143" 143" Length from base of horns to end of premaxillary bone aes tee wee gee a8 ay ene 10” Breadth between orbital cavities “ioc aes weet eae Ain Breadth between zygotmatic arches... nc Ae set 81" Length of horns... “7 ae ove wee oy te 93” Spread between tips a8 ses es une scepter! 53" Girth round the base uss nos ame ae ceo» GY Buu My thanks are due to Mr. A. Weston, of the Forest Department, for some information on certain points, and also to Mr. F. Bagley and Mr, Rennie for the photographs here reproduced. 102° DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF SCORPIONS: FROM INDIA. — By R. I. Pocock, or THE British Muskum or Naturat History.. (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th March, 1897.) Part I.—Introductory Remarks. In the spring of 1896 I undertook, at Mr. R. ©. Wroughiton’s request, to identify for the Bombay Natural History Society any Indian scorpions that might be forwarded to me, subject to the reservation that representatives of the species examined and the typical example of any that proved tobe new might be retained for the national collection. Upon my gladly acquiescing in the proposed plan of operations, which offered such a splendid and wholly unexpected opportunity of confirming and extending our knowledge of these interesting animals, Mr. Wroughton with characteristic energy and despatch applied himself to the task of amassing material by appealing for specimens to various members of the Society quartered in different. parts of India. The net result, up to the present time, of this collecting raid upon: the scorpions has been ; firstly, the capture of a thousand or so speci- mens of various genera and species from a large number of localities 3. secondly, the addition of some dozen new species to science and of gome fourteen new forms to the Indian fauna; thirdly, an immense- increase in our knowledge of the range of structural variation and. geographical distribution of the previously known species ; and, fourthly, the enrichment of the national collection by upwards of 450: specimens, including examples of all the species obtained, and of the Museum of the Bombay Natural History Society by a named collection containing the larger part of the known Indian species. It may be added that every specimen, as it passed through Mr. Wroughton’s hands, was carefully measured and labelled with a number corresponding to a number on a MS. table on which was carefully entered the measurements, locality and collector’s name. It is my intention finally to writea complete account of the scorpions of India, with figures of the different species, and an introduction on the structural terminology, classification, distribution, &c., to be published, by permission of Mr, Phipson, ina series of DESCRIPTIONS OF SCORPIONS FROM INDIA, 103 parts, in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. But since the preparation and publication of such a report will necessarily occupy much time, it seems to me advisable to describe without further delay the new species that have lately come into my hands. And I the more readily adopt this course on account of the hope that before the final revision of the species is undertaken, J shall have received fresh material from the Society, so that the work may be more complete than if it were entered upon now. There is of course every reason to suppose that many more species will yet turn up if collecting is carried on in the future with an energy compar- able to that of the past year. There are still many districts in India from which we have no specimens at all ; and the new and interesting forms obtained, for example, by Messrs. Kemball and Ryan in Scinde show promise of a rich and practically unknown fauna all down the valley of the Indus from Kashmir southwards, that is to say, along the line where the Indian fauna blends with that of Afghanistan and Baluchistan. So too to the eastward, where India passes into Burma, we know but little of the scorpions beyond the bare fact that no species, so far as has been ascertained with certainty, are common to the two countries. Other points requiring investigation are the dis- tance to which the Persian and Afghan elements extend into Central India, and the number of species that are common to South India and Ceylon, and the nature of those, if any there be, that are peculiar to the last-named island. To the appended list of the new species obtained by the members of the Bombay Natural History Society have heen added descriptions of a few others that have come into my hands during the past half-dozen years. These increase the total up to eighteen. Parr IIl.—Description of new Species. Family BUTHIDA, Genus Prionurus, Hempr. and Bhrenb. (1.)—PrioNURUS FINITIMUS, sp. n. Colour.—A tolerably uniform yellow, the legs and chele clearer than the trunk ; the tail with its fifth segment and vesicle pale greenish-or brownish-black, the dark pigment spreading on to the sides and lower - surface of the fourth segment. 104 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, Xf, Sculpturing of the trunk, limbs and tail like that of the Persian species P. crassicauda, the inferior and inferior lateral intercarinal spaces of the tail finely granular. Tail increasing in width to the middle of the third segment, the fourth either a trifle narrower than the third (¢) or equalling it in width (@), the fifth segment never so wide as the second, and in the Q a little narrower than the first, in the ¢ equal to the first in width or a trifle wider ; the lateral keels of the fifth as well as of the other segments not so strongly elevated as in P. crassicauda; the first segment a little broader than long, the second a little longer than broad (8, 9) ; the third as broad as long {¢), ora little longer than broad (2); the length of the second in the 9 just about equalling the width of the third. Chelee resembling those of P. crassicauda. Pectinal teeth; 9, 20°25, average about 23: 2, 28°33, averaging about 30. Measurements in millimetres of ¢ (Type). Total length 76, length of carapace 8, of tail 47, width of first segment a little over 6, of third 7. Locality —Scinde, Haidarabad, and Kotri (Type) (G. IZ Ryan); also a large number of examples from Haidarabad, Kashmir Bund, and the Khelat Frontier (A. V. Kemball). Differing from the Persian and Mesopotamian P. crassicauda, of which perhaps it will ultimately prove to bea sub-species, in its pale colouring, the typical crasscauda being a black or deep brown species. The colour- ing of P. finitimus at all ages is very like that of the North Hgyptian form P. libycus, except that in young examples of the former the infus- cation of the end of thetail is much fainter, the vesicle being quite pale, the pigment gradually increasing in intensity with age, whereas in P. libycus the pigment in the young is much stronger than in the adult. The genus Prionwrus, which ranges from Morocco to Hgypt in Africa and thence through Arabia and Persia, is new to the Indian fauna. It seems probable that the form here described is the most easterly representative of the genus. Genus Butaus, Leach. (2.)\—BUTHUS ODONTURUS, sp. 0. Closely allied to Buthus doriw, Thor., from Teheran in Persia, but differing in the following particulars :— The sternal plates of the abdomen and the coxe of the cephalo- thoracic appendages are covered with fine granules; and there are DESCRIPTIONS OF SCORPIONS FROM INDIA. 105 four longitudinal granular crests on the fourth abdominal sternite, traces of them being visible on the third. In B. dorie the coxe. and sterna are smooth, and there are no granular keels on the fourth sternum. The tuberculiform teeth, present on the lower surface of the tail, which are so characteristic of B. dortc, are also developed in B. odonturus, but to a lesser degree, being smaller, farther apart and triangular in shape, whereas in B. dori they are apically rounded. Again in B. dorie the large teeth forming the anterior transverse crest on the second and third segments are only 4 in number, while in B. odonturus they are 6, and lastly the lateral protuberance on the fifth segment, which projects on each side of the anal orifice is bilobed in B. dorie, trilobed in B. odonturus. Pectinal teeth ($), 28-29. Total length 58, length of tai! 37, carapace 6. Locality.—Khelat Frontier, Upper Scinde (A. V. Kemball.) (3.)—BUTHUS ATROSTRIATUS, sp. 0. Colour.—@ . Yellow, variegated with black bands and spots ; the front border of the carapace with its ccuiar tubercle and keels black ; the three keels, of the terga black, and usually an additional black spot on each side ; keels on lower side of tail irregularly fuscous, the dark pigment spreading laterally on to the sides of the fourth and fifth seg- ments ; vesicle lightly infuscate at the sides ; chelee yellow, the upper and outer sides of the brachium and hand irregularly lined with fuscous, patches of the same colour being also present upon the upper side of the trochanter and humerus and also upon the femora and tibize of the legs. Trunk with its intercarinal spaces weakly granular ; the keels on the terga granular and parallel ; frontal keels of the carapace complete and granular ; the area on each side between their apices and the lateral eyes coarsely granular; the median central and median posterior keels forming an irregular series. Sternal plates smooth, the last granular at the sides, and marked with four finely granular crests. Tail of medium thickness, about five times the length of the carapace, with it normal keels well developed and finely granular, the median lateral almost absent on the third, occupying ) the posterior half of the area on the second ; the intercarinal spaces of the sides and lower surface of the tail finely granular, the keels only 4 106 JOURNAL, BOMBAY see Mea Th HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. sparsely hairy ; the inferior lateral ues on the fifth segment furnished posteriorly with lobate dentiform tubercles, tree such tubercles situated upon the anal lobe of the segment ; vesicle sub-globular and granular. Chelce with normal keels developed and granular, and finely granular intercarinal spaces; hand smooth, punctured, hairy, considerably wider than the brachium, the movable digit about one-third longer th@n the hand-back, both digits lobate, the movable furnished with 11 median rows of teeth, those at the base crowded together. Legs granular and granularly crested ; the feet furnished below with two rows of setiform spines. Pectinal teeth, 18-20. 6. Smaller than 9, digits more strongly lobate ; tail five anda half times the length of the carapace. Pectinal teeth, 22-26. Measurement in millimetres. @. Total length 48, length of cara- pace 5, of tail 27. Locality.—Kashmore Bund, Upper Scinde (A. V. Kemball). Related to B. phileppsi, Poc., from Bushire on the Persian Gulf, but easily distinguishable by having the tail shorter and narrower, with its first segment wider than the third instead of equal to it in width, and the intercarinal spaces granular instead of smooth, etc. Also the pectinal teeth are more numerous in B, philippsi, being 28-26 in the 9, and 27-30 in the @. (4.)—BuTHUS RUGISCUTIS, sp. 0. Closely related to the scorpion of India known as 7. tamulus nigrolineatus or T. martens:2, but smaller, rougher, with thicker tai] and fewer pectinal teeth. 8. Colowr.—Ranging from fulvous to fulvo-fuscous, the keels of the trunk and tail usually emphasized by a black tint. The upper surface of the trunk entirely covered with coarse granules, amongst which the normal keels stand up as granular ridges, the frontal keels of the carapace not traceable for more than half-way across the triangular interocular area. First four sternal plates smooth, the last finely granular with four nearly smooth crests. Tail.—About five times as long as the carapace, thickly and coarsely granular below and at the sides, the upper surface also granular though less coarsely than the sides ; keels forming the normal granular crests, the median lateral present on the fourth ; the segments wider DESCRIPTIONS OF SCORPIONS FROM INDIA. 107 and higher as compared with their length than in nigrolineatus, the width of the first excelling the lateral length of the third and almost equal to that of the fourth ; width of second and third approximately equal to that of first ; height of the second equal to its length. (In specimens of B. nzgrolineatus, the length of the second far exceeds its height, and the length of the third exceeds the width of the first.) Chele.—With manus equalling brachium in width, brachium weakly granular above, movable digit slightly less than twice the length of the hand back and furnished with 12 rows of teeth. Pectinal teeth 21-20 (18-21). &. Smaller than 9, with pectines larger, furnished with 21-24 teeth, hand much wider than brachium and digits strongly lobate at the base. Measurements in millimetres. Q. Total length 53, length of cara- pace 50, of tail 27. @. Total length 44, length of carapace 5, of tail 25°8, Locality.—Mahableshwar, 5,000 feet altitude (Mrs. Wroughton, types) ; also examples ticketed Mahableshwar Tal, Satara, 8. Dekhan (A. D. Wilkins). (9.)—BuTHUS PACHYURUS, sp. n. Colour.—Black, tinted in parts with deep red, fingers and sometimes the hand of chelee brownish-red, tarsal segments of legs yellowish. With the exception of the ocular tubercle which is smooth, the whole carapace is covered, though not quite closely, with coarse granules: amongst which the keels are scarcely traceable. The tergal plates of the abdomen are also coarsely granular, but the normal keels are distinct and either granular or nearly smooth. The sternal plates are smooth and polished, the last only being sparsely granular at the sides and furnished with four granular crests. | Tal.—Stout, thickly hairy, rather more than four times the length of the carapace, increasing in breadth to the middle of the third seg- ment, all the segments, except the fifth, considerably wider than long, the width of the third almost equal to the length of the fifth ; the upper side of the segments rather deeply hollowed and smooth, the sides and lower surface thickly and uniformly covered with coarse granules, each segment with ten granular crests, though the median lateral keel is weak on the fourth ; vesicle coarsely granular. 108 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI, Chelee.—With the brachium finely granular above, but without the upper anterior crest, the hand smooth, hairy not crested, equal to the brachium in width, digit less than twice the length of the hand-back, furnished with twelve rows of teeth. Legs—Weakly granular externally. Pectinal teeth 23-23 in type ; 21-22 in other examples. &. More coarsely granular than the female, with tail a little thinner, the width of the fourth segment being equal to its length. Pectines larger, with 24 teeth ; the hand much wider than the brachium, the digits basally lobate. Length of g, 9 46 mm. Locality. —Mundla, Central Provinces (A. NW. Caccia ; Types) ; Kamptee, Central Provinces (J. Marten) ; Nasik, N. Dekhan (W. S. Millard) ; Wai Tal and Karad Tal, Satara (A. D. Wilkins). Belonging to the hottentotta section of Buthus and resembling B. judaicus in its dark colour, but differing in the greater thickness of the tail, ete. Genus BuTHEoLus, Simon. (6.)—BUTHEOLUS BICOLOR, sp. 0. Colour.—Upper side of trunk deep green ; fourth and fifth segments of the tail with the vesicle also deep green ; but the first and second segments (and usually the third) ochre-yellow ; legs lemon-yellow with blackish tint on the femora; humerus and brachium of chelz also blackish, the rest of the appendage yellower. Trunk.—Hntirely covered above with close-set granules, the two interocular ridges alone being smooth. Tergal plates of segments 3-6 distinctly tricarinate. Abdominal sterna mostly smooth, the first finely granular anteriorly and laterally, the fourth also granular in the depressions, the fifth smooth only in the middle ; its crests evanescent. Tail.—Posteriorly expanded, the fourth and fifth segments approxi- mately equal in width and wider than the rest, the upper surface of all the segments mesially granular, the upper crests granular and present only on the first, evanescent on the second, the sides of segments 1-3 punctured, the lower surfaces with 4 keels ; the fourth and fifth segments smooth, without crests, but covered below and laterally with large punctures; the inferior lateral keel, however, present on the fifth DESCRIPTIONS OF SCORPIONS FROM INDIA. 109 seoment posteriorly and distinctly lobate ; vesicle small, coarsely punctured, not granular. Chele.—With humerus thickly granular above, brachium nearly smooth, with keels strong and crenulate ; nine rows of teeth on the digits. Legs.—With femora coarsely and patelle more finely granular. Pectinal teeth in 9 17-19, g 19-21. Length of 9 38,mm. $ 38. Locality (of type).—Kandala Tal, Satara, S. Dekhan (A. D. Wilkins) ; also examples from Wai Tal (A. D. Wilkins). The latter differ from the specimen from Kandala Tal in having the basal segments of the tail darker. This species resembles the type of the genus Butheolus, namely B. thalassinus from Aden, in having the tergal plates tricostate, but differs entirely from it in having the fourth and fifth segments of the tail smooth and punctured below instead of granular and carinate. (7.)--BUTHEOLUS PALLIDUS, sp. n. Colour.—Trunk, tail and appendages entirely pale yellow thet ghout, the eyes alone black. Trunk.—Closely and finely granular above ; ocular tubercle smooth in front. Tergal plates with one median crest; sterna mostly smooth, the last finely granular, with four evanescent keels, the first and fourth granular as in B. bicolor. Tatl.—Posteriorly expanded, the fourth and fifth segments sub-equal in width and wider than the rest ; segments 1-3 with ten granular keels (the median lateral weak on the third), with granular intercarinal spaces ; the lower surface of the fourth covered with granules, with evanescent keels and obsoletely punctured, the sides of this segment distinctly punctured ; fifth segment punctured laterally and below, but the posterior half of its lower side thickly granular ; the inferior lateral keels distinct, finely granular behind, dentate posteriorly ; a weak median granular crest ; upper surface of all the segments weakly granular; vesicle small and punctured. Chelee.—Humerus weakly granular above, brachium smooth with finely crenulate keels ; digits with eight rows of teeth. Legs.—With femora somewhat coarsely granular, patellee smooth but with finely granular crests. 110 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT, Pectinal teeth 9 16-17, ¢ 21-29. Length up to 35 mm. Locality.—Upper Scinde, Khelat Frontier (Types) and Kashmore Bund (A. V. Kemball) ; also a single example from Haidarabad, Scinde (G. M. Ryan). Resembling the Persian B. melanurus, Kessler, and the Transcaspian B. conchinz, Sim., in having the terga unicostate, but differing from both in being entirely pale coloured, instead of deep green, and from . B.melanurus in having the lower surface of the fourth and fifth seg- ments granular, and from B, cenchini, which it appears to resemble in having the lower surface of the fourth and fifth segments rugose (granular), in having the legs and upper side of the tail granular. (8.)—BUTHEOLUS FLAVESCENS, sp. n. Very closely allied to B. pallidus, which it resembles in colour, except that the tergal plates are infuscate, but differing in having the tail much smoother. For example, the inferior keels on the first segment are smooth and the fourth and fifth segments are scarcely granular below, though very coarsely punctured. Pectinal teeth ¢ 20. . Length about 28 mm. Locality.x—Karagora in Kathiawar (1. Bulkley). Genus ARCHISOMETRUS, Kraepelin. (9.}—ARCHISOMETRUS CRASSIMANUS, sp. n. Colour.—Blackish-brown without any very distinct yellow pattern, tail paler ; vesicle and hands of the palpi and distal segments of legs clear yellow ; basal segments of legs and palpi blackish. Carapace.—Somewhat finely granular; its anterior border somewhat coarsely so. Terga conspicuously, though not very coarsely, granular in the posterior half, the posterior border of the carapace and of the first and second terga tri-emarginate ; the terga conspicuously tricastate (the first obsoletely so) ; sterna smooth and punctured, the ~ last almost without crests and without granules, merely faint traces of two of the crests. Tazl of medium length and thickness, less than four times the length of the carapace, the median lateral crest weak on the first, but represented by a posterior series of yranules on the second and third ; the keels denticulate, the intercarinal spaces sparsely DESCRIPTIONS OF SCORPIONS FROM INDIA, 111 granular and densely punctured ; vesicle nearly smooth, punctured, sparsely granular, merely angled beneath the aculeus, without definite spine. Chelee.—Heavy, granular ; the hand smooth, rounded, very large, much wider than the brachium ; digits short, the movable about equal to the hand-back in length. Pectinal teeth 12 in 9. Length 28 mm. 8, with larger hand, tail posteriorly expanded ; pectinal teeth 14-5, Length 21 mm. Locality— Panch Mahals, in Guzerat (W. A. Wallinger). Resembling A. tricarinatus in possessing three tergal crests, but differing essentially in having no spine beneath the aculeus of the vesicle, a much broader and heavier hand, small number of pectinal teeth, short spurs on the legs, etc. (10.)—ARCHISOMETRUS RUGOSUS, sp. n. Colour.—Nearly black, variegated with yellow ; legs clear yellow with black bands ; chelee blackish, with hand entirely pale yellow. Trunk.—Very coarsely granular above ; terga without lateral keels; sterna coriaceous ; the fourth as well as the fifth granular ; the latter with four granular crests, the former with two. Tail—Slender, nearly four times the length of the carapace ; 4 tig keels and intercarinal spaces granular ; the first three segments with ten keels ; a strong spine beneath the aculeus, Chelee.—Slender, coarsely granular, hand narrower than brachium, pectines large, furnished with twelve teeth. Locality.—Raipur, Central Provinees (received from H. MM. Phip- son). Recognisable at a glance from the rest of the Indian species of the genus by its coriaceous and granular sterna and small number (12) of pectinal teeth. (11.)—ARcHISOMETRUS HENDERSONI, sp. 2. Colour.—Trunk, legs, tail and cheliceree densely ifuscate, varie- gated with yellow, a conspicuous < shaped yellow mark on the terga; manus and digits entirely yellow. Carapace-—Finely and evenly granular throughout, a little shorter than the first two tail segments, its anterior border lightly emarginate. 112 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI. Abdominal terga.—Closely and finely granular throughout, without trace of lateral keel. Sterna.—Smooth and polished, the fifth finely granular, and furnish- ed with four keels. Tail.—Robust, about four and a half times the length of the cacaeeee intercarinal spaces finely granular, keels well developed, finely gran- ular, terminal granule of upper keels not enlarged ; segments 1-3 furnished with ten keels, the median lateral keel on the third weak ; the superior lateral keels on the fifth very sharply defined, the area between them elevated, vesicle small, smoothly carinate below, aculeus long, spine conspicuous. Palpi.—Normally keeled, finely granular ; brachium convex behind, not keeled and almost smooth ; manus about as thick as the brachium ; smooth and not keeled above; digits long, contiguous, the movable more than twice the length of the hand-back and armed with 6-7 median rows of teeth. 3 Legs.—Normally keeled, granular ; tibial spurs on the fourth and fifth very long, about a third of the length of the succeeding segment ; feet furnished below with two series of close-set hair. Pectinal teeth 17-18. Total length 34 mm, of carapace 3°5, of tail 18°5. Locality.—Yercaud, in the Sheveroy Hills (J. R. Henderson) ; a single female example. This species belongs to the same category as Archisometrus tricari- natus, A. shoplandi and A. scaber. It differs from them in the follow- ing respects. From A. tricarinatus in having no lateral keels on the terga, in having a more conspicuous median lateral keel on. the third caudal segment, in having fewer pectinal teeth (17-18), as compared to over 20 (21-25), and much longer fingers, etc. From A. shopland? in having the ante-ccular region of the carapace evenly and closely granular like the rest of the surface, in having a well developed supero-lateral granular keel on the fifth caudal segment, a smaller number of pectinal teeth, etc.; from A. scaber in having very long in- stead of very short tibial spurs on the third and fourth legs, in having the external keels on the fifth abdominal sternite well developed, the ocular tubercle granular, ete. I have great pleasure in dedicating this species to my friend Mr. J. R. Henderson of the Christian College, Madras. DESCRIPTIONS OF SCORPIONS FROM INDIA, 113 (12.)—ARCHISOMETRUS LEVIFRONS, sp. 0. I propose this new specific name for the example of Archisometrus from Calcutta, which I previously assigned to the Burmese species named A. shoplandi by Oates. Iam new of opinion that the differences that obtain between this example and the type of A. shopland:, coupled as they are by a difference of locality, are sufficient to justify the establishment of a new species for the former. It differs from A. shoplandi in two main features—(1) in having the legs variegated black and yellow, instead ef wholly yellew, and (2) in having the digits much longer as compared with the length of the hand-back, the movable digit being more than twice the length of the hand-back in A. levifrons and less in A. shoplandi, Probably other differential characters will be discovered when well-preserved specimens ceme to hand. There are 22 pectinal teeth. Total length 31 mm. Locality.—Calcutta. In structural characters this species lies between A. shoplandi and A. hendersoni, resembling the latter in its long digits and spotted legs, and the former in the absence of fine granulation from the ante- ocular area of the carapace and in the absence of distinctly-defined supero-lateral keels on the fifth caudal segment. Genus IsomeTrus, Hempr. and Hhrenb. (13.)—IsoMETRUS RIGIDULUS, sp. n. Colow*.—Fuscous, variegated with yellow above, anterior portion of earapace entirely black; the fourth and fifth sterna infuscate. Trunk.—Coarsely granular above ; sterna smooth ; the last granular, with four distinct granular keels. Tail_—About five times the length of the carapace, robust, the first seg- ment only provided with 10 keels, the intercarinal spaces finely granular; the terminal granule of the superior keel of the second a little enlargec, of the third long and spiniform ; the upper surface of the fifth segment convex, elevated, the width and height of this segment almost equal to haif its length ; vesicle with a strong spine beneath the aculeus. Chele.—Moderately long ; hand smooth, a little wider than the brachium, the back of the hand about three-quarters the length of the movable digit. 15 114 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATORAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. Pectines furnished with 13—15 teeth. ~ Length about 30 mm. - Locality.—Bhopal, Central India (Surgn.-Lieut.-Col. Dane). - Recognisable by the following characters :—(1) the fifth segment of the tail is short and stout, its width and height being nearly half its’ length ; in the other Indian species the width and height are only about one-quarter of the length ; (2) the movable digit is only a little longer than the hand-back instead of about twice the length ; (8) the superior terminal keel of the third segment terminates in a long upstanding spine. (14.)—IsomETRUS THWAITESI, sp. 2. Q. Closely allied to the cosmopolitan I. maculatus, but differing in the following particulars :—The black bands on each side of the pale anteocular patch on the carapace converge anteriorly and meet in the middle line on the anterior border of the carapace. The hands and digits of the chele may be described as‘ fuscous, but mottled with yellow, whereas in I. maculatus the hands are yellow, spotted black externally, and the digits are of a uniform brownish-red tint. Correlated with this distinction in colour is an important character connected with the pectines, these organs being armed with 15-16 teeth, and having the base of the shaft produced into a semi-circular rounded prominence much resembling that which is seen in the allied South American genus T%tyus. So far as I am aware this feature is found in no other species of the genus Isometrus. The male of this form. is unfortunately not yet known, Length 34 mm. Locality.—Ceylon (Thwaites’s collections). Family SCORPIONIDAL, Genus Patamnazus (Thorell). (= Scorpio + Palamneus, Pocock, Journal, Bombay Nat. Hist, Soc., November, 1892). : (15.)—PALAMNAIUS LIURUS, sp. nL Coloured like P. fulvipes, with reddish-yellow legs and vesicle, but allied to P. bengalensis in the form and sculpturing of the hand of the chele and in most other characters appertaining to the trunk and - DESERIPTIONS OF SCORPIONS FROM INDIA, P15 limbs ; but easily distinguishable by its much shorter and smoother tail, The tail in the male is a little more than three times the length of the carapace which is equal to its first two segments. and half the third, the first four segments being much less than twice the length of the carapace. In the male of P. bengalensis the carapace just exceeds the length of the first two segments, the first four being about twice its length. In this new form, moreover, the crests. on. the tail, with the exception of those on the lower side of the fifth and the superior crests on segments 1—4, which have a terminal granule, are not denticulate, being merely roughened and notched by the- -pores from which the bristles arise ; so toe. are the intercarinal spaces and. the vesicle smooth ; whereas in P. dengalensis the vesicle and all the crests, except the inferior ones. on segments 1—3, are denticulate, and the superior and lateral intercarinal spaces are partially granular. The female differs in: corresponding features from the female of P. bengalensis, having a short tail, of which the vesicle and crests are not granular, the tail is lessthan three times the length of the carapace, which is as long as the first two segments and two-thirds of the third, while twice the length of the carapace, and exceeds the length of the first four segments and half the fitth. The sexual characters. are well marked, the male having aval granular terga, longer and thinner chelee, larger pectines with 14—16 teeth, the genital operculum wider than long, the tail longer, and the: vesicle inflated (see measurements). In the female the terga are smooth, the operculum is posteriorly narrowed and longer than wide, the- pectines have 10—13 teeth, and the vesicle is small. Measurements in millimetres. g. Total length 80, length of i carapace 12, of tail 39, width of fifth segment 3, of vesicle 4, height of vesicle. 3°5, length 5:3, length of hand-back 11, width of hand 8. 9. Total: length 76, of carapace 12, of tail 35, width of its fifth segment 2°8, of vesicle 3, height of vesicle 2°8, length 4°8 ; length of hand-back 9, width of hand 9°2. . ; Locality —Gwalior in Central India, adults and voung of both sexes obtained by the Medical Officer of H. H. the Maharajah of Scindia ; also Bhopal in Central India, a single adult male sent by _ Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Dane. 116 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf. (16.)—PALAMURUS XANTHOPUS, Sp, th Coloured like P. fulvipes, with reddish-yellow legs and vesicle. Resembling that species also in other respects, but certainly different. 9. Carapace granular. in front and laterally, as long as the first two. segments of the tail and one-third of the third; terga almost entirely smooth. Tail about three times the length of the carapace, inferior keels of the third segment roughened, of the fourth granular, superior and superior lateral keels denticulate ; vesicle small and denticulate. Chelce.—With numerous denticles above and in front, smooth below ; upper crest of brachium granular ; hand thick, rounded: above, espe- cially externally, the inner border strongly produced and denticulate, forming a widely rounded posterior lobe, covered above with a net- work of ridges which pass into granules at the base of the fingers; lower surface of hand almost entirely smooth, without crests ; the width of the hand equal to the length of: the movable digit, which is a little less than the median length of the carapace measured from the base of the emargination. | Pectinal teeth 14—15. a. With carapace mere granular and terga finely granular (tail absent). Chele longer ; width of hand less than length of movable digit, which a little exceeds the median length of the carapace. Pectinal teeth 18—10. Measurements in millimetres. 9. Total length 74, length of tail 34, of carapace 11, of hand-back 6°5, of movable digit 9, width of hand 9. d. Length of carapace 1}, of hand-back 8, of movable digit 10°3, width of hand 8°7. Locality.Kadao Tak, Satara, S. Dekhan (A. D. Wilkins). Kasily recognisable from P. fulvipes by the shape and sculpturing of the hand, that of P. fulvipes being covered above with distinct bead- like tubercles, and furnished below with granules and a pair of granuliform. crests, : Genus Iomacuvus, Pocock. (17,)—IomacHUS PUNCTULATUS, Sp. B. Closely allied to Z. leviceps, Poe. @. Trunk, limbs, and tail black or reddish-black ; vesicle orange-yellow. Tail.—Three and a half times the length of the carapace, which is equal to the length of its first two segments, DESCRIPTIONS OF SCORPIONS FROM INDIA, 117 Chelee.—Longer than in I. leviceps, the movable digit quite as long as the carapace and only slightly shorter than the hand-back. ¢ In T. leviceps there are two conspicuous bristle pores on the basal half of the immovable digit, the first of which is quite at the base of the finger, while in J. punctulatus there are three pores, the first on the base of the digit being of small size, while the two large ones are farther along the segment. The process at the base of the brachium is also smaller in J. punctulatus ; and lastly in I. leviceps the lower side of the tarsi is furnished with two pairs of bristles, one on each side of the median row of spicules, but in J. punctulatus the external distal bristle is converted into a spine. ; Q@. Chelee and tail shorter than in the @, the tail about three times the length of the carapace, which is as long as its first two segments and one-third of the next. Pectinal teeth 5. Measurements in millimetres. ¢. Total length- 62, tail 30, cara- _ pace 8. Locality.—Koimbatur, Anamallai Hills (W. Davidson). - Genus Hormurus (Thoreli). (18.)—HormurUs NiGRIPES, sp. n. Most nearly related to Hormurus australasie, which is widely distributed from Burma throughout Indo- and Austro-Malaya, Colour.— Piceous above, paler below ; vesicle clear yellow. Trunk finely punetulate above, without granules, carapace with a deeper median excision, the triangular frontal selerite small. Tazl.—A little more than twice the length of the carapace, much less strongly compressed than in H. australasice, the first segment with four teeth at the hinder end of the lower surface, the second with its four lower keels strongly dentate, keels of the third and fourth smooth, except for the presence of a terminal granule on the superior keels. Chele.— Differing from those of H. australasie in having a much smaller basal process on the brachium, the posterior external angle of the hand more prominent, and the posterior surface of the inner lobe considerably more oblique. Pectinal teeth 6. Measurement in millimetres. Total length 85, length of tail 14, of earapace 6°3, . Locality.—Panch Mahals in Guzerat (W. A. Wallinger ; Type); also a second specimen from Sutna, Central India (Surg.-Major Gumleite.) 118 THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. By G. Marsaatt Wooprow, Lecturer in Borany, CoLLEGE OF SCIENCE, Poona. Part I, (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th March, 1897.) Since the date of the Bombay Flora, by Dalzell and Gibson, a con- siderable advance has been made in the number of plants observed ; and a few interesting links in the chain of relationship to each other and to foreign floras having been found, it is thought desirable to publish a synopsis of the Flora of Western India—as at present known— within the limits of the Bombay Presidency. The list will include the. scientific and vernacular names, reference to a description, and state the. place whence and the time when specimens were procured. The greater part of the observations are the work of the members of the Botanical Survey, Bombay*, when otherwise, the name of the observer will be given ; and it is hoped that during the progress of the public- ation numerous facts will be presented, which may be embodied in an appendix. In work of this nature, we meet with the names of men who have devoted part of their time and talents to the elucidation of the flora, and a wish to know more of the lives and doings.of those men, grows with the study of their work; and it is probable that members. of the Society may be in possession of facts regarding those early workers in the Botany of Western India, and also regarding some others, whose names have been omitted, which it is desirable to record. Of the names connected with our botanical history, Jacquemont, Hiigel and Hove have left indelible marks; of Graham and Gibson the names and virtues are carved in stone ; Stocks and Dalzell have- left voluminous records of their interest in botany ; Law and Nimmo, Noton, Ritchie, Sykes and Vaupel are names one seeks to. know more about ; De Crespigny, Medical Officer at Ratnagiri, who was the friend and companion of Stocks and communicated much of his work to the herbarium at Poona, went over, in the winter of 1894-95 full of years and honour ; of Sakharam Arjun and Narayen Daji we have pupils and co-adjutors with us who hold their names in reverence. Recently we * Dr. Theodore Cooke, Principal, College of Science, 1890-93 ; Mr. G. Marshall Wond- row, Lecturer in Botany, College of Science, 1890 et seqd.; Mr. N. B. Ranade, Herbarium Keeper, College of Science, 1890 et seq. : PHE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 119 ~ have lost Chester MacNaghten, Principal of the Rajkot College, who was untiring in work at botanical problems, and Carstensen, who restored the faded beauty of the Victoria Gardens. The brothers - Sir George and the Hon. H. M. Birdwood; Theodore Cooke, Nairn, Young, and Wellington Grey have returned to Hurope, but continue their interest unabated. Lisboa’s devotion to the study of grasses has unfortunately injured his health severely, still we hope yet to benefit by his admirable ability in research.* From MacDonald and Kirtikar, Talbot, Gleadow, Dalgado, Jaikrishna and B. B. Nene we may still look forward to years of good work ; and from Masani and Ranade, as yet in their botanical adolescence, we have mnuch to expect. In a review of this kind it must not be forgotten that a very import- ant share of our work is due to the authorities of the Botanical Gardens at Kew and Calcutta. Our facilities for the determination of species are as yet so sparse, that it is not safe to describe a plant as new without reference to those centres ; and their courteous attention to specimens submitted requires grateful acknowledgment. In the following list Mr. N. B, Ranade, Herbarium Keeper in the College of Science, has given the vernacular names and much assistance in verifying statements. Many of the Southern names haye been taken from Mr. Talbot’s Systematic List of the Trees, Shrubs and Woody Climbers, Bombay Presidency. ABBREVIATIONS. F. B. I.=Flora of British India, Hooker. B. F.—Bombay Flora, Dalzell and Gibson. Watt. Dict. Waitt’s Dictionary of Economic Products of India, Roxb. F, I.—Roxburgh’s Flora Indica. Kew Bul].=Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew. | Graham Cat.=Graham Catalogue of Bombay Plants. Hook. Icon.=Hooker’s Icones Plantarum. SYNOPSIS OF THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. I.—RANUNCULACER, 1, Clematis, C. smilacifolia, Wail., ¥.B,1.—I-3. Evergreen forests, N. Kanara, Talbot, C. triloba, Heyne, ¥.B1.—1-3, Mor-vel, Ranjdi, Mawal, Poona, Oct. C. Gouriana, Rowb., F.B.1.—I-4, Mor-vel. W. Ghats, Nasik, Belgaum, Dec, * Dr. J. C, Lisboa died at Poona, Ist May 1897, 120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, ©. Hedysarifolia, DC., ¥.8,1.—I-4, Bendrichi-vel. Dang, Mahableshwar.: N. Kanara. Oct,-Nov, C. Wightiana, Wall., ¥.8.1.—I-5. Mor-vel. Mahableshwar, Jan, C. sp. Specimens imperfect. Morchatha, Waghai, Dang. 2. Naravelia, N. zeylanica, DC., ¥.3.1.—I-7, Divimana,N, Kanara. Dee, 3. Thalictrum T, Dalzellii, Hook,, ¥.B.1—I-13, Purandhar, Aug, 7. Ranunculus. R. seleratus, Linn., ¥.B.1,.—I-19. Banks of Indus, Sukker. March, 15. Delphinium, D, dasycaulon, F'resm., ¥.B.1.—I-25, Hills near Junnar, Khadkala, Aug.-Sept. II.— DILLENIACER, 6. Dillenia, D. indica, Linn., ¥.B.1.—1-36, Motha Karmal, Bansda, Wadee, Hirdoshee, D. pentagyna, Roxb., F.B.1.—I-38. Karmal, Dang, Sakarpathar, W. Ghats. Feb.-Mar. IIT.—MAGNOLIACES, 6. Michelia, M, champaca, Linx., F.B,1.—I-42,. Sonchapha. Widely planted. IV,—ANoNACEs, 2, Uvaria, U. narum, Wall., ¥.B.1.—1-50, Narampanal, Parwar Ghat, Feb.-Mar. 5, Artabotrys, A. odoratissimus, R. Br., F.B.1.—1-54. Hirva chaphd. Gardens widely. A. zeylanicus, H jf. & T., ¥.8.1.—I-54. Divimana, Nov.-Feb. 9, Unona. U, farinosa, Dalz., ¥.B.1.—I-56. Hatkhambe near Rainagiri. Oct. » U. discolor, Var. I., F.B.1.—I-59, Sivapur Wadi, in fruit, Feb. U. Lawii, H.f. & T., ¥.B1.—I1-59, Konkan, Law, 10. Polyalthia. P, longifolia, Benth. & Hooker, ¥.B.1.—1-62. Ashok. Planted widely. Mar.-Apl. P. fragrans, Benth. & Hooker, ¥.8.1.—1-63, Gaurik. Sivapur Wadi. P. cerasiodes, Benth. & Hooker, ¥.8.1.—1-63..Humb. Thul Ghat. Feb.-Mar. 15. Goniothalamus, G. cardiopetalus, H. f. & T., F.B.1.—1-75, Divimana Ghat, Feb. 16, Anona. A, squamosa, Linn., ¥.B.1.—1-78, Shitaphal, custard apple, Cultivated. A. reticulata, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I-78,. Ramphal, bullock’s heart, Planted. A. muricata, D. C., B.F. Supp. 2. Kate ramphal, Sour-sop, Planted, Nov.-Feb., 19. Miliusa. M. indica, Lesck, ¥.B.1.—I-86. Potali, Nilkund, N. Kanara. Mar.-May. TA iP! (e) @ THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 121, 20. Saccopetalum. } tomentosum, Hooker, ¥.B.1,—I-88. Wumb. Tulkut Ghat, Daizell, April. 22. Orophea. . zeylanica, Hooker, f. & T., ¥.B.1.—I-90. Bodeli, in fruit, April. 23. Bocagea. . Dalzellii, Z, f. & 7., ¥.p1.—I-92. Sajeri, Undi, Matheran, N, Kanara, Talbot. Oct.-Nov, V.—MENISPERMACES. 3. Tinospora, . malabarica, F.B.i.—I-96. Miers, Konkan, Dailzeil, . cordifolia, Wiers,, F.B.I.—I-97. Gulvel. Konkan, widely Seater April. 6. Anamiria, . cocculus, W, & A., F.B.1.—I1-98, Kakmari. Marmagoa, Konkan, in fruit Jan. 10. Cocculus. . macrocarpus, W. & A., F.B.1.—I-100. Vatolé. Matheran road, Konkan, Feb. . villosus, DC., ¥.B.1.—I-101, Vdsan-vel. Western India, widely. Sept.-Feb, . Leeba, DC., ¥.B.1.—I-102. Parwatti, Vehri, [llar-billar. Sind. 12, Stephania, . hernandifolia, Walp., ¥.B.1.—1-103. Vanatik teka. Hills near Junnar, in fruit. Oct. 13, Cissampelos. . Pareira, Linn. ¥.B.1.—I-103, Veni-vel. Tullegaum, Poona, Guzerat, widely. Sept. 14. Cyclea, . Burmanni, Miers, r.p.t.—t-104. Pakur. W, Ghats, Konkan. May, . peltata, H. f.& T., r.B1i—I-104, Par-vel. Konkan, VII, NyMruacesz, 2, Nymphea. . lotus, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I-114, Kamal. Widely planted in tanks. Aug.-Feb., N. stellata, Willd., ¥.B.1—I-114. Rarely planted in tanks, . indicum, DC., ¥.b.1.—I-134, Poona. ‘Jan, 5, Nelumbium, . speciosum, Willd., ¥.B.1—I-116, Bishee Kamal, Padma, Sacred Lotus, Widely cultivated in tanks. VIII.—PApavERACEA, 1, * Argemone, . mexicana, Linn,, F.B.1.—I-117, Pivld dhotrd, Ringan, Peint Taluka.’ 1X.-—FUMARIACER, 4, Fumaria. . F, parviflora, Lamk., F.B.1.—I-118, Shdira, Pit-papda. Deccan, Khandesh. Sept.-Dec, X.—CRUCIFERA, 5. Nasturtium. . officinale, #.Br., ¥F.B,1—I-133, Water-cress, Streams in Poona City, Panchgani, Spring, 16 122 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf. 8. Cardamine. . , C. subumbellata, Hook., F.B.1.— 1-138, Ahire, 10 miles west of Poona, Aug, C. hirsuta, Linn., var. sylvatica, ¥.B.1.—I-138, Khandalla, W. Ghats. Dec. 11, Farsetia, F, Jacquemontii, Hook., f. é& T.,¥B1.—I-140 Farid buti, Sibi, Sind. Aug.-Jan. F, Hamiltonii, Royle, F.B.1.—1-140. Sind. 24, Brassiea. B, nigra, Koeh., ¥.B.1.—I-156, Mohari. Cultivated. B. campestris, Linn., F.B.1.—I-156, Swedish Turnip. Rarely cultivated, B. 3 Napus., F.B1.—1-156, Shalgam, Turnip, Cultivated in gardens, B. » apus., F.B.1—I-156, Sarson, pivli raz, Cultivated in fields, B. juncea, H.f. & T., ¥.B.1.—I-157, Mohari. Cultivated. 26, Hruca, E, sativa, Lamk., ¥.B.1.—1-158, Safed Sursu. Gardens as a weed, 27, Moricandia, M, tortuosa, Hook., f. & T., ¥.B.1.—I-158. Sind, 28. Capsella. _ ©. Bursa pastoris, Mench., ¥.B.1—1-159, Shepherd’s Purse. Mahablesh war. Jan. 29, Lepidium, L, sativum, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I-159, Ali. Cress, Senebiera. S. didyma, Pers., Hook., Flor, Brit. Isles, 37. Garden weed, Ruk Junction, Sind. Marel. 32. Thiaspz. T, arvense, Linn., F.B.1—I-162. Kirtar Mts.,Sind, March. 36. Dipterygium. D. glaucum, Decaisne, #.B.1.—1-164. Jacobabad, Sind, Sept. 40. Physorhyncus. P, brahvicus, Hook., ¥.B.1.—I-165, Bullo Khan, Sind. Raetet, 41, Raphanus, R. sativus, Linn., F.B.1.—I-166. Mula, Radish. Cultivated, Oct.-Jan. . R. sativus caudatus, Mougri. Cultivated. XI,—CAPPARIDEZ. 1, Cleome. C. monophylla, Linn., ¥B1.—1-168, Bodeli, Guzerat, Gokak, Badami, Dhar- war. Nov. C. papillosa, Stewd., F.B.1.—I-168, Thano Balo Khan Road, 34 miles from Karachi, Aug, C. quinquenervia, DC., ¥.B1.—1-168. Waki, Sind, Oct. C. Stocksiana, Boiss., F.B.1.—-I-169, Laki, Sind. Oet. C. simplicifolia, H. f. & 7., r.8.1.—I1-169, Poona. July. ©. brachycarpa, Vahl., ¥.p.1.—I-169, Karachi. Dec.-May. THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA, 123 ©. aspera, Koenig., F.B1.—I.-169, Badami, Dharwar, August. ©, Burmanni, W. & A., ¥.81.—1-170, Hyderabad, Sind, W. Strachan. G, viscosa, Linn, F.B.1.—I-170. Pivli tilwan, kdnphuti. Deccan, widely, Sept.-June, ©. Chelidonu, Linn, F.B.1.—I-170. Khadkalla., Dang. July-Feb. 2. Gynandropsis, G. pentaphylla, DC, r.8.1.—I-171. Pandhri-tilwan. Deccan, Guzerat. Cold season. 4, Merua, M. arenaria, H, f. & T., ¥.B.1.—1-171. Yoat, Poona Dist. Nov.-Mar, 5. Crateva. C. religiosa, Forst., F.B1—I-172. Hédvarna, Vayavarnd, Hoolicul, Kanara, March, 6. Cadaba,. C. indica, Lamk., ¥.8.1.—I-172. Surat, Bijapur. Nov.-Dec. 7. Capparis. C. spinosa, Linn., F.8.1.—I-173. Edible caper, Kabar, Kalvari. Mahableshwar, Khirtar Mis., Sind. Jan.-Mar. C. zeylanica, Linn,, F.B.1.—I-174. Wagat?, Govindphal, Alandi, Poona, Dharwar. Mar.-April. C, Heyneana, Waili., F.B.1.—I-74, Divimana, N. Kanara, May. C. divaricata, Lamk., ¥.B.1.—I-174, Dharwar, Rajewadi, Alandi, 8. M. Ry. Feb.-April, C. aphylla, Roth., ¥.B.1.—I-175. Neptt, Deccan, Sind, widely. Nov.-Mar. C. Moonii, Wight, F.B.1—I-175. Waghati. W.Ghats, widely. Dec. C. Roxburghii, DC_, ¥.8.1.—I-175. Waghdti. Believed to be synonymous with C. Moonii, C. grandis, Linn,, ¥.B.1—I-176, Pdchundé. Buleshwar, 30 miles H. of Poona. Bankepur, Dharwar, hot season. April, . pedunculosa, Wall., r.B.1.—1-176. Kolisna. Konkan, Stocks, . longispina, H.f.& T., ¥.B.1—I-176. Mahableshwar. . sepiaria, Linn,, F.B.1—I-176. Kanthar, Deccan, widely. March. .horrida, Lénn., F.B.1.—I-177, Kirur, Waghdati, Govindi. Deccan, Sind, ; S. Maratha country. Dec.-Feb, C. tenera, Dalz. F.B.1.—I-179. Kumta, Sirsi Road. March, XII.—RESsEDACEA, 1. Reseda. R. pruinosa, Delile, F.B.1.—I-181. Bulo Khan, Sind, March, 2. Oligomeris. O. glaucescens, Cam., ¥.B.1.—I-181. Khirtar Mts.,Sind. March, = 3. Ochradenus. O. baccatus, Del., ¥.B.1.—1-182, Hyderabad, Sind, Karachi, Aa e ©) 124 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. XIII.—VIOLARIEZ. 1. Viola, ° V. cinerea, Bois, ¥.8.1.—1-185. Banafsha, Thorala, Rajkot. C. MacNaghter. ro td rel ef Ine ash ny 8. 8. C. S. Tata, Sind. July-Aug, 2. Tonidium. . suffruticosum, Ging., F.B.1—I1-185, Ratan purus, Broach, Badami, Dharwar. Oct. XIV.— BIXINgEaz, 1. Cochlospermum. _ Gossypium, DC,, F.B.1—1-190. Kathlyagond. Poona, Feb. 2. Scolopia, crenata, Clos., F.BL—L191. W. Ghats, S. of Ramghat, Dalzell. 3." Bixa, Orellana, Linn., F.B.1—1-190, Kesri, Shendri, Arnatto tree, widely planted. Sept. 4. Flacourtia. montana, Graham, ¥.B.1.—I-190. Attak, W.Ghats, Ankola, Nov.-Dec. .ramontchi, L’ Herit., ¥.B.1.—I-193. Tambat. W. Ghats, widely. May-Sept. . sepiaria, Roxb., F.B1.—I-194. Tambat Atrun. W. Ghats, widely. April. — 9. Hydnocarpus. Wightianus, Blume., ¥.B.1—I-196. Kadu Kavath, W. Ghats, widely, Jan.-Apr, XV.—PITTOSPORED, 1. Pittosporum. . floribundum, W. & A.,rBi—I-199. Yekaddi, Mahableshwar, July. . dasycaulon, Miguel, ¥.B.1.—1-199. Yacombi, N. Kanara. Jan. X VI.—POLYGALEA, i. Polygala. . abyssinica, Fresen., F.B.1.—I1-202. Sind, Dee. . persicarizefolia, DC., F.B.1—I-202. Hills near Poona, Aug.-Sept. .erioptera, DC., ¥.B.1.—I-203. Nasik, Ankleswar, Broach, August. . elongata, Klein., F.B.1.—1-203, Savantwadi, Badami, Aug.-Nov. . chinensis, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I-204, Phutani. Poona, Dharwar. Oct.-Mar, XVITI.—CarYorHYLLEz, 5, Saponaria. Vaccaria, Linn., ¥.B.1.—1-217. Sabni. Nasik, Poona, Mahableshwar. Feb. 6. Silene, noctiflora, Linn, Poona, weed in gardens. Dec.-Jan. 10. Cerastium. indicum, W. & A., ¥.B.1.—I-227. Purandhur, Sept. 11, Stellaria. media, Linn., ¥.B.1.—1-230, Mahableshwar. Dec. 13. Arenaria. A, neelgherrensis, W. & A,, F.B,1.—I1-239, Yacombi, N, Kanara. Feb, THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 125 16. Spergula. S. arvensis, Linn., F.b.1.—I-243, Khirtar Mts,, Sind. 18, Polycarpon. P, Losflingie, Benth. & Hook.,f., ¥.p.1.—1-245, Mahableshwar, Lanowli, Apr.- June, 19, Polycarpea. P. corymbosa, Lamk., F.8.1—I-245, Badami, Dharwar, Poona, Nov.-Jan. P. diffusa, W.& A., ¥.B.1.—1-245, Badami, Sept. P, spicata, W. & A., F.B.1.—I-246. Porebandar, Mangrol, Tata, Sind, Nov.-Feb. XIX—PORTULACEZ, 1, Portulaca, P. oleracea, Linn., F.8.1.—I-246. Ghol. Deccan, Guzerat, Sind. Oct-Dec. P, Wightiana, Wall., F.B.1.—I-247. Londa,, Belgaum, Oct-Nov, P, quadrifiida, Linn., ¥.3.1.—I1-247. Ranghol, Raya ghol. Badami, Dharwar, Nov. P, tuberosa, oxb., F.B.I.—1-247, Junglee gajar. Mulier river, Karachi, Aug. P. suffruticosa, Wight, ¥.8.1.—1-247, Ahmedabad, Nov. ‘ 2. Talinum. T. cuniefolium, Willd., ¥.8.1.—I-247. Singhur, Purandhur, Poona, Dist. Nov. XX,.—TAMARISCINEA. 1. Tamarix. T. gallica, Linn., ¥.B..I—I-248. Jhavrajhad. Sind. Dec. T. dioica, Roxb., F.B.1—I-249. Jhaw. Broach, Sind. Nov. T, ericoides, Hottl., ¥.B.1.—I1.-249. Khadshernt, Poona, Broach, Gulgeri. Nov, XXI.—ELATINES, 2. Bergia, B, odorata, Hdgew., F.2.1.—1-251, Sibi, Sind, Dahoi, Porbunder. Oct-Nov. B. xstivosa, W. & A., F.B.1.—I1-251. Rajkot, C. MacNaghten, Poona, B, ammannioides, Roxd., ¥.B.1—I-251. Poona, Karachi, Bhubak, Sind. Nov.- Dec, B, verticillata, Willd., ¥.B.1.—I-252, Dasgaon, Konkan, Oct. XXITI.—GUTTIFERA, 1, Garcinia, C. indica, Chois., ¥.B.1.—I-261, Kokam ratamba, Ambeghat, Matheran, Jan. G. Morella, Dess., ¥.B,1.—1-264, Arsinagurgi, Nardala, Siddapur, N. Kanara, Nov. G. Xanthochymus, H.-/., F.B.1.—I-269, Ont, Jharambi. W. Ghats, widely. March. G. ovalifolius, H.-f,, 7.8.1.—1-269. Haldi, Tavir, Matheran, W. Ghats, in fruit, March, 2. Ochrocarpus. O, longifolius, B. & H., ¥.B.1.—1-270. Surangi, Khandalla, Kudgal, N. Kanara, Feb.-Mar. 126 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCTETY, Vol. XI. 3. Calophyllum, C. inophyllum, Linn., ¥.8.1.—1-273. Undi, Ratnageri, Kumta, January. C. Wightianum, Wall., ¥.8.1.—1-274. Bobbi, Irai. Yellapur, Talbot, in fruit, March, 5, Mesua, M. ferrea, Linn., F.B.1.—I1-277, Nag-chappa, Konkan. Nov.-Jan. XXV.—DIPTEROCARPEA, 2. Ancistrocladus. A, Heyneanus, Wail., F.8.1.—I-299,. Kardor, Kurdul. Divimana, W. Ghats, Thana District. Jan-Mar. 5, Shorea. 8. Talura, Roxb., ¥.B.1.—I-304, Sirsi, Siddapur, N. Kanara, Feb.-Apl. 6. Hopea. H. Wightiana, Wall., r.8,1.—1-309, Haiga Kavsi, Londa, Castle Rock, W. Ghats. June. 8. Vateria, V. indica, Linn., F.B.1.—I-313. Dhupada. Siddapur and Sirsi Districts. Feb- Apl. XXVI.—Matvacea, 1, Althea. A, Ludwigii, Linn., ¥.B.1.—1-319. Karli, Poona, Hyderabad, Schwan, Sind.. Mar.-July.. A, rosea, Linn., F.B.1.—I-319. Hollyhock. In gardens, Jan.-Mar. 3, Malva, M. rotundifolia, Linn., r.3.1.—1-320. Khaparkhuti. Deccan, widely. Sept.-Jan, M. parviflora, Linn., F.B.1,—1-321, Narr, Gogi Sag. Magarpir, Sind. Maxch, 4, Sida. 8. humilis, Welld., r.B.1.—I-322. Guzerat, Sind, widely. Oct-Nov. S. mysorensis, W.& A., F.B.1.—I-322. Deccan, widely. Nov.-Jan. 8. spinosa, Zinn., F.B.1.—1-323. Deccan, Guzerat. Nov. S. grewioides, Guill. & Perr., ¥.B.1.—I-323. Karachi. December. S. carpinifolia, Zinn., F.B.1.—I1-323. Chikna. Poona, Marmagao. December, S. thombifolia, Linn., F.B.1.—I-323. Bala, Jungli Meth, Poona, Belgaum. Oct-Dec. S. cordifolia, Zinn., r.B.1—1-324, Gokak, Belgaum, Badami, Dharwar. Oct.- Noy. 5, Abutilion. _ A, polyandrum, Schl. F.B.1,—1-325, W. Ghats, widely. Nov-Jan. _ A, Ranadei, Woodrow and Staph,, Kew Bull, 1894, fol. 99. Ambeghat, W. Ghats, Dec.-Mar, A. indicum, G, Don., ¥.8.1.—1-326, Mudra. Deccan, widely. A. graveolens, W. & A., F.B.1,—1-327, Barkanght. Sehwan, Sind, March. - A, muticum, G. Don, ¥.B.1.—1-327. Deccan, widely. Jan-July. THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 127 A. crispum, G. Don., ¥.8.1—I-327. Badami, Dharwar. November, A. ramosum, Guill. and Perr., ¥.3.1.—1-328, Ahmedabad, Karachi. Dec. A, fruticosum, Guill. and Perr, ¥.B.1—I-328, Pat til, Banks of Mulier, Karachi, Aug.-Sept. 5.* Malachra. M. capitata, Linn., ¥.B,1.—1-329. Ran bhendi, Bombay abundant. Nov.-Jan, 6. Urena., U. lobata, Linn., F.B.1—I-329. Vanabhend, Kalyan, Belgaum. Oct-Dec. U.——-var. E brlaseuly, DC., Belgaum. December. U, sinuata, Linn,, F.B.1.—I-329, Londa, Oct-Nov. 7. Pavonia, P. glechomifolia, A. Rich., ¥.8.1.—1-330. Kathiawad, Sind. P. arabica, Hochst., ¥.B.1.—I-331, Sind, P. zeylanica, Cav., F.B.1.—I-331. Ahmednagar, Broach, Sind. November, P. ceratocarpa, Dalz., ¥.B.1—I-331, Karachi, December, 8, Decaschistia. D, trilobata, Wight, ¥.B.1.—1-332, Amboli, Castle Rock, W. Ghats, Nov. 11. Senra, S. incana, Cav., F.B.1.—I-333. Karachi. December, 12. Aibiscus. H, Trionum, Linn., r.3.1.—I-334, Deccan, Sind, widely. February, H. surattensis, Linn,, F.B.1.—I1-334, Rdn bhendi. Kumta. Nov.-Dee, H. furcatus, Rovb., ¥.B.1.—I-335, Castle Rock, W. Ghats. Oct.-Feb, H. radiatus, Willd., ¥.8.1.—I-335. Junnar (Poona Dist.), Dhulia. Sept.-Oct, H, hirtus, Linn,, ¥.B.1.—1-335. Dupari, Matheran, Khandala, Poona, Aug-Feb, H. micranthus, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I-335, Poona, Guzerat, Sind, widely. October, H. scindicus, Stocks., ¥.B.1.—I-336. Sind, Siocks., specimen wanted, H. intermedius, A, Féch., ¥.B.1.—I-336, Sind, Stocks., Kathiawad, Daiz., speci- mens wanted, H. Solandra, L. Her., ¥.B.1.—I-336, Guzerat, Dharwad. November, H. collinus, Roxb., ¥.B.1.—I-338. Gardens. H. pandureformis, Burm., ¥.B.1.—I-338. Chinchwad, Poona District, Oct, H. vitifolius, Linn,, ¥.B.1.—I-338, Vankapas, Bahuli, Poona Dist, Revadanda, Oct-Dec, H. cannabinus, Linn., ¥.B1.—I-339, Ambadi. Cultivated, widely, H, Gibsoni, Stocks., ¥.B,1.—I-339. Deccan, Concan, Sind, Stocks., not found, _H. punctatus, Dalz., r.B.1.—I-340, Karachi. Aug-Dec, H, Sabdariffa, Linn,, ¥.B.1.—1-340, Lal ambadi, Cultivated widely. Oct.-Dec, H, ficulneus, Linn., F.B.1.—I-340. H. Manihot, Linn., ¥.31.—I-341, In gardens, H, tetraphyllus, Roxb., ¥.B.1—I-341. Jungli bhendi, Amboli, Jambulpada, October, 128 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI, H, angulosus, Wast., v.p.1—I-341. Concan, H. Abelmoschus, Linn., F.B..1.—I-342, Kasturi bhendi. In gardens, H., tiliaceus, Linn;, ¥.B.1.—1-343, Planted. H, esculentus, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I1-348, Bhajichi bhendi, Gardens. Hi. rosa sinensis, Linz., F.B.1.—I-344, Jasundi, Gardens, H, mutabilis, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I-344, Gardens, H. syriacus, Linn., F.B.1.—I1-344, . H. schizopetalus, Gardens. 13, Thespesia. T, Lampas, Dalz. & Gibs., F.B.1.—I-345. Ran bhendi. W. Ghats, widely, Aug-Sept. T. populnea, Corr., F.B.1.—I-345, Bhendi, Shrivardhan. Sept. 14, Gossypium, G. Stocksii, Mast, F.B.1—I-346, Wild cotton of Sind, Near Karachi. Dec, G., arboreum, Linn., F.B.1—I1-347. Narma or Deokapas,a tall fastigiate shrub with deeply-lobed leaves, purple flowers, lanceo- late stipules and seeds covered with white wool over-lying green down. In gardens. G. neglectum, Tod., Watt. Dict., IV.—7. Deshi at Ahmednagar, Bengals of commerce, Resembling G. arboreum in habit of growth and form of leaf,:but with yellow flowers with a purple centre, Evidently a hybrid or selection from G, arboreum, G. religiosum, Rowb. «. A vigorous diffuse shrub, thriving in moist sandy soil ; stipules, cordate acuminate ; flowers, yellow, large ; down, adherent to seeds ; wool, white or tawny. G. braziliense, Macf. ... Pernambuco or Brazilian cotton; resembling G. ligiosum, but with coherent seeds, G. Wightianum ... ... Hinganghat cotton. G. sp., wild, Badami, Dharwar—A climber in hedges on sandy soil; leaves . 3—5 fid, pubesence stellate ; gulfs between the lobes, variable, often with a blunt tooth ; stipules falcate ; bracts cordate, toothed. 15. Kydia, K, calycina, Roxb., ¥.B.1.—I-348. Ghats. Nov. 15.° Adansonia, A. digitata, Linn, ¥.B.1.—I-348, Gorakhchinch, widely planted, Caranja, naturalised. 16, Bombaz. B, malabaricum, DC,, ¥,.31.—I-349. Savar, Katesavar, Deccan, Konkan, widely. Mar.-April. B. insigne, Waill., ¥.B.1,—I-349. N. Kanara. Mar.-Apl. THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 139 17. Eriodendron. ®. anfractuosum, DC.,, ¥.z.1.—I-359. Pandhrisavar. Mawal, Poona Dist: January: XXVII..—STERCULIACES, Sterculia, %, footida, Linn, ¥.B.1—I-354, Devdar, Konkan, planted, Mar.-Api. . S. urens, Rowxb., ¥.B.1.—I-355. Saldhol, Candol. W. Ghats, Konkan, widely. December. S. villosa, Roxb., ¥.3.1.—1-355, Cowicha, Gadhvi, Dang. February. S, guttata, Roxb., r.B.1-—1-355, Kukar, Goldar, W. Ghats, widely. February S. colorata, Roxb., F.b.1.—1-359. Khausht. W. Ghats, March-April. S.alata, Rowd., ¥.B.1.—1-360, Burboli Ghat, N. Kanara, recently widely planted, Poona, Khandala. S. populifolia, Row. r.Bi—I-361. Hewra, planted. 8. Campanulata, Wall, v.8.1.—1-362. Follicles membranaceous 1-seeded, dorsal- ly winged, planted. Khandala Hotel, Mar, 5. Kleinhovia. K., Hospita, Lini., r.B.1—I-364. Planted. 6. Helicteres, H. isora , Linn., ¥.B1—I-365, Kewan, Mirudsheng, Guzerat Deccan, Konkan, widely. July-Nov: 7. Pterospermum. P. suberifolium, Lam., ¥.B.1.—I-367. Muchkund. N, Kanara. Poona, planted. December, P. acerifolium, Willd., F.B1.—I-368. Kanakchapha. Deviman Ghat : widely planted. Dec.-Feb, P. reticulatum, W. & A., ¥.B.1.—1-369. Poona, planted : W. Ghats, south- ward, P, Heyneanum, Weil,; ¥.8,1—1-369. Dharwad, Dalz: 8. Eriolena, EH. Stocksii, Hook. f., v.8.1.—I-370, Knkan, Stocks, specimens wanted, E, Candollei, Wail., ¥.p.1—tI-370, Bothi, Hadang. Konkan, Dalz.; deciduous forests, N. Kanara, Talbot. H. quinquelocularis, Wight., F.B.1.—I-371, Budjarzdhaman. 9, Pentapetes; P, phenicea, Linn, ¥.BI:—1-371, Tambdidupari, Birchy, N, Kanara, Sehwan, Sind, in gardens. Aug.-Nov. 10: Melhania, M. incana, Heyne, ¥.8:1.—I-372; Badami, November. M, tomentosa, Stocks;, ¥F.B.1.—I-373, Sind. M. Denhami, &r., F.8.1.—1-373, Hills near Karachi, December. 11, Melochia, M. corchorifolia, Linn, ¥.B.1.—I-374, Near Godhra, Bombay, Sept.-Nov: M. velutina, Bedd., ¥.8.1.—1-374; Poona, planted. November; iw 130 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. 12, Waltheria, W. indica, Linn., ¥.31.—I-374. Badami, Dharwad. August. 13. Abroma, — A, augusta, Linn., 7.B.1.—1-375, Ulat-kambal. Widely, in gardens, Jan. 14, Guazuma, G, tomentosa, Kunth., ¥.B.1.—I1-375, Rudrakshi, Planted widely. Mar,-Aug, XXVITI.—TIviaces, 6, Grewia, G. columnaris, Sm., F.B.1.—1-383, Santaveri, Talbot, in fruit. December. G. orientalis, Zinn., B.B.1.—1-384. Western India, De Crespigny. G, heterotricha, Mast., ¥.B.1.—1-385, Nilkand, N. Kanara, Talbot. November. G. populifolia, Vahl,, .B.1.—1-385, Gango, Gangi (Sind.) Badami, Dharwad, | Sind. Aug.-Oct. G, salvifolia, Heyne., F.B.1.—1-386, Bihul (Sind). Badami, June-Aug. G. tiliefolia, Vahl., F.B.1.—I-386. Dhaman., Bhimashankar, Hills near Poona, j May-Aug. G. asiatica, Linn., ¥ B.1.—I1-386, Phalsa, Cultivated widely. 72: . The Kestrel. Cerchneis tinnunculus —...(Lin.) Strix javanica ...(Gmel.) ..: Ninox lugubris ..:(Tick.) Syrnium ocellatum ...( Less.) Glaucidium malabaricum... (Bly.) Hirundo filifera ...(Steph.) « .:. Merops sumatranus ...(Rafil.) Merops phillippinus ...(Lin.) Coracias indica ...( Lin.) Halcyon smyrnensis __...( Lin.) The Tawny Eagle. The Bifasciated Hagle. The White-bellied Sea Hagle. . The crested Honey Buz-= zard. .. The Marsh Harrier. ...(S.G. Gmel.) The Pale Harrier. ...(8.G. Gmel.) The Pale Harrier (Fe- male.) . The common Parian Kite. .. The Maroon-backed or Brahminy Kite. .. The Black-winged Kite. The White-eyed Buz- zard. The Shikra or Indian Sparrow Hawk. The Laggar Falcon. Red-headed Merlin. Indian Screech Owl. . The Brown Hawk Owl. .. The Mottied Wood Owl. .. Lhe Malabar Owlet. The Wire-tailed Swal- low. .. The Malayan Bee-eater. .. The Blue-tailed Bee= eater. .. The Indian Roller. .. The White-breasted Kingfisher. 104 106 118 128 149 158 165 ed 175 170 181 2138 230 236 239 246 249 O54 274 294 296 LIST OF BIRDS IN THE GWALIOR STATE MUSEUM, 137 Alcedo bengalensis .--(Gmel.) Ceryle rudis ao .--(Lin.) Paleornis purpureus ...(P. L. S. Mull.) Picus mahrattensis ...( Lath.) Brachypternus aurantius...(Lin.) Megalzema caniceps 2 (irank.) 2:2 Cuculus canorus ... ...(Lin.) Endynamis honorata __ ...(Lin.) Coccystes jacobinus .-.(Bodd.) Hierococcyx varius .-.( Vahl.) Centrococeyx rufipennis ...(IIl.) Lanius Jahtora... seGSykes. iain: Pericrocotus speciosus ...( Lath.) Buchanga atra... ...(Herm.) Buchanga cerulescens ...( Lin.) Terpsiphone paradisi _...(Lin.) Rhipidura albifrontata ...(Frankl.) ... Alseonax latirostris ...(Rafil.) Mascicapa albicilla wacall.) Monticola cyanus... = Alon.) Monticola cinclorhyncha...( Vig.) / .. The common Indian Kinefisher, .. The Pied Kingfisher. The Rose-headed Para- quet. .. The Yellow-fronted Woodpecker, ... The Golden-backed Woodpecker, The common green Barbet. ... The European Cuckoo, .. The Koel or Black Cuc- . koo. . The Pied-crested Cuc- koo. ... The common Hawk- Cuckoo. .- Lhe common Coucal or Crow Pheasant. The IndianGrey Shrike, . The large Minivet. .. The common Dronga Shrike or “ King Crow.” ... The White-bellied Drongo. .. The Paradise Fly-cat- cher. The White-browed Fantail. ... The Harth-brown Fly- catcher. .. The Eastern White-tail- ed Robin Fly-catcher. .. The Blue Rock-thrush. . TheIndianRock-thrush: 18 138 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf, 515 Pyetorhis sinensis ..(Gmel.) ... The Yellow-eyed Bab- bler. 385 Pycnonotus hemorrhous...(Gmel.) ... The common Madras Bulbul. 394 Oriolus kundoo ...(Sykes.) ... The Indian Golden Oriole. 398 Copsychus saularis sad Ibi.) . The Magpie Robin. 403 Thamnobia cambaiensis ...(Lath.) ... The Brown-backed In- dian Robin. 406 Pratincola maura... .-(Pall.) ... The Indian Bush-chat. 411 [uticilla rufiventris ...(Vicill.) ... The Indian Red-start. Saxicola picta ...(Blythe ) ... The Stone-chat. 472 Motacilla maderaspatensis...(Gmel.) ...The Pied Wagtail, 528 Dendrocitta rufa ... ...(Scop.) ...The common Indian Magpie. , 533 Sturnus vulgaris ...(Lin.) ... The common Starling, 537 Acridotheres tristis ...(Lin.) — ... The common Mynah, 538 Acridotheres ginginianus...(Lath.) ...The Bank Mynah. 547 Pastor roseus sas ..(Lin.) ... The Rosy Starling. 541 Sturnia pagodarum ..(Gmel.) ...The Black-headed My- nah. 562 Passer domesticus ...(Lin.) ...The common House Sparrow. 565 Petronia flavicollis ...(Frankl.) ...The Yellow-necked Sparrow. Passer hispanidensis ...(Temn.) ...The Willow Sparrow. 599 Crocopus pheenicopterus.../Lath.) ...The Bengal Green Pigeon. 519 Corone macrorhyncha ...(Wagl.) ...The Indian Corby. 622 Pterocles fasciatus ...(Scop.) ...fhe Painted Sand Grouse. 638 Francolinus pictus (Jer d, and Selb.) ...The Painted Partridge. 653 Turnix joudera ...(Sykes.) ...The LargeButton Quail. 645 Perdicula argoondah — ...(Sykes.) ...The Rock Bush Quail. 623 Pterocles exustus... ..(Tem.) ...The common Sand Grouse. LIST OF BIRDS IN THE GWALIOR STATE MUSEUM, 139 657 Cursorius coromandelicus..(Gm.) 660 Squatarola helvetica —...(Lin.) 668 Vanellus vulgaris... --.(Bechst.)) < 670 Chettusia villotei s(And) 671 Lobivanellus indicus — ...(Bodd.) 672 Lobipluvia malabarica ...(Bodd.) 684 Gallinago ceelestis ...(Frenzel.).. 685 Gallinago gallinula v2 Lina) 6386 Rhynchoea bengalensis ...( Lin.) 687 Limosa egocephala ...(Lin.) 690 Machetes pugnax: ..( Lin.) 692 Tringa alpina ...( Lin.) 693 Tringa minuta ...(Leisl.) 695 Bhyacophila glareola — ...(Lin.) 678 Grus lencogeranus .+-( Pall.) 696 Totanus ochropus (lain) 628 Totanus glottis 2 (lin) 699 Totanus stagnatilis ...(Bechst.).. 700 Totanus fuscus bo ct( Join.) 702 Himantopus candidus — ...(Bonn.) 705 Hydrophasianus chirurgus.(Scop.) 707 Fulica atra (db) 708 Gallinula chloropus Ebi) 709 Erythra pheenicura s(Eenim,)ieea. 674 Aasacus recurvirostris ...(Cuv.) 758 Mareca penelope se Lins) 753 Anas peecilorhyncha ...(Frost.) ... 751 Spatula clypeata Jac Lully) 749 Casarca rutila sae Gerall Wisse. 2 ..-Lhe Indian Courser or Courier Plover. ...The Grey Plover. The Crested Lapwing or “ Peewit.” ...-he White-tailed Lap- wing. the Red-wattled Lap- wile. ...Lhe Yellow-wattled Lapwing. .The Common Snipe. ...Lhe Jack Snipe. ..- Lhe Painted Snipe. ... The Small Godwit. ae bhe! Reudte Lhe Dunlin. ..The Little Stint. ..-Lhe Spotted Sandpiper. --lhe Snow Wreath or Great White Crane. ... Lhe Green Sandpiper. .-eLhe Green-shanks. .The little Green-shanks. ..» Lhe Spotted Red-shanks. ..-Fhe Still or Long Legs. welhe Pheasant-tailed Jacana. ..»Lhe Bald Coot. ..e-Lhe Water Hen. The White-b re asted Water Hen. ...Lhe Large Stone Plover. ... Lhe Widgeon. The Spotted-billed Duck. ..-Lhe Shoveller. “the Brahminy Duck, 140 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vot. Xf. 747 Dendrocygna javanica ...(Horsf.) ...The Whistling Teal. 746 Nettopus coromandelianus.((Gm.) —_...The Coticn Teal. 745 Sarcidiornis melanonotus...(Penn.) ...The Nukhta or Comb Duck. 737 Ibis melanocephala ...(Lath.) — ...The White Ibis. 738 Inocotis papillosus «.(Lem.) ...The Black Ibis or King Curlew. 722 Herodias alba .(Lin.) — ...Lhe White Heron. 726 Bubuleus coromandus ...(Bodd.) ...The Cattle Hgret. 719 Dissura episcopa »-(Bodd.) ...The Whitenecked Stork. 720 Ardea cinerea »(Lin,) =-. The Heron, 725 Herodias garzetta ..(Lin.) —... The Little Egret. 727 Ardeola grayi ...(Sykes.) ...The Pond Heron. 728 Butorides javanica .-(Horsf,) ...The little Green Heron. 733 Nycticorax griseus p(k) ..-The Night Heron. 759 Querquedula crecca __ ...(Lin.) ...Lhe Common Teal. Porzana akool Zo ...The Brown Rail. The numbers refer to the Lucknow Museum hist. PROCEEDINGS. 14) PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING HELD ON 16th DECEMBER, 1896, A meeting of the members was held at the Society’s rooms on Wednesday, the 16th December, 1896, Mr. E, M., Slater presiding, NEW MEMBERS. The election of the following new members was announced :—Mr. Narrotum Morarjee (Life Member) (Bombay), Captain Dalme-Radcliffe (Nowgong), Mr, Lencastro Pereira d’Andrade (Marmugoa), Mr. Arthur J, Moon (Belgaum), Captain L. T. Bowles (Agra), Surgeon-Lieutenant A. Hooton (Poona), Mr, B, R. R, Rambant, R.A. (Karachi), Captain Malcolm Campbell, R.A.(Rawul Pindi), Lieutenant A.B.R. Hildebrand, R. E, (Bombay), Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel P, de Haig (Bunna), Mr. George F, F, Foulkes (Madanapolli), Mr, S. Cox (Vizagapatam), Miss E. E. Spragge (Poona), Mr, William M. Bell (Bombay), Mr. F, B. Manson (Darjeeling), Mr. F. T, Welsh (Bombay), Mr. A.T, Whittle (Wadhwan), Surgeon-Major C. 8. Rundle (Thayetmyo), Captain :F. E,G.Skey, R.E, (Roorkee), Mr. B. R. pone (Saharanpur), and Mr. G, A. Hope, R.A. (Bllichpur). CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM, Mr. H. M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged the receipt of the following contributions to the Society’s Museum since the last meeting :— Contribution. | Description. | Contributor. 1 Scaly Ant-eater Gic .. (Manis pentadactyla -. trieut F. Prideaux. 1 Phoorsa... ... |ichis carinata aoe * - |Major R. Light, A number of Snakes... |Zamenis fasciolatus... —.. -|Capt. E. Y. Watson. Bungarus arcuatus ... 206 Do. Tropidonotus plumbicolor ... Do. Dipsas trigonata ... ste Do. Silybura madurensis 480 Do. Lycodon jara soe coe Do. Simotes splendidus ... BS Do. Simotes theobaldi ... Sep Do. Tropidontus stolatus spe Do. Psammophis sp. 568 sec Do. 2 Pigeons ... ses .-. |\Catpophacus bicolor... ...|Mr. F. E. Dempster, C.1.E. 3 Ruffs ...|Philomactrus pugnax --- |Mr. Chas. Maries. 9 Wyhihetailed| lovers -..(Chuttsia villotcei ... as Do. 2 Little Stints as -.-|lringa temmincki ... os Do. 2 Black-tailed Godwits ...|Limosa egocephala ... ae Do, 2 Spotted panne ... |Actitis glariola sed noe Do. 1 Stilt ! -..|Himantopus candidus sue Do. 1 Striolated Bunting ...|Emberiza striolatus... ... |Lieut. C. D. Lester. A number of Marine Shells.) = saaaee Capt. Finny, R. I. M. 2 Chameleons (alive) ...|Chameleon calcearatus ...|Major R. Light. 1 Long-legged Bugera ..-|Buteo ferox ... Se ...|Capt. A. Newnham. 1 Florican ... -.. /Sypheotides aurita ... -..|Mr. N. C. Macleod. MarimeySpecimens) so ellen |) |) ) lessees Capt. H. Shopland. 2 Eggs of the Bronze-winged Jacana ae .|Para indica ... Ace ...|Mr. F..C. Dwane. 1 Snake (alive) .... -|Zamenis diadema ... .../The Karachi Zoological Gardens. 6 Black Cobras (alive) ... Naga tripudians _... Sa Do. 8 RS An LEED eS 142 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT, Contributlon. | Description. eee —.—_ ln —aaanaaeeeeeee—e —50cvS———————— a a ss 1 Snake (alive) 2 Kraits oe 1 Tree Snake (ative) | ! pate i Indian Wolf (mounted)... 1 Head of Wild te 2 Mahseer 2 Sambur Heads 1 Pair Sambur Horns 5 Bison’s Skulls Curiously deformed Tiger's Skall oe no6 1 Scaly Ant- Bater Geological Specimens 1 Snake (alive) 1 Marbled Teal 1 Snake as Dos 1 Do. 1 Indian Water Rail | 1 Krait Se 1 Snake (alive) 1 Do. (alive) 3 1 Large piece of Coral A number of Shells from Persian Gulf ° 1 Gannet sie 1 Tufted Pochard 1 King Crab ... 28 1 Green Iree Snake 1 Malay Tiger Bittern (alive) 1 Zanzibar Monkey 1 Black-capped Black-bird alias johnii + Dipsas trigonata Eryx johnii ... “(Sula bassana ... ..|Huligula cristata .-|Lemulus sp. .|Dryophis mycterizans ...|Cercopithecus talapoin .. Bungarus sindanus .. -- lrop. piscator ..|Dipsas trigonata . Canis pallipes ..(9us eristatus -..(Barbus tor ... Cervus unicolor Do. Bos gaurus ...|Melis tigris ... ..| Manis pentadactyla... evecce ..|Chaulelasmus angustirostris. ..|Psammophis leithii ... ../Zamenis ventrimaculatus ... .../uycodon aulicus ...|Rallus indicus ....Bungarus arcuatus ... ...|Lropidonotus stolatus ..|Lrop. piscator @eesce Goisakius melanolophus (alive) ..|Merula nigrepileus ... Contributor, .-/The Karachi Zoological Gardens. ..-|Mr. L. Mountford. --|Mr. T. J. Spooner, C. H. -|Mr. J. 8. Betham. Do. ..|Deposited Chelonging to the late Mr. N. §. Symons). .. Capt. R. Wapshare. ..|Mr. ©. F. Harold. Mr. J. B. Gott. ../The Hon. Mr. T. D. Mae- kenzie, C. 8. Major Olivier, R. Hi. ..|Major R. Light. Do. Do. ... (Mr. G. Duxbury. ...|Mr. W. Murray. . (Mr. Faulkner. Do. “ICapt. J. H. St. John. Mrs. Pearson. -.-|Mr. Wm. Murray. |My. J. B. Adams. ..|Capt. Stebbing (s. s. By- : culla). .. (Mr. Collins. ..|Lieut. N. F. Wilson, h.1.M. ..|Mr. G. A. Hope, R. A. ..|Mrs. Pearson. Mr, N.C. Macleod recorded having shot a specimen of the Lesser Florican (Sypheotides auritra) across the harbour near Pen towards the end of last month, Mr. W. S. Millard showed a specimen of the Black-capped Kingfisher (Halcyon pileata) which he obtained at Rewa Danda a fortnight ago. This species, which is a Malay form, has very rarely been recorded as occurring in India, Mr, E. Comber exhibited a number of most successful photographs of the Great Indian Hornbill (Dichoceros bicornis) which he had taken from the live specimens in the Society’s rooms. Lieutenant F. N. Wilson, R. I. M., drew attention to the live specimen of the Malay Tiger Bittern (Goisakius melanolophus), which he had presented to the Scciety, and stated that this rare bird flew on board the R, lL M. 8. Canning when she was near Cochin on the Malabar Coast. PROCEEDINGS. 143 The Honorary Secretary mentioned that the two large kraits, received Some time ago from Mr, L, Mountford in Sind, had been sent to Mr, G. A. Boulenger, at the British Museum, who states that they have enabled him to establish a new species, which he proposes to call Bungarus sindanus, An illustration of this new Indian snake will be given in an early number of the Society's Journal, . SCORPIONS, In response to the appeal made by Mr, Robt. OC, Wroughton specimens of scorpions were received from the following members :—Surg,-Major A. M. Crofts (Gwalior), Mr, E, G, Oliver (Dharwar), Mr. Thomson (Deesa), Lieut. H, A. D. Fraser, R.E., and Colonel Freeman (Mahableshwur), Surg.- Major Dimmock (Bombay), Mr. C, P. George (Secunderabad), Col. Fulton (Dharmsala), Mr. G. M, Ryan (Sind), Mr. R. Roberts (Secunderabad), Major O'Donnell (Kathiawar), Mrs, Pearson (Kharaghora), and Col, A, G. Burn (Madras), _ CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, Vol, XIX, Part II, from Mr, W. F. Sinclair ; Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896, Part III, from Mr, W. F. Sinclair ; List of the Animals at the Zoological Gardens, London, fiom Mr, W. F. Sinclair; Annals and Mag, of Nat, Hist, Vol. XVIII, No. 105, purchased ; The Indian Forester, Yol. XXII, No. VIII in exchange; Dictionary of Economic Products of India from the Government, and North American Fauna, No, 12, in exchange. A special vote of thanks was passed to Mr, Chas. Maries, of Gwalior, for the trouble he had taken in collecting and mounting the group of: wading birds now exhibited in the Society’srooms. The exquisite finish of the work was greatly admired, and every one was glad to hear that Mr. Maries had kindly undertaken to set up a similar case of Ducks for the Society’s Museum, PAPERS READ, The following papers were then read :— 1. Notes on the Indian Sloth Bear, by Reginald Gilbert ; 2, On the poisonous properties of Plumbago zeylanica, by Surg.Maj. K. R. Kirtikar ; 3, Food of the Bull-Frog and Musk-rat, by J. A. Betham ; 4, On the Occur- rence of Marshall’s Iora in Cutch, by Lieut. C. D. Lester ; 5. A curious mal- formed Tiger’s Skull, by Capt. R. Wapshare; 6 .Note on the same, by Doctor ~ P. W. Bassett-Smith, R. N.;7. Nests taken from March to June at Kohat and Mussooree, by Capt. R. H. Rattray; 8. Birds collected during 5 years’ residence in the MHylakandi District, Cachar, by C. M. Inglis; 9. On Pericrocotus speciosus, by E. C. Stuart Baker ;and 10, Description of two new species of Butterflies, by L. de Nicéville, 144 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, Xi. PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING HELD ON 18rH MARCH, 1897. A meeting of the members took place at the Society's Rooms on Thursday. last, the 18th March, 1897, Dr. D. Madonald presiding, NEW MEMBERS. The election of the following new members was announced :—Prince Kumar Shri Ranjit Singhji of Sanjeli (Poona), Mr, L. 8. Hudson (Bombay), Mr, J. G. Counsell (Bombay), Mr. W. H. H. Vincent, 1.0.8. (Alipore), Mr. Robert W. R, Pennington (Bombay), Lieut. J, H. Whitehead (Mandalay), Mr, K. Gabbett, C.E. (Rangoon), Major K. 8, Dunsterville, R.A. (Allahabad), Capt. L, M. Foster (Kirkee), Mr. F, J. Varley, 1.0.8, (Dhulia), Mr, John L. Morres (Poona), Lieut. G@, Warnford (Manipur), Mr. H. H. Hains (Jalpaiguri), Lieut, K. EH, Nangle (Ellichpore), Mr, E. Ernest Green, F.E.S. (Ceylon}, Mr. J. Hope Simpson, L.C.S, (Jhansi), Mr, F. J. Donald (Jal- paiguri), Mr, Maung Po Hla (Burma), Mr, Henry Partridge (Burma), Capt. R. P. Cobbold, F.G. S.(Bombay), Mr, Robert L. H. Clerk, 1.0.8, (Bulandshahr), Mr, Richard Davidson (Jalpaiguri), Mr. William Finly (Jalpaiguri), Sir George F, Hampson, Bart., F.Z.S., F.E.S. (England), Captain W. J. Ryder (Dharmsala), Mr, T, M. Rodes (N. Cachar Hill), and Mr. W. Moylan (N. Cachar Hills), William L, Edmiston (Kotagiri), CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM, Mr, H, M, Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the following contributions to the Society's Museum since the last meeting :— Contribution. Description. Contributor. 1 Green Tree Snake (alive) ...|Trimeresurus strigatus...| Mr. Simmonds. 2 Gazelles (live) from Suakim.|Lithocranius walleri .. 1 Cobra (alive) ... 306 - |Naga tripudians 4 Turtles (alive)... e-.| Hmyda vittota ... eco A collection of dried plants ...}) = ...... 1 Snake ..- eee coe --- | Dipsas trigonata eee A number of land-shells s0° eae A number of fresh-water shells,| —...seeee é 1 Dun Bird see noe e-- (Puligula rufina.. eo. A collection of Assam Butterflies} = ==... aes 1 Snake... : eos -..|Dipsas trigonata --. |Chameleon c4learatus .. tec --- Aquila bifasciata sac Grey Bush|Argya malcomi... 1 Chameleon (alive) 1 Steppe Hagle ... 1 Albino Large Babbler (alive>. 1 Black-capped Blackbird oe 3 Grey Jungle-Fowls (alive) ... 9 Painted Partridges - |Francolinus pictus 2 Chukor Partridges Larva from the Volcano on Reunion Island 1 Zanzibar Monkey (alive) ... Land and Fresh-water> Shell from Ader. 1 Yellow-crested Cockatoo (alive)|Psittacus moluccensis... 1 Albine Partridge one .JOrtygornis pondiceriana 1 Red-crested Pochard ... -.|Puligula rufina... one Skin of Wild Dog ose --.|Cyon dukhunensis 1 Tree Snake (alive) ... -../Dr. yophis mycterizans 2 Wolf Cubs (alive) ../Canis pallipes ... 1 Snake ‘ .|Dipsas trigonata Merula nigropileus ... .callus sonnerati eee eee @o19@esce eo eco e-. |Caczabis chukor ie .|Major R. G. Egerton. ... Lieut. R. 8. Gillespie, R.H. Do iy Mr. G. M. Woodrow. Vet.-Col. J. Anderson. Mr. F. Ede. Mr. A. Constable. Major A, Fraser. Mr. G. Warneford. ...|Mr, H. W. Barrow. Mrs. Gilbert. Major R. Light. ..| Lieut. H. Capper. Mr, W. F. Jardine. Do. Do. Capt. A. EH. Hatch. Lieut. J. D. St. John, R.1.M, Capt. L. Vidal. Capt. A. Newnham. [kins. Surg.-Lieut.-Col. J. 8. Wil- Lieut. C. D. Lester. Lieut. W. J. Cates. Mr. C. A. Brendon. Capt. T.R. Montgomery. ...|Mr. H. Bulkley. ... 