I ■ m &> >;>' ■ ■ m ■S i SI THE JOURNAL OF THE Bombay Natural History Society. EDITED BY JVC. PHIPSOW, G.XKE.3E.S., AND VOL. XVI. Consisting of Five Parts and containing Eight Coloured Plates, Thirty-one Lithographs, Eleven Photographs and Eighty-seven Blocks, Dates of Publication, Part I (Page* 1 to 191) ... ... ... ... M. nth Dec, 1904. „ II(Pages 192 fo 898) *•• « 15£7t J.^., 1905. „ III {Pages 399 £o 531)... ... ... 5th Aug., 1905. „ IV (Pages 532 £o 763) ... ... ••• ... ... ... ... •>. 2n<2 2Vou., 1905; „ V {Index, (fee.) «. w •*• ••• ... ••• «•• m Slrf ^aa., 1906» J$ 0 m ft a g : PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XVI. PAGE. The Birds of Travancore, By H. S. Ferguson, f.l.s. With Notes on their Nidification. By T. F. Bourdillon, f.l.s. Part III 1 New Species of Indian Hymenoptera. By Major C. G. Nurse, 113th Infantry, Indian Army 19 Sexual Colour- Dimorphism in Birds. By D. Dewar, i.c.s.... 27 Note on Sexual Dimorphism. By L. C. H. Young, b.a 37 Note on Sexual Dimorphism. By Capt. W. G. Liston, i.m.s., m.d., f.r.s.e... ,«,.'. 39 Notes on the Birds of Chitral. By Capt. H. T. Fulton, d.s.o. 44 Water- Yielding Plants found in the Thana Forests. By G. M. Ryan, i.f.s., f.l.s 65 The Birds of the Madhubani Sub-division of the Dar- bhanga District, Tirhut, with Notes on Species noticed elsewhere in the District. By C. M. Inglis, Part VIII... 70 The Butterflies of Ceylon. By Major N. Manders, r.a.m.c, F.Z.S., F.E.S 76 Description of Sixty-eight New Shells from the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, dredged by Mr. F. W.Townsend, of the Indo-European Telegraph Service. By James Cosmo Melvill, M.A., f.l.s., f.z.s., and Robert Standen, Assistant Keeper, Manchester Museum, ' Part I. (Plates A, B) 86 List of Indian Birds' Eggs in the Bombay Natural History Society's Collection on 1st September 1904 99 On Some New Species of Silver-Pheasants obtained in Burma, by Capt. W. G. Nisbett, Lieut. It. Clifford, and others. By Eugene W. Oates ]12 Insect Life in India and How to Study it, belng a Simple Account of the more important Families of Insects, with Examples of the Damage they do to Crops, Tea, Coffee and Indigo Concerns, Fruit and Forest Trees in India. By E. P. Stebbing, f.l.s., f.z.s., f.f^s 115 The Moths of India. (Supplementary Paper to the Volumes in " The Fauna of British India"), Series III, Part II. By Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., f.z.s., f.e.s. (With Plate D) ... 132 5L vi CONTENTS. PAGE. Miscellaneous Notes— 1. — Some Notes on Birds taken at Coonoor, Nilgiris, in May 1904. ByD. Dewar 153 2. — The Occurrence of the Black-capped King-fisher (Halcyon pileata) in North Lakhimpur, Upper Assam. By H.Stevens 154 3, — The Yellow-bellied Fly-catcher (Chelidorhynx hypoxan- ihum). By H. Stevens 155 4. — The Occurrence of the Red-breasted Goose (Branta ruficallis) in India. By E. 0. Stuart-Baker, f.z.s. 155 5.— The Occurrence of the Masked Fin-Foot (Heliopais personata) in Lakhimpur. By E.C. Stuart-Baker, F.z.s. 1 56 6.— The Enemies of Butterflies. By E. H. Aitken 156 7. — The Recent Plague of Locusts in Bombay. By E. H. Aitken 157 8. — The Himalayan Nutcracker (Nucifraga hemispila). By William Capper. Col., D. M. E. in India 158 9. — The Himalayan Nutcracker (Nucifraga hemispila). By Chas. M. Inglis 158 10. — The Black Stork (Ciconia nigra). By G. H, Evans, f.l.s., Major 159 11. — The Great White-Bellied Heron (Ardea insignis). By G. H. Evans, f.l.s., Major 160 12. — The Asiatic Two-Horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros suma- trensis). By G. H. Evans, F.L.S., Major 160 13. — Late Stay of Snipe. By G. H. Evans, f.l.s., Major... 161 14.— The Ancestry of the Horse. By L. C. H. Young 162 15. — Birds observed in the Nilgiris and Wynaad. By A. M. Primrose 163 16. — Cassia occidentalis. By B. H. Barlow-Poole, f.l.s. ... 166 17. — Notes on the Nesting of some Birds in the Upper Chindwin District, Burma. By H. H. Harrington, Captain », 166 18. — Notes on Burmese Reptiles. By G. H. Evans, f.l.s., Major 169 19. — The Nidification of the little Blue-winged Pitta (Pitta cyanoptera ) in Upper Burma. By G. H. Evans, f.l.s., Major 171 CONTENTS. vii PAGE. Miscellaneous Notes — contd. 20. — Vegetation in Sind. By H. M. Birdwood, c.s.i., m.a., LL.D 172 21.— The Russell's Viper. By L. L. Fenton, Lt.-Col., I.A. 173 22.— A Cobra Feeding on Eggs. By C. P. George 174 23.— Bee-Culture in India. By C. G. Nurse, Major, 113th Infantry 175 24 — Assam Birds. By A. M. Primrose 176 25. — Breeding Seasons of Big Game. By E. Comber, f.z.s. 176 26. — Albinism in a Shrike. By G. C. Dudgeon, f.e.s .. 179 Proceedings of the Meetings held on the 16th June, 18th August, 29th September and 24th November 1904 180 The Moths of India (Supplementary Paper to the Volumes in "The Fauna of British India"), Series III, Part III. By Sir George Hampson, Bart., f.z.s., f.e.s 193 Desckiption of Sixty-eight New Shells from the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend, of the Indo-European Telegraph Service, 1901-1 903. By James Cosmo Melvill, m.a., f.l.s., F.z.s., and Robert Standen, Assistant Keeper, Manches- ter Museum. Part II. (Plates C, D.) 217 Descriptions of Two New Snakes from Upper Burma. By G. A. Boulenger, f.r.s., v.p.z.s. ( With a Plate) 235 Some new Mosquitoes from Ceylon. By F. V. Theobald, m.a., communicated by E. Ernest Green, f.l.s.( With Plates A andB.) 237 Description of a New Snake from Burma (Oligodon M.cDou- galli). By Capt. F. Wall, i.m.s., cm.zs 251 Plague, Rats and Fleas. By Capt. W. G. Liston, i.m.s. {With Plates A and B.) 253 A Catalogue of the Heterocera of Sikhim and Bhutan. By G. C. Dudgeon, f.e.s., with Notes by H. J. Elwes, f.r.s., &c, and additions by Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., b.a., f.e.s., &c. PartXVIl 275 Notes on Snakes collected in Cannanore from 5th November 1903 to 5th August 1904. By Capt. F. Wall, i.m.s., c.m.z.s. 292 On Fishes from the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Oman, and Karachi, collected by Mr. F. W. Townsend. By C. Tate Regan, b.a. {With 3 Plates.) 318 viii CONTENTS. PAGE. The Fauna and Flora of our Metallic Monet. By E. Blatter, s.j 334 Supplementary Notes on the Coccidje of Ceylon. Part III. By E. Ernest Green, f.e.s., Entomologist to the Govern- ment of Ceylon. (With Plates H—K.) 340 Notes on Small Mammals in Kashmir and adjacent Districts. By Colonel A. E. Ward 35S Miscellaneous Notes — 1. — Melanism in Black Buck. By J. Manners Smith, Major. [With a Photograph) 351 2. — A Rare Indian Game-Bird, the Mountain Quail (Ophry- sia superciliosa, Gray). By E. Comber, f.z.s 361 3. — Simotes splendidus. By Geo. H, Evans, a.v.d., f.l.s., Major 362 4. — Note on the Digestion of Eggs by Cobras and Daboias. By W. B. Bannerman, m.d., Lt.-Col., i.m.s 363 5. — Do Wild Animals ever die of Intestinal Obstruction ? By W. B. Bannerman, m.d., Lt.-Col., i.m.s 363 6. — Kiug-Crows and Mynas as Mess-Mates. By D. Dewar, i.c.s 364 7. — Occurrence of the Scaup Duck (Nyroca marila) in Oudh. By F. Wall, Capt., i.m.s., cm.z.s 367 8. — Luminous Plants 367 9.— An Egg-eating Cobra. By E. Brook Fox 369 10. — Locusts. By Cecil E. C. Fischer, i.f.s 369 11.— The Habits of the Leaf Butterfly. By E. Ernest Green. 370 12. — Breeding Seasons of Big Game in India. By A. H. A. Simcox, i.c.s 370 13.— Notes on the " Houbara." By Reginald H. Heath 372 14. — Occurrence of the Black-capped King- fisher ( Halcyon pileata) in Waltair. By P. Roscoe Allen 373 15. — The Breeding of Russell's Viper ( Vipera russellii). By F. Wall, Capt., i.m.s,, cm.z.s 374 16. — The Crocodile ; its Food, and Muscular Vitality. By A. H. A. Simcox, i.c.s 375 17. — The Urial of the Punjab and Ladak. By R. L 376 18.— Abnormal Sambar Head. By J. D. Invorarity. (With a Plate.) 378 CONTENTS. is PAGE. Miscellaneous Notes — contd. 19. — The Goosander (Merganser castor). By A. M. Primrose... 378 20. — Trout, and other Fish and Fishing in Ceylon. By R. A. G. Festing 37i> 21.— Big Game. By R. G. Burton, Major, 94th Russell's Infantry 384 22. — Double-headed Snakes. By F. Wall, Capt., i.m.s., c.m.z.s. 386 23. — Winter Plumage of the Male Bengal Florican (Sypheotis bengalensisj. By F. Wall, Capt., i.m.s., c.m.z.s 388 24. — Note3 on some Bangalore Snakes. By F. Wall, Capt., i.m.s., o.m.z.s 389 25. — Egg-eating Cobras. By F. Wall.. Capt., i.m.s., c.m.z.s. 395 Proceedings of the Meetings held on the 22nd December 1904 and 9th February 1905 396 Description of New Species of Moths from India and Burma. By G. C. Dudgeon, f.e.s , 399 The Common Striped Palm Squirrel. By R. C. Wrought ton, f.z.s. ( With a Plate.) 406 Rough Notes on Six Common Hill Orchids. By Major M. B. Roberts, l/39th Garhwal Rifles. {With 3 Plates.) 414 Birds nesting in the Murree Hills and Gullies. Part I. By Lieut.-Col. R. H. Rattray. {With Plates A and B.) 421 The Orchids of the Bombay Presidency. Part I. By G. A. Gammie, f.l.s 429 The Moths of India (Supplementary Paper to the Volumes in "The Fauna of British India "). Series III, Part HI. By Sir George F. Hampson, Bart., f.z.s., f.e.s 434 The Economic Uses of Shells. By E. Comber, f.z.s 462 Further Notes on the Flora of Northern Ganjam. By Cecil E. C. Fischer, i.f.s 473 A List of the Birds found in and about Madras. By D. Dewar, i.c.s 484 Miscellaneous Notes — 1. — Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing. By C. W. Allan, b.f.s., Divisional Forest Officer, Pegu Division , 499 2.— Nesting of the Hoopoe. By Arundel Begbie, Major (Indian Army) , ,. 501 x CONTENTS. PAGE, Miscellaneous Notes — contd. 3. — Food of predaceous Flies. By F. Gleadow, i.P.s. 501 4. — Occurrence of White's Thrush (Oreocincla varia) in Assam. By William Moore 502 5. — Hereditary melanism. By W. B. Ferris, Lieut.-Col. ... 502 6. — Curious ferocity of the Indian Tree-pie (Dendrocitta rufa). By Arundel Begbie, Major 502 7. — Breeding Seasons of Big Game — (1) The Nilgai or Blue-Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). By C. W. M. Hudson, i.c.S. (2) The Persian Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosd). By J. W. Nicol Cumming, Supdt., Seistan Arbitration Mission • 503 8. — Strange mortality amongst Termites in Tea-Bushes. By E. Ernest Green 503 9— Size of Snakes. By L. C. H. Young 504 10. — A congregation of Harriers. By C. H. Donald 504 11. — Size and breeding of Snakes. By John Hagenbeck ... 505 12. — Tiger versus Bear. By G. K. Wasey 506 13.— Plucky Pee- wits. By J. Manners-Smith, Major, v.c.,c.i.e. 507 14. — Notes on the occurrence of Bonellis Eagle [Hieraetus fasciatns) in Cutch and on some Falcons and Hawks observed at the old Fort at Bhuj. By A. Delme Radcliffe, 105th L. Infy 507 15. — Occurrence of the Black-capped Kingfisher (Halcyon 2?ileata) in the Godavari Delta. (A Correction.) By P. Roscoe Allen , 511 16. — On the occurrence of the Lady Amherst's Pheasant in Burma. By E. Comber, f.z.s 512 17. — Catastrophe amongst the young of the Indian Cliff- Swallows (Hirundo fluvkola). By Arundel Begbie, Major, Adjt., Cawnpore Vol. Rifles *. 512 18. — Nest of the Brown-backed Indian Robin (Thamndbia cambaiensis). By Arundel Begbie, Major, Adjt., Cawnpore Vol. Rifles « 513 19.— A bold Tiger. By H. Tyler, i.c.S 513 20. — Arrow heads in a Bison. By H. Tyler, i.c.S 513 21.— Bird's nesting near Mhow, C. I. By Martin Young, m.b.o.u., 1st York, and Lane. Regt ,...0. 514 CONTENTS. xi PAGE. Miscellaneous Notes— concld. 22. — A Snake's nest. By Arundel Begbie, Major 516 23. — The Himalayan Nutcracker (Nucifraga hemispila). By C. H. Donald 516 24. — Eagles as barometers. By 0. H. Donald 517 25. — First record of the nidification of the Indian Hobby (Falco sevp.rns). By K. C. Macdonald (d.s.p.) 518 26. — A Woodpecker's dilemma. By G. H. Evans, Major, F.L.S 518 27. — Food of Python molurus. By G. H. Evans, Major, f.l.s. 519 28. — Breeding of the Banded Krait (Bungarus fasciatus) in Burma. By G. H. Evans, Major, f.l.s 519 29.— Fireflies. By W. S. Millard 520 30. — Curious accident to a Dragonfly. By W. S. Millard ... 521 Correspondence — Shooting in the Bombay Presidency 521 Proceedings of tbe Meetings held on 16th March 1905 and 6th July 1905 525 A Popular Treatise on the Common Indian Snakes. Part I. By Capt. F. Wall, I.M.S., CM.z.S. (With Plate T and Diagrams I, Hand III) 533 Notes on Rhinoceroses in Burma, R. sondaicus and suma- trensis. By Vety. Major G. H. Evans, f.l.s 555 The Orchids of the Bombay Presidency. Part II. By G. A. Gammie, F.L.s. ( With Plate I) 562 The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India. Part I. By L. C. H. Young, b.a., f.z.s., f.r.s. {With Plate I)... 570 Descriptions of Indian Micro- Lepidoptera. By E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., f.z.s 580 A Visit to Narcondam. By B. B. Osmaston, i.f.s 620 The Culicid Fauna of the Aden Hinterland, their Haunts and Habits. By W. S. Patton, m.b. (Edin.), Lt., i.m.s. {With Plates A, B, C, and D and a Map) 623 On the Distribution of the Varieties of Cobra (Naia tripudians) in India. By Lt.-Col. W. B. Bannerman, m.d., b.sc, i.m.s., Director, Plague Research Laboratory, and Aesistant Surgeon J. P. Pocha, in charge of the Venom Department, P. R. Laboratory. {With 2 Maps) 63S 2 xii CONTENTS. PAGE, The Mangrove of the Bombay Presidency, and its Biology. By E, BJatter, s.j. (With Plates A and /?.).. ^44. Birds nesting in the Murree Hills and Gullies. Part II. By Lieut.- Col. R. H- Rattray. {With Plates C, D and E.) 657 Insect Life in India and how to study it, being a simple account of the more important families of insects with examples of the damage they do to crops, tea, coffee and indigo concerns, fruit and forest trees in india. Part IV. By E. P. Stebbing, f.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s 664 Birds of Seistan, being a list of the Birds shot or seen in Seistan by Members of the Seistan Arbitration Mission, 1903-05. By J. W. Nicol Cumming, Superintendent, Seistan Arbitration Commission 686 The Moths of India (Supplementary Paper to the Volumes in " The Fauna of British India"). Series III., Part III. By Sir George Hampson, Bart., f.z.s., f.e.s 700 Further Notes on the Butterflies of the Lucknow District. By G. W. V. de Rhe-Fhilipe 720 An Appeal for Lizards. By F. Gleadow, i.f.s , 723 A New Mouse-hare of the Genus Ochotona , 727 Descriptions op three new species of birds obtained during the recent Expedition to Lhassa. By Henry E. Dresser, m.b.o.u., f.z.s 728 On Dolphins from Travancore. By R. Lydekker 730 On a remarkable new Squirrel from Burma. By OMfield Thomas 737 Miscellaneous Notes. — 1. — The Indian Chevrotain or Mouse-Deer (Tragidus meminna). {With a Photograph and Map.) By E. Brook Fox 739 2. — Interesting Birds from the Shan States. By E. Comber, f.z.s., Hony. Secy., Ornithological Section, Bo. Nat. Hist. Socy 739 3. — The Nesting of some Birds in Burma which have not been recorded before. By H. H. Harington, Captain 740 4.— Albinism in the Black Buck. ( With an 'Illustration.) By C. J. Robertson Milne, Major, i.m.s 742 CONTENTS. siii l1 AGE. MISCELLANEOUS Nc-TBS — Contd. 5. — A white Kakar or Muntjac {Cervulus muntjac'). ( With an Illustration.) By J. Manners Smith, Major 742 6. — Wild Boar without testes. By H. E. Medlioott, Lieut., r.f.a., Hony. Secy., Ahmed;ib:id Tent Club 743 7. — Note on the breeding of the Krait (Bungarus cceruleus). By W. B. Bannerman, Lt.-Col., i.m.s 743 3.— Additional Notes on the Birds of Chitral. By H. T. Fulton, Capt 743 9. — Note on a curiously malformed head of Himalayan Ibex (Capra sibirica). ( With an Illustration.') By St. George Gore, Col., r.e , 744 10. — A possible case of hybrid breeding of Shrikes. By ArundelBegbie, Major, 16th Rajputs 745 11. — The Egg-laying of Eudynamis honorata (The Indian Koel). By Arundel Begbie, Major, 16th Rajputs... 746 12. — Breeding Seasons of Big Game. The Brown Bear (Ursus arctus). I'y D. B. Thomson, Major, I. A. (Retired) 746 13. — Food of predaceous Flies. By K. E. K angle, Capt., 96th Berar Infantry 747 14.— Notes on Birds' nesting round Quetta. By R. M. Betham, Major, 101st Grenadiers 747 15.-_Wild Dogs hunting. By J. Manners Smith, Major 751 16. — Food of the " Muskrat " or the Grey Shrew (Crocidura ccerulea). By W. B. Bannerman, Lieut.-Col., i.m.s. 751 1 7 —Double-headed Snakes. By F. Wall, C.M.z.s., Capt., i.m.s 752 18. — Accident to the young of the Indian Cliff-Swallow (Hirundo fluricola). By Martin Young, m.b.o.u., 1st York, and Lane. Regt 753 19, — Lady Amherst's Pheasant in Burma— A Correction. By E. Comber, f.z.s 753 20.— Shooting Notes from the Central Provinces. By F. W. Caton Jones, Lieut.-Col., R.A.M.C 754 21. — Notes from Nepal. By J. Manners Smith, Major ... 755 22. — Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing. By L. L. Fenton, Lieut.-Col. 756 xiv CONTENTS. PAGE. Miscellaneous Notes — concld. 23.— Curious end of a Dragonfly. By L. L. Fenton, Lieut.-Col 756 24.— Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing. By S. B. Bates, f.z.s., &c 7^7 25.— A Congregation of Brahminy Kites (Ealiastur Indus). By K. Foulkes (Madras Survey) "57 26.— The Food of Kingfishers. By S. B. Bates, f.z.s., &c. 758 27.— Food of Snakes in captivity. By W. S. Millard, Hony. Secy., Bo. Nat. Hist. Socy 758 Proceedings of the Meetings held on 31st August and 5th October 1905 759 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. VOI-TJJVIE PAGE Aitken, E. H. ; The Enemies of Butterflies 156 ; The Recent Plague of Locusts in Bombay 157 Allan, C. W., I.F.S. (Divisional Forest Officer, Pegu) ; Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing ... .-. 499 Allen, P. Roscoe ; Occurrence of the Black-capped Kingfisher (Halcyon pileata) in Waltair ... 873 ; Occurrence of the Black-capped Kingfisher in the Godavari Delta (a correction) ... 511 Bannerman, Lt.-Col. W. B., M.D., I. M.S. ; Note on the digestion of eggs by Cobras and Daboias ... 363 ; Do wild animals ever die of intestinal obstruction .. 3CS ■ ; Note on the Breeding of the Krait (Bungarus cceruleus) 743 ; Food of the Muskrat or the Grey Shrew (JJrocidura cce- rulea) 751 and Assistant Surgeon J. P. Pocha ; On the Distribution of the varieties Of the Cobra in India ... ... ... ... ... 638 Barlow-Poole, B. H., I. F. S. ; Cassia occidentals 166 Bates, S. B., F, Z. S., etc. ; Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing 757 ; The Food of kingfishers 758 Begbie Arundel, Major; Nesting of the Hoopoe 501 — j ; Curious fero- city of the Indian treepie (Dendro- citta rufa") 502 ; Catastr ophe amongst the Young of the Indian Cliff-Swallows (Hirundo fluvicola) 512 ■ ■ ; Nest of the Brown-backed Indian robin (Tham- nobia cambaiensis) 513 PAGE Begbie Arundel ; A Snake's Nest. 516 ; A possible case of hybrid breeding by Shrikes ... 745 ; The egglaying of Eudynamis honorata (The IndiaD Koel) 746 Betham, Major R. M. ; Notes on Bird's nesting round Quetta ... 747 Birdwood, H. M., C.S.I. , M.A., L.L.D.; Vegetation in Sind ... 172 Blatter, E., S.J. ; The Fauna and Flora of our Metallic Money ... 334 ; The Mangrove of the Bombay Presidency and its Biology 644 Boulengeb, G. A., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.; Description of two new snakes from Upper Burma (with a Plate) 235 Burton, Major R. G. ; Big Game ... 384 Cappeb, Col. William (D.M.E. in Indit*) ; The Himalayan Nut- cracker (Nucifraga htmispila") ... 158 Comber, E., F.Z.S. ; Breeding Sea- sons of Big Game 176 ; A rare Indian Gamcbird, the Mountain Quail (Ophrisia superciliosa, Gray") ... 361 ; The Economic uses of Shells 462 ; On the Occur- rence of the Lady Amherst's Pheasant in Burma 512 ; Interesting Birds from the Shan States „ 739 ; Lady Amherst's Pheasant in Burma (a correction) 753 Ccmming, J. W. Nicol (Supt., Seistan Arbitration Mission) ; Breeding Seasons of Big Game. The Persian Gazelle QGazella Subgutterosa") 503 . ; Birds of Seistan, being a list of the Biids shot or seen in Seistan by the Members of the Seistan Arbitration Mission, 1903-5 686 XVl LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. PAGE Dewar, D., I.C.S. ; Sexual Colour- Dimorphism id Birds 27 ■■ ; Some Notes on Birds taken at Coonoor, Nilgiria, in May 1904 153 ; King-Crows and Mynas as Mess-mates 364 ; A List of the Birds found in and about Madras 484 Donald, C. H. ; A Congregation of Harriers «, 504 ■ ■ ; The HimalayanNut- cracker (_ATucifraga hemispila) ... 516 ; Eagles as Barome- IciS •■• •*# ••> ■*• ••• Oil Dressler, Henry E., M.B.O.U., F.Z.S. ; Descriptions of three new species of Birds obtained during the Recent Expedition to Lhassa.. 728 Dudgeon, G. C, F.E.S.; Albinism in a Shrike 179 . ; A cata- logue of the Heterocera of Sik- khiin and Bhutan. Part XVII ... 275 . . ; Description of new species of Moths from India and Burma 399 Evans, Major G. H.,A.V.D., F.L.S. ; The Black Stork QCioo/iia Niger) 159 ; The Great White- bellied Heron {A rdea insignis') ... 160 ; The Asiatic two- horned Rhinoceros {Rhinoceros gumatrensh) 160 ; Late stay of Snipe ... 116 ;G H., A.V.D., F.Z.S. ; Notes on Burmese Reptiles ... 169 ; The Nidification of the Little Blue Winged Pitta {Pitta Cyanoptera) in Upper Burma 171 ; Simotes Splendidus. 362 ; A Woodpecker's Di- lemma ... 518 ; Food of Python Molurtcs ... 519 ■ ; Breeding of the Banded Kv&it^Bungarus faseiatuf) in Burma 519 PASB Evans, Major G. H., A.V.D., F.Z.S.; Notes on Rhinoceroses in Burma (.ft. Sondaious and R. Sumat remit). 555- Fenton, Lt.-Col. L. L., I.A. ; The Russell's Viper — — ; Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing * ; Curious end of a 173 766 755 Dragonfly Ferguson, H.8., F.L.S. ; The Birds Of Travancore with Notes on their Nidification, by T. F. Bourdillon, F.L.S., Part III „ i Ferris, Lt.-Col. W. B. ; Hereditary Melanism 502 Festing, R. A. G. ; Trout and other Fish and Fishing in Cejlon ... 379 Fischer, Cecil E.C.,I.F.S.; Locusts 369 ; Further Notes on the Flora of Northern Ganjam 473 Foulkes, K. ; A Congregatiou of Brahminy Kites (Ilaliastur inclus) 757 Fox, E. Brook ; An Egg-eating Cobra „ ... 369 ; The Indian Chevro- tain or Mouse-Deer (Traytilus meminna) with a Photograph and Map 739 Fulton, Capt. H. T., D.S.O.; Notes on the Birds of Chitral 44 ; Additional Notes on the Birds of Chitral 743 GAMMIE, G. A., F.L.S.; The Orchids cf the Bombay Presidency, Part I. 429 ; The Orchids of the Bombay Presidency, Part II, with Plate 1 562 George, C. P.; A Cobra feeding on eggs 174 Gleadow, F., I.F.S. ; Food of Pre- daceoua Flies 501 ; An Appeal for Li- zards... ... ... ... ••• 723 Gore, Col. St. George, R.E. ; Note on a curiously malformed head of the Himalayan Ibex (Capra sibirica~) (with an illustration) ... 744 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. XVI; PAGE Green, E. E., F.E.S., Entomologist to the Government of Ceylon ; Supplementary Note? on the Coceides of Ceylon, Part III. (With Plates H— K) 340 ■; The Habits of the Leaf Butterfly 370 ■ ■; Strange Mor- tality amongst Termites in Tea- bushes ... ... 5C3 Hagenbeck, John; Size and Breed- ing of Snakes 605 Hampson, Sir G. F., Bart., F.Z.S., F.E.S. ; The Moths of India (Sup- plementary Paper to the Volumes in " The Fauna of British India "), Series III., Part II. (with Plate D) 132 ; Series III. Part III, 193,434,700 Harrington, Capt. H.H. ; Notes on the nesting of some birds in the Upper Chindwin District, Burma. 166 ; The Nesting of some birds in Burma which have not b°en recorded before ... ... 740 Heath, Reginald H. ; Notes on the Houbara • 372 Hudson, C. W. M., I.C.S. ; Breeding Season of Big Game ; The Nilgai or Blue- Bull (Baselaphus tragoca- melns') 503 Inglis, CM. ; The Birds of the Madhubani Sub-division of the Darbhanga District, Tirhut, with Notes en Species noticed elsewhere in »he District. Part VIII ... 70 ; The Himalayan Nutcracker {Nucifraga Ifemispila') 158 Inverarity, J. D. ; Abnormal Sambar Head 378 Jones, Lt.-Col. F. W. Caton, R.A.M.C. ; Shooting Notes from the Central Provinces 754 Liston, Capt. W. G , I.M.S., M.D., F.R.S.E. ; Note on Sexual Dimor- phism 39 PAGE Liston, Capt. , Plague, Rats and Fleas (With Plates A. & B.) ... 253 Lydekker, R. ; On DolphinB from Travancore 730 R. L. ; The Urial of the Punjab and Ladak 376 Macdonald, K. C. (D.S.P.) ; First Record < f the Nidification of the Indian Hobby QFalco severus) ... 518 M ANDERS, Major N., R.A.M.C, FZ.S, F.E.S. ; The Butterflies of Ceylon 76 i Medlicott, Lieut. H. E., R.F.A. ; J Wild Boar without Testes 743 ■ Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S,and Robkrt Stan- Df.N ; Description of sixty-eight new shells from the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea dredg d bj Mr. F. W. Town- send, of the Indo-European Tele- graph Service. Part I, Plates A.— B. 86 ; Part II, Plates C --D. ... 217 Meyrick, E., B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., etc., Descriptions of Indian Micro- Lepidoptera 580 MlLLARP, \V. S. ; Fireflies 520 ; Curious Accident to a Dragonfly 521 . ; Food of Snake-5 in Captivity ... .. 758 Milne, Major J. C Robertson, I. M.S. ; Albinism in the Black Buck (wi'th an Illustration) ... 742 Moore, William ; Occurrence of White's Thrush in Assam (J)rco- cincla varia) ... 502 N angle, K. E., Capt.; Food of Pre- daceous Flies 747 Nurse, C G., Major, F.E.S.; New Species of Indian Hymenoptera... 19 — — ; Bee Culture in India 175 Oates, Eugene W.; On some new Species of Silver Pheasants obtain- ed in Burma, by Capt. W. G. Nis- bett and Lieut. R. Clifford and others ... ... ... ... 112 Osmaston, B. B., I.F.S. ; A Visit to Narcondam 620 XVlll LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. PAGE Patton, Lieut. W. S.f M.B., I.M.S.; The Culieid Fauna of the Aden Hinterland,their haunts and habits, with Plates A,B,C & D aud a Map 623 Pogha, J. P. (Asstt. Surgeon, Parel Laboratory), and Lt.-Col. W. B. Bannerman, I. M. S. ; On the Distribution of the Varieties of the Cobra QNaia tripndians) ... 638 Primrose, A M. ; Birds observed in the Nilgiris and Wynaad 163 . — ; Assam Birds ... 176 . ; The Goosander {Merganser castor} 378 Radcliffe, A. Dklme ; Notes on the occurrence of Bonnelli's Eagle {Hieraetus fasciatus) in Cutch.aud on some Falcons and Hawks ob- served on the ohi fort at Bhuj ... 507 Rattray, Lt.-Col. R. H. ; Birds* nesting in the Murree Hills and Gullies. Part I. (with Plates A & B) 421 _ Part II. (with Plates C, D & VA ) ••• ••• ••■ ••• o^' Regan, C. Tate, B.A. ; On Fishes from the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Oman and Karachi, collected by Mr. F. W. Townsend (with 3 Plates) ... ••• ••• ••• 318 Rhe-Philippe, G. W. V. de ;Further Notes on the Butterflies of the Lucknow District 720 Robert?, Major M. B. ; Rough Notes on Six. Common Hill Orchids ... 414 RYAN, G. M., I.F.S., F.L.S. ; Water- yielding plants found in the Thana Forests ••• ••• 65 SlMCOX, A. H. A., I.C.S. ; Breeding Seasons of Big Game in India ... 370 ; The Cro- codile ; its Food and Muscular Vitality ... ... ••• ••• 375 Smith, Major J. Manners ; Melan- ism in Black Buck (With a Photo- graph) ••. ••• ••• 361 ; Plucky Peewits 507 ■ ; A White Kakar or Muntjac CCervulus Muntjac} (with an illus- tration) ... ... ••« ••• "*2 . . ■ ; Wild Dogs Hunting ... 751 PAGE Smith ; Notes from Nepal 755 Standen, Robert, and J. Cosmo Melvill ; Description of Mxty- eight new shells from the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman and North ' Arabian Sea, dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend of the Indo-European Telegraph Service, Parts I. aud II. (with Plates A, B, C, & D) ... 86, 217 Stebbing, E.P.,K\L.S.,F.Z.S., F.E.S.; Insect Life in India and How to Study It, being a simple account of the more important families of Insects, with Examples of the Damage they do to Crops, Tea, Coffee and Indigo concerns, Fruit and Forest Trees in India ... 115, 664 Stkvens, H. ; The Occurrence of the Black-capped Kingfisher {Halcyon pileatu) in North La- khimpur, Upper Assam ... ... 154 ; The Yellow-bellied Flycatcher (Chelidorhynx hy- poxanthum') ... ... ... ... 155 Stuart-Baker, E. C, F.Z.S. ; The Occurrence of the Masked Fin-foot (Heliopais personuta') in Lakhimpur ... 156 — — — ; The Occurrence of the Red-breast d GooseQBranta rufic(dlis') in India 155 Theobald, F.V., M.A. ; Some New Mosquitoes from Ceylon ccmmu- nicated by E. E. Green, F.E.S. (With Plates A & B) £37 Thomas, Oldpield ; On a Remark- able New Squirrel from Burma... 737 Thomson, Major D. B. ; Breeding Seasons of Big Game. The Brown Beer QUr*us arctut) 746 Tyler, H., I.C.S. ; Arrow heads in a Bison ... ••• ••• ••• 513 ; A Bold Tiger 513 Wall, Capt. F., I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. ; Desciiptu n of a New Snake from Bnrma. Oligodon McDoutjalli ... 251 ; Notes on Snakes col- lected in Cannanore from 5th Nov. 11)03 to oth Aug. 1904 ... 292 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. xix PAGE WALL,Capt. ; Occurrence of the Scaup Duck {Nyro>-a merila) in Oudh 367 ; The Breeding of Russell's Viper {Vipera russtllW). 374 ; Double -headed Snakes 386, 752 ; Winter Plumage of the male Bengal Florican (Sypheotig bengalensis} ... ... 3S8 ; Notes on some Bangalore Snakes ... 389 ; Egg-eating Cobras. 31*5 ; A Popular Treatise on the Common Indian Snakes Part I. (with Plate I, & Diagrams I, II & III). 533 Ward, Colonel A. E. ; Notes on Small Mammals in Kashmir and Adjacent Districts 358 PAGE Wasey, G. K. ; Tiger vs. Bear... 506 Wroughton, B.C., F.Z.S.;The Com- mon Striped Palm Squirrel (With a Plate) 406 YoctnG, L.O.H., B.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S. ; Note on Sexual Dimorphism ... - ; The Ancestry of the Horse ; Size of Snakes -;The Common But- 372 162 504 teiflies of the Plains of India, Part 1 (With Plate I.; 570 YonNG, Martin, M.B.O.U. ; Birds Nest- ing near Mhow, C.-T 514 ■ ' ; Accident to the young of the Indian Cliff-Swallow QHirundo fiucicola') 753 LIST OF PLATES. VOI-TJIVIJSS 3 86 To fac« page The Wigeon (Mareca penelope?) ~ 1 New Shells from the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman and North Arabian Sea, dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend, of the Indo-European Telegraph Service, 1901-3. Plate A. „ n „ „ Plate B. Indian Moths, Plate D ... , 152. The White-eyed Pochard (JNyroca africana ) .. ... ... 193 New Shells from the Persian Gulf,. Gulf of Oman and North Arabian Sea,, dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend of the Indo-European Telegraph Service, J JUJ. - o* XiJALO ly» ••• ••• *• • ••• ■•• ••« ••• #.« 9## 1j 1 o „ „ „ « „ Plate D. 226 New Snakes from Burma « 236. New Mosquitoes from. Ceylon. Plate A 242 ,i ), » » ,j ■** ••• ••• ••• ••• ... ... 246 Male Fleas „ A ■> 3 ( *** ••* •*• •** ••• •*• 2iia New Fishes collected by MjvF. W. Townsend. Plate A ■» » » >» »>. i» ™ f •** •*• » » » »i »> ° 332 356 Ceylon Coccidse, Plate H 1 » » » I ( >» » » J I » » » K ' Melanism in Black Buck ... ••• ... ... ... ... •.. ... 361 Abnormal head of Samber ... ••• ... ••• ... ... ... ... 378 The Shoveller (JSpatula elypeata) 399 Palm Squirrel, Buffon— Histoire Naturelle, 1763 408 Ccelogyne cristata I Hate A ... 4U Ccelogyne oo\raeea ' Dendrobium amcenum 1 «, . t> iie > r late a ... ••• ••• ••• ••» •>. ... tio JEri des mul tiflo ru m ' JEriAes odovatum) -m .„ o ji-io > xiaie \j ... ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• *ic> Phaius albut > Nest of the Himalayan Streaked Laughing- Thrush (Trocha-^ lopterum Mneatum.') t Plate A... 424 Nest of the Himalayan Tree-creeper (fierthia himalayana,') J xxii LIST OF PLATES. T&facv page Nests of the K Short-Billed Minivet " (Perierocoiug bremrostris.) Plate B ... 426 The Nukhta or Comb Duck (jSarcidiomit melanonota) 533 „, m c , I Lachegis qramineus (Poisonous-.) 1 r,, , , __, Two Tree-Snakes. ... < ? v ' > Plate I. ... ... 53b ' Dryophis mycttrizann (harmless.) > Laclmgii gra-mineus (The Common Green Pit-Viper) Diagram 1 538 Dryophis mycterizans. (The Common Green Whip-Snake.) Diagram II. ... ) rA. >» j, „ ,r Diagram III. ... ' Dtndrolium c hi oroj?s, Lin A\. Plate I. 568 The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India, Plate A, 576 Map of the Aden Hinterland 624 Diagrams of Anuphtles arabiensis n. sp. and Dthaii n. sp. Plate A 626 Diagrams of Anopheles tibani n. sp., Plate B C2& Diagrams of Anopheles jehafi n. sp, and Azriki n. sp. Plate C ... .„ ... 630 Diagrams of Culex arabiensis n. sp., Stegomyta sttgens, Wiedemann and Culieib acarid. Plate D 634 Distribution of varieties of Cobras in India Map A si » i) ... ... ... Map B Mangrove of the Bombay Presidency, Plate A 646 i, 5j » Plate B 654 Nest of the " Grey-headed Ouzel " in a bank (Merula eastanea.') | Nest of the same under the end of a fallen tree. Plate C. ...I Eggs of the Jungle Nightjar (Ca primulgus indicus) Plate D 660 Nest of the "Koklas" or Pukras-Pheasant (Pucrasia macrolopha') \ Nest of the Woodcock (Scolopax rusticula') r The Indian Chevrotain or Mouse Deer QTragulus meminna') 739> Key map of the Indian Region snowing the probable distribution of the "Mouse Deer" (Tragulus meminna) „ 739 Albinism in Black Buck and Muntjac UZ \ 642 658 Plate E ... 662- X o- © +-> o o +i CO T3 S & o CD ji p o ft u O CD 0) ™" CD £ Pn cd o CD UJ S3 X g h JOURNAL OF THE B O Is/L B ^Y lateral Sfetorg Jtotetj* (3W Vol. XVI. BOMBAY. No. i. THE BIRDS OF TRAVANCORE. By H. S. Ffrgusson, F.L.S. WITH NOTES ON THEIR NIDIFICATION. By T. F. Bourdillon, F.L.S. Part III. ( Continued from page 673, Vol. XV.) Order COLUMBjE. Family CoLUMBiDiE. Sub-family Treronince. (234) Osmotreron affinis. — The Grey-fronted Green Pigeon, Blanford, No. 1274 ; Jerdon, No. 775. This pigeon is common in forest both in the low country and on the hills at low elevations. In the hot months it ascends them up to 3,000 feet. " I once obtained the nest of the Malabar Green Pigeon at an elevation of 2,400 feet above sea level. I noticed the bird building or I should never have discovered the nest, which was placed in a bushy tree at a height of 40 feet from the ground. It contained only one egg. The nest was a mere platform of loose sticks six inches in diameter. This was in February. The size of the egg, which was, of course, pure white and glossless, was M0 X "85.— T. P. B." (235) Osmotreron bicincta. — The Orange-breasted Green Pigeon. Blanford, No. 1278 ; Jerdon, No. 774. This is by no means so common as the last, but may be met with in the low country in forest not far from the coast. 2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Sub -family ( ■arpopJiagince. (236) Carpopiiaga .enea. — The Given Imperial Pigeon. Blanford, No. 1284 : Jordan, No. 780. This fine pigeon is only found in forest in the low country. I have never met with it away from the coast, nor have I seen it about the hills* (237) Ducula cuprea. — Jerdon's Imperial Pigeon. Blanford, No. 1288 ; Jerdon, 'No. 781 (partim.) Unlike the last, this bird is only found in the hills, where it is common in heavy forest at all elevations. " It has two broods in the year, but only lays one egg at a time. These two breeding seasons are in April and again in November. I have seen a bird building in the latter month, and have had the young bird brought to me in January. The nest is a loose structure of twigs without any lining, and exactly resembling an English Wood Pigeon's. I was so fortunate as to find a nest at an elevation of 4,000 feet above sea level and twenty feet from the ground, placed in a mass of tangled iml (Beesha travancorica). The bird was sitting and returned to look at the nest, so we had a full view of her. Besides this I have had an egg sent me which had been taken at an equally high elevation. The egg is white and rather glossy ; it is small for the size of the bird, being only 1'38 X 1'0—T. F. B." Sub-family Phahince. (238) Chalcophaps indica. — The Bronze-winged Dove. Blanford, No. 1291 ; Jerdon, No. 798. This beautiful dove is common on the hills at all elevations during the dry weather ; at other times they confine themselves to the lower slopes. Mr. Bourdillon writes : — " I found a nest with two eggs in a bush about eight feet from the ground at Shaliakarai : the eggs were pale ?afe-au-lait, and glossy, and measured 1* X *81." Sub-family Columbinae. (239) Columba intermedia. — The Indian Blue Bock-Pigeon. Blanford, No. 1292; Jerdon, No. 788. Common in the low country, frequenting paddy fields. During the dry months they ascend the hills up to 2,500 feet elevation in South Travancore, feeding during the day and returning in the evening to their roosting places in the low country. There is a large colony on a rock that rises out of the sea at Capo Comorin. THE BIRDS OF TRAVANCORE. 