1G. McCorkell, I.C.S. PROCEEDINGS. ee 145 MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS, SCORPIONS, &c. From Capt. Hicks; Mr. W. C. Morley ; the Dewan of Kolhapore ; Major A, 4H. Fraser, Chief Medical Officer, Gwalior ; Surg-Major G. H. Gimletie ; Dr. Becarro ; and Dewan Kassarram (Kashmir), CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY, The Fauna of Brit, India, Moths ; Vol. IV., from Mr, W. F, Sinclair ; the Zoological Record, for 1895, from Mr. W.F. Sinclair ; The Coccide of Gisn (Green), Part I, (with 23 Plates), from Mr,, Ernest Green ; Proceedings of the Linnean Society of N, S. Wales, for 1896, in exchange ; Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Vols, XXV and XXVI in exchange ; Bulletin Societé de France, 1896, in exchange, | THE ACCOUNTS FOR 1896, Mr, A. Abercrombie, the Honorary Treasurer, placed before the meeting a statement of the accounts of the Society for the year ending 31st of December last, showing a cash balance in favour of the Society of Rs, 1,211-8-3, and an investment in Government Paper of Rs. 4,800. It was resolved that the accounts be passed, subject to the usual audit, ELECTION OF COMMITTEE, The President, Vice-Presidents, and Members of the Managing Committee for 1896 were duly re-elected for the ensuing year, THE FLORA OF MAHABLESHWAR AND MATHERAN, The Honorary Secretary stated that the revised edition of the “Flora of Mahableshwar and Matheran,”’ by the Hon’ble Mr. H. M, Birdwood, had been corrected by the author and was now being sold by the Society at Re. 1 per copy. THE BACK NUMBERS OF THE JOURNAL. The Honorary Secretary drew attention to the circular relating to the cost of the back numbers of the Society’s Journal, and strongly recommended the members to replace any missing numbers while the opportunity offered, as. the complete series would in a short time become very valuable, Title pages for Vols, I, 11 and [11 could be obtained in the Society’s Office, free of cost. LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS, Mr. H. J. Peile, R. A.,exhibited a collection of Land and Fresh-Water Shells which he had made within the limits of the Island of Bombay, and'read some- interesting notes on the subject. Mr, Peile expressed a hope that, when: the rains set in, members in all parts of India, Burma and Ceylon would assist the Society’s collection by contributing specimens, PAPERS READ. The following papers were then read and discussed :-— 1, The Burmese Goat-Antelope, or Serow, by Vet.-Capt, G. H. Evans, 2. The Birds of Aden, by Col. J. W. Yerbury. 3. The Plants of a Bombay Swamp, by G. Marshall Woodrow. 19 : : 146 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI. 4. A new Krait from Sind, by G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S. 5, Description of some new Species of Scorpions, from India, by RB, 1. Pocock. 6. Birds Nesting in the Tons Valley, by B. B, Osmaston, Miscellaneous Notes :— (a) The Destructive Work of Termites, by W. F. Sinclair, (b) Distribution of the Black-capped Purple Kingfisher (Halcyon pileata), by G. W. Vidal, I.C.8. (c) Deflection of Bullets on a Tiger’s Skull, by Lieut. J. H. Vanderzee, We Ese: (d) The White-faced Duck (Erismatura leucocephalus), by Capt. H. J. Sherwood, R.E, (e) Leopard versus Chital, Pig versus Leopard, by Major G. 8, Rodon, (f) Nidification of the Thick-billed Flower-pecker (Piprisoma agile), by Capt, R. M, Betham. These papers will be published in the next number of the Society’s Journal, which is now in the press. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. No. lL—THE DESTRUCTIVE WORK OF TERMITES. In yesterday’s Nature there occurs a passage (quoted below) referring to “ the attack of fungi on timber or trees previous to the destruction of the wood by Termitide,’ in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad. The Editor observes that, “ so far as observations at present go, it seems that the primary cause of the destruction of wood by termites is the mycelium of some fungus,” Now “ the mycelium of some fungus ” is an usual agent in what we call “rot ” in wood, especially in living wood, But it seems to require something to go before, Insufficient nutriment, heat, light, or ventilation ; unsuitable énvironment in the case of exotics ; or even wounds inflicted by man or natural forces are apt to make the plant a fit subject of attack to the fungus. In the course of many years’ observation of white-ants’ work in our province, I found that where the white-ants’ covered ways are on the stem of a tree there will be broken or diseased branches higher up. The white-ant follows death and disease ; he does not cause it. But when we come to his attacks on dead vegetable matter, such as paper, and animal matter, such as boots or leathern book covers, is there previous disease to prepare his way? Apparently sound deal boxes are often attacked. Are they really in a state of decay, only to be detected by the white-ant or in the laboratory? Is an infection of some mould or other the cause of his attacks upon carpets ? In short, is he simply an eater of dead vegetable and animal matter, or of the fungi that attack it ? And is the attack of the fungus a condition precedent to that of white-ant in all or most cases ? Our members have a good deal of opportunity to observe white-ants, and a few microscopic observations upon boots and books would probably yield _tesults very well worthy of record, W. F. SINCLAIR, tate I.C.8, London, 27th November, 1896. The passage referred to :— A short time ago Mr. J. H. Hart mentioned, in the Bulletin of miscellaneous information . published at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad, that there was evidence of the attack of - fungi on timber or trees previous to the destruction of the wood by Termitide, He returns to the subject in the October Bulletin, wherein he states that the mycelium of a fungus could be readily traced in all parts of the tissue of a number of specimens attacked by ' Termites. "That it is really a fungus which attacks the wood, the experiments at Trinidad prove conclusively, and that Termites follow the attack is also clearly shown. The only - doubtful point is whether the wood-ants do at any time or in any case attack sound timber. . So far as obervations at present go, it seems that the primary cause of the destruction of . wood by Termites is the mycelium of some fungus. (Nature.) 148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1. No. IL—THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BLACK-CAPPED PURPLE KINGFISHER (HALCYON PILEATA), The Black-Capped Purple Kingfisher is so rarely found in Western India that it is well to record each locality in which it may be observed. Mr, Comber states in his note in Vol. X (p. 533): “I found it:at Malvan in 1880.” It had however, been previously obtained by Jerdon at Tellicherry on the Malabar Coast, and in 1883 I again discovered it at Belikeri in North Kanara, {n some scrub-jungle close to the sea-shore and in the compound of the district bungalow, Very probably it has since been found by Mr. Davidson or Mr. Aitkin in other localities in North Kanara, Its occurrence however, so far north and so far inland as Kalyan, is more interesting, This handsome Kingfisher is one of the many Malayan forms which creep up the Western Coast of India, Curiously not a few of these forms of birds as well as reptiles miss Ceylon altogether in their wanderings, Some become so changed in their new habitat as to lose their typical coloration and be fairly separable as sub-species, Halcyon or Sauropatis chioris is an instance in point, the specimens which I obtained at Ratnagiri being far from typical as noted by Mr, Sharpe. It would be interesting to have the Kalyan specimen of H. pileata compared with typical skins of this species so as to ascertain if any similar changes are observable. G. W, VIDAL. Norwood, ENGLAND, 4th December, 1896. [ Mr. Vidal’s suggestion has been acted upon and the skin referred to has been sent to him for comparison, Another specimen of this bird was recently obtained by Mr. W. 8S. Millard at Rewa Danda in the Kolaba District, as recorded at the Society's Meeting held on 16th December, 1896. Vide Vol. XI, p. 142—Epr1Tor. ] No. I1I.—DEFLECTION OF BULLETS ON A TIGER’S SKULL, The following took place about 10 miles north of the River Godavery in the Hyilerabad Territory on 10th April, 1895, A tiger was beaten out, and, when first seen by me, was walking towards the tree on which my “muchan” was built, Between us, and ata distance of about 90 yards from me, was a shal- low sandy nullah, some 10 yards in width, with the bank nearest to me much steeper than the other, which was merely a gentle slope, When the tiger reached this slope, which was quite bare of cover, I aimed at the point of his shoulder and fired, The bullet(a hollow pointed one) went a litile high, striking the side of the neck, where it broke up without apparently doing very much damage, The tiger on being hit fell into the nullah rolling over and clawing tke near bank for several seconds. Owing to his being partially concealed by the bank, it was not possible to plant a second bullet in a vital place, He then picked himself up, scrambled up the bank, and made straight for my tree, coming along at the usual close-quarter rush, head and body nearly touching the MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 4149 ground, the space between being burnt and quite devoid of cover. When about 30 yards off, I aimed somewhere at the centre of the face with the left barrel (solid bullet). As soon as I could see for the smoke, the tiger had turned off at right-angles and was staggering about, apparently dazed, some 20 yards off. A bullet on the shoulder from my second rifle thendroppedhim, On subsequent examination it appeared that the solid bullet from my left barrel had struck exactly in the centre of the forehead and midway between two ' parallel lines connecting the eyes and ears ; it had then glanced to the left, not having damaged the skull in the very least degree, The skin shows a good-sized well-detined hole in the centre of the forehead, with:a broad grazing cut about 14 inches long to the left, and of course joining the hole, The rifle used was a double ‘577, burning 160 grs, of powder ; bullet, Hley’s, hard lead, 520 grs. As an instance of the energy and penetration of the above combination of powder and lead to show that the above was not due to want of penetration, I may mention that shortly afterwards I had a very long shot(about 200 yards) at a full-grown wild buffalo (B. arnt) galloping away fromme, The bullet (520 grs, solid) struck the root of the tail, The buffalo was found lying down in a State of collapse some 400 yards further on, I also subsequently on several occasions with the same rifle and bullet dropped the African Buffalo (Bos caffer) at and over 100 yards without any difficulty. J. H. VANDERZEE, Lirvt., Indian Staff Corps, ELLICHPUR, Berar, January, 1897, No, IV—AN INSTANCE OF THE NATURAL REPELLENT EFFECT OF “WARNING COLOURS.” The observation here recorded appears to be noteworthy as corroborative evidence in favour of the protective value of “ Warning Colours.” Ihave in my possession a very docile young Himalayan bear, one of whose most strongly marked appetites is for grasshoppers, He seizes greedily and crunches, with every sign of relish, the common bright-green and dull brown grasshoppers found in Calcutta, and one of the few displays of real ill-temper, of which he has been guilty, was occasioned by my attempting to pick up a large grasshopper that had dropped from his mouth, Recently I offered him a specimen of the glaring-coloured and evil-smelling Aularches miiiaris (Linn.) which, as soon as he smelt it, he refused in a most comical way, but without any show of anger or violent distrust. (lt may be recalled to memory that, in life, Awlarches miliaris has the abdomen broadly cross-striped in alternate black and scarlet, and the fore- wings black with large canary-yellow spots, and also that it secretes a most peculiarly pungent-smelling frothy fluid.) A little after the first refusal I again forced the insect upon him, when he stood up on his hind legs and violently struck it out of my hand, in exactly 450 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xi. the same way as—aftera single experience of their nature—he is accus= tomed to treat the offer of a burning cigar-end or a lighted match. Whenever now I show him this grasshopper (Aularches miliaris), le first ‘endeavours to move off ; but if he is compelled to face it, he rises and strikes one’s hand such a hearty cuff that the insect is knocked out of one’s grasp: The bear also has a certain amount of objection to avery large spiny- legged species of Acridium and toa species of Euprepocnemis ur, robusta Serv. with spiny legs, if these are offered to him alive and with their legs intact, In thesé cases the dislike is not to the insect, but only to its hard spiny legs, and it is not accompanied by any gesture of fear or apprehension, for it is these emotions, rather perhaps, than blind anger that the bear’s cuff seéms to be meant to express. I may mention thai the bear lives, as far as possible,ina state of nature. It is never confined,and is only chained up when nobody canbe spared to watch it, I offer this note as a simple record of fact. So far as it goes, it appears to support the almost universally-accépted, though now by no means unques- tioned, beliefs (1) that when an insect has been found by expérience to be unpleasant to (taste and) smell, it has only to be seen to be avoided, and (2) that any conspicuous markings that lead to the immediate recognition of such an insect by eyesight and ata distance are likely to be of such vital benefit to the insect as to be acted on by natural selection, A. ALCOCK, M.B., C.M.ZS., Superintendent of the Indian Museum, (The above appeared in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.) No, V.—THE WHITE-FACED. DUCK (ERISMATURA LEUCOCEPHALA), On the 27th December, 1896, three ducks of a peculiar description were shot in the Ganges Kadar, about 20 miles south of Roorkee, Major J. C. P. Onslow, R.E., shot two, and Lieutenant H, D. B. Campbell; R.E., shot one, which, however, was not picked up. We were a party of five in camp, and in the evening the ducks were examined, but none of-us had ever seen a duck of this description. It was thought, however, that there would be no difficulty in identifying the birds from Hume and Marshall’s book, “The Game Birds of India,” On returning to Roorkee on the 28th December, I referred to the book and found that the only bird answering at all to the description was the white-faced or stiff-tailed duck (Hrismatwra leucocephala),- Unfortunately _the birds had not been skinned, nor had the heads been kept. So I have to rely upon my memory for the description. The chief points about the duck were the peculiar bill, very broad and swollen at the base, and the absurdly short wings giving it the appearance almost of deformity, The bill was dark-coloured as far asI can recollect. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. t51 T cannot clearly recall the markings, except that there. was a good deal of white about the body and breast, Mr. Campbell says that he particularly. noticed the white face.. The crown was dark, and so were the wings. The bird was very little longer, if any, than a common teal, but much bigger, and presented a “‘ stumpy ” appearance, very ugly and ungainly, The wings were hardly more than six inches in length, The birds were shot in deep water in a nullah which they refused to leave after being put up, and after a short swift flight they settled again, I have shot a good many duck during the last six years,and am familiar with most of the species which visit the North-West Provinces, H, J. SHERWOOD, Capr., R.E. Roorkee#, N.-W. P., January, 1897. [There appears to be little doubt that the bird described in the above note was the White faced stiff-tailed duck, and its occurrence near Roorkee is well worthy of record. We have in our collection the head of one shot at Sialkote by Lieut. C. R. Bushe in February, 1891.— EDiToR.] No. VI.—CROCODILES, Existing reptiles are divided by modern naturalists into four orders, of which crocodiles and alligators belong to the order Emydosauria of De Blainville. The greatest confusion still exists even amongst educated men as to the difference between the crocodile and the alligator and also as to their geographical distribution, In India there are no alligators, yet Euro- peans, as a rule, call by that name all the crocodiles there, of which there are two genera and three species. Even in Government returns these destruc- tive reptiles are called by one or other name indifferently, and often both names will be found in the same document, It may be.as well to start with a good sweeping statement, which, so far as present knowledge goes, may be taken as correct, Itis this: except in China, where, in 1869, an alligator (A. sinensis) was discovered, or rather discriminated, there are no alligators either in Asia, Africa, or Australia, The differences may be described as follows :—In the first place, the hori- zontal contour of the head of the crocodile represents an isosceles triangle, but in no case is the muzzle wider than that of the alligator. Secondly, the crocodiles have.a deep notch on each side of the upper jaw, into which the fourth lower tooth fits, whereas in the alligator the corresponding tooth fits into a sulcus or pit. Thirdly,as a rule, the digits of the hind feet of the crocodile are webbed to the nails, and there is a denticulated crest of flattened Scales on the inside of the hind leg ; whilst in the alligator the web between the toes is rudimentary, and the dentionated crest is absent, There are exceptions to the latter difference in two of the crocodiles, of which one is C. rhombifer from Cuba, which has not the fringed leg, nor are the hind toes webbed; but I have not been able to trace the second species. Crocodiles 152 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT. have the head at least twice as long as itis broad ; whilst the alligator’s head! is in length compared with width as three to two, There are about twelve or thirteen species of crocodiles, as distinct from alligators, recognised, namely :— 1, The garial, gavial, or nakoo, G. gangeticus, Gimther, Gharialis gange- ticus, Theobald Catalogue; Indus, Ganges, Brahmapootra, Mahanadi in Orissa, Kaladyne river, Arrakan ? 2. Journey's false gavial, Tomistoma schlegelit, Gray ; Borneo, 3. Crocodilus cataphractus, Cuvier, snout gavial-like ; West Africa. 4, OC. johnstonii, snout gavial-like ; North Australia, 5. C. intermedius ; Orinoko, : 6. OC. americanus ; Central America, West Indies, Florida. 7. C. siamensis ; Siam, Java. 8. C. niloticus ; the Nile, and Madagascar, 9. C. porosus ; India, Ceylon, and North-East Australia. 10. C. palustris ; India and Ceylon. 11. C, robustus ; Madagascar, 12. C.rhombifer ; Cuba. 13. C. moroletti ; Honduras. The name crocodile was in the first instance applied by the Greeks to those they saw in Africa—xpoxode:A0s being the name of a lizard they were familiar with in their own country, just as el lagarto (the lizard), corrupted into alligator, was applied by the Spaniards to the cayman of South America, The generic name in Egypt was champsa ; and it is still called timpsa (another form of the word) in that country. ; The tongue of the crocodile is entirely attached to the floor of the mouth, and cannot therefore be protruded, The ancients consequently concluded that it had no tongue ; and it is supposed that because of this peculiarity it was chosen as a fitting emblem of the Deity, who orders all things by his will alone. Some time ago I came across a copy of “ Sandys’ Travels,’ 1670, from -which the following extract will prove interesting :— The country people do often take them in pitfalls, and grapling their chops together with an iron, bring them alive to Cairo. They take them also with hooks baited with sheeps or goats, and tied with a rope to the trunk ofatree. ‘The flesh of them they eat, all saving the head and tail, and sell their skins unto merchants who convey them into Christendome for the rarity. It is written in the Arabian records how Humeth Aben Thaulon (being Governor of Egypt for Gifar Matanachi, Caliph of Babylon), in the 270th year of their Hegir, caused the leaden image of a crocodile, found amongst the ruines of anancieot temple, to. be molten ; since when the inhabitants have complained, and that those serpents have been more noysome unto them than before, affirming that it was made and there buried by the ancient magicians to restrain their endamagings, MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 153 | Again, in Hamilton’s account of the East Indies, 1688 to 1723, referring to Java, he says :— They have many large crocodiles or alligators in their rivers and marshes, and sometimes they go a mile or two off to sea, and get foul of the fishers’ nets. Iwas cleaning a vessel that I bought at Samarang on a bed of ooze, and had stages fitted for my people to stand on, when the water came round the vessel, and we were plagued with five or six alligators which wanted to be on the stage, and every moment disturbed our men ; go I and two of my men sat on the vessel’s deck, and fired muskets at them, but our ball did them no barm because their hard scaly coat was shot proof, At last we contrived to shoot at their eyes and we shot at one se. As soon as he found himself wounded, he turned tail on us, and with great flouncings, made towards the shore about half a mile from us, and, the rest fol- lowing him, we were pretty euiet after that. A day or two after, some fishers told us that they had seen a dead alligator lying on the shore, and pointed whereabout they saw him. I went in a boat ashore, and found him lying at fulllength, I measured his length, and found from his nose to his tail twenty-seven feet anda half, and he was about one-third part of his length in circumference about the belly. It is curious that the old writers—and, indeed, for that matter some of those of the present day—contend that the scales of the crocodile are strong enough to deflect a bullet; this I have never found to be the case, and have known them to be killed by the °380 rook rifle with its “ pinch”’ of powder. They have wonderful vitality, and, uniess killed outright, succeed in getting into the water, and do not float for about twenty-four hours. The neck is undoubtedly the most vital spot, and, even if the vertebre are not touched, the bullet paralyses them for the time. This happened to me with the last crocodile I shot, which was 8 feet long ; the bullet hit it in the neck, and we were able to lash it to a bamboo, and transport it alive over a twenty-four hours’ journey to enable me to get it stuffed, In India there are three crocodiles ; first, there is the gavial or garial (Gavialis gangeticus). tis called garial from the fact that the old males are distin- guished by an excrescence on the end of the snout, and which resembles the earthen gara or pot used by the natives. It is supposed that the name gavial was given owing to a clerical error, the letter r being mistaken for a v, There js no mistaking the species, which has an extremely elongated snout, twenty- seven or more teeth in each side of the upper jaw, and the nuchal and dorsal scutes forming a single continuous shield composed of twenty-one or twenty- two transverse series. In the old males, but not in the females or young, there is a large carti- Iaginous lump on the extremity of the snout, which is supposed to contain air to enable them to remain under water for a longer period than would otherwise be possible. The garial does not attack human beings, but it has been found feeding on a decomposed body. Its usual diet is fish. The habitat of this crocodile is the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmapootra rivers and their large tributaries, also the Mahanadi of Orissa and the Koladyne river in Arrakan. Personally, I am not quite sure that it is the true garial which is found in Arrakan, as there 20 154 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XZ. is another species, the so-called false gavial,in Borneo, The garial grows to a length of 20 feet, and has the same habit, as the other Indian and Nile species, of sleeping with its jaws open whilst basking on the sandbanks. With regard to the other Indian crocodiles, C, porosws and C. palustris, al- though long ago discriminated, nothing is known as to their geographical dis- tribution ; and although when in India I again and again appealed through the newspapers for information, and worried my friends on the subject, I was un- able satisfactorily to settle the question. When in Ceylon, I also appealed to sportsmen and naturalists, few of whom knew that there was more than one species, Even in the Colombo Museum I could only find one small specimen of C. palustris, When first I took up the subject, I was told thatI could not depend on the number of cervical and nuchal plates to determine the species, as these plates varied. Thereupon, after consulting Owen and Huxley, I come to: the conclusion that the teeth, being persistent, might at any age be depended upon. Alas! on consulting the British Museum authorities I found that the young of one of the species. which I was working at had five teeth between the median line and the notch in the upper jaw, whilst the adult had normally only four. Here, again, the ground was cut from under my feet. It then occurred to me that at all events the premaxillary sutures might surely be depended upon as affording a constant and distinct difference, and for a while alk went well, But (though this sounds hardly credible) I have at the present time before me, as | write, a young specimen of C. palustris, with the premaxillary pat- tern which belongs to C. porosus, I have finally come to the conclusion that, in order to be certain as to species, one must secure an adult skull. An adult skin will do equally well. I will now proceed to show the difference of the two species : I will start with C. palustris, Lesson, Orient. Zool. Pro., p. 305; Kelaart Prodr., p. 183 ; Giinther Rept. Brit, Ind., p. 61, pl. viui, fig. A ; Theobald Cat.,, p.36.; Boulenger Cat, Chel., &c., p.. 285. C. trigonops, Gray : Cat. Tort., &c. C. bombifrons, Gray Cat.,p.59; Huxley, Pro. Linn. Soc., 1859, pp. 13—28_ €. bifurcatus, Cautley, Asiatic Researches, xix. C. vulgaris, Cantor, Mal. Rep., p. 15. These are all the synonyms that I can find of what we may cali the marsh crocodile of India, The characteristics are as follows : Snout—that is, the Jength taken from the eyes forward—one and three-quarters to one and a half as long as the width at the base, The width of the interorbital space is much less than the vertical diameter of the orbit. Nineteen upper teeth on each side, Head rough but without any ridges : pre-maxillo suture on the. palate transverse, nearly straight or curved forward. Four large nuchal scales. forming a square with a smaller one on each side; two pairs of smaller ones. ina transverse series behind the occiput. Dorsal shield well separated from the nuchal ; the scutze usually in four, rarely in six Jongitudinal series, Scales on limbs keeled. Digits webbed at the base, outer toes extensively webbed. A. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 155 serrated fringe on the outer edge of the leg, The dorsal scales are much larger and stronger than in C, porosus, and it has five teeth in the upper jaw from the median line to the notch. The marsh crocodile lays its egos in the sand and makes no nest. The period of incubation, which differs in accordance with the temperature, is said to be about forty days. Jackals dig up and eat the eges; but I am not aware that this has been recorded of the mungoose in India, although in HNgypt there is no doubt of the fact. The length of the young one the day after it is hatched is 103 inches. This I ascertained by actual measurement of a specimen sent to me by Mr. Phipson, Hon. Sec. of the Bombay Natural History Society. This species is found in tanks and rivers throughout India, Ceylon, Burma, and the Malay Archipelago, extending west to Sind and Beluchistan, It is the only species, Mr, Phipson informs me, that is found in Bombay, and in the Kuddlehundi (the Greek Sardis), and Beypore rivers, and the backwaters on the west coast up which the tide rises for a considerable distance. To my knowledge the natives on the banks of these backwaters are not a bit afraid of them, and may be seen in mid-stream diving for shells to make lime, where there are any number of crocodiles, The last time I stood on the Kuddlehundi railway bridge I saw four of these saurians (one of which I killed) basking on the mud which the tide had left uncovered. A friend of mine, when shooting on the Beypore river, saw some otters, evidently frightened, making for the shore ; and as they reached the bank one of them was followed and seized by a crocodile, which rushed after them. My friend fired at and hit the crocodile, which he did not get, but bagged the otter, which had the marks of the saurian’s teeth. A writer in the Asian, who gave his name, some years ago, described how one of the species seized a peacock on the bank that sprang upwards several feet to avoid him, and was carried off, leaving no sign but a few feathers floating on the water, The crocodiles at Muggerpeer, near Kurrachi, described by the late Dr, Leith Adams in the Field of Jan. 9, 1875, are of the species now under con- sideration, The pond is literally alive with them, and the late Sir Richard Burton, in one of his books (either “Sind” or “ Sind Re-visited”), tells how a foolhardy British subaltern ran across the pond, which was literally paved with crocodiles! After a man had been carried out of his own verandah by a crocodile, the Government insisted that the place should be walled in, which was done, In many parts of India the crocodile is venerated, if not worshipped. In the Calcutta Zoological Gardens, as well as in the museum there, I noticed a variety of C. palustris which had a very distinct shield within which the six nuchal plates were disposed. The superintendent of the gardens, when I spoke to him about this, said he had noticed it, bui could give no information on the subject, 156 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi, XI, With reference to the crocodile bird which Herodotus described as picking the teeth of the ‘animal, a man on whose word I could depend told me that he had seen a bird do so on the Beypore river. Not being a naturalist, he did not know what the bird was, but called it a “sandpiper.” In the Field about January or February, 1886, in an article entitled “ Dewn the backwater at Cannanore,” a correspondent described how a small bird hopped in and out of the crocodile’s mouth as if it were the most natural thing in the world. Gir Samuel Baker told me that, although he had never seen a bird actually in the crocodile’s mouth, he had no doubt that the tale was true, Mr. H. H, Johnston, in his ‘‘ River Congo,” identifies the crocodile bird as Lobivanellus albiceps, which is clearly a mistake, while the species which he figures in a vignette on his title-page is Pluvianus egyptius, the Nile ployer, one of the two species known to befriend the crocodile, the other being Hop- lopterus spinosus, the spur-winged plover of North Africa, The last-named bird is not found in India, but a closely allied species (4. ventralis) is recog- nised, It, however, has not been recorded south of the Godavery river, and is not likely to be the bird seen by my informant nor by the author of “ Down the Backwater at Cannanore.” ‘‘Old Log,’ in his admirable articles pre- viously referred to, mentions the spur-winged plover as being in attendance on the crocodile, but this would appear to have been in Burma, where Hop- lopterus ventralis is known to occur, It is quite evident, from what I have stated as to the habitat of the Indian spur-winged plover, that this could not be the bird that picks the crocodile’s teeth on the western coast of India, and it is therefore probable that there are other birds besides the spur-winged plover which do this friendly office for the crocodile. Mr. John M, Cook, in the Jbis for April, 1893, describes how he saw a bird enter the mouth of the crocodile, which was closed on it for a minute or two, and how he subsequently shot the bird, which was identified as the spur- winged plover of Egypt (Horopterus spinosus), This proves conclusively that more than one species of bird picks the crocodile’s teeth, The crocodile of the Nile (now known as C. niloticus) is identical with C, palustris in every way, including the nuchal and cervical plates, and differs only by the snout being slightly longer. C. palustris grows to a length of 29ft. 6in., that being the record of one killed by Mr, Brunton at Cochin on the western coast, Thelength of the head of this monster (which is preserved at Cochin) was no less than 2ft, 8gin, In an ordinary way a 12ft. specimen is large and a 15ft. specimen locks enormous, so that Mr, Brunton’s specimen is abnormally long for this species, . With regard to C, porosus, it seems a species which has been much neglect- ed, and to the present day its distribution is unknown, Unfortunately, Dr, Giinther did not figure it in his “Reptiles of British India,” but substituted C. pondicherianus (which really came from Akyab) for it, Its synonyms are MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 157 C. porosus, Schneid,, Hist, Amph, 11, p. 159; Gunth., Rept. Brit, Ind., p. 62 ; Theobald, Cat., p. 36 ; Boulenger, Cat. Chel., &c., p. 284; Cantor, Mal. Rept., p. 16. Oopholus porosus, Gray, Ann, and Mag. Nat, Hist., 1862, vol. X, p. 267 ; C, bifurcatus, Cuv. Oss, Fossiles, and Schleg. Krokod. Ind, Archipel., tab. 3, In this species, the snout (that is, the portion in front of the orbits) is from ‘one and two-thirds to two and a quarter times as long as it is broad, There are well-marked ridges in front of the eye, which converge towards each other, The pre-maxillo maxillary suture on the palate is directed backwards, and is W-shaped as shown inthe above diagram of the jaw of C. porosus, Post-occipital scutes usually absent, sometimes small and irregular, Four large nuchal scutes forming a square with smaller ones on each side. The dorsal shield is well separated from the nuchal, and the scutes generally are feebly keeled as compared with C, palustris, When adult, there are only four teeth in the upper jaw from the median line to the notch ; but in young specimens there are five, C. porosus is said to be the species that so often carries off people from the bathing ghats on the Ganges and Hoogly ; and itis not certain that this ‘species is found above the tidal way in rivers, but it is frequently recorded as being found some distance out at sea. It is distributed throughout the larger northern rivers in India, and in tideways in Ceylon, also in Southern China and Northern Australia, So long ago as July 27,1872, a correspondent, “O.N. M.,” described in the Field his shooting this species in North Queens- land, and finding its nest ; and on Sept, 4, 1869, Mr. Tegetmeier communicated an account by the Rev. Mr. Boake of its nest in Ceylon, composed of weeds, the fermentation of which gives heat enough to hatch the eggs, During incuba- tion the female lies in the vicinity of the nest, and both in Ceylon and North Queensland is recorded to have made determined attacks on anyone approach- ing the nest. In some cases, from the number of eggs found, it appears probable that more than one female laysin the same nest. In the Madras Presidency I have only found C. porosus at Cuddalore on the east coast and in North Travancore. The only specimen I got from the Godavery river was C. palustris, To sum up, we find in India the garial or gavial of the Ganges with an enormously elongated snout, which cannot be mistaken. C. porosus with comparatively long head (the snout being from 12ft. to 22ft, in length), when compared with its breadth; two ridges in front of the eye which con- verge towards each other, but do not meet, Post occipital scutes usually absent, sometimes small and irregular, four large nuchal scutes forming a square with smaller ones on each side, making a group of six in all: the dorsal shield well separated from the nuchal, and the scutes generally much more -feebly keeled than in C, palustris, In the adult there are only four teeth in the upper jaw from the median line to the notch, but in the young there are frequently, if not always, five teeth. The pre-maxillo maxillary suture on the palate in the adult is directed backwards, and is W-shaped. 158 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT, In C. palustris the snout is blunter than in its congener, being at the base only one and one-third to one and a half as long as it is broad. At all ages there are five teeth in the upper jaw from the median line to the notch. Tho head has no ridges, and the pre-maxillo maxillary suture is nearly straight across, There are four post-orbital scutes and six cervical scales, lozenge- shaped, all strong and well defined, as are also the dorsal scutes when compared with C. porosus, It is found everywhere in India, and except in the length of the snout is identical with C, niloticus from Africa and Madagascar, from which it differs only by having a somewhat shorter snout, This species is found everywhere in India ; but we are in total ignorance of the distribution of C. porosus. Readers of the F%eld in India might do good service to natural history by recording the species of crocodile found in different localities, particularly of C, porosus, about which so little is known, and I hope that the descriptions I have given will enable them to identify the two species I have written about. SMOOTHBORE, (The above appeared in the Feld.) _ No. VII—LEOPARD versus CHITAL, PIG versus LEOPARD. While on a shooting trip in Berar last Christmas, I heard one night, about 10 o'clock, a number of chital barking close to my camp; the night was fine with nearly a full moon ; this noise continued during the night : at least I heard it on the several occasions I awoke, and it all appeared to come from the one direction. I was up very early next morning, and accompanied by a shikari went in the direction where I still heard the barks. We had not gone far when I caught sight of avery large herd of chital moving about in a restless manner, I stood still to watch ; every now and then a doe would stop, elongate her neck and bark. Among the herd were several fine stags, but these, as far as I could observe from a distance, made no noise whatever. One doe was standing by herself some twenty yards in front of the herd and kept up aconstant series of loud barks, She was facing a small bush, some thirty yards in front ; behind the herd stretched a thick tree jungle ; in front the ground was fairly open, with small teak trees scattered about, I went slowly on towards the herd, which did not appear to take the least notice of my approach, but continued to walk up and down. I stopped again when some sixty yards from the deer and looked carefully about in front to try and discover what all the excitement was about, At last my eye caught sight of the head and neck of a leopard on the opposite side of the small bush, which the advanced doe was intently staring at ; the leopard was apparently standing up and must have been distinctly seen by the herd, as wellas by the doe. I watched this interesting scene for a couple of minutes, and then moved to one side to try and see more of the leopard. AsIdid so, I noticed three pigs, some little distance behind the leopard ; two appeared to be rooting at MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 159 something, and the other was standing in advance ; aS I moved on a little, the leopard Jooked towards me, then quickly turned about moving in the direction of the pig, and was at once charged by the large onein front, As this pig came on with a rush, the leopard bounded high in the air to avoid the charge, and appeared to me to alight on a tree; the pig then returned towards its companions, I went on towards the tree, thinking Ishould be able to get a shot at the leopard, but on getting near could not see it ; the shikari told me afterwards that the leopard merely jumped on to and down from the tree and made off through the grass, AsI stood looking about, the pig trotted slowly away, and all the deer entered the wood in front of which they had been moving. I then went on a short way beyond the tree into which I saw the leopard sprung, and I noticed on the ground the body of a doe chital, I went up and examined it, and it appeared to have been killed some time previously by the leopard ; there were fang wounds on the neck, part of a hind quarter and a good deal of the inside had been eaten ; the pig also had evidently been feeding on it: their foot-marks were close all round, and the place I found the body was about the same spot where I had previously seen two of the pigs rooting. Iam under the impression that after the leopard had killed and eaten a small portion of the chital, the three pigs had come up and that they then drove him off the kill, and in consequence of this misfortune he was trying to catch another deer, when I appeared on the scene, I covered the remains of the chital with branches to protect it from vultures, and in the evening brought my ladder and sat over it till it got quite dusk, with the hope the leopard might return, but nothing came, and as the moon did not rise till late, I returned to camp. Next morning I sent a man to the place, and he reported that the leopard had returned during the night and that nearly everything was eaten up. I ex- pressed my surprise to the shikari at the herd of chital remaining so long near the leopard, especially after one had been caught and killed; he replied that the deer always act in this manner, and do not appear to mind if one is caught, The leopard appeared to be of the large variety, and,so far as I could see, the pig which charged was a boar, G. S. RODON, Masor, Duarwar, 24th February 1897, No, VIII—NIDIFICATION OF THE THICK-BILLED FLOWER- PECKER (PIPRISOMA AGILE). Ji may be of interest to ornithologists to learn that the nest and eggs of the above bird, about which not very much is known, owing to its shy and retiring habits, has been found by me at Baroda, and this is not the first instance of its occurrence, as Mr, H. Littledale has found it breeding here before. He has asked me to bring the fact to notice, so as to confirm his observ- ations, I had noticed these little birds flitting about parasites growing on a custard-apple tree, in very close proximity tomy verandah, yet it never struck 160 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT. me they were building, On the 18th February I was watching the taking of the eggs of the crimson-breasted barbet (Coppersmith), when I noticed one of these little birds with something in its bill, and this drew my attention towards it, Almost immediately it disappeared into what appeared a dry leaf, but on closer inspection, it resolved itself into a nest, and this nest was built very near the extremity of the branch of a custard-apple tree, on which were numerous dead leaves of about the same colour as the nest. But for seeing the bird enter the nest, I should never have noticed it, although it was quite close to the house. It was about 9 or 10 feet from the ground, and the nest is a beautiful little structure, purse-like in shape, very soft and elastic, being composed of cobwebs and what appears like portions of a flower, Iam sorry I cannot give its name, asI do not know it. The nest has an entrance at the side with a regular ledge, apparently for use when the young are hatched, Oates in his “ Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds” describes. the nest very well. I took two eggs to-day, 23rd February, as apparently the bird was not going to lay more and had commenced sitting. They are white, splashed and speckled with pink, the colour forming a zone round the larger end, not unlike miniatures of the common Madras bulbul, I believe Oates in his classification calls this bird “ Piprisoma squalidum,” R. M. BETHAM, Captain, 8th Bombay Infantry, Baropa, 23rd February, 1897. No. IX.—_SMALL GAME OF THE PESHAWAR DISTRICT, The following is a list of the small game shot by the Officers of the Devonshire Regiment, near Peshawar, between 8th September, 1895, and 16th April, 1896 :— 37 mallard. 133 quail, 105 common teal. 6 blue pigeons. 4 blue-winged teal. 5 wood pigeons. 16 pochards, 2 pintail sand-grouse, 1 marbled teal. 2 large sand-grouse, 14 shovellers, 3 grey partridges, 1 smew. 1 chukore, 16 gadwall, 33 seesee, 2 tufted pochards, 5 woodcock. 1 pintail duck, 1 houbara. 2 widgeon. 3 bitterns. 2,355 snipe. 2 plovers, Duck were numerous on the Cabul river, but very wild, as the natives, who all possess guns, were constantly after them. Snipes were particularly plentiful from 1st February, and large bags were made, 823, 524 and 50 couple being the three best bags made BY two guns, and 36 couple to one gun on 16th April. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 161 Five woodcock were killed, and I heard of at least eight others having been shot, a very unusual nomber, as generally only two or three are obtained during the season. Ihave no doubt that more might have been shot if the orchards and peach gardens had been searched, but, as arule,no one ever enters them, and the only afternoon I ever thoroughly tried them I shot two woodcock, J, H. YULE, Lrevt.-Cot., Devonshire Regiment, CHERAT, No. X.—THE BLUE ROCK THRUSG. There is a Blue Rock Thrush that has spent the cold weather for several years past in my garden at Baroda. He is a familiar bird, and friendly unto man. He comes for crumbs every morning, and spends a good deal of his time on a corner of the roof, from whence he flies down on any insects or creeping things that he can “spot,” last year he flew down and seized a large centipede within a few feet of where I was standing ; then whacked it to death on the tiles; and yesterday, while I was sitting on my verandah, talking to a friend, he flew close to us and seized a lizard’s tail. The tail came off, the bird dropped it, and it wriggled about on the ground most vigorously till it finally fell down to the ground, where the thrush followed and secured it. I suppose the lizard’s tail must have been sticking out, and the thrush, seeing it move, mistook it for some worm or something of that sort. This thrush turns up yearly about Christmas, and moves off in a westerly direction (as I am able to conclude, because he takes up his quarters on the College sun-dial for two days after he leaves my roof), The sun-dial isabout half a mile west from my house. The bird knows me quite well and is disposed to be very friendly. H. LITTLEDALE. Baropa, 20th March, 1897. No. XIL—THE INDIAN MONGOOSE IN JAMAICA, The introduction of the mongoose into Jamaica, says the Academy, marks one of the standard instances of unexpected results following upon an attempt to artificialise the process of natural selection, and takes rank as a warning with the plague of rabbits and thistles in Australia, The mongoose was introduced from India in 1872, in order to abate the pest of rats which infested the sugarcanes, and after performing this salutary duty it increased and multiplied to such an extent that not only the rats and mice, but most of the living species of the island, were threatened with extinction, Poultry suffered first, but the depredations extended to young pigs, kids, lambs, newly-dropped calves, puppies, and kittens, Game of all kinds was attacked, both living, and in the egg. The marauder ate even fish, and made such a specialty of snakes, ground lizards, frogs, turtles, and land-crabs that many 21 162 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. kinds of these entirely disappeared, Finally the mongoose developed a ravenous desire for bananas, pineapples, young corn, avocado pears, cocoas, yams, and the sugarcanes which it had been called in to protect, winding up its tastes with an appetite for salt meat, The result was a wholesale disappearance of species. A few birds, like the ground dove, had the sense to shift their breeding places to the tops of the prickly cacti, where they were safe ; but other animals, and the reptiles in particular, suffered so severely that many kinds were believed for years to be extinct, As a consequence there arose yet another plague, Insects like the ticks and “ jiggers” (or chigors) which used to be kept down by the snake, increased so overpoweringly that men and cattle were grievously infested. One could not walk without being covered with them. The victory over the island remained with the tick and the mongoose, until, within the past year or two, a fresh stage set in. The mongoose suddenly began to be less plentiful, and it was found that he had fallen a victim to the tick, The results of the diminution are shown ina gradual re-appearance of other beasts, birds and reptiles. Among the snakes there is a very marked increase,and even the ground lizard, supposed to be quite extinct, has become common again. The balance of life has begun to re-assert itself, and naturalists will watch with curiosity for a complete re-instatement of the previous fauna, The renewed depredations of rats are hailed as an advent of salvation, and odd as it may sound, the increase in numbers of the crocodile is taken asa happy omen. The Jamaicans are not likely to make further experiments in this interesting domain of natural history, but will adhere in future to such present evils as they have. No. XII.—ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE LESSER COUCAL (CENTROPUS BENGALENSIS, BLYTH) IN CEYLON. T am sending herewith the skin (a terribly mutilated one) of a bird, which I take to be Centropus bengalensis, Blyth (the Lesser Coucal), I picked it out from a lot of common birds collected bya Native in the Karunegala District of the North-Western Provinces during March and April last year. I do not think there is any doubt as to the locality from which the skin came, Please state whether my identification is correct, as, if so, this is the first occurrence of the bird in Ceylon, though Mr, Oates says if occurs sparingly in Travancore and the Wynaad, etc. A. L. BUTLER. Cryton, 18th March, 1897. [The skin has been carefully examined by Mr. B. Comber, and there appears to be no doubt as to the correct identification of the specimen,—ED. | MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 163 No, XIJI—SMALL GAME IN THE KHARAGHORA DISTRICT. I do not know if any of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society send in returns of their season’s shooting, but in case it may be of interest I write to send you a memo. of what I have shot, to my own gun, during the shooting season now closing. I think it would be interesting if members from different parts of the country kept records of their shooting and sent them to you. My shooting has extended over six months, October, 1896 to March, 1897, and with the exception of 554 couple of quail shot at Deesa in the beginning of October, it has all been obtained just round Kharaghora, I find I have been out on 55 occasions, and of these I was shooting with others on 16 occasions, but what they shot is not shown, Sindhi = < Sand Impl. Par- Snipe. | Duck. } Quail. Grouse.| Grouse. | Grouse. Kullum.} Hares. tridges, | sees | noun 823 388 | 246 | 51 38 | 52 35 a | 3 | 1 | 1,644 KHARAGHORA, 23rd March, 1897. H, BULKLEY. [ We quite agree with Mr, Bulkley that such lists are of interest,and hope next season other members will keep records of their“ bags ” and publish them in this Journal, The value of such lists depends, however, principally on the careful identification of the species.—. Kp. ] No, XIV.—ON THE OCCURRENCE OF AS/IO ACCIPITRINUS, PALLAS, IN CEYLON, In some previous notes (Vol. X, page 284), I mentioned that a single speci- men of Asio accipitrinus had been killed at Jaffna in November, 1891. I find I was misinformed as to the date, which should have read November, 1893, As this is, I believe, the only recorded occurrence of the species in Ceylon until this year, a note on six specimens obtained in the island during the last monsoon may be of interest, In November last a native taxidermist came upon seven short-eared owls in @ morning at Jaffna, and succeeded in shooting five of them. Two of these birds were sold to the Colombo Museum ; ithe other three are now in my possession. On the 22nd of February last a sister specimen was killed by Mr, T. Farr on the Horton Plains, at an elevation of 7,000 feet. 'This bird was flushed from a stunted rhododendron bush, and, once disturbed, it was too wary to allow of a second approach, The next day it rose from another bush at nearly the same spot, and Mr, Farr shot it. In both bushes the bird had made a seat like a hare’s form ; in each of these were one or two pellets of the fur of a field mouse, I have seen a specimen of this owl, which, though not actually killed in the island, was captured on a steamer within a few hours’ sail of Colombo in 1881, CryLon, March, 1897, A. L. BUTLER. 164 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. No, XV.—ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF HALCYON PILEATA (THE BLACK-CAPPED KINGFISHER). T observe that Mr. Millard obtained that beautiful Kingfisher, Halcyon pileata, ai Rewa Danda, and the incident is referred to in our Journal * in terms which seem to imply that such a bird had no business to be there. Mr, Barnes also, in his book, speaks of a specimen shot by Mr. Vidal as ‘‘ the only recorded instance of its occurrence within our region.” The fact is that, though everywhere rare, this bird occurs down the whole coast from Bombay to North Canara at least, and probably to Malabar, I repeatedly saw it in the neighbourhood of Karwar when I was there during the years 1889-95, and afterwards Mr, Davidson obtained a specimen fifteen miles further south, Then I met with it at Jaitapur in the Rutnagri district, and quite lately I saw one between Rewa Danda and Alibag, on the sea-shore. I believe I have seen it on several other occasions in different places, when I was not quite so sure of its identity, I have never seen it any distance from the sea-shore, or one of the great creeks, and always perching on high trees, from which it swoops, with the action of a hawk rather than a king- fisher, on the sand crabs, which,I believe are its chief food. I have met with it only in the cold season, so it may not be a permanent resident, It has a loud screaming cry like H. smyrnensis. BE. H, AITKEN. RATNAGIRI, April, 1897, No, XVI.—SAVAGERY OF THE INDIAN SLOTH-BEAR. In the last number of our Journal Mr, Gilbert speaks of the common black bear as an animal generally inoffensive, which “occasionally takes to man-killing, or man-mauling, for no apparent reason.” I should like to know if this is the general experience of shikaris, I have been among black bears only in the jungles of the Canara district, and there I can say that no wild animal has a more evil reputation, I have never had any personal attentions from them, but I have known of numerous instances in which men were mauled by them without the least provocation, and I have found the natives universally holding them in more dread than tigers, If it were not for the fact that bears always, as a rule, return to their dens before sunrise, no kunbi in some parts of Canara would ge out alone, They have very little fear of meeting an unwounded tiger by daylight, but a bear, they say, is such a shettan that if it sees a man it must fly at him and try to tear out his eyes. They all agree, however, that if two or three men are together, it will not attack ; so, if they have to go out at night, they go in parties. Some of them also arm themselves with cudgels of a particular tree which has the wonderful property of warding off bears. I was once pre- sented with a goodly bludgeon made of this precious wood and could under- * Vide Proceedings of the Meeting held on 16th December 1896, published on page 142 of this number, MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. . 165 stand that, if a bear once attacked a vigorous man armed with it, he might not care to do so again, for the wood was very hard and heavy. This prosaic explanation of its virtue did not, however, satisfy the man who gave it to me. He thought it was something more occult than that, for he assured me that it depends very much upon the manner in which the wood was cut, It ought to he cut by moonlight, and care must be taken not to let the shadow of the axe fall upon it in the process, or else the bear-repelling efficacy will be lost, I regret that I was not able to identify the tree, In case any one should think that perhaps what I have said about the savagery of bears rests on the same foundation as the virtues of this wood, I must explain thatitis not so. Of the fact that a Canara bear meeting a single man is almost sure to attack him out of sheer ‘‘ cussedness”’ there is unhappily too much evidence, whereas in the case of the wood, though everybody knows and is fully assured of ils qualities, I have not yet met any one who had cared to test them, H. H. AITKEN, - RATNAGIRI, April, 1897. No, XVII.—THE SCALY ANT-EATER (MANIS PENTADACTYLA), I dug out a family of scaly Ant-eaters yesterday and captured the old male, female,and a young one alive. The hole went in about 8 feet and 4 feet under ground, ending in a chamber some 2 feet in diameter. While we were digging down to this, which took about an hour anda half, the ground being very hard, the Ant-eater excavated a new side passage some 5 feet long, in which we caught them still burrowing away from us. I kept them during the day and released them at night, The young one was about 18 inches long and much paler in colour than the old ones, and the female carried him everywhere on her back—a fact which neither Jerdon nor Sterndale seems to mention, It was very curious how quickly the young one recognised its mother, If I put it down hear its father, it took no notice at all, but it knew its mother at a distance of about 3 feet, and promptly scrambled on to her back again. The hole they were in was not covered over as Jerdon mentions, but was open and very conspicuous, with the red earth thrown outside, A, L, BUTLER, CryLon, April, 1897. No, XVIIL—ON KETAPA CEYLONENSIS (GMEL.) BREEDING IN CAPTIVITY. A pair of Fish-owls belonging to my brother bred in captivity this season, the hen-bird laying a single egg on the bare earth floor of the aviary on the 20th of February and at once commencing to sit closely. After 35 days’ in- cubation (on March 27th) the chick was hatched. The old cock-bird made a 166 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI. capital father, invariably taking all the food given him—mice, lizards, birds, &c.—to the hen, who fed the youngster most carefully, holding its head up between her legs during the process, The chick grew rapidly, and seemed to be doing well, but on April 13th it died, The parent birds seemed quite un- aware that anything was wrong, the female continuing to brood contentedly over the young one for hours after it was stiff and cold. Both birds had been very savage since the'appearance of the egg, and they strongly resented my removing the dead chick, the old male swooping downon my head while I was engaged in keeping the hen-bird at a distance with a stick, giving me a smart cut on the scalp and drawing blood pretty freely. Both birds were very excited after the removal of the nestling, walking up and down the aviary for some hours growling angrily. These owls were taken froma nest ay in 1893, so are just about four years old. A, L, BUTLER, Cryion, April, 1897. No. XIX.—ON THE INDIAN PORCUPINE. With reference to the interesting article which appeared in the Society’s Journal, No, 1, Vol. X, on the different kinds of fleas, I wonder if any of our members can give me the specific name of the giant flea which infests the body of the Indian Porcupine. It must be fully ten times as large as the ordinary flea, and so far I have not noticed it on any other animal. T have also observed that in some localities the blood of the porcupine is highly phosphorescent, a fact which does not appear to have been recorded, but whether this is due to their food I cannot determine, On one occasion I was out on a bright moonlight night and I had placed a piece of white cloth on the barrel of my gun to act asa “Night Sight.” I fired at a poreupine and immediately noticed a light in the ground, and naturally supposed that my “ Night Sight” had caught fire and was smouldering, but on approaching, I found I was mistaken, and that the light came from a piece of the entrails of the animal, During the same night I killed another porcupine, and noticed a similar patch of phosphorescent light at the place where the animal was struck, I have since shot scores of porcupines, but have never noticed anything of the kind, It is well known that these animals are exceedingly fond of bones and deer’s antlers, which, I suppose, they eat in order to obtain a supply of phosphate of lime for the formation of their quills, — and the peculiarity I have referred to above may have been due to an unsually large supply of bones and horns in that particular neighbourhood. I shall be glad to know whether this curious phosphorescence in the porcupine’s blood has been observed before. L. MOREAU. GwynpD, April, 1897, ss ee Pee eS ee —— eo MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 167 No, XX.—THE INDIAN SLOTH BEAR, Much’ has from time to time been written about the Indian Sloth Bear, but perhaps the following notes on the peculiarities of the animal may be found of some interest :— One evening there was brought into the village where I happened to be encamped a woman who had been bitten on the leg in two places by a bear, The woman at the time the accident happened was stooping in high grass which she was cutting, and her story was that three bears suddenly came on her, one of which bit her. It seems probable that this attack was made through fright at suddenly coming on the woman, and, had the bears seen her from a little distance, they would have avoided her, On the following morning I went out to the place where the bears were said to live,and found it was a dry water-course with large rocks here and there, I was standing near the edge of a fall, some fifteen feet high, looking for some of my men who had gone in another direc- tion, when my attention was suddenly drawn to a bear about eighty yards off quietly moving down the bed of the water-course towards me, I at once seized my rifle and fired, the result being the usual crying roar which bears generally make when struck, The animal was apparently unable to get away, or did not try to, and almost immediately another bear came up to the wounded one from what I afterwards found to be a hole under a rock in the bed of the water-course, It probably came to sympathise and see what the row was about, but was received badly, for the wounded one struck at it with its paws and made more noise, The unwounded bear then began to resent the treat- ment and made a great noise, whereupon I fired at it, and the tumult increased. A third bear then sprang up from the same hole and came to the two wounded ones, probably for the same reason as the second one came ; another shot, and number three also began to cry aloud. They were now all together, and, as soon as they were quiet, I walked up and found two of them dead and the third dying. They were lying almost touching each other. All appeared about the same size, and were no doubt a female and two nearly full-grown cubs, On another occasion, after stalking cheetul, I had lost my way back to. my camp and only had one man with me who could not assist me, It was getting dusk and raining slightly, so, walking up a small hill, I stood on a large rock to see if I could discover my tent, Icould not and was just beginning to think that I should have to sleep in the jungle, when from under the rock on which I was standing a bear got up and ran down the hill, I fired and it apparently dropped dead about thirty yards off, Almost immediately another bear got up from the same place and followed the first, and while I was aiming at it the man, who was with me on my left, touched me and pointed with his finger to my right, I turned my head and saw a third bear standing on a level with me about four or five yards off and looking at me. It had apparently come up round the corner of the rock from the same spot 168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI. as the others, I immediately fired at it, and it ran down the hill making the usual noise, I then saw about fifty yards down the hill bear No.2, which I had not fired at, looking in the direction of bear No, 1 which was lying motionless. It quickly returned to No, 1, touched it with its paw and started off again down the hill, but stopped when it had gone a short distance and partially turned round, I then shot it, Bear No, 3, when I first saw it, seemed to be looking at me with astonishment or bewilderment. No. 2 lost its life by trying to save No.1, which it apparently thought had sat down for some reason and could not make out why it did not run away. These were again a female and two nearly full-grown cubs. I am sorry I did not at the time think of ascertaining whether bear No, 2, which returned to try and save No, 1, was the mother or one of the cubs. The sloth bear is a powerful animal, and this may well be observed by looking at the carcase of a full-grown specimen after the skin has been removed, It does not, however, appear to bea very dangerous beast to encounter out shooting, and the death or severe mauling of a Huropean sportsman by one is not often reported. It is also probably not so vicious as a tiger or panther, although exceptions to this rule may occasionally be met with ; nor does it appear to be in the habit of laying in wait for its assailant after being wounded. I can report two cases of cowardice: one was a big male who charged down hill from a distance of nearly one hundred yards on receiving a very slight wound, but, on being severely wounded, when about eight yards off, turned and did his utmost to crawl away. Another was a female which was induced to leave her cave where she had a small cub and was wounded while running away. The cub was caught, and the wounded mother was immediately tracked up. We came upon her fre- quently at distances of from twenty to forty yards, but she made no attempt to charge, although I did my utmost to incite her todo so by causing the cub, which was being carried close to me, to cry out, A female will fre- quently carry a young one on her back, but in this case the cub was too young to be able to cling to its mother’s back. BompBay, Vay, 1897. F. J, A. HILL. No, XXI—LATE STAY OF WILD FOWL. It may be of interest to Naturalists to know that on the 6th instant I saw a solitary male Shoveler duck on a big tank near.Bhuj, and on the same day, at Devisar, 11 miles north of this, my shikari, Ookha Bheel, saw 20 Shovelers (males and females) and seven Blue-winged teal, Is it not extraordinarily late for the northern ducks to be still with us? To-day Captain Whyte and I saw two Avocets (Avocetta recurvirosira) near the above-mentioned piece of water, and up to the 17th of last month the Black-tailed godwit (Limosa cegocephala) was here in great numbers, C. D, LESTER, LizvTEenant, Buus, Curcu, 9th May, 1897. 17th Bombay Infantry. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 169 No. XXIL—LATE STAY OF WILD FOWL, Having read with much interest your note in the Pioneer of 27th April on the abnormally late stay of migratory wild fowl this year on the Ganges near Allababad, I think that a few remarks on this head may prove interesting as showing that a similar condition has prevailed this year in Kashmir. The wild fowl here, after being scattered and driven away by the heavy snow and severe frosts of January and February, began to reappear towards the end of the latter month in daily increasing numbers, and some very good bags were made, particularly on the State preserve, Hokarsor,—always a great haunt for wild fowl. The numbers of duck increased during March, and, with the excep- tion perhaps of mallard, large numbers of duck anda fair quantity of geese (Anser cinereus) remained into April. I shot one of the latter on the 5th April from a party of ten which passed me duringa hurricane of cold wind and rain. On 16th April I gave up shooting and returned to Srinagar, and up to that time nearly every jheel and tract of new inundation formed by the lately-melted snow held plenty of fowl, including gadwal, pintail, shoveler, teal, garganey, wigeon and white-eyed (Muligula nyroca) and red-headed (Fuligula ferina). pochards, This latter, generally rare in Kashmir, has been very abund- ant during the late winter, while his handsome relative, the red-crested pochard (Fuligula rufina), has only shown in comparatively small numbers. Wigeon (Mareca penelope) has been more numerous than usual ; while some specimens. of the very uncommon white-faced stiff-tailed duck (Hrismotura leucocephala) have been secured, This latter, by no means a regular visitor here, was seen on several occasions in March last, It is by no means shy, and can be ap- proached by a boat in perfectly open water, It isa most expert diver, a winged bird being almost impossible to secure, swims very deep in the water, and when getting on the wing “skittirs”’ along the surface like a coot. Since my return to Srinagar I have several times seen flights of teal and duck passing: over, and only yesterday saw four greyleg geese (A. cinereus), and have no doubt that abnormally large numbers of wild fowl are still left in the valley, The reasons for this unusually late migration form a problem well worth dis-. cussion ; it is possibly due to the stormy unsettled weather which appears to have prevailed for more than a month past throughout the Himalayan regions, and this theory is supported by the fact that wild fowl prefer fine clear moon- light nights for their migrations, but Kashmir and the hills generally have known winters more severe than, and springs as stormy as, the last, without the fowl allowing them to interfere with their regular annual dates of departure ; and it is. possible that if the late bad weather has caused the delay, it is because the duck recognise it as connected with conditions prevailing at their northern breeding grounds which render a longer stay in the sunny south desirable, It will be in- teresting to observe if this long delay will induce some of them to breed here. Kasumir, 37d May, W. A, UNWIN, Cotonen, (The above appeared in the “ Pioneer” on 11th May, 1897.), 22 ny? ‘ f Mase te a Minterx Hros snromo JOURNAL OF THE 7 COVE , By Age Aatural History Society, Vol. XI. BOMBAY. No. 2. INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. By EH. C. Stuart Baker, F.ZS, Part II, wits Puate IT. (Continued from page 21 of this Vol.) Sub-Family PLecrroprorin~. Key to the Genera— TIES large fleshy comb at the base of the culmen in the male.. = ae ... 1 SARCIDIORNIS. - 6 No comb at the nes of the Sen a’ Bill at least equal to double the depth at base. a" Outline of the loreal feathering at the base of the bill with the convexity anteriorly. 2 ASARCORNIS. b" Outline of loreal feathering straight and inclined backwards ... oo ... & RHODONESSA. 6' Bill not so long as double the depth at base. 4 Nerrapus. Another key is as follows, and this may prove simpler to sportsmen :— a Wing over 10”. a’ Head principally black and i wie. a" Comb at base of bill. ... aes ... 1 SARCIDIORNIS. 4 b" No comb at base of bill. a? Upper back black, lower plumage nearly white fe Boe ... SARCIDIORNIS. 9 b? Upper back olive-brown, lower ee age chestnut-brown is . 2 ASARCORNIS. b! Head pink, bright in ¢ dull in 9 ... 3 RHODONESSA. 6 Wing under 7" Js Sd cae we 4 NETTAPUS. 1 172 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1. As already enumerated, the distinguishing features of this sub-family are, a rather long hind toe, not lobed, a neck shorter than the body and with, especially in the male, more or less glossy upper plumage com- pined with comparatively long tail-feathers. In India four genera are represented, although each by a single species only—indeed, two of the four genera possess but one species, and are peculiar to India and adjacent countries, these two being Asarcornis and Rhodonessa. Genus SARCiDIORNIS. “This genus is separated from the other Indian genera by the presence’ of aspur on the shoulders of the wing.’ This feature was formerly considered of sufficient importance to constitute as a sub-family by themselves such birds as possessed it, and the Plectroptorine are desig- nated by Jerdon ‘“ Spurred Geese.” Later systematists have, however, added others to this sub-family, which now contains eight genera, many of which are not spurred. (6) Sarcidiornis melanonota, The Nukhta or Comb Duck Sarcidiornis melanonotus. Jerdon, “ Birds of India,” IT, p. 785 ; Hume, “ Nest and Eggs,” p.636 ; Butler and Hume, “Str. Feath.,” 1V, p. 27 ; Hume and Davison, did, V, p. 486 ; Hume, zbid, VII, p. 507. Sarcidiornis melanonotus. Hume, “ Str. Feath.,” VII, p. 491; 2d. ibid, VIII, p. 114; Hume’s Cat., No. 950; Hume and Marshall, “ Game Birds of India,” III, p. 92; Parker, “Str. Feath..” IX, p- 486 ; Legge, “Birds of Ceylon,” p. 1063 ; Oates, “ Str. Feath.,” X, p- 245 ; Hume, ‘“ Nests and Eggs,” (Oates’ ed.), III, p. 282; Barnes’ “Birds of Bombay,” p. 396. Sarcidiornis melanonota. Oates’ “ Birds: of British Burmah,” IT, p. 275 ; Salvadori, Cat. B. of B. Museum, X XVII, p. 54. Description: Adult, male—Head and neck white, spotted with metallic black feathers, coalescing more or less upon the crown, nape and hind neck; lower neck and whole lower plumage white, tinged sometimes with rufous-grey ; lower back grey ; rest of upper plumage and wings black, glossed with green and blue, except on the secondaries, which are glossed with bronze and the scapularies, on which the gloss is purple ; tail brown ; sides of the body tinged with grey; a black mark (almost a demi-collar) on the sides of the neck, and another black band in front of the under-tail coyerts descending from the rump. INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 173 Female.—Like the male, but smaller and duller ; head and neck more spotted with black, but the black less glossy in character and the gloss ‘on the upper parts also is much less developed. Lower back, rump and upper-tail coverts all grey. Young.—Like the female, but still more spotted about the head with a dull blackish-brown ; the black of the back and wings, also, is replaced by brown and is without gloss. Nestling —“ Upper parts. greyish-brown ; under parts greyish-white, upper part of the head brown; a whitish frontal band runs on each side of the head over the eyes, a white crescentic band bounds behind the brown colour of the upper part of the head ; a narrow brown band starts from the ear-coverts and reaches a brown band on the hind neck ; two white patches on the side of the back at the base of the wings, and two others on the sides of the rump ; posterior edge of the wing whitish ” (Salvadori). “lhe young are dull earthy-brown above and dirty white below ” (Hume). Iris dark brown, that of the young said to be even darker ; bill and comb black ; legs and feet plumbeous. The female and young have no comb. Dimensions : Male.—Length, 28:5" (Hume) to 34" (Jerdon) ; wing, 13°37" (Hume) to 16" (Jerdon) ; tail, 5°25" to 6" ; bill from gape, 2°5"' to 2°75"; at front, 2°5" (Jerdon) ; comb, 2” to 2°5'' in the breeding season only ; tarsus, 2°62" (Hume) to 38” (Salvadori). Female.—Length about 25" to 27"; wing, 11” to 11:5" (Salvadori) ; 12" to 14” (Jerdon). _ The Nukhta is found throughout the Indian continent, though absent here and there where the country is unsuitable, but is certainly more abundant towards the west than in the east. Hume says : “ I do not know of its occurrence in the Punjaub, Trans- Sutle] or in Scind, except as a mere straggler to the easternmost portions. I have no record of its appearance in Sylhet, Cachar, Tipperah, Chittagong, or Arakan.” Again, in another place, he adds, when enumerating the places where it isto be found “ (excluding perhaps, the Sunderbuns, Jessore, and one or two others of the deltaic districts).” Of these places several have now to be erased from the list of localities not inhabited by this bird. In the Punjaub, as faras 174. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1 I can ascertain, it is undoubtedly a rare visitor ; still it is found there and is not as rare as Hume deemed it to be. On its occurrence in the Trans-Sutlej the following notes occur in “Stray Feathers” (Vol. X, No. 5, p. 480):—“ Although it (the Comb Duck) certainly is nowhere common in this region, I know of its having been shot on more than one occasion in the Lahore district, in the Gurdaspur district, and, again, further south in the Baree Doab, but only in the rainy season and always in the immediate vicinity of the canals. | “T heard of anest being taken as far south as the Changa Manga Plantation, but Iam not sure of the fact. Ihave never heard of or seen the bird west of Baree, but throughout the canal-irrigated portion of the Baree Doab, the whole tract between the Beas and the Sutlej and the Baree it certainly does occur, though very sparingly, during the rainy season.” After this note, which is by G. Trevor, Hume goes on to quote the Asian on the subject, and part of this letter I again produce :-- “Tam happy to state that it not only occurs but that it breeds in the Punjaub, Trans-Sutlej. A friend of mine, an Engineer on the Baree Doab Canal, sent me a female Sarcidiornis for identification from Bhambé, in the Lahore district. On opening the bird I found a perfectly- formed egg ready to be laid, and from other investigations it seemed clear that there was anest in the vicinity. During the rains the neighbourhood of Bhambé in one direction is fairly under water, and canna brakes are very common, with patches of water between, and dotted here and there with large trees, just the place for the Nukhta. Tt was at one such place that my friend saw the pair often, and on the day he shot the female had fired one or two shots unsuccessfully at her or the male, but was rather surprised at the way in which both returned—wheeling round and round without going away for any distance. As soon as the female was shot, the male went further off, and did not afford another shot; buat the whole circumstance goes far to prove that there must have been a nest at hand.” In Cachar it is by no means very rare. I have seen it in Sylhet and again have had notice of its occurrence sent me from the North Looshai Hills. As regards the Sunderbuns, Jessore was the district in which I first made the acquaintance of this species, a distant acquaintance only, it is true, but in the next district (Khoolna), we came into closer contact INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 175 with one another. Here a pair of Nukhtas formed part of a bag of 140 couple of duck and teal got by my father, Mr. T. Wilcox, and myself in the Moolna bhil, a vast extent of swamp and water, covering fully 29 square miles of the country. This wasin the cold weather, the end of Jan- uary, I think, of 1882. In Cachar, Sylhet, and Looshai the-birds remain all the year round and breed, as they do in most of the other parts of their habitat, but in the Sunderbuns, I should think, they are, very probably, migrants, though I have no evidence on this point. In Burma, Oates reports them as common in Pegu, and it is almost certain that they have been, or will be, recorded throughout that Province extending through the Indo-Burmese countries. Out of India their habitat may be described roughly as Africa south of the Sahara, and they are also foundin Madagascar, though they do not seem particularly common there. Hume says that they do not ascend the hills, but here and in Looshai they are, at all events, found up to about 2,000 feet if not considerably higher. Mr.C.G. Scott, an Engineer on the Assam-Bengal Railway, told me,.only a few days priorto this being writ- ten, that late in April one of these birds flew quite close to him as he was walking down one of the cuttings at an elevation close on 2,000 feet, and the bird, a drake, was then flying steadily up the valley. I have seen Nukhtas myself, a pair of them, in the Mahor Valley at heights ranging between 1,500 and 2,000 feet, and once I heard its hoarse ery in the Jiri Valley at least as high as the latter elevation. I know, for a certainty, that they breed up to at least 2,000 feet, and I am almost sure that a pair had their nest in the Mahor Valley even higher up than this. I was out after sambhur at the time they were first seen. In the centre of some heavy tree forest I came across a collection of small grassy swamps, vary- ing from some one to two hundred yards in diameter. All round these were lofty trees, and wherever there was sufficient dry land, others were dotted about in between the pools, On my approaching the open two Nukhtas flew from one of the trees uttering their loud calls repeatedly. Instead, however, of flying straight away, they contimued to fly round and round in great excitement and refused to leave the place even after I had fired at and missed a deer. The sort of ground they prefer has been variously described by different writers. Here they keep much to water in forest, and more especially to such as is well covered with weeds and grasses and not of the clearest i76 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI. and cleanest. One or two are always to be met with near Diyangmukh on anullah which runs through heavy forest, and in the cold weather is reduced to a series of shaliow pools. Hume says: “It much prefers well-wooded tracts, not dense forests like the White-winged Wood Duck, but well-wooded, level, well-cultivated country. It isa lake bird too, one that chiefly affects rush and reed- margined broads, not bare-edged pieces of water like the Sambhur Lake, and it is comparatively rarely met with on our larger rivers. I have shot them alike on the Ganges and the Jumna in the cold season, but it is far more common to find them in jhils and bhils. J have never found it in hilly ground and very rarely in small ponds” (the italics are mine) . . . “¢ Just when the rains first set in, they seem to be on the wing at all hours of the day, and almost wherever you go in the North-West Provinces you see them moving about, always in pairs, the male, as a rule, in front... . . They never, as far as I have observed, associate in flocks. There may be half-a-dozen pairs about abroad in the rains, or half-a- dozen families, each consisting of two old and from four to ten young birds, during the early part of the cold season ; but I have never seen them congregate in flocks as most geese and so many of the ducks do.” Oates (vide “ Birds of British Burmah ”) seems to have found them in much the same kind of places, and also in paddy-fields ; but he says that in Burma it-is found “ singly, in pairs, or in small flocks of twenty or thirty individuals.” Jerdon, on the other hand, says that although it is generally found only in small parties of four to ten individuals, yet it is sometimes found in flocks numbering over a hundred. ‘This, I should imagine, is most unusual,and we may take it for granted that, as a rule, they go in pairs only, except when they have a family, and that occasionally two or more families join forces; and, again, when the breeding season is over the young and the full-grown are often to be found singly, the old birds alone continuing to keep in pairs. The general concensus of opinion appears to be that they are not very wary birds, and in consequence are not hard to bring to bag. Of course, as Hume says, you cannot walk up to them and pot them as they swim about unconcernedly on the water, but with comparatively little trouble and care one ought always to succeed in getting near enough for a shot, unless the country surrounding them is utterly bare and destitute of cover for the sportsman. Once disturbed, their flight, etc., is variously INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 177 described. Hume says their flight is powerful and fairly rapid, and that they are all round quicker, more active birds than geese both on the wing and in the water. Jerdon, however, did not think much of the bird asa “ progressionist,” and Legge describes their flight as heavy, and leads one generally to the belief that he deemed it rather an awkward, clumsy bird-—which it certainly is not. Tickell’s remarks in general on this bird vary so much from those recorded of other people that I quote them nearly in full: “I have met with these birds chiefly about west Burdwan, Bankoora, Singbloom, and Chhota Nagpur, in open, uncultivated bushy country, on a gravelly soil scattered over with small, clear ponds or tanks, where they may be found in parties of four or five, resting during the heat of the day on the clean pebbly or sandy margins, and flying off, if disturbed, to the next piece of water..... Wherever found they appear to prefer clear water with a gravelly or stone bottom, and are never found in shallow, muddy jhils or marshes which attract such hosts of other kinds of Wild Fowl ..... They are very wary. and, as they take to wing generally at a long shot distance, and have both skin and plumage exceedingly thick, it is difficult to kill them with an ordinary fowling-piece ; and if winged on the water, they dive so incessantly as to require the help of several people to catch them. : “T have placed their eggs under domestic hens and ducks, and hatched and reared the young birds easily, but they never became thoroughly tame and escaped on the first opportunity they had, though they had, up tothe time of their flight, fed readily with the poultry in the yard. They ran and walked freely, and could perch on anything that did not require to be grasped... .. “Tt is an exceedingly silent bird—indeed, I have never heard it utter any sound. ‘They repose chiefly on gravel beaches by the side of clear still water ..... Their flight is high and well sustained... . . “ At night they roam over the paddy stubble, and I have found their stomachs full of rice during the harvest.’ Other people seem to have been more successful than Tickell in domesticating this fine (goose or) duck, and there are numerous instances on record in which the bird has been readily and thoroughly tamed. How a cross between this and any of the breeds of domestic duck would answer is very problematical. Of course the product would be a bird of size and 178 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI. weight, but how about the flavour ? The Nuhkta is not a bird which finds much favour with most people as an article of food, though it makes very good soup and not bad curry, and the ducklings when killed, just after they have taken to the wing, are quite delicate and good. _ Though Hume never found any grain except wild rice in the stomachs of the birds he examined, others, besides Tickell, have found that cultivated rice forms one of the articles of their diet. They eat all sorts of shoots, roots, seeds, etc., of water plants, varying this vegetarian food with a little animal stuff now and then, such as worms, spawn, water larvee, and perhaps an occasional fish. The voice of the Nukhta is, according to Legge, “a low guttural quack-like sound, between the voice of a duck and a goose.” The few I have heard uttered loud cries which seemed to me far more like the notes of a goose than a duck. A pair whose nest I afterwards found used to herald my approach to their particular piece of water with loud trumpet calls, uttered by them, when they first saw me, from their perches high up in the tree. They roost, I believe, always in trees and not in the water or on the ground, and they are not nocturnal or even crepuscular birds in their habits, as are most of their order. - The Comb Duck is one of those which invariably resort to trees for nesting purposes, as a rule making a rough nest of grass and a few sticks in some large natural hollow of a big tree, generally at no great height from the ground. Sometimes, however, they build their nests in the forks of the larger limbs, especially when three or four such branch out together from the trunk itself. Occasionally they seem, like the Whist- ling Teal and the Mallard, to make use of other birds’ nests, for Mr. A. Anderson found some eggs in the nest of a Haliwtus leucoryphus which he believed to have been laid by a Nukhta. Captain G. T. L. Marshall also found an egg of Sarcidiornis in a nest of Déssura episcopa. The only nest I have taken myself in North Cachar was placed in a large tree standing by the edge of a small swamp, the latter completely covered with dense ekra and grass, except for a few feet all round the edge, and, even there, short weeds and water-plants almost hid the water itself from sight. The nest, which was rather a large one of sticks lined with grass roughly, was placed in a hollow between where the first large boughs sprang from the bole of the tree, ‘INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 179 _ It was not ten feet from the ground, but the boughs were so massive and so well inclosed the nest that I visited the pool, stood under the tree and saw the parent birds several times before I noticed where it was. It contained three eggs, just like those described by Hume, with a beautiful texture, reminding one, when touched with the finger, of the eggs of the Barbets and Frogmouths, possessing the same satiny feeling which is so uncommon outside the families mentioned. In colour they are nearly white, and have a fine gloss when freshly laid, but they soil very quickly and are then difficult to clean again. The number of eggs laid seems to vary very much, but, probably, a dozen or less is about the normal number, though Mr. Anderson seems to have had from fifteen to twenty brought to him not infrequent- ly ; and on one occasion found the enormous number of forty eggs, of which thirty-nine were normal and one undersized. He captured a female on this nest, and says that she was in an emaciated condition, and therefore, he believed, authoress of the whole forty eggs. Probably a wild bird, with no extraneous aid in the way of artificial food, etc., would be a good deal exhausted after such an effort, but a domestic hen would not think it anything out of the way, nor would she be any the worse for it. Hume’s forty-five eggs varied from 2°22" to 2°58" in length and in breadth between 1°65" and 1°78", averaging 2°41"%1:72". The little clutch found by Mr. Anderson, excluding the abnormally small one, averaged 22" 13", giving an average for the whole eighty-four of 2°45" 1:74" almost. Jerdon says that the Nukhtas breed in July or August “in grass by the sides of tanks, laying six to eight whitish eggs.” Jerdon did not, however, know, nor did he care much about the oological part of ornithology, and I do not think much weight need be attached, as a rule, to what he says about nidification. _ The breeding time nearly all over India varies from the end of June to the beginning of September, and probably depends much on when the rains commence, Here, in Assam, where the rains, like the poor, are always with us, I think the birds begin to breed in the end, or even in the beginning, of June. In Bengal they commence to breed in early July. In the North-West in late July or August, sometimes as late as September. In Burma they seem to breed in the two 2 180 JOURNAL,. BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X!. first-mentioned months, and in Ceylon alone they alter their habits and are said to breed in February and March. This last, however, is no very well authenticated, and may. be a mistake, for Legge says: “In Ceylon this goose breeds, I understand” (the italics are mine) “ February and March.” The African form alluded to by Hume as S. africanus is not distinct from our Indian S. melanonota, though it averages a little smaller, the wing being about 13" or 14” in the male. Hume also refers to Sclater’s plate of Sarcidiornis, and referring to the yellow under-tail coverts therein depicted, says, that in all the Indian specimens he has seen the tail coverts are always white.. As a matter of fact, although the under-tail coverts in the plate should have been white and not yellow, the bird shown in the plate is not our Nukhta at all, but S. carwnculata, a much smaller species found in Brazil, Para- guay, and North Argentina. This and the other ducks belonging to this sub- family are amongst those requiring a close time, as all of them are residents or mere local migrants. This close time might extend from the Ist June to the Ist December. Tickell says that by October most of the young are on the wing, but in some parts of India this is at least a month too early ; and Ido not think the Ist December is too late a date for recommencing their slaughter. Genus ASARCORNIS. _ This genus is one specially created by Salvadori for the White- winged Wood Duck which previously had been placed either with Sarcidiornis, Casarca, Anas or Tadorna. It seems to be allied most nearly to the first-mentioned of these genera, differmg in possessing no comb or spur, and in having a flatter.and larger bill. There is no other member of the genus. Hume in a footnote to “ Game Birds,” p. 147, gives his reason for rejecting the name A. scutulata which is that Blyth considered Miiller’s birds to be of a different species to the. wild one found in India and Burma. Salvadori,. however, who has had more material to work on than was available to. Huine at the time he wrote, seems to consider that A, scutulata does apply to our bird, and: that ‘the domesticated, or confined bird, is’ inclined. to albinoism. Under the circumstances, I think it is better to follow Salvadori and accept Miller’s name, INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 181 (7) Asarcornis scutulataa—The White-winged Wood Duck. Anas scutulata. Hume, “Str. Feath.,” VIII, p. 158. Casarca leucoptera. Jerdon “ B. of India,” II, p. 793 ; Hume and Davis, “ Str. Feath.,’ VI, p. 489. Hume, zbed, p. 170. - Casarca Tada. Hume, “Str. Feath.” VIL, p. 115 ; Hume, Cat. No. 955. Anas lucoptera, Hume and Marshall, “ Gane Birds,” III, pp. .147 and 172; Oates, “Birds of British Burmab,” IJ, p.281.; Hume, “ Nests and Eggs ” (Oates’ ed.) III, p. 287. Asarcornis scutulata, Salvadori, cs B. of B. Geant XXVIII, p- 60.. Descriptions: Adult Male.—Head and upper rab of the neck white, thickly spotted with black, as in Sarcidiornis melanonota; the black spots more numerous on the upper part of the head and hind neck ; lower part of the neck and mantle glossy black, mixed with brown- chestnut in front, the same colour covers the breast and abdomen ; under- tail coverts brown ; back, rump, upper-tail coverts and scapularies olive- brown ; the feathers of the back, rump and upper-tail coverts glossed with bluish and green ; smaller upper-wing coverts white, the median ones *bluish-grey or lead-colour, broadly tipped with black ; quills olive-brown, but secondaries with the outer webs bluish-grey, forming a distinct speculum ; tertials olive-brown, the first one white on the outer half of the outer web, margined outwardly with black, under-wing coverts and axillaries white, the former mixed with brown feathers ; tail dull olive-brown ; bill ochreous-red; feet reddish (Salvadori). Length, from 27" to 29"; wing about 15"; tail, 6°5" ; culmen, 2°5" tarsus, 2°38", Female.—Similar to the male, but somewhat smaller and less glossy on the edges of the feathers of the back and rump and of the upper-tail coverts. Total length about 26"; wing, 12"; tail, 6"; culmen, 2°4"; tarsus, 2°1" (Salvadori). The only sexed female in the Museum is that which was in Hume’s collections, and must be the same as that for which he gave measurements in “ Game Birds.” His measurements being as follows :—Length, 27"; wing, 12°7"; tail, 6°38"; tarsus 2:2”; bill from gape, 2°58". The two.measurements are instructive if only to show how widely different may be the measurements of two different men, even if they be ornithologists quite at the top of the tree. Of course 182 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. shrinkage would nearly account-for the differences if Hume’s skin was quite fresh when measured; and this is what may have been the case, though it is hardly likely,: as the bird was, I believe, collected by Mr. Shillingford in Purneah and sent (a dry specimen) to Mr. Hume. _ Colone] Graham gave thecolour of the legs and feet as dirty yellowish, and the bill looked as if it had been “ yellow-brownish atthe tip and base.” . Blyth says: “ Bill yellow with some lateral black specks, the destrum darker, and the feet appear to have been orange.” Later on he figures the bird with-dingy olive-yellow feet and bill, but the birds from which he copied were, I believe, domesticated ones, and the discrepancy is thus accounted for. | This is one of the most rare and little known of all our Chenomorphe, and the records regarding its distribution are very limited. I do not consider that Blyth’s remarks can really refer to this bird at all, and he must have made a mistake; from what he says one would imagine the White-winged Duck to bea very common species in certain parts of Burma, yet Hume says in “ Stray Feathers,” Vol. V1, p. 489: “ Davison has examined the Valley of the Sittang, the Salween, the Attaran, the Gyn, the Haung-thaw, the Tavoy, and the Tenasserim, but he has:never yet seen or heard of this species. If it does occur in Tenasserim it can only be as an extremely rare straggler.” As regards Jerdon’s letter to Hume, in which he mentions this bird as congregating in large flocks, it is a pity we have not the date of it. In 1864, when he finished his third volume of the “ Birds of India,” he evidently looked on the bird as rare in the extreme; he talks of its occurrzng in Dacca and other parts of Eastern Bengal, but does not lead one to infer that it was anything but uncommon even there. If his letter was written prior to 1864, it may be taken for grauted that Jerdon had discovered his mistake, whilst, if written after 1864, it shows that Jerdon made a mistake, which, as far as any one knows, has never been rectified. He says, “I have seen several flocks of Casarca leucoptera in the lower parts of the Brahmapootra, where it joins the Ganges, not far from Dacca, where, indeed, Simson had seen it.” Ten years more, added to the years when Hume and his collectors knew the country above referred to, has shown that it could not have been the Wood Duck which Jerdon saw in flocks. That Simson saw it in Dacca certainly does not prove that it inhabits INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 183 the Megna, Brahmapootra, and Ganges in numbers. The only other © notice of its occurrence that I know of in Eastern Bengal is of four birds said to have been seen in Singbhoom by Mr. W. Moylan when out shooting with two: other guns, of which four birds one (a drake) was shot. Colonel Graham seems to have found it common in the Lakhimpur dis- trictof Assam, where, however, it seems he got but one bird from Sadiya, and he notes it as rare in Darrang. Godwin Austen procured one on the River Dunsiri, saw one in the Garo Hills, and knew of one killed in Tezpur. Two were seen by myself in 1886 when shooting partridges in the Barpeta part of the Kamroop district, and were missed by me with both barrels at Jong ranges. ‘The bird is known and well described by the Cacharies, but, though I once heard a pair of them on the borders of the Cachar and Maogang districts, I failed to get a sight of them. Specimens have been obtained in Tavoy and Mergui, and these end the known localities within our limits in which it has been met with. Out- side it extends to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (?) and Java. It thus seems probable that it will be found to inhabit suitable localities in ‘Hastern Bengal, where, however, it is of extreme rarity, that it becomes less rare higher up the Assam Valley, being most frequently met with below the hills of the extreme north-east, extends through Cachar and the Indo-Burmese countries and Burma to the Malay Peninsula. | Colonel Graham says : “ They roost on trees and frequent solitary pools in deep tree jungle. They are always in pairs, and may be heard calling to one another at great distances. They are rare in Darrang, for the forest is not dense and extensive enough there as a rule, but in the vast, pathless tree jungles of Lakhimpur they are common.” This agrees well with what I have heard of them and their habits in North Cachar. The only experience I have had personally with them in this district was on a rainy day in June, when out shooting I heard two birds ealling to one another in loud goose-like calls. The forest was very dense and consisted almost entirely of trees, but through it there wan- dered a sluggish, dirty stream which here and there disappeared into small morasses dotted with tiny pools of clear water. Thinking the safest way to get a shot would be to drive them, I sent my Cachari tracker to beat down the stream towards me from a point some two hundred yards or so above where we heard them calling, The drive 184 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XZ, proved a total failure, as though the birds flew within thirty or forty yards of me they kept inside the forest on the same side of the stream as that on which I was seated, and I hardly caught a glimpse of them much less obtained a shot. The Cachari told me that when he came on the firstone it wasin a tree from which it did not fly until he was underneath, and that then it made off to its mate, which was some two hundred yards higher up the stream. They then both settled in a small pool and did not again take to wing until he had sneaked to within’ twenty yards when they got up and flew straight away, passing, as I have already said, just out of sight of me. We heard them calling two or three days after this, but when I attempted to stalk them they made off long before I got within sight or shot of them. ‘When I saw the pair in Barpeta I was shooting Kya Partridge im the ekra-covered patches of swamp in the forests, and a pair got up some forty or fifty yards from me from some swamp just as I emerged from the forest. Two barrels of No. 7 pattered on their backs at once, but seemed not to have the smallest effect on them. These two birds flew just like geese, one bird (the male, I suppose, for he looked much the heavier) about ten yards in front of the other, their necks fully outstretched and squawking loudly as they flew for the first few hundred yards. Whilst in the open they flew within a few feet of the ground, but on regaining the forest mounted higher until they disappeared altogether in the distance. Mr. Moylan in narrating to me how he met with this duck in Sini in Singbhoom, said that they were shooting in grass-covered swamps at. the edge of heavy forest. They were standing at the edge of this forest when he saw four birds, which he took to be geese, coming down towards him and his companions. They were at a great height, but a charge S. K.G. shot took effect on the foremost, and he came crash to the eround, turning out to be a fine drake. It is possible that Mr. Moylan may have been wrong in his identification, but I failed to discover any reason to make me think so, though I questioned him closely on the matter. This was the only occasion on which he ever saw the duck. ’ Lhave an egg said to be of this species. A creamy white egg, ex- tremely smooth and glossy, with fine close grain but not very hard. It was taken from a deep hollow in a rotten tree, the nest consisting of a mass of grass and some feathers. It was found two or three days after INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. © « 185 I left the place, where, with the Cachari, I had come across the pair of Wood Ducks ; the tree was on the border of the stream mentioned and not far from where we had heard the birds calling, so that I think very likely the egg is that of the White-winged Wood Duck. It measures oe Zale eae! Genus RHODONESSA. The genus Rhodonessa, like the former, consists of but one species, which species is confined to Indian limits. In adult or semi-adult birds the colour of the head is sufficient to define it ata glance ; should, however, the bird be in its first plumage, reference must be made to its loreal feathering, as mentioned in the key above. (8) Rhodonessa caryophyllacea. The Pink-headed Duck. Anas caryophyllacea, Jerdon, “ Birds of India,” ITI, p. 800; Hume, “Nests and Egos,” p. 644; Fairbank, “Str. Feath.,” IV, p. 264; Davidson, ibéd, VII, p. 95 ; Ball, zbzd, p. 232 ; Hume, ibid, p. 492 ; .éd., ibid, VIII, p. 801 ; Hume and Marsh., “ Game Birds,” III, pp. 174, 435 ; Barnes, “ Birds of Bombay,” p. 404. _ Rhedonessa caryophyllacea. Ball, “ Str. Feath.,” Te p. 438 ; Hume, ieee. lio 5) 7d. Cat. No. 960); tle Tisuie, leans? IPC p. 437 ; Reid, zbid, X, p. 81 ; Hume and Marsh., “ Game Birds,” III, pp. 173, 485 ; Oates,“ Birds of British Burmah,” IT, p. 284 ; A. Taylor, “ Str. Feath.,” X, p. 531; Hume, ébid, XI, Pp. 344 ; Hume, “ Nests and Egos” (Oates’ ed.), IIT, p. 290; Salvadori, “ Cat. B. of B. Museum,” ROMO p. Gl... | , 2 Description : Adult Male——Head, sides of neck and hind neck a beautiful rosy-pink, with, in the breeding season, a small tuft of - still brighter rosy on the top of the head; throat, dark brown ; rest of the plumage fine, glossy, dark chocolate-brown, paler and less glossed beneath, but under-tail coverts very dark; mantle, scapulars, breasts and sides with very fine rosy-whitish vermiculations or points ; edge of the wing whitish ; speculum reddish-fawn or dull salmon colour, with a white band at the tip of the secondaries ; outer web and tip of the outer pri- maries brown ; the inner webs and inner primaries buff ; tertials glossy chocolate-brown, narrowly edged with black on the outer webs ; under- wing coverts and quills beneath a pale pink colour, with a satin lustre ; tail chocolate-brown (Salvadori). 186 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. In Jerdon and Barnes (Appendix Jerdon) in loco citato we find the ad- ditional “ edge of wing whitish, uppermost tertiaries rich glossy green.” This is right, and it is shewn in Hume and Marshall’s plate, but the average bird has not so bright or light a green and has it even more glossy. The depth of the brown varies a cull deal, and I am inclined to think that owing to age, very old birds are the darkest, nearly black. Condition of plumage in this, as in every other species of brown or black bird, has a good deal to do with the colour, and brown in old plumage is always much duller and paler than in the fresh. I have certain Spine- tail Swifts which shows a mixture of quite light brown feathers with new black ones glossed with blue, the former being merely old ones from which the colouring matter has been exhausted. © Bill reddish-white, rosy at the base and bluish at the tip ; irides fine orange-red ; legs and feet blackish with a tinge of red” (Jerdon). % Bill dirty red ; cere flesh-coloured ; irides deep orange-red ; legs and feet reddish-slate ” (Shillingford). Of another he notes: “ Bill light pink, assuming a purplish tint towards gonys ; cere flesh-coloured ; irides deep orange ; tarsus, web and nails dark slate, melining to purple ; lower mandible more deeply coloured than upper. The following note of my own may explain Shillingford’s “cere,” Bill dull reddish-pink, deeper on mandible and darker still on gonys, the base of both mandibles, more especially the maxilla near the forehead, purer and brighter pink. This note was taken from an adult male. “Tength about 24” ; wing, 10°5"; tail, 4°25": culmen 2:1"; tarsus, 1:6"” (Salvadori). Female-—Similar to the male, but duller and ee and more of a smoky-brown ; the pink of the head is dingier and paler, and there isa broad brown medial band from forehead over crown, and occiput and (diminishing rapidly in width) on the back of the upper neck ; but the most conspicuous difference is that the dull pmk of the face runs on unbroken over the entire chin and throat, so that there is no trace of the dark band along chin and throat so ee es in the male (Salvadori). The colour of the soft ane in the female seem to differ in being all of a duller hue. There is only one sexed skin in the British Museum, which-possesses only six adult skins altogether, and this isa female. The INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, > 187 only colours given, however, in the Catalogue are those quoted from Shillingford. .I do not know the authority from which these are taken, and Shillingford himself does not seem to have sexed his specimens. Oates says that of the birds he has examined he has found the females to. be about equal to the males in size. Oates gives the wing as 11", The only other record of female measurements is in .the. Appendix to “Game Birds” where a female is said to be 23” long with a wing of 10°5', and an expanse of 37"; strange to say also she weighed more than three out of the four males that are mentioned in the same place. Young.—Hend and neck pale rose-whitish colour, with the top of the head, nape and hind-neck brown; the whole plumage lighter brown; the underparts pale dull brown, with the edges of the feathers whitish (Salvadori). I do not understand the young bird depicted in the plate in “ Game Birds” and have never heard of any bird like it in plumage, the “ rese- whitish ” colour being always a distinct feature. The head-quarters of this duck are, as Hume says, Bengal, north of the Ganges and west of the Brahmapootra rivers; above all it is most common in Maldah, Purneah, Purulia and adjoining districts, the two first-named places heing especially favoured. It has also been obtained in Arrah, Mozufferpore, Chota Nagpur and Ranchi, where it is only a rare bird, and in Singhboom, where it is rather more common. It is also found sparingly through Orissa and as far south as Madras, and all through Eastern Bengal and Assam up to Manipur, where Hume obtained it, He says in Vol. XI of “Stray Feathers” about Rhodo- nessa, :—‘ This species is very scarce in Manipur. I only saw it at the Lagtak Lake, and there J only saw one party that kept up in a weedy lagoon at the north-east corner of the lake, where it was impossible to get them. I did get a single bird, but that was only by lying upon several occasions in a thick reed bed and getting them driven, ‘Three times they went in the wrong direction, but having at last’ made out their line, I laid up in the right place the fourth time and knocked down a brace, of which, however, I only recovered one ; 1 had nodog. This species occurs in Sylhet ; and has been procured in various parts of the Assam Valley right up to Sadiya, but alike in Assam and Sylhet (I seem to have no record of its occurrence in Cachar) it appears to be excessively rare, little more than an occasional straggler,” 3 188 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT In Burma it is extremely rare; Blyth obtained it in Arakan, and says that it occurs in Independent Burma (where ?), but Oates did not come across it in Pegu, and I can find no other record of it. Hodgson obtained it more than once in Nepal, and Pemberton in Thibet, ‘A Member of the Society ” in Vol. II of this Journal writes :-— “In Scind ... I have one report of the Bengali Pink-headed Duck occurring as a stragegler, but it cannot yet be called a recorded species.” I suppose by this he means that he does not place much faith in the report. I see Murray does not record it as a Scind bird, although he is 5 very generous in the number of birds he assigns to that part of India. Mr. Moylan told me that once out shooting in Sini, in Sngbhoon, with three other guns they accounted for no fewer than six of these lovely ducks. They were found in the thick, weedy, reed-covered tanks lying just outside the heavy forest. Here they were in company with vast numbers of other kinds of ducks and teal, a big bag of which was made on this occasion. He seems frequently to have met with them in various parts of Singbhoom, but, as far as I could ascertain, had not seen any others shot. In the Punjaub its occurrences are limited to four actually recorded. Two were shot by Colonel Kinlock and another is mentioned by him, as having been shot by a friend (a brother officer), whilst the other is noticed by Hume. All four birds were obtained near Delhi. In the North-West it is equally rare, and as the authorities who would attempt to prove otherwise are anonymous, it is not worth while quoting them. In Oudh it is perhaps less rare, and a few birds are seen and either shot or netted nearly every year. Latham says that it “is common in Oudh, where it lives generally in pairs, is often kept tame, and becomes very familiar.” (!) Shillingford’s note on the “ Pink-headed Duck” which appeared in the Asian gives so much information and so little is to be obtaimed elsewhere that I reproduce it in extenso :— “ During the cold weather, November to March, the Pink-headers remain in flocks varying from 6 to 80, or even 40 birds, in the lagoons adjoining the larger rivers, and have been observed by myself in considerable numbers in the southern and western portions of the district, that portion of Hastern Bhagalpur which lies immediately to INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 189 the north of the River Ganges and south-western parts of Maldah. They come up to the central or higher parts of the Purneah district in pairs, during the month of April, begin to build in May, and their eggs may be found in June and July. The nests are well formed (made of dry grass interspersed with a few feathers), perfectly circular in shape, about 9 inches in diameter, and 4 or 5 inches deep, with 3 to 4-inch — walls, and have no special lining. The nests are placed in the centre of tufts of tall grass, well hidden and difficult to find, generally not more than 500 yards from water. They lay from 5 to 10 eggs in a nest. Both the male and female have been started simultaneously from the vicinity of the nest, bus whether the former assists in incuba- tion is uncertain, though judging from the loss of weight, during the breeding season, the male must be in constant attendance at the nest. The weight of five males shot between the 13th February and 28th June, 1880, in consecutive order being—(1) 2lbs. 30z. (13th February); (2) IIb. 14oz.; (3) 2lbs.; (4) 11b. 180z.; and (5) 1b. 120z. (28th June). When the young are fledged in September-October the Pink-headers retire to their usual haunts, the jungly lagoons. “ The following account, as indicating their strong attachment to their young, may prove of interest. On the 17th July, 1880, whilst searching for Pink-headers’ nests with F. H. at the northern extremity of Patraha Katal, where nests were reported, we flushed a female Pink- header in the grass jungle on the banks of the Patraha jhil. F. H. fired with his miniature express ai a distance of about 300 yards at the bird which had settled at the other end of the jhil. The ball was seen by both of us to strike the water some distance above, and a little to the left of the bird, which did not rise. Upon going up to the spot, to our surprise she fluttered about and dragged herself along with loud quackings. Being closely pursued she flew along at an elevation of about 6 feet from the ground in a manner that led us to believe that she was badly wounded, and one of her wings damaged, and she fell rather than settled in a patch of grass on dry land. Upon approaching this a similar manoeuvre was gone through, and she deposited herself some 100 yards further on. Having decoyed us thus far she flew up into the air with such facility that our old mahout could not help exclaiming, phair jee gya (it’s come to life again), and directed her flight in 2 direction away from the piece of water, After describing a 190° JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SQCIETY, Vol. XI considerable circuit, she came back to the jhil on the banks of which we were standing. ‘Iwo more bullets were fired at her from the same gun, which only made her rise after each shot and settle down again some ten yards further on. Seeing that her tactics had failed in draw- ing us away from the vicinity of her young, she again took to the grass jungle, and all endeavours to flush her again proved futile, though she was observed in the same piece of water subsequently.” What a pity Shillingford has not given us some details concerning all their nests he seems to have found and also of the numerous eggs he obtained ; whether they were like those he sent to Hume, or whe- ther they were like most other ducks’ eggs. He did send five eggs to Hume, one of which was, I believe, taken by himself and the others by Mr. T. Hill of Jeruneah Factory in Purneah. Of these five eggs Hume remarks: “The eggs are quite unlike those of any other duck with which Iam acquainted. In shape they are very nearly spherical—indeed, one is almost a perfect sphere. “The shell is very close and compact, but not particularly emoat or satiny to the touch, and is entirely devoid of gloss. “Tn colour it is a dull, nearly pure white, with here and there traces of an exceedingly faint yellowish motling, probably the result of dirt. Even held up against the light, the shell is white, with scarcely a perceptible ivory tinge. “The five egos sent me by Mr. Shillingford measure as follows : 1:82" 1:7"; 1'78"x 1°68"; 18" 1°62"; 1°71" 1°69"; 1:81" 1°61", “There is no possible doubt now that these eggs, taken at two different times by two different persons, are really the eggs of the Pink- headed Duck, but at the same time it must be admitted that they are eges which no one versed in oology could, without positive proof, have accepted as pertaining to this species.” All observers, who have recorded their observations otherwise than anonymously, concur in stating this duck to be one of enclosed waters, and it seems to prefer such as are well covered with jungle and weeds of sorts and surrounded by high grass, forest, etc. It is probably found sometimes on the open rivers, but this only in the cold weather and very rarely even then. As a rule, it collects in but small parties, and I should think, very probably, that these are only of the mem- hers of one family, though two or three of these may now and then INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 191 ! join-together. Its flight has been described as fast and powerful, and its voice as a musical edition of that of the Mallard (A. boscas). _As regards its food there seems to be nothing on record beyond Mr. Shillingford’s note on the gizzard of a bird he examined and found to contain “half-digested water weeds and various kinds of small shells.” This is, however, important, as it shows that it is both an animal and vegetarian feeder. Most writers call this a shy and wild bird, but my father (E. B. Baker), who knew the bird well, did not consider it to be either a particularly wary or wild bird, though of a very shy, retiring disposition. I remember when I first came out to India, some ten years or so ago, he had several of these birds’ skins amongst his collection of Maldah bird skins, but all these skins have been either lost or destroyed, and it is now so long since I last saw them that I cannot speak with certainty of the variations they showed in their plumage. ~ Most of these ducks had been shot by him when shooting with the late W. Reilly and some of the Shillingfords in Maldah and Purnesh. - At the end of a day’s shoot when promiscuous firing had become the order, one or twoof these ducks would often be added to the bag, getting up in front of the line of elephants as they worked through country in which there were any small ponds and jhils. : . Genus NETTAPUS. Unlike the two last genera, the present one contains four species, though of these only one is found in Indian limits. The type of the genus is Nettapus auritus, which is found throughout a great part of South Africa and also in Madagascar. The other two forms, NV. pulchellas and N. albipennis, are both Australian, the former being ; obtained in New Guinea and some other islands. ; Nettapus can be distinguished from all other genera by the following characteristics being combined in it : | Rather long hind toe not lobed, feet palmated, neck short, wing under 7", (9) Nettapus coramandelianus. ‘The Cotton Teal. Netiapus coramandelianus.—Jerdon, “ Birds of India,” III, p. 786 ; Butler, “Str. Feath.,” IV, p. 27; Hume, bid ; Hume and Davison, ibid, VI, p. 486; Oates, ibid, VII, p. 52; Cripps, cbid, p. 311; 192 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X Legge, “Birds of Ceylon,” p. 1066; Bingham, “Str. Feath.,” IX, p. 198; Oates, “Birds of British Burmah,” II, p. 272 ;- Hume, “Nests and Eggs” (Oates’ ed.), II], p. 280; Barnes, “ Birds of Bombay,” p. 397. Netiapus coramandelicus—Hume, “ Nests and Eggs,” p. 638; Hume and Marshall, “ Game Birds,” III, Plate XIV. Nettapus coramandus.—Hume, “ Str. Feath.,” IJ, p. 192.’ Nettapus coramandelianus—Hume, “ Str. Feath.,” VI, p. 491; ad., VIII, p. 114; éd., Cat. No. 951; Hume and Marshall, “ Game Birds,” III, p. 101; Oates, “ Str. Feath..” X, p. 245.; Salvadori, Cat. B. of B. Museum,” ZO VL, p- 68. Description: Adult Male-—Extreme point of forehead white, remain- der and crown brown, the lateral edges much darker, almost black ; 3 a complete broad collar round the base of the neck black, a little, glossed with green; remainder of head, neck, lower plumage, and a collar behind the black collar white; flanks most minutely stippled and more’ or less barred with light brown, sometimes almost absent ; under-tail coverts. broadly barred and tipped or sub-tipped brown ; - scapulars and back dark brown, completely overlaid with dark green gloss. slightly mixed with purple ; upper-tail coverts dirty white, freckled with brown. Innermost secondaries brown glossed with purple ; remaining secondaries glossed green and tipped with white ; primaries glossy green tipped brown, and with a broad white band continuing the bar made by the white tips of the secondaries ; tail brown. Bill, legs and feet black, the two latter more or less tinged with slatey-yellow ; irides bright crimson-red. “Sides of tarsus and toes dusty yellow; claws horny brown.” (Oates). | Length, 12°5".to 13°5"; wing, 6" to 7", rarely over 6°6" or under 63"; tail about 3"; culmen about ‘9” to 95"; tarsus, 1”. Weight between 9 and 12 oz. Female.—Cap as in the male but uniform brown ; forehead more broadly white speckled with brown; a deep brown line running through the eye; remainder of lower plumage and head white, the breast and lower neck with narrow bars. of dark brown, taking the place of the collar in the male ; face and neck much vermiculated with brown 3. and the flanks both barred and speckled with the’ INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 193 same ; in.old females the abdomen and centre of the breast are pure white, in younger birds more or less marked with brown; outer secondaries broadly and inner primaries. very narrowly tipped with white ; remainder of wings, upper plumage and tail brown, the scapulars and back being occasionally faintly glossed, upper-tail coverts finely stippled with white. gens Bill brown, dark olive, paler and yellowish on mandible, commissure and gape ; iris. red-brown ; legs and feet dull. slate-yellow, more or es smudged with blackish-green ; claws light yellow-brown. Length about 12"; wing 6" or a trifle over ; tail about 2°75" ; culmen about 0:9" ; tarsus nearly 1”. . Male in Winter. = Sitnilas to the female, but ne ays retains the: con spicuous white patch on.the primaries (Salvadori), Does this little duck always assume.a winter plumage. when fully adult? Idoubt it, for I have males shot in winter just as glossy and fully plumaged as any to be obtained duriag the breeding. season n and hot “weather. Young.— Like the female, but even more stippled about the Head oan brown, and also more-banded with light brown on the flanks, - Young in down.—“ Upper parts, flanks and under-tail coverts blackish broad. brown ; a broadsuperciliary stripe, cheeks, throat, front neck and breast white ; a brown line through the eyes ; two broad white spots on each side of the back—one near the base of the wings, and the other much larger on the side of the rump ; feathers of the tail biesise en long and stiff.” The Cotton Teal is found almost iteeachoat India, Burma’ atid Ceylon, and extends also to China and the Phillipines, Sunda ous and the Celebes. In India proper it may be said to have its Donde: in ator Bengal, is-still very common in Western Bengal and Assam, less so in the Eastern Punjab and Rajputana, epecially so in the cold weather; and actually rare towards the west of the Hmpire. Barnes says that it is not found either in Guzerat. or Scind, but it has been recorded from ‘both places since his book was written. In Orissa they are common enough, and in parts-of Madras fairly so; from Malabar I can find no record. of its occurrence, though I believe there is one somewhere, could I only remember it, In Ceylon it appears to be-more or less confined 194 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI. to the north and east of the Island. uegge writes (“ Birds of Ceylon,” p- 1067) : “This pretty little birdis common in the tanks of the northern and eastern parts of the Island, building in many secluded spots, and moving about considerably during the rainy weather. To the western province and south-west of the Island it is apparently chiefly a north-east monsoon migrant, as about Christmas itis met with on the Kotti and Kaesbawa lakes and other similar sheets of water,” In Burma it appears to be found everywhere as far south of Tenasserim as Tavoy. In certain of the drier portions oe its habitat this bird is semhiemigmtory in its habits, only visiting them in the rains, and leaving again for some more suitable place, as the haunts in the former begin to dry up. Hume, talking of the vast numbers seen every day during the cold weather in the Calcutta market, says that ita mystery to him where they come from. Having myself shot over some of the vast bhils and back-waters of the Ganges and Brahmapootra, I think it would take a very large number indeed to surprise me. In the places mentioned they simply swarm in thousands, and are only out-numbered by the: Whistling Teals, I suppose every one knows how the fishermen of the Sunderbuns and other parts net the vast numbers of duck that are daily sent in to the Calcutta market, but in case there are some who do not, the following may explain, Over a great stretch of shallow bhil they erect nets some fifteen or twenty feet high, usually selecting the end of a large patch of water where it narrows off either into dry land or again widens out into yet another bhil. Then, by night, they pole silently up the lake towards the nets, driving the flock of duck and teal silently before them, nor is any noise made until an approach has been made to within some 200 yards, or even less of the nets. Thus, when the shouts are raised, many of the flocks have not time to rise high enough to evade the nets, into which they fly and are entangled. Cotton Teal, of course, fly low along the surface of the water and hence fall victims to the nets more easily than such ducks as get quickly into the air and fly high. On the Moolna bhil, I am sure, forty or fifty couple might be shot in a day by a single gun without any very great trouble or luck ; but in Bengal very few sportsmen, except such as shoot for quantity alone, consider them game, and Cotton Teal are left-alone unless when required as food for servants, boatmen,. or INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 195 coolies, who like their flesh and eat it greedily, preferring them to more delicately flavoured ducks. They:breed in great numbers in these vast sheets of water on the little islands which are dotted about in all direc- tions, and which contain from three or four up to a hundred trees or so. Nor are they much molested when breeding, though now and then the miserable fishermen, who are the only inhabitants of these watery, fever- stricken parts, may take a clutch or two of eggs asfood. In different parts of India their habits also vary much. Hume writes: “Tame and familiar little birds, village ponds, at any rate where singhara are grown, seem to bejustas much affected as moresecluded pieces of water. You may often see half-a-dozen dabbling about in the water and weeds within ten yards of the spot where the village washerman is noisily thrashing the clothes of the community ; more suo on large stones or ribbed slabs of wood, as if his one object in life was to knock everything into rags at the earliest possible moment. Even the loud half grunt, half groan, with which he relieves his feelings after each mighty thwack has no terror for these little birds.” The habitat of these remarkably domesticated Cotton Teal is not men- tioned by Hume, but in Rungpore, though not quite so tame as the above description shows them to be in some places, they take little notice of passers-by, unless very closely approached. They squat in the roadside ditches and tanks, and when finally leaving them, scuttle away, chatter- ing and clucking for all they are worth, as if trying whether they could. vociferate harder than fly, or vice versd, often only to return to some spot within fifty or sixty yards of that just left. Their flight is decidedly quick as well as fast, and they dodge round corners and avoid stumps and other obstructions which come in their way, as-they-fly down the way- side drains and ditches, with an activity quite wonderful. In addition to their speed of flight they are very densely plumaged and tough, and carry off a wonderful lot of shot for so small a bird. In the Sunderbuns they are found alike in the very biggest and broadest stretches of water as in the smallest ; only in the former they keep much to weedy places with thick cover adjacent. In Rungpore, Furreedpore, Barisal, and adjoming districts they keep more to small tanks, ditches and enclosed bhils than to the larger, more open pieces of water, and this is said to be their practise in most of the other parts of their habitat. Legge says that they frequent sometimes the flooded lands close to the sea-shore. 4 196 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI, LT have generally observed them in rather small flocks—seldom more than about twenty, and more often under than over a dozen—that is to say, in family parties only: other observers, however, speak of finding them in far larger flocks, so I suppose that often the families collect together. The only district in which I have personally found and taken their nests in any numbers is Rungpore. I was there once for three or four months in the rains, and I am sure that at that time a short walk of two or three miles in any direction along any road would have been productive of three or four nests of the Cotton Teal, as well perhaps of one or two of the Whistling Teal. The District and Station Roads are well off for fine large trees, forming complete avenues on many of them, and most of them have large drains on either side, or else a succession of borrow pits take their place. These, jong disused, have naturally become well covered with weeds and grass, and form grand hunting grounds for this little duck, whilst the numerous hollows in the old trees, which overhang them, afford them sites for building in. I think they generally select hollows of some size in the trunk of the tree itself and at about six to twelve feet from the ground, and this hollow they line well and abundantly with twigs, grass, and feathers. I have twice known as many as 22 eggs laid, once 18 and once 16, but normally, I should say they lay any number from 8 to 14, 10 being perhaps the number more often laid than any other. Ihave never | known them make any other sort of nest than this already described, but others have recorded quite different stories regarding their nidifica- tion. Blewitt, writing from Jhansi, says : “ It breeds in July and August. Just above the village of Borogaon is a large lake from which several eggs of this goslet were brought. The eggs were collected in the two months on different occasions. It makes a semi-floating nest on the water, among the rushes or lotus weeds, of weeds, grass, etc., all together, filled up several inches above the water-level. “The many boatmen of this lake stated that this goslet breeds there oery. year, and at the Salbuhat Lake also the boatmen affirmed . the same.’ I have found nests que low devin in trees only just above water- level in fact, but have never taken them froma hole at any height from the ground, and-cannot now recall to mind any which were over INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 197 15 or 16 feet from it. They do, however, sometimes select very lofty situations, for Oates took one nest containing 10 eges from a mango tree about 30 feet above the ground. They are said also to breed sometimes in old ruins, broken-down walls, etc. Cripps says, ““ They even lay their eggs in the factory -chimney holes.” They do not always make use of places quite close to water, as a pair of these birds laid their eggs in a gigantic tree standing in the Magistrate’s compound in Rungpore. At the back of the house there was a good-sized tank, frequented by a pair of these birds, and as they were so constantly present, I hunted all round the tank, in every tree, for the nest. However, it was not to be found, though holes and hollows which looked suitable for nesting purposes were common enough. Eventually I found the nest by accident in a tree in front of the house, and full two hundred yards from the tank. This was one of the nests, already mentioned, which contained 22 eggs. I watched this nest very carefully, and on the six- teenth day after it was found the chicks were hatched, and I then waited anxiously to see how they would get to the water. They remained in the nest that day, but the following morning, though I was out very soon after daybreak, they were all in the tank, 15 out of the 22, 7 eggs being addled, which I took. It was a great disappointment not seeing the goslings taken from the nest to the water, and I have never yet seen it done. A very intelligent native once told me that very early one morning before it was light, he was fishing in a tank, or rather looking to his nets which had been put down overnight, when he saw something flutter heavily into the water from a tree in front of him and some twenty paces distant. The bird returned to the tree, and again with much beating of wings fluttered down to the surface of the tank, and this performance was repeated again and again at intervals of some few minutes. At first he could only make out that the cause of the commotion was a bird of some kind, but after a few minutes he, remaining crouched amongst the reeds and bushes, saw distinctly that it was a Cotton Teal, and that each time it flopped into the water and rose again it left. gosling behind it. These, he said, he could see were:carried somehow in the feet, but the parent bird seemed to find the carriage of its young no easy matter, flew with difficulty, and fell into the water with some force. Ido not vouch for this man’s story being true, but give it for what it is worth, and believe it myself. 198 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, They breed in Bengal in late June, July, and August, the end of July principally. In Ceylon they are said to breed much earlier, but there, of course, their weather arrangements are different, and the birds of all kinds have to make their nesting time suit accordingly. The eggs are true duck eggs, though more spherical than most, much like those of Dendrocygna in shape, texture, and polish. Oates calls them miniatures of those of the Comb Duck, but says they are less glossy. They vary in length between 1°5" and 1:8” and in breadth bettie 1:17" and 1:41". The average of 40 eggs, including the 26 mentioned in Hume’s “ Nests and Eggs,” is exactly 1:7" * 1:3". Cripps, in blowing an egg of this bird, noticed that the drops as they fell on to a pucca floor, appeared phosphorescent. He could give no reason for this, but the fact that they did so certainly deserves mention in any article on the Cotton Teal. The Cotton Teal has often been unjustly accused of being unable to progress on land. I do not know how this idea was started, but it is quite without reason. Mr. Finn, of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, states that his birds, which he had in captivity, walked perfectly well, and suggests that the idea arose from people seeing wounded birds shuffling along. I think there may be, however, another explanation. I had once a pair of Cotton Teal tame, and these birds were allowed to wander about where they liked though I had to keep one wing clipped or they might have wandered too far and got shot. Now, under ordinary circumstances, the two little birds waddled about in complete comfort though without any undue speed. Under the effects of excitement, however, whether pleasurable or frightened, they attempted to hurry themselves and at once flopped about in the most ludicrous fashion, tumbling over every little obstruction they met with and appearing as if their hindquarters were going too fast for their heads and breasts to keep in front. ( To be continued.) 199 BIRDS COLLECTED DURING FIVE YEARS’ RESIDENCE IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, CACHAR. Part IV. By (. M. Ineus. (Continued from page 87 of this Vol.) Order Hurylemi. Family Lurylemide. Genus Psarisomus Blanf; No. 944. Hume, No. 138. Psaritsomus DALHOUSIZ (Jaur.).—The Long-tailed Broad Bill. 126. This is a very rare bird here. For three years I did not geta single specimen, then two were shot on some bamboos close to my bungalow. Genus Serilophus Blanf ; No. 943. Hume, No. 139. SERILOPHUS RUBRIPYGUIS, Hodgson’s Broad Bill. 127. This species is fairly common. It frequents the jungle. I found a nest of this bird on the 2nd September. The nest was hanging from the end of the branch of a sapling near a stream ; it was about 44 feet from the level of the water, and was composed of moss and fibres. It was lined with dry bamboo leaves and fibres. Length of nest 12", breadth 5" and egg cavity 44" deep. The mouth of nest opened from the side and measured 3”%21". It contained four highly incubated egos, which were of a white ground spotted with dark red at the thick - end, the number of spots diminishing towards the narrow end. Lae eggs are elongated ovals, and measure on an average 4" x 3". Order Scansores. Family Picide. Sub-Family Pieine. Genus Gecinus Blanf; No. 950. Hume, No.172. GEctNus occirrrais (Vigors).—The Black- naped Green Woodpecker. Sniene Name— 128. This is a fairly common Woodpecker here. I have found it hy Gaye the open on solitary trees as well as in thin jungle. Kat tokens I Ye Kat-Khoda, eure. Nam Burra haldi matha Kat- Khoda or Kat-tokra. Native Name— Chota huldi matha Kat- Khoda or Kat -tokra. Native Name— Kala Sadha Kat-tokra. Native Name— Chota Kala Sadha Kat- tokri, 200 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1. Blanf ; No. 955. Hume, No. 173. CHRYcCOPBLEGMA FLAVINUCHA.—The Larger Yellow-naped Woodpecker. 129. This species is rather rare and is only to be found in the dense jungle often associating mage Dissemusus paradiseus, Gaumpsorhynchus rufulus, &. Blanf ; No. 951. Hume, No. 173. Gerctnus cHLoROLOPHUS (Vicill).—The Lesser Yellow-naped Woodpecker. 130. This is a much commoner species than C. favinucha. It also keeps more to wooded parts than the open, though not so strictly as the former species. Genus Dendrocopus Blanf ; No. 967. Hume, No. 157. DEnprocorus mactt (Vicill).—The Fulvous-breasted Pied Woodpecker. 131. This is the commonest Woodpecker we have. gardens and everywhere in the open where there are trees. generally go about in pairs, as do most of the Woodpeckers. ~ Genus Iyngipicus Blanf ; No. 975. Hume, No. 163 bis. Iyneipicus CANICAPILLUS.—The Burmese Grey-headed Pied Woodpecker. 132. This Woodpecker is very rare here. I have only managed to secure a pair since I have been collecting. They were both shot on the same tree and were male and female. Genus Micropternus Blanf; No. 983. Hume, No. 178. MicropterNus PHAEocEPSs (Blyth.)—The Rufous Woodpecker. 133. This Woodpecker is fairly common here. It seems to affect thin jungle and also trees in the cultivation. The tail of this species is always very sticky. Genus Gecinulus Blanf; No. 958. Hume, No. 177. Gecinubus GRANTIA.—The Pale-headed Woodpecker, | It comes into They _ BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, 201 134. This bird, I think, may be put down as one of the rarest Wood - peckers we have, though some seasons they are fairly numerous. Genus Chrysocolaptes Blanf; No. 992. Hume, No. 166. CHRYSOCOLAPTES SULTANEUS (Hodgs.)—The Golden-backed Woodpecker. 135. Thisspecies is extremely common, frequenting gardens and thin Native jungle, &. I once shota male that could scarcely fly ; it was feeding Soe on the ground. The whole of the rump feathers were stuck together Matha Kat- kra. and formed a hard lump. tokra Genus Hemicercus Blanf ; No. 995. Hume, No. 165 bis, Hemicercus cANENTE (Less.)—The Burmese Heart-Spotted Woodpecker. 136. This species is far from common, being a rather shy and very active little bird. It could not, however, be put down as a rare bird. Genus Hemilophus Blanf ; No. 996. Hume, No. 168. HeEMILopHus PULVERULENTUS (Temm.)—The Great Slatey Woodpecker. 137. This is the rarest Woodpecker we have. I have only one Native specimen which was shot by my head shikari as it was flying across a nee clearance. On a visit to Roopacherra I saw several more, but they *°*"™ were out of shooting range. Genus Venilia Blanf; No. 978. Hume, No. 176. Lepocustes PYRRHOTIS.—The Crimson-necked Bay Woodpecker. 138. This species is also very rare here and only to be met with in dense jungle. I once or twice came across a paradise of Woodpeckers where I found G. flavinucha, G. chlorolophus, G. grantia and the present species; there were besides some Cissa chinensis, Garrulaz mondiger and Dissemurus paradiseus. My attention was first drawn to them by the loud harsh screeching of C. chinensis, and wanting a specimen, I followed it up ; in going through the brushwood a pair of V. or ZL. pyrrhotis rose from near my feet and flew Native Name— Lil Bossonto. Native Name— Burra Bossonto. 202 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. onto atree. With aright and left I managed to get both of them, which happened to be a male and female. This is the only pair that I have ever shot. Sub-Family yngine. Genus Picumnus Blanf ; No. 1001. Hume, No. 186. Picumnus 1nnominatus (Burt.)}—The Speckled . Piculet. 139. This is rather a rare bird here. It frequents bamboo jungle and taps like a Woodpecker, making a great noise for so small a bird. I have only shot four specimens, and seen another three or four since I have been collecting. Genus: SaseatBlanf ; No. 1002. Hume, No. 187. Sasta ooaracea (Hodgs.)—The Rufous Piculet. 140. This species is much commoner than Picumnus innominatus, but still may be called rare. It also frequents bamboo jungle, and I have also found it several times in null and ekra. Genus lynx Blanf ; No. 1008. Hume, No. 188. Iynx Ttorquinia (Linn.)—The Wryneck. 141. This bird is exceedingly rare. I have only shot and seen two specimens. It is very quiet and shy, and frequents thin jungle and bushes, keeping near the ground. Family Capitonide. Genus Cyanops Blanf ; No. 1012. Hume, No. 195. Cyanops astatica (Lath.)—The Blue-faced Barbet. 142. This species is common in the jungle here, they may be heard ealling all round you. They also come into the cultivation where any Jvicus berries are ripe ; but they are more jungle-loving birds than the other Barbets. Blanf ; No. 1009. Hume, No. 192, Cyanops tinnata (Vicill.)—The Lineated Barbet. 143. This is a very common Barbet, being found on any tree where the berries are ripe. They are very bold birds, neither fearing the approach of man nor that of other birds. I have often seen them -- BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRIUT. 203 driving away Osmotreron phayrei, that had come to feed on the berries of the Joki tree, and the smaller birds seemed to keep their distance from them for fear of being driven off. They have a very loud note. A friend of mine nicknamed them “ gobblers,” on account of the rapidity with which they swallowed incredible numbers of large berries. Genus Mezobucco Blanf ; No. 1016. Hume, No, bis 198. Mezosucco cyanortis (Blyth.)—The Blue-eared Barbet. 144. A few years ago this was one of the commonest. Barbets here, Native but latterly I found it very scarce. It seems to prefer the evergreen nae forests to the open, though I have sometimes found it on trees in the Bussente. cultivation. i Genus Xantholema Blanf ; No. 1019. Hume, No. 197. XaNTHOLaAMA HEMACEPHALA (Miill.)—The : Crimson-breasted Barbet. 145, This Barbet is very common. It is generally known as the Native “ Coppersmith,”” on account of its call which resembles too, too, too. Lall matha They keep up this note ad infinitum. They excavate holes in trees in 2S which they breed. I once saw one making a hole for its nest in the rotten branch of a small tree ; unfortunately the branch got broken off in a storm, so I was unable to get the eggs, — Order Upupe. Family Upupide. Genus Upupa Blanf ; 1066. hy Hume, No, 254, Uprupa zpops (Linn.)—The European Hoopoe. 146. This is a fairly common Hoopoe, but not as common as the next, They are cold weather visitants, Blanf ; 1067 Hume, No. 254 bis, Upupa 1npica.—The Indian Hoopoe. 147. This is the common Hoopoe found here. It frequents gardens, Native fields, &e. They feed on the ground as a rule, though I have seen aay Crate 5. them flying at insects on the wing. 9 204 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI, Order Trogones. . ~. Family Trogonider. Genus Harpactes. Blanf ; No. 1101. Hume, No. 116. HaArpacTEs ERYTHROCEPHALUS (Gould.)—The — Red-headed Trogon. : Native 148. This bird is common in the dense jungle, and is generally found Ta. in pairs. They have avery soft call, composed of’ two notes, the second one being lower than the first. After shooting the male, I have often imitated the call, which, if the female hears, she will answer; if you’ continue te call for ashort time, she will gradually come within range. They are insectivorous and I think strictly arboreal. I found a nest of this bird on the 24th April,. in a hole in the trunk of a dead tree, about ten feet from the ground. There was no lining except afew chips which had probably fallen in from the side of the hole, which was a natural cavity. I sent a man up the tree and he managed to capture the female. The eggs were.three in number and perfectly fresh. They were nearly spherical, glossy, and nearly a pure white colour. They measured 1:1"%1", 1:1"%9" and 1:1" 1-01". The red of the breast in most of my female specimens has faded tremendously, becoming nearly white. . | On 5th August, 1893, 1 shot a young male. The whole plumage was of a golden brown; lesser wing-coverts and tettiaries paler, undulated with black ; tail, similar to adult; lower plumage, pale golden brown, abdomen whitish. It measured:— , L, 9°4", w. 4°9", t. 4:4", tar. °8", bf. 7"; bg. 1", and e x p, 15" (To be continued.) 905 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE IN THE WESTERN HIMALAYAS AND | NEIGHBOURING REGIONS. ’By Pamir W. Macxiynoy, F.E.S., anp Lionen pe N ICEVILLE, C.M.ZS., F.E.S.,: etc. (With Plates‘U, V, and W.) (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th April, 1896. ) Mussoorie (Mdsuri, Massuri or Mussooree), with its suburb containing the military cantonment of Landour, is a hill station in the Dehra Dun district of the North-Western Provinces. Unlike other hill stations or towns of the Himalayas, such as Darjiling, Naini Tal, Simla, and Mur- ree, Mussoorie is on the outer range of the hills, with only the valley of the Dehra Dun (which is itself bounded on the south by the low Siwalik hills) between it and the plains of India. Generally speaking, the station is about 6,000 feet above sea-level, although in parts it is 7,400 feet high. Mussoorie being one of the—if not the—oldest hill station in India, the forests which originally luxuriantly clothed nearly all the hill-sides have ceased to exist, except in the western parts, and as a natural result very few butterflies are to be seen in the central portions. The aurelian or butterfly-hunter will still, however, find almost all the ravines, especially those which carry perennial streams, very rich in insects at any time from the middle of March to the end of ‘June, ., in the spring and dry (or hot) seasons, during which the rain- fallis scanty. After June these ravines do not contain many butterflies, being drenched by the heavy monsoon rainfall, which averages nearly 100 inches during the year, most of which falls from July to Septem- ber. Practically collecting ends in and near Mussoorie in October, but there is not a month in the year when a few species of butterflies may not be seen on sunny days. In the winter Mussoorie is often covered with snow, and the annual temperature ranges between 27° and 80° Farh. at 6,000 feet elevation. To the north of Mussoorie, running parallel to the range of hills on which the station is built, is the valley of the Aglar, which is about 2,000° to 8,000 feet elevation only, and in which butterflies are verynumerous. To the north of this valley, again, at about ten miles in a direct line from Mussoorie, is the Nag -Tiba range, the highest point of which is ‘close’ on 10,000 feet. On 906 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. these hills, which are richly forest-clad on their northern slopes, many rare species not obtained elsewhere in our‘area are found. ‘The valleys leading into the Ganges river on the east and the Jumna river on the west are also excellent hunting-grounds. We have included in our paper all the butterflies brought in by the native collectors sent by us to the highest valleys and hills right up to the frontier of Hundes or Thibet, where the butterfly season is very short, extending at the most from the | middle of June to the middle of August. These elevated regions (the Nilung Pass is well over 18,000 feet elevation) are often above the forest line, so that the butterflies found ia them all live in the larva state on grasses and low herbaceous plants, for instance the three species of Parnassius enumerated below feed on Sedum and allied moss-like plants. To the south of Mussoorie lies the large triangular-shaped Dehra Dun Valley with an area of 1,193 square miles, and an average elevation of about 2,000 feet. The valley still contains much forest, especially of the valuable sal-tree (Shorea robusta, Geertn., Natural Order Dzptero- carpe), and is watered by numerous perennial streams, which become raging torrents in the rains. The valley is bounded on the north by the Himalayas, on the south by the Siwaliks, on the east by the Gan- ges, and on the west by the Jumna. As will be seen from the list below, many species of butterflies are found in the Dun which do not occur at all in the hills to the north, these species being mainly peculiar to the plains of India. In the Dun the best time for collecting is from July to October, the spring and early summer being far less rich. Even in the winter months, from November to February, a few more or less worn and faded butterflies are on the wing. © _ No list has as yet appeared of the butterflies of Mussoorie and “neighbouring regions, though many papers have been written on the butterflies of other portions of the Western Himalayas. The principal of these are :— I. “Kaschmir, und das reich der siek.” Von Carl Freiherrn von Hiigel. Vol. IV, Part V. * Lepidoptera, pp. 397 and 403-496, * In Mr. W. #&. Kirby’s “ A Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera ” (1871) this part is referred to as the second, but it really is the fifth, Part Lis the “ Register und Glossarium ;” Part II “Astrologie der Hindu ;” Part IIT “Sammlung baktrischer Minzen 30 Par IV “Fische Kaschmir’s;” Part V “Insecten’”? by Vincenz Kollar und Dr. Ludwig Redtenbacher. Two other parts devoted to “ Siugthier-Fauva von gene ” and ‘‘ Hochsten Macht des Sick-Reiches ” complete the volume. peNICEVILLE & MACKINNON Journ.Bomb Nat Hist.Soc. Pry 10 West,Newman chromo. WESTERN HIMALAYAN BUTTEHRELIES. TRE BULLTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. J, 209 Plates I—X XIIT (1844), by Vincenz Kollar und Dr. Ludwig Redten- bacher. One hundred and ten butterflies are enumerated, of which the following are given from or near Mussoorie in our area :— Papilio sarpedon, Linnzeus. cloanthus, Westwood. », machaon, Linneus. agestor, Gray [= P. agestor govindra, Meee » panope, Linneeus [= P. clytia, Linneeus]. Parnasstus jacquemontii, Boisduval [recorded by Kollar from “near Massuri,” but only found far in the interior at high elevations]. Pieris valeria, Cramer [ == Nepheronia hippia, Fabricius]. » horsfieldii, Gray [ = Delias belladonna, Fabricius]. » epicharis, Godart [ = Delias eucharis, Drury]. 5 gltciria, Cramer [ = Pieris canidia, Sparrman]. Thestias marianne, Cramer [ = Izias marianne, Cramer |. Rhodocera rhamni, Linneus [ Gonepteryx rhamni, Linnzeus]. Callidryas pyranthe, Linneus | = Catopsilia pyranthe, Linnzus]. 55 minna, Hiibner[—= Catopsilia pyranthe, Linnzus]. . hilaria, Cramer [= Catopsilia crocale, Cramer]. 9 alemeone, Fabricius [= Catopsilia crocale, Cramer ]. Colias myrmidone, Esper [= Colias fieldii, Ménétriés]. » yale, Linnzeus | = Colias erate, Esper]. | Laxura atymnus, Boisduyal [= Lozura atymnus, Cramer |. Thecla rama, Kollar [= Arrhopala rama, Kollar]. 9 -missa, Kollar [= Rapala nissa, Kollar]. 5 nila, Kollar [= Iraota timoleon, Stoll]. Polyommatus sena, Kollar[== Ilerda sena, Kollar]. * pavana, Kollar [= Chrysophanus pavant, Kollar |. rf tamu, Kollar [= Ilerda tamu, Kollar], Polyommatus phleas, Linnzeus |= Chrysophanus phleas, Linneus]. Lycena betica, Linnzeus [=Polyommatus beticus, Linneus]. » pandia, Kollar | —Catochrysops cnejus, Fabricius]... » asoka, Kollar [=Catochrysops strabo, Fabricius]. _ » pataia, Kollar [=Catochrysops cnejus, Fabricius]. — ,» didda, Kollar [—=Catochrysops strabo, Fabricius]. » nara, Kollar [ Tarucus theophrastus, F abricius].— » amyntas, Fabricius [=Hveres argiades, Pallas]. 208 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1. Lyccrna putli, Kollar [= Chilades trochilus, Freyer]. » maha, Kollar [= = Zizera maha, Kollar]. a . Danais sita, Kollar. similis, Linnseus [=probably D. septentrionis, Butler, tte true D. similis being confined to phil: ?) » limniace, Cramer. Euplea coreta, Godart [=E. core, Cramer, the true E. coreta, Godart, standing for the E. coreozdes of oe Acréea anomala, Kollar [=Pareba vesta, Fabricius |. Limenitis selenophora, Kollar [=Athyma selenophora, Kollar]. opalina, Kollar [=Athyma opalina, Kollar]. — sankara, Kollar [=Neptis sankara, Kollar]. strophia, Godart [=-Athyma sulpitia, Cramer, found only “as far as present knowledge: goes in Upper Burma and China]. 7 a dichroa, ‘Kollar [=Sephisa dichroa, Kollar]. - Amathusia ganescha, Kollar [=C, 'yrestis thyodamas, Boisduval]. Apatura ambica, Kollar, Paphia higelit, Kollar [= Kallima huegelit, Kollar]. Charaxes bernardus, Fabricius [= Charawes hemana, Butler]. Adolias patala, Kollar [= Huthalia patala, Kollar]. derma, Kollar [= Futhalia derma, Kollar, muihows from the 39 99 ry) ”) Himalayas |. 7 aconthea, Oramer [= Huthalia aconthea, Oramer, confined to Java; ‘Kollar probably wrongly identified under this name the common LF. garuda, Moore]. Terinos sinha, Kollar [—=Atella sinha, Kollar}. _Argynnis sakontala, Kollar [=Argynnis childreni, Gray]. niphe, Linnzeus. a - phalanta, Drury [| =Atella phalantha, pent » __ latonia, Linnzeus. Melitea durga, Kollar [ =Dodona durga, Kollar]. Vanessa caschmirensis, Kollar. charonia, Fabricius [= Vanessa canace, Linneeus} vuleanta, Godart [= Pyrameis indica, Herbst]. 39 39 39 39. Cethosia cyane, Drury. Satyrus swaha, Kollar [= dulacona nee Kollar]. © THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE,, .. _ 209 Satyrus. saraswat?, Kollar | =Aulocera saraswatz, es » padma, Kollar [ =Aulocera padma, Kollar]. ,, ¢sana, Kollar t= Lethe isana, Kollar]. » europa, Fabricius | Lethe europa, Fabricius]. » banksia, Fabricius | = Melanites csmene, Cramer]. — - Epebia scanda, Kollar [= Callerebia scanda, Kollar]. AOS - It may be here noted that Kollar’s and Redtenbacher’s preface to the Part V of Von Hiigel’s “ Kaschmir” is dated on page 402, March, 1844, while the whole volume bears the date of 1848. We. hae taken the former date to be correct for the lepidopterous portion, Danais sita, Kollar,is an older name than LD. tytza, Gray, and Apatura ambica, Kollar, is an older name than A. namouna, Doubleday ; also that Satyrus isana Kollar, has priority over Satyrus, hyrania, Kollar, the former name having been applied to the female, and the latter to the male, of one and the same species, but the name S. zsana Bppears on an earlier page. _ IT.’ “Notes on Indian [Mussoorie] Denes by Captain Thomas Hutton. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., first series, Vol.'V, pp. 45-51 (1846). Enumerates 13 species of the genus Papilio, including doubt- fully P. podalirzus, Linnzeus, a species which is confined to Northern Africa, Kurope, Asia Minor, and Western China. He -also keeps distinct .P. demoleus, Linneeus, and. P. epius,. Fabricius, which together equal, one species, P. de:noleus ; also P. disstmilis, Linnzeus, and P. panope, Linnzeus; which together equal one species, P.. clytia, Linnzeus ; and lastly P. polytes, Linneeus, and P. pammon, Linnzus, ~ which together equal one species, P. polytes. He incidentally mentions without naming them two other species, which almost certainly repre- sent P, arcturus, Westwood, and P. polyctor, Boisduval. . ‘ TIL ‘ “ List of Diurnal ARC RG collected. by Capt, A. M. Lang in the N. W. Himalayas.” By Frederic Moore. Proc, Zool, Soc. Lond., 1865, pp. 486-509, pls. Xxx, xxxi, Hnumerate 119 species, IV.’ ‘Notes on bag fice from ‘ Goolmurg,’ in Cashmere.” By Captain A. M. Lang. Ent, Month. Mag. ‘Vol. ae Be oe a7 (1868). -Enumerates 23 species. V. “List of Diurnal Lepidoptera collected in Cashmere Territory by Capt. R..B. Reed, 12th Regt., with ‘description of new species.” By Frederic Moore.. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, pp. 264-274, pl. xii. . Enumerates 103 species, 210 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI. VI. “Himalayan Lepidoptera.” By Lionel de Nicéville. The Indian Agriculturist, January 1st and February 2nd, 1880, Hnu- merates 91 species from Kotgarh, 50 miles north of Simla in the Western Himalayas. VII. “A List of the Diurnal Lepidoptera (Butterflies) oecur- ring in Simla. and within 50 miles, with remarks on their time of appearance and localities where met with.” By Lionel de Nicéville. Being Appendix A of Towell’s “Hand Book and Guide to Simla and the Interior.” (Second Edition.) 1880. HEnumerates. 146 species. ; a VIII. “On a Collection of Lepidoptera from Western India, Beloochistan, and Afghanistan.” By Arthur G, Butler. Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, pp. 602-624. Only one species is enumerated from Mee isin in our area :—Luplea vermiculata, Butler | = iuglos core, Cramer |. IX. “ List:of the Lepidoptera collected by the Rev. J. H. “Boonie chiefly in the Kangra District, N. W. Himalaya; with descriptions of new Generaand Species.” Part I. By Frederic Moore, F. Z. 8, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, pp. 234-263, pls. xi, xii, Enumerates 236. species. In this paper Mr. Moore records Callerebia cashapa, Moore, from “Masuri.” In “Lepidoptera Indica” Mr. Moore sinks this species as a “variety” of C. nirmala, Moore. Also Cyaniris huegeli, Moore, from Masuri, Horaga onyx, Moore, from * Deyra Doon,” LHerda tamu, Kollar, from Masuri, and Chapra prominens, Moore [= Baoris sinensis, Mabille], from “the Tonse Valley, 6,000 feet, Gurwhal.” : X. “A List of Butterflies taken in Kumaon.” By William Doherty. Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. LV, Part IT, pp. 103-140 (1886), Enumerates 271 species. XI. “On Lepidoptera collected by Major Yerbury in Western India.” By Arthur G. Butler, F.LS., F.ZS., &c. Proc. Zook Soc. Lond., 1886, pp. 355-395, pl. xxxv. Enumerates 89 species of butterflies. - XU. “An Account of three Series of Lepidoptera colle in North-West India by Major Yerbury.” By Arthur G. Butler, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &. Ann. and Mag. of Nat, Hist., sixth series, Vol. I, pp. 132-151, 196-209 (1888), Enumerates 107 species. THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE, 211 It will be noted that the present paper, containing as it does the names of 328 species, is much larger than any that has previously appeared dealing with the butterflies of the Western Himalayas. The paper is mainly based on the collection made during the last eleven years by Mr. P. W. Mackinnon ; but that made by Colonel A. M. Lang, R.E., in Mussoorie many years ago, has also been studied. To Mr. Mackinnon is due the discovery of the transform- ations of most of the species described in this paper: and it is only those who have lived in tropical and sub-tropical countries who can fally realise how extremely difficult it is to find the larve and pupx of any but the very commonest butierflies, and even they in many cases elude discovery for years. Those species which have been reported from our area, and which probably occur within its boundaries, but have not been seen by us from thence, have an asterisk* prefixed to the names. A few species obviously erroneously recorded by Kollar from Mussoorie have been omitted altogether from the list. We are greatly indebted to Mr. J. F. Duthie, Director, Botanical Department, Northern India, for the identification of most of the plants enumerated below on which the larvee of our butterflies feed. We have also to thank Major Maleolm Fawcett, of the 5th Lancers, for the drawings here reproduced of the larvee and pupz of Lethe isana, Kollar ; fig. 3b of the larva of Lethe vaivarta, Doherty; of the larva and pupa of Patala yama, Moore; of the pupa of Sephisa dichroa, Kollar ; figs. 9a, larva, and 9f, pupa of Pseudergolis wedah, Kollar ; the pupa of Dodona eugenes, Bates ; the larva of Papilio protenor, Cramer ; the larva and pupa of Papilio polyctor, Boisduval ; the pupa of Papilio sarpedon, Linnzeus ; the larva of Papilio cloanthus, Westwood ; the larva of Notocrypia feisthamelit, Boisduval ; and the larva and pupa of Rhopalocampta benjaminii, Guerin. Mr. Mackinnon has drawn the pupa of Huthaléa patala, Kollar; and fig. 24c the pupa of Papilio polyctor, Boisduval. All the other drawings have been executed in Calcutta by native artists under Mr. de Nicéville’s direction from larval specimens sent by post in either glycerine or spirits of wine ; the pups were sent alive. Many of the drawings of larvee are not very satisfactory, as the colours had faded on arrival, and many of the bodies also had shrunk. 6 “912 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT, Family NYMPHALIDA. 4 . §Sub-Family Danarna. 1. Dawnats (Tirumala) Lomntace, Cramer. Very common in the valleys below Mussoorie and in Dehra Dae - from April to October. Females have been observed ovipositing) in ~ April in the Dun on TO CLAES tenacissima, Wight et Arn., Naiiiral (Ones Aselepiadec. ; : See 4 2. : Danats (Tiemela) SEPTENTRIONIS, Butler. - Rare in Mussoorie itself, but occurs in great numbers in the low - yalleys about Mussoorie and in the Dun. It is most numerous in the spring and summer, but like D. limniace, Cramer, is to be seen almost all-the year round in the Dun. The larva in the Dun feeds | on Vallaris dichotoma, Wall., Natural Order Asclepiadec. - 38. Dawnats (Zimnas) curysiprus, Linneeus.., Very common in Mussoorie and in. Dehra Dun almost all thas year ~ round. As the species of Asclepiadece which are the: food-plants of the larva grows only in the lowest valleys not above 2,500 feet elevation -pbove the sea, all the butterflies seen at greater elevations and in the station of Mussoorie must emigrate into these regions from below. The albinic aberration of D.-chrysippus, the D. alcippus of Cramer = = 1D pee of Moore, has not been met with in our area, 4, Danas (Salatura) pLexippus, Linnzeus. . We have followed Professor P. O. Chr. Aurivillius, who has shade a special study of the Lepidoptera described by. Linneus, and_has . written an admirable paper in 1882.0n the. subject, in restoring the ‘name plezippus to the Asiatic butterfly which has, since Mr, §. H. ‘Scudder in 1878 reversed the names and applied plexippus to the - American ‘species, been usually referred to the “Papilio” genutia of ‘Cramer, the latter being a more recent name for the same species according to Aurivillius. The American butterfly will stand ‘as Danais (Anosia) erippus, Cramer, from South America, with a local race in North America, D. erippus menippe, Hiibner. Mr. W. FP. Kirby in “ The Entomologist,” vol. xxix, p. 188 (1896), well sums up ‘the--evidence on the subject thus :—“ Under these circumstances, I am still ‘of opinion that it-is better to regard the eastern Danaus, figured by ‘Cramer as Papilio genutia, as the true Papilio pleaippus, of Linné, on the strength of his comparing it with D. chrystppus ; and having regard ve ~ < THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 213 to Clerck’s figure, and the ostensible: types ;: and to call the common American species, now becoming naturalised among us, by HD name of Anosia menippe, Hiibner.” : D, plexippus is quite 43 common both i in Meme and Dehra Dun as'the preceding species. ‘The female has been observed ovipositing. in Mussoorie on Cynanchum Dalhousie, Wight, Natural Order Asclepi- dee. Mr. Angus:Campbell informs us that on 10th April, 1888, at — Nalapani, in the Dun, he captured a male D. blepippes in coition | with a female D. chrysippus, Linnzeus. 5 «5, Dawais (Parantica) MELANOIDES, Moore. | ‘Not common either in Mussoorie or in Dehra Dun. A few. are on : the wing in May and August, but it is more numerous in September. and October. 6. Danars (Caituge) sits Kollars 4Plate UW, Fize. la, 1b; laraar, . le, 1d, pupa. This bntiaety, better known . under the name of D. tytiay bed 4 fairly; numerous in September and October in Mussoorie and Dae Dun; and a few appear in April and May in Mussoorie. It is found . also in the Upper Ganges Valley before that great river breaks through the hills on to the plains at Hardwar ; also in'the Native State of Tehri Garhwal to the north and east of Mussoorie in May and July. The eggs are white, longitudinally ribbed, and about three timesias long as they are broad ; they are laid singly on the young leaves of Marsdenia; Royle, Wight, Natural Order Asclepiadec, the food-plant of the larya. The larva on emergence is of a dirty white colour, with transverse lines on each segment, and has two somewhat long and thin tentacles or processes on the third and two shorter ones on the twelfth segment. as in the allied sub-genus Parantica (D. aglea, Cramer, from South India and Ceylon). When full-fed, the larva is about an’ inch-and-a-half long, the ground-colour is of a pale yellowish-green, with two rows of dorsal and a row on each side of lateral yellow spots ; the head is black with grey spots on the face ; the legs black. Pupa pale emerald-green with golden-yellow spots. From eggs laid in September the imago emerged in the following April. The transformations of this species do not appear to have been previously observed. ,'The butterfly is the model for the mimicking Hestina: nama, Doubleday, and Papilio govindra, Moore. . 214 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XJ. 7. Evuriaa (Crastia) conn, Cramer. Very common in the low valleys about Mussoorie and in Dehra Dun in the autumn. In the latter valley the larva has been noticed feeding on Ficus glomerata, Roxb., Natural Order Urticacee. Mr. Moore (vide Lep. Ind., vol. i, p. 82) appears to be under the impression that FE. core is not found in the Himalayas, but only to the south of the hills, in the hills themselves being replaced by EF. vermiculata, Butler. This is certainly not the fact. Close to Mussoorie and in the Dun in October, 1895, collectors brought in daily scores of typical L. core and _ E. vermiculata and every intergrade between the extremes of both forms. There is not the smallest doubt that these two species, which are given as distinct by Mr. Moore, are really one and the same. It appears probable that L. core is the prevailing form in the rains, but at the end of the rains both L. core and EH. vermiculata appear in about equal numbers and every variety connecting the two, while later on, when the rains have wholly ceased, EL. vermiculata alone appears. A precisely parallel instance is found in Melanitis ismene, Cramer, and other satyrine butterflies. At the end of the wet-season from one batch of eggs laid by M. ésmene, in captivity, de Nicéville has bred the ocellated and non-ocellated forms, and all intermediates. 8. Hupia@a (Trepsichrois) LiInNm=1, Moore. Rare in Mussoorie, where it has been caught sparingly from May to September. It does not appear to occur in the Dun. Sub-Family Satyrinz. 9. Mycatzsts (Orsotriena) MEDUS, Fabricius. The dry-season form of this species, M. runeka, Moore, has been re- corded from the Dehra Dun in Butt. India, vol. i, p. 112, n. 93, but we have not met with itin our area. The wet-season form, true M. medus, has been recorded in Lep. Ind., vol. i, p. 169, by Moore, from Umballa. 10. Mycatxsis (Calysisme) prRsEus, Fabricius. The dry-season form, true Jf. perseus, is not very common in the Dun and the low valleys near Mussoorie in the spring and autumn up to December. The wet-season form, J. blasius, Fabricius, is rare, and we have only obtained it at Dehra Dun in August. 11. Mycatusts (Calysisme) minnus, Linnzus. The dry-season form, M. otrea, Cramer, is very common in the Dun in the spring and autumn, rare in Mussoorie in May. The wet-season THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE, 215 form, true M/. mineus, is comparatively rare, and occurs in the same places from July to September. 12. Mycatesis (Samanta) LercHA, Moore. The name which stands for this species is an unfortunate one, as the butterfly does not occur in the Lepcha country (Sikkim). It is found in our area only in Mussoorie from 3,000 to 7,090 feet elevation, the dry-season form, true MM. lepcha, from March to May, the wet-season form (which has escaped being named) from July to September. 13. Mycatusis (Samanta) nicotia, Doubleday and Hewitson. The dry-season form, the MZ. langi of de Nicéville, occurs in our area rarely in and below Mussoorie down to 3,000 feet elevation from April to June. The wet-season form, true MJ. nicotza, is still rarer, and is found during the rains in the same localities as the dry-season form. 14. Lerae suropa, Fabricius. In our area is found in the Dun only, commonly from April to June. 15. Leras pyrta, Felder. Very common in Mussoorie all through the spring and summer; a few have been taken in the Dun in September and October. 16. LetTse rowria, Fabricius. Double-brooded in Mussoorie, found commonly in April and May, and again from August to October. 17. Lerue sana, Kollar. Plate U, Figs. 2a, larva ; 2b, 2c, pupa. Double-brooded in Mussoorie, found rarely from April to June, and again in October. The larva feeds on the leaves of the hill bamboo (“ringhal” in the vernacular), Arundinaria falcata, Nees, Natural _ Order Graminee. It is green, with a yellow patch on the back, the head ending in a point. The pupa is sometimes brown, sometimes 7 green. The name “ Satyrus” isana has priority over “ Satyrus”’ hyrania, Kollar having described both sexes of the same species as dis- tinct species. ; 18. Letar (Tansima) verma, Kollar. Very common in Mussoorie in April, May, August and September. 19. Letras (Sinchula) vatvarta, Doherty. Plate U, Figs. 3a, 3b, larva; 3c, front view of head of larva; 3d, 3e, pupa. Common at Mussoorie and in the interior in May and June, and again in September and October. The larva feeds on the leaves of the 216 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1 hill bamboo, Arundinaria. falcata, Nees, Natural Order Gramineae, ‘ and is of a light green colour with -two conical-shaped processes _ on the head. The pupa is pale green, sometimes reddish-brown, 20. Lerae (Sinchula) NiceTas, Hewitson. - ‘Rare, a few specimens have been obtained from Tehri ‘Garhi 3 north-east of Mussoorie, at 5,000 feet elevation. In Mussoorie itself. it does not appear to occur. : Pe ae! 21. ‘Larne (Putlia) BALADEVA, Moore. : Very rare, two specimens only obtained in Tehri’ Garhwal in a May. - 92. Imtne (Zophoessa) tALAURIDA, de Nicéville. — caer taken only i in the Baspa Valley in July and August. “re VER 23, BLANAIDA PULAHA, Moore. Bea Not common in Mussoorie from 6 ,000 to 7,000 feet elevation in’ March and April, more common in the Ganges Hae at noun! 8,000 feet in July. 3 . 94, Pavata yAMA,“Moore. Plate U, Figs. 4a, larva ; re pupa. Occurs at Mussoorie and in the interior from 5,000 to 7,000 feet elevation in June and July, but is not common anywhere. The larve feed on the leaves of the hill bamboo, Arundinarza falcata, Nees, Natural Order Graminew, and are to acertain extent gregarious, as from three to seven have been found enclosed in a sort of nest or shelter: made by joining three or four leaves together. The eggs are laid early in July on the underside of.a wide leaf in lines, as many as 34 have been counted on one leaf. The larva is straw-coloured, with a ‘dark head, ‘till nearly full-grown, when it becomes of a light’ ochreous colour with adorsal brown stripe, and a subdorsal yellowish’ stripe ; ; between these lines is a series of dark brown spots. ‘Head reddish. Anal segment with two yellowish points or processes. The pupa is short and stout and of a very dark colour, and is placed in a sort of nest in moss in September, the imago emerging the @ following June. 25, RHAPHICERA moorEt, Butler. Brought down by native collectors from the higher valleys of the River Ganges in August and September: Major M. Faweett has taken it at Landour‘ which adjoins Mussoorie, in August at 7,000 feet. Found also at Nag Tiba, north: of Mussoorie, eit appears to be every- AS where somewhat rare. © Sy . al THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE;: : git 26. LasioMMATA SCHAKRA, Kollar. Very common in Mussoorie and in the Upper Ganges Valley from 8,000 to about 6,000 feet elevation from March to October. | 27. LaAsSIoMMATA MHRULA, Felder. L. laurion, de Nicévillé, Journ, Bomb, aE Hist. Soc., vol. x, B. 1b; n. 3, pl. BR, figs, 5, male; 6, female (1895). Found rarely in the interior in the higher valleys. and on the Gonas : Pass. - Dr. K, Jordan has very kindly, since my description of L.laurion -appeared, examined the type specimens of LZ, merula in-the Felderian collection now in Dr, Jordan’s custody. He writes to me under date 26th June, 1896, that there are ten male specimens of L. merula, some of which are labelled Pangi, but which have the label schakra Kollar, beneath them. They “are without male-mark; the forewing is strongly hairy ; they agree with Felder’s description of ZL. merula hs (and ‘also with Kollar’s figure of Satyrus schakra on the whole), ; These specimens © have apparently first been identified by Felder as LL. schakra, afterwards he found out that they did not quite agree with L. schakra (figure), being different in the extent of ochreous on the _ underside of the forewing for example, and gave the name merula to them,” From this it is evident that L, laurion, de Nicéville, is the same speeies as L. merula, and the former name must be sunk as a _- synonym, ‘The confusion caused in the identification of this species BN , would not have arisen had Felder put type tickets on the specimens che described, or even put the correct labels beneath them. 28. Hipparcata (Nytha) parysatis, Kollar. Very rare in Mussoorie, where a single specimen has been obtained ' in July ; a few others. have been ee in from the Upper. Ganges eels? in. the same month. © 29. -AULOCERA BRAHMINUS, Blanchard, Found at high elevations in the interior near the snows in the Nila “and other valleys i in July and August. 30. AULOCERA | PADMA, ie Found early i in the season, in April, at Mussoorie, and a second : brood occurs in September < and October. Very numerous in May at _ Nag Tiba, 9,000 feet elevation. In the rains it is replaced by the two species which follow, | AER 218 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI. 31. AULocERA swAHA, Kollar. This is the commonest species of the genus found in Mussoorie and in the interior, making its appearance in great numbers at the end of July or the beginning of August, while a few ragged specimens are still to be seen at the end of October. The larva feeds on different grasses, Natural Order Graminee. It is brown, with a rough hairless skin. Mr, A. Grahame Young’s observations on the transformations of this species in the Kulu Valley do not agree at all with ours, and the food-plant he gives for it, wild biue ris, is almost certainly incorrect. 32. AULOCERA SARASWATI, Kollar. Is nearly as numerous in and about Mussoorie as A. swaha, Kollar, but emerges a little later in the season. 33. EPpINEPHELE (Maniola) cozENA, Moore. Found only in our area by native collectors in the Baspa Valley, an affluent of the Sutlej River, “in July and August, at an elevation of about 11,000 or 12,000 feet. 34. HpinepHete (Chortobius) NEozA, Lang. It is more than doubtful if H. neoza, Lang, and LE. pulchra, Felder, (which latter name is the older) can be maintained as distinct species, but we have followed Mr. Moore’s distinctions as given in his Lep. Ind., vol. ii, p. 53, in keeping E. neoza for our specimens. It is very common in the higher valleys (especially the Nila Valley) leading into the Upper Ganges and Sutlej valleys, from July to September. 35, YprHima BALDUS, Fabricius. Mr. Moore notes in Lep. Ind,, vol. ii, p. 62, that he has “ Not seen any specimens of true Y.baldus from either the Western or Eastern Himalayas.” It undoubtedly occurs all along the Himalayas. In Mussoorie and Dehra Dun the dry-season form, Y. marshallit, Butler, is very common in March and April, the wet-season form, true Y. baldus, being found from July to October less commonly. 36. YpTHIMA INDECORA, Moore. We have specimens of the dry-season brood, true Y. zndecora, taken in Mussoorie in March and April, and of the wet-season brood, which has not been separately named, from August to October, It is not very common, THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 219 37. YPTHIMA SAKRA, Moore. Very common at Mussoorie in ravines in June and July only. Mr. Moore keeps Y. nikeea, Moore, from the Western Himalayas, distinct from Y. sakra from the Eastern Himalayas, but we agree with Messrs. Elwes and Edwards in uniting them under the older name. 38. YPTHIMA AvANTA, Moore. The dry-season form, true Y. avanta, is found in Mussoorie in April ; the wet-season form, Y. ordinata, Butler, flies in the rains, It is not common, and is not found in Dehra Dun. 39, YPTHIMA HUEBNERI, Kirby. Mr. Moore has described an Y, apicalis from a single male from “Deyra Dhoon.” We have specimens taken in the Dun in March which agree with the description and figure of that species, but they certainly represent the dry-season form only of Y. huebneri, which has been named Y, howra by Moore. The wet-season form, true Y. huebnerz, occurs in the Dun in the rains, It is not found in Mussoorie at all. 40, YPTHIMA NARED%:, Kollar. Common in Mussoorie only, where it flies from April to October. It has no dry-season non-ocellated form. 41, YpTHIMA ASTEROPE, Klug. Mr. Moore iv Lep. Ind., vol. ii, p. 91, says that. Y. mahratta, Moore, “Ts allied to the North-East African (Aden) species, P. asterope of Klug.” My Lahej (Aden) specimens of ‘Y. asterope agree exactly with the supposed distinct Y. mahraita, so I have no hesitation in uniting them. It is common in the Dun in March and August, and has both an ocellated and a non-ocellated form, the former being true Y. asterope=Y. mahratta, and the latter Y. alemola, Swinhoe. It does not appear to occur in Mussoorie itself, but native collectors have brought it into the station from the neighbouring low valleys. 42, Ypruima InIcA, Hewitson. We have only obtained the dry-season form of this species, the true Y. inica, in the Dun in March, but the wet-season form, Y. ariaspa, Moore, will certainly be found on the same ground during the rains, 43, DALLACHA HYAGRIVA, Moore, Very commonin Mussoorie only in August and September on grassy hill sides. 7 220 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. 44, CALLEREBIA ANNADA, Moore. This species, the largest of our Callerebias, is very common in the spring and autumn in Massoorie and the interior. Mr. Mackinnon has bred it from the egg, and notes that the larva and pupa do not differ perceptibly from the larva and pupa of C. nirmala, Moore, as described by Mrs. Robson. 45, CALLEREBIA HYBRIDA, Butler. - Occurs at’ Mussoorie in the early part of the rainy season (July), and again in September. 46, CALLEREBIA NIRMALA, Moore. Plate U, Figs. 5a, 5b, larva ;> dc, front view of head of larva ; 5d, 5e, pupa. The rarest of the Callerebias occurring in Mussoorie, where it flies in May and June. It is very common in the interior. Mrs. Robson has described the transformations of this species in the Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 551 (1894), and the figures here reproduced . have been drawn from some of these specimens. ‘The larva feeds on grass, Natural Order Graminee. 47, CALLEREBIA SCANDA, Kollar. - Very common in the rains in Mussoorie (July to September). _ 48, PARALASA KALINDA, Moore. A small species, with the ferruginous patches on the upperside of both wings large and including the ocellusof the forewing, the ocellus with a distinct fulvous iris. We have obtained this species only from the north side of the Nilang Pass at 16,00C feet elevation in July. 49, PARALASA.-SHALLADA, Lang. A larger species than 2. kalinda, Moore, the ground-colour of a less deep black, the ferruginous patches on the upperside of both wings smaller and deeper ferruginous, well removed from the ocellus of the forewing, the ocellus with the iris obsolete or indistinct. We have specimens from Nag Tiba, 8,000 to 9,000 feet elevation, and from the’ Upper Ganges Valley ata similar elevation taken in May, June and July. We believe these two species to be distinct, but the points of difference are not well brought forward in Mr. Moore’s description and figures of them ia Lep. Ind., vol. ii, pp. 104-105. 00. Meanitis ismEnz, Cramer. The dry-season form, true MZ. csmene, is very common in Mussoorie in the early summer and autumn ; the wet season form, M. deter-. THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 221 minata, Butler, is-very rare, a few specimens only taken in August and September. Both forms occur very numerously in the Dun, and one or other of them is to be found almost throughout the year. 51. Mrnaniris peta, Moore. The dry-season form, true WM. bela, is found in the low valley below Mussoorie in April and October, and the wet-season form M. aswa, Moore, in the same places in August and September. Sub-Family Eiymyimz, | 52. ELYyMNIAS UNDULARIS, Drury. Occurs in the low valleys below Mussoorie not higher than 3,000 feet elevation, and in Dehra Dun, but is not common, flying in March, April, July, September and October. The female mimics Danais plexippus, Linneeus. | Sub-Family Acrk#Ina, 58, PAREBA VESTA, Fabricius. Fairly common at Mussoorie in May, June and October, and found in the Dun in August. The food-plant of the larva in the hills is Debregeasia bicolor, Wedd., Natural Order Urticacew. The cater- pillars are gregarious, and until about half an inch in length feed on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves only, leaving the veins ; when nearly full-grown they eat the entire leaf except the mid-rib. (To be continued.) 222 THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. Part VIII. By E. C. Sruart Baker, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U. (Continued from Vol. X., page 567), Order—STRIGES, Family Strigide. (483) Srrix rLaMMEA.—The Barn Owl. Hume Cat., No. 60, 60 Bis. Blanford, No. 1152. A fairly common bird where there are suitable buildings in which it can breed. They commence laying in October, though I have taken eggs as late as January. The depth of colouring of the under parts varies considerably, as do the spots in number. One bird in my collection has the breast and abdomen a very dark tawny, seeming in this respect to approach in description the Andaman bird named S. deroepstorffi by Hume. (484) Srerx canpipA.—The Grass Owl. Hume, No. 61. Blanford, No. 1153. Common in the extensive grass plains of Cachar. I once flushed an owl from long grass in the north-west of the Cachar Hills, which I think was of this species, and another was caught on its nest one dark night as I was returning from shooting. One of my gun-bearers put his foot on it and grasped it with his hand before it could get away. The nest was a rough mat of grass placed by a rock which slightly overhung it and situated half way up a steep, lofty cliff down the sides of which we had to climb to get to our camp. These are the only two occasions on which I have seen S. candida in the hills. S. flammea I have never seen out of the plains. Family Asionide. Sub-Family Photodiline. (485) PHoropiLtus BADIUS.—The Bay Owl. Hume, No. 62. Blanford, No. 1154. Hardly ever met with, but not probably as rare as it seems. In 1888 I was fortunate enough to obtain a nest and eggs of this bird. Not far from where I lived in Gungong there is a nullah with steep banks of considerable height which are densely clothed with the small, THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 223 solitary bamboo, amongst which are also a few trees, nearly all very old and rotten and full of hollows. Passing one of these trees I heard a loud hissing, but so well screened was the tree by the surrounding jungle that it was some time before I could make out the bright chest- nut head of a small owl peering out of a large hollow only just above my head. I, of course, sent a man up to find out whether there were eggs, and on his reporting that there were three of them, went after the bird and shot it, The eggs, spherical as usual, are rather large for the bird, measuring 1:35" x 1-23"; 1:35" 1°16", and 1°34" 1-12", They were hard set and extremely stained and dirty, no amount of washing reduced them to anything approaching whiteness. They were taken on the 18th of April. i was much surprised to find this bird breeding in a bamboo jungle, as they keep so much to heavy tree forest, outside of which they are but rarely met with. From the cast up pellets I have examined, Photodilus badius seems to feed almost entirely on small mammals, birds, and reptiles, and I have seen hardly any remains of insects, Beyond the hissing of the bird I heard on the nest, and a low chuckle given by it when alighting on a tree close by, and which I again heard when going after another specimen, I have not heard them utter any sound; but the natives assure me that it gives vent to the most awful shrieks and screams on dark nights, keeping, generally, more quiet on moonlight ones. A noise I heard one night which sounded like a number of cats, with unusually powerful voices, fighting amongst one another, was said to have been caused by a pair of these owls, but I failed in my attempt to get a shot, so I cannot be certain about the matter. (486) Asto accirrrrinus.—The Short-eared Owl. Hume, No. 68. Blanford, No, 1157. I have not yet seen a specimen of this owl from Cachar, but one was obtained from North-East Cachar by Inglis (vide “Stray Feathers,” Vol. XI). (487) Syrnium inpRANI.-—The Brown Wood Owl. Hume, Nos, 68, 64, Blanford, No. 1160. A rare bird in Cachar of which I know little. I should think it probable that the shrieks attributed by Layard and others to the Brown Wood Owl may be made by birds of the genus Photodilus, 224 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. Sub-Family Bubonine. (488) KETUPA ZELONENSIS.—Lhe Brown Fish Owl. Hume, No. 72. Blanford, No, 1164. Fairly common on all the larger streams which are well coder more particularly on the Diyung river, where a few birds may always _be met with. (489) Kegvupa FLAVIPES.—The Tawny Fish Owl. . Hume, No. 73. Blanford, No. 1165. Less common than the last, and though frequenting the same kind of places, not, I think, extending to the plains, Its cries are me the same as those of K. zelonensis. An egg I obtained of this species measured 2°19" 1:81." ‘It was taken from a huge nest of sticks and miscellaneous débris built in the fork of a magnificent wild mango tree growing on the banks of the Diyung. The parent birds refused to go away whilst the nest was being rifled, and one which J eventually shot and winged, threw itself on its back and fought desperately against the Cacharies who attempt- ed to seize it. On this occasion the single egg which the nest contained was hard set, but I have seen two young ones twice and three once, so that probably two or three eggs is the number usually laid. Ketupa seems to be the most diurnal of ali owls, and I have often seen birds, either singly or in family parties, fishing on the banks of the rivers late on into the day. They may be seen at any time, even in the hot weather, seated on large branches low down in big trees which are almost in the open. (490) Buso coramanpus.—The Dusky-horned Owl. Hume, No. 10. Blanford, No. 1169. Not rare either in Cachar or Manipur, where, however, Hume did not meet with it. It is not often met with at any great elevation. (491) Hunva Nrpatensis.—The Forest Eagle Owl. Hume, No. 11. Blanford, No. 1170. Nota rare bird, though its deep “‘ whoo-hoo-hoo” may be heard more often than the bird itself is seen. A female which had been caught on its nest was brought to me with a single egg. The nest was said to have been a broad roughly- made platform of sticks and grass placed ina large Ficus about six THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. y) feet from the ground. The tree grew in a deep, rocky ravine, gloomy on the brightest day and where the sun could never penetrate, The egg measures 2°21" by 1-87" and is of the usual shape and character. It was taken on the 20th of June. (492) Nycrza scanpiaca.—The Snowy Owl. Hume, No. 68 Bis. Blanford, No. 1172. In the station of Silchar two owls built a nest in the roof of the office of the Forest Officer and laid three eggs which were duly hatched. Unfortunately I could not pay a visit to Silchar at this time, and before I could do so the Forest Officer, unable to endure the noise and inconvenience of the birds, had the young ones destroyed ; he however, noted the description of the birds and told me about them very shortly afterwards, and incredible though it seems, I can come to no other conclusion than that they were a pair of Snowy Owls, The description of the birds and their size, both young and old, would apply to no other owl but JV. scandiaca, and I feel sure I am correct in recording this species as one of the birds of Cachar. I owe Mr, Barrett, the Forest Officer, thanks for much trouble he has taken in collecting owls, eggs, and skins for me, and had he known the value of the birds he was destroying they would have been suffered to remain until I could personally inspect them; at the same time I think his description of them was sufficiently close to warrant my taking it as that of the Snowy Owl to the exclusion of all other species. (493) Scoprs ciu.—The Scops Owl. Hume, Nos. 74 to 74 sea. (not 74 guint). Blanford, No. 11738. _ The only specimen I have of this species is a fine female caught on its nest on the 14th June, 1895, The wing of this bird is of the largest size; measuring no less than 5°95", far longer than the average of Himalayan birds ; in coloration, however, the bird most nearly approaches the Malayan form, to which Hume gave the name of Scops malayanus. A careful examination of the collection of Scops in the British Museum shows no example of a bird so brightly coloured until one examines the most southern specimens, and even then I could find none with quite such brilliant tints as are displayed in my bird from North Cachar. The white markings on the scapulars, wings, and Jower surface of the body are very clearly defined, as, indeed, aro all 226 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. the contrasting vermiculations on every part of the body. In my specimen the maxilla and commissure are black, the rest of the mandible yellow. It must be a rare bird in Cachar, as the only other local specimen I have seen was a bird in the grey phase caught near Silchar. (494) Scops spiLocePHALUS.—The Spotted Himalayan Scops Owl. Hume, No. 14 Ter. Blanford, No. 1175, Another rare owl of which I have seen but little. A young one, caught in company with an adult female, is coloured as follows :— Plumage generally of a light—rather bright, rufous, all the feathers of the head above back, rump and upper-tail coverts very finely banded with dull black; wings and tail as in the adult, but paler ; lower surface still paler rufous, the feathers tipped with a yet bee tinge and indistinctly barred darker, Irides golden yellow; legs dull fleshy, claws about the same ; bill yellowish-white, the cere rather darker ; eyelids reddish-orange. The bird, which is, 1 think, a young female, has the wing about 5°6". It was caught on the 9th of July. (495) Scops BakHAM@NA.—The collared Scops Owl. Hume, No. 75 Ter., quat., quint. Blanford, No. 1178. The form found here in North Cachar is, of course, that which has been separated as lettia, All the specimens I have seen have been very typical specimens of this form, but, at the same time, have varied very much inter se. I have now before me two birds—a male and a female—taken at no great distance from one another and in much the same kind of country, yet differing so much in coloration about the head that a casual observer would at once jump to the conclusion that they belonged to different species. The female has the whole antericr crown and forehead as well very broad supercilia a pearly white, more or less freckled and tipped with rufous and brown ; the male has no white on the forehead, also the whole crown, nape and back are far more richly coloured, although the black stip- plings on the head are not so distinct nor yet so black as are those on the female. I think the coloration of the iris depends a good deal on age. I notice that nearly all young birds have the irides yellow or golden- yellow, whilst most old birds (old, not merely adult)have them a deep, LHE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, | ~ 227 bright brown. It is curious that this is also the case with certain of the diurnal birds of prey. This Scops Owl is very fairly commun all over North Cachar, but I have not noticed it, or heard its call, above some three thousand feet. - The common phase in North Cachar is the rufous plumage ; in the plains the grey is perhaps the more common. (496) ATHENE BRAMA.—The Spotted One Hume, Nos. 16 and 76 quat. ; Blanford, No. 1180. Common enough in the plains, but never I believe met with in the hills. These owls are great bat-eaters, and the latter are not caught on the wing, but are hauled out of crevices and holes by the owls. (497) GLavcipium cucuULOIDES.—The Large Barred Owlet. Hume, No. 79; Blanford, No. 1188, The depth of the general colourmg of this bird varies very greatly, and the general tint ranges from a grey-brown tinged with rufous to a dark rufescent-brown. A purely grey phase does not appear to exist, in North Cachar at all events, as amongst the very great numbers I have seen no specimen has approached this form. It has also been ascertained that the seven bars on the tail are not invariably present in birds from other parts, but I have never seen any here that had not ortgénally seven bars though the terminal one may be so abraded that a easual observer would probably put the bird down as only possessing six. As a nesting place this bird usually selects a rather large hollow in the trunk or one of the main branches of some big tree. Generally this hollow is at some height from the ground, but I have known them breed in hollows not six feet fromit. Certain places seem to possess p perfect fascination for this bird, and one such place in particular I know of. The tree in which this is is a very large one standing in the outskirts of a forest of mixed bamboo and trees close to a large stream. ‘This nest I first found in 1889. In that year I took four eggs which, however, proved to be too far set to be blowable. On this occasion I shot the hen bird. In 1891 the hole was again occupied, but the birds were not molested and I believe reared their young in safety. In 1892 I shot the male, but could get no one to climb the tree, a very difficult one, having no branches for some forty feet and she hole being situated just helow the bifurcation of the two first great 8 228 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1, limbs. In 1893 the hole had again found a tenant, and the female was observed to keep so continually inside the nest that I felt sure the eggs were laid and that the bird had begun to sit. Thinking thus I shot the male and female, and after some time induced a Naga to climb up the tree and inspect the nest and bring down the contents. My disappointment was natural when there was found to be but one egg which was carefully brought by the Naga to within a few feet of the ground and then just as carefully dropped. The first nest I ever took of this bird was found in a hollow of a dead stump standing in some bamboo jungle close by a road from. which the hole was easily visible, and from which the bird could be seen quite. distinctly whenever it put its head close to the entrance. In spite of this the nest was not discovered until the eggs were so far incubated as to render the cleaning of them a long and difficult task. The number of eggs laid seems to be always four. I have twice seen four hard set eggs and twice four young ones, As I have never seen a whole fresh egg I can only judge from the hard set ones that their surface is rather more porous and the texture softer than in the eggs of Athene brama, allowing of course for their becoming softer as incubation advances. Both clutches were also much discoloured, and even after long washing and brushing still presented a very yellow appearance. ‘The fragments of the broken egg were white and very glossy, but even that egg had begun to get soiled in places, though the dirt had not had time to penetrate the shell. The only clutch of eggs I have been able to measure were 1°35 inches by 1°2 inches and are very large in proportion to the size of the bird, even more so than are most owls’ eggs. The great discoloration of the eggs appears to be caused by the chronically filthy state of the bird’s feet. All those I have shot have been more or less dirty, and some are simply coated with mud and evil smelling remnants of former meals. This bird is the most common of all the family in North Cachar, nearly every hundred yards of jungle which contains a few big trees holding one or more pairs of this owlet. Their ordinary cry—and I have frequently watched them in the very act of uttering it—is a long drawn rippling whistle, highest and- loudest at the commencement THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 229 -and gradually dropping and dying away, It is a melancholy sound, _ but by no means either unmusical or unpleasant. This cry has been _ attributed by various writers to G. radiatum, G. broded, or some other owlets, but I am absolutely certain that it is the common note of the “barred owlet, though I cannot he as sure that it is not also uttered by any other owl. It has also a note sounding something like ku-u-hoot; it is very low and deep and could not I think be heard a hundred yards distant from where the bird is sitting. This species seems to live very largely on field mice and small rats, most of the birds I have examined containing remains of such inside them. They also devour a good many insects and small lizards, worms and frogs. I saw one, once, when some grass jungle was on fire, catch a Jarge toad which was hastening away from the danger acress a path. I believe that, unlike most of the owlets, this one does not always take his prey to a tree or similar perch before eating it, bunt commences and very frequently finishes his meal on the ground at the place where caught. Tt seems to be less affected by daylight than any other owl except -Ketupa, and though not as lively or active in the daytime as in the dusk, it may very often be seen during broad daylight in shady ferest either perched on some bare or dead tree or flying from one place to ‘another, seldom keeping so exclusively to trees with dense foliage as do the others of its race. On one occasion I saw two of these birds feeding ona rat on the ground in the middle ofa large jhum (rice clearing) when it was fully 9-30a.m. When I got to within some sixty yards they flew into a dead tree stump and did not take to the forest until I got within about thirty paces of them. It is not at all a shy bird and allows of a very close approach, taking but little notice of it ; nor is this merely due to its faculties being con- fused by daylight, for I have noticed that it is quite as confiding in the dusk of the evening. I have often seen it taking white ants on the wing, and, when thus employed, its feet seem to be the main, if not the sole, instrument in catching the insects which are then conveyed to the mouth by the same action that everyone has seen performed by a kite when engaged in the like pursuit. They seem to content themselves with catching one or two white ants, or at the outside three, each sally, then returning to rest for a few minutes on any convenient perch. ‘ - 930 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT. Their cry is very difficult to imitate, but I have known one Cachari sufficiently expert at it to obtain answers, The bird is, as might be supposed, most noisy up to about 10 a.m. and after 5 p.m., but during the breeding season it calls every now and then throughout the day, and all the year round it is to be heard as night comes on, and again in the early morning up to about an hour after sunrise. 498, GLAUCIDIUM RADIATUM.—The Jungle Owlei. Hume, Nos. 77 & 78 ; Blanford, No. 1184. A rare bird, but to be met with in small numbers everywhere. Blanford says, “ Like other species of Glaucidium, this is more often seen and heard in daylight.” It is of course, as are all owls, sometimes met with in the day-time, but I have found it decidedly more cre- puscular in its habits than either G. cuculoides or G. brodie?, with both of which species I am very well acquainted indeed. 499. Guaucipium BRopIEI,—The Collared Pigmy Owlet. Hume No. 80; Blanford, No. 1187. The general dimensions given by Davidson in “Stray Feathers,” Vol. VI, agree with those of the birds obtained here with the exception of the tail. Davidson gives the length of this as 2°15", whereas the tails of the birds I have measured in North Cachar were none under 2°3", and most exceeded 2'4". This little owl seems to care little in what kind of hollow it deposits itseggs. I have taken them from hollows with small entrances low down in big trees, at about 10 feet up in stumps, and again in the top- most boughs of lofty trees. Another hollow from which I secured four eggs would have furnished nesting room to 8 or 10 pairs of owls, and the entrance to this was about 24" high by about 18” wide. This hole was in a large, semi-rotten stump of a cotton tree, and was about 15 feet from the ground. As arale, however, I think that the Pigmy Owlet, though not at all particular as to the style of hole in which to bring up its young, prefers that the hole should be ata considerable height from the ground, and also, if possible, in one of the smaller branches, and not in the trunk itself or one of the main boughs. In the nest-holes I have seen there has been no artificial lining beyond the scraps of touchwood and chips of bark, etc., which have fallen into it naturally, Of course, when once the young are hatched, a very THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. HESS load ‘miscellaneous collection of odds and ends soon accumulates at the bottom of the hole, of which pellets thrown up the birds themselves ‘form the greater part. . ) Occasionally the deserted nest-hole of a wood-pecker or barbet is made use of for nesting purposes, for on one occasion, when visiting a tree in which I had found a pair of blue-faced Barbets (Cyanops aséatica) breeding, I discovered that a pair of owls had taken possession of the hole, and a few days later a Naga brought me an egg which he had obtained there. The full number of eggs laid appears to be four, very rarely five. I have seen five young ones twice and five eggs once, hut I have never seen less than four young or less than four eggs when the latter showed any signs of incubation. In texture the eggs are, I think,-somewhat finer and smoother than in those of most birds of this family. Freshly- laid eggs show a fine gloss. They are rather large in proportion to the size of the bird laying them, and in shape are very broad, very regular ovals. Three clutches, each of four, measure, on an average, 1°13! x 0:97", 1:26" x 1:08" and 1:24" ~ 1:18". The longest and shortest eggs measure 1°27" and 1:il" respectively, and the broadest and narrowest 1°13” and 0°95" respectively. They are early breeders, and I think the majority of birds commence their breeding operations about the middle of March, a few as late as April. I have taken eggs as late July, but the probability was that these were eggs of a second brood. This is a common little bird in North Cachar, and its clear musical whistling call may be heard any day during the breeding season either in the early morning or just before dusk. Its ordinary call consists of four notes, the first the loudest, then two quicker, and then the fourth lower and fainter, often inaudible at a distance, and sometimes omitted altogether. It is a very easy note to imitate, and the bird may often be induced to answer an imitation of its cry, thereby revealing its posi- tion to the collector. I believe this bird to be capable of considerable ventriloguism, for I have stood under a tall tree into which I have seen this bird fly and have heard the notes uttered, at first very faintly and as if far away in the distance, and then louder and louder as if the bird was pradually approaching. tN. During the day-time it eencwlse perches very high up in lofty irees which are well covered by foliage, and under these circumstances 232 JOUR NAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI. it is almost impossible to sea one, although the would-be observer may — know it to be in a certain part of the tree. Occasionally, however, it may be seen seated on the top of some small dead tree in the forest ; its shoulders humped up and feathers puffed out looking like a queer excrescence at the end of the bough until it shows itself to be some- thing alive by twisting its head about. _When thus seated, it is very easy of approach and does not fly away, even though the person approaching does not doso at all quietly, most likely owing to the daylight interfering with its sight. Under no circumstances, though, is it at all shy, and in the early morning I have several times wandered round and round some big tree talking to my attendant who with me was attempting to discover the whereabouts of a bird, we have seen fly into it, whistling to and being regularly replied to by the owl. Tis food consists principally of insects, and I once saw one hanging head downwards from a branch, working away at the loose pieces of bark and evidently extracting insects of some kind, though what they were I did not find out, as, though I shot at and dropped the bird, I failed to find it in the dense scrub and grass into which it fell. . Besides insects it devours mice, small rats and many birds, more especially young ones from the nest. Davidson saw it in the act of devouring a young Barbet, and I have seen unmistakable remnants of various kinds of birds in the nest holes. This owl also must sometimes eat carrion, for I once found the fur of a bamboo rat in the pellets thrown up by one, and it seems incredible that so small a bird should be able to overpower so large and powerful an animal, and one is therefore forced to the conclusion that the bird finding the rat dead made a meal of it. That it has great pluck is shewn by the size of the birds it kills and eats. Ihave seen feathers from the Blue-eared Barbet (Cyanopis cyanotis), the Coral-billed Scimitar Babbler (Pomatorhinus phayrit), Hypsipetes psaroides, and other birds as large, amongst the articles with which the bottom of their nest-holes are strewn. | It seems quite impartial as to the elevation at which it breeds or stays all the year round, and I have found it from the level of the plains up to the summits of the highest peaks, though, perhaps, it is less common above 4,000 feet than at and below that height. THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, 233 (500) Minox scutuLatA.—The Brown Hawk Owl. Hume, No. 81, 81 bis, 81 ter,, 81 quat.; Blanford, No. 1187. A common erough bird in many portions of the plains, but very locally distributed in the more mountainous parts of the district, The variation in size in this bird is very remarkable, and no species of owl, with which I am acquainted, shews such variations in the measure- ments of birds collected in one locality, as does this, I have but a small series yet; their wing measurements include the extremes of 7:13" and 8°65". | Several people have mentioned to me the hawk-like character of this owl’s flight. They hunt about for insects and small animals of sorts in many of the tea garden clearings and their actions can then be easily watched ; moreover, in such places they appear to be much -more fearless than they are in more wooded parts. In North Cachar they haunt stretches of grass mixed with bamboos and small clumps of trees, and in such places I have found them difficult to approach and hard to observe. ae (To be continued.) 234 NEW SPECIES OF WESTERN PENINSULAR PLANTS FROM NORTH KANARA AND MYSORE, ¥ By W. A. Taxpor, F.L8., Deputy ConsERVATOR oF ForgstTs. (With Plates 1 to 10.) (lead before the Bombay Natural History Society on 80th Sept. 1897.) GUTTIFERA, G. malabarica, Talb., sp. nov. G. ovalifolius, Hook., f. var. macrantha ? Fl, Br, I, 1:269, G. spicata, Kz. MSS. in Herb, Cal. Herb. No, 3718. Asmall or medium-sized tree with sulcate, angular branchlets. Leaves coriaceous, ovate or oblong lanceolate, acute or obtuse, glabrous, shining above and beneath ; nerves numerous, anastomosing, distinct, midrib prominent beneath ; blade 6-3 by 2°5-1 in.; petiole *5--75 in. long, rugose, dilated at the base, so that the two opposite petioles clasp the branchlets. Flowers dicecious. Male flowers white, ‘5--75 in. across, numerous, sessile or shortly pedicelled, fascicled on short, axillary, thick peduncles ; pedicels bracteolate at the base. Sepals 4-5, orbicular, 4 the orbicular white, concave petals. Staminal phalanges 5, thick, equalling the petals, surrounded at the base or springing from a lobed mamillated disk ; anthers 12 on each phalange, didymous, free part of filament short, stout. Female fl.: Sepals and petals of male. Staminodes in 5, thin, flattened phalanges surrounding the ovary and springing from a disk similar to that of the male flower, effete anthers 4-5 on each phalange, flat, didymous and on longer free filaments than those of the male flower. Ovary 3-celled, crowned with the 3-lobed, spreading stigma. Dr. Prain remarks as follows about this species. “T can’t tell whether this be G. ovaléfolia, var. macrantha or not. Buf it is exactly the same as a solitary sheet collected by Col. Beddome which Mr. Kurz called G. spicata, and on which, at a later time, Mr. Brace has written: ‘Can this be var. macrantha?’ Dr. King has left it where Mr. Brace put it. But, if it is var. macrantha, the sooner a new species is made of it the better. It is certainly distinct from G. ovalifolia, Hook. f.’ On the Western Ghats from North Kanara southwards, common on the Gairsoppah Ghat in evergreen forests. Flowers cold season. Fruit (not seen) rainy season, PEATE VL Journal Bombay Nat. Hist: Soc: AP CORTEZ & C°LITHOS. NOV E.TALBOT, LEL: SP: GARCENIA MALABARICA TALB Journal Bombay Nat: Mist: Soe: PLATE I. E.TALBOT, DEL: A.P.CORTEZ & C2 LITH: STROMBOSIA LEPROSA, TALB: SP. NOV. Journal Bombay Nat: Hist: Soe: PLATE Ul. AP CORTEZ & C2, LiTH: EUGENIA UTILIS, TALB. SP. NOV. £.TALBOT, DEL. LITH: PLATE IV. APCLORTEZ & LF TALS: SP:NOV i Hr ie en A A EN HM EV CSE RE PY REECE SPE 2 ANA PLE AAD TE STEER I EE EIT NI ER Journal Bombay Nat. Hist: Soc: E TALBOT, PEL: mR gt ae Vo, KRANARENSIS, EUGENIS PLATE YV. Jaanal Bombay Nat: Hist: Soc: LITH: 2 A.P.CORTEZ & TALBOT, DEL: 5SP-> NOY:. TALB: EUGENIA MEMECYLIFOLIA, Journal Bombay Nat: Hist: Soc: PLATE VI. E.TALBOY, DEL. AP CORTEZ & CF LITH: ANOTIS PRAINIANA, TALB. SP: NOV: Journ Bombay Nat: Hist: Soe: PLATE Vil E. TALBOT. DEL: AP CORTEZ & CO LITH: PSYCHOTRIA OCTOSULCATA, TALB, SP. NOV: R by ‘. Journal Bombay Nat: Hist: Soc: PLATE Vill. E.TALBOT, DEL. : A.B CORTE & C2 LIFH: VERNONIA BABABLUDENSIS, TALB. SP. NOV. Journal Bombay Nat: Hist: Soe: PLATE IX. E.TALOT, DEL: A.P.CORTEZ & C8 LITH, SYMPLOCOS KANARANA, TALB:SP.NOV:. Journal Bombay Nat: Hist: Soe: PLATE X. E.TALBO? DEL: AP CORTEZ & C8LITH: PLECTRANTHUS PARVIFOLIUS, TALB. SP: NOV. NEW SPECIES OF PLANTS, 235 OLACINEZ, Strombosia leprosa, Talb., sp. nov. S. ceylanica, Gardn, Fl. Br. I, 1579 in part. Spherocarya leprosa, Dalz. and Gibs., Bomb., Fl, 223, Herb. No. 3641. A small or large evergreen tree with white, scaly bark. Leaves glabrous, shining, thinly coriaceous, pale beneath, ovate, rounded at the tip, sometimes oblique at the base; blade 3-6 by 1°5-3 in; petiole ‘5-75 in.long; lateral nerves 4-6 pairs, distinct beneath. Flowers small, white, pentamerous, in axillary fascicles or on woody tubercles; buds globose. Calyx lobes more or less indistinct, ciliate. Petals val- vate, hairy within at the tips, ‘12 in. Stamens adnate to the petals, Disk epigynous, red. Ovary 5-celled; style short. Fruit globose. green, glabrous or scaly, ‘75 in. in diameter. Seed globose, °5 in,, finely rugose; albumen firm. This tree sometimes attains a considerable size. I have measured some near Sonda (North Kanara), which were 100 ft. high by 3-4 ft. in diameter near the base, and possessing a straight cylindrical trunk. Branches pendulous. Bark smooth, white or grey, scaly; inner bark brown, fibrous. Distinct from S. ceylanica, Gardn, to which species it is united in the Fl. Br. I, on the authority of Beddome, (FI, Syl, t. 187), who states that he has only poor specimens of the Kanara plant. Ripe fruits of S. ceylanica are about 3 as large as those of the Kanara tree, which has also shining leaves. The leaves of S, ceylanica, Gardn., are dull like those of Lepionurus. MyYRTACEz, Eugenia utilis, Taib., sp. nov. Herb. No. 3644. Hennerl, Kan, A large, quite glabrous tree, branches terete. ‘Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, abruptly and shortly acuminate, acute at the base, conspicuously gland-dotted ; blade 3-2 by 1°5-1 in.; petiole °3 in. long ; lateral nerves close, rather inconspicuous, Flowers small in axillary or ter- minal corymbose, panicled cymes which are shorter than the leaves, flowers sessile, usually fascicled in 8s on the cyme branches; buds globose or pear-shaped *1 in. in diameter. Calyx shortly turbinate, scarcely lobed or truncate. Petals separate or slightly cohering. Fruit small, black, succulent, A fine large tree with a straight, cylindrical trunk, and grey, scaly bark. Wood moderately heavy and tough, of a reddish-brown colour, 9 236 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. greatly in demand throughout the Sircy subdivision of North Kanara for building purposes. This tree is pretty common in evergreen or on the borders of evergreen forests in the southern parts of North Kanara, it comes near J. lissophylla, Thw., and could not be matched at Kew. Bugenia kanarensis, Talb., sp. nov. Herb. No. 3552. A very large, glabrous, evergreen tree with smooth, white, terete branchlets. Leaves ovate, long or shortly acuminate, acute at the base, thin, shining, minutely gland-dotted ; blade 4-2 by °75—1°5 in,; petiole ‘) in, long, nerves numerous, fine, distinct, anastomosing just within the margin ina fine line. Flowers small, in open, spreading, axillary or termina) corymbs, shorter than the leaves, cyme branches slender. Buds small, *09 in. in diameter, globose. Calyx elongate, turbinate, broad at the top, narrowed at the base into a short pedicel, scarcely 4-5-lobed or truncate. Petals free or slightly cohering, orbicular, Fruit not seen. _ A large smooth-barked tree, found on the Gairsoppah Ghat above Mulamune at an elevation of about 2,000 ft. The following note about this tree was received from Kew. “ This is not L. cymosa, Lam., but is probably identical with a specimen collected by Bourdillon in Travan- core and named Eugenia sp. near LE. Gardner.” Kugenia memecylifolia, Talb., sp.nov. Herb. No. 3127. A small, evergreen tree, leaves ovate, blunily acuminate, coriaceous, glandular dotted, shortly petioled; blade 1°5 :2 by 1-15 in. ; petiole "25-4 in. long. Flowers white, sessile or subsessile, *5 in. across, solitary or 2-several fascicled in the leaf axils, Bracts 2, broad-ovate, small, thick, leathery, tomentose when young. Calyx lobes 4, ovate, imbricate, tomentose, ciliate on the margins, glandular dotted. Petals 4 spreading. Staminal disk broad, enlarged. Style simple. Fruit white, succulent, irregularly globose, *75-1 in. in diameter. Seeds 1-2, globose, flattened on one side, ‘5 in. in diameter, glabrous ; episperm. crustaceous, mottled.. In quite ripe fruits the seeds lie loose in the swollen, succulent, white pericarp. . A small tree or large shrub with smooth bark and leaves like those of some forms of Memecylon edule, gregarious in the sholas of the higher Supa Ghats of North Kanara at an elevation of about 3,400 feet. . This species is allied to LH. Mooniana, Wet., but differs in habit, lar ger flowers, and the quite-distinct - fruit. ‘NEW SPECIES OF PLANTS, - ——*_—«287 Peet fh ' RUBIACEA. Anotis Prainiana, Talb., sp. nov. Herb. No. 2995. A densely-branched pilose herb, branches filiform, interlaced, hairs flat, silvery, shining. Leaves small, membranous, petioled, rhomboidal- ovate, acute; blade *25 in.; petiole flat, nearly as long as the blade. Stipules inconspicuous. Flowers solitary, terminal, rosy-white, nearly ‘5 in. long. Calyx short, hairy, tube flattened, limb with 4 erect lobes. Corolla with a long, slender tube, glabrous ‘at the mouth, limb 4-lobed, lobes each with two parallel pink lines. Anthers dorsally affixed, included; filaments short. Ovary 2-locular; style filiform, 2-branched ; ovules 3-4 in. each cell, affixed near the base of the ovary. Capsule hairy, didymous, crustaceous, laterally compr: ssed, loculicidally 2-valved, seeds 7-8, angled, with a very minutely granulate testa. This pretty ornamental plant grows in cushion-like masses in quite dry places, under overhanging rocks but in a very moist atmosphere, on the Bababuden hills of Mysore at about 5,000 feet elevation, it belonged to the section Huanotis, and comes nearest to A. Leschenaultiana, W. & A. Psychotria octosulcata, Talb., sp. nov. Herb. No. 8556, An erect, stout, smooth-barked shrub with green, glabrous branches. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate, shining above, pale beneath, thin ; blade 3-6 by 1-2 in.; petiole -2—5 in. long ; lateral nerves 7-10 pairs, prominent, parallel, usually with small, saccate glands in the axils, Stipules connate at the base, long or shortly acuminate, deciduous. Flowers white in short terminal corymbose cymes 1-2 in. long, branches opposite. Calyx minute, cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla *1 in., tube hairy at the mouth. Fruit obovoid, straight or slightly curved, 8-ridged, black. and succulent when ripe, but soon drying and becoming regularly ridged with a flattened top. Seeds 2, black, rough, dorsally 4-ridged, bia c flat, °5.in. long ; albumen eee horny. A large shrub 10- 20 feet high with a stem 1-2 in. in diameter at the ‘ base. Common in some of the evergreen forests of the Siddapore and Sircy sub- divisions of North Kanara. _CoMPosITz. | Vernonia bababudensis, Talb. sp. nov. Herb. No. 3189. A low shrub with stout, spreading, tomentose branches. Leaves ovate acute, sharply serrate, scabrid above,-rough hairy beneath, blade 3°5-2 by 238 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT 1:75-1 in. ; petiole very short or 0; lateral nerves about 7 pairs, strong beneath. Heads ‘5 in. in diameter, in broad, terminal, corymbs ; peduncles, short or long up to 1 in., tomentose with several short, spreading, linear, bracts. Inner involucral bracts acute, hairy, and reddish at the back and tips, outer short, linear, hairy, acute. Corolla red, pubescent outside. Akene ‘2 in. long, striate on the margins and tip ; inner pappus hairs ‘3 in., white, barbellate, onter hairs very short. Closely allied to V. pectiniformis, DC., common above Santaveri, on the Bababuden Hills of Mysore at about 6,000 feet elevation. STYRACEZ, Symplocos kanarana, Talb., sp. nov. Herb. No. 8673. A small tree, leaves ovate, long acuminate, crenate-serrate, charta- ceous, glabrous, shining above, blade 3°6 by 1-2°5 in.; petiole °3 in. long; luteral nerves 5 pairs. Flowers in short axillary spikes, Fruit ovoid, smooth, yellow, ridged, 1°25 in, long by °5 in. broad ; stone 1 in. long with 6 very deep longitudinal furrows and sharp narrow ridges between, rough, surrounded by a copious olive-green pulp, when dry the fruit turns yellow and becomes obtusely angled. This species, of which I have only found the fruit during May, is closely allied to S. macrocarpa, Wgt. Ms. It grows in the evergreen forests of the Sircy taluka of North Kanara. Dr. Prain says this is exactly the same as an unnamed species collected in Travancore by the late Mr. Lawson, and communicated by him to the Calcutta Herbarium. LABIATA. Plectranthus parvifolius, Talb., sp. nov. Herb. No. 3276. A glandular, villous herb, 8 in. to 1 foot high. Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, thick, crenate, pubescent with thick glandular hairs above, paler beneath, and densely covered with minute, reddish, shining, waxy glands, blade ‘6 by °5 in. ; petiole of lower leaves *4 in., upper leaves sessile ; lateral nerves 3-4 pairs, strong beneath. Cymes in short, open panicles. Corolla tubular, ‘25 in. twice the calyx, lips subequal. Fruiting calyx *! in., teeth acute. Nutlets ovoid, yellowish, flattened. A small species which comes nearest P. nepetefolius, bth., found in open situations above Santaveri on the Bababuden Hills of Mysore a about 6,000 feet elevation. 239 A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. By G. C, DuDGEON, F.E.S. Wits Norses sy H. J, Enwns, 1.2.8. F.ES., &., AND Appitions By Sir Georcs F, Hampson, Bart, B.A., F.E.S., &C., (With a Map.) (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 15th July, 1897). The production of Sir George Hampson’s work on the ‘Moths of India ” in the “ Fauna of British India” (Blanford), has now rendered it possible for entomologists who have not access to the types or original literature on the subject, to identify and systematically arrange all the hitherto known species belonging to the more important groups of Indian Heterocera. Without the help of the foregoing valuable work, I could not have attempted to compile the present catalogue, which comprises all those species which have been found within the limits of the Sikhim-Bhutan Himalayas, as defined hereafter. This district, although a small cne, is so rich in species that, as far as is at present known, it probably heads the list among Indian localities. The idea of the formation of a catalogue of the Heterocera of Sikhim has for years been entertained by Mr. H.J. Elwes to follow his paper on the Rhopalocera of the same district, read in 1888, before the Ento- mological Society of London, and I must here tender my thanks to him for his kind offer to add his notes on the habits, &c., of those species with which he is personally acquainted. I have also to acknowledge the kindness of Sir George Hampson in consenting to correct and add to my manuscript; also for many valuable hints as to the formation of the same. — Sikhim.—As geographically understood, this represents the territory bounded on the north by Thibet, on the south by the Darjeeling dis- trict, on the east ty Thibet (the Amo Chu or Chumbi Valley) and Independent Bhutan, and onthe west by Nepal. For purposes of convenience, however, and with reference to climatic effects, I prefer to include under the name the whole territory which, im- mediately previous to 1835, constituted the State of Sikhim. This, besides the country already defined, included the whole of the 240 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. Darjeeling district west of the Teesta river. The late Mr. Otto Méller observed these same limits for the zoological definition of the country. Bhutan.—This country is less known and. more inaccessible than Sikhim ; its fauna has, in consequence, not been worked at to the same extent. It is bounded on the north by Thibet, on the south by the Bengal and Assam Duars, on the east by an undefined line separating it from the independent tribes of the northern Assam Himalayas, and on the west by Thibet (Amo Chu or Chumbi Valley), the spur from Gipmochi to Richi-la, thence along the Darjeeling boundary as far as the junction of the Sip Ch» with the Jaldacca river. Again, by reason of the eli- matic similarity of the adjoining portion of the Darjeeling district, known as the Daling Division, I include the same under the name of Bhutan, of which, previous to 1866, it formed a part. The physical features of Bhutan are widely different from those of Sikhim; the hills rise more abruptly from the plains, a chain of hills be- tween 6,000 and 10,000 feet being situated less than ten miles from the same, whereas over 15 miles of lower hills intervene in Sikhim between the first-ridge of the same height and the plains, The rainfall on the outer spurs of Bhutan is far greater than on those of Sikhim. Roughly speaking, the annual average from the Sikhim Terai to the Ghoom-_ Darjeeling ridge is from 120 to 200 inches, and from the Bhutan-Duars to the Richi-la spur it ranges from 200 to 300 inches. In the inner valleys the rainfall is much smaller: that for example of the Rungeet Valley at certain places averages only about 60 inches annually. Among. Rhopalocera many species which are found rarely in Sikhim may be met with quite commonly in Bhutan, and in the Heterocera Bhutan seems to surpass Sikhim in quantity of species, although, of the inde- pendent territory, as yet only the outer spurs have been worked. Dr. Waddell, in his “ Birds of Sikhim” (“ Gazetteer of Sikhim,” Risley), divides the country into five zones, which might be found applicable to the Heterocera of Sikhim and Bhutan also. -His divisions are :— STA = ae : : I. Tropical - 125— 2,000 feet above sea-level. - IT. Subtropical 2,000— 5,000 ,, 4, 4 4 III. Temperate 5,000—. 9,000. ,. - ,, Balhae tie IV. Subalpine -9,000-—13,000 ,, ,, 4, 5; V. Alpine 13,000—17,0007 57455 258 Journal, Bombay Natural / ‘SKELETON MAP OF SIKHIM & PART OF BHUTAN. = Names underlined thus signify that Government Rest Houses or Bungalows have been opened at the place. SS \ Nee \ S OJore okri og ~ ; Sonada 0,000 HUN \ \ S Hop town t ONS O Thurbu a Ss. i UR SEON Reg. No, 265, Nat, History Soc., Bomba y.—, Litho., 8. I. 0., Calcutta. Eo. Journal, Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. XI. a —> ° ps. 728887 7 6hi8* aia } | Donkyia Pass ae! ae oe x Woo 4 cS r + 22550 Ya : ee 30. 910 : 12 2500 “20640 ‘. Kangchinjau “a Rg ; - > [ears ! » omaySamdong a Ipc Sd Ss 15000 a & m2 Be a \ 3 \ = ! / Sao | ) Re Zs ii poe SKELETON MAP OF SIKHIM & \ Es ! ((Chumalhari pote : est ¥f (chang PART OF BHUTAN, eS © ‘ \ / ‘ Zz 1 ne /Glaciers { Nee ee PS lachang \ 1 if S | rant Kanchinjanga i a aed 6Q0 1 omy: x ie 25308 © x21g0_\ " ROSE NS as 16000/' y x 3 = 4 iNarsingh= “= lansing * | 19160 uyM LON GN) Tumlong ST325 t \ Yatung ~ E20 Chola Rass og N Names underlined thus signify that SS Government Rest Houses or Bungalows have \ & been opened at the place, jonchi XS Sy EX 4500 6220 — X: Ehalloo Pakyong © 508 ee ~ & t Rinchinpong 6%) lendong S10087Rhenock | : py jh8l0 i 6000 “gf 670% | BB ee hakang &/ °Namtchi SH s160- MirigéN Rye Pox, 5600 ; 7 z Badamtam Pashoko \ Youre 4800 $300 ‘ y74VARIEELIN on 7160) 5 Ghumi70 ° N SS p Range of hills. from IL jl2 Ho00 HORE SE OES oe AN pooars Litho., 8. 1. 0., Calcutta Bey © Nb. 200, Nat, History Soo,, Bombay. —June 97.—-1,000 MU ae i » " i bi ee ite diag ag he Me ' .. HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 241 In the first zone, those forms which are met with in the plains abound together with a few endemic species; in the second, the forest trees become covered with lichens and mosses, and those species which feed in the larva stage on them, are found here; the third zone, which is enveloped for nearly six months in mist and clouds, seems particularly favourable to Heterocera; the fourth has but a short season suited to insect life ; and, the fifth, which ranges from above the tree limit to the limit of perpetual snow, has not been worked at to a great extent: it however can scarcely be expected to yield many species. The following table will show, as nearly as may be, where the different families or subfamilies of the Meterocera may be met with, although a few of. nearly all may be found outside the limits given. In the case of any family not being mentioned, it must ae understood that it is not confined to any particular zone. Tropical.— Quadrifine, Daevtie Peale. Eh oppwisler, Agari- stide, Thyridide, Pyralide. Tropical and Subtropical.—Hpiplemide, Uraniide, Acontiine, Drepanulide, Lymantriide, Limacodide, Psy- chide, Epicopiide, Eupterotide, Sesiide, Zyge- nide, Noline. a Subtropical and Temperate.--Luthostine, Trifine, Noto- dontide. Temperate and Subalpine.—Arctiide, Cymatophoride, Gieo- metridc. - In the accompanying map the names of the chief places in Sikhim and Bhutan, also the courses of the chief rivers, are shown. It is impossible to give the names of any places within Independent Bhutan to which native collectors have penetrated, as the inhabitants being very disinclined to allow intrusion, the collectors employed have given them a wide berth, so as to avoid being interfered with, and consequently have not heard the names of the localities they have visited. By far the greater proportion of moths recorded from Bhutan in this catalogue have been obtained in the Daling Division of Darjeeling, or as it is sometimes called, British Bhutan. The numbers given to the species are taken from Sir George Hampson’s work, so that they may be referred to without difficulty, — 242 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI. Family SATURNIIDA, Genus Acrias, Leach. 1. A. selene, Hiibn. Sikhim and Bhutan ; occurs as high as 6,000 feet. My specimens were obtained in March and April. The. larva is yellowish-green, with paired dorsal and lateral tubercles, except on the first and last somites ; each tubercle bearing a few long hairs and several short ones; anal claspers with a rufous triangular patch on the outside. Its food-plant is the wild cherry. The cocvon is brownish and incon- spicuous, being generally enveloped in a leaf. 2. A. menas, Doubl. Sikhim and Bhutan ; occurs up to 4,000 feet in March, April, and May. The larva, when first hatched, is orange-coloured, covered with rather long hairs, and with the medial segments black. I have no record of the full-grown larva. Its food-plant is Schema wallichi. The cocoon is less closely woven than that of A. selene. Genus Atracus, Linn. 4, 466 18: 4 475 18°75 Hind foot oee 6 . 69 2°75 75 2°95 Basal length of the male skull (from anterior border of foramen magnum to end of premaxillaries) 2°4, extreme length 2°8, zygomatic breadth 1:8. The skull of the female slightly smaller. Both skulls are those of adult animals. Range.—This sub-species has hitherto only been found in the forest of the Dangs, to the west of Khandesh, by Mr. Wroughton, to whom we are indebted for the discovery. ‘Though I was never in the Dangs, I travelled, about thirty years ago, all over the Rajpipla Hills, north of 302 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1. the Tapti, and I did not meet with this squirrel, so its range probably does not extend beyond the Tapti to the northward. This is the most distinct in coloration of all the races. It was found by Mr. Wroughton to be scarce even in the limited tract to which it is restricted. He observed that when this squirrel erects the hairs of the tail, as it has a habit of doing, bottle-brush fashion, the dark hairs at the base of the tail are not erected. He obtained the young animal that is now living in Mr. Vidal’s house. It was very young, and although, on its nest being pulled down, it fell to the ground, a distance of between 60 and 80 feet, it escaped quite unhurt. Even among the four specimens, three skins and the living animal, which are the only representations of this form hitherto available, there is some difference in coloration, one of the skins being paler than the others, while Mr. Vidal informs me that the living individual has grown somewhat more rufous since it has been in his possession. The faint white stripe down the back which at first sight appears to mark a difference in the coloration from that of the other races is occasionally found in typical S. zndécus as is shewn by one of the skins of that form in the British Museum. 3. Sciurus indicus var. malabaricus (or S. maaimus if regarded as a distinct species). The Malabar Squirrel. Le grand Ecureuil de la Céte de Malabar, Sonnerat, Voy. aux _ Indes Orient., ii, p. 139, pl. 87 (1782). Sciurus maximus, Schreber, Siugth. IV, p. 784, pl. 117B (1784). Sciurus malabaricus, Scopoli, Del. Faun. Flor., Ins., ii, p. 85 (1786), Jerdon, Mam., p. 166. Middle of nape, shoulders and anterior portion of the back with generally a band down the middle of the back, loins, rump, outside of thighs and tail, black ; short hair on lower surface of tail, rufous buff ; sides of body with more or less of the back in the middle, sides of nape, ears, face and a broad stripe down each cheek from the base of the ear, chestnut ; lower parts and band across forehead in front of the ears buff. There is in specimens from differend localities a considerable variation in the amount of black. In some skins the nape and middle of the back are black, in others chestnut, THE LARGE INDIAN SQUIRREL. Pet ai0)5 The following measurements in inches of four females obtained éast of Trevandrum in Travancore were given to me some years ago by Mr. F. W. Bourdiljon :— No. l. No. 2. No 3, No. 4. Head and body Papi WIGS) 16°5 Ld'5 16 Maile, J. 2 eee 175 18°5 18 The tail is evidently measured with the hair at the end. Jerdon gives head and body 16 to 18, tail with hair 20 to 21. The measure- ment I quoted in the “ Mammalia,” head and body 17, tail 14:5, was given to me, I believe, by Mr, Fairbank, and must have been from an animal with the tail (without hair of course) rather shorter than usual. Range—The forests near the Malabar coast as far north as the Wynaad (perhaps farther, as according to Elliot, this variety occurs in the Southern Mahratta country) ; also some of the other forests of the Madras Presidency. Specimens in the Indian Museum from Tenmalai, South Arcot, belong to this race. A skin in the British Museum from near Amarkantak, the source of the Nerbudda, is intermediate between this race and S. indicus var. bengalensis. The name maximus appears to have been published by Schreber according to the dates of the publication of his work for which we are indebted to Mr. Sherborn (P. Z. 8., 1891, p. 589) in 1784 on Plate 217B, The text appeared in 1785, whilst the specific term malabaricus was only made known by Scopoli in 1786. To use a name like S. indicus var, maximus would be absurd, for this race is no larger than the others, but if specific rank be awarded to the form, Schreber’s name ought, I fear, to be used. At the same time this would be ex- tremely inconvenient, because another race was the S. maximus of Jerdon, Anderson and others, and if Indian naturalists prefer to call the Malabar squirrel S. malabaricus I do not think the cause of scientific nomenclature will suffer. 4, Sciwrus indicus var. bengalensis (or S. bengalensis). The Red Bengal Squirrel.* Sciurus macimus, Jerdon, Mam. Ind., p. 166, nec Seitoner. * Jerdon’s name, the “Central Indian Red Squirrel,” cannot be used, because the term “Central India,” as 1 have already pointed out in this Journal, now applies to a very different part of India from that for which it was used by Jerdon, 304 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT. Chiefly chestnut-red above, but with the rump and tail black,-the tip of the latter usually yellowish. Lower parts, feet and band across forehead buff as in other races. Face brownish-red, more or less grizzled with white hairs. Intermediate forms occur between this and S, indicus var. malabaricus. Range.