3 (240) Alsocomus elphinstonii. — The Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon. Blanford, No. 1299 ; Jerdon, JSTo. 786. This is a common bird at Ihe summits of the hills in South Travancore and at Pirmerd, and also on the High Range. (241) Turtur suratensis. — The Spotted Dove. Blanford, No. 1307; Jerdon, No. 795. Abundant at the foot of the hills throughout the range. During the dry weather it ascends the hills, and I have shot it on the Cardamom hills and the High Range. " It breeds abundantly in the plains and along the foot of the hills. They have two or three broods in the year — between April and September. The nest is very slight and is usually placed from about eight to twelve feet from the ground. — T. F. Br (212) Turtur cambayensis. — The Little Brown Dove. Blanford, No. 1309 ; Jerdon, No. 794. This little dove is by no means common, and is only to be found in the dry region of the extreme south, not far from Cape Comorin. (243) Turtur risorius. — The Indian Ring-Dove. Blanford, No. 1310 ; Jerdon, No. 796. Like the last, this is rare and only to be met with in the same locality. Order GALLING. Sub-order Alectropodess. Family Phasianidce. (244) Pavo cristatus. — The Common Peafowl. Blanford, No. 1324 ; Jerdon, No. 803. This well known bird was at one time common at the foot of the hills in South Travancore, but is no longer. It is also found on the hills about Pirmerd. (245) Gallus sonnerati. — The Grey Jungle-fowl. Blanford, No. 1330 ; Jerdon, No. 813. Found at all elevations from the foot to the summit of the hills. During the cold weather the cocks may be heard crowing, especially in the early morning and towards sunset. They breed in February and March in South Travancore. Mr. F. W. Bourdillon found a nest, a mere depression in the ground, containing three eggs in March. I found one, also in March, containing seven eggs which were placed in a 4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. dead stump of a tree about three feet frcm the ground. Mr. T. F. Bourdillon found a nest at Pirmerd on August 20. (246) Galloperdix spadicea. — The Red Spur-fowl. Blanford, No. 1349 ; Jerdon, No. 814. This spur-fowl is common throughout the low country wherever there is forest. It does not ascend the hills, but frequents the foot of them. Breeds in. April. (247) Excalfactoria chinensis. — The Blue-breasted Quail. Blanford, No. 1354; Jerdon, No. 831. This pretty little quail is said " not to have been observed on the Malabar Coast, south of Bombay." It is, however, to be met with in the grass lands at Pirmerd. Stone coloured eggs, densely spotted with minute spots of brown and black, were brought to Mr. Bourdillon in June at Malayattur in North Travancore. They measured '93 X '75, and are, I believe, the eggs of this bird. (248) Coturnix communis. — The Common or Grey Quail. Blanford, No. 1355 ; Jerdon, No. 829. The Museum contains no specimens of this quail, but I am informed that it is not uncommon' on the grass lands at Pirmerd, where it is known as " the drummer" from the purring sound it makes. (249) Perdicula asiatica. — The Jungle Bush-Quail. Blanford, No. 1357 ; Jerdon, No. 826. Numbers of these birds are brought round alive from the eastern side to Trevandrum for sale; they are not taken in Travancore but in the dry district of Tinnevelly. They may be found, however, about Cape Comorin, but so far as I am aware nowhere else in Travancore. (250) Microperdix erythrorhyncus, — The Painted Bush-Quail. Blanford, No. 1359 ; Jerdon, No. 828. I have only found this quail on the Cardamom hills and the High Range ; at the latter place and at Pirmerd it is the commonest species by far. Mr. T. F. Bourdillon took the eggs at Pirmerd in December. (251) Francolintjs pondicerianus. — The Grey Partridge. Blanford, No. 1375 ; Jerdon, No. 822. This, as I have already pointed out, is one of the birds that are found alike in Northern Ceylon and in South Travancore, being fairly cemmon in and about the neighbourhood of Cape Comorin, but not found else- where. THE BIRDS OF TRAVANCORE. 5 Order HEMIPODII. Family Turnicid^:. (252) Turnix pugnax. — The Bustard Quail. Blanford, No. 1382 ; Jerdon, No. 832. Not uncommon in scrub jungle in the low country. (253) Turnix tanki. — The Indian Button Quail. Blanford, No. 1384 ; Jerdon, No. 834. I have not met with this quail myself and there are no specimens in the Museum, but it appears to have been recorded from Travancore, so 1 include it in my list. Order GRALLjE. Sub-order Fulicarle. Family Rail idee. (254) Hypot^enidia striata.— The Blue-breasted Banded Rail. Blanford, No. 1389 ; Jerdon, No. 913. These birds may be found scattered about in marshy thickets near the coast. From the contents of the stomach, beetles appear to be their chief food. (255) Porzana pusilla. — The Eastern Bailloris Crake. Blanford, No. 1393 ; Jerdon, No. 910. This is apparently a rare bird in Travancore. A single specimen was brought to me alive in December. It had evidently bred here as there was a young one with it. (256) Rallina superciliaris. — The Banded Crake. Blanford, No. 1395 ; Jerdon, No. 912. As recorded by Mr. F. W. Bourdillon a single specimen of this crake was procured by me in 1875 in some paddy fields near the foot of the hills in South Travancore at about 400 feet elevation. I have not met with it since. (257) Amaurornis fuscus. — The Ruddy Crake. Blanford, No. 1398 ; Jerdon, No. 911. This bird has only been recorded from Mysore and the Wynaad in Peninsular India, but it is fairly common in Travancore. The Museum contains six specimens — one purchased from an Anjengo collector without locality, two from an old collection, both labelled Travaneore, and three taken at Kuttyani near Trevandrum in April. 6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. (258) Amaurornis pbcenicurus.— The White -breasted Waterhen. Blanford, No. 1401 ; Jerdon, No. 907. Found throughout the low country round the edges of paddy fields. Breeds in April. (259) Gallinula chloropus. — The Moorhen. Blanford, No. 1402 ; Jerdon, No. 905. The Moorhen is by no means common in Travancore ; the Museum possesses only a single specimen. (260) Gallicrbx cinerea. — The Water-Cock. Blanford, No. 1403 ; Jerdon, No. 904. Not uncommon in and about rice cultivation in the low country. (261). Porphyrio poiiocephalus. — The Purple Moorhen. Blanford, No. 1404 ; Jerdon, No. 902. Common in all the larger lakes wherever there are reeds and rushes. Breeds in July and August. Sub-order Otides. Family Otidhlce. (262) Sypheotis aurita. — The Lesser Florican or Likh. Blanford, No. 1416 ; Jerdon, No. 839. A very occasional visitor to Travancore ; the only record I have of its occurrence is in 1876, when one was shot in some rushes in Trevandrum. Order LIMICOLjE. Family (Edicnemidj^. (263) (Edicnemus scoiopax. — The Stone Curlew. Blanford, No. 1418 ; Jerdon, No. 859. 1 have on more than one occasion seen and shot this bird when snipe shooting at Valey, four miles from Trevandrum, where the soil is sandy and the place is clothed with shrubs and cocoanut trees. They were sometimes in small parties of three or four ; at others, solitary. It breeds here in August. Family Glareolid,e. Sub-family Cursoriince. (264) Cursorius coromandelicus. — The Indian Courser. Blanford, No. 1422 ; Jerdon, No. 840. My collector shot two of these birds eight miles south of Qnilon on some sandy plains in June 1902. Four more were subsequently THE BIRDS OF TRAVANCORE. 7 obtained twelve miles .south of Quilon. Among them was a young bird in quite immature plumage, so that I believe they must breed here. I have not found this bird in any other locality, and do not think it is likely to be seen further north. Sub-family Glareolince. (265) Glareola laciea. — The Small Indian Pratincole or Swallow- Plover. Stanford, No. 1427 ; Jerdon, No. 843. I have only received this bird from North Travancore, where flocks, consisting of a dozen or more individuals, were met with by my collectors at Velyani, near Alwaye, frequenting open flats on either side of the Alwaye river up to Malayaltur. Their food was mostly beetles and mosquitoes. They were found hunting for insects well after sunset. (266) Metopidius indicus. — The Bronze-winged Jacana. Blanford, No. 1428 ; Jerdon, No. 900. This bird may be met with throughout the country in suitable loca- lities, that is, where there are lakes or tanks well covered with weeds and water-lilies. (267) Hydrophasianus CHIRUBGUS.— The Pheasant-tailed Jacana. Blanford, No. 1429 ; Jerdon, No. 901. Flocks of these very handsome Jacanas are common in the tanks in South Travancore, especially about Nagercoil, where they may be seen running over the woed-covered water, keeping, however, well away from Family CHARADRIIM. Sub-family Charadriince. (268) Sarcogrammus indicus. — The Red-wattled Lapwing. Blanford, No. 1431 ; Jerdon, No. 855. Common in the low country all over Travancore, going about in twos and threes or in small flocks, and generally found in the neighbourhood of water. It breeds in March. (269) Sarciophorus malabaricus.— -The Yellow-wattled Lapwing. Blanford, No. 1433 ; Jerdon, No. 856. Common like the last, but frequents open ground away from water. Its plaintive cry may be heard long after dark has set in. 8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. (270) Chettusia gregaria — The Sociable Lapwing. Blanford, No. 1437 ; Jerdon, No. 852. This bird is said to visit North- West India in winter as far south as Ratnagiri. In January 1900, when out snipe-shooting, I shot two of these lapwings out of a flock of five that were feeding in some paddy fields in Trevandrum. I have not met with any since. No doubt, the failure of the rains in 1899 in the North and the consequent famine had driven these stragglers so far south of their usual haunts to a land where famine is unknown and the rains never fail. (271) Charadrius fulvus. — The Eastern Golden Plover. Blanford, No. 1439 ; Jerdon, No. 845. Flocks of these plovers may be met with commonly in North and Central Travancore about Cherayankie, Parur and Vycome in winter frequenting swampy flats and in paddy fields. (272) iEGiALrris geoffroyi. — The Large Sand-Plover. Blanford, No. 1442 ; Jerdon, No. 846. A rare winter visitor to the coast. A single specimen was shot tit Neendakaray, near Quilon. (273) iEGiALiTis mongolica. — The Lesser Sand-Plover. Blanford, No. 1443 ; Jerdon, No. 847. A winter visitor to the coasts, but sometimes found inland. Curiously enough, one specimen was obtained on the High Range at 6,000 feat elevation. It is often seen in company with the Little Ringed Plover. (274) jEgialitis alexandrina. — The Kentish Plover. Blanford, No. 1446 ; Jerdon, No. 848. This plover was found to be fairly numerous at Neendakaray in January. (275) jEgialitis dubia. — The Little Ringed Plover. Blanford, No. 1447 ; Jerdon, No. 849. I do not think this bird is a resident, but it comes very early to the coast. I have seen stragglers at Cape Comorin early in August, and flocks of them may be seen as late as April. They are abundant in the dry rice fields after harvest and about the shores of tanks and beds of streams in the low country. TB\E BIRDS OF TRAVANCORE. 9 Sub-family Hwmatopodinoe. (276) Bjematopus ostralegus. — The Sea-pie or Oystercatcher. Blanford, No. 1450; Jerdon, No. 862. The oystercatcher is- a more or less rare winter visitor to the coast. It is generally found in small flocks of half a dozen or so, feeding on crust- aceans mostly. Sub-family Totan'moe. (277) Numenius arquata. — The Curlew. Blanford, No. 1454 ; Jerdon, No. 877. Like the last only found in the coast in winter, but n pt in any great numbers. (278) Numenius phzeopus. — The Whimbrel. Blanford, No. 1455 ; Jerdon, No. 878. May be found in suitable places along the coast in fair numbers from October to April. I have usually found it solitary. (279) Totanus hypoleucus. — The Common Sandpiper. Blanford, No. 1460 ; Jerdon, No. 893. One of the most widely spread of birds. It is common in the paddy fields everywhere from September to May, usually in pairs or in small parties of four or five ; on the margins of tanks or on the seashore its clear piping note may be heard. (280) Totanus glareola. — The Wood Sandpiper. Blanford, No. 1461 ; Jerdon, No. 891. This is by far the commonest of the sandpipers, and may be found in abundance in the wet paddy fields from August to May either solitary or in flocks. (281) Totanus ochropus. — The Green Sandpiper. Blanford, No. 1462 ; Jerdon, No. 892. Not nearly so common as the last. It may generally be found in the winter months solitary about the borders of tanks or the beds of rivers. On one occasion I shot one in a swamp on the High Range at an elevation of 6,000 feet in January. (282) Totanus stagnatilis. — The Marsh Sandpiper or Little Greenshank. Blanford, No. 1463 ; Jerdon, No. 895. My collectors met with flocks of these birds on the seashore at Manaho- dam Bar and at North Parur. They were in company with T. glottis. 2 10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. (283) Totanus calidris. — The Redshank. Blanford, No. 1464 ; Jerdon, No. 897. A single specimen was shot by my collectors at Neendakaray in January 1903. (284) Totanus glottis. — The Greenshank. Blanford, No. 1466 ; Jerdon, No. 894. Like the others a winter visitor. I have not met with it in the South, but my collectors saw flocks of them on the sides of the rivers and in marshes in North Travancore, and obtained specimens at Yet- tamanne, Shertally, and Vycome. (285) Tringa minuta — The Little Stint. Blanford, No. 1471 ; Jerdon, No. 884. A fairly common visitor to the coast of North Travancore in winter, but not found inland. It often associates with Tringa subarquata. It forms larger flocks, as a rule, than the other stints. (286) Tringa subarquata. — The Curlew Stint or Pigmy Curlew. Blanford, No. 1477 ; Jerdon, No. 882. This fine stint is found from October to April on the coast of North Travancore, especially about Manakodam Bar. When it associates with Tringa minuta, only a few individuals are found, but it forms flocks of from eight to twelve when alone. (287) Tringa platyrhyncha. — The Broad-billed Stint. Blanford, No. 1479 ; Jerdon, No. 886. A single specimen of this stint was shot by my collectors at Mana- kodam Bar in January 1903. Sub-family Scolopacinoe. (288) Scolopax rusticula. — The Woodcock. Blanford, No. 1482 ; Jerdon, No. 867. Occasional specimens of this bird may be met with in grass land bordered by forest in South Travancore at elevations of about 4,000 feet in the winter. On the High Range in similar localities before the forest was cut down for coffee and tea cultivation, it used to be fairly common at this period. (289) Gallinago nemoricola. — The Wood-snipe. Blanford, No. 1483 ; Jerdon, No. 868. A solitary bird, of which the Museum possesses only one specimen shot od the High Range. THE BIRDS OF TRAVANCORE. 11 (290) Gallinago ccelestis. — The Common Snipe, Full or Fantail Snipe. Blanford, No. 1484 ; Jerdon, No. 871. About one-quarter or sometimes a third of the whole bag in a day's snipe shooting here will be found to consist of these birds. Further North I am told that they form even a higher proportion. They arrive later than the pintail, and leave earlier. (291) Gallinago stenura. — The Pintail Snipe. Blanford, No. 1485 ; Jerdon, No. 870. A few stragglers arrive early in September, and again a few belated indi- viduals may be found at the end of April. Between these dates varying numbers may be met with. They are fond of harbouring in the low scrub jungle surrounding the rice fields both before and after the crops are cut. (292) Gallinago gallinula. — The Jack Snipe. Blanford, No. 1487 ; Jerdon, No. 872. A few specimens of this little snipe used generally to be found solitary from year to year in certain damp rushy ground in Trevandrum ; since this has been taken into cultivation, I have not met with any more. (293) Rostratula capensis. — The Painted Snipe. Blanford, No. 1488. This beautiful bird is fairly common throughout the low country wherever there are rushy marshes. When shooting, I have also often flushed it from paddy fields. It breeds here, and I have had eggs brought to me in December and young birds in February. Order GAV1M. Family Larid^e. Sub-family Larince. (294) Larus icthyaetus.— The Great Black-headed Gull. Blanford, No. 1489 ; Jerdon, No. 979. In January 1903 the Museum collectors shot five specimens of this fine gull at Kayankolam Bar. They do not appear to reach the coast much earlier than this, as in December of the same year there were no birds to be seen at this place. (295) Larus ridibundus. — The Laughing Gull. Blanford, No. 1490 ; Jerdon, No. 981. This bird was found to be fairly common at the same locality as the last at the same period. 12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. (296) Larus brunneicephalus. — The Brown-headed Gull. Blanford, No. 1491 ; Jerdon, No. 980. In December 1901 I found numbers of these gulls surrounding some fishermen who were drawing their nets in a shallow lake close to the sea near Cape Comorin. They moved quite fearlessly around them, but when I sent a man to wade in, they would not let him approach ; but I secured one subsequently on the sandy banks. (297) Larus affinis. — The Dark-backed Herring Gull. Blanford, No. 1494 ; Jerdon, No. 978. A single specimen was obtained by the Museum collectors at Kayan- kolam in January 1903. Sub-family Sterninm. (298) Hydrochelidon hybrida.— The Whiskered Tern. Blanford, No, 1496 ; Jerdon, No. 984. This marsh tern is abundant in North Travancore, frequenting the coast, the backwaters and paddy fields in the winter months. (299) Hydroprogne caspia. — The Caspian Tern. Blanford, No. 1498 ; Jerdon, No. 982. This fine tern was found in fair numbers at Kayankolam Bar in January 1903. It is not so gregarious as the last, being generally seen in pairs. (300) Sterna anglioa. — Gull-billed Tern. Blanford, No. 1499 ; Jerdon, No. 983. Fairly common in winter about the back waters of North Travancore and also frequenting the coast at Manakolam Bar. (301) Sterna media. — The Smaller Crested Tern. Blandford, No. 1501 ; Jerdon, No. 990. This is the commonest and most abundant of the terns, and may be found frequenting the back waters and coast from Quilon northwards. It is fond of sitting on the wooden posts that mark the channel through the lakes. (302) Sterna bergii. — The Large Crested Tern. Blandford, No. 1502 ; Jerdon, No. 989. Numbers of this fine tern were found at Kayankolam Bar and further North in January and December 1903, THE BIRDS OF TRAVANCORE. 13 (303) Sterna fluviatilis. — The Common Tern. Blandford, No. 1506 ; Jerdon, No. 986. An occasional winter visitor to the coast of South Tra van core. I have noil met with it at all in the North. The few specimens taken have been immature. (304) Sterna saundersi. — The Black-shafted Ternlet. Blandford, No. 1511 ; Jerdon, No. 988. A single specimen was shot in North Travancore on the coast in January 1903. Order STEGANOPODES. Family Pelecani^. (305) Pelecanus philippensis. — The Spotted-hilled Pelican. Blandford, No. 1523 ; Jerdon, No. 1004. I have not secured a specimen of this bird, but it occurs in South Travancore, and I once saw three flying over the parade ground in Trevandrum. Family FREGATIM. (306) Fregata ariel. — The Small Frigate-bird. Blandford, No. 1525. A young bird of this species was taken at Perumathoray about ton miles from Trevandrum, ami was brought to me alive. Family PHALACROCORACID^. Sub-family Phalaerocoracince. (307) Phalacrocorax javanicus. — The Little Cormorant. Blandford, No. 1528 ; Jerdon, No. 1007. The Museum does not contain any specimen?, of this bird, but I have seen it in the tanks and lakes in and about Nagercoil in South Tra- vancore. Sub-family PlotlnOc. (308) Plottts melanogaster. — The Indian Darter or Snake-bird. Blanford, No. 1529 ; Jerdon, No. 1008. This bird is common on all the larger fresh water lakes throughout Travancore. It is abundant on the lake formed by the Pergar dam at 3,000 feet elevation on the hills, and equally common on the Sasthancotta lake in the low country. It breeds here in September as in North India and not in February as in Madras and Ceylon. " I once found a colony of these birds nesting above the Athirapuzha fall in the Kodasheri 14 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. river in September. They had taken possession of an island in midstream, where they had built their untidy nests on small trees about 20 feet high, and there were fresh and hard-set eggs in them in all stages of incubation, while half-fledged birds scrambled about the branches or flopped into the water at our approach. The nests were about one foot in diameter and roughly built of twigs. The eggs are white and covered with a chalky coat and measure 2 inches by 1£. Some of the eggs are rather larger at one end than the other, while others are truly fusiform with pointed ends. — T. F. B." Order TUBINARES. Family Procellariid^e. (309) Puffinus persicus. — The Persian Shearwater. Blanford, No. 1539. A single specimen was taken at Valey, four miles from Trevandrum, and was brought to me alive. Order HERODIONES. Sub-order Platale^e. Family Ibidce. (310) Ibis melanocephala. — The White Ibis. Blanford, No. 1541 ; Jerdon, No. 941. I am doubtful whether this bird is a resident here. I have only seen it in the cold weather at Sastancotta. They feed by day in the paddy fields, and are difficult to approach ; but they generally roost in trees on the banks of the lake, and specimens can be obtained by waiting for them in the evening. Sub-order Ciconi^e. Family Ciconiidce. (211) Dissura episcopus. — The White-necked Stork. Blanford, No. 1548 ; Jerdon, No. 920. The Museum only contains one skin of this bird, obtained on the banks of the river at Palode. Another specimen was brought in alive taken on the banks of one of the tanks about Nagercoil. (312) Leptoptilus javanicus. — The Smaller Adjutant. Blanford, No. 1551 ; Jerdon, No. 916. This bird is by no means common, but may be found about the tanks in South Travancore. Live specimens have been brought in to the gardens from time to time. One of these lived for several years in THE BIRDS OF TRAVANCORE. 15 captivity. It was very pugnacious, and with one blow of its beak split open the head of another bird newly introduced into its run as a com- panion. On one occasion a jackal found its way into the run, and in the morning was found dead with its skull pierced by the beak of the bird. (313) Anastomus oscitans. — The Open-bill. Blanford, No. 1553 ; Jerdon, No. 940. This stork is very common, and large flocks may be met with on the marshy borders of all the larger tanks and fresh water lakes. I have seen numbers of them perching at sunset on the same trees with flocks of Plotus melanogaster. I have not taken the eggs, but I conclude that the breeding season must be in June, as all those I saw in January were in the grey plumage. Natives say that they will feed on dead bodies, but I have not seen this myself. Sub-order Ardb^e. Family Ardeidce. (314) Ardea manillensis. — The Eastern Purple Heron. Blanford, No. 1554 ; Jerdon, No. 924. Mr. F. W. Bourdillon records this heron as "abundant at the Vel- larney Lake, " seven miles from Trevandrum. This used to be a favourite resort for all kinds of water birds, but since the reeds, with which it was more or less covered have been removed, only a few whistling teal and some snake birds persist. No herons are to be seen there now. I have seen and shot the Purple Heron at Sastamcotta. It is a solitary bird and very shy, never to be seen in the open except on the wing, but always in sheltered bays where there are reeds or thickets of pandamus. It breeds in July and August. (315) Ardea cinerea. — The Common Heron. Blanford, No. 1555 ; Jerdon, No. 923. The common heron frequents the backwaters along the coast throughout Travancore, but is not found in the interior. One has lived in captivity in the public gardens over seventeen years. (316) Herodias alba. — The Large Egret. Blanford, No. 1559 ; Jerdon, No. 925. The large egret is by no means common in Travancore, and it is only lately that the Museum has secured a specimen. It is a wary bird and impossible to approach when feeding in the paddy fields at most times solitary. At Sastamcotta they roost in company on the trees 16 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. round the lake, and can be secured by waiting for them after sunset. They appear to be the last to seek repose, as they come in long after the ibises and snake birds have gone to rest. (317) Herodias intermedia.— The Smaller Egret. Blanford, No. 1560 ; Jerdon, No. 926. This bird is fairly common about the edges of the backwaters mid lakes from Quilon northwards. It is not nearly so abundant in the South. Unlike the large egret, it is usually to be seen in companies of at least three or four and often more. It is not easy to get at, as it is decidedly shy. (318) Herodias garzetta. — The Little Egret. Blanford; No. 1561 ; Jerdon, JSro. 927. The little egret is not uncommon about the back waters along tho coast, going about solitary or in pairs. (319) Bubulcus coromandus. — The Cattle Egret. Blanford, No. 1562 ; Jerdon, No. 929. This is by far the commonest of the white egrets, and may be found in numbers in all paddy fields throughout Travancore along the backwaters and in cultivated land. It assumes the breeding plumage about April. (320) Lepterodius asha. — The Indian Keef-Heron. Blanford, No. 1563 ; Jerdon, No. 928. A single specimen was obtained by the Museum collectors at Ayren- tenga, on the coast near Kayankolum. It was perched on a cocoanut palm. (321) Ardeola grayi. — The Pond Heron. Blanford, No. 1565 ; Jerdon, No. 930. One of the commonest and most familiar of birds throughout the whole country. (322) Butorides javanica. — The Little Green Heron. Blanford, No. 1567 ; Jerdon, No. 931. Mr. F. W. Bourdillon says that this " is a winter visitor. It, is very silent and solitary. During the months of November to March it is to be found among the rocks of the larger streams up to about 2,000 feet elavation, and always in dense jungle." It is common in the low country from November to April, but I have not met with it at any other time of the year. This seems to agree with the habit of the bird as recorded by Colonel Legge in Ceylon, who says of it : " Throughout the THE BIRDS OF TRAVANCORE. 17 year it is to be met with near Kotte and similar places on the west coast ; but, as a rule, it is not often seen after April in that part of the island." (323) Nycticorax griseus. — The Night Heron. Blanford, No. 1568 ; Jerdon, No. 937. I have not come across this bird myself, but the Museum possesses two skins, and the collectors found it fairly common at Perambiilum, in North Travancore, and at other places round the Vembenad lake. The inhabitants, however, refused to allow them to shoot any specimens. (324) Gorsachius melanolophds. — The Malay Bittern. Blanford, No. 1569. Mr. F. W. Bourdillon obtained a specimen of this fine bittern on the hills at about 2,500 feet elevation in 1878. Since then I have received two specimens taken alive. One of these is now living in the Public Gardens. No doubt, they were captured on the shore shortly after their arrival on the coast, for these birds are jungle haunters. (325) Ardetta sinensis. — The Yellow Bittern. Blanford, No. 1571 ; Jerdon, No. 934. 1 have not shot this bird myself, but the Museum collectors brought back several specimens from North Travancore, where it was found solitary on the banks of the back waters about Cottayam and Vycome. (326) Ardetta cinnamomea. — The Chestnut Bittern. Blanford, No. 1572 ; Jerdon, No. 933. This little bittern is common throughout Travancore on all the lakes and backwaters. It is fond of taking up its stand in the canals cut through the ground laid out for the cultivation of young cocoanut palms. (327) Dupetor plavicollis. — The Black Bittern. Blanford, No. 1573 ; Jerdon, No. 932. The black bittern is not uncommon along the backwaters. It parti- cularly frequents the canals whose banks are densely clothed with trees and bushes, especially where there is a thick growth of screw pines. I have never seen it away from such localities. It remains under cover during the day, but may be flushed by the too near approach of a passing boat. At dusk it comes out to search for food. 3 18 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVl. Order ANSERES. Family Anatid^:. Sub-family Anatince. (328) Dbndrocycna javanica. — The Whistling Teal. Blanford, No. 1589; Jerdon, No. 952. The whistling teal is common on all weedy tanks and lakes through- out Travancore. On one such piece of fresh water, near Sastamcotta, I saw hundreds in April 1902 ; but in December 1903, in the same place, not a single one was to be found. It is, perhaps, commoner in the North than the South. (329) Nettopus coromandelianus. — The Cotton Teal. Blanford, No. 1591 ; Jerdon, No. 951. This pretty little teal is, I think, only a winter visitor, and is never abundant at any time. (330) Nettium crecca. — The Common Teal. Blanford, No. 1597 ; Jerdon, No. 964. A single specimen of this bird was shot in South Travancore. (331) Querquedula CIRCIA. — The Garganey or Blue-winged Teal . Blanford, No. 1601 ; Jerdon, No. 965. Large flocks may be met with on the backwaters in North Travancore in winter. (332) Podicipes albipennis. — The Indian Little Grebe or Dabchiek . A permanent resident and not uncommon; breeds in August. Blanford, No. 1617. 19 NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN HYMENOPTERA. By Major C. G. Nurse, 113th Infantry, Indian Army. {Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th August 1904.) In addition to species now described for the first time, I have, as usual, given the names of several others obtained by me which are new to India, so as to render the list of those that are known to have occurred within Indian limits as complete as possible. I sent a number of Chrysididce to M. du Buysson, and he informs me that the following three species described by me as new, belong to species already described. As his knowledge of this family is probably unrivalled, and he has opportunities for comparing specimens with types and others which are denied to a field entomologist like myself, I defer to his opinion, and suppress my species — Notozus kashmirensis (Nurse) = N. violascens (Mocs.). Ellampus timidus {Nurse) — E. hypocktta (Buyss.). Chrysis thalia (Nurse) = C. acceptabilis (Rad.). As regards the genus Notozus, I cannot agree with Col. Bingham in uniting it with Ellampus. The two genera seem to me to be distinct, though allied. M. du Buysson keeps them distinct, as does Dr. W. H. Ashmead in his classification in the Canadian Entomologist, and Col. Bingham has shown no reason for uniting them. HOLOPYGA GLORIOSA (Fabr.) VAR VIRIDIS (GW.). Five specimens from Quetta. Hedychridium amatum, n. sp. 9 Front sharply angled below vertex, and with very thick, snow white pubescence, hiding the sculpturing; head, pronotum and abdomen closely, remainder of thorax more coarsely punctured ; head as wide as pronotum, abdomen about the length of thorax, and with a median longitudinal carina on second segment. Shining green, with a cupreous effulgence on second abdominal segment ; antennae and tarsi rufo-testaceous ; wings clear hyaline, tegulse deep blue. The whole insect is covered with a short, sparse, greyish pubescence, and the last few joints of the antennas with a thin, silvery pile, the latter only visible with a microscope. Long. 4-5 mm. Habitat : Deesa. Nearest to H. minutum, but may be distinguished by the cupreous effulgence being confined to the second abdominal segment, and by the carina on the same segment, 20 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI, Hedychridium rotundum, n. sp. 9 Head and thorax closely and coarsely, abdomen closely and very finely punctured, the third segment somewhat less finely than the second; front above the base of antennae somewhat convex, head slightly wider than pronotum, abdomen much wider than thorax, very rounded pos- teriorly, shorter than the thorax and median segment united. Head and thorax blue-green, dark-blue on the front and at the different divisions of the thorax ; abdomen shining metallic green, without any cupreous effulgence ; antennae and tarsi rufo-testaceous ; wings hyaline, tegulae reddish brown ; a very little sparse greyish pubescence on the cheeks and abdomen. Long. 5 mm. Habitat : Deesa. Nearest to H. amatum above, but may be at once distinguished from it by the very finely punctured abdomen. Hedychrum lama (Buyss.). This species is not uncommon at Quetta. Hedychrum monoghroum (Buyss.). One specimen from Quetta. Chrysis pulohella (Spin.). One specimen from Quetta. Chrysis sara, n. sp. $ Slenderly built ; facial cavity quadrate, pubescent, margined by a slight carina ; head and thorax closely but not deeply punctured, the punctures largest in the centre above ; abdomen more finely punctured than head and thorax, apical portion of third segment with a pellucid or chitinous margin, which is bi-emarginate or tridentate, all the teeth blunt, the middle one projecting furthest. Dark-blue, with greenish reflections ; antennae, except the first two joints, rufo-piceous; all the tarsi pale rufo- testaceous; pubescence short, greyish, sparse ; wings hyaline, the ner- vures pale. Long. 3-5 mm. Habitat : — Quetta ; a single specimen. This species, having a pellucid margin to the third abdominal segment, would belong to Klug's genus Spintharis, but I follow du Buysson in considering that this difference is not of sufficient importance to warrant the separation of Spintharis from Chrysis. NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN HYMENOPTER'A. 21 Chrysis deposita, n. sp. 9 Facial hollow not very concave, terminated above by a slight carina ; head and thorax finely and somewhat closely punctured, abdomen, especially the second and third segments, more finely and closely punctured than the head and thorax ; pronotum transverse anteri- orly, with a slight median impression, its sides very slightly concave ; second abdominal segment with a trace of a median longitudinal carina, third segment with its apical margin bluntly rounded, without teeth, and with an anteapical series of eight or ten distinct, rather large, fovese. Bright green ; the central quadrate portion of the mesonotum and the lateral angles of the median segment dark-blue ; second and third abdominal segments with coppery effulgence ; antennte and tarsi piceous ; wings hyaline, nervures rufo-piceous to piceous. Long. 7 mm. Habitat : Quetta ; a single specimen. Nearest to C. pelopcecida from Jerusalem. Chrysis chlorochrisa (Mocs.). In the Entomologist, Vol. XXXVI, p. 40, I described under the name of C. hogget what appeared to me to be a new species of Chrysis. I sent specimens to Lt.-Col. Bingham and M. du Buysson. The former, in Vol. II, Hymenoptera, of the Fauna of India series, united C. hoggei with C. perfecta (Cam.) from Barrackpore. M. du Buysson identified the 9 as C. subccerulea (Rad.) and the $ as C. chlorochrisa (Mocs.). In his volume on the Chrysididse of " Species des Hymenopteres d' Europe," p. 500, M. du Buysson observes that the $ described by Radoszkowsky, as C. subccerulea is C. chlorochrisa (Mocs.). Accepting this identification of the $, and taking into consideration that both Radoszkowsky and I united these as the same species quite independently, it appears to me that the name of chlorochrisa should stand for both sexes, and that both C. subccerulea (Rad.) and C. hoggei (Nurse) must be sunk as synonyms. Whether C. perfecta (Cam.; is another species or only a variety I cannot express an opinion, not having seen a specimen. I may mention that I have about a dozen specimens of each sex, all obtained at Quetta, and I have no doubt whatever that they are one species. I should not venture to differ from such a high authority as M. du Buysson without having considerable material at my disposal. •22 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Chrysis dentipes (Bad.). Two specimens from Quetta. Chrysis psittacina (Buyss.) A single specimen from Quetta. Chrysis urana, n. sp. 9 Head and pronotum somewhat irregularly but closely, remainder of thorax more coarsely punctured, abdomen closely and finely punc- tured ; head somewhat wider than pronotum, the latter with its anterior margin strongly rounded, and with a median longitudinal depression ; first abdominal segment with three deep impressions at base, second segment with a trace of a longitudinal carina, third segment with an anteapical series of fovea which are large and conspicuous in the middle, obscure laterally ; the segment quadridentate, the teeth long and acute, about equidistant, the central pair projecting much beyond the lateral ones. Dark-blue, with greenish reflections, antenna and tarsi piceous ; wings hyaline, nervures rufo-testaceous to piceous. Long, 6-5 mm. Habitat : Quetta ; two specimens. Nearest to C. grohmanni (Dahlb.). Chrysis reparata, n. sp. $ Head as wide as pronotum, transverse, viewed from the front slightly longer than broad ; the space between the base of the mandibles and the lower margin of the eyes very large, the base of the antenna being distinctly below the level of the lower margin of the eyes ; clypeus raised in the centre, its anterior margin slightly emarginate ; antenna filiform, the second joint of the flagellum the longest, nearly twice the length of the next joint ; clypeus and front finely and shallowly punc- tured, the size of the punctures increasing towards the vertex, where they become close, deeper and almost granular ; thorax coarsely punc- tured, the punctures being finer at the base of the mesonotum than else- where on the thorax ; abdomen longer than head and thorax united, very broad, closely punctured, the punctures being smaller than those on the thorax, those on the first abdominal segment only slightly so ; second and third segments with a very distinct longitudinal carina ; five teeth on the third segment as follows ; the middle tooth short, obtuse, the two outer pairs acute but not very long ; the anteapical series of fovea distinct. Dark-blue, the clypeus and front in some specimens light green ; second NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN BYMENOPTERA. 