— Western Bengal, Orissa, Chutia Nagpur, and the Northern Cirears, ranging on the north to the Khargptir Hills near Monghyr and south to Bastar, Jaipur, and the neighbourhood of the Godavari. Jerdon states that he saw this squirrel at the base of the Pachmari Hills near Seoni, in the Central Provinces. Probably the squirrel there occurring resembles the skin already noticed from Amarkantak, I believe this form to be confined on the eastward to the forest country hetween the Ganges and Godavari, but one cf the allied races has twice been reported to occur beyond these limits to the north-east, first by Hodgson (Journ. As. Soc. Beng., xviii) (1849), p. 775, and P.Z.S. (1855), p. 126, who mentioned the occurrence of S. purpareus (S. indicus) together with S. macruroides (S. bicolor, var.) in the lower region of the Nepal Himalayas; and, secondly, by Oldfield Thomas, who published a list of Hume’s mammalian collections (P.Z.S.,1886, p. 60), including a speci- men of S, indicus from Manipur. The latter locality I accepted in the “ Mammalia ” of the Fauna of British India, p. 372, but I venturea to doubt the first. I now feel sceptical regarding both localities, because, so far as itis possible to judge, S. indicus is replaced by S. bicolor throughout the Trans-Gangetic region. S, bicolor is common in Nepal and Sikhim and on both sides of the Assam Valley. There are several specimens in the Calcutta Museum from the Garo and Naga Hills, and it would be truly extraordinary if the Cis-Gangetic species were found further east in Manipur. With regard to the supposed occurrence of S. indicus (S. purpureus) in the Nepal Terai, the statement by Hodgson above quoted appears at first sight to be supported by the inclusion of the name in the “ Cata- logue of the Specimens and Drawings of Mammalia and Birds of Nepal and Thibet” (sic)* presented by Mr. B. H. Hodgson to the British Museum (1846), p. 22. As is well known, however, several of the mam- malian specimens mentioned in this catalogue were not from Nepal, amongst these Bos jfrontalis (p. 24) and Panoléa eld¢ (misprinted *Hodgson of course always wrote the name Tibet. THE LARGE INDIAN SQUIRREL, 305 P. Eedii, p. 34). The only specimen of S. purpureus enumerated in the Catalogue is thus entered : “ A specimen of the male (from R. W.), shoulders, loins, and tail black.” On examination of the British Museum collec‘ion I find that this specimen is the skin from Amarkantak already noticed. It is identified by the Museum label, andit still bears a paper ticket with the locality carefully recorded, the record being initialled “ R,W.” This, I think, satisfactorily disposes of the supposed Terai locality. The specimen labelled “ Manipur” is not so easily discredited. Hume’s collections were carefully labelled and the greatest pains taken to preserve all records of localities. But so great is the improbability of this species inhabiting Manipur, that I cannot but think it possible that in this case also a mistake has occurred. A few of the labels, as Mr, Thomas reminds me, must have become detached from the skinsof the Hume collection, and although it is believed that in almost every case the specimen and its lubel were correctly brought together again» there was one case of a label having been attached to the wrong speci- men, also a squirrel, that was noticed by me in 1578 (Journ. As. Soe. Beng., XVII, part II, p. 162). I suspect a similar accident has occur- red to the supposed Manipur skin of S. indicus. It should be recollected that in numerous cases the labels of the Mammalian specimens had only the locality and date marked on them, the name of the animal having been left for future identification ; consequently if two or three labels were found loose at one time there was always a possibility of their being reattached {o the wrong skins. The accompanying figures are partly from specimens of the races dealbatus and malabaricus now living in Mrs. G. W. Vidal’s possession, partly from skins in the British Museum. To facilitate reference, the label of each skin from which the coloration was copied has been marked, so that these specimens may, if necessary, be regarded as types. _ 306 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. No, L—THE NEPAL WILD SWAN (CYGNUS MUSICUS not: , C. BEWICK1). In the first number of the Society's Journal for the current year, heads of Cygnus olur and C. bewicki (minor) are figured, and a good account is given by Mr, Stuart Baker of the evidence upon which the inclusion of these two species in the ‘‘List of Indian Birds” is decided I have recently had occasion to go over the evidence critically whilst preparing the last volume of birds in tbe “‘ Fauna of British Jndia,” and there is, I find, a correction of some import- ance necessary. I ought to state that had the data before me been those available to Mr, Baker, I should have come to the same conclusion as he has done: indeed, I had put down C. bewicki as one of the Indian Swans on the authority of Mr. Hume, confirmed by that of Count Salvadori, in the Rd Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum,’ vol, xxvii, p. 32, when I found that there had evidetly been an error in the identification, The facts as quite clearly stated by Mr, Baker are that, whilst Cygnus olor has been several times killed in the Punjab and Sind, the only recorded occurrence of any other species of Swan in India is that of a single specimen obtained by Hodgson in the valley of Nepal in January, 1829, Of this a drawing was made, now, with Hodgson’s other drawings, in the library of the Zoological Society ; the skin was destroyed, but the skull and feet were pre~ served, and are now in the British Museum, ' The drawing was regarded as that of C. bewicki by Hume on account of the coloration of the bill, This drawing is not so carefully made as most of Hodgson’s drawings are; and so far as the coloration of the bill is concerned, it seems to me that either the Whooper (Cygnus musicus) or Bewick’s Swan might be represented. No dimensions are noted, though most of Hodgson’s drawings have full measurements on them, The skull and foot are included in the “ british Museum Catalegue” under Bewick’s Swan. Mr. Ogilvie Grant was good enough to have them brought out, and we compared them with several specimens of C. musécus and C.bewicki, and came to the conclusion that they must undoubtedly be assigned to the former as they were much too large for Bewick’s Swan, It is necessary here to note that the length of the tarsus given for 8ewick’s Swan in the British Museum Catalogue (p. 31) and copied by Mr. Baker (ante, p. 14) namely, 4 8 inches, must, I think, be a mistake: probably a misprint in the first instance for 3°3. Dresser, in the “ Birds of Hurope,” gives 3°85, and this agrees with the tarsi in the skins i examined. I am thus compelled to conclude that the Whooper (C. musicus) must be included amongst the birds of India and Bewick’s Swan (C. bewicki) must be omitted, Ww, T, BLANFORD, Lonpon, 23rd July, 1897, - Wel e6o2 2) WISCETTLANTOUS NOTES. ~ °° 3 307 ‘No, IL—THE GREAT INDIAN HORNBILL IN CAPTIVITY. (With two Plates.) In August, 1894, just three years ago, Mr. H. Ingle of Karwar presented to our Society a young male specimen of the Great Indian Hornbill (Dichoceros bicornis), which was then apparently about four months old, It was fairly tame when it arrived, and was ready to make friends with any one who fed it, and especially with those who could find time to play with it occasionally. Since its arrival it has grown steadily, both in stature and in friendliness, and may now be said to be quite a popular character in Bombay society, ‘where, owing to the brilliant yellow colouring of its huge beak, and the posi- tion it has gained for itself as a member of the Museum Staff, it is familiarly referred to as the “ Office Canary.” The accompanying photographs were taken some months ago by Mr. H, Comber, and they convey a very fair idea of the shape and plumage of this curious bird, but in the back view the white tip of the tailhas unfortunately come out quite dark, owing to a shadow, while the brilliant yellow colour of the neck feathers, the casque, and the upper part of the beak must, of course, be imagined. The bird may now be considered to be fully grown, as it measures 4’-3” from the tip of its beak to the extremity of its tail, but the front part of thé casque is still perfectly flat on the top, whereas in adult specimens it is deeply concave, The irides also are now only just beginning to assume the blood-red colour which is one of the characteristics of the full- grown male, Its food consists of plantains (which it swallows whole when hungry) and all sorts of jungle fruit, such as banyan berries, and wild figs, but it is always glad of live lizards, mice, scorpions, snails, beetles, and centipedes, and when such animal food is not forthcoming we give it small pieces of raw meat, which it eats with avidity, When it first came, water was placed in its cage daily, but as it never made any use of it, either for bathing or drinking, we gave up the practice, and have long since ceased to give the bird any liquid food, It appears, however, to enjoy the rain, which drives into its cage with full force during the monsoon months, It is suspicious of strangers, and inclined to be savage, striking viciously at them, against the wire netting of its cage, but to those with whom it is familiar, it is exceedingly gentle and exhibits a considerable display of affec- tion by attempting to put food into one’s mouth, and by other birdlike endearments, It never appears to get tired of playing, and the way in which it catches a tennis ball when thrown at it, with considerable force, from a distance of 30 feet, excites the admiration of all our Museum visitors, Tt never makes any noise unless it is hungry, and then it shouts for its food in a loud, braying, rasping voice, which can be heard all over the building and which quickly summons its attendant, 18 308 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, By far the most curious thing about this quaint bird is the fact that the bright yellow colour on the casque, the upper part of the beak, the neck, and to a certain extent on the white wing feathers, is artificial, inasmuc has it is put on by the bird itself. The specimen in the Society's rooms can be seen any morning carefully painting itself up for the day. With the extreme tip of its beak it arranges the small feathers which surround the uropygial gland on its back, at the root of the tail, and then proceeds to rub its. casque and neck on to the open gland, which is about the size of a shilling, and from which an oily yellow secretion is exuded, This it does several times during the early part of the day, and for some hours afterwards the yellow colour is apt to come off on to one’s hands and clothes when the bird is romp- ing with its friends. HH, M. PHIPSON. Bompay, August, 1897, No, IIL.—THE GREAT INDIAN HORNBILL IN THE WILD STATE, Mr, Phipson has asked me to state on oath what I know as to the character and habits of the prisoner at the bar—I mean the bird in the cage, at our Society’s Rooms, which he has described in the foregoing note, This I do with pleasure. The names by which this bird is known are many, being Homrai in Nepal, Banrao in Mussoorie (both words meaning “ King of the Jungles’’), Garuda amongst the Canarese, Male moraki in Malayalum, Hwang in Assam, and Ouk-chin-gyi amongst the Burmese ; but notwithstanding all this, like Ali Baba’s famous Nubby Bux, he means nothing by it, and a child might play with him—that is, when he is in a good temper, Scientific folks call him Dichoceros bicornis, the Great Hornbill, and he is great, the biggest of his tribe in India, measuring fully four feet from tip of beak to tip of tail, with wings in proportion, the noise whereof, when he is flying, can be heard a mile off, As can be inferred from his many names, he is widely distributed in India, and is not only common, but obtrusive where he occurs. In the forests of Burma and Tenasserim D. bicornis is particularly plentiful, going about sometimes in pairs, but generally in parties of five to twenty in number, Once in my early days in Burma I was encamped in high forest close to the bank of the Salween river, It was the month of February, and the various species of Ficus—F, religiosa, fF, indica, &c.— were in full fruit, 1 do not think I have ever seen forest fruits of all kinds in such abundance since, All fruit-eating birds, but especially Hornbills, swarmed, and of these D, bicornis was in great force, The whizzing creak of their wings was inces- sant through the day round my camp, and in the early mornings and evenings Journ.Bo ibioce spake dby E.Comber. Mintern Bros THE GREAT HORNBILL. Dichoceros bicornis. From a live specimen inthe Society’s Rooms. .Photoimp. London. id uy, NV Journ.Bombay Nat .Hist.Soc.Vol. XI. Photographed by E.Comber. Mintern Bros. Photo imp. London. THE GREAT HORNBILL. Dichoceros bicornis. From a live specimenin the Society's Rooms. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 309 a party always assembled ona tree nota hundred yards off my tent and brayed by the hour. These were all grass-widowers, their wives being pro- bably all safely walled up in their nests, This party was very conversational, and seemed to have a great deal to talk about, chiefly scandal I fancy, for now and again a couple would quarrel and go for each other open-mouthed, This was,no doubt, when aspersions were cast one by the other on their respective ladies, At that time I managed to find only a single nest, but the year after in the Thaungyi valley I found several, and got together a fine series of the eggs The following note of mine on these nests is recorded in Hume’s “ Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds” :— Of the eight nests visited and egos obtained,four contained two eggs each, and four one each. These were laid in natural hollows in various trees, and two in immense Ficus encircled old teak trees, The height of the nest-hole from the ground varied from 25 to 70 feet, and the trees selected were invariably close to some Ficus in fruit, To five of the nests I ascended myself, and found the opening much narrowed in every one with a plastering of earth leaf-mould and the birds’ own droppings; the stench of decaying vegetable matter in one or .two of the nests was quite unbearable; altogether the insides of the nest and the old hens themselves presented a filthy sight, but these latter were all able to fly when released and did not seem a bit cramped. The way, though, they hissed and quacked and fought for their eggs, was acaution. My arms were black and blue from their ferocious digs and bites. In a few cases the males came and looked on, but took no part in the fight, not even to the uttering of a croak in encouragement to their mates. The colour of the eggs varies, but depends, I think, more on the nature of the wood of the tree chosen for the nest and the material used in plastering which, by the way, is well laid on inside as well as round the openings of the hollow, than upon the length of times the eggs have been laid; for two eggs out of the lot I procured had the chick almost ready to break through, and are yet only of a dull white, but slightly stained ; while again, two other eggs are the colour of iron-rust all over, and these, though undoubtedly hard set, were still easily cleaned, but they were taken out of a Thingan tree, the wood of which gives off a rusty stain, All the eggs, except one, have a perceptible gloss. The exceptional non-glossy egg is rough, almost like sand-paper, to the touch. Al] are very finely pitted over their whole surface, and some have little raised tubercles or bumps, chiefly in a zone round the centre. In shape some are long and narrow and much pointed at one end, some short globular, The largest eggs were those found singly, and of these one measured 2°75" by 1°98; the smallest taken measured 2°40" by 1:93’, but the average of twelve eggs is 2°62” by 1°88, Itis remarkable that even the chick in the eggs has a well-marked protuberance above the upper mandible—the rudiment, it would seem, of the future casque, ‘The one absolute outward distinguishing mark between the male and female bird is the colour of the eyes. Inthe male this is blood-red ; in the female pearly-white. According to my experience, D. bicornis affects heavy forests asa rule, but I have noticed it occasionally in thin jungle where Ficus trees in fruit occur. Mr, Blanford notes that “it appears never to descend to the ground.” Ihave, however, more than once flushed a party 310 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI. seated on the ground picking up and eating fallen fruit, In addition, in its wild state, D, bicornis is said to feed on insects or lizards, I cannot say I have ever noticed this,and I am certain that it is more exclusively frugi- vorous than its ally Awthroceros albirostris, the Indo-Burmese pied hornbill as Blanford calls it, This bird I have frequently seen picking up lizards, and even dabbling in a stream for small fish, C, T. BINGHAM, Lreut,-Cotonet, Rangoon, Augusi, 1897. No, IV.—THE KOL-BHALU. | Last Sunday evening at about 7-40 as I was returning from a walk with two brother-officers, we heard a Jackal calling out about a quarter of a mile away on the other side ofasmall river, This Jack was not making use of the ordinary call, so well-known to all, but a most unearthly ery, which, no doubt, is familiar to many members of the Society,and which, I believe, has given rise to the Jackal using it being dubbed a “ Balu” by natives. I have often heard this cry, but have never been able to identify the particular animal from which it emanated, though I believe it to be a Jackal, Tt being sufficiently light to see, we three went in the direction of the sound. One of my companions, A——, had a small rifle with him, which he put in my hands for a shot should we see the animal. Arriving at the near bank of the river, we saw, on the opposite side, close down to the water’s edge, a Jackal ; the light was bad, but so far as [ could tell, he was a good specimen ; he did not notice us, but repeated his weird cry, once or twice, with his head down ; soas there was no doubt from whence the sound came, I fired at him, and though I missed, must have gone close, for he bolted up the steep bank. We then heard a lot of puffing and blowing beneath us, and on looking down we saw an animal swimming towards the place where the Jackal had just been standing, We at first thought it was another Jack, On closer inspection it turned out to be a bull-dog belonging to B ——of my regiment, Almost simultaneously we saw another of B "3 dogs, a large greyhound, in the water near the opposite bank, and not ten yards off where the Jack had been stand- ing when fired at, Approximately, within a minute of my firing, the Jackal reappeared and ran down the bank towards the water, and at the same time a second Jack put in an appearance but kept in the offing, A —— had a shot at the first Jack, but, as it was dark, did no damage, though it effectually drove the Jack away. The two dogs then went up the river for about twenty yards along the further bank. Presently we heard a row and saw a scuffle going on, which turned out to bea third Jack. There was a bit of a scrimmage ; the Jackal getting away eventually and running up the bank, closely followed by the bull-dog. They sat contemplating each other, at about eight yards MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 311 distance, for a short while, after which the dog returned to the water, and the Jack dragged himself off. Just about this time B—— came up and said his dogs had run a Jack, which doubtless was the one in the water, The day had been very hot, and the evening was most oppressive, which more than accounts for the dogs being too done up io polish off the Jack, What appeared to meso curious was the behaviour of the first Jack, for there he was, regardless of everything, within a few yards of a particularly big greyhound, apparently fearless, and returning to the charge after having been fired at. Probably instinct told him the dog was too done up to do him injury, To me it seemed he was trying to distract attention from his companion, who was recouping himself in the water, and whose whereabouts, up to this, had not been discovered, With regard to this peculiar cry I have heard it said that Jackals make use of this weird call when they are mad, toothless, old, decrepit, etc,, but I have never heard any really satisfactory explanation, This is the only occasion I have ever been able to identify a Jackal as the author of the cry. From the surrounding circumstances I should attribute its use, in this instance, to fear, excitement, annoyance at, or hatred of, the dog, or possibly asa warning cry to other Jacks of danger, or to summon them to the assist- ance ofa companion in distress. Should any member of the Society be able to throw any light on the use of this weird and hideous cry, I should like very much to be enlightened, as I have long wished for an explanation, R. M, BETHAM, Caprain, 8th Bombay Infantry, Camp Baropa, 8th June, 1897. In vol. 8, page 438, Mr. F. A. Hill gave an interesting account of his investigations into the meaning of the expression, Kol-Bhalu, as applied by natives in Guzerat, the Konkan, and in Kanara to old Jackals which give utterance to this peculiar cry. His experiences coincided with those of Capt, Betham in a remarkable manner, He said :— On one occasion, in the evening, whilst returning to my camp, I saw a Jackal at a short distance off, and having dogs with meIset them after him; but, to my astonishment the Jackal made no great efforts to escape, but ran into a small bush a few yards away, ahd as soon as the dogs came up, the Kol-Bhalu cry was uttered; the dogs stopped, and after sniffing round the bush for a short time came back tome, I never saw these dogs behave in this manner before, as they had always been keen in attacking Jackals and had killed many, I can form no reason why this Jackal, which, from the cry uttered, must be called a Kol- Bhalu, was left in peace. _ [It is quite possible that the Jackals which utter this curious cry give off some peculiar smell, indicating the existence of mange. It is also well known that dogs have an instinctive dread of this disease, and will carefully avoid animals which are suffering from it —EDI1voR, ] 312 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1. No, V.—NOTES ON SHOOTING IN OUDH, It would seem as if we had yet to discover a factor for the comparative measurement of tigers. All length measurements appear to be eminently unsatisfactory, and skull measurements , which I, amongst others, at one time thought might be of service, do not afford any reliable results, I append skull measurements of three tigers lately shot. :— Length, Skull, No, 1 cos on eyes) 1384" x 9g! No. 2 eee eee gi-git 133" x gel! Nos (3), eee Sz: g/-9"! 138" x 103” No, 2 was -undoubtedly the biggest, heaviest, and fattest of the three ; but No.3 was much heavier and more powerful than No, 1. I have no means of determining actual weights, but incline to think: that this process would yield, on the whole, the best comparative results, Still it would have to be taken into consideration that a tiger which had not fed for a week might weigh 50lbs. or more less than a tiger which had just had a full meal, The heaviest panther, out of ten shot. this season, measured 7-6" and scaled 1381bs. Panthers do not appear to put on flesh in the same way as tigers do, probably because they are of more restless and - active habits, The skull measurements of the panther above-mentioned were 98”x6", Two immature tigers (7/-9”) and the mother (8’-6” estimated) were secured, The former had still the milk canines, but these were of abnormal length, having been pushed out of the socket about 3” by the advancing permanent canines. The pugs of these tigers were as large as those of the mother, Both of them were shot from a machan constructed over the head of a buffalo, the sole remnant of a family feast. One arrived immediately the shikardes hadileft. He received a ‘577 hollow-pointed express bullet, intended for his brains, about one inch below his left eye. This did not seriously injure him, but he dropped to the second barrel in the body as he charged past the machan—another proof that facing shots at tigers’ heads are unsatisfactory, The second tiger came out in about five minutes undisturbed by the firing, and fell to one shot, A third cub was in the vicinity, but would not show. The tigress for five days wandered about roaring, although these cubs must have been three years old, and she still had one with her. When shot, it was found that her tail had recently been cut off at about eight inches from her body, the wound was quite smooth and clear, It is probable that the whole party had been fired at, and perhaps the tigress wounded some 15 miles away in Nepal. The third cub was doing well a fortnight after the break-up of the family; she was killing deer, but Thave known a cub of much tenderer age survive his mother’s death, feeding on frogs and other vermin until he attained strength to kill more legitimate food. . | Only one bear was. bagged during the season; she was, with a well- grown cub, driven to a machan badly placed at a low elevation on a sloping MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 313 tree exactly on the only exit from the jungle, This is always a great mis- take, The bear was dropped as she came towards the machan, but being only slightly wounded she at once recovered ; the second barrel missed fire, and the enraged brute crossed under the tree and commenced to climb the sloping trunk, Fortunately, a.second rifle was available, and the ‘500 express bullet, striking the chest, knocked her over backwards, though without doing any mortal injury. However, a second shot, as she rose to her. feet, broke her spine, and she was speedily put out of pain. Had not a second rifle been handy, ii might have been awkward for the hunters. No wild dogs were bagged during the year, but it is feared that these pests are on the increase. My trackers brought in a Chital stag which had been killed by three of these brutes, and reported that the dogs were leaping at the haunches of the running deer, tearing away the flesh, Ultimately the stag fell screaming with the pain and fear, whilst the dogs continued to attack it from behind. They were then driven off, and the deer, unable to rise and injured beyond recovery, was killed and brought into camp. Neither Jerdon or Blanford afford much information about the Indian Badger, but I can vouch for its courage, as the following adventure will prove. I noticed a pair of these animals in some long grass at the edge of a stream, and the mahout begged me to secure one for medicinal purposes, I therefore fired at short range with a rifle and missed, The smaller badger, presumably the female, then ran away, whilst the larger faced the elephant, erecting all the hair on his back, shewing his teeth and uttering a hissing, growling note, The elephant was much terrified, and the little fellow made good his retreat, slowly turning every few feet to threaten his pursuers, until he reached hisburrow in the bank, down which he disappeared with a final growl. | Piatt | S. EARDLEY WILMOT, Conservator, Oudh. Narnt Tax, 23rd May, 1897. ey No. VL—SCORPION CARRYING A FLOWER, One evening last February, while sitting in the verandah of my house at Aden, my attention was drawn to an object advancing across the floor, which seemed to be some peculiar leaf-insect or Phasma, On looking at it closer I saw it to be a scorpion (identified by Mr, Pocock from my description as Parabuthus liosoma), which was holding over its back by one claw a large blossom of Poinciana regia, known in Aden as the white gold-mohur tree, Its tail, curled over its back, further assisted in retaining the flower in posi- tion, The nearest tree from which it could have obtained it was at least 30 feet away, and to bring it the scorpion must have carried it over a low stone parapet and up two or three steps, so that intention seems to be proved, What ‘314 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. -that intention was itis hard todefine, Hardly for concealment, for the size of the flower made it more conspicuous; besides it was night, If it was the lamp- light it wanted to avoid, it is necessary to assume that, finding the light too strong, it went back to get the flower. It could hardly be as food, for ‘scorpions are not known to live on vegetable substances; nor, as far as I know, do they construct nests, I regret that I did not allow the creature to reach its destination, and so ascertain its intention ; but, unfortunately, I gave in to my first impulse and crushed it, My wife suggested that perhaps it was going to a wedding, but this explanation is more poetical than scientific. ik Some of your readers may be able to throw a little light on this curious instance ; but Mr. Pocock of the British Museum, to whom I related the sbove, said he had never heard of a similar case. _ A, NEWNHAM, Caprarn, ADEN. [The above appeared in Nature]. No, VII.—SOME NOTES ON CROWS, AND ON THE PROTECTIVE POWER OF SCENT IN ANIMALS, In No. 3 of Volume X of our Journal there is a short account of crows aid- ing the sportsman apparently for pure love of mischief, and the case may be strengthened by the following evidence. In December, 1896, I was extremely interested in bagging a large male panther that was well known in the neighbouring villages for his boldness and cunning, and, after discovering his whereabouts approximately, my trackers persuaded him to kill a tied-up goat, sending me word early next morning, On arrival at the spot, accompanied by my wife, we found that the kill had been dragged about 100 yards into tree forest, and that only the head and skin of the neck remained, As this, however, had been concealed under dry leaves and grass, and as three or four crows were in the vicinity and appeared to have some information, we concluded it was good enough to put up a machan and therein to await events for a couple of hours. The crows left the locality almost as soon as the shikaries took their departure, and a few minutes later we could hear them making a great commotion some half mile away. The noise drew nearer, and presently, by the signs made by my companion, I became aware that the panther was in sight, whilst, to judge by the excitement evinced by the crows, he was coming steadily, though slowly, towards his kill, Of the panther I ‘could see nothing, as he was directly behind me and I dared not move. The crows, however, pestering him with their noisy attentions, brought him up to a tree some eight yards from the machan and, after wheeling round once or twice as if to make sure that all was in order, departed not to reappear. The panther lay down and seemed relieved ; he was not hungry, having some 15 or 20 lbs, of goat inside; but he was drowsy, for, after 5 or 6 minutes, he MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 315 rolled over on his side, and lying at full length, commenced to snore gently, On being informed in a whisper that he was asleep, I was able to turn round without disturbing him and so secure him, Two circumstances on this Occasion excited my wonder : jirst, that the crows appeared to know when we were ready, and started at once to fetch the panther, which they might have done at any previous time ; and, second, that this experienced beast, who was for 10 minutes or more within 30 feet of the machan, was not able by scent to detect our presence, Both panthers and tigers will hunt by scent, especially in the case of a drag or of a wounded animal ; and I have frequently seen them smelling carefully and with deep inhalations the tracks of men or elephants, yet their noses seem powerless to warn them of an enemy who is raised a few feet only from the ground, A somewhat remarkable instance of this occurred later on, when in very open forest a tiger was in the vicinity of a machan, and ultimately laid down under it without, during the 25 minutes of his visit, detecting anything wrong, He also departed without being fired at, but this I hardly regretted at the time in the interest of observing a tiger so near and for so long. He was a full-grown male, an old beast to judge by his colour and appearance, and during the time he was under observation he was never still for half a minute ata time, It was a warm evening in April, and the tiger felt the heat badly ; the flies annoyed him intensely, and he was incessantly driving them off his face.with his paws and off his body with his tail ; he tried every conceivable attitude to attain some comfort, but apparently without avail; whilst his heavings, pantings, gruntings and eructations convinced me that tigers, when not on company manners, are decidely vulgar and disagreeable, Ultimately, he lay down within 15 feet of the machan, where he remained until, attracted by some distant sounds, he sat up to listen and then retired as quietly as he had come, thus flying from an imaginary danger after courting real peril for so long, I would add that the times mentioned in this narrative were taken from a watch which I always on these occasions hang on a convenient twig to permit of accurate observation ; and I must, in all honesty, state that I would have killed the tiger if I could have done so, but that I never got a chance to fire from the right shoulder, whilst I am unable to shoot from the left, - Can anyone say how it is that “the tainted gale” due to man’s presence a mile off can be a source of alarm to animals that take no notice of it when the origin is at a vertical distance of a few feet? Why, the most careful of the deer tribe will without concern graze all round a tree concealing the most odoriferous of native shikaries, If scent rises so rapidly as to prevent it from reaching animals directly under its source, what must be its elevation at long distances ? S. EARDLEY WILMOT, feral Conservator, Oudh, Naini Tat, June, 1897, (an 19 316 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, er No, VIII.NESTING OF THE WHITE-BROWED BUSH BULBUL (P YCTONOTUS BITEOLUS) IN GUZERAT. Oates remarks, in compiling Hume’s “ Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds,” that, although the White-browed Bush Bulbul is common in parts of India, only two of his correspondents, Messrs, B, & H, Aitken, appear to have obtained the nest or eggs. The late Lieut. H, H, Barnes found them breeding in July and August at Sion near Bombay (see page 249, vol. iv, of the Society’s Journal) ; he also states that Mr, Davidson discovered them doing the same along the Kanara Coast, I have now found them breeding here (Baroda), for T took a nest on the 25th June and another on the 29th, each containing two eggs. I believe this to be the first occasion on which they have been found to breed here : they are fairly plentiful, but, owing to their lurking habit of frequenting low and dense thickets, the nests are difficult to discover, Both those I found were situated between 3 and 4 feet from the ground ; one was more or less suspended, being attached to several twigs on different branches, towards the extremities of an overhanging shrub, while the other was on a slender shrub ; they were both well concealed from view, The nests are of the bulbul ( Volpastes hemorrhous) type, only of slighter build; they are more shallow or saucer-shaped ; the materials used being fine twigs and stems, with an apology for a lining, a certain amount of cobweb was also employed, and a leaf incorporated in one nest. I did not see the birds constructing the nests, but I should say the twigs, &c,, had been plucked off shrubs and not picked up from the ground, In both instances J found au old nest, last year’s pro- bably, in close proximity. I have noticed these birds invariably frequent the same thicket ; it is, therefore, more than likely they build annually in or near the same locality. Two eggs would appear to be the full complement, at any rate in this place,andas I left the first nest for a couple of days, no more eggs were laid, On blowing both clutches, I found incubation had commenced, The eggs are of the bulbul type—white ground, profusely marked with claret and purplish-red ; at the same time they could hardly be mistaken for those of the common Madras Bulbul, When first taken and before blowing, they were of a very dark colour, almost purple, but since they have faded consider- ably, though kept in a box away from light, I wonder if other egg collectors have had the same experience as myself regarding destruction of nests. I have found at least half a dozen or more nests of the White-spotted fantail (Rhipidura pectoralis), but, as yet, have not obtained the eggs, The same fatality appears to hang over many other species, In the case of the Lora (Gigithnia tiphia) I have found a dozen nests or more, and have only got threeeggs; they appear to construct many nests, and then desert, for no reason whatever so far as I can judge, Can it be that they are in want of employment ! The breeding season is in full swing here, and egg collectors can have a royal time, I have found the following birds :—Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 317 paradisi), Golden Oriole (Oriolus kundoo), King Crow (Dicrurus ater), White- browed Fantail (Rhipidura albifronta), Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis), Dusky Crag Martin (Ptyonoprogne concolor), Brown-backed Indian Robin ( Lhamnobia cambaiensis ), the three Mynahs, Small Minivet (Pericrocotus peregrinus), White-eyed Tit ( Zosterops palpebrosa), Pied-crested Cuckoo ( Coccystes jacobinus), Bay-backed shrike (Lannis vittatus), Pond Heron (Ardeola grayi), and Cattle Egret (Bubulcus coromandus), I have obtained the eggs of all the above. I have found the nest of the Red-rumped Swallow (Hirundo crythropygia), but it contained young: also those of the Wire-tailed Swallow ( Hirundo smithii), Large Cuckoo Shrike (Graucalus mace), and Black-headed Cuckoo Shrike (Campophaga sykesi), whose egos I hope to get later, This, I think, is rather a record—the nests of the Paradise Fly-catcher, Golden Oriole, King Crow, White-browed Fantail and Madras Bulbul, all on one babul tree in the Public Gardens! R, M, BETHAM, Oaprarn, 8th Bombay Infaniry, Camp Baropa, 11th July, 1897. No, IX.—PEARL FISHING IN THE BASSEIN DISTRICT (BURMA), Extracts from a Repor: by Capt. F, D. Maxwell, Deputy Commissioner, Bassein, to the Commissioner of the Irrawaddy Division, dated 1st February 1897, I have the honour to supply the following information concerning the pearl fisheries of this district—information which I have gleaned from men who have known these parts for many years and who have collected oysters for eating for a long time, As regards the habits of the mussel, it lives on mud, sand, or on rocks, Beds appear and disappear either during or at the end of the rains—some Say the former, some the latter, ‘The more general opinion seems to be that they appear about November, when the water is getting salt, In the paper marked A I send some shells of the Placuna taken out of the river about five miles above its mouth on the 2nd January. The man who shewed me this bed informed me that the bed appeared last November, I pressed him as to whether the bed had not really appeared in the rains, but that it was in November he knew of it for the first time. He would notallow, however, that the bed had appeared before November, and said that he was daily over the place during the monsoon and saw no signs of any oysters, As to the appearance, disappearance, and breeding of the oyster, none of the Burmans whom I examined could give me any information on the subject, An answer to the question is, however, to be found in Theobald, 318 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, page 124: “ The young are hatched within the body of the parent and are discharged in cloud-like swarms of tiny creatures to seek each its own living. The embryos at first swim freely about, in which stage they represent the permanent condition of the Pteropoda, but soon dropping; their filamentous organs, of motion, as tadpoles do their tails, they either -attach themselves permanently to any convenient roosting place within their reach, as Osirea or Chama, moor themselves securely by a byssus or cable, like Pinna or Mytilus, or lead a free and roving life, like Cardium or Union.” See also Dictionary of Economic roduets, vol. vi, page 121, where the following passage occurs: “The molluscs possess locomotive powers and frequently disappear from certain banks and migrate to more favourable situations,” The Burmans say that no bed is known to be in existence.for more than six years. During that time the action of the sea either covers them up with mud, thus smothering them, or nee them anay from their TooHnES doing them mortal injury. The numbers to be foundin one bed varies very much ; sometimes many miilions are found ; at others only a few thousands, Sand appears to be the favourite bed, though mud is also appreciated. The oyster’ is also to be fou d on rocks, but not in such large numbers as on sand and on mud, This, the Burmins explained to me,is bec iuse thereis only a limited supply of rocky bottom, whereas the other two are practically unlimited in extent. I see however, from the Agricultural Ledger, No. 36 of 1896, that the oyster prefer a muddy bottom (see page 5). The pearl is said to appear when the oyster is about three years old-—that is to say, never before two years and never after four years, The pearls are very minute and require a microscope to see them, but a pair of sharp eyes can occasionally pick out the larger pearls, On en- quiring why the pearls are so small, the villagers say that the pearl asit grows prevents the oyster from closing and so allows the mud and sand to get into. the shell and thus to kill the oyster. You will observe from the shells sent that they are remarkably flat and that the smallest obstruction would prevent the oyster from closing, In many oysters that I examined I found three, four, and once as many as eight, small pearls, and Iam informed that some- times as many as fifteen are found, but they are so infinitesimally small that it is extremely difficult to count them, When the larger pearls are found, they are found usually singly. The Modus operandi of getting the pearls away from the flesh is as fol- lows:—The oysters having been collected are put into a large cauldron of. hot water; they then open and keep open. The flesh is then scraped off the shell with a knife and thrown intoa basin, When the basin is half full, it is put into the sun, and the flesh allowed to decompose, After three or four days, when the flesh has more or less thoroughly decomposed, water is added and the whole mess stirred. The pearls being heavier than the decom- posing and decomposed oyster fall to the bottom and are easily got out of x MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. : 319 the basin, The rest is then passed through a fine sieve, so that no ‘pearl of even the smallest description shall escape. The only thing that appears to receive no consideration in the matter are the oysters, It is to be hoped that they do not long survive the hot bath ; buton this point the villagers appear to be somewhat doubtful, saying that they have great tenacity of life and do not finally succumb until they have been in the basin some hours. Oysters, found on rocks, sand, and on mud, produce very different quan- tities of pearls. I give the following figures for what they are worth—they were given me by men who had worked on all the different bottoms last year, so they ought to be fairly accurate and of some value: ‘‘ Three thousand oysters found on rocky bottom produce R1 weight of pearls; 6,000 from a sandy bottom and 40,000 froma muddy bottom produce the same weight of pearls,” My informants were unable to explain this great difference, and I am unable to offer any reasonable suggestion unless the following may be considered worth anything :—At page 127 of Theobald it is stated that pearls are “ merely a deposit of the lustrous lining material of the shell round some foreign and offending object.” This view is now apparently disputed, if not exploded. See the following from Dictionary of Economie Products, vol, vi, page 118 :— The popular notion that the foreign matter is generally a grain of sand is untenable. According to several eminent conchologists, it is in-most cases a minute parasite, but Dr. Kelaart believes the nucleus to be in most cases at least an ovum or ova escaped through the distended coats of an overgrown ovary and become imbedded in the interstices. of the mantle, “I have repeatedly examined seeds or young pearl,” he writes, “in process of for- mation, and with a magnifying power, one-fifth of an inch lens, I was able to see distinctly the outlines of two or three ova through the first or saperficial layer of nacre surrounded by groups of ova.’ Theory is further supported by the fact that pearls are most frequently found imbedded in the mantle “ near the hinge (the place where the ovarium is most likely to be liable to rupture) and by the fact that with careful examination he was generally able to find, when the pearls were not actually found in the interstices of the mantle near that locality, cicatrices on the structure where they once existed.” 'The difference in the weight- producing capacity of the pearls found on different bottoms would seem to give colour to the popular belief that pearls are nothing more than “ foreign and offending objects sur- rounded by the lustrous lining of the shell,” but it is quite possible that the real explanation is something quite different. The oysters were said, in last year’s report, to be found in shallow water. This statement is, I find, only partially true. The oysters found last year were certainly found in shallow water, but I am informed that villagers have often found them in water at various depths—30 feet or more—so that if this is the case there seems no reason why they should not live in greater depths still, I had about 300 oysters opened in my presence, and in each I found always one, sometimes two, small crabs. When only one, it is the ordinary hard-coated grey type found on the sands; when there is a second it is to all appearance a different kind altogether—a blue shell and very soft, It is 320 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1. possible that these crabs live parasitically in the oysters (see Theobald, page 128), It is noticable, too, with regard to the remark made there, that it is to the presence of these small crabs that the unhealthiness of the mussel is attributed, that the Burmans regard the oyster as very unwholesome ; but the reason they give is the presence of a minute worm found in nearly every shell. Even when this worm is extracted, the Burman will not eat the oyster uncooked, though I swallowed several without feeling any ill effects. In the Agricultural Ledger, No, 36, of 1896, page 5, an opinion of Dr, Alcock is quoted to the effect that the pearl fishery is not likely to interfere with the turtle banks, because the turtle prefer reefs and Placuna a muddy bottom. As to this, 1 would remark that all along the mouth of the Thekithoung river, where Placuna are found in large numbers, the turtle known as laithwe comes up to lay its eggs in the season from the month of September to that of December. If men were allowed to dive at night off the banks where the turtle come, I think there can be no doubt that the turtle would be scared away. It may be, and probably is, correct that turtle prefer reefs, but they . do not by any means select the sands nearest the reefs to lay their eggs, If they did so, they would not go up the Thekithoung river, but would remain out at sea and near Diamond Island. The turtle known as laitpyintha never come near the river, but remain out at Diamond Island, whereas the number of laitkwe which lay there is very small, Out of 50 or 60 I saw on the island I only saw one laitkwe. Regarding the remark of the same gentleman, that it is unwise to interfere with the poor people who collect Placuna, I think in future that in selling the right to collect oysters it should be stipulated that the villagers should be allowed to take what they want for their own consumption, as the number they would take would be insignificant compared to the numbers taken by the lessee. Probably 30,000 at most would supply the wants of the villagers, Theobald states, page 127, that the true pearl oyster is found all along the Arakan Coast, ‘The lessee of that part of the district recently went up the coast with a view to working these pearl fisheries, but I have not yet heard the result of this attempt. I have not entered into the question as to whether the fisheries should be sold yearly as inthe last two years, as Ihave not been asked to do so. I think, however, if the villagers are allowed to take what they want for their own consumption that the fisheries might be put up to auction as heretofore. If not sold, it is certain that they will be poached by Natives of India. There would hardly seem to be any necessity for insisting on a close season, as the monsoon itself puts an end to all oyster-collecting, Possibly the fisheries should only be sold for three years and then allowed to lie fallow for, say, two years. [From the Agricultural Ledger, No, II, 1897.] MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 321 No, X,—THE FLAMINGO BREEDING IN INDIA, In the last number of our Journal (page 4, vol, xi) Mr, HE, C, Stuart Baker, in his series on the “ Indian Ducks and their Allies” says thatit is un- likely that it, the Flamingo (Phenicopterus roseus), breeds anywhere within our limits, or anywhere nearer than the northern shores of the Persian Gulf, He appears, however, to have overlooked the Miscellaneous Note on page 553, vol, viii, of this Journal, in which the Rao of Cutch recorded that about twenty eggs and two recently hatched flamingoes had been obtained from one of his officials at Khadir,and that the men who picked up the eggs found numerous nests in one place on the Run, C.D, LESTER, LizvTenanr, Buus, Cutcu, 6th July, 1897. 17th Bombay Infantry. No, XIL.—LATE STAY OF WATER FOWL, It will be of interest to ornithologists to know that there are still three Black-tailed Godwits (Limosa egocephala) on the Hamir-Sar Tank, just outside Bhuj City, I saw these birds to-day at a distance of some 30:feet from the raised road which passes one side of the tank, and they are in their winter plumage, Surely, there is something wrong with the season this year, C.D, LESTER, Lizvrenant, Buus, Cure, 7th July, 1897, 17th Bombay Infantry, No, XII.—THE OCCURRENCE OF THE WATER-COCK ( GALLICREX CRISTATUS) IN CUTCH. His Highness the Rao of Cutch recently sent me a couple of birds which he had shot for identification, They turn out to be the Water-Cock (G@allicrex cristatus), male and female, hitherto unrecorded in Cutch. In my small collection, obtained almost entirely in Cutch, I have some eggs which answer the description of those of the above-mentioned bird, and now that the bird has been found to occur here I feel inclined to put them down as Gallicrex cristatus, They were taken by my shikari, but he did not see the bird. The measurement and colouring coincide with those mentioned by the late Lieut, Barnes on page 138 of vol, VI of this Journal, but they are not a bit like what is depicted in the plate opposite page 129 of the same volume, the colouring of the blotches and markings of which are altogether far too red in colour when compared with the description as written by him. C.D, LESTER, Lirurenanr, Buus, Curcn, 7th July, 1897, 17th Bombay Infantry, 392 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. No. XIII—THE ELEPHANT IN BURMA. Extract from a Report by Vety.-Capt. G. H. Evans, A.V, D., Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Department, Burma, The Blephant met with in Burma is the Asiatic species (Zlephas indicus)— Burmese, Hsen, wild elephant, Tor-Hsen; Shan, Sant-Ha, wild elephants, Sant-Htaint ; Karen, Ka-Sau, From time immemorial the Burmese and Siames2 have regarded the white elephant as a sacred beast. Sir John Bowring states that the reason why this animal is so specially reverenced is ‘“ because it is believed that Buddha, the divine emanation from the Deity, must necessarily in his multi- tudinous metamorphoses or transmissions through all existences, and through millions of zons, delight to abide for some time in that grand incarnation of purity, which is represented by the white elephant. While the Phongyis (priests) teach that there is no spot in the heavens above, or the earth below, or the waters under the earth, which is not visited in the peregrinations of the divinity, whose every stage or step is towards purification, they hold that his tarrying may be longer in the white elephant than in any other abode, and that in the possession of the sacred creature they may possess the presence of Buddha himself,”* The same author states that these animals have been the cause of many a war, and their possession more an object of envy than the conquest of territory. The kings of Burma were very proud of the titles of “Lord of the Celestial Elephant” and “Lord of many White Elephants.” The kings of Siam also glory in these pompous tit'es; in.that country everything associated with majesty and rank bears the image of the white elephant. These animals are surrounded with all the adjuncts of royalty, viz.— gold umbrellas, etc,—and when they die are accorded a royal funeray, The Burmese being Buddhists, are naturally kind to all dumb creatures, so that the elephant, in common with other domestic a®imals, is well cared for, Wild Elephants.—These animals are very numerous and roam about in large herds in the dense jungles at the foot of the hills; very few are caught and tamed by Government for the use of the State. The kings of Burma used to carry on “ kheddah” operations ona small scale in the Mandalay and other districts, and were, I believe, fairly successful, I feel certain that if operations were properly conducted, large captures could be made, as the animals are plentiful enough, As a general rule, the herds vary in number from five to sixty animals, but the latter figure may often be exceeded. The animals met with are compact, massive, and of fair height; with regard to the latter point there may be slight * Sir Monier Monier Williams, K.C.1.E., says the elephant is perhaps the most sacred of all animals.— Buddhism, pp. 23, 24, 84, 525, MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 323 variations between Indian, Burmese and Siamese animals. The usual pace of elephants is a walk ; it is only when annoyed or scared that they take on a faster rate of locomotion, which is a shuffling amble, but the wonderful amount of speed these creatures can attain in an incredibly short time is only known to those who have had an enraged monster after them. The elephant is no doubt “King of the Forest ;” they are rarely interfered with by other wild beasts : now and again, however, a hungry tiger may attack a solitary animal, A year or two ago, in the Tharrawaddy district, a tiger attacked, on different occasions, one or more animals, the property of a Burman contractor, inflicting such severe injuries that, I helieve,one or more succumbed, It is the calves that usually fall victims to tigers, and the manner in which they catch them is as follows:—A tiger having observed calves in a herd lies in ambush close by, awaiting an opportunity (which usually occurs while the herd. is . busily engaged feeding), and then springs out, seizes a calf by the leg, just above the pad, and bolts. The herd after his attack is on the qui vive, so he keeps out of the way, but while they are moving off to fresh ground the tiger follows ; the little one being lame, probably lags behind, thus giving the tiger another chance, If he does not get one he waits till the herd settles down again to feed, and then when the opportunity offers he makes another dash at his victim and invariably bites a second limb. The calf is now hors de combat, and the tiger knows that he has only to wait, since the herd, if large, cannot stay long in one place ; twenty or thirty animals will soon clear all the “tit bits” on the ground where they are feeding, or they may want water, so the young one has to be left behind, I believe, however, that they will not abandon a calf until they are forced, As soon as the herd is clear, the tiger finds a young beast an easy prey, and no doubt avery excellent meal, In January last a tiger attacked acalfin acane-brake, The little fellow was erying pitifully; his legs were so badly bitten that he was really unable to walk afew yards, so had to be shot. Two cows were on guard, and charged so furiously that they also had to be killed. All this occurred within fifty yards of a main track through the jungle. The people sometimes catch a “rogue” or other destructive beast by means of pitfalls. These are made in the following manner :—The point selected for digging a pit is on one of their well-known tracks to certain water or cultivation, and usually at a spot where the grass or jungle is very thick, The pit having been dug, all traces of fresh earth are removed, and the mouth is then carefully concealed with bamboos, elephant grass,etc. After this a good amount of fresh droppings is procured and these are thrown over the grass. This ruse tends to throw an animal off his guard, and so he falls into the trap. The men then turn out and destroy the animal with spears ora gun, Karens now and again capture one or two with the aid of tameelephants. Considering their great size elephants are wonderfully active—climb up and go down steep places ina surprising manner ; and they are also excellent swimmers. When in 20 324 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCEITY, Vol. X1. deep water, the whole Lody is immersed ; only the end of the trunk is kept above water. Value of Elephants—In a country like Burma the great value of these creatures can readily be appreciated, large areas being covered with dense impenetrable jungle, immense marshy tracts, steep hills and deep ravines ; added to which the whole country is intersected by rivers, large and small. In the absence of waterway ina place suchas described, elephants are more than useful—they are indispensable ; they can with ease penetrate the dense and pathless jungle, their great size and weight causes them to leave a very fair track as they move along ; they can cross wide rivers, ford fast-running streams, carry men and baggage across swamps and heavy marshes penetrable to no other kind of transport animal, The value of an animal for transport purposes possessed of such strength and docility cannot be over-estimated. In Burma elephants are largely employedin the timber trade ; in fact, the great commerce carried on in this line may be said to depend almost entirely on elephant-labour. The timber being scattered over wide areas of country without roads or slips, the logs have to be dragged by elephants through the jungle, over ridges, down ravines, and finally pushed into the floating streams, when, owing to the immense strength of these animals, they can stand in the strong current and sort the timber for rafting, clear it when the logs get jammed, and push them back into the water whenstranded. In the large timber yards in Rangoon, Moulmain, etc., they have to haul the logs out of the river, bring them up to the sawbench, and after they are heaped, the elephants remove and stack them as neatly as if done by human hands, and inall these operations they are cheap and mostefficient. It is quite one of the sights in Burma to see the timber-yard animals at work. Powers of Endurance-—Though such enormous creatures, they are con- stitutionally delicate. I fear that, through lack of appreciation of this fact, these animals have not received the amount of attention they justly deserve ; and owing to the popular opinion that they are very strong, they have been too highly tasked, A great deal of the ill-health and mortality amongst elephants may well be ascribed to this cause, It cannot be too forcibly impressed on those persons entrusted with the care of public animals that untiring and vigilant superintendence over the attendants is the means, above all others, for the proper preservation of the efficiency of the animals committed to their charge. They must remember that the class of men usually employed with transport, if left to themselves, are, from general indolence, carelessness, or from a desire to avoid the fatigue and hardships of a campaign, quite liable to render their animals unserviceable. Ample super- vision enables the carrying out of systematic checks against carelessness, and still more of checks to malpractices, A little neglect will often deprive a force of the valuable services of many animals, MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, Ue eeay a Purchasing.—To begin with, it will perhaps be as well to mention the points of a healthy elephant, The animal is in constant motion, with the ears flapping, and the tail and trunk swinging to and fro, The skin is almost black, and the bristles covering the body are firm to the touch; the light-coloured spots on the head and trunk are of a pinkish colour ; the eye is bright and clear, pulse from 48 to 50 per minute ; mucous membranes of mouth, etc,, are of a beautiful pink colour ; the back is free from scars ; a moist secretion exudes around and above the nails, and is easily seen by throwing a little dust on the parts ; the pads are hard, and free from tenderness ; any signs of the latter may readily be detected, asthe tender patches are smooth and of a yellowish-pink colour. If the appetite is good, the animal sleeps fora few hours every night, and on waking commences to feed, The signs of ill-health are general languor, the skin looks greyish in colour, as also do the spots on the head and trunk ; the mucous membranes are pale or deep red, with or without dark blotches on the palate; pulse is abnormal, appetite is lost; the animal does not take proper rest; eyes are dull, and there is frequently a copious flow of tears; there is usually fever, and the animal may be out of condition, As with other things, when buying elephants the purchaser should not be ina hurry, as his bargains may not afterwards prove to be all he desired, A little time should be taken to ascertain the idiosyncrasies of the beast about to be bought. The manner in which the keeper goes about his charge should be noted. Some animals are very full of tricks, and, 1f not approached to their liking, may attacka new keeper, or if timid, be scared for ever, The animal should be marched about, andthe pads carefuliy inspected after exercise ; itis a common thing to fill up holes in the pads with stopping. Burmans look upon elephants with certain habits with superstitious dread ; Such creatures may be bought at very moderate figures, An elephant showing a peculiar general restlessness of the body somewhat after the manner of a bear,is much dreaded, as also is a creature that has the habit of swinging his trunk only to the right and left, The height of elephants is measured in cubits, The cubit is about twenty inches, With regard to age, the appearance of an old animal is as follows :—The head is lean, deep hollows are present over the eyes, there is frequently a certain amount of opacity around the margin of the cornes (Arcus senilis), and an abnormal flow of tears, The edges of the ears are torn and frayed ; the skin of the trunk is rough, something like shark skin ; the trunkitselt seems to have lost a certain amount of its suppleness ; the skin over the body is much shrivelled ; the tailis hard, and the end may be devoid of hair ; the skin around the nails presents a rough or warty appearance ; the legs are thinner than they ought to be, Other indications of age are, the general appearance, 326 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURA HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, and an awkward mode of progression, etc. A rough guess at the age may be made by observing the condition of the ears, the upper edges of which lap over to the extent of an inch at the age of thirty, which increases to two inches between this age and sixty years. The teeth also afford some infor- mation asto probable age ; itis, however, most difficult to determine with any degree of certainty the age of these animals. (From the “ Agricultural Ledger, 1896, No, 42,”) No. XIV.-GUM FROM THE WEAVER’S BEAM TREE, (Schrebera Swietenioides, Roxb,) Can any of our members furnish me with information regarding the gum thrown off by this tree,'which is found in Central India and particularly in the forest parts of the Gwalior State? The aborigines eat the gum when travel- ling, and say that it tends to keep off hunger and thirst, thus enabling them to go for several days without proper food. The gum tastes like bad brown sugar, C. MARIES, | GWALIOR STATE GARDENS, 18th July, 1897. No, XV.—WOUNDED TIGERS. Having read with much interest an article on following up wounded tigers by Mr. Gilbert, published in the Society’s Journal (Vol. IX, page 61), it has lately occurred to me that, without having any pretensions to the experience of that gentleman, the relation of some attempts of my own in the same direction, attended with more or less success, might also prove of interest to others. I have not the above-mentioned article by me at the present moment, but, so far as my memory serves, no mention is made in it of discovering the position of a wounded tiger (or panther) in thick cover, by means of ‘village buffaloes. As most shikaris are aware, the village buftalo to be met with near villages well out in the jungle, is a much finer-built animal than those usually seen near towns, or where there is much cultivation ; and several instances are on record where these animals have combined and given an unwary tiger a very bad time of it, SirS. Baker in “ Wild Beasts and their Ways”’ mentions an instance of this; there is also the delightful story of the death of Sher Khan in Kipling’s “‘ Jungle Book,” Hence it is a fairly common custom in some parts of the Deccan, when dealing with a wounded tiger which has taken refuge in cover, to collect as many buffaloes as possible and have them driven backwards and forwards through the cover, until the wounded animal is located and his exact position known—theoretically, the herd, more especially if composed of old bulls or cows with calves, will, on finding the tiger, form battle array, and either bear down on him en masse, or should he charge out, MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 327 administer such punishment as to make him glad to retire if still able to do so; in the meanwhile the shikari himself, who is presumably either follow- ing the herd or posted in a position to command the scene of operations, watches his opportunity for ashot, either before the buffaloes have made up their mind to assume the offensive or when the tiger has determined on retreat, I think it may be assumed, in the great majority of cases at any rate, that a tiger when wounded (even slightly) will not try to evade the buffaloes and slink away unperceived. The above is the theory based on sound general principles, by thé practical application of which everything may work out smoothly and the tiger be finished off without any great danger. Let us now take individual instances where everything was not perfection. (A.) On 20th April, 1892, at about 3 p.m.,1I shot at and wounded a tiger. When last seen at about 6 p.m. it was going lame in forequartors, so apparently was hit in foreleg. Next day left camp at 9 a.m., with 38 buffaloes, including several old bulls; at about 12 p.m., having come 5 miles, these were driven in a more or less compact line through some grass jungle where the tiger was last seen, There was no trace of anything in it, On the far side was a stretch of burnt ground perfectly bare, except for a few scattered clumps of bamboo leading to a deep pool of water. The herd was driven over this burnt bit within a few yards of the bamboos, towards the water, into which latter they at once plunged. I was following some ten yards behind the herd, and had given up all hope of finding the tiger just then, when a native said that it was lying behind one of the clumps growing at the base of a steep hill, so.went back and:looked from about 30 yards off, but could see nothing, Thinking that the man was either mistaken or that the tiger was dead (the buffaloes having given no sign), I fired one barrel into the clump, ‘The result was the immediate appearance of a very angry and lame tiger rushing towards me—fired second barrel into its mouth and got the brain, In this case the whole herd had passed within five yards of the tiger over open ground without giving any sign of its presence. On examining the body I found that on the first day one bullet had broken a foreleg low down near the wrist joint so to speak, whilst a second had raked the animal from behind nearly the whole length of the body, causing much internal bleeding. (B.) On 21st April, 1894, shot at and wounded a big tigress in the Central Provinces, She was accompanied by two well-crown cubs—a difficult shot through intervening branches of trees and tangle, only loins and hindquarters being visible; knew that she was wounded, but not badly, somewhere in the hindquarters, Next day collected nearly a hundred buffaloes, including some old bulls and a good many cows with calves, On arriving near the ground, which was about 10 miles from camp, left the buffaloes and went to reconnoitre saw tigress and got difficult shot, as she 328 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, was lying in some short grass, at a white patch of hair which I took to be that on her face; bullet took effect somewhere in vicinity of head or neck, The buffaloes were then driven into the cover; when about 20 yards from where the tigress was supposed to be, she stood up and roared loudly, once. This caused a general stampede of the whole herd, every one of which made off as hard as they could go, The tigress did not move a yard, but lay down again inthe same spot, where she was eventually finished off without again employing the buffaloes, The roar was almost her last effort, as when next seen, within half an hour afterwards, she was barely able to stand, and when examined subsequently, it was found that the second bullet had struck her rather low down on one side of the head in line with the ear, and from the hemorrhage of this wound she was gradually succumbing, These two instances sufficiently illustrate some of the possibilities which may cccur from time to time. In the first case although the dénouement was somewhat unexpected, the employment of buffaloes in the manner described enabled me to explore the ground where the tiger was last seen, and eventually to approach the animal itself without incurring more than what I consider was a fair sporting risk; that the result was nearly being disastrous was entirely due to my own inexperience and stupidity in firing at a dangerous animal through a clump of bamboos without even being able to see the object ; whilst in my own case this too had its uses, for I am not likely to make the same mistake again. In the second case, the thickness of the cover and nature of the ground made the work of locating the animal almost impossible without the help of buffaloes, unless indeed beaters had been employed in their place ; but to this I am personally strongly opposed, There are men, I believe, who have no compunction in~ allowing practically unarmed beaters to penetrate jungle more or less dense and endeavour to drive the wounded tiger out towards themselves; in many cases there may be little real danger, provided the beaters have some experience of the nature of the animal, and keep together in groups of four or five, but to permit them to incur the undoubted risk of being mauled by an animal rendered dangerous, and very probably aggressive by reason of its wound or wounds, is, in my opinion, both cruel and unnecessary. In this connection I can call to mind an official of mature years and considerable experience, who enjoyed an unenviable notoriety for the number of beaters who had been killed or mauled in his service ; at length matters came to such a pass that he resorted to the expedient of filling the hollow points of his bullets with strychnine, and in this manner “ inoculated tigers,” to use what is, I believe, his own expression, This method may have its advantages from an humanitarian point of view, and may have been the means of preventing a certain number of fatalities, but as to its merits and demerits, from a sporting point of view, I leave it to others to decide. It has always MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 329 seemed to me that no one should go out into the jungle with the avowed purpose of shooting, or endeavouring to shoot, tigers (and ;who is there, now-a-days, who has not done so ?) unless fully prepared (to use a colloquial but very expressive phrase) to “see the show through ””—by which I mean, incur all personal risk and shrink from no amount of personal exertion, when by so doing a wounded animal may be brought to bag. There are cases, no doubt, when a combination of circumstances may render it almost impossible to carry out this principle in its entirety ;but in that part of India, at all events, to which reference is made in this article, viz., the southern part of the Central Provinces and the country lying generally between the Tapti and the Godavery, such cases must be rare during the hot weather—at any rate when so much of the jungle is burnt or dried up. Before finally dismissing the subject of using buffaloes in the manner indicated, I would add a word of warning to those desirous of trying the experiment, It is :—Do not, when following the herd, keep too close behind them, as in the event of a sudden stampede you are likely to be run over ; by keeping near trees, usually to be found scattered about, this danger may be avoided. | Let us now consider the case of a tiger which has been wounded, perhaps early in the day, so that there are still some hours of daylight remaining. The shikari is naturally unwilling to go back to camp without at least making some further attempt ; the thought that perhaps the tiger may be lying dead within a few yards has lured on many a man before now, or even if he has learnt by experience to mistrust all evidence, in the case of a wounded animal, which points to death until he has actually pulled its tail or satisfied himself in some other way that there is no question about its demise being a reality, still it is tantalising to know that the animal for which you have perhaps toiled hard and toiled often is now lying more or less “done for” within a short distance—to know that perhaps on the morrow by the time buffaloes have been collected and all arrangements made for a thorough search, you may only find a swollen carcase and a ruined skin—or worse still, to find that he has vacated during the night without leaving any address— there is also a feeling of unwillingness to admit defeat, even though it may be only temporary, which spurs a man on to do something then and there instead of returning quietly, like a wise man, to camp and make arrangements for the next day, uch, at all events, have been my own feelings more than once, and inthe expectation that they will be, or have been, those of others ‘as well, I will now describe the procedure which has proved effective on’ occasions of this kind. A tiger had been wounded, apparently not very badly, and had laid up in thick grass jungle reaching about up to the waist ; first of all men were posted on high ground or in trees all round, but some distance from the cover into which the animal had been marked. These had instructions to at once call out if they saw anything move, otherwise to 330 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. keep perfectly silent; then with a few picked men I myself slowly made my way from tree to tree inside the cordon thus formed, towards the centre, sending up flankers into the trees on both sides of me to examine the ground immediately to the front and flanks ; bushes and thick patches of grass into which it was difficult to see were stoned by the menin trees from a supply provided for that purpose, particular attention was paid that no attempt should be made to explore the ground too far ahead whilst proceeding in this way, as by so doing places in the immediate vicinity might escape proper search ; also that stones were only thrown at marks specified, and then cnly when instructed by me, so that I could concentrate all my attention on each spot in turn and so guard against surprise, Having at length arrived at about 80 yards from where the tiger was supposed to be lying without having received any indications of its presence, I was not sorry to hear a man callout fromthe very top of a small tree close by that he could see a portion of the animal’s skin. Giving my rifle to one of the four or five men who had collected near, I told the man in the tree to come down and myself proceeded to take his place. Having reached the topmost branch, which was very slender and swayed most unpleasantly, T called for the rifle, Just as I did so, out came the tiger from about 80 yards off, bounding over the grass towards the knot of men standing at the foot of the tree. After coming on about 50 yards or so, it lost heart, or did not think it “ good enough,” as, whisking round, back it went again, and by the time I could get hold of the rifle was out of sight. Asit was now getting dark, we returned to camp and eventually bagged it with the help of buffaloes next day. On another occasion I was wandering through the jungle early one morning looking for a suitable place in which to tie up a hela—two natives followed some distance behind—on the bank of a stream met a small crocodile making for the water and shot it, leaving the two natives to bring it along, I went on ahead, but had not proceeded more than 300 yards, when my progress was arrested by a deep narrow nullah overgrown with grass which crossed the path at right angles, Iwas standing on the bank of this and inwardly debating as to whether it would afford sufficient cover for a tiger to lay up in after killing in the vicinity, when from almost under my feet, and certainly not more than ten yards away, out bounded a fine tiger looking exactly like a long striped barrel on legs, and with a cough or two made ot at full gallop across an open space on the other side of the nullah, about 60 or 70 yards across, Hastily cocking, I managed to get oif both barrels, the second just as he was disappearing, Calling up the two men and pursuing the method \just described, I gradually worked across the open space and arrived at the spot where the tiger was last seen by me, Here we were brought to astop by a small hollow having a precipitous drop of some 20 feet, Not seeing anything here :we were proceeding ‘along the edge of this -hollow at MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. — DUNN SUM right-angles to our previous course when one of the men happened to look behind him, and there was the tiger lying fully exposed in the hollow not more than 30 yards away and just able toraise its head, a bullet through which concluded the proceedings, I ought to mention that I had not the slightest idea asto whether my bullets had taken effect or not, but rather inclined to the belief that both shots had missed; stillit is always as well to make certain, if possible, and it sometimes, as in this case, pays well to do so, Just one more instance, In December, 1896, a tiger was wounded ina beat, and, from certain indications, pretty badly. It lay up in a patch of thick bush jungle with grass up to a man’s chest, A gurgling moan was distinctly audible for about a quarter of an hour after the animal was wounded and then ceased, Pursuing the same tactics as before, an approach to within 30 yards of where the tiger was supposed to be was gradually achieved without result of any kind. From herea man spotted the body from a tree, Stones having no effect, a nearer examination and more stoning confirmed the native’s surmise ; for the animal had been dead half an hour or more, I had intended to have added other instances within my personal knowledge regarding armed beaters walking up a wounded animal as recommended inthe Badminton Library, and the question of stopping a charge, but the present article has reached such an unexpected length that these must be deferred to some future occasion, J.H, VANDERZEE, Lievt., Indian Staff Corps, Savon, UPPER Borma, July, 1897, No, XVI—FOWLS KILLED BY TICKS, The serial Indian Museum Notes, issued by the Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Vol. IV, No. 2, contains the following information regarding the ticks which killed a number of fowls belonging to the late Mr, N. 8. Symons, in Bandra, during March and April, 1895 :— “On the 14th April, 1895, numerous living specimens of a tick were forwarded to the Indian Museum by Mr. H. M. Phipson, with the information that they were infesting fowls to the extent of killing them, in the neigh- bourhood of Bombay. The ticks proved to be new to the Indian Museum collection, so specimens were submitted to Mr, A, D. Michael for his examination, Mr, Michael, ina letter dated 16th May, 1895, wrote :—‘ The ticks which you send are the common Argas reflexus of Fabricius, I think the Argas persicus of Fischer of Waldheim is really the same species ; if there be any distinction, probably your specimens would be considered to be A, persicus, but Ido not believe that there is, The species seems to be distributed practically over all temperate and tropical countries where a1 332 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT, the pigeons, fowls, &c., on which it lives are present, It is quite possible that it kills the fowls if it be numerous, The bite is bad, particularly in hot countries; the Persian specimens were once supposed to be capable of killing human beings, which is probably incorrect; still it is quite possible that the bites inflame seriously in great heat,’ “* The Argas isa difficult thing to. get rid of, as it is most tenacious of life, and it is far from easy to kill it without killing the fowl; probably sulphur or carbolic acid would have the best chance, Those you sent alive were still alive and quite well when I opened them,’ ” No, XVIIL—THE OCEANIC TEAL (WARECA GIBBERIFRONS), When I arrived at Port Blair in May, these teal where in good-sized flocks, resorting principally, at low tide, to two little rocky islets, up the harbour, known as Bird Island and Oyster Island, I did not go after them at that time myself, not having a boat ; a fair, though not large number, were killed by some of the officers stationed here, I believe eleven was the result of four barrels on one occasion! As the monsoon commenced and the harbour became rougher, at the beginning of June, these flocks of teal broke up into smaller parties of 5 or 6 to a dozen or so, and retired to the creeks and dyke-intersected marshes, a little inland, near Bamboo Flat and Port Monatt, Towards the end of June these small parties commenced to break up into pairs ; about this time I shot several, and in the paired birds I found the testes of the drakes enlarged, but the ovaries of the females were, as yet, in ordinary condition, In the “ Game Birds of India” Mr. Hume mentions a single nest being found in August, and I should think that August or the end of July would be the usual time of laying. Iam afraid Iam not likely to finda nest,as there are so many hundreds of acres of suitable breeding ground, and the birds are comparatively few. The Oceanic Teal feed a good deal in the paddy fields ai night; under cover of darkness, too,a few birds aften drop into small tanks at Aberdeen within a few yards of bungalows and buildings, Whenin flocks they are very wild, but in pairs, on the small channels among the marshes, I found them very tame, I have often been able to creep up to the water’s edge and watch a pair swimming quietly about within ten yards of me for some time, On one occasion I came right on to a pair under an overhanging bush, and they only fluttered, like waterhens, along the surface for twenty yards or so, then pitched and commenced swimming away, so that I was able to kill one on the water and the other as it rose, from where I stood. Of course birds that have been shot ata bit go clean away at the first alarm. On these creeks they associate with the common Whistling Teal, and I have watched the two species in close company on the water, though the Oceanic Teal separate from the others when put up. The only thing I noticed about them, which I do not think has been recorded, is that they have a “ quacking ” MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 333 note as wellas alow whistle, One day a party of 8 or 10,at which some shots had been fired, after wheeling round and round overhead for some time, pitched on a narrow channel, within 30 yards of me, as I stood concealed inthe bushes onthe bank, I watched them for some minutes, when another pair, frightened by some distant shots, came scurrying over ; the birds onthe water all twisted their heads up and set up aloud rapid quacking call note which they kept up for some minutes; the new-comers circled round several times, but probably seeing the top of my topee, concluded not to join their companions in their fancied security. The flight of this teal is fairly fast : occasionally when they have been kept on the wing forsome time a party willstoop downto the surface of a creek as though they meant to pitch, and then change their minds and rise again, When executing this mancuvre they rush past at a tremendous pace, The broad white wing-bar, in this species, is most conspicuous when the bird is on the wing, Winged birds promptly swim for the nearest cover, into which they scuttle off at a great pace and are generally lost without a dog, One I shot swam steadily along in front of a Pathan convict who was swimming after it, in the capacity of a retriever,and though hard pressed made no attempt to dive till it reached the bank, where it was caught, One of the officers stationed here has a live bird in captivity which was pinioned by a shot some months ago, It thrives wellon paddy, but has not become very tame, It spends most of the day asieep, with its head resting in the plumage of the back, The local sportsmen have christened them “ Gibberies,”’ They are rather difticult birds to skin, being very fat, and having, fora duck, rather a tender skin, They seem to average about 15 oz, in weight, A, L, BUTLER, Port Brarr, July, 1897. No, XVIII—OCCURRENCE OF THE GARGANY TEAL IN INDIA DURING JULY. With reference to notes published in various papers this year referring to the late stay of Wild Fowl, Ishota teal which I take to bea female of Querquedula circia (Linn.), the “ Gargany Teal,’ here,on the evening of the 24th instant, It was out of a lot of three, consisting of a male and two females, and it was in good condition, but on dissection there were no signs that the bird was breeding, This is, of course, an early teal to return to us, but is not this an unusually early date ? At thesame time I saw three or four other duck, but in the distance. I was not, unfortunately, able to skin the bird myself, so it has been fearfully mangled, but Iam sending sufficient to identify the bird. Please inform meif I am correct in my identification. R, H. RATTRAY, Mayor, JHELUM, 27th July; 1897, 22nd Punjab Infantry. : 334 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. No, XIX.—NESTING OF THE LITTLE FORK-TAIL, (ICROCICHLA SCOULERT.,) T was lucky enough to find two nests of No, 637 (Oates), Microcichla scouleri the Little Fork-tail, at Mussoorie this year, The first nest was found in a hole in rock on the bank of the Aglar River, at an elevation of about 3,500 feet, the female bird being shot off the nest, The nest was very loosely made of a little moss and a few skeleton leaves, I tookit out, butit fell to pieces in my hand, The nest contained three fresh eggs, large for the size of the bird, long and oval in shape, and a good deal pointed at the small end ; colour white, with a faint pink tinge covered with numerous tiny pale red specks, most numerous at large end ; very little gloss, but fine and satiny to touch ; this nest was found on 17th June, The second nest was found on 21st June, at Kemptee Falls, at about 4,000 feet,and was on a small shelf of rock under a waterfall : nest and eggs exactly similar to first, Hume in ‘‘Nests and Eggs”’ states that Jerdon had nest and eggs brought to him, and describes them as similar to Henicurus maculatus, but smaller, I am of opinion that the eggs of some other bird must have been brought to him, as mine are not in any way like a large series of H. maculatus in my possession. I am certain of my eggs, as the female was in each case shot off the nest, I am sending one clutch, with skin, for you to show at the next meeting, but please return them to me afterwards, Size, largest COCrcccssssserenrerscscasceessersse “C4! X °63!! Pegnstialleshiee esccse.eshadtecncwsmar=sreclil ii i(UmeKom Average of Six €298......06 Sereeppconotco pense Oae iepeoly This is, I believe, the first time authentic eggs have been taken, R, H. RATTRAY, Masor, JHELUM, 27th July, 1897. 22nd Punjab Infantry, No, XX.—CATS AS A PROTECTION AGAINST SNAKES, Tt is well known that the presence ofa dog in the house, in this country, constitutes a considerable protection against snakes, as our canine friends appear to have a strong antipathy to all reptiles. Their sight is not particularly good in the dark, but their sense of smell generally enables them. to detect the presence ofa snake, and one frequently hears of cases in which dogs have rendered very valuable service in this manner, Until lately, however, 1 should not have included cats as being of much use in the same direction, but the following circumstance shows that their presence is a considerable safeguard, Last night I was disturbed by the noise made by two cats at the back of the house, just outside the dining-room, They kept rushing across the foot- path and generally attracted attention by their unusual behaviour, One of the servants went to see what was the cause of the disturbance, and he found a Daboia (Vipera russellii), which he promptly killed- MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 335 This is the second instance, which has lately come to my knowledge, of poisonous snakes being found through the instrumentality of cats, T, 8. WEIR, Sure.-Lieor,-Cot, BomsayY, 2rd August, 1897, No, XXIL—TUSK MEASUREMENTS OF THE ASIATIC ELEPHANT, In Blanford’s “ Mammalia of India ” and in Rowland Ward’s “ Great Game of the World” the record tusk of an Asiatic elephant mentioned is the late Sir Victor Brooke’s from Mysore, 8’ long, 163” in circumference, and 90 lbs, in weight ; therefore the following measurements, which I have taken to-day of the collection of tusks in the Royal Siamese Museum, Bangkok, may be of interest, As far as I can ascertain, these tusks are all from Siam ; there are two of 9’ and over, five of 8’ and over, twelve of 7’ and over, six of 6’ and over, ten of 5’ and over, five of 4’ 6” and over, and numerous shorter ones, The length is measured along the outside curve of the tusk ; the large ones being mount- ed upright in wooden sockets, it is difficult to get the exact length to an inch in many cases, but I have tried to do so, and in case of doubt have taken the smaller measurement, Owing to their being thus mounted I have been unable to ascertain their weight, The thickest tusk is a single one, 7’ 7” in length and 203” in circumference, The measurements of the four finest pairs are as follows :— Length. Circumference, 742, 7! 4g" ; 163, 163/", A massive, even pair. 7! 83", 7! gl! 133", 133”. Poimts of tusks much worn. 83", 8l 4l 143”, 143”, A slender, symmetrical pair, 90", 9! 103! 1532/7, 154", The fourth pair belonged to an elephant, said to have been 90 -years old, which died in Bangkok some twenty years ago, andI think they must be the record pair for Asia. 8, 8. FLOWER, Lizvt., 5th Fusiliers, ( Temporarily lent to the Siamese Government, BANGKOK, 17th July, 1897. as Scientific Adviser, R.S.M. ), No, XXII—PLANTS OF A BOMBAY SWAMP. With reference to Mr. Woodrow’s paper in the last number, I am interested in what he says of Hrythrina indica as appearing in your Bombay swamps and as having more the appearance of a truly wild tree than other examples near Bombay have, The truth is that Erythrina indica (The Pangara) is one of the commonest of Indian sea-coast trees all round the Andamans, Nicobar and Burmese Coasts, and all along the sea-face of the Sunderbuns it is one of the 336 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. very commonest species, but nobody ever found it truly wild anywhere except on a sea-coast. There are many species exactly like this, one of the best known being Dalbergia monosperma, which is absolutely limited to the coast, and will not even grow elsewhere. I knowitis given in Mr. Birdwood’s list of Mahableshwar plants, but this is, of course, a slip, though I wonder what the species is that has been mistaken for Dalbergia monosperma, What Mr. Woodrow says of Scoparia dulcis is also most interesting, but it is very much otherwise on this side of India, for the species has spread thronghout both the Shan Hills and the Kachin Hills, and yet, from the fact that Roxburgh omits it, we may safely conclude it was not in Bengal a hundred years ago, although it is one of the commonest and one of the most intractable of our weeds now. D, PRAIN, Sure.-Carr, CaLcurra, August, 1897, No, XXIII.—_THE BLUE ROCK THRUSH (PETROPHILA SOLITA RIA), Mr, H, Littledale,in the last number of this Journal, speaks of a Blue Rock Thrush (P. cyanea?) tackling a lizard, but he seems to think that the bird only did so through mistaking the lizard’s tail for a worm, Probably, however, the thrush knew perfectly well what he was about, for all his kind are most omnivorous feeders, and lizards are not ai all out-of- the-way articles of diet for them. I once collected a great number of the birds of this genus with a view to obtaining connecting links between cyanea and solitaria, and amongst these birds I shot one which had swallowed a lizard so long that at least the final three inches of the tail was still projecting from its mouth although the head was firmly fixed in the gizzard and was rapidly undergoing digestion. I suppose in ashort time the whole of the lizard would have been taken in and used, as the bird did not seem at all inconvenienced by its strange meal, The bird looked very queer hopping about witha huge tongue-like affair hanging from its mouth, and a gentleman, Mr. H, Pearson, who was with me, and I also, made the most wild speculations as to what it was until we had shot it, Ihave found grain in their stomachs sometimes and also asmall fruit or two, but their main diet had always been animal, and I think small snails, slugs and worms were the favourite articles, E, C, STUART BAKER. Hartone, Cacuar, 12th July, 1897. | No, XXIV.—THE MIGRATION OF BUTTERFLIES. Will you kindly give me space to invite the attention of members of the Society to a subject which has received less attention than it deserves—lI mean the migrations of butterflies, Huplwa core is not ordinarily a migratory insect, It remains with us all the year, and may be found in the larva state at MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 337 all seasons on the oleanders in our gardens. Every year, however, for two days in the beginning of June, it appears in unusual numbers, migrating steadily northwards, The natives have noticed this, and say that the rain will come three days after the butterflies, but I have not found this to be invari- ably the case. This year the migration began on the 7th of June, the morning after our first thunderstorm, but long before we had any regular monsoon rain, lL imagine that the butterflies which migrate are those that are brought gut from the pups of the previous season by the first heavy fall of rain, and that they migrate to escape the monsoon. In that case it would be very interesting to know where the movement begins and where it ends; also whether there is any return along another route at any other season, or whe- ther the hordes of the south go to increase the population of the north each year. These points might easily be settled if a number of members in different parts of the country would watch these butterflies aud make the result of their observations known, Itis not necessary that they should know anything about butterflies, for Huplea core cannot be mistaken for any other species, It is a medium-sized, or large butterfly, with rather elongated wings, of a dark brown, or blackish colour, with a border of white spois, When migrating they pass in such numbers that it is impossible to look out of the window without seeing them. With them there are generally a few of Danais aglea and D. limniace, taking the same direction. Another butterfly which certainly migrates, but more erratically, is Pyrameis cardui, the “ Painted Lady.” At different times of the year, but most often, I think, in June, large numbers of this species appear about the rocks on the sea shore, or in other barren situations, and I am inclined to think that they “are new arrivals from some other country, for this butterfly is cosmopolitan and apparently a great wanderer, A certain number remain permanently with us and breed on a common species of Blumea. BH. H. AITKEN. RATNAGIRI, August, 1897. No. XXV.—OUR ANNUAL CATERPILLAR PEST AND ITS REMEDY. I hasten to communicate to the members of the Society a discovery which surely illustrates the economic value of a knowledge of natural history. I daresay most of them have suffered, like myself, during the last month, from _those little, hairy, black caterpillars which are the special pestilence of this season, Originating apparently on the doorstep, and feeding on the invisible flora of damp walls, they invade all parts of the house and take up positions on chairs and tables, in your hat, or about your clothes, which make it impos- sible to avoid coming into contact with them. From such contact they suffer little, but the effect of their hairs on our skins does not pass off in a day, They are the larve of a little moth, Nepiia conferta, and I may refer readers of our Journal to an interesting account of their habits by Mr, H. 8, Wise in 338 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, the 3rd volume, Till lately I supposed that these pests were secured against the common enemies of insects by their armour of venomous hairs ; but I was mistaken. Last week a portly toad found its way into my verandah, and after eyeing one of them for some time, bowed to it, and it disappeared in that magical way in which insects do disappear when toads are feeding, After this the toad “studied” for a time, as Uncle Remus says, but seemed to be pleased with the result, for it proceeded to make the rest of the cater- pillars about it disappear in like manner. So it is evident that the lining of a toad is proof against even the hairs of Nepita conferta. Had I known this sooner I would have taken steps to import a regiment of toads, E, H. AITKEN, RATNAGIRI, August, 1897, No, XXVI.—NOTES ON “HUME AND MARSHALL,” It seems time for usto try to put together a series of notes on Hume and Marshall's “Game Birds,” as McMaster did with Jerdon many years ago. No doubt many men have marginal notes in their copies of the “ Game Birds,” and though each individual's notes may be few, a considerable body of useful comment might be got together by united action. As aspecimen of what IT mean, I will take Hume’s account of the Sarus (Vol. III, p.2). Dr, Anderson is quoted ina note as having been of opinion that he saw huge flocks of the Sarus flying overhead in Yunan. It is probable that he was mistaken, and that what he did see was a flock of the Demoiselle cranes. I know that last cold-weather at the Null a friend and I blazed into a flock of Kullum (A, virgo) at 25 yards flying, and both selected, for our first barrel, a fine specimen, which turned out to ke a Sarus! ; shows the danger to Sarus of bad company ; also the difficulty of distinguishing the species in a flock, Hume (p. 4)says he does not believe that Sarus ever, in India, rise high in air, and circle round as other cranesdo. Ihave seen the Sarus do this repeatedly at over 100 yards up, in the hot-weather, near Muwal tank north of Baroda, Also at other places, during the middle of the day. Hume says that the Sarus eats frogs, Ihad a tame pair that would not do so, Their call, Hume says (p.5),is loud and sonorous, This is true, but it does not bring cut the point that itis generally a duet, which gives volume to the sound, The male starts off with ascream, andthe female chimes in with her staccato notes, The Sarus gather in large flocks near Baroda in March, I once saw 200 in one flock when at Alindra, Generally one can see 50 or so together at Muwal, Possibly we might be able to get asuffcient body of notes in this way to make a useful supplement to the “ Game Birds.” Some day I shall continue my own notes, such as they are. H. LITTLEDALE, BARODA, August, 1897, MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 339 No, XXVII.—DECOYING A MONKEY, Yesterday about 10 a.m, a large male Langur Hanuman Monkey, (Semno- pithecus entellus) paid a surprise visit to my compound, and it occurred to me that it would be interesting to see whether we could succeed in decoying him by means of two stuffed specimens of the same species which are in my pos- session. These specimens were mounted by Rowland Ward some years ago and are still exceedingly life-like, so I placed one of them on the branch of a large tree and the other on the grass, close by, and then retired into the house to watch the result, Within a few minutes the monkey approached the stuffed dummy in the tree, touched it on the shoulder and then withdrew his hand quickly. He looked rather surprised andthe expression of his face was most amusing, He then sat down in front of the dummy and leaning forward rubbed his nose against its face. He again withdrew a little, being evidently greatly as- tonished atthe marked coldness with which his friendly advances were received, After a few minutes he descended from the tree and approaching the other stuffed specimen was going through the same pantomime when one of my tame chita cubs which are kept in an enclosure, close by, sprang over the bamboo palings and charged atthe performers. The big monkey was high up in a tree before the chita was well over the paling, but when he saw dummy being knocked over, he worked himself up into a fearful state of rage and excitement, shaking the branches violently and uttering harsh cries ; in faci at one time he appeared to be on the point of coming down to the rescue, but Iran forward and took the young chita away. I afterwards removed this dummy and put it up in the tree near the other one and within a short time the live monkey was seen quietly sitting beside these unsym- pathetic companions, G. 8S. RODON, Mavor, DHARWAR, 1st September, 1897, OBITUARY. Dr. J. C. Lisbea. A member of this Society and frequent contributor to these pages, passed over to the majority, at Poona, on 1st May, 1897, aged 75, One of the early disciples at the Grant Medical College, Bombay, Dr, Lisboa had a long and ‘successful career in Medicine, and having retired from practice occupied his well-earned leisure in botanical investigation. He made grasses a special subject of study and with the assistance and sympathy of his amiable and accomplished wife, acquired a truly remarkable knowledge of the structure and affinities of that very difficult group of plants. It is much regretted that his health began to break down soon after he had decided to publish a list of the Bombay Grasses which is at present in the press. In private life he was all that good men wish to be, and his loss is widely deplored. 22 340 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING HELD ON 15TH JULY, 1897, A meeting of the members took place at the Society's Rooms on Thursday the 15th July. NEW MEMBERS. The election of the following new members was announced :—Mr, A. Morgan, (Nilgiris), Mr. Marshall D, Taylor (Alipore), Mr. A. V. Wilkins (Alipore), Rev. C. P. Cory (Theyetmyo), Cclonel G. D, F, Sulivan (Rawalpindi), Mr. R. Pp. Allen (Madras), Surgeon-Lieutenant H, F, Walton, :M.B. (Bombay), Mr. Robert Berry, C.E. (Arsekeri), Messrs, R. Friedlander and Son (Berlin), Mr, J. B. Curtis (Calcutta), Lieutenant H. E, Winsloe, R. E, (Burma), Mr, T, N. Hearsey (Kurnool), Major J. F, A. McNair, C, M. G. (England), Lieutenant W.S8. Prentis (Burma), Mr. W. 0. Hannyngton (Burma), Mr, W. P. Johnson (Bombay), Mr. Marshall F. Reid (Bombay), Mrs, E, Lawrence (Bombay), Mr, H. C, John (Sindh), Mr. E, O. Cholmondeley (Indore), Mr. R. McIntosh, I.F.S, (Cuddapah), Surgeon-Major H, E. Deane (Bombay), Mr. H, Harrison, I.C.8. (Kolahpore), Mr. G. Marshall Woodrow (Poona), Mr, R. M. Powell (Nandyal), Mr, W. A. Talbot (Belgaum), Mr, F. G. Pratt, I.CS. (Sholapore), Captain CG. Nurse (Deesa), and B. Standen, 1.0.8. (Betul, C.P.) CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM. Mr, H. M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged the following contributions to the Society's Museum :— Contribution. ‘ Description. Contributor. Seychelle Leaf Insee t5|Phylléwm Scythe ceccccere ee»| Mv. McCann. alive). sin oa Skull of the Lesser] Vévervicula malaccensis......\Mr. R. C. Wroughton. Civet Cat. Scorpions from Ceylon ...... Col. A. G. Tidy. 1 Lesser Coneal from Ceylon.|Centropus Deng alensise. ene. Mr. A. L. Butler. 2 Spotted Owlets (alive) ...,Athene brama oeosrsreereceeses Mr. R. Baumbach. 1 Gmake .......sccccseeccsseerseees Dendrophis pictus ssere.evee Mr. C. Hudson, I.C.8. A. Four-legged Chicken «| = anu ee Mr. W. J. K. Hunter, A Number of Scorpions......) «=» canes Mr, H. Kemball. 1 Indian Squirrel (New Syitieus indious var, dealbat-\Mrs. Wroughton. . Variety) alive. 1 Parrot Fish ..csccssssccscessseee Tetrodon PALOCH sserrereoene »(Mr, @. R. Long. Land Shells from meer s0ca0e Mr. L. Morgan. Beetles... Bocoseoncotid Son00c Do. 1 Dhaman (alive) Goddunonds0¢ Zamenis MUCOSUS ... ..|Miss Olive Lyons. 1 Chameleon (alive) ......... Chameleon calearorue 2 asecatoos Mr. D. G. Ommaney. A Collection of Birds’ eanEeS e00000 Miss A. Dickinson. 1 Snake (alive)... soveeee| DPYOPNES MYCLETELANS o..0e00e- Mr, EH. §. Luard. D Lizards .c...svcsvcrecevereeeee| Ophiomorus gies 94 006 Lieut. C. Woodhouse, 1 Snake (alive)... -|LYCOdOM GUIECUS coccece ..|Mr. EH. H. Elsworthy. est and Hee of a . Megapod. Megapodius nicobaré iensis -e-|Lieut. Wilson, R.I.M. 600 Butterflies and Moths} = = = — eeeere Lieut, G. Warneford. ss Oe MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. o41 ——— Contribution. | Description, | Contributor, | | 1 Snake ..... Goreusetaersavclecasss eecoten GULICUS ...00000002... Mr, H. O. Cholmondeley. 1) oy.) Soe saasie sit ayeesevac IBungarus cer ULES sevesereeses a Do. 2 Pied Crested Cuckoo s\Coccystes jacodinus ...eececess ‘Mr. Williamson. (alive) PP Coptal GILVC) ois. .ccesssevsees -|VGGG CViPWAEGNS v..0000...-se0 Lt, R. Gillespie, R.H. Aetiimbeot birds; Hees...) | 1 wees Mr, C, Crommellin. 1 Pied Crested Ouckoo(Coccystes FCO BIR sheer My, A, Prentice. (alive) A Collection of Scorpions opo0ne Mr. G, R. Duxbury. from Nasik OreLEOM SINAN, seccscersnce|l) up bo epeeceee Mr. P. J, Corbett. Eggs and Skin of Black-|Elanus coruleus ss.0.-.0000.../Lieut. C. D. Lester. winged Kite Freshwater Shells from speed Mr. S. B. Bates, V.Z.8, Chindwin River DRONA Cre ncs cereus ssseeeoacs soop004 Tropidonotus stolatus .. .|Mrs, Nicholson. A Collection of Butterflies...) «=» averse Capt. F. E. Skey, R.E. Skull of smaller Cashmere Sciwropterus UNO TEAEUE vo00e. Prof, H. Littledale. Flying pace! PRDUBICES cwcsscaces’ccasdseeetss eet Coluber hodgsons ...ccc.rcccres- Do. PY Oetetececs -kecscrccassecsoccetes Ancistrodon PA GNOD Ss oa Do. 1 Chinkara Head. co ces sear eee| GGZCUG DENELbE s.,e00000eve000-e./ MT. Merony. 1 Monitor (alive).............. Varanus bengalensis . veeeseeo(Capt, F. Torrens-Griffin. : Snake ...... senaosoen0s00 sreeee| 2 ropidonotus plumdicotor . »».|/Mr. T. Hewitt. WL) AIBTOS escacacoksaneanedreerecrne Bungarus CETULEUS corer Do. A Collection of Repti les from soncee “Mr, F.C. 8. Baker. Cachar A Number of Beetles and soonee Mr. Lawson Morgan. Land Shells Ener Hishes 61 Oy mle Pee) wie feceewe Mr, James Martin. Ye 18% 1 Western Green Barbet|Megalaima viridis ............|Mr. Westbrook. (alive) LT Cobra Give) ....00..cs.ceoees4 NGG EVEPUDIGNS .e00000 jeoeeo(Mr. Anandrao Dalve. DESMGRC ec cees occas ctioncenanacoad | Tropidonotus piscator.........|Mr, W. M. Bell. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY, The Coccide of Ceylon, by E, Ernest Green, from the Author, Photographs of the Doom Palm (Hyphene thebaica), from Mr, R. G. Webb, “ Nature,” every week, from Mr, W. F, Sinclair. PAPERS READ. The following papers were then read and discussed :-—- 1, The poisonous properties of the sweet-scented Oleander (Nerium _ odorum), by Surg.-Lieut.Col. K, R. Kirtikar, I.M\S., F.L.S, 2, Bombay Land and Freshwater Shells, Part II., by Lieut. A, J. Peile, R.A. 3. The Birds of North Cachar, Part VIII., by E, C. 8. Baker, F.Z, S. 4, The Heterocera of Sikhim and Bhutan, by G. C. Dudgeon, F.E.S. 342 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI, 5. Miscellaneous Notes,— (a) The Great Indian Hornbill, in the Wild State, by Lieut-Col, C. T. Bingham, (b) The Great Indian Hornbill, in Captivity, by H. M, Phipson. (c) Notes on Shooting in Oudh, by 8. Eardley- Wilmot. (d) The Kol Bhalu, by Capt. R, M. Betham, (e) Notes on Crows, and on the Protective Power of Scent in Animals, by S. Eardley- Wilmot, PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING HELD ON 30Ta SEPTEMBER, 1897. A meeting of the members took place at the Society Rooms on Thursday. the 30th September, 1897, Mr. L, de Nicéville presiding. NEW MEMBERS. The election of the following new members was announced : ~ Captain W. F. Corbett (Cannanore) ; Mr. G. M. Ryan, I. F.S., (Thana) ; Mr, W. F. Morison, I.C.S., (Sholapore) ; Surgeon-Lieutenant R. F, Standage, I.M.58., (Sholapore) ; Mr. W. F. D. Fisher, LF.S., (Sholapore); Mr D, M. Gordon, (Burma) ; Mr. EK. C. B, Acworth (Bombay); Captain 0. Moss (Bombay) ; Surgeon-Major R. W. S. Lyons (Bombay) ; Mr P. J. MacDonald (Calcutta) ; Veterinary-Lieutenant F, S. H. Baldrey (Bombay) ; Veterinary-Lieutenant A, S. Trydell (Nagpore); Veterinary-Captain A. E, Richardson (Allahabad) ; Surgeon-Major ©. B. Maitland, I.M.S., (Neemuch) ; Honorable Mr. Justice Strachey (Bombay) ; Mr. W. M. Green, L.F.S.,(Kurseong); Mr, H. A. Far- rington, I. F.S. (Jalpaiguri); Mr. W. H. Lovegrove, I. F. 8. (Dehra Dun); Captain F, G Batten (Burma); Mr. C. E. C, Fischer, I. F.S., (Kurnool) ; Surgeon-Captain Edgar J, Morgan (Sialkote); Mr. A. B. Jackson, IFS. (Nilambur); Surgeo.-Major A. G. Newland (Burma); Mr, B. Coventry, LF.S., (Lahore); Mr. H. H. Forteath, LF.S., (Burma); Mr, A. Wood, LCS, (Bombay); Mr. W. A. Hasted (Waltair) ; Mr. H. G. Young (Waltair); Mr, P. W. Stevens (Gaya); Mr. Alex, McIntosh, C. E., (Cachar) ; Mr. G. F. H, Cather (Upper Burma); Lieutenant 8. Delme-Radcliffe (Jubbulpur) ; Lieutenant Johnstone Stewart (Tochi Field Force) ; Mr, P. W. Barker (Neschindipur); Captain F. I. H. Barton (Lundi Kotal); Mr. J. P. Vaughan, I.C.S., (Sind) ; Colonel W. S. Birdwood (Aden); Mr, W. D. Cumming (Persian Gulf) ; Mr. F. E. H. Parratt (Chiegmal, Burma); Mr. Kenneth Mackenzie (Kur- nool); Mr. J. W. C. Gardner (Jalpaiguri); Lieutenant H. W. Cruddas (Upper Burma); Mr. A. H. A. Simecox, I.C.S., (Malegaon); Lieutenant A, HE. Barnard (Rangoon); Surgeon-Lieutenant J. L. Marjoribanks, 1.M.8, (Poona), MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 343 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM. Mr. H, &, Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the following contributions to the Society's Museum since the last meeting:— — Contribution, Description. Contributor, A number of scorpions from ere eneses Major R. H. Rattray. Mussoorie. 1 Nightjar (alive) ... --.|Caprimulgus asiaticus ...(Ool. Gerard Martin. 1 Indian Monitor ... -..| Varanus bengalensis... .-e|Dr. D*Monte. Fresh-water Shells from ddeusiewe Dr. D. Dalgado. Sawantwadi. 1 Python (alive) ... ..|Python molurus 209 ...|Mr. Douglas Bennett. 1 Daboia -.|Vipera russellii as .../Surg.-Lieut.-Col. T. Weir. Land and Fres hew a CERT Me ores se oecie's Capt. H. Y. Watson. Shells from Madras. 1 Indian Monitor ... ...|Varanus bengalensis .»./Mr. A. Francke, Deep Sea Shells ... ae Moaveladels Miss Spragee. A number of Insects from] Mr. J. A. Betham. Darjeeling. 2 Snakes S00 -|Trackischium fuscum d02 Do. Callophis macclellandii J Chameleon (alive)... -»-|Chameleon calearatus Mx, A. C, Logan, I.C.S. Land Shells from Kumar-{ — sseseoee 2 Mr. T. J. Hide. gram. 1 Sand Lizard (alive) 280 1 Snake (alive) on0 1 Chameleon (alive) 1 Snake 20 306 Ophiomorus tridactylus ...|Capt. A. Hatch. --|Lycodon aulicus ... ...|Mr W. Jardine. --.|Chameleon calcaratus coc Wilibe 15 dale Fatal --.|Homalopsis buccata..- ...|Surgeon-Major EH. French- man. -.|Cyon dukhunensis ... .../Mr, C, B. Brendon. -..| ropidonotus plumbicolor ... Os .-.|Spilornis cheela ae .... Mr. H. Wapshare, ..|Cizcus macrurus ... ane Do. ..|Hlanus coeruleus ... el Do. ...,Astur badius... aa 200} Da. .|Tropidonotus pisecator ...|Mr, H. H. Brock, Huplocamus cuvieri... ...|Capt. F, T. Williams, Skull of Wild Dog ... 1 Snake 0 1 Cested Serpent-Eagle 1 Pale Harrier 200 1 Black-winged Kite 1 Shikra 606 Ab 1 Snake boo A pair of Arakan Silver Pheasants (alive). 1 Indian Monitor ... --.|Varanus bengalensis ...Dr. C, Rodrigues, A number of seashells .... == saeeeevee Mr. BE. H. Aitken, Land shellsfrom Ceylon ...J = = seaseavee Mr. E. Ernest Green. hamdtshells from) Thang “s..\) ey) | scns-cece Mr. G. M. Ryan. 1 Snake os oon --.{Callophis maculiceps ...|Mx, John Graham. ~1 Snake (alive) te .-./Dipses trigonata x. ...| Mr, A. M. Tod. I Snake (alive) B05 ...|Dipsas forstenii S06 ...jouren.-Capt. H. Harold Brown. Sarus eggs , .. .{Grus antigone oe eee Mr, J. M. Gordon. 2 Batrachians soc ...|Lchthyophis glinosus ...|Mr, W. Mahon Daly. 1 Snake eee 900 ...| Lrimeresurus strigatus ...|Mr, A, J. Jardine. 1 Gaur’s skull was +o<|BOS QAULUS ove 000 ...(Mr, A. J. A. Jardine, 4 Banting’s skulls .., ---|Bos sondaicus soe ...| Vety.-Maj. G. Evans. 3 Brow-antlered Deers Cervus eldii ... o00 500 Do. “skulls. 2 Hog-deers’ skulls ... .|Cervus porcinus os. ode Do. 1 Burmese Serow’s skull ...|Nemorhcedus Sumatrensis ... Do. 1 Goral’s skull see ~—- ee {Cemas goral ... nce ace Do. _ 3844 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1, = a Contribution. Description. Contributor. en 2 Cobras one sae eo Naja tripudians 255 ...| Vety.-Maj. G. Evans, : Do. 2 Snakes 560 600 «..|1 ropidonotus stolatus 1 Golden Tree-Snake --.| Chrysopelea ornata ... soc Do. 1 Snake 200 pO ...\Cylindrophis rufus ... 500 Do. Photographs of Game Birds.| = eweweavee Capt. F. T. Williams. 1 Mounted Skin of a Bin-jArctictis binturong ... ...|Le Baron Von Heecke- turong renez. 1 Malay Palm-Civet... -..|Paradoxurus hermaphyo- Do. ditus. ; 1 Wild Cat ... co0 ...|Pelis minuta... ose Sod). eBo000 A number of rare beetles}; = = seweeenee Capt. T. G. B. Finny. from Kurrachee. I Clutch of Bustard Quails’|Turnix taigoor Eggs. A number of Reptiles from| =| eweeve bn Mr. C. Maries. Gwalior. Land and Fresh-water Shells sanaooods ’ |My,’S. B. Bates. from Upper Chindwin ; rH Mand wehells £ moun |b Niel oe eel eecessens Mr. L. Morgan. Nilgiris. | .|Major A, A, Fraser. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Geological Description of Java and Madoura, Vols, I and IL, with com- plete set of maps, from the Dutch Consul, Dr, Koch’s reports on Rinderpest, from Veterinary-Major J. Mills, Oceanic Ichthyology (Goode and Bean), 2 vols., in exchange, Life History of the North, American Birds, in exchange. The Fishes of North and Middle America, in exchange, Memoirs of the Geolo- gical Survey of India for 1896, in exchange. New Indian Coccids (Green). The Coccidz of Ceylon (Green), and Report on Orthezia insignis, an Insect Pest (Green), from E, Hrnest Green. Journal of the Marine Biological Association, Vol, IV, No. I, from Mr. W. F. Sinclair. Report on the Govern- ment Experimental Farms at Poona and Surat, from Government. PAPERS READ. The following papers were then read and discussed:—1, Camp Xit, by John Wallace, C.E.2. The Jarge Indian Squirrel (Sciurus in licus) and its local races or sub-species, by W. T. Blanford, F.R.S. 3. New species of Western Peninsula Plants from North Kanara and Mysore, by W. A, Talbot, F.L.S. 4. On some bats obtained in the Surat and Thana Districts by Mr. R. C. Wrough- ton, by Oldfield Thomas, British Museum. 5, The Moths of India (supple- mentary paper to the Volumes in the “Fauna of B, India”) by Sir George F, Hampson, Bart., F.L.S., F.E.8. 6. List of the aculeate Hymen- optera procured at Aden by Colonel Yerbury, R.A., and Captain Nurse, 1.8.C., MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 345 by Lieut,-Colonel C. T. Bingham, F.Z.%., F. E.S, 7. Miscellaneous Notes :— (a) The nesting of the white-browed bush bulbul in Guzerat, by Captain R. M. Betham, (6) The occurrence of the watercock in Cutch, by Lieut. C, D. Lester, (c) Wounded tigers, by Lieut. J. H. Vanderzee, I.8.C. (d) The Oceanic Teal, by A. L. Butler. (¢) Occurrence of the Gargany Teal in India during July, by Major R. H. Rattray. (f) Nesting of the little Forktail, by Major R. A. Rattray. (g) Rais as a protection against snakes, by Surg.- Lieut.-Col. T.S. Weir, (4) Tusk measurements of the Asiatic Elephant, by Lieut. 8. 8. Flower. (¢) The Nepal Swan, by W. T. Blanford, F.B.S. (7) Plants ofa Pombay swamp, by Surg.-Capt. D. Prain, (k) The blue rock thrush, by H. C, Stuart Baker, (/) The migration of butterflies, by H, H. Aitken, (m) Our annual caterpillar pest, by E. H. Aitken, (7) Notes on Hume and Marshall, by H. Littledale, (0) Decoying a Monkey, by Major G. &. Rodon. Hf ay cs O —" as uw a) J.G.Keulemans del Mintern Bros.Chromo lith. London. THE BARRED-HEADED GOOSE Anser indicus, 4. 15 Nat sixe. JOURNAL OF THE cs CA ee Aare : Aatural History Soviet, Vol. mi BOMBAY. | Nowicr INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. By HE. ©. Stuart Baker, F.Z.S. Parr III, wits Puare IIl. (Continued from page 198 of this Vol.) Sub-Family ANSERINA. This Sub-Family confains six genera, but of these the only one represented in India is the familiar Anser ; we need not therefore trouble about the key to the genera. The distinctive features of the Sub- Family are:—hind toe not lobed and moderate in length, as is the neck, the feet are palmated, and there is no cere. Key to the Species. a. Tomia distinctly arched, with indentations of upper mandible quite apparent. — a@! Nail of bill white. a" Rump french-grey, no white on fore- Head? : ...A, RUBRIROSTRIS. b" Rump dark greyish-brown, white on forehead. a! White on the forehead, not reaching a line between the eyes... ...A\, ALBIFRONS, 6" White on the forehead, reaching a line _ between the eyes a wi, ERYTHROPUS. 348 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. b' Nail of the bill dusky or black. c" An orange band round the median part of the beak ; feet orange ...A, FABILIS. d" A pink band round the median part of the beak, feet pink, flesh colour ...A. BRACHYRHYNCHUS. b. Tomia not very-arched. Head with two black bands on the occiput and nape __...A. INDICUS. Alternative Key. a. Head with two dark bands as ...A, INDICUS. 6. Head without any bands. a’ Nail of bill white or nearly so. . a! No white on forehead, rump grey...A. RUBRIROSTRIS. b" White on forehead, rump dark greyish-brown. a" Wing over 15"; culmen 2°9"...A, ALBIFRONS. - b" Wing under 15"; culmen 2°3’.A, ERYTHROPUS. 6' Nail of bill blackish. e" Feet yellow to orange ... ...A, FABILIS, da! Feet always tinged pink... A, BRACHYRHYNCHUS. 10. _ ANSER RUBRIROSTRIS. The Indian Grey Lag Goose. Anser cinereus. Jerdon, ‘ Birds of India,” III, p. 779 ; Hume, “Str. Feath.,” I, p. 258 ; zd, “Nest and Eggs,” p. 635 ; Butler, “‘Str. Feath.,” IV, p. 26; Scully, ebid, p. 199; Hume, “Str. Feath.,” VII, p. 491; VIII, p. 114 ; Hume, Cat., No. 945; Hume and Marshall, “Game Birds,” ITI, _ p. 50 ; Hume, “ Nests and Eggs,” (Qates’ ed.), III, p. 279, Barnes, “Birds of Bombay,” p. 945. Anser rubrirostris. Salvadori, “Cat. of Birds British Museum,” XV EE ape gue Description : Adult Male.—Lower back and rump french-grey, upper tail coverts white, remainder of upper plumage, head and neck, ash- brown, the scapularies edged lighter; a very narrow white rim of feathers at the base of the bill; lower neck in front, breast and abdomen, pale greyish-brown; the abdomen with more or less numerous broad black spots, sometimes almost confluent, at others almost absent ; remainder of lower plumage white ; flanks brown, tipped pale french- grey, more grey at the bases of the feathers; shoulder of wing and INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 349 smaller coverts next it, winglet, primaries at the base and primary eoverts, french-grey ; remainder of the wings brown, the secondary coverts edged whitish; under wing coverts and axillaries french-grey ; two outer pairs of tail feathers white, the central ones brown, tipped white, and the others brownish at the base changing to white at the tip. “The irides are always brown ; the nail of the bill sullied white, generally yellowish, or pinkish-white ; the bill, legs and feet vary from creamy-white, with only, in places, a faint tinge of pink, through pale, somewhat livid, fleshy-pink to a dingy-livid, purplish-red, and very often the bill is of one shade, the legs and feet of another. Never in any of the innumerable specimens that I have examined in India have the bills had any orange or yellow tint about them.” (Hume). “Length about 33”, wing 18"; tail 6:5", culmen 2°7"; tarsus 3°2"” (Salvadori). The female only differs in being smaller. Scully, “ Stray Feathers” (loco citato), gives the measurements of a female as follows :— Length 31 inches; tail 6 inches; tarsus 3 ; bill from gape 9°7. The young are far less marked underneath, and the majority of birds shot in India will be found nearly white underneath. In the same place as that in which he gives the above dimensions fora female, Scully gives others of a young bird :—“ Length 30°5 ; expanse 60°25 ; wing 16°5; tail 6°33; tarsus 3; bill from gape 2°65 ; weight 5 lbs. 15 oz,” This bird differs from Anser ferus, the common wild goose, with which it was long confounded, im being rather larger, and with propour- tionately larger bill and feet, and the adult bird is. also more marked with black on the underparts, though this last distinction does not hold . good with most Indian specimens. In the British Museum Catalogue the distribution of this goose is given as “ Siberia, in winter Northern India and South China;” this, of course, includes all the intervening countries, at all events whilst the birds are on migration. | Hume in “Game Birds” goes. into the question as.to whether this bird is the same as. the one known in Europe as. Anser cinereus, and he there notes the differences between the two species in his usual accurate manner, and now ornithologists agree, at least the majority do, that the two species are distinct. Hodgson’s name of rubrirostris stands good 350 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, for our Indian farm. Hume’s distribution given in “ Game Birds.” applies, of course, to both species, and has to be greatly curtailed in its limits outside India. It is found throughout Northern India, but is far more numerous to the west than to the east; it extends right away throughout China, but as most of the birds are recorded as A. cinereus it is diffieult to say what notes apply to the true 4. cinereus and what to our A. rubrirostris, though the probability is that nearly all the Asiatic birds are the latter. Et occurs in some numbers throughout Assam, but certainly is not a very common bird anywhere im that Province, as far as I can ascertain ; Mr, Hiden, however, says that it oceurs in great nombers in Sylhet in a favourable year. Probably it isin great numbers. only when compared to the few found of other species. Strange to say there seems to be no record of its having ever appeared in Burma, though it surely must turn up occasionally in the Northern States. Mr, Damant reports it to be conamon in Manipur, next door to Burma. I have shot one or two pairs. in the Sunderbunds, but have seen very few birds indeed in that part of the country, and, I think, east of Calcutta it is decidedly rare; indeed it is not common even in the Calcutta markets, which are a veritable bird mine for the ornithologist in the right season, when the rarest edible birds sometimes put in an appearance. In Assam, except in the Brahmaputra and the larger rivers, such as the Surma, etc., it goes about in only small parties of some ten or a dozen, but Cripps met with it in Dacca on the Megna in a flock numbering about 200. This was the only time he noticed the Grey Lag in Dacca. As one wanders further west the flocks become more and more numerous, until in the Western Provinces sportsmen speak of flocks numbering their hundreds which run into thousands. It is a bird of all elevations and is very common in Cashmere in winter and in other similar suitable places up to six thousand feet or more. “‘ A Member of the Society” states that no geese are found in the Konkan, Deccan or Khandeish, but he records an Anser, by which he must refer to the present species, from Gujurat ; here, he says, that it is not common, but others have obtained them in great numbers. Hume mentions having found flocks numbering fully 1,200, and, I believe, refers to the flocks he saw in Sind, INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 351 They breed throughout Asiatic Siberia, in Turkistan, Kashgar, probably Northern Persia and on the Yangtse-Kiang, on which river young birds have been taken. I can find no full description of their breeding habits, but they are not likely to differ in any way from those of Anser cinereus, the Huropean Grey Lag, which lays from 4 to 6 eggs in a rough, rather loosely built, nest of reeds, rushes and grass, placed in the ground not far from water. Pryevalsky records breeding-places in §.-E. Mongolia, the upper valley of the Huanyho and in Lake Kohonoor, all of which places refer to the Asiatic form of the Grey Lag. All notices referring to Europe and North Africa must be taken as being of the true Grey Lag, A. cinereus, and I fancy that the majority of those in Asia Minor, if not all, will be found to be of the same. They generally arrive in India in October, but do not get far south or east until the end of November; about Calcutta and east of that they appear to come in in early and middle December. Of course every- where they sometimes come in much earlier, and they have been record- ed in the N.-W. in September. In the same way, though they all have left India, as a rule, by the end of March, yet sometimes they stay far later ; for instance only lately in our Journal Col. Unwin has reported receiving four “ Grey Lag geese (A. cénereus)” as late as the 2nd May in Cashmere. It will be interesting, as he says, to see if they do stay and breed, but I am afraid that there is little chance of it as their breeding haunts are not far off ; and they are sure to return there. Adams did state that they bred in Ladakh, but his remarks have never been confirmed, and it seems he must have been mistaken. After Hume’s long notes on shooting geese, given in “‘ Game Birds,” itis very difficult to say anything more of any interest. As every sportsman knows they are shy, wild birds and difficult to bring to bag, but their wildness varies much according to how much the localities in which they reside are shot over. When many of the natives have guns, and there are also many European sportsmen, the Grey Lag and every other kind of goose isan object as worthy of a stalk as any black buck. In such places it is little use going out to collect a bag of geese unless one has made up his mind to really work the business out properly. If there are young crops of wheat, etc., in the district, the sportsman should be out before daybreak, and he then may, by a careful crawl] through grass and wheat, wet with dew and very cold—it can be “ ’ 352 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. cold even in India—get within easy shot of the birds as they feed on the young growth. If wise he will blaze one barrel into the brown as they feed and get what he can with his second barrel as they rise ; if, however, he is very near indeed, it is better to wait and have both barrels into them on the wing. They take some time getting on way after rising, and give lots of time to put in two shots, and more birds will be dropped this way than if the unspread shot had taken them on the ground. Hume also mentions stalking them under a blanket and beguiling the geese into a belief that you are an inoffensive native just out for a prowl ; where, however, the natives have a gun, the geese will undoubtedly “ wink the other eye, ” and, blanket or no blanket, leave long before that article is brought within shooting distance. A bullock is more useful than a blanket under such circumstances, and from behind the shelter of one much slaughter may be done if the animal is properly worked. Hume says that they are easily killed during the daytime on all the larger rivers. I have not found this to be the case myself, but as his experience is fully twenty times what mine is, the sportsman had better follow his advice and not mine. He says :—‘ During the hotter parts of the day, they are, as already mentioned, generally found in larger or smaller parties dozing in the sun on some sandbank, at the water's edge. Directly such a party is sighted, you take a small boat and, with the aid of a couple of experienced men, row or punt noiselessly down to another two or three hundred yards of the birds, when, if the water intervening is shallow enough to allow it (and the boatmen seem to know this by instinct), one man gets quietly out of the boat behind, and, while you and your companion in the boat lie down out of sight, he, stooping so as to be entirely concealed by the boat, pushes it down gently and noiselessly, aided by the stream, towards the flock. In this way you may approach, if all is well managed, to within 20 yards of even cranes ; you make some arrangement at the bows (I hada false gunwale with suitable holes pierced in it) so as to admit of peeping and shooting, without raising your head into view, and when you get to what you consider the right distance, knock over as many as you can sitting, with the first shot, and as many more as you have time for, before they get out of shot, after they rise. Everything depends on judging rightly the distance for the first shot, INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 393 with reference to your bore and charge. _ A little too far you would, perhaps, hit a score without bagging one; a little too near and you kill one or two outright, and though you perhaps get two or three more as they rise, that is all; but if you have a good heavy duckgun, say No. 8 bore, with two ounces of A.A, and fire at about 50 yards, you will rarely get less than eight out of a good large flock of geese (and I have gotas many as sixteen) withthe first shot, besides a brace or so more, with green cartridge, as they rise.” They are not much of a hand at diving and give more trouble when wounded by fluttering and struggling along out of shot, Of course they do dive, and pretty quickly when hard pressed, but they cannot stay under water for any length of time, nor do they ever hold on to weeds below the surface of the water, asdo many ducks, and so avoid the sports- man. They soon rise after diving, and seldom far from where they enter the water, so that they can be easily shot on appearing. Hume says that he has seen one goose taken off by a crocodile ; but if he had shot more on the tidal waters on the Bengal side, where the snub-nosed, man- eating brute has his abode, Iam sure he would have seen many a fat goose and delicate duck disappear down their wide maws. Any big bird not recovered almost as soon as shot, is just as likely to form a “ mug- ger’s ” dinner as it is to form that of the person shooting it, Although bad or rather indifferent divers, they are very good swimmers, and a broken-winged bird gets along the surface of the water with preat rapidity. On the wing they are very swift when once started, and are very active and graceful as well. They fly, as every one knows, in the form of a V, generally one with a very obtuse point and often with one wing much longer than the other. They are noisy birds and their cacklings and cries and trumpets are, on ordinary occasions, far from soul-stirring, but, as Hume says, when on the wing, high up, their loud trumpeting calls are very sonorous and musical. Especially is this the case, when, late in the evening, or in the very early dawn, the sportsman, crouched low in some ambush, waits eagerly for the wel- come sound that tells of the approach of his game. To me this form of sport is very fascinating for an hour or so, though I admit that it requires great patience, as it is often a long wait between the flocks as they come within reach, and often the temper is tried by the persistent way 354 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI. birds continue, one flock after another, to fly past, either to the right or left, low down, but much too far off to get a shot. When, however, the birds fly kindly, it is very pleasant to hear the constant loud calls, the swish-swish of wings as they pass answered by the crack of your 12- bore, and the thud of the fat birds as they kiss mother Harth for the last time. Of course, in this way, your bag of geese at all events wont take many men to carry it, but there is no end tothe variety both of the game killed and the way of killing it. First, perhaps, come a flight of whistlers in no formation of any sort, and you cover them with your gun and let them go after you have made sure you could have dropped a dozen, or, if you want. food for your men, you do fire and dropa couple. Then a few noisy, little Cotton-teal fly past in a follow-my- leader fashion, each bird anxious to get in front of the others, and each determined that no other shall pass him, Next a flight of mallard, pin- tail or gadwall may pass, and the loud, dull smacks on the ground that follow the report of the gun, mean so many good-eating ducks. As a rule you will know what you have got by their appearance and flight, but a shoveller will sometimes imitate the gadwall very closely, and the result is disappointing. A flock or two of blue wing or grey teal may now vary the sport, flying lower, but even quicker thau tke ducks, and, last of all, in the distance, the geese will trumpet forth their approach, and after their arrival flocks of all sorts will passin increasing numbers until it is too dark to see and, the bag collected, there is nothing left but to gohome, In the early morning the routine is reversed, and the geese are the first to be got and the whistlers and Cotton-teal the last. Geese are almost invariably vegetarians and get their food by grazing, in which way large flocks will do immense damage to young crops in a single night. They are destructive birds also, owing to the fact that they pull so much of what they feed on, up by the roots, and thus destroy what they do not eat. The eggs mentioned by Hume belonged, I believe, to A. cinereus and not to a A. rubrirostris, with the exception of those he obtained from Rattan Singh and which were laid by a tame goose. These two eggs were quite pure white, ‘glossless, but compact, though not very fine grained. They measured 38°55" by 2°45" and 3:4" by 2°25". re INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 359 11. ANSER ALBIFRONS. The White-fronted Goose. Anser albifrons. Jerdon, “ Birds of India,’ III, page 780 ; Hume, “Str. Feath.,’ VIII, page 114; Hume, Cat., No. 947; Hume and Marshall, “Game Birds,” III, p. 73, Plate 10; Salvadori, “ B. B. M. ~Cat.,” XXVIT, p. 92. B. ; Anser erythropus. Hume, “Str. Feath.,” I, p. 259. | Description : Adult Male-—Forehead and feathers at the base of the upper mandible white, head, neck, back, rump and wings brownish ash- colour ; upper tail coverts white, breast and belly pale brownish-white, with patches and broad bars of black ; sides and flanks ash-brown with paler edgings, and with a white band on the upper margin; vent and under tail coverts white, upper wing coverts greyish-brown with paler edgings, the greater ones edged with white, forming a conspicuous band, wing primaries bluish-black ; secondaries black, tail feathers dark grey, tipped with white, bill orange-yellow, the nail white; irides dark brown ; legs, toes and membranes orange, claws whitish colour. Total, length 27 inches, wing 16, tail 6, culmen 1°9, tarsus 2°5 (Salvadori). Jerdon gives the wing as 17 inches, on the other hand Hume gives it .a 15" to 15°75", . Of the soft parts he gives the colours as follows :—Legs and feet bright orange; nails pinky or greyish-white; bill pale, livid fleshy ; nail whitish or pale yellowish-white, irides pale brown. Female.—This only differs from the male in being rather smaller, but I can find no measurements of this goose sexed as females. Young.—“ Bird of the year is more uniform in colour and rather darker, the feathers at the base of the upper mandible are rather deeper brown than the rest of the head ; the nail and point of the beak light-brown, the pale brown feathers of the breast are uniform in colour, without any dark patches or bars ” (Salvadori). | _ As the bird grows older the white band on the forehead appears and grows wider and wider, and from what can be gathered from present records, seems to get wider eventually in the adult male than in the female, though Salvadori notes no differences in this respect, As regards the coloration of the underparts it varies very greatly, this not according to age apparently, Some birds are so much marked with 2 356 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI. black underneath, that the white is practically absent, only showing through in small patches here and there; in many the black prepon- derates, whilst in others, the majority, the light colour is much in excess of the dark, in some few there being very little black anywhere, The white on the chin too increases with age ‘and, perhaps; to a gree To ; also on the gander than in the goose. | Boe Anser gambeli is accepted as a distinct species, so ‘that’ the area in- | habited by the Indian bird is now curtailed, and it does not extend to Japan though it does to the greater part of China. Salvadori, however, says that it is the true A. aldéfrons which inhabits.’ Greenland, from which place he excludes. A. gambeli, so that this must ’ _ now be accepted as one of its breeding-places.. ‘ It is also found right through the Polar-arctic region, from Iceland to Siberia, and in the winter, from the Mediteranean shores, Egypt, away west through Asia Minor, Arabia, Persia and Northern India. Within our limits, comparing it with the way in which the Grey Lag and the Bar-headed goose occurs, the W hite-fronted goose is a rarity, but afew do come every year to Sind and parts of the Punjab. The Indian speci- mens in the British Museum come from Lucknow and the river Jhelum, below Shahpur. Hume says, that during the thirty years he had shot in India, prior tor writing “ Game Birds,” he only once shot this goose ; whether he shot others afterwards I do not know. He records in “Stray Feathers,” I, p.’ 259, shooting there three geese in Sind only, he then called them Anser erythropus, but gave their dimensions as those of small A. aldifrona, viz, with wings from 15" to 15°75". It is probable, in faet almost certain, however, that many occur which are not distinguished by nee frons other geese, and are thus never recorded. - Lieut. C. D. Lester records shooting three White-fronted geese on the 14th Feb., 1890, at a place called Deviria, near Anjan in Cutch. Hume, writing of these birds in “Stray Feathers,” says he twice saw them, once on the Jhelum and once on the Indus; on the first occasiow there were three birds, on the second only two, and they were quite by themselves, not BEDE LLG with other geese as one mal have expected. to see. bh Hook . i It is not a rare bird-in Great Britain, but has only twice been recorded from Heligoland in the last century. INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, ae 357 Mr. Pearson-(The Ibis, Vol. IJ, No. 6, p. 721) shot an Anser albr- frons on June the 24th in Novaya Zembya, and reports that the birds were then moulting, so, presumably, they were also breeding there. The same author and his brother obtained this goose in the Philippine Islands. - Mr. L. Popham. found it breeding on the Yenisi, river, but says that it was not half so common as’ the Bean goose. He obtained three eggs and also a gosling in.down, but gives no details of how he obtained them. : | IT have never ore of. ne goose beimg obtained anywhere to the east of the Indian Empire, though there seems to be no reason why it should not sometimes enter Assam and Northern Burma. Probably, however, it remains for Western sportsmen to say whether it is fairly common or not, and it is to be hoped that sportsmen will goin more commonly for making notes of the varieties they shoot and recording them for the benefit of others.. ; , 12, ANSER ERYTHROPUS. a 3 The Dwarf Goose. _ Anser minutus. ume, “ Str. Feathers,” VIIT, p. 114 ; Hume, Cat, “No. 948. Anser erythropus. en “ Birds of India,” IIT, p. ‘78 ; Hume and Marshall, “ Game Birds,” II, p. 78, Plate 77 ; Salvadori, “Cat. B. -B. Mus.,” Vol. XXVIT, p. 97. Adult, Male.—Differs from the last bird, Anser aldifrons, in being a good deal smaller and having the white on the forehead far broader reaching a line drawn across the head between the eyes ; also in having a decidedly darker rump and a generally darker tint to the plumage. Total Jength about 21 inches, wing 15, tail 4°5, culmen 1°27, tarsus 2°4” (Salvadori). “ Length 19°5 to 21 inches, wing 18 to 14°1; tail 2°85 to 3°25 ; tarsus 2°3 to 2°4” (Hume). ) The female.—Is yet smaller. than the male; wing about 13°3' (Salva- dori). “The colour of the bill is in the young, before the first autumn moult, a reddish-grey; the nail blackish ; later this latter becomes a vreyish-white, and the bill pale orange-yellow; in old birds, the bill is lively reddish-yellow or orange; the nail. yellowish-reddish-white. There is never any trace of black upon the bill. | _ The naked edges of the eyelids are dirty yellow in, the young, orange in the old ; the irides are dark brown, The feet are in the 858 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X17. young a pale dirty yellow tending towards orange; in the old a lively orange-yellow or almost orange-red. The claws are pelecb brown colour, dark brown towards the tips”” (Naumaun). Young.—These are less marked with black on the lower parts, often not at all, and the white on the forehead isabsent. This seems to appear ‘first in the spring of the. first year and increases gradually with age, probably not reaching its full width until about the third year. — This little goose is found in the greater part of Northern Europe, but not to the west as far as Great Britain, in Lapland eastwards, Siberia and Northern China. In the cold weather itis found in Western Europe, Turkey, Asia Minor, Persia, Afghanistan, N orthern India, China and Japan. In India it has been but rarely ae and I ean find few notes of its occurrence since the publication of “Game Birds.” Blanford in “ Eastern Persia,” II, p. 303, records Anser erythropus from Persia, and in a foot-note he says :— “One goose at least is very common in Persia. Many couple remain to breed in the reeds round the little lake of Dashtiarjan and the marshes near Shiraj, whence goslings are often brought into the town. I have never seen them in mature plumage, nor been able to shoot an old bird, so cannot say to what species they belong.” I was told by a correspondent in Cashmere that he had shot four geese there this year, which were of this species. Mr. H. E. James in the lecture, part of which was given in No, 2, Vol. VIII of our Journal, says: “ A friend at Sukkur, last year, shot the very rare Anser erythro- pus, the White-fronted goose, and ate it.’ I conclude that Anser erythropus is correetly given, and that. it is only the trivial name which is not the one by which we generally know the Dwarf goose. I am afraid a very large number of birds, which should be skinned and preserved, are plucked and eaten. Only two years ago a friend of mine, who knew how very keen I was on ornithology, informed me, with great glee, that he had been havmg a feed on some “ Hill ' Ptarmigan.” He described a bird of that family most minutely, and I thought he must have got hold of something really good, and I offered fabulous prices to any Naga who would produce some of these birds for my inspection. Of course they never came, but eventually my friend, seeing me handling some Imperial pigeons, suddenly exclaimed INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 399 “Why there are the Hill Ptarmigan!” I regret to say that his de- scription, as given to me, contained only two points which referred to the pigeons, z.e., their. colour and their feathered toes, the rest was the result of a fertile imagination, a desire to please, and the knowledge, he being a good sportsman, of what a Hill Ptarmigan should look like. The same man ate with relish some fine specimens of the Naga Hills Partridge, Ardoricola rufogwaris, and left me the wings anda few feathers to weep over. However partridges and ptarmigan are not geese, and [ must stray no further. . The other recorded Indian specimens are: two shot and one other seen by Captain Irby in Oudh; others seen. Hume does not. say how many obtained by Mr. A. Anderson near Hurdui in Oudh and ut Futtehpur in the N.-W. Provinces ; one procured by Dr. Bonaria near Lucknow, and, finally, three shot by Mr. Chill some 30 miles south of Delhi. Tt breeds in Lapland, laying 5 to 8 eggs, in the usual form of nest. The eggs are said to be a dull creamy white in colour, of a broad, regular oval shape, glossless texture, and to measure about 2:9" by 2", ANSER FABILIS. Anser fabilis.—The Bean goose, Anser segetum. Hume and Marshall, “Game Birds,” III, p. 68 ; Sal- vadori, “Cat. B. of B, Museum,” XXVII, p. 99. This must, I fear, be struck out of our list of Indian geese. Since Hume's “ Game Birds” came out there has been no confirmation of the numerous rumours of the Bean goose being found in India, Anser serrirostris, the larger or Eastern Bean goose, is more likely to be found within our limits than is the true Bean goose, A. fabilis, or as it is, and I think will continue to be, better known A, segetum. 13. ANSER BRACHYRHYNCHUS, The Pink-footed Goose. Anser brachyrhynchus, Hume, “Str. Feath.,” VIII, Dp. 114; ; Hume, No. 946; Hume and Marshall, “Game Birds,” III, p. 71; McLeod, “Str. Feath.,” X, p. 168; Salvadori, “Cat.B. of B. Museum,” XXVIL, p. 163. Adult Male.—Feathers at the base of the upper mandible white, the white very small in extent and not always present. Head and neck greyish-brown ; back and scapularies dark greyish-brown with the 3060 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1/. feathers margined paler ; rump much darker brown and without the grey tint ; upper tail. coverts white; edge of shoulder of: the wing, primary coverts and base of primaries, greyish brown ; remainder of awing brown, the coverts and secondaries all edged with whitish ; under wing coverts gteyish-ash colour ; flanks brown, the feathers edged paler; breast pale greyish-brown; abdomen, vent and under tail coverts white, often, more’ or less, sullied with brown ; bill. with nail, edges and base black, the middle portion pink to carmine ; legs and feetipink. . “The legs and feet are fleshy to purplish-pink, again at times with an orange tinge’ the claws blackish, paler at base; irides hazel.” (Hume). : ' A fine male in my own collection measures:—“length 27",wing 16°8", tail 4°8", tarsus 2°44"; bill at.front 1°6", anid from gape 1°65", ~ The female only differs from the male in being smaller... Salvadori {loco citato) says regarding thie distribution of this goose . “ Spitzbergen, where it nests, and probably also Franz Joseph Land during the migra- tion, and in winter in N.-W. Europe ; oecasionally: it’ strays: to Germany, Belgium, and France ; its alleged occurrence ‘in India requires further evidence.” ‘In spite of Salvadori’s doubts on the subject I think we may take it for granted: that the pink-footed bird is not only a recular, but by no means very rare, visitant to Hast-Northern India. -As long ago as 1849 Blyth recorded it from the Punjab and gave it in the “Catalogue of the Birds of the Asiatic Museum.” : Thirty years then elapsed before there is any notice of this goose in Indian publications, and then Hume again noted its occurrence (in “Str. Feath., ” VIII. In 1864 he had, however, shot two birds of this species in the Jumna, and Col, {rby also had recorded having seen a specimen: killed near Lucknow in ‘Jan, 1858... Col. Graham assured Mr. Hume: that the species is not uncommon in Assam on the Brahmaputra. Again Major-General McLeod says of this.goose :—“ I shot one of these out of a flock of about twenty on the Kunawan bheel, near Gurdaspur, Punjab, in 1853.” ‘The goose in my, collection was shot:by one ‘of my colléctors ‘on a large bheel in the south of Cachar. . He said that it was one of a flock ot about a'dozen, and that they were extremely wary and wild. He went after them several times without obtaining a shot, and at last got.it by a fluke. " He was stalking some other ducks when these geese, which had. been put up by some one e'se, flew close over his head, and a lucky shot aimed at the front bird knocked over one of the Jast ones.’ —. INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 36% - As regards its breeding habits there seems to be little on record beyond: Dresser’s notes, he says :—‘‘ Of its breeding habits but little, comparative- ly speaking, is known, and it is only known to breed with certainty in: Iceland and Spitzbergen. Professor Malmgrew, who obtained its eggs in the latter island, says that itis exceedingly wary and shy. In the early summer it is to be seen in small flocks on moss-covered low lands: near the sea or on rocky precipices, where there is vegetation here and, there; but in the breeding season it is seen in pairs. When :moulting,, it frequents fresh-water swamps, and later Nee collected in flocks, it is to be met with near the coast.” “Its nest is placed in prominent situations on high rocks, or platfotms on steep cliffs, often close to a river, or in some grass-covered place, and: sometimes on .high cliffs close to the sea on the inner fiords. The nest is so situated that the bird can have an uninterrupted view from it. of the: country round, and ‘can readiiy see if an intruder approaches or danger’ threatens. Hence it is difficult to shoot this shy bird, even at its nest, for the gander is extremely watchful, and directly any one approaches warns his mate by uttering a clear whistling cry. In June the female lays four or five eggs, which are hatched about the 10th or 15th July, and: both parents assist in taking care of the young. I possess a single ego of this goose, obtained on the Sweedish Hxpedition to Spitzbergen, which is pure white, resembling the egg of Anser cinereus, but is rather smaller, and the grain of the shell is somewhat smoother.” - Morris, “ Nests and Eggs of British Birds,” says :—‘“These birds unite about the middle of May ; Mr. @. Macquilliriay bas remarked that he saw them in pairs about the middle of the month, and that they had the young fully fledged and strong upon the wing about the end of J uly. They had again collected into flocks by the beginning of August. The eggs are of a pure white colour. Hight. were laid by one of these geese, kept in the water in St. James’ Park, by the Ornithological maciety of London.” _ Seebhum, “ Birds of the Japanese Empire”, pp. 235, 237, says :—¢ The’ Pink-footed goose was aamitted to the Japanese Fauna on the autho= rity of a female obtained in October at Hakodadi by Captain Blakiston (Swinkoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 456). Unfortunately this example cannot be found, and some doubt attaches to the correctness of the identification.” He goes on to say: “It is possible that this may be an example of a 362 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. Pink-footed goose, but in the absence of the black base to the bill, I am inclined to regard it as the young, in first plumage, of the White- fronted goose.” I may note that the bill of the specimen in my collection, and which kas had very rough usage from neglect, rats, and finally, earthquakes and heavy rain, has the bill now of a uniform dirty grey-white. It would seem, therefore, that very little reliance can be placed on the colouring of the bill, in old specimens, as a means to identification. 14. ANSER INDICUS. The Bar-headed Goose. Anser indicus. Jerdon, “ Birds of India,”’ III, p. 782 ; Hume, “ Nests and Eggs,” p. 636 ; Butler, “Str. Feath.,” IV, pp. 27, 40 and 99, ed. VI, p. 260; Adams, cbid, p. 401 ; Hume, 2bid, VII, p. 491 ; Hume and Marshall, “‘ Game Birds,” III, p. 81 ; Hume’s “ Nests and Hggs,” (Qates’ ed.), III, p.279; Salvadori, “Cat.B.B. Museum,” XX VII, p.105. Hulabeta indicus. Ball, “ Str. Feath.,” ILI, p. 436. Adult.—“ Head white, with two horseshoe. blackish bars on the ecciput and nape; hind neck brown-black ; a longitudinal white band on the sides of the neck ; upper plumage very pale ashy, the feathers edged with whitish and tinged with brown on the mantle and scapulars ; sides of the rump and upper tail coverts whitish ; throat white, fore- neck brownish-ashy, passing gradually into cinereous on the breast, whitish on the abdomen ; nest and under tail coverts white ; feathers ef the flanks brown, rufous towards the tips with pale edgings, quills grey-dusky towards the tips, and gradually becoming darker towards the secondaries ; tertials brownish-grey ; tail grey, white tipped. “Total length 27", wing 17", tail 6", bill 2", tarsus 2°75 ” (Salvadori). “ Tength 27°25 to 33°5 5 expanse 50 to 66 ; wing 160 to-19-0 ; tail from vent 5°0 to 7:0 ; tarsus 2°5 to 3°3 ; bill from gape 1°8 to 2°3; weight 4 lbs. to 6 lbs. 14 oz.” (Hume). “The legs and feet are light orange, some times paler, occasionally only yellow ; claws horny black ; the irides deep brown ; the bill erange-yellow to orange, rarely only pale, lemon-yellow often paler, or ‘greenish towards the nostrils ; the nail black or blackish.” (Hume). Young.— Forehead brownish-whiite, a little tinged with rusty; a dusky line through the lores to the eye ; whole crown, occiput and nape sooty or dusky black ; no trace of either the two distinct black INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 363 head bars or the conspicuous white neck streaks; back of neck wood- brown ; sides and front of the lower part of the neck pale dusky- greyish ; mottled with whitish ; most of the feathers of the breast and abdomen have a pale rusty tinge towards the tips; the conspicuous dark bandings of the flanks of the adult is almost entirely wanting ; tail somewhat browner than in the adult.” Young in down.—* Pale yellowish, top of the head and upper parts pale brown ” (Salvadori). Roughly speaking the habitat of this goose is India and Northern Burma, and the Shan States during winter, and in summer Central Asia, due north ef these countries up to about latitude 55 N, The most southern point of which J can find any record is by Jerdon in his “ Birds of India.” He writes :—“ I once saw a couple of these geese in the extreme south of India in August, in a small sequestered tank, This pair may have been breeding there, but perhaps they were wounded or sickly birds.”’ It is quite possibie that they were breeding, but it is almost certain that one at least ofthe pair must have been damag- ed in some way, sufficient to incapacitate it from migrating. They are very devoted to one another, and probably if either ofa pair of geese was injured the other would remain with it. On the other hand they might both have been geese or both ganders, in which case also, of course, both must have been injured. In Southern India it is nowhere a common bird. Major McInroy reported it as common in the Chitaldroog District of Mysore, and Mr. A. Theobold as not common in Coimbatore. In the south of the Central Provinces it is still far from plentiful, In Bengal it is met with in considerable numbers on all the larger rivers, quite down to their mouths, I have seen great flocks of them both in Jessore and Khulna in January. Itis also found on the rivers running through Behar, Chota Nagpur, etc., but is not common. In Assam it is rare, but has been met with in Sylhet, Cachar and Manipur, and I have also seen it in Kamrup, and it probably extends all up the Brahmaputra. It is to the west of Bengal, however, that it is found in such vast numbers, and in most parts there outnumbers all the other geese by more than five to one. In Sind, however, the Grey Lag is the more common, and it has not been obtained in Gujurat. Speaking broadly, this goose is far more of a river than a lake or tank bird, though it is, of course, also often found on the larger lakes 3 364 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT. aud bheels. In Jessore and Khulna we only saw one flock on the Moolna bheel, and that not a large one, but on the rivers we saw several big flocks. Here I tried Hume’s plan of floating down on them in boats, but a good many circumstances combined to prevent my having any success. In the first place the water was almost every- ‘where too deep to enable a man to wade and push behind the boais, then also the fear of ‘‘ muggers” was much too strongly felt by the men for them to remain in the water long enough to get near the birds, and finally, these last were exceedingly wide awake and would not allow us to get within distance of anything but the longest shots. I did get one pair eventually, but it was only by an adaptation of Hume’s plan. The geese, of which there was a flock of about forty, were on a sand chur, about fifty yards from the bank of the river, which was about two hundred yards wide. I dropped down the river along the bank, furthest from the geese, and then, when below them, worked across the river and got out the same side as the geese. Hiding at once in the rank grass on the bank, I sent the boat back to within a couple of hundred yards of the geese, and when I saw that their attention was fully taken up with it, managed to stalk to the edge of the water nearest where they were; armed with wire cartridges, No. 2 shot, I thought I could do some execution on the flock as they sat on the bank, but after I fired at them only two remainedas the rest flew off. The flock, however, seemed to consider that the boat was the aggressor, and sweeping round flew within 20 yards of me, and 1 knocked over three with mzy second barrel. Of these three one was snapped up as it touched - the water, by a crocodile, and the same fate happened to the second before we got to it, whilst the third flew away again without offering another chance. In the daytime, according to Hume, TickeJl, and nearly all other observers, as well as my own observations, geese, of all kinds nearly, rest during the day on land near the edge of the water; they seem to prefer bare sandy churs, especially when these are surrounded by water, but failing such, they rest on the banks. A few birds always seem to be posted as sentries and they keep a wonderfully keen look-out, and are very hard to approach, within reasonable distance for a shot. Mr. Theobold says, that in Coimbatore during the daytime, “ they keep floating idly in the centre of some tank or river.” INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 365 In Bengal, at all events, where the rivers are deep and “‘ muggers” plentiful, I fancy that flighting at night offers the best chances of a bag where they are to be found in weedy lagoons ; they can, of course, often be approached by dug-ovts with a small screen in front of the boat composed of green branches or reeds, but when the water is open and there is no natural cover, the birds are much too wily to be imposed on by the screen. Of course, if one goes in for shooting them as they fly overhead to and from their feeding-grounds, one cannot expect: to obtain large bags, except with unusual luck. Mr. Ried, in ‘Game Birds,” narrates how he has got as many as thirty birds between sunset and 7-30 p.m., but, asa rule, less than half of this would be considered a good bag. Of course the charm of variety is added to the enjoyment of the shoot, for in fighting almost any kind of duck may turn up and join the game bag. Hume’s appeal to Indian sportsmen to try Pryevalski’s plan of lying on the ground and waving his hat at the geese in order to induce them to approach, seems to have met with no response ; at all events I can find no bags, heavy or otherwise, recorded as having heen made thus. They are, of course, almost entirely vegetable feeders, and it is wonderful what damage a flock can do to young crops even in a single night and where they are numerous, as they are in Upper India, and visit the same feeding-grounds night after night, they take no small percentage of the wretched villagers’ winter crops. They will eat almost any young, tender, green stuif, but probably prefer the late rice crops to any other. They feed as a rule during the night-time, but, where they are not interfered with, commence to graze about 4 P.M.and continue on the grounds until an hour or so after sunrise, Their flight is typically goose-like and in the usual V formation. Mr. Damant notes avery peculiar action of these birds :—“ They then appear flying in the form of a wedge, each bird keeping his place with perfect regularity. When they reach the lake they circle round once or twice, and finally, before settling, each bird tumbles over in the air two or three times, precisely like a tumbler pigeon ; after they have once settled they preserve no regular formation.’ ; Asa matter of fact each bird does not, as a rule, if ever, keep in his exact place in the V, but all observers have noticed that geese and other birds, which adopt a V-shaped or line formation in flying, constantly 866 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT. alter their position, each leader retiring after a few minutes to the rear and the second bird taking its place and then giving it up again in a short time to the bird immediately behind. This has been mach remarked on in observations on migrating birds passing Heligoland. I have never seen any geese of this species tame, but Hume says he has seen many, though they do not ever appear to assume the confidential lap-dog familiarity of the Grey Lag. Their call is rather harsher and more shrill than is that of the Grey Lag and very easily distinguishable from it. They arrive in India in the end of October, but in Bengal and South- ern India few put in an appearance before the end of November. In the same way they leave these parts earlier than they do elsewhere, and there is little chance of any being found after the end of February. Their headquarters for breeding seems to be the numerous lakes in Ladakh, and they also breed throughout Thibet in suitable localities, and probably also north of the Himalayas in many other paris. There has been nothing recorded, as far as I can ascertain, since “Game Birds ” was written, concerning the breeding of this goose. Drew, writing of one of the many islands in the Tso-mourari Lake in Ladakh, says :— “ The island is about half a mile from the shore, near midway in the length of the western side—it may be 100 yards from corner to corner in one direction and 60 yards in another ; it is of gneiss rock, rising only nine or ten feet above the water ; the soundings before given show that there is about 100 feet of water between the island and the - near shore. This little place, being ordinarily undisturbed by man, is a great resort of the gull, which in Ladakhi is called chagharatse ; the surface was nearly all covered with its droppings, and there were hundreds of the young about; most of these must have been hatched near the beginning of July. Having heard that it was a matter of interest with some ornithologists to learn about the nidification of the wild (Barred-headed) goose, I was on the look-out for information concerning it, and I found that this island is one of the places where it lays its eggse I was told by the Champas that they find the eggs there just before the ice breaks up—say the beginning of May; after that they have no means of reaching the island. I myself found there a broken egg, but at the time I was on the island (the last week in July) the young had INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR. ALLIES, 367 all been hatched. A few days later, I followed the same inquiry in the valley of the Salt Lake, and onan earthy island in the fresh-water lake ealled Panbuk, I found a nest where the mother was sitting with some goslings and two eggs, one just breaking with the chick ; the other egg I measured and found to be 34 inches by 24, and very nearly elliptical in form. The nest was a slight hollow, lined with, first, a few bits of a soft herb, then with feathers. I was told that these goose eggs are found also at the edge of the Salt Lake itself.” 368 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE IN THE WESTERN HIMALAYAS AND NEIGHBOURING REGIONS. By Purtre W. Mackinnon, F. HE. S., anp Lionst pz NicEvitne, CMY ZO 8), ass pee, (With Plates U, V, and W.) [ Continued from Vol. XT, page 221.} Sub-Family NympHarina, D4. ERGOLIS MERIONE, Cramer. Very common in the Dehra Dun, where the food-plant of its bright green spiny larva, the castor-oil plant, Ricinus communis, L., Natural Order Euphorbiacee, grows. Found also occasionally in Mussoorie in August. Mr. Moore described EL. tapestrina from “ Deyra Doon,” that species being an occasional aberration only. 55. Hurrpus consimris, Westwood. This lovely insect: is very rare. We have seen only two males and six females taken in April, October and December, all from Dehra Dun. There isa pair in the collection of the Indian Museum, Cal- cutta, which was supposed to have come from Mussoorie, but they were more probably obtained in the low valleys below that station. 56. CUPHA ERYMANTHIS, Drury. Common in the Dehra Dun in May and October; a straggler or two is occasionally found in Mussoorie early in May. 57. MeELita#s sinpuRA, Moore. Brought in very rarely by native collectors from the Nilang Pass, Tehri Garhwal, 18,000 feet, in July. 58. ATELLA sINHA, Kollar. Rare, occurs in the Dun from August to December, and in the valleys to the north of Mussoorie in April and August. We have it also from the Bhilung district of Tehri Garhwal in September. 59. ATELLA PHALANTHA, Drury. Very common in Mussoorie and in the Dun, and is on the wing from May to October. 60. OrrHosta cyAnz, Drury. Recorded from “ Massvri’’ by Kollar as C. eyane, Fabricius [sic]. CEVILLE, & MACKINNON. Journ. Bomb Nat. Hist.Soc. West, Newamam chromo. WESTHRN HIMALAYAN BUTTERFLIES. THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 369° 61. Separsa picHroa, Kollar. Plate U, Fig. 6, pupa. Common at Mussoorie in the summer and autumn, the larva feeding on the leaves of the common oak, Quercus ¢ncana, Roxb., Natural Order Cupulifere. It is dark green in colour, and greatly resembles the larva of Apatura ambica, Kollar, so Mr. Mackinnon notes. 62. Drtipa MorGIANA, Westwood. Very rare in Mussoorie, the males on hill-tops in April, May and September. One female only seen in September. Collectors bring it from the Upper Ganges Valley. 63. Apatura AmpBica, Kollar. Plate U, Figs. 7a, 7b, larva ; Te, front view of head of larva. Males common in Mussoorie in April, May and June, and again in September and October. The females are only occasionally seen Ovipositing on the leaves of Ulmus Wallichiana, Planch., Natural Order Urticacece, on which the larva feeds. The pupa is pale greenish- white, covered with a white powdery bloom. 64, HESTINA NAMA, Doubleday. ken somewhat rarely in Mussoorie in March, April, July, August and September, at 7,000 feet elevation, and in November as low as 8,000 feet. As female specimens have been taken as early as Ist March, it is possible that the butterfly passes the winter in the imago stage of its life. It is a good mimic both in coloration and habits of Danais sita, Kollar, 65. Husrina (Parhestina) PERSIMILIs, Westwood. Plate WI), Figs. 8a, 8b, pupa. Found in Mussoorie and in the interior from 3,000 to 6,000 feet _ elevation from May to September, The larva, which feeds on the leaves of Celtis australis, L., Natural Order Urticaceee, is green with spines on all the segments, those on the head being the longest, Mr. Moore, in Lep. Ind., vol. iii, p. 35, pl. cci, figs. 2, 2a, male ; 2b, female (1896), keeps Parhestina zella, Butler, from the Western Hima- layas, as @ species distinct from P. persimilis from the Hastern Hima- layas ; but as the combined species occurs all along the Himalayas and no line dividing them can be drawn either geographically or in the specimens themselves, as far as we can see, the species has been given here under its older name. 870 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI. 66. Precis IpHiTa, Cramer, Very common in Mussoorie and in the Dun from early spring to late autumn. 67, JUNONIA ALMANA, Linneus, The dry-season form, true J. almana, is common in the Dun, but comparatively rare in Mussoorie. The wet-season form, J. asterie, Linnzus, is less frequently met with. 68. JUNONIA ATLITES, Linneus. Very rare in our region, found in the Dun only in the autumn. 69. JUNONIA LEMONIAS, Linnzus, Rare in Mussoorie, but common-in the Aglar Valley, 3,000 feet below the station. Very common in the Dun. 70, JUNONIA HIERTA, Fabricius. Not common, but more numerous at Mussoorie than in the Dun. 71. JuNonta oniTHyrA, Linneus, Very common in Mussoorie and in the Dun. 72. Neptis (Rahinda) HoRDONIA, Stoll. Not very common in Dehra Dun only, in April and May, and again in September and October. 73. NeEpTis ANANTA, Moore, Not common at Mussoorie from 5,000 to 7,000 feet in May and June. 74. Nupris zaAiDA, Doubleday and Hewitson. This beautiful species is not rare on the north side of the shaded ravines about Mussoorie, not below 5,000 feet elevation, in May and June. 75, NeEpris NARAYANA, Moore. Very rare, found only in the higher ravines about Mussoorie and Nag Tibg in May and June. 76. Neptis SANKARA, Kollar. Not rare in ravines near water at Mussoorie from April to July. 77, Nupris tevcoTHon, Cramer. Not common at Mussoorie in May and June, but is very plentiful at Nag Tiba, Very common in Dehra Dun. 78, Nepris astoLa, Moore. Common in Mussoorie from March to June, and in the Dun almost throughout the year. THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 371 79. Neptis susruTa, Moore. We have a single specimen taken in Mussoorie on 15th June, 1888. 80. NEPTIS YERBURII, Butler, Very common at Mussoorie and Nag Tiba from March to Juno, and again in September; we have a single specimen from Dehra Dun taken in March. The larva feeds in Mussoorie on Celtis australis, L., Natural Order Urticacee. | 81. Nepris mAnENDRA, Moore. Rare in Mussoorie at 7,000 feet elevation in April and May; very plentiful at Nag Tiba in May and June. 82. NEPTIS COLUMELLA, Cramer. The largest species of Neptis occurring in our area, and found only in the Dun rarely from March to May. This species was originally described from China, and at last de Nicéville has obtained both sexes from thence (Hongkong). ‘They are, in his opinion, identical with Indian specimens, consequently the .V. ophiana of Moore, the WV. marta- bana of Moore, the WV. ophiana, var. nilgirica of Moore, and Acca columena of Hiibner, fall as synonyms. 83. PSEUDERGOLIS WEDAH, Kollar. Plate U, Figs, 9a, larva; 9b, front view of head of larva; 9c, 9d, Ye, 97, pupa. Very common during the summer in and nezr Mussoorie, where it is probably triple-brooded, but not found in the Dun. The larva feeds on the leaves of Debregeasia bicolor, Wedd., Natural Order Urticacee, is dark green, with two long diverging branched spines or horns on the head, and two simple upright spines on the subanal segment, Mr. Mackinnon thus describes the Jarva :—“ Found in August on ‘Siar,’ a very common plant on which the larva of Pareba vesta, Fabricius, also feeds. Length one and three-eights inches, bright dark green, all the segments except the head minutely spotted with white, these spots or tubercles are arranged in transverse rows, each seoment having two rows ; a dorsal protuberance on the fifth segment ; two sharp black spines on the eleventh segment, the base of the spines pale greenish-blue ; two divergent horns on the head, five-sixteenth of an inch long, yellowish-green, with six shining black lines on each horn, tips of horns shining black; the line dividing the dorsal from the ventral aspect of the body creamy-white. The leaf of D. bicolor is much crinkled, as also is the skin of the larva, it so is ‘difficult to ee 4 372 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf. the latter even in bright sunshine.” The pupa is a very beautiful as well as curious object. 84. STIBOCHIONA NicEA, Gray. Not common, but found in all the ravines to the north and south of Mussoorie from April to June, and in September and October. It does not occur in the Dun. 85. HypoLimnas BOLINA, Linnzus. Both the large and small forms are very common in the Dun from March to December, but it is most common in the rains, The large form is fairly common in Mussoorie in May, June, September and October. 86. HypoLmnas misiprus, Linnzeus. Very rare in our area, we have a single male from the Upper Ganges Valley taken in July, another from Mussoorie taken in April, two males from the Dun taken in August, and two females of the form diocitppus, Cramer, taken in the Dunin November. The latter is a wonderful mimic of Danais chrysippus, Linneeus. 87. ARGYNNIS NIPHE, Linnzeus. Very commor in Mussoorie and the Dun from April to November. The female has a strong superficial likeness to Danais pleaippus, Linnzeus. 88. ARGYNNIS CHILDRENI, Gray. Rare in Mussoorie, very numerous in the interior from May to September. Not found in the Dun. 89. ARGYNNIS KAMALA, Moore. : Very rare in Mussoorie, but abundant at Nag Tiba, 8,000 feet elevation, from May to September; also further in the interior in August. 90, ARGYNNIS JAINADEVA, Moore. Feund somewhat rarely in the higher valleys of the Upper Ganges from June to August, 91. ARGYNNIS LATONA, Linnzeus. Very common in Mussoorie and adjoining hills from the earliest spring to late autumn. 92. Araynnis (Brenthis) ciara, Blanchard. A. clara, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Sec., vol. iv, p. 165, u. 4, pl. A, fig. 6, female (1889). TEE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 373 At de Nicéville’s suggestion Mackinnon sent his collectors in August and September, 1889, to the Nila Valley, an affluent of the Ganges, where they obtained this butterfly in large numbers, that valley apparently being its headquarters in our area. It is quite rare apparently to the west in the Baspa Valley. 93. ARGYNNIS (Brenthis) MAcKINNONI, de Nicéville. A. mackinnonii, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat, Hist. Soc., vol. vi, p. 846, n. 3, pl. F, figs. 4, male; 5, female (1891). Apparently rare, brought in by native collectors from the upper part of the Baspa Valley, an affluent of the Sutlej, 11,000 feet, and from the Gonas Pass in August. 94. DicHORRHAGIA NESIMACHUS, Boisduval. A single example has been obtained in the valley below the Old Brewery in Mussoorie on 19th April, 1897. This species has an immense range, occurring all along the Himalayas from Kulu to Upper Assam ; it is found also in Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celekes, the Philippine Isles, Western Ohina and Japan, Mr. Grose Smitb has recently described an allied species, D. nesseus, from Onei-shan, N.-W. China, which is said to be “con= siderably less maculate” than D. nesimachus (Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., sixth series, vol, xi, p. 217 (1893). 8 404. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XF. etc., shake the bamboos and catch the flustered and frightened birds as- they fall to the ground. Hach bamboo forms a resting-place for twenty birds and upwards, and out of these some half-dozen or so are captured. and thrust into baskets prepared for the purpose. These are then sent to market and sold as-pigeons. for two pice. Hindus and all eat these birds and seem quite happy about their bemg pigeons. I shouldthink. adult birds probably take some time to arrive at their complete mature plumage. When they come through these hills a few males are still in. the female garb, but the majority have put on that of the male with the exception of a few wing-quills which are still barred like those of the female ; again the younger birds have the striz on the lower plumage much more marked in the older birds,. these shaft streaks being almost invisible. One young bird, obtained in October, 1892, has the shaft streaks on the flanks, widened out considerably and developed at the end into narrow drops; there isa wide subterminal bar of dull black on the tail, and the light edgings to the under-tail coverts are very conspicuous. The coloration of these feathers varies: considerably, but the depth of the rufous seems to have no conneetion with the age of the bird. ) D. umbellatum, Dec., F.B.1.—II-161, D. cephalotes, Wall., ¥..1.—I1-161, Near Mathervan, Sep. D. pulchellum, Benth., r.p.1,—II-162, N. Kanara, Oct, D. triquetrum, DC., ¥.B.1.—I1-163, Mand. Castle Rock, W. Ghats, Nov. D. laxiforum, DC., r.p.1.—I1-164, Koosgaon, near Poona. Oct. D. gangeticum, DC., r.p.1.—II-168. Salvan. Bhowdhan, Poona, Aug, D. latifolium, DC., F.B.1.—II-168, Kerawati, Dharwar. Oct. D. diffusum, DC, F.B.1.—I1-169, Chikta. Poona, Sep. D, polycarpum, DC., ¥.8.1.—II-171. Castle Rock, Yellapur, N. Kanara, Oct, D. rotundifolium, Baker., ¥.B.1.—II-172. Mahableshwar. Nov. D. parviflorum, Baker., F.B.1.—II1-172, W. Ghats. Oct. D, triflorum, DC., ¥.3.1,—I1-173, Ranmeths, Deccan, widely, Oct. 424 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XZ. 51. Abrus. A. precatorius, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I1-175. Gunj. Guzerat, Konkan, Deccan hills. Oct. 52. Cicer. C, arietinum, Linn.,¥.B.1.—II-176. Harbara, Gram, Cultivated, Dee, 53, Vicia. V. sativa, Linn., F.B.1.—I1-178. Mutaree. Poona, in gardens. Feb, 54. Lathyrus. L, sativus, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-179. Lakh. Cultivated, Pisum. P. sativum, Linn., Matar. Garden Pea. Cultivated. P. arvense, Linn., Kalavatana. Field Pea. Cultivated. 56. Shuteria. S. vestita, W. & A., F.B.1.—II-181. Poona, Dharwar. Oct. 57. Dumasia, D, villosa, DC., ¥ B.t.—II-183, Mahableshwar. Noy. 58. Glycine. G. javanica, Linn., r.B.1.—II-183, Pala, N. Kanara, Nov, G. pentaphylla, Dalz,, F.B.1.—I1-184, Yellapur, Aug. 59, Teramnus. T, labialis, Spreng., ¥.B.1.—II-184, Deccan, widely. Aug.-Nov. 60. dMucuna, M. monosperma, DC., F.3.1.—II-185, Kanara. Feb. M. pruriens, DC, F.B.1.—II-187. Khaj-Kuirt, W.Ghats, widely. Aug -Dec. 62. Erythrina. E, indica, Zam., ¥.B.1.—-IT-188, Pangara, Sea coast, Planted widely. March, E. stricta, Rowb., ¥.B.1.—II-189, Singhur, Hills Poona, Elephanta, Feb. BE. suberosa, Rowd., ¥.B.1.—I1-189, Chakan, Poona District, April. EB, crista-galli, Linn., DC., Prod.—I1-413. In gardens, March. E. aborescens, Howxb., F.B.1.—II-190. Planted, Poona, Feb,-March. 64, Grona, G. Dalzellii, Baker, ¥.3.1,—II-191, Panchgani, Mahableshwar. Oct. 65. Galactea, G. tenuiflora, W. & A., F.B.1.—II-192. Deccan hills, widely. June-Oct, 67. Spatholobus, S. purpureus, Benth,, F.B.1.—II-194, Diggi, N. Kanara. May. S. Roxburghii, Benth,, ¥.B.1.—II-193. Palas wel. Pulsan, Peint. Feb, ; 68, Butea. B. frondosa, Roxb., ¥.B.1.—II-194. Palas, Guzerat, Konkan, widely. Feb, March. B. superba, Roxb., F.B 1.—II-195. N. Kanara. Feb. 70. Canavalia. C, ensiformis, DC., Fr.p.1.—II-195. Abai. Deccan hills, widely. Aug.-Oct. C. Stocksu, Dalz., F.B.1.—II-106. Mahableshwar. Sep. P_ tuberosa, DC., ¥.8.1.—I1-197. Béicoila, Bendarcoil, Konkan, Dang, Feb. 73. Phaseolus, P, lunatus, Zinn., F.B.1.—II-200. Lobiya. Cultivated. P, vulgaris, Linn., ¥.B.1—II-200. Loba. The Kidney Bean. Cultivated, P, semierectus, Linn., F.B.1.—II-201. Hyderabad Sind, Wild ? Oct, P. trilobus, Adé., ¥.8.1.—II-201, Mukni. Deccan, Guzerat, Oct. P. aconitifolius, Jacq.—¥.B.1.—II-202, Math, Matki. Cultivated. P. grandis, Dalz. § Gibs., ¥.B.L—II-202. Panchgani. Sep. P. pauciflorus, Dalz., ¥.B.t.—II-202. S. Konkan, Dalz. P, mungo, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-203, Mug. Cultivated. P, trinervius, Heyne, r.B.1.—II-203, W, Ghats, Mahableshwar. Sep. 74, Vigna. P. catiang, Endl., F.B.1.—I1-205. Chauli. Cultivated. V. vexillata, Bentts., r.B.1 —JI-206. Halaunda,M’war,Panchgani,W. Ghats. Oct. 75. Pachyrhizus. V, angulatus, Rich,, r.B.1.—I1I-207. The Yam Bean. In gardens rarely. 76. Clitoria. C, ternatea, Linn., F.B.1.—II-208, Gokran, Gokarni, June-Jan. C. biflora, Dalz., ¥.B.1.—I1-208. Konkan, Sept. 77, Dolichos, D, Lablab, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-209. Wal pdpad?, Pavia. Cultivated. D. bracteatus, Baker, r.B.1.—II-210, Konkan, Stocks, D, biflorus, Linn., ¢.B.1.—I1-210. Kulith, Hulga. Cultivated. 78, Psophocarpus. P. tetragonolobus, DC., F.B.1.—lI-211. Chaudhari, Ghevda. Cultivated, ; 79. Atylosza, A. geminiflora, Dalz. ¥.B.1.—II-212. Tulsi Dam. In fruit, May. A, lineata, W. & A.,¥.B.1.—II-213. Rantir. Matheran, Dec. A. sericea, Benth,, ¥.B.1.—I1I-213. Mahableshwar, Oct.-Jan. A. mollis, Benth,, ¥.B.1.—I1-213 . ' Konkan, Stocks, Dalzell, A, kulnensis, Dalz., F,B.1.—II-214, Potolli, Talbot, Kulnawari. Jan, A. scarabeoides, Benth,, ¥.B.1.—I1-215, Poona, Goa. June-Oct, A. rostrata, Baker, F.B.1.—I1-216. Konkan, Stocks. 80. Cajanus, C, indicus, Spreng., ¥.B.1.—I1-217. Tir. Cultivated, 82, Cylista. C. scariosa, Ait., ¥.B.1.—II-219. Ranghevda. Western India, widely. Feb. 84. Rhynchosia. R, aurea, DC., F.B.1.—I1-221, Badami. Nov, R. cyanosperma, Benth, ¥.B.1.—I1-222. Hirdosee Anmode, N. Kanara, Oct.-Jan, B. minima, DC, r,B.1.—II-223, Deccan, Guzerat, widely. Sep.-Jan, THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 425 72, Pueraria. 426 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1, R. minima, D.C, var ¥.%.1.—l1-223 lawiflora. Badami. Aug. R. Memnonia, DC., r.p.1—II-224. Karachi, Oct, 85, Flemingia. ¥. strobilifera, R, Br., ¥.B.1.—I1-227. Rangana. Matheran. Jan, F. congesta, Roxd., F.B.1.—II-228, Dowdowla, Vingurla. Dec, ¥, Wallichii, W. & A., F.B.1.—Il-229, Kanara, Feb. F, involucrata, Benth., ¥.B.1.—I1-229, Dandeli, N, Kanara. Jan. EF. vestita, Benth, ¥.B.1.—II-230. Bababooden Hill, Talbot. Oct. F, tuberosa, Dalz., F.B.1.—I1-230. Konkan, Stocks, Dalzell, 86, Dalbergia. VD, sissoo, Rowxbd., F.B.1.—II-231. Shisvi. Planted, April-May. D, latifolia, Rowb., ¥.B.1.—I1-231, Sise, Sisham. Deccanhills. Waghai Dang. oO D. Stocksii, Benth, ¥.B,1.—I1-234, Konkan, Stools D. sympathetica, Nimmo, ¥.B.1 —I1-234, Petit. Yakambi. Feb. D. tamarindifolia, Roxb, ¥.B.1.— 11-234, Nilkand, N. Kanara. March. D. lanceolaria, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-235. Dandus, Alandi, Mundgode. April. D, volubilis, Rozd., r.3.1.—I1-235, Alaz. Khandalla. Feb. D, paniculata, Rowb., F.B.1.—11-236. Phansa. Pasaringi Kalvhatgi Taluka, Talbot, April. D. monosperma, Dailz., F.B 1.—I1-237, : Malvan. Dalz. June. 87. Péerocarpus. P. indicus, Willd., F.B.1.—I1-238. ' Khatriz Ghat, near Poona. Oct. P. marsupium, Hoxd., ¥.B.1.—I11-239. Biblia, Yellapur, N. Kanara. Nov. 88. Pongami.. P. glabra, Vent., ¥.B.i1.—II-240. Karany. Konkan, widely planted. April. 89, Derris. D. scandens, Benth., ¥.8.1.—II-240, Mota sirili. Karwar, July. D. ulginosa, Benth., ¥.3.1.—I1-241, Kajarvel. Mumbra, near Bombay. Feb. D. oblonga, Benth., ¥.b.1-—l1-242. Konkan, Stocks. D. brevipes, Baker, ¥.p.1.—I1-244. Konkan, Stocks: D. Heyneana, F.B.1.—II-244. Konkan. Stocks, Law. 1D. canarensis, F.B.1.—II-246. Konkan, near Garsuppa, Dalzell. 92. Sophora. S. tomentosa, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-249. Gardens, Poona. Q N AAaO ee © 96. Caesalpinia. . Bonducella, Flem., F.B.1.—II-254. Sagargota. Kaski, Deccan hills. July- Sep. . Nuga, Aéé., F.B.I.—11-255, Rutnagiri. Jan, }, Sappan, Linn., ¥.B1—II-255. Patang. Planted. Poona. Sep. . pulcherrima, Swartz, ¥.B 1.—II-255, Sankdsitr. Gardens, all the year. . Sepiaria, Rowb., ¥ B.1—II-256. Chilhar. Poona, Nasik. April-Dec. . mimosoides, F.B.I.— 11-256. Castle Rock, W. Ghats. Nov.-Dec. coriaria, Willd., DC., Prod.—II-483. Lébé Dibi, Planted. Poona, Dhar- war. Oct. THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA, | 427 Hematoxylon, (Central America.) WW, Campeachianum, Linz., D.C , Prod.—II-185. Logwood. Planted. 98. Mezoneurum. M, cucullatum, W, & A., F.B.1.—II-258. Raghi, _ Danauli, March. 100. Potnciana. P. elata, Linn., ¥.B1.—II-260, Sankesnar, Planted, Poona, Bijapur, near Mohamedan tombs, P. regia, Bojer, ¥.B.1.—I1-260. Gul mohor. Planted, April-June, 101. Parkinsonia, (Central America.) P, aculeata, Linn., F.B.1.—I1-260. Vedi Babul. Poona, Naturalized. Jan.-Mar. 102. Wagatea, W. spicata, Dalz, ¥.B.1.—II-261. Vagati. Fitzgerald Ghat. Jan. 103. Cassia. C. fistula, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-261. Bhava, Bahva, W. Ghats, Deccan hills. Widely planted. March. C. marginata, Roxd,, F.B.1.—11-262. Urimedi, Uskiamen. Planted. Poona, July-Aug. C. grandis, Linn. f. DC., Prod.—II-489. Planted. Poona. April-May, C. oncidentalis, Linn., #.B.1.—I1-262. Kashinda. Poona. Jan,-Mar. C, sophera, Linn., ¥.B,.1.—II-262. Jungli Takla, Bassein, Nov.-Jan. C. Tora, Linn., F.B.1.—II-263, Takia, Deccan. Nov.-Dec. C. tomentosa, Linz , ¥.B.1.—1I1-263, Gardens. Jan.-Mar. C. auriculata, Linn,, r.3.1—II-263, Tarvad, Awal. Deccan widely. Jan.-July. U, obovata, Collad., F.B.1.—I1-264, Bhui-tarvad. Hyderabad, Sind, Bijapur, Poona. Nov.-Feb. ©. alata, Linn,, F.B.1.—I1-264. Simay Agasay. Gardens, Poona. Oct, C, siawea, Linn., ¥.Bi—II-264, Kasid, Planted, Aug.-May. C. montana, Heyne, F.B.1.—I1-264, Ghat between Collem and Castle Rock, Oct. C, glauca, Lam., F.B.t.—II-265, Motha T arvad, Poona. Aug.-Mar. C. Absus, Lenn.. F.8.1.—l1-265, Parel, Konkan, Poona, Sep. C, pumila, Lam., F.B.1.—II-265, Dhulia, Badami. Aug, C, Kleinii, W. & A,, F.B.1.—II-265, Jambholpada, Colaba, Oct. _€, mimosoides, Linx,, ¥.B.1.—II-265, Poona, Poladpur, Konkan. Sep. 104. Cyanometra, C. ramiflora, Linn., ¥.8.1,—II-267, N. Kanara. Talbot. 107. Hardwichea, H. binata, Roxbd., F.B.1—II-270. Anjan, — Lulling Pass, Dhulia. 109. Saraca, S. indica, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I1-271, Ashok. W. Ghats ; widely. Oct-Mar. 1] 428 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf. 111.-— Tamarindus. T. indicus, Liun,, ¥.8.1.—I1-273., Chinch, Amli, Peint Taluk, Deccan, May-June. T, siliqua, Linn., DC, Prod.—II-486, dleccani Amli. The Locust Tree, In gardens. 114. Bauhinia. B. tomentosa, Linn, ¥.B.1.—LI1-275, Indig. ? Widely planted. Jan.-Dec. B, acuminata, Linn., ¥.B.1.— 11-276. Planted. July. B. racemosa, Linn., F.B.1.—I1-267. Apia. Deccan ; widely, May. B. malabarica, Roxb,, ¥.B.1.—I1-277, Dansda, in fruit, Feb. B. Lawii, Benth,. ¥.8.1.—II-277, Chamolee. A tree near 3rd mile stone Narel, Matheran Road, Pulsan, Peint taluka, Legume woody, 9” x1” x 2” twisted’ green or red tomentose. B. diphylla, Hamitlt,, ¥.8.1—II-278, Planted, Poona, Konkan Stocks. B. Vahlii, W. & A., F.B.1.—I1-279, Chambui. Konkan Ghats, April. B. purpurea, Linn,, ¥.B.1.—I1-284, Rukia Kanchin, Deccan forests. B. variegata, Linn., F.B.1.—I1-284. Kanchan. Planted widely. B,ep. inc, Buot chamail. Pient taluk. 115. Neptunia. N. oleracea, Lowr., ¥.8.1.—I11-286, Halial, N. Kanara, Talbot. Oct. N. triquetra, Benih,, ¥.B.1.—lI-286. Ahmednagar, Surat. Oct. 116, Xylia, X. dolabriformis, Benth., ¥.B.1.—I1-286. Jamba. N. Kanara. 117. Entada. KE, scandens, Benth,, ¥.B.1.— 11-287. Garambi. Uanauli wood. Sirsi-Kuma | Road, N. Kanara, Apr.-May. 118. Adenanthera. A, pavonina, Linn., ¥.B.1—II-287, Ratangunj. Planted. May. 119. Prosopis, . . P. spicigera, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-228. Shami, Saundad, Sumuri, Poona, Deccan, Guzerat, Dec.-Feb. ‘Pe eae Kunth,, ¥.8.1.— T1-288. Goga. 120. Dichrostachys. D, cinerea, W. & A, ¥.B.1.—I1-288. Sigum Kati, Poona, Badami, Jeur. eo - Oct. 122. Parkia, P, Hielandirleest W. & A., F.B.1.—II1-289, _ Chenduphul. Planted. Lee. 123, Peananins . virgatus, Willd., ¥.B.1.—II-290, In gardens, Naturalized. June-July. 124. Leucena, L. glauca, Benth., F.B.1.—11-290, Kubabhal, Poona; widely, in gardens, Sep.- 125, Mimosa. Oct, M. pudica, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I1-291. Lajalu, Kumta Roadsides, Oct, M. rubicaulis, Lam., ¥.8.1.—II-291. Arai. Gardens, Aug. M. hamata, Willd., ¥,.1.—II-291, Arkar, Arati. Deccan widely. Sep, 1 ~w THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA, ~ £29 127. Acacia. A, Farnesiana, Willd,, 1.8.1,—1J-292. Devbabhal, Kankri. Indig.? Oceurs widely, August-March. A, planifrons, W, & A., F.8.1.—II-293. Salé. The Umbrella Thorn. Planted. Poona, Nov. A. arabica, Wialld., F.8.1.—IJ-293,. Babhal. Deccan, Guzerat. Widely. ; June-Jar. A. arabica, Willd, ¥.B.1.—II-293. var, Ramkanta, Deccan, Guzerat. Widely. . June-Jan, .arabica, Willd., ¥.B.1.—II-293, var. Eree Babhal. Deccan, Guzerat. é June-J in, be A. eburnea, Willd., ¥.B.1.—I1-294, Marmati. Deccan, S, M. Country. Noy.-Feb. A. Jacquemontii, Benth., F.B.1.—Ratobauli. Ahmedabad, Feb.-May. A, tomentosa, Willd., F.B.1.—I1-294, Khairi, Dangs. Dec, A, leucophlea, Willd., ¥.B.1.—II-294. Hivar. Hewar, Decean; widely Jan.-Feb, A.suma, Kurz., ¥.B.1.—I1-294. Sonkairi. Konkan, Deccan; widely. May-July. A. Catechu, Welld,, F.B1.—II-295, Khair. Deccan, S. M, Country, Guzerat. Aug.-Sep, A, Sundra, DC., F.B.1.—II-225. Deccan, August, A, ferruginea, DC., Jehan Karikara. Pulsan, Pet Taluka, Dang. A. Senegal, Willd., ¥.8.1—II-295, Sind, Stocks, April. A, Latronum, Wélld., ¥.p.1.—II-296. Devbhabal, Deccan ; widely, Sept. Nov. A. concinna, DC., v.B.1-—I1-296. Shik hadi, Decean hills, N. Kanara. March. July. A. intsia, Willd., F.B.1.—I1-296, Chilari, Deccan hills, Aug. A, pennata, Willd., r.p.1.—I1-297, Semba. Decean Konkan hills. Feb. A. Burkei, Benth, Anna tree of Damaraland. Planted. Poona. Jan. A. Balfourii, Woodrow, sp. nova. A middle-sized tree resembling the bhabul raised from seed collected in Socotra by Dr, Balfour of Mdinburgh and naturalized at Poona, Bark, rugged, brown; lenticels, prominent on young branches. Internodes——Shorter than leaves. Leaves.—1%" to 2" « #" to 1"; leaflets 10 pairs; petiole 4", rachis with a gland below lowest and highest pair of leaflets ; pimnules 16 pair, ,4” mucronulate. Flowers.—Yellow ; capitule with 3" to 1" peduncles, axillary, fasicu- late, Stipullary thorns.—" to 1", strict, slender, white. Fruit—2" x 14" subglobose, crustaceous, brown, glabrous, tardy de- ‘hiscent, with much pith and 6 to 12 seeds, 430 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X7. Seeds.—+!" x 2!" x }" each ‘side with prominent channelled line, following outline interrupted at base enclosing foveolate area. This tree is closely allied to A. Farnesiana, Wlld., in the structure of itscrustaceous pithy pod. A, 128. Albizzia, ie lebbek, Benth., ¥.B.1.—II-298. Shiras. Deccan hills, Planted widely. February-March. A, odoratissima, Benth., ¥.8.1—II-299. Siris. Chinchada, Poona, Sirsi. April-May. A, procera, Benth., F.B.1.—II-299. Kinhai. Godhunchi Poona, June, A, lucida, Benth., ¥.B.1.—I1-299. Matheran. A. stipulata, Boiv., r.B1.—II-300. Udal-Phalari. Fitzgerald Ghat. April- May. A. amara, Boiv., F.B.1.—II-301. Lalai. Poona. May. 131, Pithecolobium. P. dulce, Benth., r.2.1.—II-302. Walayeti Amli, Planted widely. P. bigeminum, Benth., F.B.1.—II-303,. Kachlor, Divimana N, Kanara, Feb. -P. saman, Benth., Lon, Jour. Bot.—II-423. Rain Tree. Planted. Thana. Poona, (To be continued.) 431 ON SOME EARTHWORMS FROM INDIA. By Sorniz M. FEpars. (With two Plates.) | (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th April, 1896.) These worms have been collected by Messrs. H. Ferguson, A. Gleadow and R. C. Wroughton in Travancore, Poona, and North Konkan, and sent through the kindness of Mr. E. H, Aitken. By the generosity of Mr. I’. E. Beddard, M.A., F.R.S., I have been allowed to examine them in his laboratory at the Zoological Society’s Gardens. The collection contains Hudrilus eugenie,a Pericheta, a Megascolex and some species of Benhamia. These last coming from India are extremely interesting. Hitherto the genus Benhamia has been restricted to Africa, though introduced forms have occurred in India, and also some small species have been discovered in the Malay Archipelago. But Dr. Michaelsen is of opinion, that for several reasons—their size among other things—they are artificially located. The specimens under con- sideration may, of course, be in the same position ; but the existence of modified organs, not similar to those found in any from African renders it possible that they may be indigenous, and some even belong to a new genus. 1, Benham aitkheni, n. sp. (Plate I, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7). This worm is 119 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, and has 180 segments. The clitellum extends from XIII to XVII. The sete appear through to some extent. There are eight setze in each segment. The dorsal space is of con- siderable size, while the ventral is very small. The setz are paired, but not at all closely. The ventral pair are closer together than the dorsal, which latter are as far from the ventral pair as their two sets are apart. Between the four ventral sete, a pilose line is developed. There are no ventral pairs on segments XVII, XVIII, and XIX, though XVIII has the dorsal pairs. The oviducal pore is single and appears on a marked area in the clitellum. The male pores are very small and close together on X VIII. The spermiducal pores on XVII and XIX are furnished with sete. They are smooth and much resemble the others in shape, except that 432 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1. they are about three times as long, and have the greatest circumference at the third instead of the half of their length. | The dorsal pores commence at XIX. The nephridia are diffuse. The pharynx is large. There is a pee of floculent mucous glands with three lobes each in segment IIT. | The gizzard is single, of considerable size, aad ee in VII, while in VIII, there is a soft crop-like portion joined by a distinct line. In segment XV are well marked calciferous glands, which, viewed from the head, radiate from the cesophagus in a. fan-like manner. Hach is divided into two distinct lobes, the dorsal cut up again into two smaller lobes, and the ventral lobe in three parts. The intestine hegins in XVI. There are no cxca, and apparently no typhlosole. . The dorsal vessel is single, and the hearts are in XI, XII and XIIT. There are two pairs of spermathece in VIII and IX. They are very small, possibly a young specimen. They open very close together, and consist of an oval pouch with a short duct bearing a small tubular diverticulum. ; The sperm-sacs are not well developed, but seem to occur in 1X and XII. Fels The spermiducal glands in XVII and XIX are tubular. They are twisted regularly and present a sort of sausage-like appearance. The exact position of this worm is uncertain. It:can hardly belong to Acanthodrilus, as its nephridia are entirely diffuse. Though having some affinities with Mr. Beddard’s genus Octochetus, it probably does not belong to it, as the dorsal vessel is not double, the male pores are not borne on papille, and the calciferous glands are very distinct indeed. For the present it had better remain in Benhamia, from ne general type of which it differs in several respects. The sete are not closely le but 2. meaicana has the dorsal pair further apart. The clitellum only extends to XVII; in B, curta it goes no further than a part of XVIII. . ON SOME EARTHWORMS FROM INDIA, ~ 433. There is only one gizzard, but B. schlegeli is stated to only have one, The oviducal pore is single, which is also the case ih B. bolavi and B. gracilis. The calciferous glands of this species are peculiar, occurring only in segment XV, and not being simple pouches on the side of the cso- phagus but more elaborate lobed structures. .No other Benhamia has glands like this. Hasitat: Travancore. 2. Benhamia. travancorensis, n. sp. (Pl. 1, Figs. 6, 8, 9, 11, 12.) It is 75 mm. in length and 2 mm. in breadth. | It has 131 segments. The clitellum extends from XIV to XXI. Itis saddle-shaped, having a ventral line not thickened. The setz are in pairs very close together. The dorsal pores commence posteriorly. The pharynx is very large. There are two gizzards in VIII and IX. They are more or less cylindrical, the posterior one is somewhat flattened ventrally. There are calciferous glands in XIV, XV and XVI. They are pouch slaped; somewhat corrugated, the anterior being the smallest. The intestine commences in » XVIL ati has no czca, The last hearts occur in XIII, The nephridia are diffuse. There are two pairs of spermathece in VIII and IX. Each has a constriction dividing the pouch from the pouch-like duct which bear the diverticulum. The sperm-sacs in XI and XII are very minute. The spermiducal glands in XVIII and XIX are within the clitel- - lum ; they are tubular and fusiform. They have a bunch of penial setz at the mouth. These are about four times as Jong as the ordinary ones, and terminate in a fine whip-like end frequently bent into .a hook, No ventral pairs of setee occur on XVII, XVIII, or XIX. In many respects this worm resembles Benhamia kafuruensis. Septa IX to XIV are thickened. Hasitat ;: Travancore. 434 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. 3. Benhamiapoonensis, u.sp. (Pl, I, Fig. 10; PI. II, Figs. 3,4, and 9), It is 134 mm. long and 3 broad, It has 157 segments, the last of which are very small, | The clitellum is very ill-marked, It appears to end at segment XVI dorsally, but to be continued to XX ventrally. The sete are closely paired, the four pairs occupying rather less than the ventral half of the body. The apertures of the spermiducal glands on segments XVII and XIX are in a line with the ventral sete. There are no penial sete, but small papillee in a line with pores, at the edges bordering segment XVIII, oceur on XVII and XIX. There are no ventral sete on these three segments, but those on XX are placed on a pagilla, The pharynx is very large and pouch-like. There are two gizzardsin V and VI. They are connected by a narrow junction, They are more or less globular, the anterior being the larger. There are globular calciferous glandsin XI and XII. The intestine begins in segment XIV. In segments IX, X, Xl and XII are four pairs of hearts. They are very large indeed, the walls being transparent and altogether much more delicate than those of the dorsal vessel. There are two pairs of spermathecee in segments VIII and IX. The pouch is oval with a duct of about the same length which becomes sinuous near the mouth. At the junction with the pouch is the diverticulum, which is very characteristic inform. It is a much-compli- cated structure, almost having the appearance of a complicated gland, In the neighbourhood of the opening are long sete with notched ends. They are about three or four times as long as an ordinary seta. There isa pair of bent tongue-shaped sperm-sacs in XII. The spermiducal glands are tubular. There is a long straight duct ; the glandular end is very twisted, almost forming a knot, and is pigmented. HasiraT: Poona. 4, Megascolex konkanensis, n. sp. (Pl. I, Figs. 1, 6, 7, 8, and i0.) It is 200 mm. long and 2 broad, having 222 segments, Externally this worm much resembles a Pericheta, having a short clitellum, a well-marked area round the median oviducal pore, tumid male pores, and the lines of setee quite distinct. ON SOME EARTHWORMS FROM INDIA. 435 _ The sete-are not continuous. . There isa ventral gap of about the space of three setze, while the dorsal space is much less. But quite at the tail end of the animal—segment 170th —this arrangement is obliterated, where there are 24 sete equidistant. ° The clitellum obviously extends from XIV—XVI, and the sete show through. There is a large area on XIV, ina line with the sete, bearing the oviducal pore. The modified tissue of the clitellum, which can only be distinguished with the microscope, extends as far forward as to just in front of segment X and hackwards to XX. The male pores are borne on two large papille, the width of the segment, with no setze between. The dorsal pores commence 1V—V. The pharynx is large. There are a pair of mucous glandsin V. There is a large gizzard in VI. There are no calciferous glands. The cesophagus is small till segment XVI. The intestine commences in XVI in two large pouches. There are hearts in XII and XIUf. In segments VIII and XE are two pairs of spermathece. The pouch is pear-shaped with a very delicate duct about the same length. A club-shaped diverticulum, the length of the duct, joins near the aperture. Segments XI and XII each possess a very well developed pair of sperm-sacs. They are very racemose indeed, the divisions being almost globular. The spermiducal glands are very peculiar and have a mop-like appearance. The duct is straight and has no muscular sac. The distal end seems: dilated into a sac from which arise numerous simple filiform processes. In a younger specimen the gland appeared like a tube with many transverse branches at the end. Hasitat: North Konkan and Travancore. 5. Pericheeta travancorensis, n. sp. (Pl. II, Figs. 2, 5.) This worm has 94 segments. It is 70 mm. long and 4 broad. Its anterior dorsal surface is purplish, which colour behind the clitellum narrows to a strip. The clitellum extends from XIV—XVI, The area round the female pore is much marked, 12 436 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAPURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, The male pores are rather tumid, but have no papilke. They are separated by 10 sete. The gizzard lies in VII and IX. The intestine commences in XV. It has cacze which arise in -XXVI and continue forward into XXV, where the end is slightly curled-round. There are hearts in XI, XII, XII. In segments VII, VIII, and IX are three pairs of spomnbtlieon, As there is no intervening septum between the last two, they lie very close together. They are long pear-shaped bodies, gradually narrowing to the duct which bears near the opening a small diverticulum on a long duct which in some cases is arranged in‘a zigzag. Smal] sperm-saes are found in XI, XII, and XIII. The spermiducal glands have a sac and a coiled duct ; the lobes of the glands extend through three segments, vz.. XVII— XIX ; they ‘are loose and comparatively thin. The dorsal pores are not very obvious, but do not commence till XVI—XVII. HasiTat: Travancore. EXPLANATION OF PLATHS. Puate I. Fig. 1. Benhamia aitkent. Dissection: m, mucous gland; g, gizzard, th spermatheca ; sps, sperm-sac ; h, heart; cf, calciferous gland; spd, spermiducal gland. The figures denote the number of the segment. 2. Spermiducal glands of Benhamia aithent. 3. Spermatheca of Benhamia aitkeni—dv, diverticulum. 4, Calciferous gland of Benhamia aitkent belonging to the right side viewed from the head end. 5. Arrangement of sete in Benhamia aitkeni—s, left dorsal pair. 6. Interior of Benhamia travancorensis. 7. Penial seta of Benhamia aitkeni. §. Penial seta of Benhamia travancorensis. 9. Calciferous gland of Benhamia-travancorensis. 10. Interior of Benhamia poonensis. ena ee ___ Plat ondon : i : pes Hee 1 ie (A a we, Mintern Bros. ith.London.. 1 12. oe 10. ON SOME EARTHWORMS FROM INDIA, 437 Spermatheca of Benhamia travancorensts. Spermiducal gland of Benhamia travancorensis. Prate IT. Interior of Megascolex konkanensis—i, intestine. Spermatheca of Pericheta travancorensis—dv, diverticulum. Spermatheca of Benhamia poonensis—d, duct ; dv, diverticulum ; s, copulatory sete. Spermiducal gland of Benhamia poonensis. Interior of Pericheta travancorensis—c, cecum. Ventral view of clitellum of Megascolex konkanensis—o, oviducal pore ; ct, clitellum ; m, male pore. Spermiducal gland of Megascolex konkanensis, Spermatheca of Megascolex konkanensis. Portion of ventral surface of Benhamia poonensis—p, papilla ; at, atrial pore ; s, sete. A sperm-sac from Megascolex konkanensis. N.B.—For dy on Plates read dv. 438 THE MOTHS OF INDIA. SU PPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN “THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,” PART If. By Sir G. F. Hampson, Barv, ¥.2.5., F.B.S. (Continued from page 297 of this Vol.) Genus Macapuma, Macaduma, W1k., Cat., xxxv, p. 1704 (1866). Tupe.—M, tortricella, Wk. Range.—Assam ; Java. . Palpi porrect, slender, reaching beyond the frons ; antenne simple ; tibize with the spurs moderate. Forewing very broad and rounded, the costa highly atched ; veins 3, 4, 5 separate ; 6 from just above middle of discoeellulars ; 7-8 Macaduma tortricella 1 stalked; 9 absent; 10-11 from cell. Hindwing with vein 2 from near angle of cell ; 3-4 stalked ; 5 from above angle ; 6-7 stalked. 1383a. Macapuma TorTRICELLA, WHk., Cat., xxxv, p. 1705. &. Head and thorax chestnut-brown ; abdomen fuscous, the anal tuft ochreous. Forewing chestnut, the inner medial area rather darker ; cilia fuscous below apex. Hindwing very pale yellow. 2. Fuscous-brown ; forewing with the apical part of costa. and outer margia chestnut. Hindwing fuscous. Habitat.—Khasis ; Java. Hap. 20 mm. 1385a. AUMENE MESOZONATA, 0. sp. Head and thorax pale brown ; abdomen fuscous ; anal tuft ochreous. Forewing brownish-white ; a diffused sub-basal brown band ; a waved antemedial line bent outwards to the medial line at. inner margin; a black spot in end of cell and another on discocellulars ; medial and postmedial lines with the area between them brown, angled outwards at veins 6 and 4; a sinuous submarginal line developed into blotches in parts; a series of marginal specks. Hindwing fuscous. Habitat-—Khésis, Eap. g@ 18, 2 20 mm. Type—tIn British Museum. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 439 1388a. ANUMENE ALBISPARSA, N. sp. &. Fuscous. Forewing irrorated with white scales; an obscure sub- basal line; a sinuous antemedial line ; indistinct medial, postmedial and submarginal lines bent outwards at middle; the area between the antemedial and medial lines gray, whitish towards costa; a black spot in cell and discocellular lunule with whitish streak between them ; series of white specks on the postmedial line and on margin. Habitat—Khasis. Hap. 22-24mm. Type.—In British Museum. 1388). AUMENE FLAVESCENS, n. sp. Palpi and frons black ; head yellow and fuscous above; thorax and abdomen fuscous. Forewing ochreous with diffused fuscous bands on basal and outer areas, leaving the medial area ochreous, but the bands more or less connected in cell; the bands maculate and with some ochreous between them, sub-basal, antemedial, postmedial, and submarginal ; a marginal series of specks. Hindwing fuscous. Habitat —Khésis. Ezp. 20mm. Type.—In British Museum. 1398a, D1IDUGA RUFIDISCA, n. sp. Q. Differs from albicosta in the bands on costa and outer margin being broader, tinged with rufous, irrorated with fuscous and with more sinuous outline; a diffused rufous patch on medial inner area; a fuscous discocellular spot. Hindwing fuscous. Habitat.—Khasis. Ezp.12 mm. Type—In British pce n at 1402a. HuGoA MULTISTRIGATA, n. sp. Forewing with vein 7 absent. Yellowish-white ; vertex of head and thorax spotted with black ; abdomen with dorsal fuscous marks, Forewing with two black spots at base, two antemedial series of spots followed by a spot in cell; a medial series of streaks with short streaks beyond the cell; at post-medial series of spots angled below costa ; a submarginal oblique series from vein 5 to mner margin ; apical spots and two at middle of margin ; the several series irregu- lar and not well defined. Hind-wing suffused with fuscous. Habitat.— Khasis. Ezp.24 mm. Type-—In British Museum. 1404a. HuGoA OCHRIVENA, 2. 8p. Forewing with the cell very long ; vein 2 from before middle. Hindwing with veins 4-5 from cell, the upper part of cell very long veins 6-7 short and from angle. 440 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAE HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. &. Brownish-gray ; head with fuscous. spot on vertex ; abdomen fuscous towards extremity. Forewing with the basal part of costa clouded with fuscous ; a series of antemedial spots ; a spot in. cell ; the medial area clouded with fuscous diffused outwardly ; a discocellular spot; some submarginal diffused blotches. Hindwing suffused with fuscous ; the veins forming the end of cell and given off from it ochreous ; «cilia ochreous. Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 22 mm. ee —In British Museum. 1470b. ToLrra TRIGONIFERA, 2. sp. &. Brownish-ochreous ; palpi and collar blackish. Forewing with the base of costa black ; an oblique triangular black mark on middle of costa with its apex beyond lower angle of cell and embracing a pale discoidal point; a sinuous pale submarginal line, its medial part defined by rufous on inner side, the area beyond it fuscous. Habitat.—Khasis. Ezp.14mm. Type—tIn British Museum. . 1425. Miltochrista dentifascia belongs to Section I. ¢ with the cell narrow. 1469a. MILTOCHRISTA MESORTHA, Nn. sp. Differs from punicea in the antemedial line of forewing being dentate in and below cell ; the medial line almost straight and not connected with the antemedial. Hindwing with slight fuscous shade on apical area, more extensive on underside. Habitat.—Khisis. Exp. 6 24, 9 28 mm. Type—In British Museum. 1488c. NuDARIA DISCIPUNCTA, n. sp. White ; head, thorax, and abdomen yellowish. Forewing with the medial inner area slightly suffused with fuscous ; yellow spots on costa at base, before middle and at middle ; a prominent black spot in cell ; a postmedial yellow patch from costa to lower angle of cell connected with inner margin by a line ; oblique fasciz between end of cell and apex, middle of margin and outer angle, the last broad and suffuse in part with fuscous. Habitat,—Khasis. Eap.18 mm. Type.——In British Museum. No.2. 1534f. NoLA FLEXILINEATA, 0. sp. dé. White, slightly tinged with brown ; palpi blackish. Forewing with dentate blackish antemedial line with slight brown suffusion THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 441 on each side of it; traces of a medial waved line ; a prominent postmedial biack line very oblique from costa to vein 4, where it is curved and becomes erect, the area beyond it suffused with fuscous ; an irregularly dentate submarginal line. Hindwing tinged with fuscous. | Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 24mm. Type.—In British Museum. Section IV. Forewing with vein 9 present, arising from the cell. 1534g. NOLA LUNISIGNA, Nn. sp. &. Grayish-white ; palpi blackish at sides. Forewing with black spot at base of cell ; indistinct waved antemedial and medial lines, the latter with a small black lunule on its inner side below costa; a postmedial line oblique to vein 5, then bent inwards to near the medial line and becoming black and prominent; an irregular submarginal line. Hindwing fuscous. Habitat—Khasis. Exp. 22 mm. Type.—In British Museum. Vol. IV, p. 506. For Cyphotopsyche insert Proneca, Swinh., ‘Trans. Ent. Soc.’ 1890, p. 193. 1545c. ProwEca FoLa, Swinh., ‘ Trans. Ent. Soc.’, 1890, p. 194. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellowish-white with blackish patch on metathorax and tuft on first abdominal segment. Forewing yellowish- white with dark brown costal fascia mixed with yeliowish scales ; an oblique fascia from outer margin below apex to inner margin, on which it extends from near base to middie and forming a large wedge- shaped patch; outer area tinged with brown, and with a diffused dark band between veins 5 and 1. Hindwing whitish in male, fuscous in female. Habitat.—Colombo ; Thayetmyo, Burma. Hap. 6 22, 2 24 mm. 1550a, SELCA PLAGIOLA, n. sp. (Pl. A, Fig. 2.) 6. Antenne ciliated ; forewing with vein 7 absent ; a tuft of spatulate scales on inner margin beyond middle ; hindwing with vein 4 absent. Head, thorax, and abdomen pure white ; palpi tinged with ruf- ous. Forewing rufous mixed with white and black scales ; alarge white patch on basal inner area with a white line from origin of vein 2 to its extremity ; the tufts of raised scales below basal part of costa prominent, a white postmedial line very oblique from costa to vein 5, where it is acutely angled and retracted, then sinuous ; a large white 442 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, and gray patch on its inner side from costa to vein 2 ; two fine white lines with gray between them along vein 2 from cell to near outer margin ; an obscure submarginal white line strongly dentate inwards at veins 5 and 2, and with a fuscous patch inside its medial portion. Hindwing white tinged with fuscous. Habitat—Puttalam, Ceylon (J. Pole). Exp.16 mm. Type.—In British Museum. 15506. SELCA NIGRA, n. sp. Hindwing with vein 5 obsolete ; antennz of ? pectinate. 9. Fus- cous-black, Forewing irrorated with a few silvery scales ; the basal area darkest ; indistinct sub-basal and antemedial lines; a fulvous discoidal spot and traces of a waved medial line, traces of irregu- larly-waved postmedial and submarginal lines. Hindwing paler fuscous. Habitat.—Sikhim, i,800 feet (Dudgeon). Erp. 30 mm. Type.—In British Museum, AGARISTIDA. 1583. Mimeusemia ceylonica= A gocera postica, W1k., ‘ Journ. Linn. Soc. VI, p. 6, Mimeusemia tara, Swinh., ‘ Cat. Lep. Het., Mus. Oxon, ps OTe... Singapore ; Borneo. 1681. Hadena (?) hastata is an Erastria allied to aurata, Moore. NOCTUIDA. TRIFINA, 17562, WUPLEXIA HYALOPHORA, 0. sp. &. Head and thorax olive-green and brown ; abdomen reddish-brown ; the anal tuft fulvous. Forewing olive-green and dark brown; a sinuous sub-basal olive line defined by black, the area between it and antemedial line green ; the antemedial line black-edged and obtusely angled on vein 1; the medial area brown with pale-edged green orbicular and reniform stigmata almost joined on median nervure, a black-edged olive postmedial line incurved below vein 4 and outlined with gray; the outer area green with pale waved submarginal line ; a brown patch below apex, a marginal series of black Junules. Hindwing dark red-brown with the disk hyaline ; underside with black spot in upper angle of cell. Thorax with a club-shaped process bearing a tuft of long white hair protrusile from the large abdo- minal stigmata. Habitat.— Khiasis. Exp. 34mm, Type—In British Museum. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 443 1758a. HupLextaA CONSERVULOIDES, 0. sp. &. Red-brown. Forewing with a black speck in cell; a pale-edged wedge-shaped mark from middle of costa ; blackish on discocellulars, and with a large brown V-shaped mark below it on inner margin with short arms ; the reniform indistinct, and with a double elbowed line beyond it continued as a single waved line to inner margin ; a siuous submarginal line slightly bent outward and edged with brown between veins 6 and 8 ; three white specks on costa towards apex. Hindwing paler. Underside of both wings with dark postmedial line and indistinct pale submarginal line ; hind tibie with white points at extremity and on end of spurs. Thorax with a club-shaped process bearing a tuft of long hair which is protrusile from the large abdominal stigma. | Habitat.—fSikhim (Pilcher). ee 36 mm. Yype—In British Museum. 1766a: ANCARA OLIVESCARIA, Swinh., A.M.N. H (6), xrx, p. 167. 4. Head and thorax dark olive-brown ; abdomen fuscous with the dorsal and anal tufts olive-brown. Forewing dark olive-brown irrorated with black scales ; traces of double waved black sub-basal, antemedial and medial lines ; the orbicular indistinct ; the reniform large with its lower part filled in with black, but not well defined ; the claviform a large, prominent black lunule ; a postmedial series of black and white Specks on the veins ; a marginal series of black specks. Hindwing black-brown ; some marginal marks towards anal angle, and the cilia olive-brown. Underside olive-brown irrorated with black; discal area of forewing fuscous ; both wings wae discoidal stigmata and black postmedial band. Halitat.—Jaintia Hills. Exp. 58 mm. _ 1804a. DipreryGia MAGNICLAVIS, N. sp. Head and thorax dark rufous, slightly pencilled with ochreous ; abdomen fuscous, with the dorsal lateral and anal tufts rufous. Fore- wing rufous variegated with ochreous; a series of dark marks on costa; a dentate gray sub-basal line ; an antemedial line angled inward on sub-costal nervure, then oblique, white and angled outwards _ on vein 1; the orbicular and reniform with pinkish outlines’; the claviform black-edged, large, round, and placed on outer edge of the antemedial line ; the postmedial line sutty dentate | from costa ‘to 13 Pas 3 444 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT. yein 4, then bent inwards to the reniform ; an irregularly sinuous Penarainal line, angled inwards below costa, and with a black point on its inner edge below vein 2; the apex grayish ; a merginal series of black lunules. Hindwing brownish-ochreous, the outer.area broadly fuscous. Habitat —Khasis. Exp. 38 mm. Type.—In British Museum. 1857a. CARADRINA TERMINATA, 0. Sp. &. Ochreous ; palpi black at sides to near end of second joint 3 abdomen slightly tinged with fuscous above. Forewing with the outer area fuscous-brown, narrowing to apex ; a prominent black spot in the cell ; indistinct sub-basal, antemedial, medial, postmedial, and submargi- nal lines ; the first three irregularly waved, the postmedial dentate, the submarginal irregularly waved placed on the dark area and expanding into a dark patch at middle. | Hindwing pale, the veins and outer area slightly tinged with fuscous. | Habitat.—Bhutan (Dudgeon) ; Borneo. zp. 28mm, Type.—In British Museum. 1858a. CARADRINA ATRESCENS, 0. sp. @. Ochreous with a slight fleshy tinge; head and thorax mixed with black scales ; abdomen fuscous above. Forewing with the basal area irregularly irrorated with patches of black scales, three more prominent spots on the costa; a large black patch in end of cell extending up to thecosta; a discocellular spot ; the outer area irrorated with black; a large postmedial costal patch with two ochreous specks on it; a very large black patch occupying nearly the whole inner half of outer area and conjoined to the irregular series of marking, and lunules on the margin. Hind wing fuscous-black, pale towards base; cilia pale with a waved black line through them. Underside of forewing fuscous, the costa irrorated with ochreous, inner area ochreous, the cilia ochreous with double series of black spots. Hindwing ochreous with medial dark patch on eosta ; postmedial series of specks; a marginal black band, the cilia spotted with black. Habitat.—Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon). Ezp. 40 mm, Type.—In British Museum. 1890a, LEUCANIA LANIATA, n. sp. (PIA, Fig. 22.) &. Hindwing somewhat distorted; the outer area on underside with veins 3 to 8 clothed with long down-curved hair. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 445 Differs from decisissima in being brown and gray with no ferruginous tints, Hindwing with the basal and inner areas pale, the apical area fuscous; underside with the silvery suffusion terminated by ithe tufts of hair ; no marginal series of specks. Hind legs with the black tufts very large. - Habitat.—Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon), Ezp. 36 mm. Type.—In British Museum. ACONTINA, 1968a, DIPHTHERA CHRYSOCHLORA, 0. sp. Head and thorax golden-green ; abdomen dark-brown, the anal tuft ochreous. Forewing golden-green with dentate whitish ante- medial and postmedial lines with darker green lines between them, the antemedial line strongly dentate below cell, the postmedial at vein 4 | and with darker green suffasion beyond it ; a large quadrate dark green reniform spot; a series of whitish and green marginal lunules. Hindwing black~brown ; the cilia ocbreous. Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 9 30, P 32 mm. 1979a. BRYOPHILA EXCURVATA, 1. Sp. é. Head and thorax whitish, markedwith gray ; abdomen gray. Forewing with the basal area gray, bounded by a dark line from costa before middle and running with an outward curve to the postmedial line On vein 1 ; the medial area whitish with the obscure orbicular and more prominent reniform stigmata outlined with white ; a diffused blackish patch beyond the cell rufous exteriorly ; a minutely dentate double postmedial curved line dentate inwards on vein 1 ; the margin whitish, with a triangular black patch below apex and series of striee on the margin. Hindwing fuscous, with obscure discocellular lunule which on underside is prominent ; an obscure curved postmedial line. Habitat. —Sikhim, 1,800 fest (Dudgeon). Exp. 30 mm. Type,—In British Museum. 1995a@, ERASTROIDES FLAVIBASALIS, n. sp. 6. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale brownish ; patagia tipped with pray ; dorsal tufts black. Forewing with the basal area pale suffused with orange ; a black point at middle of cell and discocellular spot ; costa gray with black spots ; a medial black line joined at lower angle of cell by an oblique line from before middle of inner margin; the medial part of inner area golden-orange ; the postmedial area silvery- 446 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCTETY, Vol. Xi. gray, largely marked with black and olive-green ; indistinct, irregular, postmedial and submarginal lines, the latter with the area beyond it. olive-green, Hindwing pale fuscous ; cilia white at tips. Habitat, —Khasis, Eup.22mm. Type.—In British Museum. 2012a. HYELA LATIFASCIATA, n. sp. 9. White, suffused with pale brown. Forewing with blackish mark at base of costa; a broad medial biack-brown hand occupying one-third of wing with sinuous white edges and expanding near inner margin, the white edge enclosing two discacellular black spots with a larger semi- circular spot beyond them ; some white specks on costa towards apex ; 2 minately-waved submarginal white line ; large diffused black patches near apex and on margin below middle. Hindwing fuscous. Hlabitat.—Bombay. Eap. 18mm. Type.—In British Museum. 2008a. TYELA BILINEATA, n. sp. Ochreous-brown. Forewing with black-edged, minutely-waved, white ante-and postmedial lines, the former slightly angled on subcostal ner- vure and below the cell, the latter strongly exeurved beyond the eell and angled inwards below vein 2 ; reniform white with two black points, the upper often obsolete. Hindwing tinged with fuscous. Habitat.—Khasis. xp. 22mm. Type.-—In British Museum. 2038a, XANTHOPTERA FUSCITERMINATA, 0. sp. Q. Ochreous-yellow ; palpi, antenne, and anal tuft tinged with fus- cous. Forewing with two dark specks on obsolescent rufous marks at base of costa; a small antemedial obsolescent triangular rufous mark on costa with traces of a line arising from it ;a similar larger medial mark and traces of waved line ; traces of a postmedial line exeurved beyond eell ; three black specks on costa towards apex ; a mar ginal fuscous black band narrowing to apex and outer angle, with patches of leaden scales on it ; its inner edge wavy and shading into diffused rufous, and with marginal series of black specks ; cilia black. Hindwing suffused with fuscous ; cilia fuscous-black ; underside with diseoidal black speck and curved postmedial line. Habitat.—Sikhim, 1, 800 feet (Dudgeon). Exp. 22 mm. Type— In British Museum. : 2049a, XANTHOPTERA FISSISTIGMA, n. sp. Ochreous ; palpi blackish at sides. Forewing slightly suffused oe brown and red ; the orbicular white, oblique, with two streaks with gray between them from its lower end, the lower streak curved, and with a THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 447 diffused olive fascia with a black streak on it, from it to outer margin ; reniform indistinct ; an indistinct double sinuous postmedial line ; a red patch at outer angle with two black spots on its imner edge and with whitish between it and the olive streak; a marginal series of black spots. Hindwing slightly suffused with fuscous ; a discocellular Junule and dentate postmedial line distinct on underside. _ Aabitat.—Khasis. Exp. 26mm. Type—In British Museum. 210la. NaARANGA SEMIOCHREA, 0. sp. Ochreous ; palpi and abdomen tinged with fuscous, the anal tuft ochreous. Forewing ochreous, slightly clouded with fuscous towards costa and reddish towards the obliquely-curved: blue-gray line from middle of costa to inner margin near outer angle ; traces of an irre- gular antemedial line; the outer area clouded with fuscous obliquely from apex to middle of curved line, leaving a paler triangular patch on costa. Hindwing paler, underside with discoidal fuscous speck and curved postmedial line. Habitat._Khasis. Exp. 20mm. Type.—In British Museum. 2101. NARANGA ALBICINCTA, 0. Sp. &. Head and collar rufous and fuscous ; thorax and abdomen ochre- ous with slight fuscous tinge. Forewing with the basal area ochreous, diffused outwardly to lower angle of cell; the rest of the wing red- brown clouded with fuscous and gray; a pale discoidal spot on blackish patch ; a slightly-curved postmedial rufous line with diffused white band beyond it tinged with bluish-gray and narrowing to costa ; a curved black submarginal band widening to costa;a marginal series of black spots. Hindwing fuscous. Habitat.—Khasis. Erp. 22mm. Type.—tIn British Museum. 2101¢. NARANGA CAUSTIPENNIS, Nn. Sp. &. Forewing with the outer margin slightly excised below apex. Dark pinkish; head, thorax, and extremity of abdomen tinged with fuscous ; the vertex of head whitish. Forewing with the basal half of costa tinged with fuscous ; the outer half with orange-brown ; an in- terrupted fine curved medial white line ; some black specks on costa towards apex; a diffused black patch on outer area below apex ; cilia white at the excision. Hindwing fuscous ; the area near anal angle pink. Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 16mm. Type.—tIn British Museum. 448 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT. 2103c, RIvULA ACYGONTA, n. sp. @. Head and collar bright orange-brown ; thorax and abdomen fuscous-brown, Forewing fuscous with slight purplish-gray tinge ; the costal and outer margins orange-brown ; an obscure oblique antemedial line ; an ochreous spot at lower angle of cell ; a postmedial line defined by gray on outer side and very acutely angled below costa ; some white specks on costa towards apex ; an indistinct sinuous submarginal line. Hindwing fuscous ; both wings with fine pale marginal line. Habitat.—Simla. Exp. 24 mm. Type.—In British Museum. 2106a, RivuLA BARBIPENNIS, n. sp. (Pl. A, Fig. 3.) Hindwing of male with a large fold below the cell and vein 2 on upperside clothed with thick silky hair; vein 2 curved and arising from angle of cell, ¢@. Only differs from biatomea in the hindwing being dark fuscous, leaving the base only pale. Habitat.—Khasis ; Puttalam, Ceylon (Pole). Exp. 22 mm. Type.—In British Museum. 2107a. 'TATHODELTA USTATA, 0D. sp. Q. Forewing with the outer margin excised below apex and ex- curved at middle. Brick-red ; head and distal half of abdomen blackish. Forewing with crenulate, antemedial, medial, postmedial, and submarginal lines, the first two dark and indistinct, the two latter ochreous, the postmedial with black points on it, the submarginal angled outwards at middle and with fuscous patch beyond it above middle; a black speck in cell; some black suffusion on costa and pale specks to- wards apex ; a marginal series of black spots. Hindwing with straight antemedial black line and point in cell; medial and postmedial crenu- late ochreous lines, the latter angled outwards at middle and with black suffusion inside and beyond it from middle to inner margin ; a marginal series of black spots. | Habitat.—Khasis. Hep. 24mm. Type.—In British Museum. 2110a. PACHYLEPIS ALBILINEATA, 0. Sp. Dark gray ; palpiand frons black; vertex of head and shaft of antennee above white. orewing with irregularly dentate, antemedial, postmedial, and submarginal white lines, the postmedial excurved beyond cell and angled inwards below it ; a black discocellular spot; some white specks on costa towards apex ; a marginal series of black THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 449 and white points. Hindwing with black discocellular lunule; irregu- larly dentate white medial line and traces of a submarginal line; a marginal series of black and white points. Habitat.—Dharmsala (Hocking); Khasis. Lxvp.22mm. Type.— In British Museum. 2129a. EusLemMa siticuLa, Swinh., A.M.N.H. (6), x1x, p. 167. Ochreous-white with a slight pinkish tinge. Forewing with fuscous antemedial, medial, and postmedial specks on costa with indistinct sinuous lines arising from them and obtusely angled below costa ; some white specks on costa towards apex; a pinkish apical spot with two fuscous points below it on the indistinct dentate submarginal line. Hindwing with traces of waved antemedial, medial, and postmedial lines. The medial line of forewing, becoming antemedial on hindwing, sometimes prominent. Habitat— Allahabad ; Karachi; Burma. zp. 20 mm, 213la. HUBLEMMA AGRAPTA, Dn. sp. @. Head and collar fulvous ; thorax pale pinkish ; abdomen whitish. Forewing pale, pinkish, irrorated with a few dark scales; a fine indis- tinct line from costa beyond middle, very acutely angled below costa, then very oblique to middle of inner margin; a submarginal series of black specks ; a fulvous marginal line, Hindwing whitish, - Habitat.—Putialam, Ceylon (Pele). Exp. 20 mm. Type—In British Museum. 2139a. ZUROBATA ALBISCRIPTA, 2. sp. Q. Reddish-brown, irrorated with fuscous ; thorax mixed with white scales, Forewing with bluish-gray irroration on costa and beyond end of cell; a white fascia on medium nervure joined by an oblique line from near base of inner margin and forming a white patch in end of cell, then running in a curve beyond discocellulars to upper angle and enclosing the dark discocellular spot ; a postmedial white line oblique from costa to vein 6, straight to vein 4, where it is retracted to lower angle of cell, then oblique to inner margin ; some white specks on costa towards apex ; two oblique white sub-apical streaks ; a white streak on vein 6 from upper angle of cell ; a series of white strigee on margin and spot above outer angle. Hindwing fuscous-brown with darker marginal line. Habitat,—Khasis. Hep. 22mm. Type.—In British Museum. 450 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. 214ia, ZUROBATA USTULA, n, sp. F ‘ulvons-yellow s palpi fuscous ; abdomen tinged with fuscous to- wards extremity. Forewing natnsed with red, irrorated with black and tinged in places with fuscous, especially on costa, inner margin and outer area ; traces of antemedial, medial, postmedial, and submarginal minutely dentate red lines; two discocellular black specks and a inarginal series. Hindwing suffused with red and with fuscous on apical area ; two discocellular black specks and traces of antemedial, medial, postmedial, and submarginal dentate red lines, the postmedial with some black specks on it; a marginal series of black specks. Habitat. —Ceylon (Pole); Andamans. Exp. 20 mm. Type,—In British Museum. 2147c. Mimorvuza PICTALIS, a. sp. &. Head and thorax white ; palpiand antenne tinged with rufous 5 _ abdomen pale rufous with black dorsal point on anal segment. Fore- wing with the basal area cream-colour ; an obscure waved antemedial line ; a black point in cell and two on discocellulars 5 a medial line sharply bent outwards to discocellulars, the area beyond it olive-brown to the postmedial line, which is white, oblique to vein 6, then dentate and. at vein 3 retracted to below end of cell; a triangular olive-brown patch beyond it on costa with three white points on it and gray suffusion below vein 4 to the submarginal line which is whitish with two deep red teeth at middle, below and above which it is incurved ; a fine white marginal line ; cilia brown with black patch at middle. Hindwing with the base cream-colour; a rufons antemedial line bent outwards to inner margin ; a black discocellular point; outer half of wing olive-gray ; white medial and postmedial lines, the former sinuous, the latter strongly angled outwards at middle and bent outwards to anal angle ; a fine white marginal line and slight submarginal mark towards anal Seah Habitat, —Khisis. Exp, 24 mm. Type.—tIn British Museum. : 2148a, ORUZATRITONIA, n. sp. a Tacs not fringed with hair. Red-brown ; head blackish ; abdo- men at extremity and wings slightly suffused with fuscous. Forewing with the costa white with black points on it ; an indistinct waved fus- cous antemedial line 5 a black discocellular spot sometimes with white ~ THE MOTHS OF INDIA. - 454 centre: a fuscous waved postmedial line, strongly angled below costa, then oblique, and angled below vein 2; an indistinct dentate submar- ginal line. Hindwing with discocellular speck ; sinuous medial line and indistinct dentate postmedial and submarginal lines ; both wings with prominent marginal series of black points. _ Habitat. Khasis. Exp. 44.mm. Type.—In British Museum, © SARROTHRIPINE, -2198a. PLOTHEIA ELONGATA, 1h, Sp. 2. Head ochreous and fuscous ; thorax olive-green and fuscous 2 abdomen fuscous. Forewing olive-green ;-an indistinct double-waved antemedial line ; traces of a wawed medial line ; the orbicular rapresent= ed by a raised tuft; the reniform with raised scales on its edges ; the _postmedial line very oblique from: cesta to vein 7, then minutely dentate, sharply bent inwards below vein 2, and with two small tufts of raised seales above inner margin : some black spots en costa towards apex 3 traces of a submarginal line with rufous tufted spots in it below vein 7 5 cilia brown and fuscous. Hindwing fuscous, the cilia pale brown, » Habitat.—Khasis, Exp.46 mm. Type.—In British Museum. 22084. . ARACHNOGNATHA METASCOTIA, 1. sp. Head, collar, and patagia olive-green, the last tipped with black 3 thorax fuscous ; abdomen fuscous-brown. Forewing elive-green with indistinct. irregular. antemedial, medial, postmedial, and submarginal dark lines, the two last strongly dentate, slightly defined with white towards costa and with a dark. streak between them below cosia ; the orbicular represented by raised black scales ; the reniform large, %ounded, and with fuscous centre, a marginal series of dark specks. Hindwing fuscous-brown with black and white ocellate mark at anal angle. Fore tibize tufted with hair. | Habitat —Khasis, Exp. § 84, 9 38 mm. Type.—In British oe 2218d. BARASA MARGINATA, ii. sp. _ . Head and thorax gray and fuscous; abdomen brownish. Hoeeetad gray and fuscous, the basal half suffused with brewn ; an indistincé double-curved antemedial line; orbicular round and black-edged ; reni- form black-edged and attenuate ; an indistinct. highly dentate double postmedial line incurved below vein 2, then bounding thé brown area; a sinuous sibmarginal line with some fuscous suffusion on its inner side 14 482 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. and a black speck below vein 2, Hindwing white with broad black marginal band from costa to vein 2, and a spot at vein 1. Habitat.—Puittalam, Ceylon (J. Pole). Hzp. 24mm. Type.—In British Museum. 2218a. BARASA METALOPHOTA, N. §p. Hindwing of male with fringe of hair below the cell on underside. Forewing with the areole very short ; mid and hind tibie fringed with long hair, Head and thorax gray and black ; collar rufous ; abdomen brownish with black dorsal tuft at base.. Forewing whitish irrorated with black ; diffused patches’ of brown and black on basal area ; an ante- medial sinuous black line very oblique from costa to vein 2, on which it runs out to a narrow loop, then sharply retracted tomedian nervure ; re- niform large black-edged and with a black lunule on olive centre; the postmedial line double, waved, very much bent outwards beyond the cell then retracted to the loop of antemedial line, some fuscous beyond it on inner margin ; some patches of fuscous on outer half of costa and on outer margin towards apex; a sinuous submarginal series of black spots and a marginal series. Hindwing brownish-fuscous. a Gia cee Exp. 30 mm. Type—In British Museum. 2235a, HYPOTHRIPA POLIA, 0. 6p. &. Gray. Forewing with two waved antemedial lines slightly angled inwards below median nervure and obsolescent towards inner margin ; an oblique medial line, slightly incurved ; a discocellular speck ; the postmedial line strongly excurved beyond cell and minutely dentate ; an irregularly-waved submarginal line. Hindwing fuscous, Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 22mm. Type,—In British Museum. Genus DILoPHOTHRIPA, nov. Type.—D. chr ysorrhea, Hampson. - Range.—Assam. Palpi upturned; the second joint broadly scaled ; the third well de- veloped and naked ; antenns of male minutely ciliated ; abdomen with large double anal tuft,. Forewing narrow; the costa arched towards apex ; the outer margin oblique ; vein 7 from cell, 8, 9 and 10 stalked from well before angle. Dilophothyi ipa chryscri Pica” + & Hindwing with the outer margin THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 853 excised toward anal angle, where there is a large tuft of hair on upperside in male; a fold below. costa containing a large tuft of hair ; the costal and subcostal nervures bent downwards; veins 3 and 4 stalked ; 5 absent; 6 and 7 from upper angle, 2249a. DILOPHOTHRIPA CHRYSORRHAA, ND, 8p. 8. Dark olive-brown ; abdomen paler, with the anal tufts fulvous- yellow. Forewing suffused in parts with fuscous; with sub-basal, antemedial, postmedial, and submarginal irregularly. dentate black lines defined by paler colour; three medial black points. between the cell and vein 1, and two on discocellulars ; some dark marks beyond the pale line defining the submarginal line; a marginal series of black points. Hindwing fuscous-brown with the tuft of hair at anal angle black. Habitat.—Khasis, Exp. 24 mm. Type—In British Museum. EUTELUNA, 2271a, HuTELIA HARMONICA, n. sp. (Pl. A, Fig. 4). &. Ochreous suffused with reddish and fuscous-brown ; palpi and frons black ; collar with paired black spots ; abdomen dorsally suffused with fuscous, and with paired lateral black specks, Forewing with indistinct very irregularly dentate brown sub-basal line, with black patch inside it on costa ; a similar medial line bent inwards to costa and with discoidal spot on it; a pale patch from first line through the. cell to postmedial line, which is obscure and minutely dentate with long dentate pale marks with dark streaks on them crossing it below costa ; a rather obscure dentate submarginal line. Hindwing with the. basal half pale with discoidal spot and traces of waved medial line ; the outer area fuscous. Underside with discoidal spots prominent, and traces of three or four waved postmedial lines. Q. With complete blackish band before sub-basal line of forewing. Habitat—Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon); Nilgiris, 6,000 feet (Lindsay), Zep. 30 mm. Type—tIn British Museum, STICTOPTERINE., 2280a, RisoBA DIPHTHEROIDES, n. sp. er ~ Head and thorax green, slightly mixed with white; palpi black ; abdomen fuscous tinged with green, the penultimate segment with « black line. Forewing pale blue-green; the basal half suffused with olivye-green ; a white spot at base below median nervure ; an irregularly 454 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI, waved black antemedial line ; traces of a medial line ; the orbicular a small white ring ; the reniform olive with black edge and central point ; a postmedial waved black line arising from a black mark on costa and very much bent outwards beyond the cell; and irregular sub- marginal line angled inwards at vein 5, and ineurved below vein 2; eme olive on outer edges of postmedial and submarginal lines; a black mark on outer margin below apex; cilia intersected with black. Hindwing fuscous, the basal half whitish below and. with -discoce}lular black tunule. Habitat,—Khasis, Exp. 30—38 mm. Type.—tIn British Museum. 