23 abdominal segmont with a lateral spot light green ; scape, first two joints of flagellum, and legs, except the tarsi, bluish green ; remainder of flagellum, and the tarsi piceous ; the anterior portion of the mesono- tum black; facial hollow with rather long, thick, silvery pubescence, antennse and all the tarsi with thick short pile ; fore wing with the base hyaline, the apical half very slightly infuscated, hindwing hyaline ; nervures piceous, tegulse purple. Long. 11 mm. Habitat : Quetta ; three specimens. EUCHRCEUS PURPURATUS LFabl\). Fairly common at Peshin and Quetta ; the wings of those that I obtained are hyaline, not infuscated as is usual in this species. EucHRozoiDES, n. gen. Differs from Euchrceus in having the mesopleurae produced into a conspicuous tubercle, the sides of which are carinate ; the radial cell is broader and more open at apex than in Euchrceus, and the teeth on the apical abdominal segment are longer and more regular than in that genus ; there is, moreover, scarcely a trace of pubescence in either sex. This genus is closely allied to Euchrceus, but the very conspicuous tubercle on the mesopleurae is, I consider, sufficient to separate them. In the shape of the radial cell it approaches Spinolia, and its position would seem to be between these two genera. EUCHRCEOIDES OBLATUS, n. sp. 9 Facial hollow closely and finely punctured, vertex very closely, but more coarsely punctured, granular; thorax more coarsely punctured than vertex, especially on scutellum and postscutellum ; first and second abdominal segments, especially on the disc above, more sparsely and shallowly, third segment closely and finely punctured ; head slightly broader than pronotum, no transverse carina above the facial hollow, but a slight longitudinal carina in front of anterior ocellus ; third joint of antennae slightly longer than the fourth ; pronotum with the sides slightly converging anteriorly, and with a median impression at base; mesopleurae with a very large tubercle, the sides of which are carinate ; abdomen about as long as head and thorax united, third segment longer and less bluntly pointed than in the genus Ewhrcvus, almost semicircular, with fourteen teeth, the latter very regular ; a subapical row of about eighteen small foveae. Metallic 24 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. coppery green, the elypeus and abdomen more distinctly coppery golden ; antennae very dark red, the first two joints metallic purple ; anterior femora metallic green, anterior tibiae and intermediate and posterior femora and tibiae metallic purple ; anterior tarsi dark testaceous, inter- mediate and posterior tarsi piceous ; ventral abdominal segments metallic purple ; almost entirely devoid of pubescence or pile ; wings hyaline, nervures blackish, tegulae of the same colour as thorax. $ Similar, the abdomen proportionately broader, the third segment shorter and more obtuse at apex, the teeth longer but not quite so regular ; a slight carina above facial hollow, and the portions of the front on each side of the carina which runs towards the anterior ocellus flattened and depressed, the punctures on this portion running into longitudinal striae ; the elypeus and the whole of the front below the anterior ocellus deep-blue, changing into purple in some lights ; second joint of antennae metallic green. Long, 8 mm. Habitat : Quetta ; a single specimen of each sex. Parnopes vakillbsi (Bwjss.). One specimen from Quetta. Mutilla vesta, n. sp. {Dudgeon MS.) Eyes wide apart, small and round ; head and thorax coarsely punctured, abdomen longitudinally striate ; head slightly wider than thorax, rounded and without a carina ; thorax sub-hexagonal, being extended laterally into a sharp tubercle, dorsally convex ; abdomen with the first segment constricted, and with a sharp ventral carina. Head, antennae, legs, and abdomen black ; thorax brick red ; head and thorax sparsely clothed with coarse black hairs, abdomen with black pubescence, a broad band of golden pubescence on the apical margin of the first, and a narrower one on the apical margin of the second segment ; son e golden pubescence on the sides of the third and fourth segments ; tibiae and tarsi with silvery pubescence. Long. 29 mm. Habitat : Baijnath, Kangra Valley, 3,000 feet. Position in Bingham's key — A. f. a. Much larger than any of the others in this group, and differs in having the first abdominal segment constricted, with a broad gold band on its apical margin, and also in the eyes being small and wide apart. NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN BYMENOPTERA. 25 ASTATA LUCINDA, n. sp. Front and mesonotum minutely and shallowly punctured, scutel- lum and postscutellum almost impunctate, median segment minutely rugose, abdomen smooth and sinning ; clypeus very concave at base, its anterior margin emarginate ; antennae long, filiform, the second joint of flagellum longer than the third ; front above the base of antenna raised, with a median notch ; an impressed longitudinal line on scutellum ; abdomen small, shorter and narrower than the thorax, pygidium smooth. Black ; a large irregular spot on the front below the ocelli, a spot below the bases of the wings, and two oval spots on each of the first two abdominal segments, yellow, the spots on first segment frequently coa- lescing ; tibiae and tarsi of anterior legs red ; pubescence white, very fine and silky, but somewhat sparse ; wings clear hyaline and iridescent, a fuscescent patch on the radial and second and third cubital cells ; radial cell short, broadly truncate at apex ; second cubital cell almost triangular > third cubital cell about half as wide above as below ; tegulae yellow ; nervures of forewing for the most part brownish testaceous, except for a short distance from the tegulae, where they are very pale yellowish ; those of hind wing very pale. Long. 6-8 mm. Habitat : Quetta ; six specimens. Nearest to A. quadri punctata (Rad.); but may beat once distinguished by the antennae being entirely black. Ammophila bolanica (Nurse). When I described this species in Journal Bombay Natural History Society, Volume XV, p. 8, I had not obtained a male. I subsequently caught both sexes in coitu, and found that the $ differs to a consider- able extent from the 9 , so I give its full description. $ Head and thorax apparently finely punctured, but with the sculpturing almost hidden by the pubescence ; median segment very minutely striate, the striae at base being outwardly divergent, becoming almost transverse towards the apex of the segment ; abdomen impunct- ate, pruinose ; clypeus very long, its anterior margin produced and slightly emarginate or notched ; scutellum slightly notched : median segment rather long, gradually sloping and narrowed towards apex; petiole slightly longer than the next abdominal segment. Black; clypeus and front with rather long silvery pile, intermixed with long i 26 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY , Vol. XVI. black hairs ; thorax with blackish pubescence; abdomen with segments 2 — 4 above covered with short but conspicuous silvery pile ; wings hyaline, with the apical margin of forewing infuscated as far as the neuration. Long. 12-15 mm. ElJMENES MONTANA, 11. sp. $ Clypeus smooth, front punctured, the punctures increasing in size towards the vertex, where they are close and deep ; thorax, median segment, and petiole closely but shallowly punctured, almost granular ; remaining abdominal segments impunctate ; clypeus produced, its apex transverse ; mesonotum with two impressed parallel longitudinal lines on it's apical half ; scutellum with a slight median longitudinal carina at base ; median segment almost vertical, with a broad groove ; petiole shorter than thorax, narrow at base, widening towards the centre, where it is three times as wide as at base ; second abdominal segment as long as or longer than the petiole. Red ; the clypeus and the portion of front immediately above it yellowish ; apical four joints of antennse, vertex, and some marks on mesonotum blackish ; second abdominal segment narrowly black at base, then red, then with a broad black band, it's apex narrowly yellow ; the visible part of the remaining abdominal segments yellow ; ventral abdominal segments similarly coloured, except that the second segment has no yellow band at apex : almost entirely without pubescence ; wings flavo-hyaline, with infuscated patches at apex of* forewing, nervures rufo-testaceous, darker towards apex, tegulce red. Long, (to end of second abdominal segment). 17 mm. Habitat : Quetta ; two specimens. This species is in colour very similar to E. petiolata (Fabr.), but the petiole in that species is about twice as long as in the present and is differently shaped. The present species is nearest to E. arbmtorvm (Penzer) as regards the shape of petiole, but differs in colouring. Halictus orpheus, nom. nov. In Vol. LXX, Part II, of the Journal of the Asiatic Society, p. 148, 1 described a species of Halictus under the name of H. te&taceus. I find that this name had already been given to a North American species, and I, therefore, propose to rename my species H. orpheus. In a genus like Halictus, which occurs almost all over the world, it is very difficult to be certain that a name has not been used before. 27 SEXUAL COLOUR-DIMORPHISM IN BIRDS. By D. DEWAR, i.c.s. {Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th August 1904.) Probably more than half the species of birds display sexually dimor- phic plumage. This colour dimorphism varies from an almost imper- ceptible difference, as in many woodpeckers and some parakeets, to a divergence so great that the male and female were originally supposed to belong to different species. As an extreme case of sexual dimor- phism, the Indian paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi) may be cited. We are still almost completely in the dark as regards the causes of this sexual differentiation, and we are likely to remain so until more light has been shed on the causes which determine the origin of variations. It is needless to say that Darwin attributed such dimorphism to sexual selection. His theory is that in the great majority of species, there is competition among the males for females, and that the latter are therefore able to, and actually do, exercise a selection. They are able to pick and choose their mates, and they select the most brilliant of their suitors. Thus have arisen the beautiful plumage and all the accessory plumes of cock birds. These decorations have in many cases not been transmitted to females, because natural selection tends to obliterate all conspicuous colours, and in the case of females there is no opposing force, in th shape of sexual selection, at work. It is, however, mere waste of time to enunciate Darvin's theory of sexual colouration, since my listeners are, one and all, doubtless better acquainted than I am with the writings of the most illustrious of naturalists. Wallace declines to accept Darwin's theory, and it seems to me that we have no option but to do likewise. There is insufficient evidence (1) of feminine selection, and (2) that females select the most beautiful males. In those cases in which females have been known to choose their mates, their selection has been very capricious. Darwin, with characteristic fairness, quotes much evidence which goes to show that the female, when she does select, chooses, not the most beautiful, but " the most vigorous, defiant and mettlesome male," 28 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Darwin quotes Mr. Tegetmeier as saying " that a gamecock, though disfigured by being dubbed, and with his hackles trimmed, would be accepted as readily as a male retaining all his natural ornaments." There is some direct and, it seems to me, very conclusive, evidence which tends to disprove the Darwinian theory of sexual selection. Take the case of the paradise flycatcher. It will be remembered that the male of this species does not attain his full plumage until after the moult of the fourth autumn. Nevertheless the male certainly finds a mate in his second and third years. In the face of this foot, it seems impossible to ascribe his subsequent white plumage to selection by the female. Considering the great significance of the changes in the plumage of the male paradise flycatcher, it is surprising that the bird has not attracted a greater amount of attention. The life-history of the male birds of paradise appears to exhibit a similar phenomenon. The life-history of these birds was not known when Darwin set forth his theory of sexual colouration. It was, however, a matter of common knowledge that the immature plumaged males of some species did breed. On this subject Darwin writes : " The fact of birds breeding in their immature plumage seems opposed to the belief that sexual selection has played as important a part, as I believe it has, in giving ornamental colours, plumes, &c, to the males, and by means of equal transmission, to the females of many species. The objection would be a valid one, if the younger and less ornamental males were as successful in winning females and propagating their kind, as the older and more beautiful males. But we have no reason to suppose that this is the case." Now, I submit that considering the comparative paucity of the white plumaged paradise flycatcher males, there is every reason to believe that in this species the young males are very successful in finding mates. Wallace's theory is that the brilliant plumage and all the accessory ornamentation of male birds are the expression of surplus energy ; that in most instances these characters have not been transmitted to the female, because it is important that she should be inconspicuous when sitting on the nest. The origin of the ornamental appendages of birds, writes Wallace, is to be found " in a surplus of vital energy, leading to abnormal growths in those parts of the integument where muscular and nervous energy are greatest. The continuous development of these SEXUAL COLOUR-DIMORPHISM IN BIRDS. 29 appendages will result from the ordinary action of natural selection in preserving the most healthy and vigorous individuals, and the still fur- ther selective agency of the sexual struggle in giving to the very strong- est and most energetic the parentage of the next generation In many groups in which this superabundant energy is at a maximum, the development of dermal appendages and brilliant colours has gone on increasing till it has resulted in a great diversity between the sexes, and in most of these cases there is evidence to show that natural selection has caused the female to retain the primitive and more sober colours of the group for the purposes of protection." Wallace is able to adduce much evidence in favour of this theory, and his writings on the subject doubtless form a most valuable contribu- tion to our knowledge of sexual dimorphism ; but it is, I venture to say, absurd to pretend that the theory offers a complete explanation of the phenomena in question. In the first place, it fails to explain why some species are sexually dimorphic as regards plumage, while some are not. Were all birds which nest in holes or construct covered nests sexual- ly monomorphic as regards plumage, and were all those which build open nests, and of which only one sex performs the work of incubation, sexually dimorphic, then, Wallace's theory would explain every- thing. The need of protection of the sitting bird would of course account for its duller plumage. Unfortunately for Wallace, many birds which nest in holes are sexu- ally dimorphic, while many which nest in the open, and of which only one sex performs the duties of incubation, are sexually monomorphic. Further, there are some sexually dimorphic species, which build open nests, and of which both the male and female birds sit alternatively on the eggs. Darwin mentions the case of Pyranga (estiva, one of the most splendid birds in the United States, where the male is vermillion, and the female light greenish brown. As Darwin remarks, " if brilliant colours had been extremely dangerous to birds whilst sitting on their open nests, the males in these cases would have suffered greatly." Again, the sexual dimorphism of many species is so slight, that I do not think that it can possibly be accounted for by the greater need of the female for protection, 30 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. [XVI. Take, for example, the case of the common sparrow, or better still siuce the nest is built in more open places, the rufous-backed sparrow (Passer pyrrhonotus). Is it possible that the slight amount of sexual differentiation exhibited by the species can render the female so much less conspicuous when sitting on the nest as to render the dimorphism necessary ? If we answer this question in the affirmative, how is it that female orioles, ioras, and minivets have been allowed to become so conspicuous ? If it be alleged that these birds build very carefully concealed nests, and the female can therefore afford to wear showy plumage, I would refer to the bulbuls. Both the white-cheeked and red- whiskered forms build open nests in the most exposed situations, such as a raspberry bush, or croton plant — yet the two sexes are alike and far more con- spicuous when sitting on the nest than any cock sparrow would be. Speaking of such slight sexual differentiation as that exhibited by sparrows, Darwin says " such differences in colour must be accounted for on the principle of some of the variations in the males having been from the first limited in their transmission to the same sex ; as it can hardly. be maintained that these differences when very slight, serve as a protection to the female." If I have learned anything from studying nature, it is that minute differences of colour are of very small import- ance to a species. If every slight variation in the shade of its plumage appreciably affected the chances of a bird in the struggle for existence, there would be none of that diversity of colour exhibited by individuals of the same species. As conspicuous examples of species of which the individuals of the same sex vary greatly in colour, I may cite the common bee-eater ( Merops viridis)- and the Madras white-headed babbler ( Crater opus griseus). Then, again, many species which have similar habits and live in identical environments, exhibit very great diversity of plumage. Wallace writes : " Mr. Darwin has taught us that natural selection cannot produce absolute, but only relative, perfection, and, as protective colour is only one out of many means by which the female birds are able to provide for the safety of their young, those which are best endowed in other respects will have been allowed to acquire more colour than those with whom the struggle is more severe," SEXUAL COLOUR-DIMORPHISM IN BIRDS. 31 With the first part of the above passage I am in entire accord, but I must most emphatically disagree with the last portion, if it mean that all birds tend to acquire bright plumage but only those which are best endowed for the fight for existence have been allowed to acquire it. I do not believe that, when we see a dull hen-bird, we can assert that owing to the great severity of the struggle for existence, the bird has not been permitted to acquire bright feathers. It seems to me that some birds tend to vary in the direction of bright plumage while others do not. The mynas are a very successful race of birds, and I do not think that it is in accordance with facts to say that the reason they are not so brightly clothed as kingfishers are, is that they would have perished in the struggle for existence had they been thus gorgeously arrayed. Nor do I think we are justified in saying that the mynas have not sufficient surplus energy for the formation of bright colours or accessory plumes. Mynas, rather, are not brilliant birds as regards plumage, because they have not chanced to vary in the direction of bright feathers. When I use the words " chanced to vary ", it must not be thought that I allege that variation is due to chance. I use the expression merely because the laws which govern variation have yet to be discovered. As further proof of the comparative insignificance of colour I may cite the conspicuous crows and drongos, which build open nests, but which, nevertheless, flourish like the green bay tree. It seems to me that in nature an ounce of good solid pugnacity is worth many pounds of protective colouration so far as the struggle for existence is concerned. I do not believe that it is possible to find any one grand cause accounting for all sexual dimorphism. I think it more probable that there are a vast number of factors, working in different degrees on the various species, which have brought about these complex phenomena. Some of these factors have come to light, while others have yet to be discovered. The direct action of the sexual organs on external appearance is, I believe, an important factor, and one to which sufficient attention has not been paid. 32 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. That the generative organs do affect the external appearance of an animal, is fully proved from the results of castration of various animals. Take the case of the distorted horns of castrated deer. Again, many birds when kept in confinement refuse to breed and it not infrequently happens that such birds do not attain the full brilliancy of their plumage. " The male and female of the splendid scarlet ibis " writes Darwin, " are alike, whilst the young are brown ; and the scarlet colour, though common to both sexes, is apparently a sexual colour, for it is not well developed with birds under confinement, in the same manner as often happens in the case of brilliantly coloured male birds." I am of opinion that many of the differences in the plumage of the sexes are in some way correlated with the sexual organs. As an example of what we may call correlative sexual colouration i may quote the fact that the inside of the mouth of the male hornbill (Buceros bicornis) is black, while that of the female is flesh-coloured. Darwin himself admitted that sexual selection could not account for the inside of the male hornbill's mouth being black, nor can we suppose that this blackness is due to superabundant vitality exhibited by the male. Again, the knob on the base of the bill of the Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) is larger in the male than in the female. As another example of correlative sexual dimorphism, I may mention the difference in the shape of the neck of the mare and the horse. Anyone with a little experience, if made to mount a horse blindfold, can tell when once on its back, from the shape of the neck, to which sex the animal belongs. Then, again, there is the case of the condor, cited by Darwin. The iris of this bird is at first dark-brown, but changes at maturity into yellowish-brown in the male, and into bright red in the female. As a rule the development of the sexual organs tends to produce, or at any rate to be concomitant with, increased brilliancy of plumage. There are, however, exceptions. Thus Darwin states of certain young woodpeckers, they " have the whole upper part of the head tino-od with red, which afterwards either decreases into a mere circular red line in the adults of both sexes, or quite disappears in the adult females. " This disappearance of a bright colour can only be explained on the Darwinian hypotheses, on the assumption that the tastes of the female are quiet, and that she has persistently selected the male who SEXUAL COLOUR-DIMORPHISM IN BIRDS. 33 had but little colour on his head. In order to account for the colour of some species, Darwin has to suppose that the taste of the female has undergone a somewhat violent change. This of course is a gratuitous hypothesis totally unsupported by any evidence. Sometimes females acquire at a late period of life " certain characters proper to the male. " Darwin himself admits that this phenomenon cannot be explained by any kind of sexual selection. He gives exam- ples, on pages 178-180 of Vol. II of the Descent of Man. He asserts that " the laws of inheritance can alone account for such phenomena. " This is but another way of saying that we cannot explain the phenomena in question. As is well known to everybody, some birds assume a nuptial garb at the breeding season. This I would attribute, not to the action of sexual selection, but to the direct effect of the organs of generation upon the general system. In this connection the nuptial plumage of the heron tribe is most interesting. It is unnecessary to remind you, that in many of these birds, such as cattle egrets and paddy-birds, both sexes assume nuptial plumage. Darwin thus expresses himself upon this subject — " Some members of the heron family offer a still more curious case of novelty in colouring, having apparently been appreciated for the sake of novelty. The young of the Ardea asha are white, the adults being slate- coloured ; and not only the young, but the adults of the allied Buphus coromandus in their winter plumage are white, this colour changing into a rich golden buff during the breeding season. It is incredible that the young of these two species, as well as of some other members of the same family, should have been specially rendered pure white and thus made conspicuous to their enemies ; or that the adults of one of these two species should have been specially rendered white during the winter in a country which is never covered with snow. On the other hand, we have reason to believe that whiteness has been gained by many birds as a sexual ornament. We may therefore conclude that an early progeni- tor of the Ardea asha and the Buphus acquired a white plumage for nuptial purposes, and transmitted this colour to their young ; so that the young and the old became white like certain existing egrets ; the 34 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. whiteness having afterwards been retained by the young whilst ex- changed by the adults for more strongly pronounced tints. But if we could look still further backwards in time to the still earlier progenitors of these two species, we should probably see the adults dark-coloured. I infer that this would be the case, from the analogy of many other birds, which are dark whilst young, and when adult are white ; and more especially from the adult of the Ardea gularis, the colours of which are the reverse of those of A. asha, for the young are dark- coloured and the adults white, the young having retained a former state of plumage. It appears therefore that the progenitors in their adult condition of the Ardea asha, the Buphus and of some allies have undergone, during a long line of descent, the following changes of colour : — firstly a dark shade; secondly pure white, and thirdly, owing to another change of fashion ( if I may so express myself }, their present slaty, reddish, or golden-buff tints. These successive changes are intelligible only on the principle of novelty having been admired by the birds for the sake of novelty." This is very magnificent but it partakes of the nature of a piece of special pleading rather than of science. If the nuptial plumage of herons can be explained only on the principle of novelty having been admired by the birds, then it is impossible to account for it. It seems to me that the sexual dimorphism of the plumage of certain cuckoos can be explained only on the theory that the organs of gen- eration affect the external anatomy of the bird in some unknown and not understood way. These birds do not incubate their own eggs, hence there would seem to be no reason, so far as natural selection is concerned, why the female should not be arrayed in the same kind of plumage as the male. Darwin would doubtless say that there is a reason, viz., that the male must tend on account of the tastes of the females to secure brioht plumage, even though it handicap them in the struggle for existence, whereas the females are under no such necessity. Unfortunately for the Darwinian theory the sexual dimorphism displayed by some species of cuckoo is very slight. It would, I sub- mit, be absurd to believe that these slight sexual differences are due to the preference of the females for showy males. SEXUAL COLOUR-DIMORPHISM IN BIRDS. 35 In some cuckoos, then, it would seem that sexual dimorphism is due, neither to sexual selection, nor to excess of vitality on the part of the males, but is rather correlated in some unknown way with the gen- erative organs. The sexual dimorphism of the koel is possibly to be explained in a different manner. It will be remembered that these birds victimise crows. Crows seem to be aware that the koel is an enemy, for they never lose an opportunity of attacking the male bird. But, unless my memory serves me false, I have never seen a crow chase a female koel. Is it a fact that it is only the male koel which is detested by the crows ? Do these latter fail to recognise the female as one of the same species ? If so, the sexual dimorphism in this case is easy to account for. It is important that the male should be conspicuous in order to attract the attention of the crows and lure them away, while the female cuckoo deposits her egg. Young koels, when first they acquire feathers are black, presumably in order that their foster parents may mistake them for young crows. Later they assume the mottled plumage of the adult female, presumably in order that the crows shall not recognise them as their arch-enemy, hence the wonderful immunity from attack which young koels seem to enjoy. In the case of cuckoos which victimise small, helpless birds such dimorphism is unnecessary for the welfare of the species, and so must, I think, be attributed to the influence of the sexual organs. This brings me to a point which I would venture to emphasise, viz., that not one but many causes have operated to cause external sexual dimorphism. The sexual dimorphism of one species is to be accounted for in one way, and that of another in an altogether different manner. It is probable that that form of sexual selection whereby the most pugnacious and mettlesome males secure the most wives has contributed largely to the sexual dimorphism of polygamous species, in which the dimorphism is often so very marked. But the fact that the paradise flycatcher is monogamous shows that it is possible to ascribe too much importance to this factor. Then, again, it is tolerably certain that in the case of birds sitting on open nests, natural selection has tended to keep the general hue of female birds dull and inconspicuous, 36 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. But there is, I think, a tendency to overrate the action of natural selection in this respect. While considering the question of sexual colouring it is important to remember that the struggle for existence waxes exceedingly fierce among the young of a species. The mortality among young birds even after they are fully fledged, is enormous. When a bird has attained the age of sexual maturity, the odds are in favour of its surviving long enough to give birth to a family. Now, in most species, the male does not acquire his full plumage until he is ready to breed. This is precisely what we should expect if these colours and appendages are in some way or other connected with the sexual organs. The mere fact that they appear so late allows them to be developed to a greater extent than they could possibly be were the young born like the adult. I am aware of the unsatisfactory nature of this paper in that its tendencies are mainly destructive. Throughout it I have tried to destroy, but have made no attempt to create. I can offer no hypothesis in place of those which I seek to disprove. To say that sexual dimorphism in a bird's plumage is in many cases due to some occult action of the sexual organs, is, I am aware, no explanation. If we accept the view herein enunciated we have to admit that in some species the sexual organs exercise little or no effect on the external plumage, while in others the effect is very great indeed. Again, in some the effect is but slight, while in a few cases the effect is considerable, but of short dura- tion. Why this should be, we do not know. But, if I am able to give no explanation of the phenomena under consideration, the theories of Wallace and Darwin display the same defects. The former makes no attempt to discuss isolated phenomena ; it is merely a rough generalisa- tion. The theory of Darwin deals with details, but in a most unsatis- factory manner. Let me, for example, quote Darwin's explanation of the fact that the young of the scarlet ibis are brown while both the adults are red. It is as follows : " When the adults are brightly coloured, we may conclude that such colours have been acquired through sexual selection by the nearly mature males ; but that the transmis- sion, though limited to the same age, has not been limited to the same sex. " When we ask why the one limitation and not the other, the theory of sexual selection remains silent. 37 NOTE ON SEXUAL DIMORPHISM. By L. C. H. Young, B.A. In criticising Mr. Dewar's paper, I would like to say in the first place that he gives a much wider significance to the term than is generally accepted. The difference in the necks of a mare and a horse would not ordinarily be described by the term, any more than the average difference in breadth of shoulders in man and woman. By sexual dimorphism is generally understood the presence in one sex of some abnormal character which, if man did not know to the contrary, might lead him to suppose they were different species. The point may be easily illustrated by the two best known species of Felis. In the tiger there is no sexual dimorphism, although the sexes are abundantly distinct in average measurements ; the mane of the male lion is. however, a clear instance of the phenomena under discussion. Sexual dimorphism is one of the largest and most difficult questions in the whole of Biology, and it is as impossible to deal with it properly in one paper as in ten minutes criticism. Moreover, it is found in all but the lowest orders of creation, and although I would not suggest that the same laws necessarily govern it in all, it only tends to confuse us to try and deal with it in one class to the exclusion of others. An enormous amount of literature has been written on the subject, and in so far as Mr. Dewar is criticising Darwin's theory of sexual selection, he is whipping a dead horse ; for no one, I think, accepts this one of Darwin's theories at present except in a limited number of cases as a working hypothesis for want of a better. But we must not make the mistake of regarding Wallace's theory as contradictory to it. One regards the question from a physical and the other from a metaphysical point of view. Granted that abnormal growths, colours, etc., take place during the breeding seasons they are more likely than not to show themselves at these centres of muscular and nervous energy which are nearest the seats of excessive vitality, i.e., the head, lungs, and caudal regions. But this does not answer the question why. Of the much that has been written in answer to this question " why " only two theories are important — one is Darwin's that they are acquired because they are beautiful, while the other side maintain that they are of the nature of a hereditary diseased growth or hypertrophy resulting in almost every case from some habit, generally that of fighting, characteristic of the males during the breeding season. This of course begs the whole question whether characters acquired during lifetime can be transmitted to descendants, but there is no time to discuss that now, or even the theory itself, in any detail. £uff.'ce it to say that, if the hypotheses are granted, it is quite wonderful how the theory fits in with the known facts, and especially in cases where the dimorphism takes a peculiar direction it has generally been found that the creature has some peculiar method of fighting, etc., affecting the hypertrophied region. Stags' horns of course give a conspicuous example of the theory, while cock's combs 38 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. and hollow-horned ruminants are instances where the character has been partial- ly transmitted to the other sex also. Pressed to extremes, however, the theory becomes ridiculous, as when it is sought to explain the hairy chins of men by the supposition that, in primal savagery, men were in the habit of biting each other's chins when fighting. It is no criticism of either this or Darwin's theory to ask why it does not exist in all animals, because both theories presuppose an excess of males over females or polygamous habits which amount to the same thing ; as a matter of fact among almost all vertebrates where sexual dimorphism occurs, this is known to be the case. Mr. Dewar cites the case of kingfishers and mynas, and asks why, according to Darwin, mynas should not be the more brilliant of the two. But he presupposes that brilliant colours are more difficult to acquire than sombre ones, which in the present state of our knowedge — or ignorance — is not justifiable. The colours of the myna's English cousin — the starling — would, one might suppose, be extremely difficult to acquire, although the general result is quite sombre. There are many isolated cases of dimorphism for which special explanations can be offered as in the case of the New Zealand bird, the two sexes of which invariably feed together — one having a beak suited for boring holes in rotten trees, and the other for scooping out the grubs. But I would maintain that the majority of cases among vertebrates at least must be explained by the relative incidence in particular cases of a number of laws or tendencies of which I think the following are the four chiefest : — (1) The natural tendency of like to produce like. (2) The natural tendency of the sexes to be unlike. Not sufficient emphasis is laid on this point. The whole course of Natural History — by which I mean the history of the growth of creation from the mos-t primitive forms to the highest — is almost as much a history of the specialisation of the functions of the sexes as of specific structures. Without going into detail one need only refer to those organisms of which there is only one sex, to the next series where the two sexes are partially developed, but where parthenogenesis is still the rule and on to the higher forms in which the sexes gradually become more permanent and parthenogenesis rarer. (3) The natural tendency of every creature to protect itself from its enemies, either by acquiring weapons of offence or defence or by superficial protective colours or structure. (4) The natural tendency of the males of all species whererivalry exists among that sex to disregard (3) in a greater or less degree during the breeding season, when characteristic modifications, the result of pugnacity or sexual admiration or other cause have a chance to come into play. I think the action of these four tendencies on the blood, etc., of the males, excited by the procreative instincts, will account in a genera] manner for the facts. NOTE ON SEXUAL DIMORPHISM. 39 The latter part of Mr. Dewar's paper does not call for much comment as regards the main theory under discussion. I would merely remark as regards the assumption of a white garb by certain birds during the breeding season, that white is not a pigment* but the absence of it and the concentration of the vital energies in another direction is just as likely to cause an absence of pigment a excessive vitality in other species might produce abnormal pigment. L. C. H. YOUNG. NOTE ON SEXUAL DIMORPHISM. By Captain W.G. Liston, I.M.S., M.D., F.R.S.E. I listened with much pleasure to Mr. Dewar's paper on sexual dimorphism and cannot refrain from making a few remarks thereon, especially in view of Mr. Young's criticism of the paper. I feel constrained to believe that were Darwin still alive he would no longer attribute sexual dimorphism to sexual selection. Already before his death he saw that he had not paid enough attention to the part played by use and disuse, environment, etc., in modifying the order of Nature. Mr. Dewar seems to me to be on the right track when he insists on the importance of the organs of generation as a factor in the development of sexual dimorphism. Indeed, I think, we must take a broader view than either Darwin or Wallace did, and consider sexual dimorphism as a phenomenon based on the fundamental idea of sex. When we contemplate the universe as a whole, we are made aware of the action of two opposing principles. Newton established the law of motion that to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The naturalist well knows that plants break up the carbon dioxide gas given out by animals, appropriating to themselves the carbon and letting free the oxygen, which can again be used by the animals. Here the plants break down what the animals have built up. Again, plants build up from simple inorganic elements, complex protoplasmic molecules which furnish food for herbivora, and after assimilation by them are given back by excretion as simple inorganic bodies which in their turn serve as food for the plants. In this instance animals break down bodies which the plants have built up. In the chemical and physical world the great law of the conservation of energy teaches us that while there may apparently be a breaking down there is at the same time a building up. The familiar example of the burning candle will call to mind what I mean. Indeed, wherever we look there is a breaking down and building up process going on — there is katabolism associated with anabolism. I believe that it was Thomson and Geddes who first pointed out that the essential difference in the sexes depends on the fact that the male element has always katabolic tendencies, while the female element has essential anabolic * Iu writing out my notes for the Journal I, of course, accept the Chairman's correction that where I used the word " colour " here I meant " pigment. " 40 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. proclivities. They expressed the contrast in the sexes as an antithesis between a relative anabolic and a relative katabolic preponderance in the protoplasmic life of the creature. They directed attention to the large size and more sluggish nature of the ovum and the smaller size and more active nature of the sperm; these are essentially anabolic and katabolic features. For the fertilisation of a single ovum a single sperm cell is only necessary ; but in the process many sperm cells (often thousands ) are involved, all, save the single necessary one, are dissipated, broken up, and lost. The katabolic tendency in the male element is very marked in this inslance. Males essentially dissipate energy, females conserve it. Now we all know how important a relation exists between the generative or sexual and the vegetative cells. Stimulation of the former reflects itself in the latter. It is undoubtedly this katabolic stimulation of the veg3tative cells, communicated through the male generati\e cells during the rutting season in certain animals, which makes the males so fierce, energetic, and destructive. The katabolic stimulus communicated to the vegetative cells, through the male generative cells may be dissipated in various forms of energy — e. g., excessive growth, excessive bodily and nervous activity, and, as I hope to show, excessive brilliancy of colour. This katabolic stimulus of the male generative cells on the vegetative cells is the fundamental cause of sexual dimorphism. This idea of sexual dimorphism enables us to understand why castration is followed by cessation of growth of horns and other structures characteristic of the male, and how animals with the characteristic male features little developed are essentially more feminine in their nature. When we come to consider colour dimorphism I think the Chairman has drawn attention to an important fact which has to be kept in mind. He drew Mr. Young's attention to the fact that white was a colour — indeed a combination of all colours — and black is no colour. Yet the white colour of a feather is essentially due to the absence of pigment, while a black feather contains much pigment. A knowledge of the chemical constitution of the animal pigments, I believe, will not help us much to solve the question of colour differences in birds. The solution of the colour problem is more likely to be found in a more intimate knowledge of the physical laws affecting colour than in a knowledge of the chemical constitution of the coloured bodies. Let me instance a single chemical substance which shows a distinct colour dimorphism. The red iodide of mercury, when heated, is volatilised and may be condensed on a glass plate as a yellow crystalline crust consisting of rhombic plates. When this is rubbed or even scratched, an immediate change takes place, the rhombic plates becoming broken up into octohedra while the colour at the same time alters from a yellow to a brilliant scarlet. Here the chemical constitution remains the same but the colour has altered on account of physical laws. The brilliant colours of male birds, especially that beautiful play of colours often seen on their heads and necks, is probably due to microscopically minute ridges and grooves on the feathers which reflect and retract the light and so NOTE ON SEXUAL DIMORPHISM. 41 cause the rainbow-like show of colours. These ridges and grooves are an exaggerated growth, the result of the stimulus conveyed to the vegetative cell from the male generative cells. The excessive brilliance of colour of male birds is essentially due to their sexual katabolic tendencies, that feature of all male animals which results in the dissipation of energy. Fortunately, other hws come into play which prevent the waste of energy ; in this instance, the energy is conserved in the formation of those wonderful microscopic ridges and grooves which give brilliancy to the feathers of male birds. I will not attempt to explain why the energy should be conserved in this particular manner, but I feel that it has been done for some useful purpose which will best be understood by those who have made a special study of birds ; perhaps, however, it is only another example of that beauty in design which we see in all nature. In conclusion, may I hazard an explanation of the unusual frequency of ■white feathers in male birds? You are aware that in a frog there are pigment cells in the skin which are capable of contracting and relaxing. At rest they are relaxed and the frog assumes a dark colour. During stimulation they are contracted and the frog assumes a light colour. Now this power over pigment cells in the skin is exemplified to a greater or less extent in all animals. May it not be possible that the katabolic stimulus of the male generative cells, in the case of the birds, has led to a contraction of the pigment cells. This contrac- tion maintained for long periods would end, through the operation of the law of disuse, in first the atrophy and later the complete disappearance of pigment, a white colour would thus be produced. Coming now to consider Mr. Young's remarks on Mr. Dewar's paper I cannot agree with him that Mr. Dewar has given a wider significance to the term sexual dimorphism than is generally understood. Mr. Young's definition is very inexact and eminently non-scientific. In the term sexual dimorphism must be comprised all those differences which constantly distinguish the males from the females in any one species. The subject, Mr. Young rightly remarks, is a difficult one to discuss in a single paper chiefly because of its extensive appli- cation to the whole of the animal and vegetable kingdom, even I maintain to the lowest forms of life. Such a widely spread difference must essentially rest on a great fundamental law operating in all cases. In this respect my opinion differs entirely from Mr. Young. Moreover, I believe, it may be advantageous to study this law in the single specialised class of birds, especially if the study is made from an intimate knowledge, a specialist's knowledge, of the class ; a knowledge not obtained from museums and books alone but from a study of the birds in Nature. Such a special study prevents the tendency to arrive at gene- ralisations which, if founded on incomplete knowledge of details, are sure to mislead. I fail to understand Mr. Young's remark that " granted that abnormal growths, colours, etc., take place during the breeding season they are more likely than not to show themselves at those centres of muscular and nervous energy which are 6 42 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI nearest to the seats of excessive vitality, i.e., the head, lungs, and caudal regions. But this does not answer the question why." I was not aware that the head and lungs and tail were endowed with excessive vitality. As I have already remarked, the katabolic stimulus of the male generative cells on the vegetative cells is the fundamental cause of sexual dimorphism. The energy which results from this stimulus may reveal itself in excessive bodily or nervous activity or in brilliancy of colour. But while in this way energy is set free it is never wasted, it is conserved, and I believe always conserved to some useful purpose. To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The reaction checks waste and diverts the energy into useful channels. Hence it comes about that in opposition to the katabolic tendencies of the male, other subsidiary laws are called into play, e. g., the law which maintains that useless structures and organs disappear and atrophy while useful structures and functions are developed. But even this law is limited by other laws which check too great specialism. The brain of man for example is a most useful organ, and it would be theoretically advantageous to develop it to a maximum extent, but other factors prevent this specialising. Without a well-developed body the brain becomes useless. Mens sana in corpore sano is eminently true. A tool without the hand to work it is no good. One law reacts against another law so that extremes are prevented. It would be quite impossible for me at present to consider the many laws that are thus called into play. I cannot believe that the four tendencies as Mr. Young has called them, suffice to explain the facts. The fundamental reason for sexual dimorphism lies in the fact that the male has katabolic tendencies while the female has anabolic proclivities, and these tendencies are prevented from developing into extremes by the operation of many other laws, the laws so called into play differ in individual instances; a knowledge of these laws will answer Mr. Young's question why ? The answer will not be the same in every case, and it can only be made by a special study of individual groups, such as Mr. Dewar has at present attempted in the case of birds. Wm. GLEN LISTON, M.D., F.R.S.E,, Captain, I.M.S. REPLY TO CAPTAIN LISTON. By L. C. H. Young. I cannot avoid making some reply to Captain Liston because he seems to have misunderstood in some respects the drift of my remarks. In the first place as to the definition of " sexual dimorphism," I did r.ot intend to make any definition but merely to explain in an untechnical manner that discussions on sexual dimorphism were generally confined to the explanation of what naturalists term " secondary sexual characters, "and these are certainly the only ones which Darwin and Wallace discuss. If we include in it those differences which must exist in every species as being essential to the sexual relation we are getting outside the subject discussed in Mr, Dewar's paper altogether. NOTE ON SEXUAL DIMORPHISM, 43 He criticises my expression " Excessive vitality, " and no doubt I expressed very loosely and in part inaccurately what I meant in an endeavour to be intelligible to a mixed and untechnical audience. I intended merely to state Wallace's theory that the catabolic stimulus will act most at the centres of muscular and nervous energy named during the period of salacity. Captain Liston has given us very lucidly the physiological explanation of this and here we are in entire agreement. But in my remarks I expressly took for granted this theory as the cause " how " these characters came into existence, but stated that it did not answer the question " why," i. e., why these growths, colours, etc., take the form they do in particular cases. It is this " why " that Darwin sought to answer by sexual selection. Captain Liston cannot explain the " why " except as another example of that beauty in design which we see in all nature. That it is an example of the beauty we find in all God's handiwork I quite agree, but this does not answer our question. Captain Liston says he is in entire disagreement with me, when I said that many individual cases would require special explanation and cited the case of the Huia in New Zealand, but he is evidently still thinking of the "how" while I was speaking of the " why." With regard to his remarks on colour we are in substantial agreement, and I need occupy your time no further. 44 NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHITRAL. {October 1901 to October 1902.) By Capt. H. T. Fulton, d.s.o. (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th June 1904.) The notes from which this article is compiled, were collected during the " garrison " year, 15th October 1901 to 15th October 1902. Information gathered during so short a period cannot be considered in any way to be full. I have been unable to find any previous note on the subject, with the exception of an article published by Captain MacMahon, C.S.I., C.I.E., F.Z.S. (" Notes on the Fauna of Chitral ") printed in the Journal. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. LXX, Part II, No. I of 1901. This list will, therefore, I trust, be found useful to others who may wish to take up the subject during their stay in the district. The bird-life of Chitral is most interesting on account of its variety, which is due not only to the varied topographical character of the country, but also to its position. I give a description of the country which is only intended to convey a roujjh idea of its character. Chitral is a long narrow triangular strip of country, and is the basin of the bead waters of the river variously known as the Mastuj, Chitral and Kunar. The country is bounded on the north-west by Wakhan, on the west by Kafiristan, on the south-east by Dir and on north-east by Yasin. The river rises in the north-east and flows in a south-south- westerly direction, passing out of the country at its south-western boundary and flowing on through Afghanistan, joins the Kabul River. There are several large streams flowing into the river, of which the Arkari meets it a few miles above Chitral and is the most important, and the Turikho and Shishikho are also to be noted. The valleys are narrow and the mountain sides steep. The elevation of the country above sea-level varies from 25,500 feet at Tirach Mir to about 3,600 feet where the river passes out of the valley. The lowest pass into the country is about 10,000 feet. Roughly a line drawn east and west through the village of Chitral divides the country into the wooded (south) and treeless (north) portions. The wooded portion is mostly clothed with fine deodars up to an elevation of about 13,000 feet, the poorer ground being covered with holly. NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHITRAL. 45 The treeless portion is bare, with the exception of patches of birch and a small stunted willow and fruit-trees in the orchards. Parts of the treeless portion are quite destitute of anything except small herbs, more especially that portion which is for a great time of the year under snow. These parts, however, are covered with a most luxuriant herbage immediately the snow melts, and form the summer grazing grounds on which finches, larks, pipits and buntings abound. The valley i3 one of several parallel routes of the great migratory highway and is the cause of there being — (1) Large numbers of certain species present for longer or shorter periods during certain seasons. (2) Stragglers found throughout the year, probably the sick and the lame left on the roadside. The country is also visited by certain species that either leave the north to winter in warmer quarters or vice versa. During my short stay in the country I was only able to cover a small portion of the district. These notes are confined entirely to the birds found in those parts visited, which were roughly — (1) The valleys on the right bank below Chitral. (2) The Shishi Koh and the valleys on the left bank below Drosh. (o) The main valley as far as Shost. (4) The Turikho Valley. (5) The range between the main valley and the Turikho. With two exceptions all the birds are identified from skins. I have to thank Mr. E. Comber for kindly checking the identification of the birds I sent him, and also for sending to the Natural History Museum, South Kensington, some 80 species which I was unable to identify or which we were doubtful of. I have also to thank Dr. Sharpe and the authorities at the South Kensing- ton Museum for their courtesy in enabling me to identify the above birds. The numbers and nomenclatures are in accordance with Oates' and Blanford's Birds of British India. ORDER I.— PASSERES. • Family Corvidce. (4) Corvus biacrorhynchus. — The Jungle-Crow. This species is common all the year at the lower ranges (4,500 feet) and ascends the valleys to 11,000 feet in summer. It is very common 40 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI round Drosh Fort all the year. I saw it at Madaglasht and in all the lower valleys, but not up the river above Chitral. (9) Corvus monedula. — The Jackdaw. A pair of these were obtained at Drosh — a male in February and a female in May. Another pair were seen in June ; no other birds were noted. Possibly there are more further south in the wooded valleys and in Kafiristan. (10) Pica rustica. — The Magpie. Very common on cultivated land in the upper valleys of Chitral. In December I saw one in Aiyon village (4,500 feet), and in June and July at Khot (10,000 feet), Madaglasht (14,000 feet), Dizg (8,000 feet). (24) Garrulus lanceolatus. — The Black-throated Jay. Very common all the year throughout the wooded valleys of Lowei Chitral from 5,000 feet to 10,000 feet. (28) Nucifraga multipunctata. — The Larger-spotted Nutcracker. I obtained only one specimen (female) in the Pattison Valley, 7,000 feet, and no others were seen. This bird is probably common in Kafiristan. (30) Pyrrhocorax alpinus. — The Yellow-billed Chough. Very common. In winter they come down as low as 5,000 feet, and in summer their highest elevation is 16,000 feet. I noticed none below Drosh and none north of the head of the Turikho Valley-Shost Line, and none on the east side of the valley, nor in Yasin. The feet are red (Blanford) usually, but in two specimens, both female, the feet were almost as black as the feathers. (31) Parus atriceps. — The Indian Gray Tit. These birds are very common in the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral and also in the orchards of the upper valleys as far north as Sanoghar. In summer they are found at elevations of 12,000 feet. I noted two nests, both in holes in walnut trees ; one at Maroi, 25th June and one at Reshan, 26th June. In both cases the young were well fledged. They were very common in the Bimboret Valley in March and April. (37) iEGiTHALiscus leucogenys. — The White-cheeked Tit. Present throughout the year in the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral. They are very numerous and were found on the same date at 6,000 and 12,000 feet. (April.) (44) Lophophanes melanolophus. — The Crested Black Tit. Very common from 5,000 to 12,000 foot in the wooded valleys. NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHITRAL. 47 (47) Lophophanrs rufinitchalis. — The Simla Black Tit. Very common from 5,000 feei upwards to 12,000 font in the cedar forests. (N. S.) Cyanistes tianschanicus. This is an entirely new species recorded within Indian limits, which, I think, may well be called the Chinese Blue-tit. I obtained only five specimens, but there were any number of birds about. The only locality in which they were observed was on the river bed at Shost, 10,000 feet, in July, where there were numbers in the dense scrub of stunted willow, juniper and birch. They are very like the European Parus coeruleus, but without the blue head and nape, and the yellow of the under parts is less bright in the full-grown birds and brighter in the young. Dr. Sharpe has promised to send me a description of this species which will be published in a later number. Family Crateropodidce. (91) Teochalopterum simile. — The Western Variegated Laughing-Thrush. Very common in the lower wooded valleys up to 6,000 feet through- out the year. This is one of the birds the Chitralis " hawk, " and they require quick hawks to catch them before they get into cover. (99) Trochalopterum lineatum. — The Himalayan-Streaked Laughing-Thrush. Even more common than Simile and usually found in the same localities but at higher elevations. (187) Myiophoneus temmincki. — The Himalayan Whistling- Thrush. Common in pairs throughout Lower Chitral. In winter at 5,000 feet and in summer up to 11,000 feet. (269) Hypsipetes psaroides. — The Himalayan Black Bulbul. A summer visitor, arriving in the beginning of April. Common in the lower valleys. (284) Molpastes leucogenys. — The White- cheeked Bulbul. A visitor during the summer, arriving in March and leaving in October. Very common at elevations up to 7,000 feet, in the wooded valleys. (In October this was the commonest bird in the Dir Valley.) 48 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Family Sittidce. (320) Sitta kashmirensis.— Brook's Nuthatch. Very common in the deodar forests on the dividing ranges between Dir and Chitral, and Chitral and Kafiristan, at elevations up tc 11,000 feet. It is found as low as 6,000 feet in the winter. At that season they are most common on the walnut trees. (323) Sitta lbuoopsis.— The White-cheeked Nuthatch. This nuthatch is very common in the deodar forests at elevations of 7,000 feet in winter to 12,000 feet in summer. Family Dicruridce. (327) Dicrurus ater. — The Black Drongo. A summer visitor, arriving in the middle of April. Common in the lower valleys at low ranges, 5,500 feet being the highest altitude up to which any were observed. None were seen above Chitral. Family Certhiidce. (341) Certhia himalayana. — The Himalayan Tree-Creeper. A single specimen $ was obtained in August at 8,000 feet. (348) Tichodroma muraria. — The Wall-creeper. Common between October and April at 4,000 to 6,000 feet. They do not appear to breed in Chitral, as I saw none from April to Sep- tember in any of the valleys, nor on the ridges up to 17,000 feet. Neither did I see any in Yasin in July. (A few were seen in the Dir Valley in October.) Family Sylviidce. (401) Sylvia althcea. — Hume's Lesser White-throated Warbler. Three specimens were obtained in May at elevations of 5,000 to 7,000 feet. (418) Phylloscopus humii. — Hume's Willow- Warbler. Only two specimens were obtained — a male in April at 10,000 feet, and female in September at 6,000 feet. Family Laniidce. (473) Lanius vittatus. — The Bay-backed Shrike. Very common. A summer visitor, arriving in the beginning of May, ant] leaving towards the end of September. It frequents the lower valleys up to 6,000 feet. NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHITRAL. 49 (476) Lanius brythronotus. — The Rufus-backed Shrike. Also a common summer visitor, arriving in the middle of April and leaving in September, ascending in June to elevations of 7,000 feet. (477) Lanius tephronotus. — The Grey-backed Shrike. I obtained only one specimen (female) at Drosh, 5,000 feet, on 8th April, and it is probable that my identification of the specimen was incorrect. It may however have been a stray bird in a flight of either of the other species Lanius vittatus or erythronotus. (495) Pericrocotus brevirostris. — The Short-billed Minivet. A summer visitor, arriving in the middle of April. It is common at elevations of 7,000 to 10,000 feet in the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral- They are certainly migratory, perhaps only locally, as I saw none in the valley even as low as 4,000 feet between October and April. Family Oriolidce. (518) Oriolus kundoo. — The Indian Oriole. Very common. A summer visitor, arriving in large numbers during the beginning of May and leaving in August and September. The beautiful flute notes of this bird can be heard during the summer in every village orchard in the Shishi Koh and in the Chitral Valley as far as Sanoghar (8,000 feet). Family Sturnidce. (532) Sturnus menzbieri. — The Common Indian Starling. Common. A winter visitor. I was surprised to find none present even on the high grazing grounds at 15,000 feet during summer. It evidently migrates north, leaving in April and returning in October and November. (542) Agropsar sturninus. — The Daurian Myna. Only one specimen $ was obtained out of a flock of some 17 birds. I got the specimen on 16th July at 11,000 feet at the head of the Turikho Valley. The previous known distribution within Indian limits is Burmah, so that its presence so far west is very interesting. (544) Temenuchus pagodartjm. — The Black-headed Myna. Very numerous in summer. This species arrives during the end of April and beginning of May. None were seen above Chitral. Breeds at elevations of 5,000 and 6,000 feet. (549) Acridotheres tristis. — The Common Myna. Common at lower elevations throughout the year, and up to 8,000 feet in summer. I saw none in the upper valley above Chitral. 7 50 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. (558) Hemichelidon sibirica. — The Sooty Flycatcher. Only a single specimen, a male, was obtained at Drosh on 7th May. Family Muscicapidve. (561) Siphia parva. — The European Red-breasted Flycatcher. Common in the orchards of Lower Chitral during the winter and as late as the middle of April. It is quite possible that it is resident. (589) Alseonax ruficaudus. — The Rufus-tailed Flycatcher. Two specimens only were obtained, both males, at 4,000 and 7,000 feet in April. (598) Terpsiphone paradisi. — The Indian Paradise Flycatcher. A summer visitor, arriving in the beginning of May and leaving in August. Not numerous, and only ascending the valley as far as Drosh. None noted above 5,000 feet. Family Turdidce. (610) Pratincola maura. — The Indian Bush-Chat. A resident. I obtained specimens among the scrub on the banks of the streams at 6,000 feet in the Bimboret nallah in February. I did not see them again till September, when large numbers arrived at Drosh, evidently migrating south. I believe they breed in the country. (620) Saxicola opistholeuca. — Strickland's Chat. The commonest bird in the higher valleys in summer up to elevations of 10,000 feet and in the lower valleys in winter. There were numerous young birds as low as 6,000 feet in June and July. (619) Saxicola capistrata. — The White-headed Chat. I obtained specimens at elevations of 7,000 to 11,000 during May, June and July. In May I found a nest at 7,500 at the foot of a small shrub. (630) Henicurus maculatus. — The Western Spotted Forktail. Not numerous. Present in winter at 4,500 to 6,000 feet in the wooded side valleys of Lower Chitral. I saw none in the summer, but they are probably present. I found them in the Pattison and Bimboret nallahs. (638) Chimarrhornis leucocephalus. — The White-capped Redstart. I obtained only 5 specimens — two males near Shost, 11,000 feet, in July, and one male and two females at Baradam, 8,000 feet, in August. (637) Miorocichla scouleri. — The Little Forktail. Very common during the winter at elevations of 4,000 feet, among the scrub at the bottom of the valley between Drosh and Chitral. NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHITRAL. 51 In April they seemed to suddenly disappear, and no more specimens were obtained till August, when I got them at Baradam (8,000 feet). I cannot say I saw any of them plunging into the water as stated by Oates ; in fact, most of the birds I saw seemed to stick more to the scrub, and seldom were near the water like Henicurus maculatus. (644.) Ruticilla rufiventris. — The Indian Redstart. Very commun at the head of the Turikho Valley above Ruah, between elevations of 10,000 and 14,000 feet, in July. (645) Ruticilla erythrogaster. — Guldenstadt's Redstart. Common in winter along the rivers and streams as low as 4,000 feet (Drosh). They migrate to higher ranges towards the end of March, and by the first week in April none are to be found around Drosh. I obtained one specimen (female) during the summer (25th July) on the Shajinali Pass, 14,000 feet. (646) Rhyacornis fuliginosus. — The Plumbeous Redstart. Common in the lower valleys in Chitral from 4,000 to 7,000 feet, in winter, and breeding in June as low as 4,000 feet (Drosh). I saw none above Chitral, nor did I see any above 7,000 feet, in summer. (647) Cyanecula suecica. — The Indian Blue-throat. Passes through on its way south during the latter end of September and beginning of October. The northern migration is probably in April, but I observed no specimens at that time. The birds were obtained at Drosh, 4,000 feet. (657) Adeldra (leruleicephala. — The Blue-headed Robin. Present throughout the year in the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral at elevations of 6,000 to 9,000 feet, according to season. (677) Merula atrigularis. — The Black-throated Ouzel. A single specimen, a male, was obtained at 11,000 feet on 27th April. (678) Merula unicolor. — Tickell's Ouzel. Fairly common between 6,000 and 9,000 feet in April and May and probably all the summer, in the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral. (691) Petrophila oinclorhyncha. — The Blue-headed Rock-Thrush. I only obtained one specimen at 7,000 feet on 5th May. (693) Petrophila cyanus. — The Western Blue Rock-Thrush. Present throughout the summer at elevations of 5,000 feet to 10,000 feet. First noted in May at 8,000 feet, July 10,000, and September 5,000 feet. Not common. 52 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. (694) Monticola saxatilis. — The Rock-Thrush. Two specimens, both females, were obtained in September and October at 7,000 feet. The former with an egg. (695) Tuedus viscivorus. — The Missel-Thrush. Common in the valleys of Lower Chitral. In winter it descends to 6,000 feet and in summer is to be found up to 13,000 feet. A nest with 4 eggs was found at 12,000 feet on the 26th of April, and the tree, nest, and bird were covered with snow. (709) Cinclus asiaticus.— The Brown Dipper. Not uncommon in the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral, throughout the year at 4,000 to 10,000 feet and upwards. Family Ploceidce. (734) Uroloncha malabarica. — The White-throated Munia. A summer visitor, arriving about the middle of May and only found up to 4,000 feet in the valley. Although it is stated that this sub-family is not migratory (Fauna of British India, Birds, Vol. II, page 181), this species certainly migrates perhaps only locally. There were none in the valley during winter and until the end of April, when large numbers arrived on the cultivated ground below Drosh. Family Fringillidce. (740) Coccothraustes humii. — Hume's Haw-Finch. I only obtained two specimens of this species, both during the second week of May at Drosh. I am uncertain whether it breeds in the country, but am inclined to believe it does. (754) Propasser thura. — The White-browed Rose-Finch. Only one specimen, a male, was obtained of t his species in Pattison nallah at 9,000 feet (30th April). (755) Propasser pulcherrimus. — The Beautiful Rose-Finch. This species arrives about the middle of April. All the specimens I obtained during April, and I saw none in the summer, and am not certain whether they breed in the country. They are very common during their stay and frequent the cedar forests at elevations from 6,000 to 10,000 feet. (761) Carpodacus erythrinus. — The Common Rose-Finch. Common during July on the grazing grounds at the head of the Turikho Valley at elevations from 10,000 to 15,000 feet, where it prob- ably breeds, and in winter at 5,000 feet around Drosh. NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHITRAL. 53 (762) Carpodacus severtzovi. — Severtzoff's Rose-Finch. Only one specimen, a male, was obtained at Gharaghar, 13,000 feet, on ] 0th July. There were a good many about, but as I was pressed for time, I was unable to obtain more. They were on open grassy ground with large rocks scattered about, just below snow line. (764) Erythrospiza mongolica. — The Mongolian Desert-Finch. I obtained only a pair at the head of the Turikho Valley at 10,000 feet on 9th July. They probably breed in the country. (764a) Rhodopechis sanguinea. This species has not previously been recorded within Indian limits. I only saw two birds at Ruah in the Turikho Valley at 10,000 feet, and unfortunately was only able to obtain one specimen. It is a very fine large finch. I do not think there can be any doubt that it visits the Indian region, by which I mean any part of the country south of the Hindu Kush. The birds were feeding on open grass land with scattered boulders. (767) Carduelis caniceps. — The Himalayan Gold-Finch. Very common in summer, but not resident in winter. Arrives in April in large numbers, and breeds in the country. It feeds on the seeds of thistles, etc., and is found chiefly on the higher grazing grounds up to elevations of 13,000 feet. I watched a pair building in the Rah-Roshan Valley at 12,000 feet (20th July). The nest was placed in the fork of a small birch about 4 feet from the ground, and although incompleted was similar to that of the European Gold-Finch (C. elegans). (768) Callacanthis btjrtoni. — The Red-browed Finch. A summer visitor. All the specimens I obtained were shot in the deodar forests at 8,000 to 9,000 feet, during August. (770) Acanthis brevirostris. — The Eastern Twite. Fairly common on the high grazing grounds at elevations of 10,000 to 14,000 feet in July and August. I obtained a nest at 13,000 feet. It was built in a wormwood plant at a height of some 6 inches off" the ground. The nest was well made and constructed of the dried flower stems of a small yellow flowered vetch, lined with the seed-down of a stunted willow. 54 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NA TORAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. The eggs were 6 in number, averaging "75" X "5", of pale greenish colour, with a few small scattered spots, blotches and lines of reddish brown, more numerous at the thicker end. I tried to catch the hen with a butterfly net, and as I did not succeed, I left the nest till nest morning when I took the bird, nest and eggs. (771) Metoponia pusilla. — The Gold-fronted Finch. Present throughout the year, but not numerous in the winter. Large numbers pass through Drosh in April. I found a pair nesting in July at 12,000 feet at the head of the Turikho Valley, where they were fairly common among the birch and stunted willow. (776) Passer domesticus. — The House-Sparrow. Not present during winter. They arrive from the plains about the beginning of April, breed in the country, and leave early in October. They nest in the trees. In the Upper Chitral valley the nests were very common in holes in the cliffs. Noted as far up the valley as Sanoghar (7,800 feet). (778) Passer hispaniolensis. — The Spanish Sparrow. Passes through the country, not a resident in winter, and none observed in summer. Numerous in the middle of April, arriving later than the first arrivals of P. domesticus, and returning in October on their way to the plains. (779) Passer montanus. — The Tree-Sparrow. Present in large numbers throughout the year. They nest mostly in buildings from April to August at elevations of 4,000 to 7,000 feet. It will be seen that P. montanus and domesticus thus appear to change their breeding places. This is probably due to the former being in possession of the best nesting sites when the latter appear. (780) Passer ctnnamomeus. — The Cinnamon Tree-Sparrow. Fairly common throughout the year at elevations of 6,000 to 8,000 feet in the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral. In April I saw flocks of 50 and 60 birds in the Bimboret Valley. In May I saw an unfinished nest in the Pattison Valley at 8,000 feet, and another in June in a willow tree in the Shishi Koh at 7,000 feet. This pretty little sparrow is evidently a good mimic. I heard one in the Bimboret Valley imitating the song of the Indian Grey Tit (Parus atriceps) to perfection. NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CH1TRAL. hb (787) Fringillauda sordida. — Stoliczka's Mountain-Finch. This finch is very common in summer on the grazing grounds at elevations of 10,000 to 14,000 feet. I was surprised to see them in large flocks in July, with apparently no young birds with them. As I saw them in April and May at elevations of 6,000 feet they must nest during the end of May, and early part of June. (788) Fringillauda brandti.— Brandt's Mountain-Finch. Numerous in Bangol at elevations from 13,000 feet and upwards in July. I saw them nowhere else. (793) Embbriza stbwarti. — The White-capped Bunting. Very common in the valleys of Lower Chitral at elevaiions of 5,000 to 12,000 feet according to season. (794) Embbriza stracheyi. — The Eastern Meadow-Bunting. Very common at elevations of 4,000 to 14,000 feet throughout the country according to season. I saw numerous young birds just out of the nest in June and July, some at 9,000 and others at 14,000 feet. (801) Emberiza rutila. — The Chestnut Bunting. I only obtained a male in April in the Golan Valley at 7,000 feet. Family Hirundinidce. (805) Chblidon kashmiriensis. — The Kashmir Martin. Common from April to October and evidently breeding in the country. (808) Cotile rip aria. — The Sand-Martin. Common from April to October. (810) Ptyonoprogne rupestris. — The Crag-Martin. Appearing about the middle of April and remaining till October. Found at all elevations up to 13,000 feet. (824) Hirundo rufula. — The European Striated Swallow. Although I only obtained two specimens of this species, I believe it to be as common as the other species noted above. Both specimens (male and female) were obtained in April at 6,000 feet. Family Motacillidce. (826) Motagilla alba.