9298a, SaDARSA aRcuATA, n. sp. (PI. A, Fig. 19.) &. Forewing with the costa very highly arched, the outer margin rounded ; the areole and subcostal veins bent upwards; the median nervares contorted, the submedian fold bent upwards to the cell before middle. Gray-brown with a greenish tinge. Forewing with blackish sub-basal bar from costa ; traces of numerous minutely-waved lines with dark marks on them on inner margin towards outer angle ; some dark specks on costa towards apex ; a submarginal series of dark specks and marginal series of strie. Hindwing fuscous. Habitat,—Sikhim (Dudgeon) ; Khasis ; South-east Borneo (Dohert a Exp.30 mm. Type.—In British Museum. 2294a. GyYRTONA CAMPTOBASIS, n. sp. (PI. A, Fig. 20.) ©. Head and thorax variegated olive-green and dark-brown ; abdo- men fuscous with black dorsal tuft. Forewing with the costa slightly arched at base, variegated olive-green and brown, the base brown ; a sub-basal blackish patch between costa and median nervure ; an ante- me lial fuscous line ; two small tufts of raised scales below the cell and some near end of it ; two medial lines angled at middle and with a pale patch between them below the cell; three or four obliquely- curved lines on outer area with small dentate black marks‘on them ; a blackish patch on costa towards apex ; a marginal series of black lunules and a series of black specks on the oes Hind wing fuscous. Habitat.—Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon). Exp. 30 mm. Type— - Ja British Museum, THE MOTHS OF INDIA. “455 GONOPTERINA, 2324a, CAPOTENA TRIGONIPHORA, 0. sp. Differs from truncata in the head being dark olive-green. Forewing with the ante- and postmedial lines meeting and terminating’ below vein 2, enclosing a triangular dark olive-green patch. Habitat.— Khasis. Hup.36 mm. Type.—In British Lae QUADRIFINA. 2350a. TRISULOIDES GLAUCA, 0. sp. é. Antenne minutely ciliated ; palpi, frons and thorax black and white ; vertex of head and collar pure white ; abdomen blackish with some white hairs at base and in dorsal tufts. Forewing silky olive- green, some black and white at base ; a waved antemedial black line with white on its inner edge and some pale brown marks on each side of it in cell ; orbicular small, round and white ; reniform lunulate, white with black centre, and a yellowish spot beyond it ; an irregularly crenulate black postmedial line bent outwards beyond cell and with white on its outer edge ; two white specks on costa towards apex ; an irregularly dentate submarginal line angled outwards to the margin below apex and at middle ; the area beyond it cream-colour and brown ; cilia intersected with white. Hindwing orange- yellow ; the outer area black narrowing to anal angle ; some white on margin below middle ; cilia intersected with white ; underside with the basal part of oe orange; reniform orange, emitting a streak outwards ; a postmedial white spot on costa ; outer area white except at apex. Hindwing black, irrorated with white ; inner area yellowish. Habitat.—Khasis. Lap. 40 mm. Type.—tIn British Museum. 2439a. . POLYDESMA LEPROSA, n. sp. Head white with a rufous tinge ; palpi and antennz rufous ; tegule white edged with rufous ; thorax white with some rufous on metathorax ; abdomen fuscous and ochreous. Forewing dark rufous, with a large white basal patch conjoined to orbicular and reniform patehes extend- ing up to costa and along it to apex, Jeaving small ‘rufous spots on costa, larger towards base ; a white spot on margin below ‘apex and sometimes one at outer angle. Hindwing fuscous, pale towards base, The basaJ, orbicular and renifor m patches of. forewing sometimes disconnected. Hapbitat.—Khasis, Lup,52 mm, Tpye—In British Maes 456 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI, 2550a, PLECOPTERA TRIMACULATA, 0. 8p. Dark gray ; head and collar bright rufous... Forewing slightly irro- rated with black ; an obliquely-waved antemedial rufous line arising from a dark rufous spot on costa ; reniform rufous, conjoined to a patch on costa ; a minutely-waved postmedial line touching lower end _of reniform and sharply dent. back to it below costa; a patch on costa before apex and some pale specks ; traces of a sinuous submarginal line. Underside of forewing with the costa ochreous with small black medial spots ; hindwing ochreous, irrorated with black; a discoidal spot; both wings with postmedial series of points, indistinct on forewing, - Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 34mm. Type—tIn British Museum. 2603a. THERMESIA NIGRIPALPIS, 0. sp. Palpi with the third joint longer than the second and broadly fringed with hair above. @. Olive yellow-brown ; head black ; fore- and mid-legs black in front. Forewing very slightly clouded with fuscous; the costa fulvous-yellow ; an indistinct curved sinuous ante- medial line with black specks on it in and below cell ; an indistinct pale reniform stigma ; both wings with nearly straight oblique postmedial line defined on outer side by fulvous-yellow ; an indistinct crenulate submarginal line ; a marginal series of fuscous specks and fulvous- yellow line at base of cilia. Underside tinged and irrorated with fuscous ; both wings with discoidal black lunules, curved postmedial line and fine marginal line. Habitat.—Khasis, Ezp. 46 mm. Type.—In British Museum. - FociLuin2, 2718a. Mercopina opscuratas, Swinh., A.M.N.H. (6), xix, p. 168. - &. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale-brown, slightly tinged with fuscous. Forewing pale brown, slightly tinged with fuscous ; a black speck on discocellulars ; an obscure fuscous band from lower angle cell to inner margin ; an indistinct postmedial irregularly dentate line bent inwards to costa ; a diffused submarginal fuscous band; a marginal series of black specks. Hindwing with fuscous antemedial shade, postmedial line and diffused pests se band 5 a marginal series of black specks. ' @. Darker and more suffused with fuscous. Habitat,—Jaintia Hills, Assam, - Exp. 64 mm. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. — | 457 2727a. ZETHES PALLIDICOSTA, 0. Sp. &. Head fuscous-brown ; the vertex whitish ; thorax and base of abdomen yellowish-white ; the collar and a patch on metathorax dark brown ; medial part of abdomen fuscous ; extremity brown. Fore- wing with broad whitish costal fascia becoming fuscous at costa, expanding to base of inner margin and defined by an oblique black -sub-basal line ; an oblique postmedial band, fulvous inwardly, whitish outwardly, the two colours divided by a black line; a white disco- cellular speck; a submarginal series of white specks with small wedge-shaped black marks. inside them, and. crossed at middle by a black streak. Hindwing fuscous, with medial straight line defined by whitish on outer side; an indistinct pale minutely-waved sub- marginal line; underside pale with black discocellular spot and medial line, | Habitat.—Khasis. Exp.30 mm. Type.—In British Museum. 2731la. ZETHES ALBISTIGMA, n. sp.’ - Head and thorax gray, pencilled with brown; abdomen reddish- brown with black segmental lines; wings ochreous-white variegated with gray, red-brown, and blackish scales. Forewing with the gray almost confined to the costal and inner areas; an antemedial dark brown line, oblique from costa to median nervure ; a black spot in cell; a sinuous medial line, with the dark-centred white reniform on its outer edge ; the postmedial line excurved from costa to vein 5; then incurved and sinuous ; a crenulate submarginal line with white Junules on it below apex ; outer area suffused with dark and red- brown, Hindwing with oblique antemedial line; a discocellular line with two white spots on each side of it; the postmedial line slightly angled beyond cell and with rufous suffusion beyond it ; a crenulate submarginal line with series of white lunules. on it ; veins of outer area dark; both wings with dark marginal line. Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 30 mm. Type.—In British Museum. 2732¢.-. ZETHES DISCOSTICTA, 0, sp. é@. Brown irrorated with black ; vertex of head and shi tinged with gray. Forewing with the costal area tinged with gray, widening towards base of inner margin ; an obscure curved dentate -antemedial line ;_ black points at middle of cell and on discocellulars; a fine rufous postmedial line acutely angled below costa and below vein 4, then 458 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf. extremely oblique to inner margin before middle, a prominent black spot beyond it on vein 5, then a fuscous shade to inner margin ; traces of a waved submarginal line and marginal series of brown spots. Hind- wing with antemedial fuscous shade ;a medial brown line ; a postmedial series of brown points with obscure diffused line beyond. them; an obscure diffused submarginal line. Underside of both wings with discoidal points and strongly crenulate dark postmedial line. Habitat.—Khasis. zp. 40 mm. Type.—In British Museum. 27390. ZETHES LAHERA, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (6), xix, p. 169. @. Ferruginous red-brown; wings irrorated with a few black scales. Forewing with the basal area darker red, bounded by a fine sinuous gray line and traversed by an obscure red line ; traces of an irregularly-waved medial line ; reniform large indistinct oblique, with - white mark on its outer edge; a sinuous postmedial gray line edged by ferruginous, very oblique from costa to vein 4, where it is obtusely angled and with bright ferruginous between it and reniform ; a sub- marginal gray line oblique from costa to above angle of postmedial line, then bent outwards and dentate ; some pale specks on costa towards apex; a series of black points just inside the margin. Hindwing with some black scales on discocellulars; an indistinct minutely waved gray medial line bent outwards at vein 4 and edged by ferruginous towards inner margin ; an indistinct dentate submarginal line with ferruginous mark on it and another above it near anal angle ; a series of black points just inside the margin, Habitat.—Donaut Hills, Tenasserim ; Singapore. zp. 40mm. 2739c. ZETHES LEPRAOTA, n. sp. | @. Ferruginous red-brown ; frontal tuft, thorax (except collar), and the greater part of abdomen, pale gray ; wings irrorated with black. Forewing with oblique sub-basal gray-white band with sinuous outer edge ; orbicular and a spot on costa gray, conjoined to an oblique medial band ; an indistinct pale dentate postmedial line, angled below costa and conjoined to the very large apical gray-white patch, then bent in- wards and incurved with a white spot on it below vein 23 a sinuous submarginal series of spots, obscure and whitish on the apical patch, then black; two white specks on costa towards apex and a dark speck on apical patch. Hindwing with the base grayish-white ; a postmedial white line dentate on veins 4 and 3 and angled outwards near anal THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 459 angle 3 the area beyond it gray from vein 4 to anal angle, with a rufous spot below vein 2. Habitat—Khasis ; Singapore. Hzp. 36-50 mm. T'ype.—In British Museum. 2740a. ZETHES VIRIDICINCTA, n. sp. Palpi with the third joint short and porrect, the second slightly fringed with scales at extremity above. 9. Gray-brown with a slight pinkish tinge; vertex of head, collar, and patagia mixed with green scales. Forewing slightly irrorated with black; a waved green antemedial line with obscure brown line on its inner side ; reuiform edged with blackish on a diffused gray patch; a double-waved green postmedial line ; an obscure sinuous submarginal line angled outwards at middle, the area beyond it green, and with slight white points on it towards costa ; a marginal series of dark points. Hindwing with blackish points at angles of cell; a waved medial green line and marginal series of dark points. Habitat.—Khasi. Exp. 30mm. Type.—In British Museum. 2742, ZmTHES PHCTINIFER, n. sp. (PI. A., Fig. 21.) Antenne. of male bipectinate. @. Dark grayish-brown. Forewing with traces of sub-basal line ; a medial lime very oblique from costa to middle of cell, where it is obtusely angled, then erect ; the postmedial line similar, but waved below the angle, where there is a disccidal white lunule with smali ochreous spot beyond it ; some white specks on costa towards apex ; an irregularly sinuous submarginal line. Hindwing with white medial line angled at middle, and with band of ochreous specks beyond it from angle to inner margin. Alabitat.—Caleutta. Exp.22 mm. Type.—In British Museum. 2750a. HGNASIA EXCISA, n. Sp. Q. Gray-brown with a slight reddish tinge ; wings slightly irrorated with black. Forewing with the outer margin very deeply excised between veins 6 and 4; waved antemedial, medial, and postmedial lines, the first excurved below costa, the second indistinct and excurved round the indistinct gray discocellular lunule with two black points on it, the third oblique below costa and excurved round end of cell ; some pale specks on costa towards apex and traces of a series of black sub= marginal specks. Hindwing with two discocellular black points ; an indistinct curved rufous antemedial line, minutely crenulate medial line, 16 460 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. prominent straight oblique yellow and rufous postmedial line ; an indis~ tinct submarginal series of black points ; cilia of both wings rufous with fine black line at base and near tips, which are gray. Habitat Khasis. Exp. 34mm. Type.—In British Museum. 2753a. HGNaAsIA VENUSTA, n. sp. Q. Chocolate-brown ; head and thorax elothed with dark and pale brown scales ; a large metathorax tuft ; abdomen with tuft on first segment. Forewing with the base dark and red-brown with bright ferruginous spots below cell, and on inner margin ; a black speek in cell ; a waved fuscous medial line angled below costa; reniform olive-green with fine blue and black edge, and with olive-green and pale yellow oblique fascia from it to apex ; postmedial line fine, black and yellow, sinuous and sharply incurved towards the reniform, then oblique ; an indistinct waved submarginal line incurved towards the reniform; a subapical black lunule and series of black points just inside the margin. Hindwing with oblique antemedial line ; black speck at lower angle of cell ; sinuous black and yellow postmedial line ; obscure waved submarginal line with black marks on it near anal angle; a series of black points just inside the margin. Habitat—Khasis. Exp. 36mm. Type.—In British Museum. 2763b. CAPNODES LACTEICOsTA, n. sp. (Pl. A, Fig. 23.) &. Head reddish ; collar yellowish-white ; thorax and abdomen dark red ; the latter with the last three segments whitish ; wings dark red. Forewing with broad yellowish-white costal fascia ; a large oblique whitish reniform stigma ; an incurved whitish postmedial line angled below costa and at vein 5, with a large yellowish-white patch beyond it,_ covering the whole outer area except a triangular red patch on outer margin below apex, the patch bounded above by yellowish, and traversed by a whitish line parallel to the postmedial line, and another sub- marginal and strongly incurved below vein 2. Hindwing with a similar large patch on anal half of outer area, and a small whitish apical patch. Habitat—Ukuwella, Ceylon. Ezp. 24 mm. Type,—In British Museum. 2771a. DioMEA LICHENOSA, 0. sp. &. Head and collar chestnut; thorax and abdomen dark red-brown ; a tuft of large metallic black scales on metathorax. Forewing dark fuscous red-brown wholly suffused, except the basal and apical areas, and a small patch at outer angle with pale bluish-gray (fading to dirty gray) and bounded by the highly-curved minutely-waved THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 461 postmedial line ; a discocellular speck. Hindwing fuscous red-brown irrorated with black ; costal and inner area whitish ; a large irregular bluish-gray patch beyond lower angle of cell running almost to anal angle ; some long erect hairs below end of cell. Underside wholly suffused with pale ochreous. Habitat.—Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon). Ep. 24mm, Type.— In British Museum. 2773a. JAPARNA FERRILINEATA, 0. Sp. &. Gray-brown irrorated with black scales ; head ferruginous ; anal tuft tinged with ferruginous. Forewing with straight, nearly erect ferruginous ante- and postmedial lines ; costa narrowly fulvous, with two black specks towards apex. Hindwing suffused with fuscous, Underside ochreous tinged with fulvous and irrorated with black ; disk of forewing fuscous ; a fuscous postmedial line. Hindwing with discocellular speck. Habitat.—Khasis. Hzp. 26mm. Type.—i{n British Museum. 2774a, MRAPARNA STIGMATILIS, n. sp. Dark brown ; head, thorax, and forewing with a yellow tinge ; the last with the inner basal area suffused with yellow; ante- and post- medial waved lines with pale edges, the former angled inwards on median nervure and:vein 1, the latter strongly bent outwards beyond cell and slightly angled outwards on vein 1; a black speck in cell and yellow discocellular lunule; an indistinct simuous submarginal line with slight yellow marks on it; some yellow specks on costa towards apex and a marginal series. Hindwing and abdomen dark fuscous. Habitet.—Khasis, Hep. 28mm. Type—In British Museum. DeLrowin«. Genus APHORISMA, nov. Type.—A. albistriata (Hampson). Range.—Assam. Palpi upturned ; the second joint smoothly scaled and reaching far above vertex of head ; the third with triangular tuft on inner side; antennz of male with bristles and fasciculate cilia. Forewing with veins 3 and 5 = from close to angle of cell; 6 from Aphorisma albistriata }. 2. Below upper angle; 7, 8,9, and 10 462 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, stalked. Hindwing with veins 8 and 4 from angle of cell; 5 from just above angle ; 6 and 7 stalked. 2808a. APHORISMA ALBISTRIATA, Nn. sp. @. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous, strongly irrorated, and the last banded, with black. Forewing almost entirely suffused with black, leaving the costa ochreous irrorated with black; a slight ochreous mark at base of median nervure ; fine ante- and postmedial black lines angled below costa ; the former defined by white on inner side and angled inwards on median nervure, the latter defined by white on outer side, angled inwards beyond discocellulars and excurved at median nervure ; a subtriangular white spot in cell and ochreous points with short white streaks beyond them at the two angles ; traces of an irregularly sinuous pale submarginal line. Hindwing fuscous, with waved medial and postmedial black lines defined by whitish; both wings with fine black marginal line. Underside much more ochreous irrorated with black; forewing with the orbicular and reniform, and a sinuous submarginal line, prominent ; hindwing with discocellular lunule, and waved postmedial and submarginal lines. 2. With the markings more ochreous. Habitat —Khasis. Exp. 26mm. Type.—In British Museum. (To be continued.) 463 A NEW CURCUMA FROM THE DECCAN. By D. Prat. (With a Plate.) (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 6th Dec., 1897.) “Some time ago Mr. N. B. Ranade, * in charge of the Poona Herbarium, during the absence, on leave, of Mr. Woodrow, sent to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, some rhizomes of Kaempferia scaposa, a scitamineous plant peculiar to Western India. Mixed with these rhizomes were some tubers evidently of a Curcuma. These latter were potted at the same time as the Kaempferia, and one of the resulting plants has just flowered. The species proves different from any of those described in Sir J. D. Hooker’s “ Flora of British India,” Vol. VI, 209—216, where Mr. Baker deals with the Indian Curcumas. A description of the plant, as nearly as possible parallel to the descriptions of the others drawn up by Mr. Baker, is herewith offered, in the hope that it may be of use to those members of the Bombay Natural History Society who are in the habit of consulting the “ Flora of British India ” in the field. § Il. Mesanrua, Horan. Flower-spike autumnal, in the centre of the tuft of leaves ; bracts not recurved at the tip. 16b. Curcuma Ranaper Prain ; rootstock small, sessile tubers o ; petiole rather long; leaves large thin ovate-lanceolate, cuneate at base, acuminate at tip ; flower-bracts green faintly tinged with pink at their tips, those of the coma few mauve-purple; flowers bright yellow, considerably longer than the bracts. Deccan: Poona, Ranade! The plants were raised from tubers sent to Calcutta, where one flowered in the Royal Botanic Garden, Septem- ber, 1897. Rootstock bearing numerous small almond-like tubers at the ends of fibres, the tubers compressed, pure white within, Leaves thin, blade 8in. long, 4 in. wide, uniform green, stalk 8-15 in. long. Spike autumnal, central; the pe- duncle 4 in, long embraced by leaf-sheaths; the head narrowly oblong, 2 in, long, 1 in, across, with flower-bracts rather narrow 1°25 in, long, *6 in, wide, with an acute slightly pink tip, elsewhere pale green ; those of the coma lanceolate, 35 in. wide, the lowest with purple edges only, the upper more or less uni- formly mauve-purple, Flowers large, 1°75 in, long, projecting beyond the * Mr. N, B, Ranade died at Poona on 15th October, 1897, 64 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT. bracts ; staminode and lip uniformly bright yellow, sub-equal, both orbicular and deeply two-lobed, lobes rounded obtuse, This interesting plant is very distinct from any of the others of its section described in the “Flora of British India.” From C, attenuata, C. Amada, C. longa and C. montana it differs in having the tubers at the ends of fibres, From C. albiflora and C, oligantha it differs in having a coma of barren bracts at the top of the spike. From C, reclinata and C. decipiens, with which, especially the latter, it agrees as to tubers, it differs in foliage, and in colour and size of flowers ; both have flowers shorter than the bracts, those of C. reclinata being reddish-yellow, those of C, decipiens being purple, The nearest to our plant isa Burmese species, C’, plicata ; that species, however, has firmer leaves and much smaller paler flowers. ‘The most remarkable feature about the plantis that the flower-spike, the bracts, both fertile and barren, and the flowers themselves are hardly distinguishable from those of C. angustifolia in size, colour or shape. The tubers of C. angustifolia are, however, fusiform (circular when cut across), and not almond-shaped (narrowly elliptic in cross-section), and there is of course a radical difference between the two in time and mode of flowering ; C. angustifolia is a spring-flowering species with the flower-spike distinct from the leafy shoot and developed before the leaves appear ; in C. Ranadei the leaves and flowers appear together, the flower-spike being in the centre of the tuft of leaves, and appearing in autumn, notin spring. The leaves, moreover, differ considerably, those of CU, angustifolia having longer, narrower blades and shorter stalks. The species is named in honour of Mr. Ranade, whose praiseworthy work as Herbarium Assistant at Poona, first under Dr. T. Cooke and later under Mr, Woodrow, was well known to Indian botanists, and whose untimely death we all deplore. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. CurcumA RaNnavDEI, Prazn. 1. Plant of Curcuma Ranadez : one-sixth natural size. Zp Ditto showing two tubers and one leaf: nat. size, 3, Tuber of C. Ranadei, cut across : nat. size. 4. Portion of flower, laid open, showing stamen and pistil: nat. S2ze. ath ee {5 ‘ Singha Ly AL ‘Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. XI. oh ay delt 1. Bombe 4h, Bt).N. Chandar ain. CURCUMA RANADEI Pr 465 NOTE ON SOME SPECIES OF COLIAS FOUND IN LADAK. By H. J. Exwess, F.R.S. (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 6th Dec., 1897.) In a small collection of butterflies recently made by Mr. J. C. White, 0.E., Political Officer, Sikkim, which were evidently taken at some great elevation on or near the Tibet-Sikkim frontier, were a pair of a small Colas which I believe to be very closely allied to, if not identical with, Colzas stoliczkanus, Moore, which was described from specimens collected north of Chang-la, 17,000 feet, Ladak. I have one of the original specimens of this species from Stoliczka’s collection given to me many years ago by Baron Felder, and a number of others taken on the Khardong Pass, 15,000 to 17,000 feet in August, 1889, by McArthur. I had long been disposed to consider these as a dwarf pale form of C. eogene, Felder, of which I have many specimens from various parts of the N.-W. Himalaya, Zogi-la Pass, Kashmir, 11,300 feet (de Nicéville); Shigri, Lahoul, August, 1884, 13,000 feet (Grahame Young); Baralacha, Lahoul, August, 1888 (McArthur); Skoro-la, Baltistan, July, 1887 (Leech); besides several pairs from Karategin and Hunza in the Pamirs (Growm Grshimaiio). These specimens vary considerably in size and brilliancy of colour, especially in the female sex, some of which are ofa very bright deep pink with very broad dark borders, and others are pale dull pink or orange. On examining the very fine series of both these species in Mr. Leech’s collection, taken by himself and McArthur in various parts of Ladak, I find undoubted specimens of C. eogene also taken at the Khardong Pass by McArthur, and though some of the specimens appear intermediate in size and colour between the two, so that I thought they might be hybrids, yet I am now inclined to believe that C. stoliczkanus may be looked upon as a good and distinct species. The best means I know of distinguishing the two species is the underside, which in C. stoléezkanus has the inner area of the hindwing in both sexes of a darker green colour, and a sub- marginal band of dark spots, better defined and more conspicuous than in C.eogene. The pair from Sikkim agree perfectly on the underside with those from Ladak, but the male shows on the black margin of both wings above some indication of pale spots as in the female. In Mr. Leech’s collection I also found four males and five females of a Coléas which 466 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, Xt. appears to have been hitherto overlooked, and which I take to be the Ladak form of C. nastes, Boisduval. This very widely distributed species occurs in some form or other in many parts of the world, either at great elevations or inan arctic climate. I have it from Labrador ; in quantities from the mountains of Lapland, where it appears to hybridize with C. hecla, Lefebvre; from the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, where it occurs above timber-line in the Bow River valley ; from near Fort Churchill in Hudson’s Bay under the name of C. moina, Strecker ; and from the Pamir of Central Asia at 16,000 feet under the name of C. cokandica, Erschoff. C. nebulosa, Oberthiir, from Ta-tsien-lo, also seems to belong to the nastes group. The males of this new form, which I propose to call C. nastes, var. leechiz, are more lemon-coloured than in either form of C, nastes above-mentioned, and at first sight might be taken by a casual observer for C. ladakensis Felder, which also occurs in Ladak, but the females, which are much like those of C. cokandica, Erschoff, are of a very pale yellowish-white, whereas the females of C. ladakens?s are of a brighter yellow than the males, They may easily be distinguished from C. steverst, Groum Grshimailo, and C. séfanica, Groum Grshimailo, by the smaller size and conspicuous markings of the hindwing and underside, and from C. montium, Oberthiir, which they very closely resemble, in the colour of the upperside in both sexes and by the dark basal area of the hindwing below. Thus it seems that we have in the British Trans-Himalayan region the following species of Colias, namely :— C. eogene, Felder, C. stoliczkanus, Moore, C. ladakensis, Felder, and C. nastes, var. leechiz, Elwes. ; Mr. McArthur, to whom I wrote on the subject of 2 possible inter- breeding between C. eogene and C. stoliczkanus, writes as follows :— “Both Colias eogene and C. stoliczkanus I found very local on the mountain-side leading to the Khardong Pass. They overlapped each other in this way ; I was busy with C. stolicekanus and would now and again capture one C.cogene. Higher up the mountain, say 800 feet, C. eogene was common and C. stoliczkanus rare, the intermediate ground producing a few of each species, the headquarters of each being quite distinct ; I never found oue species in copula with the other.” 467 PROBABLE HYBRID BETWEEN THE SCARLET-BACKED FLOWER-PECKER (DICZUM CRUENTATUM) AND THE FIRH-BRHASTED FLOWER-PECKER (DO. IG NIPECT US). By E. C, Sruart Baker, F.ZS8. (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 6th Dec., 1897.) Mr. C. Inglis has forwarded to me a remarkable little Flower- pecker which appears to me to be a cross between the two species mentioned in the heading. The upper plumage does not seem to differ in the slightest respect from the ordinary Red-backed Flower- pecker, but the under parts are coloured like those of D. ignipectus, but that the red on the upper breast is decidedly less in extent, and, more- over, there are traces of red on the throat as well. The dimensions are those of D. cruentatum, and the bill is exactly similar to that of that bird, and not like the shorter, stouter one of D. ignipectus. Mr. Inglis writes to me that he has kept no notes about the bird beyond that he shot it on the 27th April at Roopacherra in Cachar. It was feeding alone on a flowering creeper growing beside a road. The bird was sent first to Mr. Finn of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, but he returned it to Mr. Inglis saying that he thought it was merely a variety of D. cruentatum, and, although he could find no other specimens in the Museum which showed any signs of the red breast, he believed that he had seen some caged specimens showing red on the breast. Personally, I should doubt its being an abnormally coloured bird, and think that if it is not a hybrid it must be a new species, and if it proves to be this, I would suggest the nama Diceum hybridum for it, as this expresses so exactly what the bird looks like. One point against the bird being a hybrid, is the different elevations affected by the two species. D. cruentatum is essentially a low level and plains bird, whereas D. ignzpectus is seldom found below 3,000 feet. Here, in Cachar, I have never seen it lower down than about 3,600 feet. I have not examined the series of Diceum cruentatum in the British Museum, but had there been any trace of red on the breasts of any of them, I do not think it could possibly have escaped the notice of such observers as Oates, Blanford and others, who have made no mention of such marking in any book to which I have access. 16 468 BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY. Part Tf, By B. B. Osmasron, Inptan Forest DEPARTMENT. (Continued from Page 72 of this Volume). In No. 1 of this Volume I described a birds’ nesting tour made in the above valley in June, 1896. This year (1897)I visited the same locality again, and I now propose to describe the nests and eggs of some of the less common birds met with on my second trip. 16. (49). LoPHorHANES DicHRous.—The Brown-crested Tit. | In Vol. IX of this journal I described a nest of this rare tit. This year I found another nest on June 18th in a hole in a wild cherry tree at about 11,000 feet elevation. The nest contained four fully-fledged young and was made entirely of rats’ fur. The tree was a rotten one, and the hole, which was a perfect circle, had probably been excavated by the parent birds. These birds usually breed earlier, in March or April, and this was probably a second brood. The eggs of this species have never yet been obtained. 17, (183). Proparus vinipectus.—The Plain Brown Tit Babbler. This bird is not very rare at elevations of from 9,000 to 10,000 feet, but owing to its extreme shyness is not often seen. It frequents hill-sides clothed with brushwood, where it breeds. I found two nests—one placed in a low bush and a second in a clump of “‘ringals” (the hill bamboo). The nests are neat, compact and solid cups made of grass and fibres closely woven together and lined with hair. They remind one somewhat of the nest of Pyctorhis sinensis. ; The eggs (three in number in each nest) are pale green blotched with brown chiefly towards the large end, where also are a few pale purple markings. They gave the following measurements : — Largest ... on BS oe TB! x Bat Smallest ... see ms .-. 65" X& 53" Mean of 6 eggs ... a: os. 109" XS oat 18, (191), Larvivora BruNNEA.—The Indian Blue-chat. Ina former letter inserted in No.1 of this Volume I described a nest and eggs which I believed to belong to this species. This year I found several more nests of the same kind with eggs precisely similar to those previously described, and haying shot the bird BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY, 469 off the nest, I can now state positively that they do belong to Larv.vora brunnea. This being the case, the nests and eggs described in Hume for this bird must belong to some other species, for the eggs are there described as being spotted, whereas these are of a uniform pale blue. They gave the following measurements :— Largestegg ... A: ea 80) Oe ee Smallestegg ... fa Seat OG 5 Mean of 31 eggs... Os SU SSH 19. (219). Strva striguLa.—tThe Stripe-throated Siva, This bird is fairly common in mixed forest at-from 10,000 to 12,000 feet, where its melancholy call of three notes may be constantly heard in June. The nest and eggs are described by Hodgson, but apparently by no one else since, and as his description differs to some extent from what I have seen, I think it as well to add my description. I found three nests.on the 3rd, 8th and 24th June containing two, three, and three fresh eggs, respectively. The nests were placed in shrubs or small treesat vary- ‘ing heights of from 4 feet to about 12 feet from the ground. They are very pretty, rather solid nests, composed of lichens (Usnea), birch bark, and thin black fern stalks, and are lined entirely with the latter. The eggs are perfect little miniatures of those of the English Song Thrush (Turdus musicus), bemg blue (not pale blue), spotted rather sparingly with black or very dark reddish-brown specks. | They measure as follows :— Largest egg... a ey 00! 3G 760" Smallest egg... ie ee tol pT Mean of 6 eggs ... Je Rechts 258 20. (241). Prerursius xanTHocHLoris.—The Green Shrike Tit. _ Another nest of this species was found at an elevation of 8,000 feet in thick fir and oak forest. The nest was suspended from a horizontal branchlet of a silver fir sapling about two feet from the ground. It contained four fresh eggs similar in size and colour to those described in my former letter. 21, (852). ANoRTHURA NEGLECTA.—The Kashmir Wren. ! This bird is common in the birch and silver fir forest, as well as in open rocky ground from 11,000 to 13,000 feet. I was too early for the eggs, but found several nests in course of construction during June. 470 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1. They were all built in among the upturned roots of fallen trees, and were well concealed from view. They were made of moss, grass and small twigs, exactly similar to those of the common English wren. 22, (446). Nxornis FLAVOLIVACEUS.—The Aberrant Warbler. 1 found one nest only of this bird on June 10:h at an elevation of about 11,000 feet. It was built in a tuft of grass and scrub on the hill-side, and contained three most peculiarly-coloured eggs, vzz., of an uniform— rather pale—terracotta, absolutely devoid of gloss. The nest was made of dry grass, domed with a small side entrance, and lined first with small dead leaves and then with feathers. The eggs measured *68" x -49", 67" Xx °50" and *65" x 49", respectively. 93. (450). Horornis paLLipus.—The Pale Bush Warbler. This is a very common bird at elevations of from 7,500 to 9,500 feet. I found several nests in the third week of June at about 8,000 feet, some containing fresh and others hard-set eggs. ‘The nests were placed in low bushes and were made of grass, domed, and lined with feathers. The eggs were deep chocolate-brown, glossy, and generally four in number. They measured as follows :-— Largest egg 55 Se. aildlaeoenoll Smallest egg step te OLE OU, Mean of 7 eggs we Ee OUL EX alle 24, (651). CALLIOPE PECTORALIS.—The Himalayan Ruby-throat. Two nests of this species were found at 12,000 feet on June 8th. They contained three and four eggs respectively, unfortunately all on - the point of hatching. ‘The nests were made entirely of grass, and more or less domed, with a large opening on one side near the top. They were built on the ground in patehes of grass and dwarf Lonzcera bushes. The eggs were similar to those found and described by me on my previous trip. 25. (608). CHELIDORHYNX HYPOXANTHUM.—The Yellow-bellied ; Flycatcher. Three nests of this species were found at about 11,000 feet on June 4th, 15th and 20th, respectively. ‘Two contained three fresh eggs each and the third was empty. The nests were similar to the one found on my first trip and described in No. 1 of this Volume, all three being placed on horizontal btanches, the first in a silver fir at a height BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY. 471 of about 15 feet from the ground, and the other two on wild cherry trees at heights of about 30 to 40 feet. The eggs are almost exact counter- parts of pale specimens of the eggs of Mgithaliscus erythrocephalus, but the spots are not clearly defined, as they sometimes are in the latter, but form merely a pale purplish zone at the larger end. | The shelis are, moreover, terribly thin and fragile, far more so than those of any other eggs I know. They measured as follows :— Largest egg ae ... 59" x 44" Smallest eg¢ ae oy Oe Xe SAO" Mean of 6eggs_... ne D8, XK AA! 26. (639). Ruricttia FRONTALIS.—The Blue-fronted Redstart. This is one of the commonest birds at high elevations (between 10,000 and14,000 feet) in the Tons Valley. It has a pretty song, and the males are very pugnacious in the breeding season. I found a number of their nests between the Ist and 21st of June, some with eggs and others with young. The nest is generally placed in a hole in a steep bank or hill-side or in a niche ina rock, more rarely at the root of a tree. It is always visible from the outside, though often well concealed by plants, grass, &c. It is a rather shallow cup composed externally of moss and fine grass and lined with hair (chiefly burhel and musk deer), and sometimes a few feathers, The eggs, three or four in number, remind one somewhat of those of Myiophoneus in colour. The ground-colour, where visible, is very pale greenish or white, and the eggs are mottled and spolted, sometimes all over but oftener in a cap at the larger end, with pale pinkish-brown. There are also sometimes a few grayish specks apparently under- lying the above. The eggs gave the following measurements :— Largest egg ae sec 82-96 1a8l Smallest egg eas 2) 169" SezoGl Mean of 26 eggs ... sar Odor The blue colour of the eggs of all species of Rutéiczlla has hitherto been assumed a rule with no exception. We are therefore now forced to one of two conclusions: (1) ‘That the blue colour of the eggs of Ruticilla is not a generic character ; or (2) that the blue-fronted redstart is not in its proper place in this genus. 472 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT. 27. (701). OrxociNcta Motiisstma.—The Plain-backed Mountain Thrush. This bird is rare in the Tons Valley. I stumbled upona nest on June 20th, which was placed on the ground at about 12,000 feet among a thick growth of dwarf yellow-flowering rhododendron, ‘The nest was a massive one, made of moss and lined with fine grass. It contained four rather hard-set eggs, typically meruline in colour, which gave the following measurements :— Largest egg er aon SG abe Smallest egg Be0 spdela! te Ou! Mean of 4eggs ... saa, D314" 9°85! 28. (1106). CucuLus potiocerHaLus.—The Small Cuckoo. This cuckoo is found at higher elevations than any other in the Tons Valley. It is very common from 16,000 to 11,009 feet, where its irritat- ing call may be heard day and night. It is essentially the cuckoo of the inner ranges near the snows, being very rarely heard elsewhere. I did not myself find the egg of this bird, Lut a nest was brought to me by Mr. F. Gleadow, which contained two pure white eggs and one of a uniform chocolate colour, which could only, I think, have belonged to this cuckoo. The nest was found at an elevation of about 9,500 feet at a place where C. poliocephalus was common. The only other cuckoos which might have been found at this elevation would be C. canorus and IK sparverioides, Both these may, however, be dismissed at once, the former, as is well known, laying grayish or brownish spotted eggs, and the latter laying white eggs and being non-parasitic in its habits. The egg is of a uniform chocolate colour, similar to one of Horornis pallidus, but lighter in shade and of course much larger. The nest was cup-shaped, made of moss and lined with thin black fern stalks. It was placed up against a low rock about a foot from the ground supported and concealed by a bunch of ferns growing out of the same. The owner of the nest was unfortunately not observed, so that Iam unable to say to what species she belonged. The nest was found on June 5th, and all three eggs were fresh, The eggs gave the following measurements :— White eggs... x — “OG! x "64" Chocolate egg ... "78" x °60" BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY. 473 I should be very glad of any suggestions as to what the bird laying the above white eggs might be. 29, (1186). GLaucipIuM BRopL£1.—The Collared Pigmy Owlet. This bird is fairly common in the lower hills from 6,000 to 9,000 feet. J found a nest on May 1st in a “ moru” oak tree at an elevation of about 8,000 feet. The nest-hole was about 20 feet from the ground and had evidently been orginally excavated by a woodpecker. It con- tained three fresh eggs which measured 1°17" x °98", 1:15" x -94" and 1:14" %°92". 30. ScoLopax rusTicoLa.—The Woodcock, I was particularly anxious to find a nest of the woodcock. The birds themselves are fairly numerous in the forests just below the snows, and may be seen every evening at dusk flying slowly overhead uttering the strange loud “chirrup” which they reserve for such occasions, and which is very like the cry of the Indian night-jar (C. monticola) as he flits about in the twilight. In spite of unremitting search, accompanied by an offer of rewards to the hill men, I never found a single nest either this or last year. On June 17th, however, as I was leaving their favourite haunts, I flushed a wood- cock in thick herbage at my feet, which only flew a few yards and then fell fluttering to the groundagain. My heart beat fast, for I thought that at last [ had certainly found the long-sought-for treasure, but no such luck ; for i soon say instead of eggs three tiny chicks only a day or two old, quite unable to fly but most clever at running and hiding them- selves. Ithen turned my attention to their mother who, all the time I had been inspecting her brood, had been going through the strangest of antics with outspread wings and tail, and making a continuous sort of grating, purring noise. She allowed me to approach within a few feet, and then with an apparent effort, half fluttered half ran away. 31, (202). Oicura cAsTANEICORONATA,—The Chestnut-headed Short-wing. This beautiful little bird is not uncommon in the dense forests with thick undergrowth at about 11,000 feet. It has a very lond call of four notes, not unlike but shriller than, that of Culicicapa ceylonensis, I failed entirely to find its nest, though I spent a good deal of time looking for it, and I fancy the breeding season must be in July, The distribution of this species is put down in the “ Fauna of India” as Nepal, Sikhim and the Khasi Hills, so that this is apparently a new locality for the bird, 149 150 Parkee or Doovi. 152 153 154 474 BIRDS COLLECTED DURING FIVE YEARS’ RESIDENCE IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, CACHAR. Part VY, By C. M. Inetts. (Continued from page 204 of this Volume.) Order Columbee. Family Columbide. Subfamily Palumbine. Genus Alsocomus. Hume, No, 782. A tsocomus puniceus (Tick.).—The Purple Wood Pigeon. This bird is exceedingly rare here. It frequents wooded land. Subfamily Turturine. Genus Turtur. Hume, No. 793. Turtur mEENA (Sykes).—Sykes’ Turtle Dove. This dove is common here ; when the paddy is ripe large numbers are to be seen. They are very shy and rather fast on the wing. Hume, No. 795. Turtur suratensts (Gmn.).—The Spotted Dove. This is by far the commonest dove we have here. Hume, No. 796. Turtur Risorius (Linn.).—The Indian Ring Dove. This bird is very rare here, only a few being seen during some cold weathers. Hume, No. 797, Turtur TRANKUEBARICUS.—The Ruddy Ring Dove. This bird is also rare, but not so much so asthe former. It frequents thin bamboo jungle near the cultivation. Subfamily Macropygiine. Genus Macropygia. Hume, No. 791, Macropyeta Tusatia (Hodgs.).—The Bar-tailed Cuckoo Dove. Exceedingly rare. I have no authentic record from the district, but one of my men “ saw’ a dove, whose description tallied with the above species. | BIRDs COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 475 Subfamily Phapidine. Genus Chalcophaps. Hume, No. 798. Cuatcopars inpica (Linn.).—The Emerald 155 Dove. Fairly common, frequenting both dense and thin jungle. In the early morning and in the evening it may be seen feeding on paths through the thin jungle. I only once came across its nest, which was situated in a thick bush a few feet from the ground, This is one of the thinnest skinned of birds, even when handling it carefully, large cuantities of feathers come out. Subfamily Carpophagine. Genus Carpophaga. Hume, No. 780. CarporHacA NEA (Linn.).—The Green 156 Imperial Pigeon, This Pigeon is fairly common, frequenting both dense and thin 157 jungle. Its call is very loud and booming, sounding like gur rur, goom, Name— goom, goom. They are rather shy birds. Pine ec Subfamily Treronine. Genus Teron. Hume, No. 771. Treron NEPALENSIS (Hodgs.).—The Thick-billed Natte Green Pigeon. Anjee Koll Common here. They are very noisy and quarrelsome, more so I eae think than any of the other green pigeons. Genus Osmotreron. Hume, No. 774. Osmorreron BictncTa (Jerd.).—-The Orange- 158 breasted Green Pigeon. Not so common as the last, a few being sometimes found in company with them. Hume, No. 776. OsMorrERoN PHAYRIt (Blyth.)—Phayre’s Green 159 Pigeon. This is the commonest Green Pigeon found here. I have found them in both dense and thin jungle. They are not shy, and will come circling round several times after being fired at. Genus Sphenocercus. Hume, No. 779. Spaenocercus ApicaupUs.—The Pin-tailed 160 Green Pigeon. Very rare. The only pair I have ever seen and shot came with a flock of O. phayrii to a Peepul tree. 17 161 162 Native Name— Akoo=-pakoo 163 164 165 166 167 476 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. Order Cuculi. Family Cuculide. Subfamily Cuculene. Genus Cuculus (Linn., 1766). Hume, No. 199 ; Blanf., No. 1104, CucuLus canorus (Linn.).—The European Cuckoo. Fairly common. Prefers thin to dense jungle, though I have several times seen it in the latter, Hume, No. 200; Blanf., No. 1105.—Cucunus INTERMEDIUS (Vahl.).—The Asiatic Cuckoo. Slightly commoner than the above species here. Hume, No. 2083; Blanf., No. 1107. CucuLus micRoPpTeRUs.— Gould’s Cuckoo. Mr. Baker mentions having shot one in the plains, but I have never seen any here. Genus Hierococcyx (S. Muller, 1842), Hume, No. 206; Blanf., No. 1110. Hizrococcyx NIsicoLoR.— Hodgson’s Hawk Cuckoo. I have only procured a single specimen here, and that was shot im dense jungle. Hume, No. 207; Blanf., No. 1109. HieRrococcyx sSPARVEROIDES.— The Large Hawk Cuckoo. Very common. They often frequent bungalow compounds. Genus Cocomantis (S. Muller). Hume, No. 209 ; Blanf., No. 1113. CocoManTIs MERULINUS.—The Rufous-bellied Cuckoo. ) Rather rare here. It frequents the brushwood and thin jungle. Genus Surniculus (Lesson, 1831). Hume, No. 210; Blanf., No.1117. SugnicuLus Lucusris.—The Drongo Cuckoo. I have not come across this bird in this district, but got a few in the Happy Valley. They were shot on some jack trees in a “ bustie.” I daresay this Cuckoo is not so rare as it appears to be, as it might easily be passed over by any shikari as a Dicrurus ater. BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 477 Genus Coccystes (Gloger, 1834). Hume, No, 212; Blanf., No. 1118. Coccysrns sacopinus.—The 168 Pied-crested Cuckoo. . Very rare here. I obtained one specimen in some ekra jungle and saw another in some scrub, | Subfamily Phenicophaine. Genus Ludynamis (Vig. & Horsf., 1826). Hume, No, 214; Blanf., No. 1120, EupyNawis nonorata.—The 169 Indian Koél. aie Very common in the busties. Koelee. Genus Ehopodytes (Cab. and Heine, 1862), Hlume, No, 215; Blanf., No, 1123. Reopopyrus tristis.—The 170 Large Green-billed Molkoho. Very common here, frequenting both the dense and thin jungle. Some- times in the jungle they hide where a number of creepers have got matted together and it is impossible to get them to move from the place. I have also noticed this with Nyctiornis athertont. Genus Centropus (Illiger, 1811). Hume, No. 217; Blanf, No. 1130. CzntTropus sinensis.—The 171 Common Coucal. Exceedingly common. The young birds are very repulsive looking es before they are fledged. ‘The natives eat its flesh as a cure for consump- _Name-- tion, and it is also regarded as a great delicacy by some. eg Hume, No. 218 ; Blanf., No. 1183, CENTROPUS BENGALENSIS.— 172 The Lesser Coucal. This species is also very common. On the 14th of August I extracted an egg from the oviduct of a female. An excellent description of the note Setber of this bird is given by Gammie in “ Stray Feathers,” Vol. V, p. 368. Name— ChotaMohoka Order Halcyones. Family Alcedinide. Subfamily Alcedinine. Genus Alcedo (Linn., 1766). Hume, No. 134 ; Blanf., No. 1035. Atczpo 1spIpA.—The Common 173 Kingfisher. Hixceedingly common. Hume, No, 184 ter ; Blanf., No. 1036. Atcepo BEAvVANI.—Beayan’s Name— 4 Chota Kingfisher. Machrakal, Found in the nullahs running through dense jungle, Wi), Le 175 176 177 178 180 478 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, Genus Ceryle (Boie, 1828). Hume, No. 187; Blanf., No. 1034. CeryLe Gurrata.—The Himalayan Pied Kingfisher. Exceedingly rare. Hume, No. 136; Blanf., No. 10383. CxRyLe RUDIS.—The Pied Kingfisher. Generally seen in pairs on all the rivers in the district. Genus Pelargopsis (Gloger, 1842). Hume, No. 127; Blanf., No. 1043. Putarcorsis GURIAL.—Lhe Indian Stock-billed Kingfisher. Fairly common. They breed here in May. They seem to have a preference for bheels. Subfamily Dacelenine. Genus Ceyx (Lacepede, 1801). Hume, No. 133 ; Blanf., No. 1040. Czuyx rrmacryia,—The Three- toed Kingfisher. Rather rare here and only to be found in the streams flowing through dense jungle. Their flight is rather swift. In dried specimens the colour fades very much. Genus Halcyon (Swrain, 1820). Hume, No. 129; Blanf., No. 1044. Hatcyon smyrNensis.—The White-breasted Kingfisher. Very common. Ii breeds here in April, making the usual burrow in the bank of a stream. Hume, No. 130; Blanf., No. 1045, Hatcyon prueata.—The Black-capped Kingfisher. Some five years ago I gota Kingfisher which I could not identify. Unfortunately Isent it to the Victoria Natural History Institute at Bombay unidentified. As far as I can remember, the bird was like the description of this species given by Blanford in his Birds, Vol. HI. I simply mention this in case the bird may be come across again, Order Coracie. Family Cypselide. Subfamily Cypseline. Genus Micropus (Meyer and Wolf, 1810). I follow the classification of this family used by Mr. Baker in his “ Birds of North Cachar,” vzz., Vol. XVI of the “Catalogue of the Birds of the British Museum.” BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, 479 Hume, No. 100 bis; Blanf., No. 1074. Muicropus SUBFURCATUS.— The Eastern Swift. Una here during the rains, arriving in April and stopping till July. Genus Tachornis (Gorse, 1847), Hume, No, 102 bis ; Blanf., No. 1076, TachorNis InruMATA.—The Hastern Palm Swift. Rare here. I only came across them during one season. Subfamily Cheturine. Genus Cheiura (Stephens, 1825). Hume, No. 96 ; Blanf., No. 1078. Caztura 1npica.—The Indian Giant Spine-tail. Uncommon. When the weather is fine they fly very high up, but during a storm they fly close to the ground with great swiftness. Family Caprimulgide. Subfamily Caprimulgine. Genus Coprimulgus (Linn., 1766). Hume, No. 109 ; Blanf., No. 1093. CaPrRIMULGUS ALBONOTATUS,— The Large Jungle Nightjar. Very common here during the cold weather, when they may be seen flying over the tea or settling on the ground. Sometimes they nearly allow one to tread on them. Genus Lyncornis (Gould, 1835). Hume, No. 114 bis; Blanf., No. 1096. LyNcorNIs CERVINICEPS.— The Burmese Hared Nightjar. Fairly common here during the cold weather. Before sunset they are to be seen flying high over head, but as sunset draws nigh they come down closer, till at dusk they may be seen hawking insects close tothe ground. Their note sounds like too-too wee-ooo, Family Podargide. Subfamily Podargine. Genus Batrachostomus (Gould, 1838). Hume, No. 100; Blanf., No. 1097. BarracHostomus HoDGsonI.— Hodgson’s Frogmouth. Exceedingly rare here. I only procured one specimen, and that was during a flood, the Frogmouth was flitting about at dusk on a small teelah and after a long chase I managed to bag it, I have never heard of nor seen one since. 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 480 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XJ. Family Coracude. Genus Coracias (Linn,, 1766). Hume, No. 124; Blanf., No. 1023. Coractas arrinis.—The Burmese Roller. Very common, but slightly shy. Genus Hurystomus ‘(Vicill, 1816). Hume, No. 126 ; Blanj., No. 1025. Hurysromus ortentatis.—The Broad-billed Roller. Rare here. I saw several when on a visit to Roopacherra. They keep to the tops of high trees and are very shy birds. Family Meropide Genus Nyctiornis (Swains., 1831). Hume, No. 122 ; Blanf., No. 1031. Nycriornis aATHERTONI.—The Blue-bearded Bee-eater. Fairly common. Principally met with in dense jungle, but they also come out to the open. On several occasions I have seen them on some bamboos near my Bungalow, They hawk insects on the wing like the other Bee-eaters. Genus Merops (Linn., 1766). Hume, No. 117; Blanj., No. 1026. Mzrors viripis.—The Green Bee-eater. Far from common here. They frequent abandoned cultivation, where there is grass and a few bushes. Hume, No. 118; Blanf., No. 1027. Merrops puitiprinus.—The Blue-tailed Bee-eater. . This is the common Bee-eater of these parts. On one teelah, where there had been a landslip, the side was burrowed with their nest- holes. The young have a queer habit of walking backward when being fed by the hand. Order Bucerotes. Family Bucerotide. Genus Dichoceros (Gloger, 1842). Hume, Nos. 140 & 140 bis; Blanf., No. 1051. Dicnocrros BICORNIS.—The Great Pied Hornbill. Common, Itisa forest-loving bird, but seldom seen in the open. It is very tenacious of life. JI once hit one witha charge of No. 6 shot in the head at a very close range. The bird dropped to the shot, but took a long time to kill. BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 481 Genus Anthracoceros (Reich., 1849). Hume, No. 142 ; Blanf., No. 1053. ANTHRACOCEROS ALBIROSTRIS.— The Small Pied Hornbill. Very common here. They go about in flocks, and when resting keep up a discordant cackle. . They seldom stray from the edges of the jungle. Genus Rhytidoceros (Reich., 1849). Hume, No. 145 bis; Blanf., No. 1954. RuyripocERos UNDULATUS.—The Malayan Wreathed Hornbill. Very rare. The only specimen I ever got was shot by Mr. Ross of the Lallamukh Tea Estate during a flood. It was, I believe, sitting ona stump in the middle of the water, and he dropped it with a bullet. I cannot say what it was doing there, unless fishing, as has been recorded of A. albzrostris. Order Psittact. Family Psittacide. Genus Paleornis (Vigors, 1825). - Hume, No. 147 quat. ; Blanf., No. 1136. Pauazornis INDOBURMA- nicus.—The Hastern Roseband Paroquet. Rare here. Ihave only procured three or four specimens since I have ‘been collecting. Hume, No. 148 ; Blanf., No. 1138. Pat#ornis Torquatus,—The Rose-ringed Paroquet. Hixceedingly common. Hume, No. 149 bis; Blanf., No. 1140, Patmornis rosA.—The Eastern Rose-headed Paroquet. | Very common. They do great damage to the crops when they are ripe. Hume, No. 152 ; Blanf., No. 1145. Pau#ornis rascraTts.—The Red-breasted Paroquet. Fairly common. They are rather difficult to shoot sitting on account of their concealing themselves amongst the leaves. Genus Loriculus (Blyth, 1849). Hume, No. 153; Blanf., No. 1150. LoricuLus verNatis.—The Indian Loriquet. Rare here. I only siuw these pretty little birds during one ‘cold weather. On the wing they somewhat resemble Xantholema hemacephala. Their flight is slightly undulating, and whilst on the wing they utter their note, which resembles cheek, cheek, cheek. (To be continued.) 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 482 CAMPING IN CHAMBA., By Proresson Harotp LirrLEDALE, M.A. (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 6th Dec., 1897.) It may be well to begin by saying that Chamba is the name of a Native State in the Himalayas, north of the Gurdaspur district of the Punjab. The British hill cantonments of Dalhousie and Dharmsala are on its southern boundaries, and the nearest railway station is Pathankot, Thence it is 28 miles to Dunera, 23 more to Dalhousie, and finally 20 on to Chamba. The river Ravi and its tributaries flow through the State, but unfortunately do not add much to the sporting attractions of the country, for the fishing is said to be exceedingly poor—in fact scarcely worth taking arod for, However, the shikar on the Chamba hills amply compensates for the lack of sport in the rivers, The game tobe found there includes Gooral (or Himalayan cha- mois); Thar (a goat akin to the so-called ‘“‘ Ibex” of the Nilgiris); Bears, both black (Tibetanus) and red (Isabellinus) ; Ibex (in Pangi and Kilar) ; Leopards ; Serow (or goat-antelope); Musk-deer and Barasingh (both strictly preserved) ; and great variety of pheasants, such as Monaul, Cheer, Koklass, Tragopan (the Argus, wrongly so-called, of the Chamba Game-license) and Kalij, Chukor are found in unusual numbers, and there are a few woodcock, Game birds of course cannot be shot till September. Smaller mammals abound, such as foxes, martens, weasels, and flying and other squirrels, The woods and hill-sides offer many attractions to the lover of wild flowers and ferns; and the butterfly-hunter can have a very good time with his net. But to the shikari the special attraction is the thar and gooral shooting, which one is not able to get in Kashmir proper. It may be admitted that Chamba is not comparable to Kashmir in variety of sport or fineness of the trophies to be secured. A thar is not much beside a markhor, nor a gooral beside an ibex or an Ovis ammon ; but thar and gooral both afford good sport, and are not to be bagged without some hard work and steady shooting, Moreover, in Chamba game is far more plentiful than in the Kashmir territories ; the scenery is in many places not inferior ; and the facilities for obtaining coolies and supplies are far greater, Lastly, nothing can exceed the kindness shown to visitors by His Highness the Rajah of Chamba and the chief officials, concerning whom I shall speak more particularly further on, Early this year [ resolved to try Chamba as a place for summer resort, and took some trouble to find out about the ways and means of getting there, and of obtaining sport when there. As my investigations and experiences may prove useful to some of my fellow members who may wish to add thar and CAMPING IN CHAMBA, 483 gooral to their list of animals hunted, I have written the following notes on Chamba, how to get there from Bombay, and what preparations to make for | a satisfactory tour, First then, I should lay down that Chamba is essentially a suitable place for shert leave, say forty-five to sixty days. You can go farther and see a greater variety of game in Kashmir; but a shooting trip to Kashmir— a first trip certainly—should not be undertaken on less than three months’ leave ;and four, or four anda half, would be better ; whereas Chamba is easily reached in a week from Bombay; sport is to be had within three or four marches of the town itself; the country is not shot out, or over-run with sportsmen as Kashmir is; and probably, if you have long leave, you will know of other places better worth spending it in, I had sixty days’ leave, from April 14th; my wife and child were with me, and very rapid marching was not contemplated. We were chiefly in quest of a cooler climate than that of Baroda, so I determined to wander among the hills, without expecting to get any shikar, except perhaps a chance shot or two at a gooral or a bear, Still, moving by easy stages, we did get to Chamba by the Ist of May, and I had 25 days on shooting ground, during which time I shot 26 heads, and should have got more if I had not missed some shots, I bagged 11 gooral, besides catching a young one that I allowed to rejoin its mother; 4 black bears (and 2 lively cubs, now at Naosart) ; 6 thar, 2 mountain foxes, 2 flying squirrels, and 1 Kalij pheasant, all with the rifle ; and I wounded and:lost 1 serow, 1 bear, and 1 gooral, I got all the thar fired at, but missed a number of more or less wild shots at gooral. However, considering I was only one march from Chamba, most of the time, and was only shikaring round the camp, with the exception of two expeditions of four days’ each, after thar, one march further, I was satisfied with my luck, and think that most sportsmen would be content with a similar bag in the time. : When a shooting trip to Chamba is resolved on, the very first thing to do is to write to the Private Secretary to His Highness the Rajah of Chamka, Chamba State, to ask His Highness’s permission to shikar in the Chamba territories, In reply you will receive a courteous letter, and a license to shoot; and if you ask for it, an order also to the lambardars, &c., to render you assistance in the matters of coolies and ordinary supplies. The receipt of this general shooting license does not do away with the propriety of sub- sequently calling on the Rajah himself and of obtaining a further special permission to shoot in some reserved nullah, Next, you will do well to send on to Pathankot by goods train your tents and heavy luggage, at least 25 days before you set out yourself. Or you can have these things sent right through—it is a little more expensive—by the Railway Co. to Dalhousie, if you address them to The Parcel Out- agency, N,-W. Ry., Dalhousie. You should give them quite 30 days start of 18 484 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI, you if youdo this. Most oilman’s stores and liquor you can buy at Salig Ram’s in Dalhousie, but it is advisable to take from down country some tinned steel (or aluminium) cooking pots, a very light small sheet-iron oven (13” diam. at most), such as canbe bought in the bazar, a Warren’s broiler or other frying-pan; the Warren uses up more lard, but is best on a camp fire, as the food is not smoked ; a camp kettle and a fitted tiffin basket padlocked, containing plates, &c., of enamelware, and other dining and tea- kit, I will say more about outfit later on ; now as to route, From Bombay to Pathankot, via Delhi, Umballa and Amritsar, you travel either va Ahmedabad and B, B. & C.I., or va Agra and G.I. P, This latter route is longer, but Iam not sure that it is not preferable, as it enables you to avoid the sadly deteriorated refreshment-rooms at Ahmedabad and on the R.-M. Ry. If you decide to go by the B.B. & C.1., then witha judiciously-stocked tiffin basket you leave Bombay (let us suppose, on Monday) at 21-30 o’ec. Next day (Tuesday), breakfast at Ahmedabad, ice and soda can be bought on the train, dine at Nana ; next day (Wednesday), breakfast at Rewari Junction, reach Delhi at 13-40, Time for a tub and tea at Kellner’s rooms, Leave Delhi at 15-20 by D.-U.-K, train (same platform); dine at Kurnal, 18-25 to 53, reach Umballa Cantonment at 20-43, Change to N.-W. Ry. same station, 21-13, reach Amritsar at 3-10 (or there is a later train from Umballa that reaches Amritsar about 94 in the morning), leave Amritsar by Pathankot train 10-10, arrive Pathankot 15 o’c. (Thursday).* On arrival at Pathankot, the Tonga Agent should be promptly interviewed, and if you have written to him some ten days beforehand, you may hope to find a tonga ready to take you and some of your belongings to Dunera, 28 miles, in 43 hours ; also ekkas (one-horse vehicles) for your servants and heavy kit, which latter you should get from the goods office without delay, Hkkas take 63 hours, Start for Dunera as soon as you can, for the road is rather _ “jumpy” by day in certain parts, andin darkness would not be quite safe. Have nothing todo with private contractors at Pathankot, for they will solemnly swear to send your kit up to Dalhousie in less than no time, and when you have prepaid them, will suit their own convenience about ful-. filling the contract, I had a heavy tent I entrusted to one Mowla Buksh to send up to Dalhousie from Pathankot on a camel; the “ Umming-bird” and the tent reached Dalhousie, after a journey of 51 miles,in the record time of 12 days. Happily, 1 was in no hurry, but I might have been, The Railway refreshment-rooms at Pathankot are better than the T, B. there. Tongas can only go as far as Dunera, but ekkas can go through to Dalhousie. At Dunera there is a good travellers’ *We travelled in a reserved second compt, and our carriage was cut off at Umballa and Amritsar, thanks to the very obliging Station Masters at those places, so we had not to change from Delhi to Pathankot, CAMPING IN CHAMBA, 485 bungalow and a messman; and the horse-dak agent, or else the “chowdri,” will have a dooly and six bearers (Kahars), or a pony, or rickshaw and ekkas ready to take yourself and kit on to Dalhousie, Order these of him by letter beforehand, Most people dine at Dunera, get into a dooly (palanquin), and wake to find themselves at Dalhousie (23 miles from Dunera) about daybreak ; or sleep at Dunera and ride up, or rickshaw up, next morning, There is a half-way bungalow at Nynee Khud. We stayed a night at Pathankot and another at Dunera, thence marched up to Mamul bungalow (also called Chil, from the verna- cular name of Pinus longifolia abundant there) near Bukloh, 4,500 feet, We spent two or three days there, and then marched up to Dalhousie, But if you leave Pathankot on the afternoon of Thursday (suppose), you may be in Dalhousie on Friday morning. There is no travellers’ bungalow at Dalhousie, but there are several hotels. The best is said to be the Strawherry Bank Hotel, and it certainly has the advantage of being all con- tained under one roof. We went to Mrs, Donlea’s Springfield Hotel, which consists of several houses at intervals on the mountain side. It was not very pleasant to have to make our way in a torrent of rain to one of the upper bungalows after dinner, but otherwise the hotel is a good one, The remaining hotels are the Bulls Head and the Mall-house. In case you mean to make any stay at Dalhousie, it will be well to take a port- manteau full of dress clothes, &c., which (with your light “ railway clothes ’’) may be left there. I will now recapitulate these memoranda, for the comfort and speed of the journey will depend much on the bundobust. Write to the Private Secretary, Chamba (or to the Chamba State Vakil, Dalhousie), for license ; write to the Tonga Agent, Pathankot; the Chowdri, Dunera ; the Hotel, fora room ; ix your hours of departure accurately, as tongas, &c., cannot be ready without definite instructions, and in the busy season they are all booked days beforehand. If your party is not large enough to engage a reserved compartment, at least book a lower berth in the train. A reserved compartment isa great convenience for such a long journey. Return tickets (intermediate) can be taken for servants. At Dalhousie you will need to spend a day or two to rest, fit out, and start your servants and kit off to that lovely “ Sleepy Hollow,” Kajiar, or to Chamba. Send for the Chowdri at once to order coolies, or mules, for notice must be given. You will do well to bring a servant or two from down country, A cook (indispensable), and a “boy” (optional), or a. smart “ orderly” who will not object to making himself generally useful: Dalhousie servants are not to be depended on, If you take men from Bombay they will need some warm kit, and it is better to give them a. Whiteaway Laidlaw fit-out, than to be fleeced by the Dalhousie dirzies for expensive and cutcha-made suits of very bad puttoo, Give them each a. cardigan jacket at Rs, 2-8, a syce’s serge overcoat at Rs. 8-8, 2 warm blanket, 486 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf, a warm pair of trousers and 2 pairs of thick socks, an umbrella and an old bit of water-proof sheeting. Servants are so careless about catching cold, and realize so little how utterly precious they are out in the wilds, that it is wisdom to spend something on their raiment, as an insurance against sickness. Once in Chamba territory, ordinary supplies are cheap, and much extra batta need not be given them, the outfit will therefore be the chief “ consideration” to them for facing the unknown hardships of the hills, They will need a good supply of food for the railway journey. Instead of serge overcoats I have made some very warm coats from mil- lerained blankets, at about 6 rupees each coat. About tents, Toa hardy shikari travelling alone, I would say :—Take an Elgin Mills Native Officer’s single-fly tent, 8 x 8, 45 lbs. without pegs, but with light durrie, and two sowars’ pals, under 30 lbs, each, without pegs, one for servants and the other for use, bothas a bathing tent and as a “ tente @abri” for short expeditions on the hills, Do not take iron tent-pegs to Chamba; wood is obtainable everywhere there, but you will need an adze, not only for making pegs and splitting fuel, but also for use as a kodali to dig a shallow trench round the tent- walls to carry off rain water. The Elgin Mills would make the tents. of millerained khaki instead of white drill for you. Two coolies can carry the three tents.in their saleetahs (the two “ pals ” in one saleetah) ; the Native Officer’s tent in another, and all poles in a light eanvas bag. But it will be absolutely necessary with this out-fit of tents to have also a very large drab wigan water-proof sheet, say 96” x 72”, This sheet on the march will be tightly rolled round your bedding and strapped up, but in camp will be tied onthe weather side of your tent roof to keep off rain, or on the hill away fora night from the main camp, when you have only the “ bathing” pal for yourself, will be rigged up as a shelter for the men, The single fly tent, thus managed, will be ample ; for on hot days, if you are in camp, you can throw your blankets ever the tent to keep off the sun, as well as to receive an airing, Witha ~ camp kettle of warm water, a.tin-pot and a bit of linoleum, you can bathe “Native fashion” in the ‘bathing tent”. Analternative heavier equipment of tents and washing apparatus and bath would be: one 8 x 8 double fly Cabul pal, thin durree and detachable. bath-room ; two sowar’s pals as.above. One India-rubber bath-tub ; or a.stronger thing is a. medium-sized zinc tub, with a stout wooden cover. The cover has two battens across it and becomes the top of your wash-hand table ; it has detachable folding legs, which, together with your heavy boots, bath- mat, candle-lantern, towels, tin-pot, tent hooks, &c., go inside the tub. Have- four holes punched with a. 12-gauge wad punch in the-zine tub, just under the rim, at ends, and middle of sides, and four holes to correspond bored in lid, one inch from edge. Four ties of strong thin rope, or galvanized wire, will. fasten your tub-top on securely for travelling, This stock of tents and tub. CAMPING IN CHAMBA. 487 would need four coolies instead of two, but the double fly is no doubt an advantage, and in Chamba there is rarely any difficulty about transport, as sometimes happens further among the hills, Take some strong gunny-bags from down country ; they do for carrying stores in and for packing skins for the return journey. One cannot get leather-covered kiltas in Dalhousie or Chamba such as can be bought good and cheap in Srinagar; buta bit of gunny-bag can be sewn as a lid over the common wicker kilta for coolies to carry stores safely enough. Mule trunks are heavy things, but the yekdans made by Foy Bros., Cawnpore, especially if rivetted with copper rivets instead of screws, are excellent for holding clothes, valuables (which term includes cartridges), books, medicines, &c, Those made in Srinagar are lighter than Foy’s, A saddle need not be taken, for after leaving Chamba the roads are too steep generally for much riding to be done ; but a dandy can usually be got along somehow. Merwanji at Dalhousie has dandies for hire and stores and a little furniture for sale. Ihave mentioned the needful cooking kit, but will repeat myself a little to say that the cook should have a padlocked mule trunk as cook-shop box, and it should contain the following things: four cooking pots of tinned steel, frying pan, oven, camp kettle, knife, 15” knife-board and emery, dusters and piece of soap, enamel bowl, pie dish and three plates, concave iron pan for chupattis, tin-opener, large spoon and iron fork, adze, candle lantern, Allow him $a candle aday. He should have a “kit parade” before starting, to eliminate brass and copper vessels and rubbish. I use a camp bed made on Kinloch’s plan, with two mule trunks as the ends, side poles socketed into the trunks and canvas stretched between ; but I also take a light (25lb.) folding camp bed, the “Army and Navy” one from the Stores, as one cannot take the mule trunks about on short expeditions, The ground istoo damp for a ‘“‘valise” to be safe, This camp bed alone will suffice. The curtain is essential in Kashmir, but we had no trouble from mosquitoes in Chamba, and I think it need not be taken there. The “ Paragon” camp table is the lightest and most portable of tables, but it is a “jim” (short for gimcrack ?) and you should always fix and unfix it yourself, It won't stand a wetting, and should go in camp- bed bag. The “ American ” folding table does well too and is light, You ean sit on your bedside for dinner ; but an easy chair, such as the folding “ hammock chair,” is a bed of asphodel to fling your weary limbs on after a hard day’s climbing. Chair, table, and camp bed make one load. As a ‘dressing case, useful in the train and everywhere, I have a copper basin, with a leather cover that straps on ; there is a light cane basket that fits inside the basin, and holds brushes and comb, sponge bag, soap, mirror, towel, enamel tumbler, tooth powder, &c. ; with the cane tiffin basket and roll of bedding it makes up one load. Miscellanea include; two sets of hooks for tent poles and some flat S hooks to put on the ridge pole, to hang clothes, &¢., up on, The knife-board will usefully sharpen skinning knives; and note that it 488 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI. is a waste of money to buy expensive “ skinning knives 2 for cheap ‘‘ French cooks’ knives ” are all you need, Take four of them and get sheaths made; it may happen that you willsome day have several skins to take off; and anyhow, it is desirable to set all hands at a skin when you are eager to push on,or night is near, Two candle-lanterns will be needed, one for the cook, the other to come out to meet you if benighted., Also a pair of small open candlesticks for use in your tent; glass shades are not needed, Oil is a dirty thing to carry ; besides, you can accurately estimate your expenditure of candles. One a day will be a liberal calculation for your candlesticks ; and one in two days for the cook’s lantern, In addition to the “tiffin basket,’ which will stay in the tent, you will need a tiffin bag, This is a most important item. Make a strong bag, like a knap- sack, or a game bag, with a flap to strap over ; size 18”x15”x 5", of strong Willesden or water-proof tan canvas, short webbing sling, This will accompany you on the hill every day, and will contain (1) a small drab Wigan water-proof sheet, 72”x36", (2)a “sweater”; one needs something dry to lie on during the daily halt, as well as something warm to wear then, and the sweater dispenses with the unwieldy ulster. These two things are most essential, The bag should also contain (3) a sandwich box (biscuit tin), (4) flask and cup, (5) a book to read ; pocket diary and pencil. At times too (6) the map (Sheet 46, South West Section, Indian Atlas, 4 miles to inch, obtainable from the Officer in charge, Map Department, Survey of India, Calcutta, by V.P.P.); (7) two skinning knives, (8) extra cartridges, (9) spare pipe or cheroot case, and matches, (10) piece of cord, (11) tweed cap, (12) gloves, All these things will go in the tiffin bag, and it will be found more portable than a basket, besides being convertible into a pillow by filling it with grass during the noontide siesta under some shady cliff or pine tree, There is a sufficient map of Chamba, with notes on the best nullahs, in Tyacke’s Sportsman’s Manual, again to be referred to, You will need a good telescope (Stewart's “ Lord Bury” for instance) and pair of binoculars for stalking, a hunting clasp-knife, with corkscrew, &c, The tiffin cooly will also carry your kodak, umbrella, and tea bottle. Silver’s vulcanite bottle is the best; but any quart bottle, covered with felt and khaki by a dirzi, and with webbing or leather sling, will do. There are many delicious rills and springs in the Chamba hills,and your pocket cup will often come in useful, but a bottle of tea will also be needed, Your shikari will carry the rifle,a knife and the telescope; the binoculars you should have yourself, The chota shikari will take the tiffin cooly’s load when the latter has to shoulder a gooral, or anything of that sort. Your bedding will consist of a roll of four single blankets. It is a good plan to sew the blankets together along one s¢de and at the foot, for camp beds are narrow and there is no mattress to tuck the blankets in under. You may then get under the top, second, or third blanket, as you please, and will not CAMPING IN CHAMBA. 489 kick them off when asleep. A pillow,a sheet, a warm sleeping suit and a cummerbund, complete this parcel. For marching, it isrolled in the large water-proof sheet and strapped up with rug-straps, I put the bundle thus _ made inside one of those tan-canvas cabin bags witha padlocking handle that is passed through large eyelets, The basin also will go in this bag with the bedding, This is not a load by itself, it will be tied up on top of the cane tiffin basket to make a full cooly load. Take a supply of medicines for ordinary ailments and some Hlliman, since sprains are easily got on gooral ground ; some carbolic acid, turpentine, two pounds of arsenical soap and a paint brush for it. I put this ‘‘soap” in the square vaseline tins one buys, but it should be kept right side up if it is moist, I always apply it myself, for it is dangerous stuff, In Chamba the flies are very troublesome, therefore take PLENTY of FLY PAPERS, and a “gauze meat-safe, Skinning operations near the tent will of course attract flies, Take a couple of bottles of spirits of wine and a screw stoppered jar, for specimens, which, asin duty bound, you will bottle up for the Bombay Natural History Society. A ball of strong cord and four packing needles will be very useful for sewing up gunnies, salitahs, &c, Until near the end of a stalk, your rifle should be carried in a tan-canvas sling cover.