— The White Wagtail. Present throughout the year at elevations from 4,000 to 10,000 feet according to season. 56 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. (829) Motacilla personata. — The Masked Wagtail. Present throughout the year at elevations of 6,000 to 12,000 feet according to season. I obtained two fully fledged young at Ghazin (10,000 feet) on 27th July. (832) Motacilla melanope. — The Grey Wagtail. I only secured one specimen, male, at the end of March at 6,000 feet (Bimboret). (835) Motacilla beema. — The Indian Blue-headed Wagtail. Only one specimen (male) was secured of this species at Drosh on 19th April. They were however very numerous at the time, and were evidently passing through the country. (838) Motacilla citreoloides. — Hodgson's Yellow-headed Wagtail. I only saw a pair of this species, of which I obtained the male above Ruah (10,000 feet) on 9th July. I have no doubt that it was then breeding. (840) Anthus trivialis. — The Tree-Pipit. There are, I believe, a few stragglers of this species present through- out the year at elevations of 5,000 to 12,000 feet according to season. Family Alaudidce. (855) Otocorys penicillata. — Gould's Horned Lark. Present during the summer (July) at the head of the Turikho Valley at elevations of 13,000 feet and upwards. Probably present at lower ranges of the valleys of Upper Chitral during winter. (859) Melanocorypha bimaculata. — The Eastern Calandra Lark. This lark is very plentiful during the end of February and beginning of March on its northward migration. I saw a Chitrali shooting large numbers of them at Drosh, bagging as many as a dozen at a shot. I did not note their return. (860) Alauda arvensis. — The Sky-Lark. Fairly numerous throughout the year at elevations of 5,000 to 11,000 feet according to season. I obtained fully fledged young birds at 11,000 feet at the end of June. (862) Calandrella braohydactyla. — The Short-toed Lark. Large numbers of this species passed through Drosh during the first week of October on their winter migration to the south. I did not note their northward migration. NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHlTRAL. 57 (864) Calandkella tibetana. — Brook's Short-toed Lark. Only two specimens — a male and female — were obtained, both at Sangoghar (8,000 feet), in May. ORDER II.— EURYKEMI. ORDER III.— PICI. Family Picidce. (946) Gecinus squamatus. — The West-Himalayan Scaly-bellied Green Woodpecker. Common throughout the year in all the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral at elevations of 4,000 to 8,000 feet. (961) Dendrocopus himalayensis. — The Western Himalayan Pied Woodpecker. Common in the wooded portion of Lower Chitral at elevations ot 5,000 to 11,000 feet. They are very common in winter in the village orchards. I noticed a pair building in a dead deodar at the end of April at 11,000 feet. (969) Dendrocopus auriceps. — The Brown-fronted Pied Woodpecker. Fairly common in the wooded portion of Lower Chitral at elevations of 4,000 to 10,000 feet. (1003) Iynx torquilla. — The Common Wryneck. I only obtained one specimen which was " hawked " at Resham (6,500 feet) on 19th May. ORDER IV.— ZYGODACTYLI. ORDER V.— ANISODACTYLI. Sub-Order Coracice. Family Coraciadoe. (1024) Cora oias garrula. — The European Roller. Passed through on its migration to the north in the beginning of May, remaining in the country for a week or so. Not noted on its return to the south. Possibly stragglers occasionally breed in the country. Sub-Order Meropes. Family Meropklm. (1029) Merops apiaster. — The European Bee-eater. Arrives at the end of May. The majority pass through on their northward migration, and a few remain in the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral at elevations uf 4,000 to 8,000 feet where they evidently breed. Probably returns to the south in October, but none were noted. 8 58 JOURNAL, BOMB A ¥ NA TUBAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Sub-Order Upupce. Family Upupidce. (1066) Upupa epops. — The European Hoopoe. Not a winter resident. Arrives at the end of March from the south. I noted a pair at the head of the Turikho Valley in July at 14,000 feet. They are fairly numerous at lower ranges. Breeds in the country. ORDER VI.— MACROCHIRES. Sub-Order Cypseli. Family CypselidcB. (1068) Cypselus melba. — The Alpine Swift. Common in summer at elevations of 5,000 to 16,000 feet. Arrives at the beginning of April and leaves in September. Breeds in the country. (1069) Cypselus apus. — The European Swift. Arrives in the beginning of April and leaves in September. Very common at elevations of 5,000 to 8,000 feet, and less common up to 14,000 feet. ORDER VII.— TROGONES. ORDER VIII.— COCCYGES. Family Cuculidai. (1104) Cuculus canorus. — The Cuckoo. Arrives during the end of March, and is fairly common in summer at low elevations. I also saw and heard them in the birch jungle at the head of the Turikho in July at 12,000 feet. ORDER IX.— PSITTACI. Family Psittacidce. (1141) PalvEornis schisticbps. — The Slaty-headed Paroquet. A summer visitor. The earliest noted arrivals were a flight of some 30 birds on 25th March flying strongly up the valley at a high elevation. They flew straight into a snow-storm, and evidently disliking the temperature wheeled about and flew down the valley at a good pace. I saw none above 7,000 feet. ORDER X.-STRIGES. Family Asionidae. (1159) Syrnium biddulphi. — Scully's Wood-Owl. This owl frequents the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral an J is not very common. Its single hoot can be heard frequently at elevations up to 8,000 feet. As I obtained an egg from a female on 23rd March, it would appear that it breeds during March and April. NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHITRAL. 59 (1167) Bubo ignavus. — The Great-horned Owl. I only obtained two specimens, both at Drosh (4,500 feet). One (a female) was caught in a starving condition in December. (1173) Scops giu.— The Scops Owl. Common in summer in the valleys of Upper Chitral and probably in Lower Chitral, although not noted. ORDER XI.— ACCIPITRES. Family Vulturidce. (1198) Neophron percnopterus. — The Egyptian Vulture, or Large White Scavenger Vulture. As I did not skin any of this genus I am not certain whether this species or N. ginginianvs is seen in the country during summer. Possibly both species will be found to visit the lower country. Not present during winter. They appear in March and remain till Sep- tember, seldom mounting to any altitude above 7,000 feet. Two nested in a small cave in the face of a cliff overhanging the river, and the female was sitting at the end of March. They are not very common. Family Falconidce. (1199) Gypaetus barbatus. — The Bearded Vulture, or Lammergeyer. Present throughout the year. Common around Drosh. During summer they ascend to high elevations. During winter they are found at lower ranges and can usually be seen about the Fort feeding on offal, etc. (1208) Hieraetus pennatus. — The Booted Eagle. I only obtained one specimen (male) of this species, on 11th May, at Drosh, 4,500 feet. (1230) Milvus melanotis. — The Larger Indian Kite. Only one specimen (male) obtained, 16th April, at 6,000 feet. (1232) Elanus o^ruleus. — The Black-winged Kite. Not present in winter. Arrives in April and is common in summer in the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral, and about cultivation. (1233) Circus macrurus. — The Pale Harrier. A single specimen $ obtained at Drosh, 4,500 feet, in April. (1247) Accipiter nisus. — The Sparrow- Hawk. A single specimen $ obtained in May at 8,000 feet. 60 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. (1260) Faloo subbutbo.— The Hobby. Only one specimen, a female, was obtained at Reshan (6,000 feet) in May. (1265) Tinnunculus alaudakius. — The Kestrel. Very common throughout the year at elevations of 4,000 feet and upwards according to season. While resting on a pass overlooking the Wakhan country, at an elevation of 18,000 feet, a pair of these birds crossed over from the Chitral side (July). They are very common round Drosh. In winter they are not in the least shy, allowing one to approach quite close to them and then only rising to alight a few yards further off. In summer they may be frequently seen hovering over the crops. They commence nesting in April. ORDER XII.— COLUMBiE. Family Columbidce. (1292) Columba intermedia. — The Indian Blue. Rock-Pigeon. Common throughout the year in the valley of the Chitral river up to Shost (10,000 feet) and in some of the side valleys. (1296) Columba leuconota. — The White-bellied Pigeon. The " Snow Pigeon" is not uncommon in summer at elevations of 11,000 to 14,000 feet at the head of the Shishi Koh and Turikho. In the latter valley, although I was unable to find a nest, I believe the birds were nesting. (July.) (Also noted in Yasin. July). (1305) Turtur perrago.- The Indian Turtle-Dove. A common visitor to the valleys of Lower Chitral. Arrives during the second or third week in April, and leaves in August and September. I noted what I believe to be birds of this species at the head of the Turikho Valley in July in the birch jungle at 11,000 feet. (1307) Turtur suratensis.— The Spotted Dove. Common in summer in the valleys of Lower Chitral at elevations of 4,000 to 8,000 feet. Not a winter resident. Arrives in April. Depar- ture not noted. (1309) Turtur cambayensis. — The Little Brown Dove. Only one specimen, a male, was obtained on 18th April at Drosh. It is probably common. (1310) Turtur risorius. — The Indian Ring-Dove. Common in cultivated districts, arriving in April from lower country. It is not present in winter. NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CH1TRAL. SI ORDER XIII.— PTEROCLETES. ORDER XIV.— GALLING. Sub-order. — Alectropodes. Family Phasianidai. (1334) Pucrasia macrolopha ( Var. castanea). — The Koklas or Pukras Pheasant. This fine pheasant is common on some of the heavily timbered moun- tain sides of Lower Chitral, viz., Pattison, Asreth, and the valley behind Drosh Fort. It is generally found above 7,000 feet, but ranges lower in winter. Specimens are very difficult to obtain owing to the dense nature of the ground they keep to. There are probably large numbers of them in Dir and Kafiristan. At the head of the Pattison valley their harsh cry can be continually heard in spring. It is also to be heard in the Asreth Valley. It is the call of the male that has led to the belief that the jungle fowl ( Gallusferrugineus) is to be found in the country. I made a special point of trying, if possible, to find the jungle fowl and have no doubt that none exist. All the camps at which the cry of the jungle fowl is said to have been heard, are far above the limit of elevation to which they are known to extend. It can be easily understood that the cry kok, kok, kok, kokras, or the plain kokras has been mistaken for that of the jungle fowl when heard at any distance. When however the call is once heard near at hand it cannot be possibly confounded with that of G.ferrugineus. (1342) Lophophorus rbfulgens. — The Monal. This beautiful pheasant is common on the wooded ridges of Lower Chitral. In winter they are found at elevations up to 10,000 feet and in summer still higher. (1355) Coturnix communis. — The Common or Grey Quail. Passes through the country during the end of April and beginning of May in small numbers. A certain number stay in the country and possibly breed. They may, however, be only stragglers who have been unable to continue their migration. I saw a pair at the head of the Turikho Valley in July at 14,000 feet. (1370) Caccabis chucar. — The Chukor. Very common throughout the year all over the country, ranging in summer up to 12,000 feet and perhaps higher, and in winter 4,000 feet. 62 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. I noted a hen with chicks in the Turikho Valley at 12,000 feet on 12th July and another at 6,000 feet on 27th July. (1378) Tbtraogallus himalayensis.— The Himalayan Snow-Cock. Present throughout the year at elevations of 6,000 feet and upwards. The Snow-Cock is found at ranges as low as 6,000 feet near Drosh in March and April. They migrate to higher altitudes towards the middle of April, and are during summer to be found on the open country at 16,000 feet and perhaps higher. They are shy and difficult to get, as they gradually make towards almost inaccessible points, and consequently when shot fall hundreds of feet, so that when picked up they are usually badly mangled. I saw two clutches of young birds between 15,000 and 16,000 feet on the edge of the snow line on 20th July. (Turikho.) OEDER XV.— HEMIPODII. ORDER XVI.— GRALLiE. Family Rallidce. (1405) Fulica atra.— The Coot. Only one specimen obtained at Drosh (4,000 feet) 20th March. ORDER XVII.— LIMICOL^l. Family Charadriidce. (1436) Vanbllus vulgaris. — The Lapwing or Peewit. A winter visitor, not numerous, but fairly common on the flat culti- vated land along the river. Remains till late in May and some probably breed in the country. (1437) Chettusia gregaria. — The Sociable Lapwing. Fairly common in the main valley during winter. Generally in small flocks of 4 or 5, I also obtained specimens at the head of the Bimboret Valley on the swampy ground at 6,000 feet during April. They were at Drosh at the end of May and probably breed in the country. (1460) Totanus hypoleucus.— The Common Sandpiper. Only one specimen, a male, was obtained at Chitral on 30th May. (1461) Totands glareola. — The Wood Sandpiper. One specimen, a male, was shot at Drosh on 8th May, NOTES ON TBE BIRDS OF CHITRAL. 63 (1462) Totanus ochropus. — The Green Sandpiper. Common in Lower Chitral along the river bank in March and April and beginning of May. I am certain they breed in the country although I obtained no eggs. I found numbers of them at the head of the Turikho Valley at elevations of 9,000 to 14,000 feet in July. (1471) Tringa minuta.— The Little Stint. Common in April and May along the river bed, evidently on their northward migration. (1480) Phalaropus hypbrboreus. — The Red-necked Phalarope. Only one specimen, a male, was obtained at Drosh on 14th September. (1482) Scolopax rusticula. — The Woodcock. Not numerous. Present throughout the year in the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral (5,000 feet). Specimens were obtained in Utzun in January and May, Bimboret (6,000 and 7,000 feet) April, and Shishi Koh (7,000 feet), June. Evidently breeds in the country. (1484) Gallinago c^lestis. — The Common Snipe. Only a few noted at Drosh the third week in April on their north- ward migration. (1486) Gallinago solitaria. — The Himalayan Solitary Snipe. Not common. One specimen was obtained in December at the mouth of the Shishi Koh (4,000 feet), two in the Bimboret Valley at 7,000 feet (March), a few others were also seen there. In May I saw a pair in the Pattison Valley at 6,000 feet. ORDER XVIII.-GAVI^]. Family Laridce. (1490) Larus ridibundus .— The Laughing Gull. Only one specimen, a female, was obtained at Drosh on 9th March. ORDER XIX.— STEGANOPODES. ORDER XX.— TUBINARES. ORDER XXI.— HERODIONES. Sub-order Ardece. Family Ardekice. (1555) Ardba cinerea.— The Common Heron. A female was obtained on the 9th March at Drosh (4,000 feet) and several passed through at the end of March, flying north. I saw a pair 64 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV 1. at the junction of the Turikho with the Chitral River (7,000 feet) at the end of June. (In October I saw a pair on the Panjkora River below Robat DirJ ORDER XXII.-PH(ENICOPTERI. ORDER XXIII.— ANSERES. Family Anatidce. Sub-family Anserince. (1583) Anser indicus. — The Barred-headed Goose. Although I did not see any specimens of this species in Chitral it is probable that it occurs. This species breeds on the Shandur Lake which is just over the Chitral border, and I saw several tamed birds that had been taken as nestlings the previous year. Sub-family Anatince. (1592) Anas boscas. — The Mallard. It passes through on its northward migration, beginning early in March and continuing till the end of the month, and on its return passage, beginning about the second week of September. This species does not winter in the country. (1597) Nettium crecca. — The Common Teal. Passes through to the north during March and first week in April in large numbers, and returns south about the beginning of October. A certain number winter in the country. (1599) Mareca penelope. — The Wigeon. Passes north during March and first week in April, returning south in October. Does not appear to be very numerous, nor does it winter in the country. (1G00) Dafila acuta. — The Pintail. Does not winter. Passes north towards the end of February and March. The return south was not noted. (1602) Spatula cltpeata. — The Shoveller. Passes north during March and the first week in April. The return migration was not noted. ORDER XXIV.— PYGOPODES. 65 WATER-YIELDING PLANTS FOUND IN THE THANA FORESTS. By G. M. Ryan, i.f.s. f.l.s. {Head before the Bombay Natural History Society on 29th Sept. 1904.) Calycopteris floribunda, commonly known as Ukshi in Thana, is one of the most interesting (if not the most interesting) scandent shrubs of the Thana District. In alluding to it as such, however, it is necessary to explain that this is not its habit of growth in all parts of India. In the ''Flora of British India" it is described as "a diffuse dense shrub not at all scandent," but Sir Dietrich Brandis, in his " Flora of N.-W. Central India," and Mr. Gamble, in his " Manual of Indian Timbers," both refer to it as possessing a climbing habit. In the Thana District it may be seen both as a diffuse shrub and formidable scandent one. When standing isolated in waste areas it seems to acquire the former habit in consequence of being lopped annu- ally for fuel and tahal,* and when growing in the forest amidst large-tree growth it assumes a scandent form. Attention cannot help but being directed towards this interesting member of the vegetable world, espe- cially at the commencement of the hot weather when in flower, for it then forms a most attractive plant. As a climber its pretty pale golden flowers bedeck the illuminated heights of a tree covering it, as it were, with glory, and as a shrub its pale golden inflorescence is even still more abundant and handsome. It has often been a surprise under the circumstances why Calycopteris floribunda has not been more utilized as an ornamental plant in gardens in Western India. Its climbing habit probably has been a barrier to its in- troduction, but this can easily be checked by yearly attention. A very fine specimen of the shrub exists in the hanging gardens on the Gibbs Road, Malabar Hill. Bombay, and Mr. W. S. Millard, one of the Honorary Secretaries of the Natural History Society, who is superin- tending the horticultural improvements at Malabar Point, states that specimens of this scandent shrub may be seen in Government House grounds there. The Ukshi, when a scandent shrub, ascends the bole of a tree in a characteristic manner, climbing from left to right. Having established itself in the forest in some spot not far from a tree it extends * Tahal is the term used in the Thana District for the branchwood and leaves which are cut to provide wood-ash manure for the rice nursery beds. 9 66 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. its leading shoot till it reaches the branch of an adjacent one. It pro- ceeds to embrace the bole at first in several loose coils and then to stretch its leader out as if in search of a further exterior support, failing to find which it returns to the original bole and forms three or four constricting coils round it, continuing to adopt the left-to-right habit. Releasing its grasp again it succeeds by a series of wide curves or swoops to reach the illuminated heights of the crown. Here it commences to form a net-work of branches, spreading across the crown, and perhaps overhanging it, until at length some of the branches are suspended in graceful festoons. A tree thus invaded naturally is unable to expand and eventually dies ; but the climber itself does not stop its course. Hav- ing, perhaps, reached the ground, especially where the tree invaded is a small one, its growth is further stimulated by its lower branches rooting in the soil and forming new individuals. It also possesses the faculty of reproducing itself by root-suckers, so that when once it has entered a forest and if the leaf canopy has not completely formed, it spreads in all directions by this means and also by means of its stoloniferous branches. In some instances after having reached the illuminated heights of a tree it is stimulated also to throw out another arm from its base, and this latter instead of attaching itself to the bole of the host and climbing up it, embraces one of its own scandent shoots that have grown old with the tree and been stripped of its foliage and coils tightly round it, restrict- ing its circumferential growth at the parts in contact with the coils, forming strands like those of a cable. Such a scandent form is common in the canopied forests of the Bassein Range where the Ukshi. both as a climber and a shrub, may be seen to advantage. In these interesting forests, which are at the base of the Tungar plateau in Bassein, the Ukshi stems here reaqh a girth of 1 to 2| feet. Where the latter have grown old with the trees and where the older portions have been stripped of their foliage they resemble ropes loosely stretched between the ground and tree summits and between tree and tree, formino- swings in some places and rope-ladders, as it were, for the monkeys.* The branches of the Ukshi being annually lopped around villa oes between January and April for tahal as already explained it is not often seen in flower in such localities. The smaller twigs are utilized for native tooth brushes. The most interesting characteristic: of the plant is * Vide Earner's " Natural History of Plants." WATER-YIELDING PLANTS FOUND IN THE THAN A FORESTS. 67 its faculty of storing in its climbing stems, and especially those which have grown old with the trees, a liquid resembling water which is commonly drunk by the wild tribes to allay thirst when water is not available. Such liquid is found in the stems at almost all periods of the dry season, but in greater abundance during the hot weather. It is obtained only from the stems of the scandent shrub. To obtain it a piece of the stem five feet long is entirely removed from the stem and held up vertically, a vessel being placed beneath into which the water, as we may call it, dribbles as freely as from a tap. As much as a quart has been drawn from four pieces of the following dimensions in this manner : — Length. Girth. 2'-8" 1' 2'-7" 10" 2'-3" 1' 2'-2" 10" In order to procure the water it is necessary that the operation of removing the required piece from the bole should be quickly performed, i.e., the sections above and below should be made as rapidly as possible ; otherwise most of the water rises in the stem and fails to exude. If a section is made at one end only, or if an incision merely is made in the wood, little or no exudation of the water takes place. On being drawn it resembles clear spring water in appearance and is not at all unpleasant to drink. After exposure for a few hours, however, it turns a pale amber colour. Through the courtesy of Mr. W. L. Harvey, I.C.S., C.I.E., Muni- cipal Commissioner, Bombay, the following interesting report of the analysis of the sample of the water has been made by the Municipal analyst, and Mr. Harvey, in forwarding the report, adds — " The Health Officer is of opinion that it is not injurious to health if used for drinking purposes " — Total solids 0-07 percent.* Mineral matter ... ... ... ... ••• 0*02 „ Organic and volatile matter ... ... ... 0*05 „ Total acids (in terms of c.c.N/ 10 alkali required). 6'8 „ Volatile acids ( do. do. ) 5'1 „ Fixed acids ( do. do. ) 1*7 ,, 68 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. " The organic matter was found to consist of a tanin and traces of albuminoids and gummy matter, while alcohol, starchy and saccharine matter was tested for with negative results. The free acid in the sample consists of acetic and other acids. The mineral matter in the sample consists of chlorides, sulphates, lime, ferric oxide and sodium oxide together with traces of nitrates and potassium." The water in a plant like Calycopteris floribimdci, possessing such interesting economic value, is doubtless on occasions put to successful use by the wild tribes, especially the Kolis and Kathodis who of late years have been committing dacoities in the Thana District. Capturing the dacoits has always been a difficult task, but it was thought this task would be facilitated during the hot weather when most of the pools, &c, had dried up in the forests. The police accordingly, in expectation of apprehending their prey, have kept a watch over the different pools in the jungles, but without much, if any, result. May not the water provi- ded by the Ukshi have been the charm which enabled the dacoits to keep the police at arm's length ? Under the facilities provided by the plant for quenching thirst the dacoits would be able to be independent of all pools and springs, and could wander at will through the forests. This sugges- tion is thrown out to some of our experienced, not to say smart, police officers whose attention is invited to the interesting economic use to which it is possible to apply the Ukshi, presuming such use has not been heard of before. The climber is found in some of the numerous canon-like ravines which exists along the western projection of the ghats, an area which for a long time has been the favourite haunts of the dacoits, and it is also a noticeable plant in the forests surrounding the well-known Tungar plateau as already stated. Its sylvicultural requirements are moderate amount of illumination and a humid and relatively cool atmos- phere with a freely drained laterite soil, so that it flourishes best in the hilly forest along the Konkan Sea Coast and in the moist ravines more inland in the localities already alluded to. Another climber known as Nandvel ( Vitis adnata, Wall.) is exceed- ingly common in the forests almost all over Thana District, which also yields a harmless beverage which is utilized similarly to quench thirst when water is not available in forests, but it produces slight throat irritation after swallowing, which renders it less popular than the water WATER-YIELDING PLANTS FOUND IN THE THAN A FORESTS. 69 from Calycopieris. It is often found where the latter does not exist however, and under such circumstances it is frequently resorted to instead for drinking purposes.* Forest guards have told me that they have been under the necessity of resorting to the water from Nandvel when working in some out- of-the-way forests or on the summit of a hill slope when marking- coupes, and it was in this way that my attention was first attracted to the interesting quality possessed by Nandvel and which ultimately led to my ascertaining the same uses in the Ukshi. At page 7, Volume XXII, of the ': Indian Forester" Viiis latifoliaf is reported, I see, to yield also a beverage which the Dehra Dun students sometimes indulge in when in the forests. A few other trees, etc., in the Thana forests are found which yield liquids resembling water from either the roots or their stems and which are turned to various economic, medicinal and other uses, and a description of these it is proposed to leave for another occasion when an opportunity offers. • When marching through the forests along the Waitarna River in Mokhada with Mr. Clyton, I.C.S., it was observed how frequently the Nandvel had been out. f Vitix lafifoUa is also found in the Thana forests, and it probably also yields water similar to Vitis adnata. Both are known as Nandvel. 70 THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION OF THE DAR- BHANGA DISTRICT, TIRHUT, WITH NOTES ON SPECIES NOTICED ELSEWHERE IN THE DISTRICT. By C. M. Inglis. Part VIII. {Continued from page 343 of Vol. XV .) Addenda et Corrigenda. (4) Parus atriceps. — The Indian Grey Tit. I mentioned that this species arrived about the third week of September, but in 1901 I obtained one on the 17th July, near Baghownie. (11) Otocompsa emeria. — The Bengal Red-whiskered Bulbul. This species is a rare bird near Baghownie. I have only seen one or two specimens. (327) Acrocephalus stentoreds. — The Indian Great Reed-Warbler. Oates, No. 363 ; Hume, No. 515, On the 19th November 1902 I obtained a female of this species near Baghownie. (328) Ch^etornis locostelloides.— The Bristled Grass-Warbler. Oates, No. 392 ; Hume, No. 441. On the 17th June 1902 several specimens were procured in the Ramowlie grass which lies between Hatauri and Anarh. (329) Phylloscopus tytleri. — Tytler's Willow-Warbler. Oates, No. 406 ; Hume, No. 500 bis. A Willow-Warbler was brought to me on the 8th October 1901 by a boy who shot it with a pellet bow. I take it to be this species. (32) Tephrodornis pondicerianus. — The Common Wood-Shrike. A nest containing three fresh eggs, along with one of the parent birds, was brought to me on the 12th March 1904. It was found in a mango grove near Baghownie. (40) Oriolus kundoo. — The Indian Oriole. In 1901 this species arrived at Baghownie on the 10th March, ten days earlier than the date I gave when writing about this species. (45) Temenuchus pagodardm. — The Black-headed Myna. I have taken the eggs of this species in June. I also got a single young one, fully fledged, from a hole in a kheir tree on the 18th of that month, so the eggs must have been laid some time in May. Towards the end of April a pair was seen making nesting arrangements, but up to date of writing, the 6th May, they have not laid. (46) Acridotheres tristis. — The Common Myna. A bird was seen a few miles from Baghownie, which had a pure white tail. The remainder was in ordinary plumage. (49) Sturnopastor contra. — The Pied Myna. A nearly pure albino of this species was brought me by a mir-shikar on the 30th August 1903. I append a description of the same. THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SOB-DIVISION. 71 Whole plumage pure white, with the following exceptions : — Remiges pure black, except the first or fifth primaries on one wing and the fifth on the other wing, the first on that wing being black. First secondary also white. One or two of the median coverts also black ; some black feathers near the nares and a few on the crown also — black patch on the side of the breast near the bend of the wing ; one or two greyish feathers on the breast and abdomen. Rump mixed black and white. Rectrices black except the outermost feather, which is white. (53) Cyornis rubeculoides.— The Blue-throated Flycatcher. A fine male was procured near Baghownie on the 26th November 1902. (56) Terpsiphone paradisi. — The Indian Paradise Flycatcher. Adult males sometimes have the feathers of the tail next the central one lengthened, as has been noticed in the case of S. affinis by Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker. (61 : Pratincola leucura. — The White-tailed Bush Chat. A pair of birds of this species was shot on the 21st March 1904 at Benoa where a small party were seen in a large grass. (62) P. insignis. — Hodgson's Bush Chat. Males of this species were obtained at Baghownie in October 1902. (330) Thamnobia cambaiensis — The Brown-backed Indian Robin. Oates, No. 661; Hume, No. 480. In December 1900 one of my men fired at a bird, which, I think, must have belonged to this species, and as it had white on the coverts, it was a male. (68) Cittocincla macrura. — The Shama. One was fired at and missed on the 28th August 1901. A female shot near Baghownie on the 9th October of the same year, and which was dissected by myself, was in male plumage with the mouth yellow. (80) Spor^eginthus amandava— The Indian Red Munia. From observations taken from specimens in captivity, males do moult into a winter plumage. This year I intend keeping notes on the subject. (81) Carpodacus erythrinus. — The Common Rose-finch. A flock of about twenty were seen near Baghownie flying on the 14th March 1904 in some jungle, out of which three were shot. (331) Emberiza fucata. — The Grey-headed Bunting. Oates, No. 790 ; Hume, No. 719. A male of this species was got near Baghownie on the 25th March 1904. The testes were greatly enlarged. Oates says he has never seen a specimen of this Bunting from the plains proper, but evidently Jerdon was correct when he said it was found sparingly there in places. (332) Melophus melanicterus. — The Crested Bunting. Oates, No. 803 ; Hume, No. 724. A small party was found at the same place and on the same date as the Rose-finches. They kept to the trees and would not come to the ground. I wanted my mir-shikar to snare some, but he was unable to do so, so several specimens were shot. 72 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. (333) Anthus striolatus.— Blyth's Pipit. Gates, No. 846 ; Hume, No. 601. Several specimens were obtained near Baghownie, and a nest with four eggs was'taken there on the 16th April 1904. They appear to keep more to the shade of trees, such as the kheir. &c. C104) Alauda gulgula— The Indian Sky-lark. A nest with two eggs was taken on the 28th April 1904 near Baghownie, and several others were found, but without eggs. (334) Pitta bracuyura.— The Indian Pitta. Oates, No. 933 ; Hume, No. A single male of this species was got in a mango grove, near Baghownie, on the 13th May 1904. It had just alighted on the ground from one of the mango trees and was by itself. None of the native fowlers round here recognize the bird, so it must be very rare. This is the only one I have ever seen, and it is not a species that is likely to be overlooked. A female got on the 21st of the same month. (130) Halcyon pileata.— The Black-capped Kingfisher. Several more specimens have been procured since writing about this species. Though undoubtedly rare, it is not so scarce as I thought it was. Native name Allah tanlci. All white varieties or albinos of birds are called Ablak by the native fowlers here, so they evidently take it to be only a variety of H. smymensis. (335) Anthracoceros albirostris — The Indo-Burmese Hornbill. Blanford, No. 1053 ; Hume, No. 142. A hornbill came to a tree quite close to the bungalow. One of my servants saw it there, and said it had been there all the morning. I went to have a look at it, but could only see the breast and abdomen, which were pure white, as the bird was hidden by a clump of parasite (Loranthus sp.) My servant saw the bird, and said the head and the neck was a mixture of black and white, the upper breast was black and the abdomen white. The bill, he said, was yellowish. I did not disturb the bird, as I expected my man in with my gun at any moment and thought I might get a shot at it. It flew away, however, before he arrived. I showed the man who saw the bird a skin of A. albirostris, and he said it was like it, except the head and neck, which were banded with black and white. I cannot identify the bird unless it was this species. (336) Cagomantis merulinus.— The Rufous-bellied Cuckoo. Blanford, No. 1113 ; Hume, No. 209. An adult male of this species was shot near Baghownie on the 7th November 1903. (148) Pal/EORNIS CYANOCEPHALDS. — The Western Blossom-headed Paroquet. A nest with two eggs was taken from a hole in a sisso tree at Jainagar on the 20th March 1904. This is the first 1 have seen. (150) Strix Candida. — The Grass-Owl. I have seen several of this species in some small grasses near Hatauri, and some also frequent the large Ramowlie grass. THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION. 73 (154) Scops giu. — The Scops Owl. Another specimen, a female, was got near Baghownie on the 20th November 1902, (155) S. bakkamcena. — The Collared Scops Owl. A nest containing four slightly incubated eggs was found in a hole in a peepul tree not far from Baghownie. (157) Ninox scutulata. — The Brown Hawk-Owl. One or two more specimens have been obtained near Baghownie since writing about this species. (180) Accipiter nisus. — The Sparrow-Hawk. I obtained a specimen at Baghownie on the 28th November 1902. (337) Turtur orientalis. — The Rufous Turtle Dove. Blanford, No. 1304 ; Hume, No. 793. A solitary specimen was shot by me in my compound at Baghownie on the 27th August 1903. It was undoubtedly this species as I compared it with my Cachar specimens. (193) Turtur ferrago. — The Indian Turtle Dove. I have also taken the eggs of this species in July as well as during the months previously mentioned. (199) Coturnix coromandelica. — The Rain Quail. The first and only specimen of this*species obtained by me was got on the 5th May 1904. It was a male and was near Baghownie along with some Grey and Button Quail. (338) Francolinus gularis. — The Swamp Partridge. Blanford, No. 1376 ; Hume, No. 823. A pair were brought me on the 19th March 1904 by a mir-shikar, who says he snared them in a large grass in the E. of this subdivision. He also mentioned that he had got the eg<*s, but ate them. He has promised to get me more birds and, if possible, the eggs. Mr. Edgell wrote me that he had shot this species in the Monghyr District. My pair are kept in an aviary along with a male Black Partridge and a lot of other birds. They never appear to quarrel with any of the other species ; in fact, they used to be bullied by an Australian Crested Dove (Ocyphaps lophotes). They are rather quiet birds, only occasionally uttering a loud qua, qua, qua, which ascends in tone. I have heard no other note. They are very shy, keeping hid most of the day. The hen is not as shy as the cock. (217) Anthropoides virgo. — The Demoiselle Crane. A flock came to the Kamla, near Jainagar, about the end of April, out of which one was secured. (218) Sypheotis bengalensis. — The Bengal Florican. I have at last succeeded in getting a specimen of a Florican. It was brought here on the 28th of August. It was snared somewhere in the District and was alive when brought, but I believe in a very emaciated condition, the sides of the head are buff and the greater portion of the back is mottled. 10 74 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. (339) Vanellus vulgaris.— The Lapwing. Blanford, No. 1436 ; Hume, No. 851. A single bird was snaredat the Maiser chaur on the 8th August 1903, but was too much damaged for preservation. This is the only one that has ever been got here. (340) Chettusia geegaru. — The Sociable Lapwing. Blanford, No. 1437 ; Hume, No. 852. A few were got at the Maiser chaur on New Year's Day, 1903, and again a few more on the 1st February of the same year. (236) Numenius pha;opus. — The Whimbrel. A second specimen, a male, was got at the Maiser chaur on the 12th Sep- tember 1903. (215) Pavoxcella pugnax. — The Ruff and Reeve. On the 15th February 1904 a male Ruff was. shot near Raghownie with a white head and neck, except one or two dark feathers on the crown. Mr. Finn wrote an article on this form, to which he gives the sub-specific name of Pavoncella pugnax leueoprora, in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Rengal, Vol. LXXI, Part II, No. 1 of 1902. (341) Tringa subarquata.— The Curlew Stint. Blanford, No. 1477 ; Hume, No. 882. A single male specimen, changing from summer to winter plumage, was snared on the Maiser chaur and brought to me on the 8th August 1903. (254) Larus ichthyaetus. — The Great Rlack-headed Gull. Another specimen of this fine gull was got on the Renoa chaur on the 3rd March 1904. It was a male, in breeding plumage. (268) Phalacrocorax carbo. — The Large Cormorant. A fine bird in breeding plumage was got on the Renoa chaur on the 21st March 1904. (277) Ciconia nigra.— The Rlack Stork. At last I have succeeded in obtaining a specimen of this stork. A fine male was snared on the Roopuspur chaur on the 9th January 1904. I append the dimensions and colours of the soft parts of this specimen. Length 42" ; wing 21" ; tail 9'5" ; tarsus 8" ; bill at front 7*6" ; bill at gapeS" ; expanse 75'8". Rill, orbital skin and legs vermilion ; former tinged with brown except at tip and base and front of tarsus brownish ; iris light brown. The native name I gave was correct. (281) Leptoptilus javanicus. — The Lesser Adjutant. Another specimen, a male, was got near Raghownie on the 15th September 1903. (287) Herouias intermedia.— The Smaller Egret, Two males, in full breeding plumage, have been obtained since my note on this species. One was got at Fureckeer in the Monghyr District on the 22nd April 1903, and the other at the Hurrietta chaur in this district on the 25th May of the same year. TEE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION. 75 (300) Sarcidiornis melanonotus. — The Nukta. A couple more specimens of this duck have been got, both females. One was secured on the Maiser chaur on the 8th January 1903, and the other on the Benoa chaur on the 12th March 1904. (301) Khodonessa caryophyllacea. — The Pink-headed Duck. Another pink-headed Duck was brought on the 25th June of this year. It was snared on the Benoa chaur, where the first specimen came from. This one seems very healthy and is at present in my water aviary in the com- pany of a pair of Mandarins (Mx galericulata), a wild Duck (^4. boscas), two Spot-Bills {A. pcecilorhyncha) , a Shoveller (£. clyjieafa), a blue-winged Teal (Q. circia), a pair of Nicobar Pigeons (C. nicobarica), and an Australian Crested Dove (0. lophotes). They all seem to get along together well enough. (307) Anas boscas. — The Mallard. I have received another specimen from this district. It is a male, and was brought to me by a native fowler. At present I have got it alive. (308) A. pcecilorhyncha.— The Spotted-billed Duck. I believe this species breeds near Muktapur Factory in this district. This cold season, 1903-04, has been one of the worst for migratory wild fowl. Nothing decent has been seen or brought me, with the exception of the above- mentioned Mallard. Two of these ducks were brought here at the same time and from the same place as the above-mentioned pink-headed duck. One of them is at present alive in my tealery, and the other died. A third one was brought on the loth July from the same place ; this one is also alive. There were, I believe, about half a dozen of these birds in the chaur, but with bird lime the mir shikar only managed to snare one. 76 THE BUTTERFLIES OF CEYLON, By Major N. Manders, r.a.m.c, f.z.s., f.e.s. {Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 24th November 1904.) The Island of Ceylon has now been so thoroughly ransacked for butterflies that assuredly very few species remain to be discovered, pro- bably not more than half a dozen at the outside. Some general conclu- sions regarding their origin and distribution may now be ventured on and an analysis of the various species may be of some interest. Before doing so it may be as well to recall the chief geographical features and climate of the Island, as it is on these two factors that the variation of butterflies, to my mind, chiefly depend. Cape Comorin, at the extreme end of the Indian Peninsula, almost reaches the 6th degree North latitude and is opposite Puttalam in Ceylon, a small village not more than eighty miles north of Colombo. The effect of this position is that nearly two -thirds of the Island is sheltered, as it were, by the Indian Peninsula, and this causes a remarkable contrast in the sheltered and unsheltered portions of the Island. It will be noticed, further, that the Hill districts of Ceylon are confined to the south-west portion of the Island, so that the whole of the northern and eastern part is either shel- tered by the mountains of India or those of Ceylon, and this causes a very marked difference of climate in different parts of the Island. The South-West monsoon passing up the East Coast of Africa is deflected off the Island of Socotra across the Arabian Sea and divides into two cur. rents, one of which strikes the Western Ghauts and the other the south- west portion of Ceylon. That current which strikes the Indian Pen- insula loses its moisture in the Western Ghauts and Anamallai and Travancore Hills and reaches Ceylon north of Puttalam as a com- paratively dry wind, and certainly a distinctly dry wind by the time it reaches Trincomalee on the east of the Island. On the other hand, the mountains of the south-west portion of Ceylon receive the full benefit of the South- West monsoon in the Hills and comes to the South-East portion of the Island as a dry wind in a similar manner as in the north. It will be noticed, therefore, that in the greater part of the Island the South- West monsoon is a dry wind. On the other hand, the North- East monsoon travelling over the Bay of Bengal reaches the northern THE BUTTERFLIES OF CEYLON 77 and eastern part of the Island loaded with moisture, and a tremendous downpour, almost continuous, is the result. The mountains also receive a yery fair amount, and even Colombo on the western sea board is treated to heavy afternoon and evening thunderstorms. The climate of the Island, speaking generally, runs thus : From the end of January to the end of May it is dry all over the Island and there is very little wind ; at the end of May to the end of September the South-West monsoon brings heavy rain to the Ceylon Hills, but a dry wind to the rest of the Island ; at the end of October the North- East monsoon brings heavy rain all over the Island, but more particularly to the northern and eastern parts. The Hills begin to rise about thirty miles from the western coast and sink again into the low country at a very considerable distance from the eastern and northern sea boards. As it is, that portion of the country devoted to tea and cocoa cultivation, and therefore more inhabited by Europeans, and as it possesses, near by, the most important harbour of Colombo and being, withal, the most beautiful and conse- quently the most visited district in Ceylon, it has obtained a notoriety certainly most deserving, but at the same time of undue prominence, taking into consideration its small area compared with the rest of the Island. There is no doubt that the usually received ideas regarding Ceylon are, if taken as a whole, erroneous, for of the large number of globe- trotters and others who visit Ceylon annually not one in a thousand visits the low country, but confine their peregrinations chiefly to Kandy and Nuwara Eliya in the Hill district. The physical configuration of this portion of the Island and that of the Western Ghauts being so similar, and the climate also being almost identical, together with, in all probability, a land connection in far off times, probably accounts for the remarkable similarity of the butterflies found in these regions. They form a very natural group which extends to the North Kanara district in India and thence gradually thins out and disappears a little to the north of Bombay. It also extends to the Nilgiris, which are an off-shoot of the Western Ghauts, but which have in addition some species such as Colias Nilgiriensis of palaearctic affinities. The similarity of the butterflies of the rest of the Island with those of the Deccan and 78 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. plains of the Madras Presidency is likewise to be accounted for by like conditions of physical characteristics, climate and propinquity. Two hundred and thirty species of butterflies have been recorded from Ceylon. Of these 163 are mostly common and widely distributed insects, such as Pyrameis cardui and require no further mention, as the Ceylon insects do not vary from those found elsewhere. The following- three species are confined to Ceylon, but show affinity to Malayan or Chinese species : — Danais exprompta. Euploea corus=elisa. Elymnias singhala. Fifteen species are confined to Ceylon : — 1. 9 -J . 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Danais taprobana. Lethe dynsate. Lethe daretis. Euthalia vasanta. Lampides coruscans. Lampides lacteata. Cyaniris lanka. 9. Aphnaeus minima. 10. Hantana infernus. 11. Sarangesa albicilia. 12. Baracus vittatus. 13. Suastus minuta. 14. Halpe egena. 15. Halpe decorata. 8. Aphnaeus greeni. The following 47 species form the Indo- Ceylon group, those in italics are found in South India and Ceylon and nowhere else ; the others are confined to Ceylon and are probably local races of South Indian insects : — 18. Cethosia nietneri. 19. Cynthia asela. 20. Cirrhochroa lanka. 21. Kallima philarchus. 22. sAtella ceylonica. 23. Ergolis taprobana. 24. Libythea rama. 25. Libythea lepitoides. 26. Abisai'a prunosa. 27. Cyaniris singalensis. 28. Arrhopala pirama. 29. Hypolycima nilgirica. 30. Horaga cingalensis. 31. Lomura arcuata. 32. Ch eritra jaffra. 33. Rapala lankama. 34. Rapala lasulina. 1. Hestia jasonia. 2. Danais ceylanica. 3. Euploea asela. 4. Euploea sinhala. 5. Euploea montana. fi. Mycalesis rama. 7. Mycalesis subdita. 8. Mycalesis patnia. 9. Elymnias fraterna. 10. Discophora lepida. 11. Charaxes psaphon. 12. Parthenos cyaneus. 13. Euthalia evelina. 14. Limenitis callidosa. 15. Neptis sinuata. 16. Cupha placida. 17. Rohana camiba. 35. Prioneris sita. 36. Ixias cingalensis. 37. Teracolus tripuncta. 38. T. eucharis. 39. Appias taprobana. 40. Hebomoia australis. THE BUTTERFLIES OF CEYLON. 79 41. Huphina remba. 42. Nepheronia ceylunica. 43. Troides darius. 44. Papilio jophon. 45. Papilio mooreanus. 46. Uiades parinda. 47. Parata butleri. With regard to those species which show relationship to Malayan or Chinese species, it appears to me possible that all may have been introduced indirectly by man's agency, for the following considerations, which if sound, show that the butterfly fauna of Ceylon has no real connection with the Malay peninsula or countries adjoining thereto. Elymnias ( Dyctis) Singhala is undoubtedy a local race of E. lutes- cens, a variable Malayan species, and was, until a few years ago, almost entirely confined to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Peradenia near Kandy, and even now is confined to the immediate neighbourhood. The larva feeds on various species of Palmacece and it appears to me possible, if not probable, that the Malayan species was introduced into the Island with some species of Palm from Singapore or its neigh- bourhood. If this should have been the case it gives us some guidance as to the length of time it has taken to produce a local race of Elymnias. The Peradenia Gardens were started about the year 1820. E. Sin- ghala was described in 1874, so we may say, that it has taken less than 46 years to produce this new distinct species. The other species Danais exprompta and Euploea corus have much in common ; the distribution of both is identical, and both are capable of surviving very rough usage ; they are entirely confined to the coast and twenty miles or so inland, that is to say, the foothills extend- ing from Galle in the south to about ten miles beyond Colombo on the north. The food plant of D. exprompta is unknown, but that of E. corus is a common jungle tree. D. exprompta is one of the numerous local races of D. simik's, a Chinese species, which is called D. vulgaris in Burma, D. persimilis in Siam, and so on. Euploea corus is probably most nearly allied to E. castelnaui, a Malayan species. Neither D. exprompta nor E. corus have any relation to the Indian species of the Danaince. Galle was, until some thirty years ago, the first port in the Island, Colombo at that time being in a very inferior position^ but, with the completion of 80 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. the breakwater at Colombo, Galle very rapidly fell from its high estate and is now almost deserted. Taking into consideration the tenacity of life exhibited by the Danaince, it does not appear to me altogether improbable that the progenitors of these two species were accidentally introduced into the Island at Galle, and have survived in a restricted area and have there developed local races. I may mention that immediately to the south of Galle the dry portion of the Island commences and is of quite a different character to the country north of it. In the neighbourhood of Galle these two species are fairly abundant, but they become scarcer as one approaches Colombo, and possibly extended cultivation may have something to do with this. The larva of E. corns is not infrequently brought in by natives for sale, as it is very conspicuous and easily collected. It is remarkable what a large proportion suffer from the attacks of parasitic flies in spite of the warning colouration. With regard to the fifteen species confined to Ceylon and hitherto recognised as distinct, it is quite possible that further knowledge of the South Indian butterflies will prove that even this small number will be still further reduced. Euthalia vasanta may be only a pronounced local race of E. garuda which is somewhat scarce in Ceylon, and the local race in this instance would appear to be gradually supplanting the parent form. Aphnceus greeni is known by a single specimen only and may not be distinct. It was captured by Mr. E. E. Green in an open space in jungle on the summit of the Great Western Range at an elevation of 5,000 feet, a locality very difficult of access and not visited by an entomologist either before or since Mr. Green's visit. Aphnceus minima was described by Butler from a Ceylon specimen, and the type is now in the South Kensington Museum. I have a similar specimen which I look at Trincomalee in company with a crowd of the common A. vukanus, and I have no doubt that it is merely a sport or occasional aberration of that species though it looks fairly distinct. Lampides coruscans and L. lacteata are also to my mind doubtfully distinct : they may be forms of L. elpis. Danais laprobana is a very distinct and handsome species unlike any other of the genus known to me. It is entirely confined to the Hills and rarely descends below 4,000 feet. Above this it is TEE BUTTERFLIES OF CEYLON. 81 abundant, particularly i about Nnwara Eliya, 6,200 feet, and the Hor- ton Plains, 7,000 feet. Lethe daretis is also very distinct and is likewise confined to the higher elevations, rarely descending below 4,000 feet. Above this it is common in bamboo jungle nearly all the year round. The female flies low among the bushes and along jungle paths. The males are rarer, or at any rate are less frequently met with, and have the habit on sunny mornings of flying rapidly round tops of forest trees far out of reach like our Apatura iris. Cyaniris lanka is another insect seldom met with below 4,000 feet. The males are abundant nearly all the year round, sucking up moisture from damp sand. The female is much less frequently seen, and u&ually occurs in the light jungle and often among the tea bushes. The Hesperiadce in the above list, with the exception of JSaiar.gtsa albictlia which is of general distribution, are confined to the Hill dis- tricts and adjoining low country. They are mostly rare, but probably only require looking for. Halpe decorata is particularly rare and has only been taken, so far as I know, in one locality, Avisawella, about twenty miles from Colombo, and this locality has, I believe, now been destroyed. Lethe dynsate is in some respects the most interesting butterfly in Ceylon. Though described by Hewitson so long ago as 1863 it still remains one of the rarest of Ceylon butterflies. It is not confined to the Hill district, and though exceedingly rare and local has been found within twenty miles of Colombo on the coast as well as at Nuwara Eliya at an elevation of 6,200 feet. Structurally it is of special interest, as it is the sole representative of the Sub-genus Hanipha moore, characterised chiefly by the sex mark of the male being confined to the fore- wing, thus forming a connecting link between those species of Lethe which have a sex mark on both wings and those with none on either wing. The species may yet be found in Southern India, and I can give no reasonable explanation of its occurrence in Ceylon to the exclusion of other countries. Its nearest allies, Liethe gulnihal, latiaris, &c, occur in North-East India, Tenasserim and Malaya, but not, so far as I know, in Peninsular India. The species of the Indo-Ceylon group as a whole show a distinct tendency to depth of colouring and marking when compared with the 11 82 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI allied Indian species from the Himalayas or even Sikhim. The follow- ing genera will serve as examples : — 7. Cyaniris. 8. Loxura. 9. Appias. 10. Nepheronia. 11. Troides. Again, without exception, all the local races of Ceylon butterflies, though belonging to the above group, are darker in colouration than their allied Indian relatives ; as instances I may give — 1. Danais. 2. Charaxes. 3. Parthenos. 4. Cethosia. 5. Cirrhochvoa. 6. Ergolis. 1. Hestia jasonia. 2. Euploea (in partj. 3. Mycalesis patnia. 4. Elymnias fraterna. 5. Charaxes psaphon. 6. Limenitis calidosa. 7. Cethosia nietneri. 8. Cirhochoroa lanka. To account for this is by no means easy, and I doubt whether an entirely satisfactory explanation is at present forthcoming. One point seems clear, and that is that all the species are influenced by some agent, having a continuous and universal action on them. Knowing as we do that changes of temperature, rainfall and the like have a marked influence on certain species, causing the so-called " wet " and " dry " season forms, it seems reasonable to assume that climate is a marked factor in causing this intensity of colouring in the Indo-Ceylon group, and if this is the case it seems to me a logical conclusion that climate has had a great deal more to do with the colouration of butterflies generally than some entomologists are ready to allow. So far as our knowledge goes at present it is impossible to say at any rate among tropical butterflies exactly how much heat or moisture is necessary to produce a " wet " or " dry " form, but undoubtedly there is a good deal of evidence to show that heat and moisture tend to produce certain colours and intensify, or reduce, the colouring of a species according to its geographical and climatal conditions. Deep blue or purple in a tropical butterfly is almost invariably indicative of a habitat of deep jungle amidst sombre surroundings with a elimate of heavy rainfall and a high temperature throughout the year, as for instance, Thaumantis diores. The deep blue of Kallima limborgii has doubtless been produced by the above conditions. It may be assumed that the various species or local races of the orange-banded Himalayan and Burmese Kallima are derived primarily THE BUTTERFLIES OF CEYLON. 83 from one species which we knew as K. inachus. It extends over hundreds of miles of country from Tenasserim in the east to the Murree Hills in the west. The climate of this extensive area is naturally extremely diversified and the colouration of the butterfly ranges from an Oxford blue in the east to an almost Cambridge blue in the west. The former colour is produced by continuous heat and heavy continuous rainfall. In Sikhim and Nepal, the heat and rainfall are not continuous throughout the year, the late winter and spring months being dry and somewhat cold in the localities frequented by Kallima, though both heat and rainfall in the lower vnlleys are very great in the summer months ; such a climate produces typical K. inachus. In the Western Himalayas there is bright sunshine, and though the heat is considerable it is nothing like that of Sikhim, and both it and the rainfall are far less than further east. This climate produces K. kuegelii. In the neigh- bourhood of Mussoorie in the Dehra-Dun both the dark and light- blue forms occur, from which I infer that the climate is not sufficiently pronounced either way to produce a permanent form, but permits both to flourish. A somewhat similar pale form of K. limborgii occurs, together with the type in the Shan States where the climate is more temperate and the rainfall less than in Tenasserim where limborgii only is found. The climate of the Indo-Ceylon region is in many respects similar to Lower Burma, there being rain during the greater portion of the year and continuous tropical heat, which two factors together have probably caused that intensity of colouring which dis- tinguishes the butterflies of this tract of country. Similar causes have in all probability produced the still greater amount of colouring which distinguishes the local races of Ceylon butterflies from their neigbhours across the Gulf of Manaar. But to ascertain with any hope of success the exact amount of extra rain and heat* necessary to develop these forms seems at present hopeless. Some assistance may be derived from the study of the seasonal changes to which many Ceylon butterflies are subject. In some parts of the world, as in South Africa or the plains of Panjab, the same climate exists for several weeks or months over several thousand square miles of country, and an insect captured in Peshawar in June, would not necessarily vary from one captured in Mooltan in the same • If the local race of Elymnias lutescens has been produced in less than 50 years, the time required might not be so great as is generally presumed. 84 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY , Vol. XV I. month. In Ceylon it is quite different ; though I have given above the characteristics of the climate generally it is to be remembered that it is an insular one, and secondary variations are considerable and dependent on very many topical causes. For instance, the rainfall at Colombo is about 75", 120" being the heaviest ever recorded ; whereas at Labugama, only 26 miles off, the rainfall, due no doubt to proximity to the Hills, is no less than 150" or over ; and many other instances throughout the country could be adduced. A comparison of the butterflies from the above two localities would not be likely to show any differences, as the places being so approximate the inter- mixture of individuals would be too great. A comparison of the rainfall of the Ceylon Hill district and that of Travancore is exceedingly difficult to make with any degree of accuracy, and I have insufficient data to work on. *Mr. H. S. Ferguson has given in his paper on the Birds of Travan- core certain meteorological data, which I have compared with Ceylon statistics. It appears that the rainfall in the Ashambu Hills, which extend from Cape Comorin to 40 miles north with an average altitude of 4,100 feet, have an average rainfall of from 80 to 100 inches ; whereas in Ceylon the average rainfall at a similar altitude is 100 inches and over, and at an approximate altitude of 1,500 feet an average of over 200 inches. So far as I can gather from statistics available, it seems clear that the average rainfall in Ceylon is distinctly higher than in corresponds o- districts in Travancore. I have no means of ascertaining whether there is any marked difference in the temperature, but I should say Ceylon undoubtedly is the warmer. It lies further south, and being insular the climate is more equable ; the extensive forest area of Travancore would cause increased evaporation with a lowering of the temperature after heavy rain. I may add that the rainfall of Trevandrum, 50 miles from Cape Comorin, is 65 inches, and that of Colombo, about the same dis- tance south of the Cape, over 75 inches. The above considerations, though by no means conclusive, tend to the hypothesis that the heavier rainfall and intenser heat of Ceylon have been the most important agents in producing the depth of colouring which distinguishes the local races of Ceylon butterflies. This naturally The Birds of Travancore, by H. S. Ferguson, Jn1.,B<>m.Nat. Hia.'Soc Vol. 15, page 249 THE BUTTERFLIES OF CEYLON. 85 leads up to the question of so-called " wet " and " dry " seasonal forms and the causes thereof. There is no doubt that with the curious exception of certain species of Pierince the " wet " season form is invariably darker than the " dry." Specimens of many species which do not produce marked seasonal forms if caught in the rains show a depth of colouring which is absent in " dry " weather (Le., Cynthia). 86 DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS FROM THE PERSIAN GULF, GULF OF OMAN, AND NORTH ARABIAN SEA, DREDGED BY MR. F. W. TOWNSEND, OF THE INDO-EUROPEAN TELEGRAPH SERVICE, 1901—1903. By James Cosmo Melvill, m.a., f.l.s., f.z.s., and Robert Standen, Assistant Keepek, Manchester Museum. Part I. Plates A, B. {Reproduced from the Annals and Magazine of Natural History Ser. 7, Vol. Xll.) Two years ago we published a Catalogue * of the Mollusca of the Persian Gulf, &c. (Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, and Scaphopoda only), mainly collected by Mr. Townsend in 1893—1900, and enumerating 935 species. In the interim further large consignments have been frequently forwarded by the same ener- getic collector from many different stations and depths, including especially the results of one particularly profitable dredging on 7th April, 1903, in the Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., at 156 fathoms, which, it is no exag- geration to say, positively teems with novelties. All this has naturally delayed publication of the second portion — to contain the Pelecypoda — of the above- mentioned Catalogue. At the present opportunity we offer descriptions of many Gastropoda, mostly of small size, though a few— e. g., Murex, Marjoricz, Trichotropis pul- cherrima, and the highly sculptured and unique Pleurotoma navarchus — are more conspicuous. The Scotef are enumerated elsewhere. Amongst the " minutiora" we would call especial attention to the two new- species referred to Homolaxis, the H. comu-Ammonis, especially, being entirely evolute from the apical whorl and exactly like a microscopic " ram's-horn." Cyclostrema euchilopteron, prominulwn, and Emarginala undulata are very wonderful in their sculpture. A Fluxina, the first recorded from the Old World, and the curious Rissoina reyistomoides are both noteworthy. So is a new species of Metula (M. daphnelloides) and many Pleurotomida3, this family ever having the pre-eminence in abyssal waters. The Kleinella sympiesta, also near akin to K. cancellaris and sulcata of Adams, belongs to a genus which has not before been known to exist in the Arabian Sea or Persian Gulf. To Mr. Edgar Smith, I.S.O., and Mr. E. R. Sykes we must express our best thanks for assistance, likewise to Mr. G. B. Sowerby, and Mr. W. Neville Sturt. of the India Office. EMARGINULA UNDULATA, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 1.) E. testa parva, delicata, albida, oblonga, apice multum recurvo, margiuem posticum fere superirnpendente ; radiis costalibus ad 40, majoribus cum minoribus saepius alternantibus, posticis crassis, firmis, cseteris delicatis, un- dulato-crenatis, undique transversim elegantissime et arete concentrice liratis, * Proc. Zool. Soc. l'JOl, vol. ii. pp. 327—460. t Joura. of Conch, s., pp. 340 sqq. Journ. Bomb) ay Nat.. Hist. Soc Plate A. J- Gx»e en. del .et litK Mi litem Br os imp. NEW SHELLS from the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend, of the Indo-European Telegraph Service, 1901-3. Jour n. B omb ayNa,t . Hist . S o c . Plate B. J Gr-een del etHtK. MmtevriBros .imp. NEW SHELLS from the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend, of the Indo-European Telegraph Service, 1901-3. DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 87 liris undulatis, continuis ; fissura angusta (in longitudine 2£ mm.) ; cicatrice fissuralivel septo conspicuo, circa 30-loculato, loculis crasse foraminatis, apertura oblonga, intus alba, margine crenulato. Long. 5-50, alt. 2-50, lat. 3*75 mm. Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. A particularly delicate species, with wavy crenulate rays, crossed by very characteristic, concentric, close-meshed lirse, continuously covering the rays and whole surface. EMARGINULA CAMILLA, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 2.) E. testa ovato-oblonga, depresso-conica, delicata, alba, apice supra medium recurvo, superficie omnino pulchre radiata vel costulata ; costulis ad 45, ltevi- bus, nitidis, gemmato-nodulosis, majoribus cum minoribus ssepe alternantibus, liris undique spiraliter conjunctis ;, interstitiis quadratulis, profunde forami- natis ; fissura antica angusta (in longitudine ad 2 mm.), septo inconspicuo ; apertura ovato-oblonga, intus alba, margine multicrenato. Long. 6*50, lat. 4*50, alt. 3 mm. Hab, Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. Of the same character superficially as E. Candida, Ad., from Japan, elongata, Costa, &c, but differing from all in greater delicacy and fineness of sculpture. • CYCLOSTREMA HENJAMENSE, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 3.) C. testa parva, depresso-discoidali, delicata, albida, profunde sed anguste umbilicata ; anfractibus 5, quorum duo apicales heves, mamillati, vitrei, cseteris apud suturas paullum excavatis, ultimo spiraliter septem-carinali, cari- nis duabus ad peripheriam quam maxime conspicuis, undique longitudinaliter arctissime et oblique costulatis, costulis supra coronulatis et gemmatis, regione umbilicari circa marginem carinata, deinde costulis longitudinalibus perspec- tive delabentibus ; apertura subrotnnda, intus alba ; peristomate crassiusculo continuo. Alt. 3, diam. 6 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf, Henjam Island, 10 fathoms, amongst coarse sand and broken shells. A little species, which appears on the borderland between Cyclostrema and Liotia, the mouth-characters being Cyclostremoid- It is a particularly attrac- tive species, the se-ven keels on the last whorl being closely longitudinally inter- sected by oblique riblets, these being gemmulate at the points of junction. CYCLOSTREMA SUPREMUM, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 4.) C. testa minuta, planato-discoidali, alba, nitidula, profunde umbilicata ; an- fractibus 5, apud suturas excavatis, quorum duo apicales multum canaliculati, laevissimi, vitrei, caeteris depressiusculis, penultimo uni ultimo tricarinato, undique arctissime oblique costulato ; costulis laevibus, interstitiis spiraliter tenuistriatis, costularmn numero ultimum apud anfractum circa 28, infra 88 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. peripheriara et circa regionem umbilicarem laeviore, costulis ad basim fere evanidis ; apertura oblique ovali, intus alba, labro paullum incraesato. Alt. 150, diam. 4 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf, near Fao. Likewise off Bunder Abbas, 5 fathoms, mud bottom. A most exquisite species, beautifully cancellate and sculptured, though more or less smooth below the periphery and around the narrow but deep umbilicus. The whorls are all channelled at the sutures, this with a lens being very distinct at the apex. The nearest ally is, perhaps, C. eburneum, Nevill (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xliv. part 2, p. 101, pi. viii. figs. 21,22), which is, however, alarger shell, with coarser sculpture proportionately. CYCLOSTREMA ANNELLARIUM*, sp, n. (PI. A. fig. 5.) C. testa parva, discoidali, profunde umbilicata, supra plana, alba, solidula ; anfractibus tribus, quorum ultimus magnopere aliis exsuperans, rotundatus, undique costi3 longitudinalibus circularibus, numero ad quinque et viginti, praeditus, interstitiis pulchre striatis ; apertura rotundata, labro continuo, crassiusculo. Alt. 1, diam. 2mm. Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 2-4° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. Exceedingly small, but well marked, being deeply umbilicate, flattened above, three-whorled, the last whorl large, provided with about twenty-four rounded longitudinal ribs. We know no species exactly comparable, C. conicum, Boog Watson, being, perhaps, the nearest, from Pernambuco (' Challenger ' Ex- pedition).; but this, as its name implies, is conical in form. The interstices between the ribs are, as in C. conicum, beautifully spirally striate. CYCLOSTREMA PROMINULUM, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 6.) C. testa depresso-discoidali, delicata, alba, minutissima, profunde umbilicata ; anfractibus quatuor, quorum duo apicales perlaeves, subvitrei, caeteris duobus spiraliter undique multiliratis ; liris laevibus, simul ac interstitiis, ultimo permagno, ad peripheriam acuticarinato ; carina prorainente, deinde ad basim lateribus obliquis, basi tumidula ; apertura rotunda, labro tenui. Alt. 1, diam. 2 mm. Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. A very minute species, deeply umbilicate, white, with the surface uniformly multilirate, the lira at the periphery being metamorphosed into a strong, very prominent, and acute keel. CYCLOSTREMA EUCHILOPTERON f, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 7.) C. testa parva, profunde umbilicata, albo-lactea, subpellucida, tenui, nitidi- uscula, discoidali ; anfractibus quatuor, apicali vitreo, laevi, omnibus, prajter * Anncllus, a smallerine. •j-su, x£,Xof» "fipov, from the winged process iu connexion with the lip. DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 89 ultimum, depressis, undique concentrice tenuiliratis, ultimo recto, tribus carinis acutissimis prsedito, prominulis, quorum superiore carina extia labrum projecta porrectionem trialatam prsebente ; apertura rotunda, labro extus tricarinato, intus simplici. Alt. 2, diam. 3'50 mm. Hab, Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. A wonderful little form, which seems from the description to come nearest to C. Yerreauxii, Fisch., from California. It is a discoidally depressed, deeply umbilicate species, the last whorl furnished with three very prominently ridged keels, acutely projecting, and terminating in a triangularly winged extension of the upper part of the outer lip. Several examples, but by no means so abundant as ft quadricarinatum, M. & S., which was in thousands at the above locality. LIOTIA ROMALEA*, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 8.) L. testa ovato-rotunda, parva, solida, anguste umbilicata ; anfractibus 5, ad suturas excavatis, quorum duo apicales lasves, margaritacei, cseteris, antepe- nultimouni-,penultimo bi-, ultimo tricarinato, undique longitudinaliter arete costatis, costis crassis, interstitiis striis longitudinalibus arete prseditis, basim versus, circa umbilicum, costis magnopere tumescentibus, spatio interstitiali spiraliter profunde fenestrato ; umbilico profundo, perspective ; apertura rotunda, intus albescente ; peristomate albo, multum incrassato, obscure quinquangulari, continuo. Alt. 5, diam. 5 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf, Sheikh Shuaib Island, 10 fathoms ; Maskat, 10-15 fathoms; also Gulf of Oman, lat. 23° 30' N., long. 57° 10' E„ at 10 fathoms. Several examples of a typical Liotia, coarser and smaller than L, echinacantha, but beautifully sculptured and with conspicuously thickened peristome, which is seen with the aid of a lens to be very obscurely five-angled. LIOTIA ECHINACANTHA, sp. n. (PI. A. fig, 9.) L. testa globosa, anguste sed profunde umbilicata, pallide straminea, robusta anfractibus quatuor, quorum apicalis depressus, planatus, ceteris pul- cherrime et arctissime sculpturatis, antepenultimo duobus, penultimo tribus, ultimo sex squamarum ordinibus prsedito, squamis echinatis, spinarum instar, cavis, anfractu ultimo (et penultimo) ordine superiore, squamis incurvis, magis conspicuis, arctissime accincto, infra peripheriam, circa umbilicum, tribus ordinibus multe minoribus ; apertura rotunda, intus margaritacea ; peristomate crassiusculo, umbilico corneo, multispirali. Alt. 6, diam. 7'50. Hab. Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 10-15 fathoms. A very beautiful little shell, not very near any of the genus with which we are acquainted. The scaly spines are characteristic, being fluted, hollow, and * pix)fji.i'Kios) robust. 12 90 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. profusely covering the surface, thrice-ranked on the penultimate, six-ranked on the last whorl ; but three, however, of them are conspicuous, more parti- cularly the one in both whorls just below the sutures. Around the umbilicus the three rows are not so highly developed. The operculum is horny and multispiral. ENIDA PERSICA, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 10.) E. testa parva, depresso-conica, solidula, profunde sed anguste umbilicata, albo-straminea,hic illic, praacipue apud peripheriam, spiraliter pallide rubro vel brunneo maculata ; anfractibus 6, apud suturas gradatulis, quorum duo apicales vitrei, canaliculati, Iseves, cseteris, prsecipue ultimo, spiraliter liratis, simul ac infra, juxta suturas, forti carina prseditis (ultimo anfractu apud peripheriam bicarinato), longitudinaliter obliquissime sed obscure costulatis, co3tulis apud ultiraum saspius fere evanidis, ad juncturas lirarum prsecipue supra, gemmulatis, infra peripheriam usque ad umbilicum spiraliter pulcberrime tenuiliratis ; lira majore interdum cum minore alternante, undique minute gemmulatis ; apertura subquadrata, labro paullum incrassa- to, regione umbilicari excavata. Alt. 3, diam. 5 mm. Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 53° 54' E., 156 fathoms. Allied to the type of the genus E.japonica, Ad., but differing in both size and form. It is not so large or handsome as the recently described E. Toim- sendi, Sowb., from a neighbouring locality. The sculpture is elaborate for so small a shell ; the lirse and carinas on the last whorl number together six above the periphery, while below it there are ten, all being more or less granulate ; the base is flattened, umbilical region somewhat excavate, mouth squarrose ; the painting is pale red blotching, of a trigonal shape round the last two whorls, and most conspicuous at the periphery. Many examples occurred at the very prolific dredging-station mentioned above. EUCHELUS TOWNSENDIANUS, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 11.) E. testa oblongo-conica, staminea, solidula ; anfractibus 7, quorum tres pallide straminei, apicales minute orenulati, subhyalini, casteris spiraliter fortiter costatis ; anfractu penultimo, simul ac antepenultimo, costis quatuor, ultimo novem (quorum quinque supra, usque ad peripheriam) undique gemmulatis, interstitiis favulosis, quadratis ; apertura ovato-rotunda, labro regulariter brunneo-zonulato, intus multiplicato, margine columellari sinuoso-crenulato. Alt. 11, diam. 6'50 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf ; Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 15 fathoms ; also at lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. An Euchelus of somewhat familiar aspect, but not precisely comparable with any species either in our National Collection or mentioned in existing mono- graphs. DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 91 SOLARIELLA ZACALLES*, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 12.) S. testa depresso-conica, profunde et late umbilicata, pernitida, laevi, solida, leete, rufo-brunnea, flammis fulgetrinis maculisque spiralibus hie illic depicta ; anfractibus 6, quorum apicales If crystallini, lasves, ca3teris ventri- cosulis, supra, juxta suturas, regulariter spiraliter gemmatis, dein con- centrice tenuiliratis, interstitis perleevibus, ultimo infra peripheriam nitido lsevissimo, intus umbilicum pulchre multilirato, liris arete gemmato-crenu- latis, circa umbilicum ipsum radiatim breviter multisulculoso ; apertura obliqua, subrotunda, intus margaritacea, labro tenui, columella simplici, nequaquam reflexa. Alt. 4, diam. 9 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf ; Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 10—45 fathoms ;also in lat. 24° 55' N., long. 57u 59' E„ 37 fathoms, sand and mud, and lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56c 54' E„ 156 fathoms. We at first considered this species (and so inserted it in our Catalogue f) as identical with Minolta gilvosplendens, Melv., from the Philippines % ; but, though extremely similar, there exist some very salient points of distinction. The latter is far more conical and the body-whorl obscurely bicarinate at the periphery, the umbilical sculpture in both being identical, this sculpture being, in fact, the chief point of difference between the species under discussion and Solariella radiata, Phil., from the Agulhas Bank, which is perfectly smooth and simple as regards its umbilical region. The species of Solariella and Minolta are in great confusion, and monographs of these two genera are much wanted. The Rev. Dr. Gwatkin is devoting much time to the anatomy of the various forms, and finds many vital differen- ces in the radula of some whose shells are nearly allied. We trust he may be induced some day to publish the results of his researches. CALLIOSTOMA THRINCOMA& sp. n. (PI. fig. A. 13.) C. testa conico-pyramidali, imperforata, solida, sculpturata, pallide strami- nea, spiraliter fusco-maculata, vel unicolore ; anfractibus octo, apicali vitreo, globulari, cseteris stramineis, ad suturas impressis, tegulatis, spira- liter undique pulcherrime granoso-liratis, supra, juxta suturas, carina pro- minula decoratis, ultimo anfractu ad peripheriam bicarinato ; apertura quadrata, margine columellari triangulatim incrassato. Alt. 11, diam. 9 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf ; Gulf of Oman, near Masket, lat. 23° 30' N., long. 57° 50' E., 88 fathoms. Near C. similare. Reeve. A highly chased and sculptured species, though of small dimensions, and conspicuously keeled around every whorl just above the suture, the last whorl at the periphery being bicarinate. * ^aicaXXns, extremely beautiful. f Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, vol. ii., p. 349. J Journ. of Couch, vi., p. 407, pi. ii., fig. 8 (1801). O/n'-yxw.aa, a battlement. 92 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI . LEPTOTHYRA RUBENS, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 14.) L. testa globosa, parva, imperforata, solida, nitidula, infra ltevissima, pallide, strarainea, flammis castaneis decorata ; anfractibus 4-5, quorum If apicales apice ipso vitreo-albo, mamillato, ceteris gradatulis (ultimo rotundiore), undique infra medium lasvibus, nitidis, supra arete spiraliter sulculosis, ultimo ad peripheriam pallide spiraliter zonato, infra ad basim pulchre rubente ; apertura rotunda, labro vix incrassato, nisi marginem apud colu- mellarem albo-callosum, nitidum. Alt. 4, diam. 4'50 mm. Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24Q 58' N., long 56° 54' E„ 156 fathoms. A highly coloured little shell, which occurred somewhat plentifully at the above locality. The many specimens we have seen agree in sculpture and coloration almost uniformly. Near L, lata, Montr. TR1CH0TR0PIS PULCHERRIMA> sp. n. (Pi. A. fig. 15.) T. testa tenui, supra pergracili, attenuato-f usiformi, alba vel straminea, och- racea epidermide contecta ; anfractibus octo, quorum duo apicales hyalini laaves, cseteris multum apud suturas impressis, spiraliter acute bicarinatis, ultimo quadricarinato, epidermide quasi-costulas longitudinales setulosas arete prsebente ; apertura late ovata, in typico specimine aurantia, in minore alba, labro effuso, tenui, columella fere recta. Alt. 24, diam. 12 mm. (sp. maj.). Hab. Gulf of Oman, on telegraph-cable, lat. 27° 12' N., long. 51° 50' E., 25 fathoms. We have already* described another species of this usually Arctic genus from the Gulf of Oman, viz. T. Toionsendi — a much smaller form. The present is far handsomer, being conspicuous for its graceful, rapidly attenuate whorls, much impressed suturally, the upper whorls twice, the lowest four times cari- nate. Two examples so far only obtained, the perfect larger example orange- mouthed, the smaller white. A third species, as yet undescribed, has lately been found to occur in small quantity in the dredging at 156 fathoms in the Gulf of Oman. SOLARIUM (TORINIA) CERDALEUM^, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 16.) S. testa anguste umbilicata, solida, pulchre sculpturata, depresso-conica, fusco- straminea ; anfractibus 5, quorum 1 J apicales pallide rufi, nitidissimi, hyalini, caeteris quatuor ordinibus gemmarum spiralium, interstitiis minute unistriaiis, prseditis, quorum inferi regulariter hie illic brunneo-maculatis, in penultimo et ultimo anfractu ordine summo, juxta suturas, magno, gemmulato, ultimo ad peripheriam tribus carinis conspicuis brunneo-maculatis, simul ac infra, apud basim, septem ordinibus spiralibus decorato, duo circa umbilicum gemmulas * Proc. Zool. Ooc. 1901, vol. ii. p. 360. f xs/iSaXsor, advantageous. DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 93 inaximas crenelliferas prsebentes, interatitiis spiraliter unistriatis ; apertura obscure quadrata, intus suboehracea, nigro-brunneo zonata, labro angulato, tenui, marginem ad columellarem nitido, albo, incrassato, spiraliter tomato. Alt. 5, diam. 8\50 mm. Hah. Persian Gulf, Fao, on telegraph-cable, November 1902. Of the same alliance as S. dormosum, Hinds, ci/Undraceum, Mighels, &c, but differing in the several characters as above given. SOLARIUM ABYSSORUM, sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 1.) S. testa parva perdepressa, acutissime carinata, profunde umbilicata, tenui, albescente ; anfractibus quatuor, quorum apicales 1^ tumidi, perleeves, hyalini cseteris apud suturas anguste canaliculatis, supra, juxta suturas simul ac infra, spiraliter liratis, interstitiis utrinqu arete gemmulatis, deinde superficie media nitida, irregnlariter longitudinaliter oblique striata, ultimo anfractu circa peripheriam acuticarinato, carina utrinque plano-marginata, infra, basim versus, spiraliter unilirato, dein superficie intermedia longitudinaliter rudi- crenata, circa umbilicum ipsum dnobus gemmularum ordinibus instructa, umbilico pulchre scalari ; apertura trigonali, labro tenui, umbilicum nequa- quam obtegente. Alt. 3, diam. 6 mm. (spec. maj.). Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. A great many examples, but no live specimens occurred, and but few in per- fect condition. Allied to S. oxytropn, A. Ad., in form, but not in sculpture. FLUXINA DALLIANA, sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 2.) F. testa perminuta, albo-hyalina, immaculata, depresso-discoidali, umbilicata; anfractibus 4, quorum apicalis globosus, mamillatus, submimersus, cseteris ad suturas canaliculatis, ventricosulis, hevissimis, ultimo ad peripheriam acuticari- nato, carina marginata, sub lente elegantissime et minutissime crenellifera, basi convexiuscula, circa regionem umbilicarem paullum excavata, umbilico angusto, set prof undo, scalari, margine acuto, simplici ; apertura subquadrata, columella recta, supra umbilicum triangulatim reflexa. Alt. 75, diam, 1*50 mm. (sp. min.). „ 1, „ 2 „ (sp.maj.). Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., at 156 fathoms. One of the most minute of recent shells ; it agrees, however, in many parti- culars with Fluxina discula, DalP, dredged in the ' Blake ' Expedition off Dominica, W. I., at 982 fathoms. This, however, is nearly five times as large as our species, which was very rare in the above station. We venture to dedicate this very interesting addition to the Oriental fauna to Dr. W. H. Dall, of Washington, who has done perhaps more than any other author to elucidate the benthal Molluscan fauna, and is the founder of the genus Fluxina. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College, vol. xviii. p. 273 (1889). 94 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVI. HOMALAXIS CORNU-AMMONIS, sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 4.) H. testa minuta, alba, omnino evoluta, delicata, depressulo-discoidali ; anfrac- tibus quatuor, quorum duo apicales connexi, vitrei, globosi, duobus ultimis hexagonis, utrinque tri-carinatis, squamosis, carinis sex minute et formosissime echinulatis, undique longitudinaliter tenuiliratis, liris arctis, inconspicuis ; aperture sex-angulata, intus alba, labro tenui. Alt. 2, diam. 5 mm. Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 15G fathoms. A very extraordinary, though minute, species, the chief peculiarities con- sisting in the completely evolute hexagonal whorls, the keels being most beautifully echinulate, the spaces also between the carinas are longitudinally Urate. In form it is discoidally depressed, with two glassy globular apical whorls. We cannot exactly follow the reasons which prompt Dr. Fischer (Man. de Conch, p. 714) to propose a subgenus Pseudomalaxis for H. zancha Phil., and consider all the true Homalaxis, Desh., tertiary fossils. In our opinion both the species now described belong to the typical genus, and it would be impossible to disassociate H. pernambucensis (Wats.), described as a Bifrontia, from them. In the latter the last whorl is partly evolute. The Rev. R. Boog Watson (Report 'Challenger ' Exped. xv. p. 137) would allow the barbarous term Omalaxis, Desh., 1832s (afterwards altered to Ho- malaxis), to lapse, it being derived from two languages, and institute Bifrontia, also of Deshayes, 1833. But we fear that very many terms used in Zoology, and accepted, are likewise of hybrid origin, and Homalaxis must therefore stand, in spite of its disadvantageous origin. HOMALAXIS ROTULA-CATHARINEA sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 3.) H. testa minuta, depresso-discoidali, alba, delicata, semievoluta ; anfractibus quatuor, rectis, utrinque bicarinatis, apicali immerso, simplici, antepenultimo leevi, parum nitente, penultimo, simul ac ultimo, pulcherrime sculpturatis, evolutis, utrinque bicarinatis, carinis— prsecipue externis— apud margines mi- nute echinato-crenulatis ; apertura quadrata, labro tenui, margine columellari paullulum reflexo. Alt. 1, diam. 3 mm. Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. A most exquisite shell, in many points resembling H. zanclea, Phil., but more delicate in every detail. H. disjuncta, Lam., a tertiary fossil from Grignon, is very much larger indeed, but comes in the same category as our species, which occurred frequently at the above locality. It bears, in miniature, an almost exact resemblance to a catherine-wheel, hence the specific name. CERITHIUM VERECUNDUMf, sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 5.) C. testa parva, solidiuscula, eleganter fusiformi, attenuata, pallide straminea ; anfractibus decern, quorum apicales duo fusci, non hyalini, cseteris apud * Deshayes, Encyclop. Method, vol. iii. p. 659, t Verecundus, modest. DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 95 suturas multum impressis, tumidulis, tribus liris spiralibus, ultimo quatuor omnino accinctis, longitudinaliter costulis obliquis decoratis, ad juncturas C03tularum lirarumquo gemmuliferis, gernmulislEevibus, nitidis, anfractibus hie illic variciferis ; apertura oblonga, labro paullum incrassato, apud basim prolongate*, columella fere recta. Long. 4*20, lat. 1 mm. (sp. maj.) Hah. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. A fairly abundant little species, which may be distinguished by its pale straw-colour, irregular varices, channelled sutures, and gemmuled lirae. The most frequent form, however, is smaller than that selected for the type, the apex and general shape being the same, while the whorls are less ventricose, and there is rarely to be seen any trace of varices. This small form may possibly be a separate, very nearly allied species ; if so, the line of demarcation is almost too slight to permit of verbal differentiation. SCISSURELLA (ETHERIA,sp.n. (PI. B. fig. 6.) S. testa parva, heliciformi, angulatim ovata, obtecte umbilicata, supra depresso-conica, undique alba, delicatissima, eleganter sculpturata ; anfracti- bus 4, quorum apicalis parvus, mamillatus, cseteris infra, juxta suturas, bica- rinatis, undique longitudinater oblique tenuiliratis, et spiraliter obscure striatis, sub lente ad juncturas pulchre et minutissime gemmulatis, ultimo ad peripheriam bicarinato, inter carinas ad labrum sinu perlongo, angusto ; apertura subrotunda, intus alba, labro ad sinum paullum effuso, margine columellari supra umbilicum angustum extenso. Alt. 1*28, diam. 2 mm. Hah. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long . 56° 54' E., 1 56 fathoms. One of two species of Scissurella extracted sparingly from shell-sand gathered at the above rich locality, in company with what we are inclined to consider S. aedonia, Watson (cf. ' Challenger ' Report, xv. p. 114, pi. viii fig. 3, a, b). The species before us is exceedingly beautiful and delicate, the surface finely sculptured, with the anal slit narrow and a millimetre in length. There is some affinity to S. aedonia, Watson, from Pernambuco, but our species is far more depressedly conical and the outer lip more prolonged at the base. FOSSARUS (COUTHOUYIA) UNICARINALIS, sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 7.) F. testa minuta, anguste umbilicata, oblonga, nivea, pulcherrime sculpturata, anfractibus quinque, quorum duo lasves, vitrei, globosi, apicales, caeteris turritis, undique longitudinaliter tenuiliratis, simul ac spiraliter delicatissime striatis, anfractu penultimo cum ultimo infra, juxta suturas, conspicue unicari- nato ; carina etiam conspicua circa umbilicum, usque ad basim peristomatis in quo immergitur, succingenda ; apertura ovata, peristomate nitido, candido incrassato, planato, margine columellari quoque incrassato. Long. 3, lat. 2mm. Hah. Arabian Sea, off Bombay, lat. 18° 48' N., long. 71° 45' E„ 40 fathoms. 96 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVl. An excessively small pure white Couthouyia, but of most distinctive character, the sculpture being remarkably ornate and fine. The last two whorls are sharply keeled, and on the body-whorl another keeled projection surrounding the narrow umbilicus merges at the base with the white, thickened, and flattened peristome. Aperture ovate, columellar margin thickened. ADEORBIS AXIOTIMUS* sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 8.) A. testa paullum depressa, prof uncle urabilicata, alba, delicata, subpellucida anfractibus 4, quorum apicalis fere immersus, minutus, huic proximus anfrac- tu? magnopere inflatus, nitidulus, ultimo castero^multum exsuperante,undique cum penultimo, tenuissime longitudinaliter striato ; apertura magna, ovato- rotunda, labro tenui, simplici, continuo. Alt. 75 diam. 2 mm. Hah. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. Very delicate and aubtransparent ; the apical whorl is almost immersed and depressed owing to the tumidity of the next, which is shining and almost smooth, the last whorls being beautifully and finely striate. ERA10 RECONDITA,} sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 9.) E. testa parva, nitida, alba, Isevissima, tenui ; anfractibus 5|, apicali obtuso mamillato, cseteris laavibus, immaculatis, ultimo magnopere exsuperante ; apertura angusta, labro supra paullum effuso, nitido, albo, incrassato, intus minute denticulato. Long. 5, lat. 3mm. (sp. maj.). Hob. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24" 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. Var. (vel sp.?) HAPLOCHILA, nov. (PI. B. fig. 10.) E. testa ut supra, sed labro intus simplici, piano, nequaquam denticulato. Hah. Gulf of Oman, cum prsecedente. Although this var. is not denticulate in the inner side of the lip, we cannot disassociate the two forms of this interesting Erato. It is evidently benthal in its habit, and the discovery of more specimens may furnish links to bind these two forms yet closer together. EULIMA DECAGYRA, sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 11.) E. testa minutissima, Candida, polita, fusiformi, superne multum attenuata ; anfractibus 10, apicali obtuso, diaphano, pernitido, ceteris applanatis, politis, ultimo basim versus ovato, solidiusculo ; apertura parva, ovata, labro paullum incrassato ; columella declivi, apud basim angulatim incrassata, nitida. Long. 2'75, lat. 1mm. Hah. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. A shining, white, polished species, noteworthy for its gradually attenuate spire, ovate thickened base, and aperture proportionately small. We do not * aij-joTJ/CAos, worthy of honour, t Reconditus, hidden DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 97 know any Eiilima exactly comparable nor, we may add, so minute. We are indebted to Mr. Sykesfor having extricated two examples from a mass of shell-sand. R1SS0INA ISOSCELES-, sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 12.) R. testa eleganter attenuato-fusiformi, cinereo-alba, solidula ; anfractibus 9, quorum 3 apicales hyalini, bulboso-globulares, cseteris longitudinaliter arete cos- tulatis, apud supernos magis f ortibus, paucioribus, undique sub lente spiraliter tenuissime striatis, infra peripheriam ultimi anfractus angulatam evanidis ; apertura ovata, labro effuso, basim versus paullum producto, incrassato columella obliqua. Long. 5*25, lat. 2 mm. Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. An attenuate graceful species of the typical section of the genus, angled below the periphery, nine-whorled, the three globularly bulbous apical whorls being distinctive, the longitudinal ribs on the fourth and fifth whorls being fewer and more pronounced than on the lower — indeed they become obsolete below the periphery of the body~whorl. With a lens the delicate spiral stria- tion is discernible. Mouth triangularly ovate, outer lip produced at the base. RISSOINA (ZEBINA) REGISTOMOIDES, sp. n. (PL B. fig. 13) R. testa perminima, globulari, solidula, Isevissima, nitida ; anfractibus 5 quorum apicalis obtusus, vitreus, cseteris apud suturas subimpressis, ventri- cosulis, ultimo paullum effuso, obliquato ; apertura ovato rotunda, labro incrassato, albo, nitente. Long. 2'25, lat. 1*50, mm. Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 21° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. "Very minute, but extremely interesting. We are indebted to Mr. E. R. Sykes for its discovery, while sorting shell-sand received from the above most rich dredging. It is much smaller and more globose than any Zebina yet described ; the peristome is wonderfully incrassate for so small a shell and quite simple, never dentate, thus being unlike any of the numerous varieties of R. tridentata, Mich., = Eidima curta, Sowb. The facies is eulimoid, but it possesses the apex of Rissoina, and we are satisfied as to its location here. The trivial name is suggested by its form, when magnified, though more globular, somewhat resembling terrestrial Reg i stoma fuscum, Gray. EUL1MELLA CARMAN1CA, sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 14.) E. testa minuta, fusiformi, albo-lactea, lasvissima, polita, tenui ; anfractibus 8-10, quorum apicales heterostrophi, hyalini, lactei, cseteris fere rectis, apud suturas leniter canaliculars, supernis paullum gradatis, ultimo recto, pro- longate ; apertura quadratorotunda, labro recto ; collumella obliqua, simplici. Long. 4, lat. 1*20 mm. * }ao 33 122 „ ferruginosus „ The Coral-billed Scimitar Babbler... 1 100 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. No. in CD og, F., Brit. Scientific Name. English Name. uu &CJ2 India. *- Sub-family— Timeliin^e. 34 134 Timelia pileata The Red-capped Babbler 1 35 135 Dumetia hyperythra ... ... The Rufous- bellied Babbler 2 36 139 Pyctorhis sineiisis ... ... The Yellow-eyed Babtfer 4 37 142 Pellorneum mandellii ... Mandelli's Spotted Babbler ... ... 4 38 144 „ ruficeps The Spotted Babbler 2 39 148 ,, ignotum ... ... The Assam Babbler ... ... ... 4 40 151 Drymocataphus tickelli ... ... TickelFs Babbler 2 41 163 Alcippe ncpalensis ... ... The Nepal Babbler 5 42 164 „ phceocephala ... ... The Nilgiri Babbler 3 43 165 ,, phayrii The Burmese Babbler 4 44 169 Stachyrhis nigriceps The Black-throated Babbler 2 45 170 „ chryscea The Golden-headed Babbler 3 46 172 Stachyrhidopsis ruficeps... Sub-family Brachyptertgin;e. The Red-headed Babbler 3 47 187 Myiophoneus temmincki ... ... The Himalayan Whistling-Thrush... 4 48 189 ,. horsfieldi The Malabar Whistling-Thrush ... 3 49 191 Larvivora brunnea ... The Indian Blue Chat 2 50 194 Brachypteryx rufiventris The Rufou-bellied Short-wing 2 51 198 Drymochares ncpalensis The Nepal Short-wing 8 52 199 Hodgsonius phamicuroides Hodgson's Short-wing 2 53 201 Tesia cyaniventris Sub-family— Sibiin^e. The Slaty-bellied Short-wing 2 54 211 Actinodura egertoni The Rufous Barwinor 4 55 225 Yuhina nigrimentum The B)ack-chinned Yuhina 2 56 226 Zosterops palpebrosa ... The Indian White-eye 6 57 228 „ simplex Swinhoe's White-eye 3 58 232 Ixulus fla vicollis Sub-family— L I otrichin^e. The Yellow-naped Ixulus 3 59 243 AEffithina tiphia The Common Iora 3 60 245 „ nigrilutea ... ... Marshall's Iora 2 61 252 Chloropsis jerdoni ... Jerdon's Chloropsis ... 1 62 257 Meslu argentauris ... ... The Silver-eared Mtsia , 5 63 201 Psaroglossa spiloptera The Spotted-wing 2 64 262 Hypocolius ampelinus Sub-family — BrachypodiNjE. The Grey Hypocolius 4 65 263 Crhuger flaveolus The White-throated Bulbul 2 66 269 Hypsipctes psaroides The Himalayan Black Bulbul 1 67 272 Hemlxus Jlavala The Brown-eared Bulbul 4 68 278 Molpastes hcemorrhoiis ... ... The Madras Red-vented Bulbul 4 69 279 „ burmanicus The Burmese Red- vented Bulbul .. 3 70 282 „ bengalensis ... ... The Bengal Red-vented Bulbul 3 71 284 „ hucogenys The White-cheeked Bulbul 8 72 288 Olocompsa emeria ... ... The Bengal Red-whiskered Bulbul.. 2 73 289 ,, fuscicaudata ... .., The Southern Red-whiskered Bulbul 3 74 290 ,, Jtaviventrw ... ., The Black-crested Yellow Bulbul .. 2 75 305 Pycnonotus luteolus ... ... The White-browed Bulbul 3 76 306 ,, blanfordi Family— Dicru rid^e Blanford's Bulbul 3 77 327 Die rums liter ..« The Black Drongo 4 78 328 ,, longicaudatus ... The Indian Ashy Drongo . 1 7!) «JOO ,, cineruceus ... The Grey Drongo . 4 so 334 Ckaptia cenea The Bronzed Drongo (i LIST OF INDIAN BIRDS1 EGGS. 101 &, fcco No. in F., Brit. India. Scientific Name. English Name. ° m 60 . 60 O rvj 81 82 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 335 339 340 347 357 363 374 381 382 383 384 394 399 402 424 434 448 458 463 464 465 466 469 473 474 475 47i> 479 488 500 501 510 512 518 529 538 539 544 549 551 552 553 Chibia hottentotta Bhringa remifer ... Disscrmirus paradiseus ... Family— Certhiid.e. Salpomis spilonota Pnoepyga pusilla Family— Sylviid.e. Acrocephalm stentoreus ... Orthotonus sutorius Cisticola cursitans ... FranUinia gracilis ,, rufescens „ buchanani ... Hypotais rama Sylvia jerdoui „ affinis Acanthopneuste magnirostris Cryptolopha xanthoschista Ho rornis fortipcs Suya crinigera Prin ia flaviventris ii socialis ,, sylvatica ... „ inornata ... ... Family — Laniid^:. Sub-family— Laniin^k . Lanius lahtora „ tittatus ... ... j, collurioidis „ nigriceps ... ,, erythronotus j, isabeUinus ... Tcphrodornis pondicerianiis Pericrocotus peregrinus „ erythropygius Graucalus macii ... Sub-family— Artamin^:. Artamus Juscus Family— Obiolid^:. Oriolus hundoo Family— ST urni D^E. Sturnus humii ... ... Sturnia malabarica „ nemoricola Temenuchus pagodarum,M Acridothercs tristis ... „ ginginianus.,, jEthiopsar Juscus „ grandis ... ... ... ... The Hair-crested Drongo The Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo The Larger Racket-tailed Drongo The Spotted-Grey Creeper The Brown Wren The Indian Great Reed-Warbler ... The Indian Tailor-Bird The Rufous Fantail- Warbler Franklin's Wren-Warbler ... Beavan's Wren-Warbler , The Kufous-fronted Wren-Warbler Sykes' Tree-Warbler The Eastern Orphean Warbler The Indian Lesser White- throated Warbler The Large-billed Willow- Warbler Hodgson's Grey-headed Flycatcher- Warbler The Strong-footed Bash- Warbler Th* Rro*n Hill- Warbler ... The Yellow-bellied Wren-Warb'.er. The Ashy Wren- Warbler _ The Jungle Wren-Warbler ... The Indian Wren-Warbler ... The Indian Grey Shrike The Bay-backed Shrike The Burmese Shrike ... The Black-headed Shrike ... The Rufous- backed Shrike ... The Pale-brown Shrike ... The Common Wood-Shrike ... The Small Minivet The White-bellied Minivet ... The Large Cuckoo-Shrike ... 2 6 2 6 8 6 8 6 3 3 2 1 1 3 3 1 4 4 6 5 The Ashy Swallow Shrike ... The Indian Oriole ••• ••• The Himalayan Starling The aded Myna The White-winged Myna The Black-headed Myna The Common Myna ... The Bank Myna The Jungle Myna The Siamese Myna 7 4 3 12 4 3 3 2 1 102 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Km No. in P., Brit. India. Scientific Name. English Name. bo . 60 O rvi 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 555 556 568 575 576 579 581 588 590 591 592 595 598 599 601 604 605 607 608 609 615 618 628 629 631 632 633 644 659 661 662 663 667 671 673 676 678 683 685 686 691 693 695 699 705 Sturnopastor contra ... „ superciliaris Family— Muscicapid^;. Cyornis superciliaris jj rubeculoides ,, tickdli ... ... Stoparola melanops „ albicaudata ... Alseonax latirostris „ muttui ... Ochromda nigrirufa Culicicapa ceylonensis ... Niltava macgrifforice Terpsi/phone paradisi „ affinis ... Hypothymis azurea Rhipidura albifrontata ... „ albicolUs ... ,) pectoralls Family — TtrRDlD.33. Sub-family— Saxicolin^e. Pratincola caprata „ atrata Oreicola ferrea Saxicola picata , , ,, chrysopygia Cercomela fusca ... Sub-family— Ruticillin^e. Henicurus guttatus „ schistaceus ... ,, immaculatus ... Ruticilla rufiventris ... ., Notodela leucura ... .. Thamnobia cambaiensis „ fulicata Copsychus saularis ... Sub-family— Turdhsle. Merida simillima nigripileus castanea ... boulboul ... unicolor ... Geocichla wardi ... ,, cyananotus ,, citrina ... Petroph ila einclorkyne. „ cyanus Turdus viscivorus Oreocincla nilgiriensis Zoothera marginata ha. The Pied Myna The Burmese Pied Myna The White-browed Blue Flycatcher. The Blue-throated Flycatcher Tickell's Blue Flycatcher The "Verditer Flycatcher ... The Nilgiri Blue Flycatcher The Brown Flycatcher Layard's Flycatcher ... The Black and Orange Flycatcher... The Grey-headed Flycatcher The Small Niltava The Indian Paradise Flycatcher The Burmese Paradise Flycatcher ... The Indian Black-naped Fly- cutciiyr ••• ... ••• ••• The White-browed Fantail Fly- catcher The White-throated Fantail Fly- catcher The White-spotted Fantail Fly- ( mi '.' 1 1 or ••• ••■ ••• i The Common Pied Bush-Chat The Southern Pied Bush-Chat The Dark-grey Bush-Chat ... The Pied Chat The Red-tailed Chat The Brown Rock-Chat The Eastern Spotted Forktail The Slaty-backed Forktail ... The Black-backed Forktail ... The Indian Redstart The White-tailed Blue Robin The Brown-backed Indian Robin The Black-backed Indian Robin The Magpie-Robin The Nilgiri Black-Bird The Black-capped Black-Bird The Grey-headed Ouzel The Grey-winged Ouzel Tickell's" Ouzel The Pied Ground-Thrush The White-throated Ground-Thrush The Orange-headed Ground-Thrush The Blue-headed Rock-Thrush ... The Western Blue Rock-Thrush ... The Missel-Thrush The Nilgiri Thrush The Lesser Brown Thrush 3 5 3 3 4 4 1 o 2 2 7 3 4 o O 6 9 3 5 o 1 4 3 4 3 LIST OF INDIAN BIRDS' EGGS. 103 o g ! No. in .§ F., Brit. &% India- Scientific Name. 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 740 775 776 779 780 781 803 184 809 185 811 186 813 187 814 188 818 189 819 190 823 191 830 192 831 193 836 194 847 195 853 196 871 197 873 198 874 199 875 200 877 201 879 English Name. o. 168 720 169 721 170 722 171 723 172 726 173 727 174 734 175 735 176 738 Family— Ploceid^s. Sub-family— Plocein^e. Ploceus baya ... ,, megarhynchus ... „ bengalensis ... „ manyar Sub-family — Viduin.e. Munia atricapilla Uroloncha acuticxuda ... malabarica punctulala ... Sporaginthus ama ndava.,. » Family— Fringillid^e. Sub-famil.v— Coccothr Aus- tins. Coccothraustes liumii Sub-family— FringilliN/E. Gymnorhis flavicollis Passer domesticus... ... , montanus ... cinnamomeus ... tktveolus ... ... , » The Baya The Eastern Baya The Black-throated Weaver-Bird The Striata d Weaver-Bird ... The Chestnut-bellied Munia... Hodgson's Munia The vVhite-throatel Munia ... The Spotted Munia The ludian Red Munia ... Sub-family — Emberizin^;. Mdophus melanicierus ... Family- Hi rundinid^;. Cotile sinensis Ptyonop rogue concolor ... Hirundo rustiea „ gutturalis „ smithii ... Hirundo Jiuvicola „ erythropygia ... Family— Motacillid^e. Motacilla hodgsoni ... ,, maderaspatensis „ feldeggi Anthus ru/ulus Oreocorys sylvanus ... Family — Alandid^e. Mirafra erythroptera ... ,, microptera ... Galerita cristata ... ,, deva Ammomanes phcenicura ... Pyrrhidauda grisea ... Hume's Hawfinch The Yellow- throated Sparrow The House- Sparrow The Tree -Sparrow The Cinnamon Tree-Sparrow The Pegu House-Sparrow ... The Crested Buntin < The Indian Sand-Martin The Dusky Crag -Martin The Swallow The Eastern Swallow The Wire-tailed Swallow The Indian Cliff-Swallow Sykes' Striated Swallow Hodgson's Pied Wagtail The Large Pied Wagtail The Black -headed Wagtail The Indian Pipit The Upland Pipit The Red-winged Bush -Lark The Burmese Bush -Lark The Crested Lark Sykes' Crested Lark ... The Rufous-tailed Finch-Lark The Ashy-cmwne.l Finch-Lark • •• 0 ... 3 ... 2 ., 3 2 2 1 9 2 6 7 4 3 2 6 2 6 10 2 104 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. o Km No. in F., Brit. India. Scientific Name. English Name. U-l 0 00 fcD Family — Nectariniid.*:. Sub-family— Nectakin-iin^. 202 203 204 895 900 901 Arachnechthra asiatica ... ... „ minima ... „ zeylonica Sub-family — & rachnotherinje. The Purple Snn-Bird The Small Sun-Bird The Purple-ruraped Sun-Bird 3 4 2 205 906 Arachnothera magna Family — Dic^ElDiE. The Larger-Streaked Spider-hunter... 2 20(5 921 Piprisoma squalidum Family— Pittilve. The Thick-billed Flower-pecker G 207 208 927 933 Pitta nepalensis „ brachyura Order II— Euryl.emi. Family — EttryL^emid^e. The Blue-naped Pitta ... The Indian Pitta 3 2 209 210 211 942 943 944 Serilophus lunatus „ rubripygius ... Psarisomas dalhousice Order III— PiOl. Family— PiCID^e. Sub-family — Pioin^e. Gould's Broadbill Hodgson's Broadbill The Long-tailed Broadbill 4 4 4 212 213 214 215 21G 950 951 972 98G 902 Gecinus occipitalis ... ... ,, cklorolophus Liopicus malirattensis Braehyptcrnus aurantws Crysocolaptcs gutticristatus Sub-family— PicuMNiNiE. The Black-naped Green Woodpecker. The Small Himalayan Yellow-nap ed Woodpecker The Yellow-fronted Pied Wood- pecker The Golden-backed Woodpecker ... Tickell's Golden-backed Woodpecker. 6 4 2 3 1 217 1001 Piciunnus innominatus ... aH Order IV— Zygodactyly. Family— Capitonid^e. The Speckled Piculet 1 218 219 220 221 222 1007 1008 1012 1017 1019 Megalama virens Thereiceryx zelonicus C'yantps asiatica ... ... ... „ J'ranMini... ... Xantholcema hwmatocephala ... Order V— Anisodactyli. Sub-order— Coraci^e. Family— CoRACiADyE, The Great Chinese Barbet The Common Indian Green Barbet... The Blue-throated Barbet The Golden-throated Barbet The Crimson-breasted Barbet or Coppersmith 1 5 3 2 3 223 224 225 1022 1023 1024 Coracias indica ... j, affiants ... ... „ garrula ... ... The Indian Roller The Burmese Holler The European Iioller 5 1 1 LIST OF INDIAN BIRDS' EGGS. 105 No. in • F., Brit. India. Scientific Name. English Name. No. of I Eggs. Sub-order— Meropes. Family — Meropid^e. 226 227 228 1026 1027 1029 Merops viridis „ philippinus „ aplaster S ub-order — H a lc y ones. Family — Alcedinid^e. The Common Indian Bee-eater The Blue-tailed Bee-eater The European Bee-eater 3 1 4 229 230 231 1033 1035 1044 Ceryle varia Alcedo ispida Halcyon smyrnensis ... Sub-order— BuCEROTeS. Family— Bucerotid^e. The Indian Pied Kingfisher The Common Kingfisher The White-breasted Kingfisher 6 5 2 232 233 1062 1065 Lophoccros birnstris ... ... Rhhioplax vig'd ... Sub-order— Qpttp^e. Family — Upupi d^e. The Common Crey Hornbill The Helmeted H ornbill 2 I 234 1066 Upupa epops Order VI— Macrochires. Sub-order — CypSEli. Family— Cypselid^e. Sub-family— Cypselin^E. The European Hoopoe 4 235 236 237 1073 1075 1076 Cypselus affinis Tachornis batassiensis .. ... j, infwmatus ... m Sub-family— CH^TURiN^:. The Common Indian Swift The Palm-Swift The Eastern Palm-Swift 8 3 4 238 1081 Collocalia fuciphaga Sub-order— CaPrim ulgi. Family— Caprimtjlgid^:. The Indian Edible-nest Swiftlet 2 239 240 241 1090 1091 1093 Caprimulgus monticola ... „ asiaticus ... „ macrurus Sub-order — Podargi. Family — Podargid^e. Franklin's Nightjar ... ~. The Common Indian Nightjar Horsfeld's Nightjar 2 4 2 242 1097 BatracJiostomus hodffsoni ••• Order VII— Trogones. Family— TroGONID.e. Hodgson's Frogmouth ... ... 1 2 "CO No. in F., Bnt. India. Scientific Name. English Name. ■* ha a M 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 1104 1118 1120 1123 1129 1130 1133 1138 1139 1141 1164 1168 1169 1180 1184 1190 1191 1192 1194 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1203 1207 Order VIII— Coccyges. Family— CuculiDjE. Sub-family— Cuculin^e. Cwculus canorus ... Coccystes jacobinus ... Sub-family— PhceniCOPHAIN.k. Eudynamis honorata Rhopodytcs tristis Taccocua leschenaidti ... Centropus sinensis „ bengalensis ... Order IX— P^ITTACI. Family - PsiTTAClDiE. Palceornis torquatus ,, cyanocephalus „ schisticeps ... , Order X— Striges. Family— Asi oni dm. Sub-family— BUBONIN.&. Ketupa zeylonensis ... Bubo bengalensis „ coromandus ... Athene brama Glaucidium radiatum Order XI — Accipitres. Family — Vclturid^e. Vultur monnchus ... Otoggps erdvus Gyps/ulvus ,, indicia Pscudogyps bengalensis ... Neophron ginginianus ... „ percnopterus ... Family— Falconid^:. Sub-family— Gyp^tin^e. Gypaetus barbatus Sub-family— Falconing. Aquila chrysaetus ... ,, vindhiana ... Eieraetus fasciatus The Cuckoo The Pied Crested Cuckoo The Indian Koel The Large Green-billed Malkoha ... The Sirkeer Cuckoo The Common Coucal or Crow-Phea SilJlt' «*■ ... . .. •■• •• The Lesser Coucal , The Rose-ringed Paroquet The Western Blossom-headed Paro qUet ... ... -.. ... •• The Slaty-headed Paroquet The Brown Fish-Owl ... The Kock Horned Owl The Dusky Horned Owl The Spotted Owlet ... The Jungle Owlet The Cinereous Vulture The Black Vulture or Pondicherry Vulture The Griffon Vulture The Indian Long-billed Vulture The Indian White-backed Vulture The Smaller White Scavenger Vulture The Egyptian Vulture or Large White Scavenger Vulture The Bearded Vulture or Lammer- geyer The Golden Eagle The Indian Tawny Eagle Bonelli's Eagle 1 •1 2 3 1 4 1 LIST OF INDIAN BIRDS' EGGS. 107 & GQ No. in F., Brit. India. 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 231 282 283 2«4 285 286 287 288 2«9 290 291 292 293 294 295 29G Scientific Name. English Name. o w to ->• bo 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 1216 1220 1223 1224 1226 1228 1229 1231 1232 1239 1241 1247 1257 1260 1264 1265 1273 1278 1281 1282 1283 1291 1292 1309 1310 1312 1321 1324 1325 1328 1330 1336 1339 1342 1349 1351 1352 ... ••• Circaetus gallicus ... Butastur teesa .. Haliaetus leucoryphus ,, leuc.ogaster PoUoaetus ichthyaetm Haliastur Indus ... Milvus govhula ... ,, migrans ... Elanus cceruleus ... Buteofcrox ... Astur badius ... ... .. Accipiter nisus ... Falcojugger ,, subbuteo ... ... .. jEsalon chicquera Tinnunculus alaudarius ... Order XII— Columb^e. Family— COLtTMBiDiffi. Sub-family— Treronin^e. Osmotreron phayrei ... >} bicincta Treron nepalensis ... ' . Sphenocercus apicicauda... „ sphenurus ... Sub-family— Phabin^e. Chalcophaps indica Sub-family— Columbine. Columba intermedia ... Turtur cambayensis .,, ■ ,, risorius ... Macropygia tusalia ... Order XIII— PteroCleteS. Family— PteroClhxe. Pteroclurus exustus ... . Order XIV— Galling. Sub-order — Alectoropodes. Family— Phasianidje. Pavo cristatus „ muticus Gallus ferrugineus „ sonnerati Gennceus albicristatus ,, horsfieldi Lophophorus refulgens ... . Galloperdix spadicea ... , „ bicalcarata ... Bambusicola fytchii The Short-toed Eagle The White-eyed Buzzard-Eagle Pallas's Fishing-Eagle The White-bellied Sea-Eagle The Large Grey-headed Fishing- Eagle The lirahminy Kite The Common Pariah Kite The Black Kite The Black -winged Kite The Long-legged Buzzard The Shikra The Sparrow-Hawk The Laggar Falcon The Hobby The Turumti or Red-headed Merlin... The Kestrel 1 2 2 1 2 2 o 4 4 2 4 3 2 1 3 7 The Ashy-headed Green Pigeon The Orange-breasted Green Pigeon... The Thick-billed Green Pigeon The Pin -tailed Green Pigeon The Kokla Green Pigeon The Bronze-winged Dove The Indian Blue Rock-Pigeon The Little Brown Dove The Indian Ring-Dove The Bar-tailed Cuckoo-Dove... The Common Sand-grouse The Common Peafowl ... The Burmese or Javan Peafowl .. The Red Jungle-fowl The Grey Jungle-fowl The White-crested Kalij Pheasant .. The Black-breasted Kalij Pheasant. The Monal The Red Spur-fowl The Ceylon Spur-fowl The Western Bamboo-Partridge 3 3 4 1 1 1 4 1 6 1 1 5 2 3 108 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 2 6 4 394 395 1615 1617 Podicipes cristatus „ albipennis The Great Crested Grebe The Indian Little Grebe or Dabchick. 1 4 112 ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF SILVER-PHEASANTS OBTAINED IN BURMA, BY CAPTAIN W. C. NISBETT, LIEUT. R. CLIFFORD AND OTHERS. By Eugene W. Oates. Amongst the pheasants that I have received from Burma during the last two years there are three well-marked new species of Silver-Pheasants. The first two that I shall describe belong to an entirely new section of these birds, in which the males combine a black wing with a barred tail, and the females have the middle tail-feathers with the two webs of different colours. The third species is of remarkable interest, as it has now been rediscovered after an interval of eighty years. The bird was, however, never described nor named, and it was only known from a coloured drawing. Genii'ius obscurus, sp„ n. In the adult male the head, crest, and the whole lower plumage are glossy blue-black. The hind-neck, mantle, back, and all the upper wing-coverts are bluish black, sparingly speckled with pale buff. The rump-feathers and upper tail-coverts are bluish black, broadly margined with white and very sparingly dotted with pale buff on one or both webs. The primaries are brown ; the se- condaries black, with a few buff specks on the margin of the outer web of each feather. The outermost tail-feather is black ; the middle pair black with narrow, broken, diagonal white bars on the whole of both webs, except the terminal quarter of the outer web, the margin of the basal half of the inner web being plain white. The remaining tail-feathers are of an intermediate character, the second from the outside being black with a few specks of white at the base of the outer web and the feather next the middle pair being black with a few diagonal white lines on the basal three-fourths of the outer web. In another male, which is probably a year younger than the specimen described above, the specks or dots on the upper plumage, wing-coverts, and secondaries are more numerous and form narrow, zigzag, broken lines. The markings on the tail-feathers are less numerous and the middle tail-feathers have the inner web entirely black. Length of wing 9*25 inches, of tail 1P5 inches. The legs are of a brown colour. The female resembles the female of G. Horsfieldi in all respects, except in the coloration of the tail. The general colour of the plumage is reddish brown, the feathers edged paler and vermiculated in an indistinct manner with black ; those of the breast and belly marked with cream-coloured shaft-streaks. The quills of the wing are brown, mottled with fulvous on the outer webs. The outermost tail-feather is entirely black ; the next six are also black, the second from the outside having a few white specks at the base of the outer web, the specks increasing in number on each successive feather and gradually combining into narrow wavy bars, the seventh feather being cross-barred all over, except at the tip. The two middle feathers are of a rich dark chestnut on the outer web and of a pale chestnut on the inner, both webs being longitu- ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF SILVER-PHEASANTS. 113 dinally marked with wavy black bars, those on the outer web being much broader than those on the inner. Length of wing 8*5 inches, of tail 9-5 inches. The legs are of a brown colour . Both sexes of this pheasant were sent to me by Captain W. G. Nisbett from the Katha District of Upper Burma. Gennoius Cliffordi, sp. n. In this species the male is unique in being streaked with white on the mantle and the female is remarkable in having black spots on some of the feathers of the wing. In a very old male the head, crest, and the whole of the lower plumage are glossy blue-black. The hind-neck and mantle are black, each feather with a narrow streak, which is white mottled with black, and about an inch in length. The upper back is plain black. The lower back and rump are black, each feather with a white margin and one or two broken white vermiculations just, above the margin. The primaries are dark brown ; the secondaries black, with a few white specks on the margins of the outer webs of the outermost feathers. The upper wing-coverts are black, a few of the lesser coverts with white shaft-streaks ; the inner median and greater coverts with a very narrow but conspicuous white margin. The middle tail-feathers are diagonally marked with equal bands of black and white, the margin of the inner web being plain white. The next feather is black, everywhere banded narrowly with white. The next is blaek, sparingly marked with broken bars of white. The next, again, is black with a little white at the base only. The four outer feathers are plain black. The upper tail-coverts are black, covered with broken white bands more or less parallel to the margin. Length of wing 10 inches, of tail nearly 16 inches. The legs are brown. A young male, with the spurs half-grown, has the plumage of the same cha- racter as the bird just described, differing in some details. The streaks on the mantle are large and triangular, extending in some cases to nearly the whole of the feather, and the white much broken up. The upper wing-coverts are speck- led with white, and the white margin to the inner median and greater coverts is indistinct. T'\e visible portions of the rump-feathers are black with a broader white margin, but lacking the broken white vermiculations above the margin. On the other hand, there is much white speckling on the concealed portions of the feathers. The middle tail-feathers, which have only a very slight curl outwards, are black, very sparingly banded with white. The next three are still more sparingly marked and the outer four are entirely black. Length of wing 9'5 inches, of tail nearly 10 inches. The legs are of a brownish flesh-colour. The female has the upper plumage and wing-coverts of a russet-brown, colour, each feather vermiculated with black, the shaft and the margin much paler, some of the inner median and greater coverts with a black patch or large spot near the tip of one or both webs. The primaries are brown ; the second- aries brown, vermiculated with black and mottled with rufous, the innermost 114 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. with a black patch near the tip of the outer webs. The middle tail-feathers are dull chestnut on the inner web, vermiculated with black ; and black on the outer web, vermiculated with chestnut on the margin. The other tail-feathers are all black. The lower plumage is black, the margins of the feathers pale brown. Each feather of the breast and belly has a very broad, pointed ochraceous streak, occupying quite half of the feather and in some cases three-quarters, and mottled with black. The feathers of the sidfjs of the body and flanks have bright ochraceous shaft-streaks. Length of wing 9 inches, of tail 8-5 inches. The legs are pale brown. Specimens of this pheasant have been sent to me by Lieut. R. Clifford, of the 22nd Punjabis, and I have much pleasure in associating lis name with the species. It occurs in the Myitkyina District, east of the Irrawaddy river. Genncms assimilis, sp. n. In the year 1826 Crawfurd went on a mission to the Court of Ava, and in the course of his travels met with a pheasant, of which a coloured drawing was made. So far as I can ascertain, nothing was known of this drawing till Gould reproduced it in the background of his plate of Diar dig alius prcelalus in his " Birds of Asia." I have often looked at this drawing of Gould's and wonder.' ed why the artist should have depicted the female of Genixvus rufipes, the Ruby Mines Pheasant, with flesh-coloured legs. The mystery was cleared up when I received from the Ruby Mines a bird which corresponded precisely with Gould's figure. On writing to one of my correspondents, I learn that there is in the Ruby Mines District a pheasant with pale legs, very similar in other respects with the red-legged species, and equally well known. I hope, there- fore, soon to acquire the male. The female of the present species has the whole upper plumage and the upper wing-coverts of a uniform umber-brown, the shafts and the margins of the feathers somewhat paler ; the crest a darker brown, vermiculated with black ; the upper tail-coverts also thickly vermiculated with dark brown. The primaries are dark brown, mottled with fulvous on the outer webs ; the secondaries are umber-brown, vermiculated with black. The tail-feathers are diagonally barred and vermiculated with a combination of umber-brown, fulvous, black, and very pale buff, inner webs being darker and more coarsely marked than the outer. The whole lower plumage is dark blackish brown each feather with two broad, zigzag, Y-shaped marks of an ochraceous colour, the outer being close to the edge of the feather, the inner much smaller and frequently forming only an irregular and coarse streak on and about the shaft. Length of wing nearly 10 inches ; of tail 10 inches. The legs are flesh-coloured. The main points of difierence between the female of this species and those of G. rufipes, of which I have a large series, are the flesh-coloured legs, and the absence of black vermiculations on the upper plumage and upper wing-coverts. {The above was published hi the AtweJs and Magazine of Natural History. Vol. LXXXI1, October 1904.) 115 INSECT LIFE IN INDIA AND HOW TO STUDY IT, BEING A SIMPLE ACCOUNT OF THE MORE IMPORTANT FAMILIES OF INSECTS WITH EXAMPLES OF THE DAMAGE THEY DO TO CROPS, TEA, COFFEE AND INDIGO CONCERNS, FRUIT AND FOREST TREES IN INDIA, BY E. P. STEBBING, f.l.s., f.z.s., f.b.s. Continued from Volume 15, page 386. Chapter V. Order IV — Hymenoptera. In the adult Insect four membranous wings are present ; they have no scales upon them, are usually transparent and never very large, the hinder pair being smaller than the front ones ; the cells formed by the ner- vures in the wing are irregular in size and form, and never very numerous (less than twenty on the front, than fifteen on the hind wing). Mandi- bles are present and are conspicuous even when the other parts of the mouth, as is often the case, form a proboscis or sucking tube. The females are furnished at the extremity of the body with either a saw, a sting, or an ovipositor ; these parts may be either kept withdrawn, when not actually in use, within the body or may be permanently pro- truded. Metamorphosis is complete, both a grub and pupal stage being- present. In the pupal stage the parts of the FlG_ 3Si_s>iarva . j>pupa). c> imag0 0f a species of perfect Insect are seen Bombus. nearly free, each covered with a very delicate skin. Fig. 33 shows the larva, pupa and imago of a bee (Bombus). 116 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. The Order Hymenoptera includes the wood-wasps, saw-flies and gall flies, the numerous tribes of the ichneumon flies and chalcid flies, and the ants, bees, and wasps. It is a large Order, in which a very large number of species remain to be discovered and described, and this is especially the case in India. In the adult Insect the head is short and broad and deeply constricted off from the prothorax and never sunk into it ; sometimes it is attached to this latter by a stalk- like process. The mandibles are powerful biting organs, and the proboscis is at times of some length, it being used for sucking up sweet liquids into the mouth (fig. 33, c) The prothorax is but feebly developed, the dorsal portion being separated from the ventral half, the former being Fig. 34.— Divided , , , i , , , trochanter of firmly fused to the mesothorax, whilst the lower portion an Ichneumon: (with the first pair «, coxa ; &, di- of j ^ js movablo. vided- trochan- , _ n , „. Meso- and meta- fcerj; cy, femur (after Sharp), thorax are usually immovably united, but in the saw- flies and wood-wasps they are freely movable. The legs have large cox.se, and the trochanter is often divided into two joints (in the Tenthredinidce, Uroceridce, Cyni- pidce and Tchneumonida) as seen in fig. 34 which shows the divided trochanter of an ichneumon ; the tarsus is five-jointed, the first joint being longer than the following fig. 35.— Wings of Xylocopa. A, the pair of wings separated ; as, the position of the hooks. B, the same wings when united by the hooks. C, portions of the two wings : a, the series of hooks ; b, marginal hairs ; '■'>. Forewing with the apical line, if present, sepa- rate from the postmedial line which is in- curved towards costa gnoma. 157. Theketra nessus. Sphinx nessus, Drury., Illustr. Ex. Ins., II., p. 46, pi. 76, f. 1 (1773). „ equestris, Fabr., Ent. Syst. hi., I., p. 365 (1793). Charocampa rubimndus, Schaufuss, Nung. Otiosus I., p. 18 (1870). Habitat.— Japan ; Punjab ; Sikhim ; Bhutan : Assam ; Bombay ; Madras ; Ceylon ; Burma ; Malacca ; Sumatra ; Nias ; Borneo ; Java ; Lombok ; Alor; Tenimber ; Amboina ; New Guinea ; Louisiades ; d'Entrecasteaux Is. ; Tro- briand Is. ; Queensland ; Lieu. 141a. Theretra boisduvali. Sphinx boisduvali, Bugn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1839, p. 115. Chorocampa punctivcnata, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 248. Habitat —Turkey ; Asia Minor; Sikiiim ; Assam; btMA'iRA; Borneo; Java ; Lombok. 141. Theretra clotuo. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 145 Sphinx clotho, Drury, Illustr. Ex. Ins., II., p. 48, pi. 28, f. 1 (1773). Deilephila ojrene, Westwd., Catt. Or. Ent., p. 13, pi. 6, f. 1 (1848). Chcerocampa bistrigata, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 249. „ aspersata, Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1877, p. 241. Habitat. — N. & S. India ; Ceylon ; Andamans ; Malacca ; Sumatra ; Borneo ; Philippines ; Java ; Lombok ; Sumba ; Dili ; Timor ; Celebes. Subsp. celata, Butl., P. Z. S., 1877, p. 472. Chcerocompa luteotincta, Lucas, Queenslander, XXXIX., p. 894 (1891). „ cloacina, Miskin, Pr. Roy. Soc. Queensl., VIII., p. 16 (1891). Theretra lifuensis, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p. 78 (1894). Habitat. — New Guinea ; Fergusson I.; Trobriand Is.; St. Aignan ; Bougu ; Solomons ; Queensland ; Lieu ; Amboina ; Ceram ; Tenimber ; Key Is. 141&. Theretra gnoma. Sphinx gnoma, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 526 (1775). „ butus, Cram., Pap. Exot , II., p. 88, pi. 152, f. A. (1777). Chairocampa gonograpta, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 249. Habitat. — S. India ; Ceylon. 140. Theretra latreillei. Sphinx latreillei, MacLeay, King's Surv. Austr., II., p. 464 (1827). Chasrocampa comminuens, Wlk., xxxi, 31 (1864). deserta, Butl., Trans. Zool. Soc, IX., p. 638 (1877;. walducki, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc, 1877, p. 398, pi. 9, f. 2. „ amara, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., p. 17, pi. 1, f. 9 (1892). Habitat. — Amboina; Ceram,; Bourn ; Obi; Key Is. ; Aru ; New Guinea; Queensland ; W. Australia ; Bismarck Arch. ; Solomons. Subsp. lucasi, Wlk., VIII, 141 (1856). Deilephila spilota, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C, p. 277 (L57). Cheer ocampa procne, Clemens, Journ. Ac Nat, Sci. Philad., IV, p. 151 (1859). tenebrosa, Moore, Lep. Ceyl., II., p. 20, pi. 86, f. 2'2« (1882). Habitat. — N. & S. India ; Ceylon ; Malacca ; Andamans ; Sumatra ; Njas ; Borneo ; Philippines ; Lombok ; Sumba ; Celebes ; Dammer I. 120. Theretra alecto. Sphinx alecto, Linn., Syst. Nat., X., p. 492 (1758). Habitat. — Formosa ; N. & S. India ; Borneo ; Njas ; Java ; Sumba wa ; Sumba ; Celebes ; Larat ; Tenimber ; Key Is. Subsp. cretica, Boisd., Ann. Soc Linn., Paris, 1827, p. 118, pi. 6, f. 5. Theretra freyeri, Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het., I., p. 650 (1892). Habitat.— Asia Minor ; Syria ; Persia ; Transcaucasia ; W. Turkistan. 121a. Theretra suffusa. Chcerocampa suffusa, Wlk., VIII., 146 (1856). hector, Boisd., Spec Gen. Lep. Het., I., p. 230 (1875). Habitat.— China ; N. India ; Penang ; Perak ; Singapore ; Sumatra ; Bor- neo ; Java. 124. Theretra lycetus. 19 146 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Sphinx lycetus, Cram., Pap. Exot. I., p. 96, pi. 61, £. D (1775). Chcerocampa rosina, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 248, pi. 37, f. 6. „ prunosa, Butl., P. Z. S„ 1875, p. 622. Habitat.— Punjab ; Sikhim ; Ceylon ; Burma ; Penang ; Java. 125. THERETRA OLDENLANDI.E. Sphinx oldenlandice, Fabr. Syst. Ent., p. 542 (1775). „ drancus, Cram., Pap. Exot., II., p. 56, pi. 132, f. F (1777). „ argentata, Haw., Trans. Ent. Soc, 1842, p. 334, non descr. Xylophanes'.gortysjKubn., Samml. Exot. Schmett., Zutr., III., p. 28, ff. 513'14 (1827). Chcerocampa sordida, Wlk., VIII., 148 (1856).. puellaris, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 623. Deilephila proxima, Austant, Le Nat., 1892, p. 69. Habitat.— Japan ; China ; Formosa ; N. & S. India ; Ceylon ; Penang ; Sumatra ; Borneo ; Philippines ; Java ; Sumba ; Celebes ; Amboina ; Key I. ; New Guinea. Subsp. formata, Wlk., VIII., 148(1856). Habitat.— Queensland ; W. Australia ; N. S. Wales. 126. Theretra pinastrina. Sphinx pinastrina, Martyn, Psyche, pi. 29, f. 81, and pi. 30, f. 85 (1797). Chcerocampa silhetensis, Wlk., VIII., 143 (1856). bisecta, Moore, Lep. E. I C, p. 278, pi. 11, f. 5'5a (1857). Habitat.— Japan ; Formosa; N. & S. India ; Ceylon ; Burma ; Penang ; Suma- tra ; Borneo ; Java. Subsp. intersecta, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 623. Habitat.— Philippines ; Celebes ; Sumba ; Amboina ; New Guinea ; Bismarck Arch ; Solomons ; Queensland. 128. Theretra insignis. Panacra insignis, Butl., A. M. N. H. (5), X., p. 432 (1882). Habitat. — Andamans. Subsp. kuehni, Roths., Nov. Zool., VII., p. 274, pi. 5, f. 2 (1900). Habitat. — Java; Dammer I.; Tenimber. 130a. Theretra griseomarginata. Chcerocompa griseomarginata, Hmpsn., J. Bomb. N.H. Soc, XL, p. 281, pi. A., f. 12 (1898.) Habitat.— Sikhim. 144. Theretra pallicosta. Chcerocampa palUcosta, Wlk., VIII., 145 (1856). Habitat —Hongkong ; Assam ; Canara ; Ceylon ; Burma. 138. Theretra castanea. Pergesa castanea, Moore, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 566. Chcerocampa hyporhoda, Hmpsn., J. Bomb. N. H. Soc., XIII., p. 39, pi. B. f. 12 (1900). Habitat. — Canara. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 147 Genus Rhyncholaba. Type. Rhyncholaba, Roths., Nov. Zool, IX., Suppl. p. 789 (1903) acteus. 158. Rhyncholaba acteus. Sphinx acteus, Cram., Pap. Exot., III., p. 93, pi. 248, f. A (1779). Panacra butleri, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p. 80 (1894), Habitat.— N. & S. India ; Ceylon ; Penang ; Borneo ; Nias ; Java ; Lombok ; SUMBAWA ; SUMBA ; BOURN. Genus Rhagastis. Type. Rhagastis, Roths., Nov. Zool., IX„ Suppl., p. 791 (1903) velata. A, Hindwing on underside with prominent black stigma albomarginalus. B. Hindwing on underside without black stigma. a. Palpus with the 2nd joint much constricted at base, acuta. b. Palpus with the 2nd joint not constricted at base. a1. Thorax dorsally suffused with red ; underside of body and wings rosy red gloriosa. bl. Thorax not dorsally suffused with red. a'2. Forewing with single series of prominent white subterminal lunules lunata. b-. Forewing with two series of white spots, or broad diffused band or no white subter- minal markings. a3. Forewing with series of white subtermi- nal spots preceded by a straight white line from apex to vein 4, then a lunulate line to vein 1 ; underside of body and wings ochreous olivacea. b3. Forewing without these markings. a*. Wings on underside densely irrorated with brown ; terminal band of fore- wing not conjoined to brown basal area ; no white subterminal scaling on forewing above ; abdomen with lateral yellow stripe velata. 54. Wings on underside less densely irrorated with brown ; forewing with the terminal band conjoined to basal brown area between veins 5 and 4. a5. Forewing on underside with the costal half of cell of the reddish colour of disk ; abdomen without yellowish lateral stripe ; forewing with the costal edge pale creamy... confusa. 148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. b"\ Forewing on underside with the cell wholly brown ; abdomen ventrally yellowish white ; forewing on underside with the stripe connect- ing the basal and terminal areas heavy aurifera. 137. Rhagastis velata. Pergesa velata, Wlk., XXXV., 1853 (1866). Habitat. — Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam. 137a. Rhagastis acuta. Zonilia acuta, Wlk., VIII., 195 (1856). Habitat. — Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Penang. 1375. Rhagastis aurifera. Pergesa aurifera, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 7. Habitat. — Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam. 137c. Rhagastis confusa. Theretra albomarginata, Hmpsn., J. Bomb. N. H. Soc., XIII, p. 39, pi. B, f. (1900) nee Roths. Rhagastis confusa, Roths., Nov. Zool., IX, Suppl., p. 795, pi. 14, f. 12 (1903). Habitat. — Sikhim ; Assam. 137(Z. Rhagastis lunata. Chcsrocampa lunata, Roths., Nov. Zool., VII., p. 274 (1900). Habitat. — Assam ; Khasis. Subsp. sikhimensis, Roths. Nov. Zool., IX, Suppl. p. 797 (1903). Habitat.— Sikhim. 136. Rhagastis olivacea. Pergesa olivacea, Moore, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 566. Habitat. — Punjab ; Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam. 135. Rhagastis gloriosa. Pergesa gloriosa, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 246. Habitat. — Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam. 135a. Rhagastis albomarginatus. Metopsilus albomarginatus, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p. 78 (1894). Habitat. — Sikhim ; Assam. Subsp. everetti, Roths., Nov. Zool., IX., Suppl., p. 799 (1903). Habitat. — Sumatra ; Borneo. Genus Cechenina. Type. Cechenina, Roths., Nov. Zool., IX., Suppl., p. 799 (1903) helops. A. Forewing on upperside with five to seven almost straight lines on terminal half ; abdomen dorsally striped. a. Mesonotum without pale medial band ; forewing with seven lines e,ti minor. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 149 b. Mesonotum with pale medial band ; f orewing with eight lines lineosa. B. Forewing on upperside without straight lines on terminal half ; abdomen not dorsally striped. a. Forewing with broad subbasal umber brown band or patch , helops. b. Forewing without subbasal umber brown band. a1. Forewing with the basal area, also the thorax, dark green , mirabilis. bj. Forewing with the basal area clay colour with a black spot cegrota. 142. Cechenina mirabilis. Chcerocampa mirabilis, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 248. Habitat. — Punjab. 142a. Cechenina .egrota. Chcerocampa cegrota, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 246. Theretra catori, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p. 75 (1894). Daphnis chimcera, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p. 86, pi. 6, f. 16 (1894). Habitat. — Assam ; Perak ; Borneo ; Java. 139. Cechenina helops. Philampelus helops, Wlk., VIII., 180 (1856). „ orientalis, Feld., Reis. Nov., pi. 77, f. 1 (1874). Habitat. — Sikhim ; Assam ; Malacca ; Sumatra ; Borneo ; Java. Subsp. ^api/awa, Roths., Nov. Zool., IX., Suppl., p. 802 (1903). Habitat. — New Guinea ; Neu Pommern. 143a. Cechenina minor. Chcerocampa minor, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 249. Theretra striata, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p.76 (1894). Habitat. — Japan ; Formosa ; Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Siam. 143. Cechenina lineosa. Chcerocampa lineosa, Wlk., VIII., 144 (1856). major, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 249. Habitat. — Punjab ; Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Malacca ; Sumatra ; Borneo. NOTODONTID^E. 237a. Pydna endoph^a, n. sp. (PI. D. f. 1). £. Ochreous : head and thorax tinged with brown; palpi dark brown at sides. Forewing with the inner margin narrowly red-brown ; the wing sparsely irrorated with rufous ; two rather obscure antemedial series of rufous points angled on median nervure ; a point below costa above angle of cell ; two obscure postmedial series met at vein 4 by an oblique series from apex, then oblique to the antemedial series on inner margin ; a subterminal and a terminal series. Hindwing rather yellower. Habitat. — Kanara, Karwar (Davidson). Exp. 38 mill. Type in B. M. 2386. Pydna frugalis, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1898, p. 302. 150 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. ft. Brownish grey ; palpi and frons dark brown ; abdomen tinged with red- dish brown. Forewing irrorated with a few dark scales and tinged with reddish brown, especially on inner and terminal areas ; two black points near base ; antemedial black points on costa and below cell ; an indistinct postmedial crenulate curved line with black points on the veins and a fuscous mark on it beyond lower angle of cell joined by an oblique streak from apex ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing strongly tinged with fuscous brown. $ . More rufous. Habitat. — W. China, Pu-tsu-fang, Moupin ; N.-W. Himalayas, Kangra Valley 4500' (Dudgeon). Exp. $ 42, 9 48 mill. 241. Pydna sikkima, insert (syn.) Pydna essa, Swinh. A. M. N. H. (6), XVII., p. 360. 262a. Stauropus mioides, n. sp. $. Head and thorax grey-white tinged with green ; branches of antennae red-brown ; palpi black at sides ; abdomen whitish, dorsally fuscous, except at extremity. Forewing whitish tinged with green, especially towards base and thickly irrorated with dark-brown ; a small dark spot below origin of vein 2 and another at lower angle of cell placed on a fine indistinct line excurved from below costa to vein 5, then bent inwards to lower angle of cell ; a subtermind series of dark-brown spots, those below costa and above vein 5 displaced in- wards ; a series of oblique dark strios on termen. Hindwing dark reddish brown ; the costal area whitish tinged with green and irrorated with dark brown and with diffused dark postmedial and subterminal bars ; inner margin and cilia white ; the underside white. Habitat. — Assam ; Khasis, Exp. 46 mill. Type in B. M. 280. DlCRANURA HIMALAYANA. Larva pale green ; the dorsal area whitish ; the 3rd somite produced to a Somewhat pointed hump ; a subdorsal white line angled upwards below the hump ; stigmata ringed with black ; anal somite produced to two long flagellate tails, whitish granulated with black, the terminal halves crimson. Food planx willow (G. C. Dudgeon). 307. Spatalia argentifera £=309 S. coskdis 9 . Specimens of both sexes bred (T. R. Bell). 317a. ICHTHYURA TRANSECTA. Larva. Grey-brown with a broad dorsal dirty white line interrupted by a dark brown patch at 4th somite which is slightly humped ; lateral and sub- lateral series of yellow-brown tubercles ; a pale line above the lateral series of tubercles ; 4th somite with two pale red tubercles on a red patch in the centre of the brown one and with two white patches on each side of it ; a similar red patch with tubercles on 11th somite. Head dark brown clothed with whitish hair similar to that arising from the tubercles. Food plant salix babylonica. Pupa red in a slight cocoon formed of the leaves. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 151 Syntomid^e. 403Z>. Oekyx pleurasticta, Hmpsn., A. M. N. H. (7), VIII., p. 165 (1901) (pi. D. f. 2). £. Purple-black ; back of head orange ; pectus with lateral orange spots ; tarsi with the 1st joint white ; abdomen with dorsal orange patch on 1st segment and band on 5th, the intermediate segments with lateral spots. Fore- wing with hyaline spot below the cell near base ; a wedge-shaped patch in end of cell and another below base of vein 2 ; a round spot above base of vein 2 and more elongate spots above veins 3-4 and 6. Hindwing with hyaline patch below middle of cell and round spot above vein 2. Habitat. Kanara, Siddapah (Davidson), Exp. 24 mill. 451a. Syntomis madurensis, Hmpsn., A. M. N. H. (7), VIII., p. 166 (1901) (pi. D. f. 27). <£. Antennae with long branches ; black-brown ; frons and patagia with orange patches ; hind tibia with orange streak ; tarsi with the 1st joint orange ; abdomen with orange bands on 1st and 5th segments and small spots on ter- minal segment. Forewing with quadrate hyaline spots below base and in end of cell ; an oblique spot below vein 2 ; spots above veins 3 and 4 and a smaller spot above 6. Hindwing with orange medial band from cell to inner margin. Habitat. — Madura, Ammanaya-nahramir (Campbell). Exp. 22 mill. 455. Eressa confinis, insert (syn.) Eressa catoria, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7) 6, p. 305. (To be continued.') 152 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI MOTHS OF INDIA (HAMPSON). Description of Plate D. 1. Pydna endophce. 2. Ceryx pleurasticta. •> o. Clelea refulgens. 4. Euproctis fulvinigra. 5. Cossus rufidorsia. 6. Striglina ignepicta. 7. Cania plumbifusa. 8. Aroa campbelli. 9. Lenodora hyalomelce na. 10. Euprroctis laniata. $ 11. „ laniata. $ 12. „ xantlwsticta. $ 13. „ xanthosticta. v 14. Odonesi is fossa. 15. Ratanla furvivestita. 16. Nola brachystria. 17. Marumbanympha. lb. Ovipennis binghami. 19. Asura obliquilinea. 20. Hypsa donatana. 21. Macrobrochis fiavicincta. 22, Lymantria moesta. 23. Dosychira cerebosa. 24. „ magnolia. 25. Leueoma pellucida. 26. Euproctis virgo. 27. Syntomis madurensis. 28. Euproctis ■mirabilis. 29. „ macrostigma. 30. Paracossus furcata. 31. Idonauton nigribasis. 32. Euproctis dana. 33. Pantana ochrota $ 34. „ ochrota £ Sir. G.F.HAMPSON, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. Plate D. Horace Knight ad nat lith. West, Newman chromo. INDIAN MOTHS. 15H MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. No. I.— SOME NOTES ON BIRDS TAKEN AT COONOOR, NILGIRIS, IN MAY 1904. Pomatorhinus horsfteldi. — The Southern Scimitar Babbler. This bird is very common about Coonoor. It usually occurs in small flocks from three to eight in number. Although very partial to thick damp under- growth these birds do not hesitate to enter gardens. I have seen them in wayside bushes and on a comparatively open hill-side on which there was a con- tinuous chain of bushes and small trees. The birds keep well to cover. They are very skilled climbers, making their way with great facility through thick bushes and trees, progressing in much the same way that Crow-Pheasants do. They are equally clever iu running up and down tree trunks, being almost as nimble as nuthatches. This Scimitar Babbler feeds on insects which it picks off leaves, off the ground, or from the trunks of trees. It uses its long bill as a probe, by means of which it drags out insects which lurk in the crevices of the bark of trees. On one occasion I saw one of these birds devouring something large which it held with its foot as a crow does, and took pecks at it. I was unable to make out the nature of the object but the bird took half a dozen bites at it before it was disposed of. The bird has several notes, A common one is a loud Ko-ko-ko-e-e-e. Sometimes one bird calls Ko-ko-ko and another answers Ko-ee. When the birds are feeding in company, they keep up a continuous chatter, which is not unpleasing to the ear. When alarmed this bird gives vent to a harsh cry very characteristic of the babbler tribe. Its habits are so similar to those of the Nilgiri Laughing Thrush (Trochal- opterum cachinnans), also very common about Coonoor, that it is difficult to determine which of the varied notes heard belong to each species. Zosterops palpebrosa. — The Indian White-eye is very common in this part of the Nilgiris, being, in fact, almost as numerous as the Hill-Bulbul (Otocompsa fuscicaudata). I found several nests belonging to this species. Most of them contained only two eggs. So far as I could determine, the eggs take twelve or thirteen days to hatch out. Sitta frontalis. — The Velvet-fronted Blue Nuthatch is very numerous in the Coonoor forests. I saw many Tailor birds (Orlhotomm sutorius) some of which were in breeding plumage, Coonoor is about 6,000 feet above the sea-level. This bird therefore ascends higher than 4,000 feet, the limit given by Oates. Cyornis tickelli. — Tickell's Blue Flycatcher is fairly abundant at Coonoor. It is a noisy bird, continually uttering a characteristic note. This consists of a couple of sharp chicks, followed by a little tune of about six notes, not unlike that of the White-browed Fan-tail Flycatcher but harsher and not so loud. Stoparola albicaudata. — The Nilgiri Blue Flycatcher is numerous, not infre- quently coming into gardens. Does this species feed on fruit as well as insects ? 20 154 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Unless I am mistaken in the species, I have on several occasions seen both old and young birds eating fruit. I saw young birds on May 18th and 21st. The whole plumage, except the wings and tail, was brown, spotted with yellow. Ochromela nigrirufa. — The Black and Orange Flycatcher is not uncommon about Coonoor. Jerdon's description of its habits is good, except that the eminent naturalist says "it is a very silent bird." The bird is anything but silent. It continually gives forth a cheeping note, one which might emanate from an insect. The bird always seems to take a low perch about two feet from the ground. I saw a young bird on May lftth and another on May 21st. I saw the latter receive an insect from the mother. The young birds are coloured as follows : The whole head, neck, breast, and (I think) the back is yellow, heavily spotted or mottled with dark-brown. The tail, which is very short and broad, is bright-yellow. The abdomen and under-tail coverts are very pale-yellow. The note of the young bird closely resembles that of the adult. Culicicapa ceylonensis. — The Grey-headed Flycatcher. Its habits are rather phlegmatic for a Flycatcher. I have watched one in the early morning, sitting for five or ten minutes on end on a branch, looking very sleek and comfortable ; but it was "taking in" everything, the head being in constant motion. The bird will then suddenly become very active for a few minutes, making a number of little sallies into the air, as is the wont of fly- catchers. It does not by any means always return to the perch it left, although it usually comes back to the same tree or bush. It has a feeble twittering note. It is not a shy bird, and will often allow one to approach within six feet of where it is perched, and when disturbed flies only a few yards. It is fairly common in the woods about Coonoor. Rhipidura albifrontata. — The White-browed Fantail Flycatcher is very numerous about Coonoor. I came upon a nest placed in the fork of the lowest branch of a tree about ten feet from the ground. The nest was as described in Oates, in it were three eggs, also as described by him. These hatched out on May 19th. It is perhaps worthy of mention that, so far from these eggs being protectively coloured, I could easily distinguish them for a distance of 15 feet. Aiihiopsar fuscus is the common myna in this part of the world. One bird had a nest containing young, situated in the broken-off branch of an old tree. The young birds must have hatched out about May 5th. D. DEWAR. Madras, May 1904. No. II.— THE OCCURRENCE OF THE BLACK-CAPPED KING- FISHER (HALCYON PILEATA) IN NORTH LAKHIMPUR, UPPER ASSAM. On the 7th April Halcyon pileata made its appearance in this quarter, fre- quenting a jan which leaves the River Dejoo at the base of the Duphla hills and MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 155 after flowing a tortuous course through open cleared ground joins the Runga- nuddie. I had some slight doubt as to my first observations being correct owing to a drizzling rain and bad light at the time ; but I had ample opportunities of noting its black head, white collar and dark blue colouring of the back com- pared with H. smyrnetisis before the day closed. Whilst not very wary yet it gave one the impreasion that I was fresh to its surroundings and this dispelled any hopes I had that the bird was breeding in the vicinity, although some clumps of bamboos overlooking stagnant water afforded it a safe retreat, from the open steep clay banks of the jan where H. smyrnensis had located itself. As it has not made its appearance since that date, I am inclined to think it was performing a local migratory movement, possibly from a higher altitude during a period of very wet weather. H. STEVENS. North Lakhimpur, Upper Assam, May 1904. No. III.— THE YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER (CHELIDORHYNX HYPOXANTHUM.) The distribution of Chelidorhynx hypoxanthum in all probability extends across the plains in the Dibrugarh district during the cold season, as at that time it is fairly plentiful here. Contrary to Blanford's observations as to this species occurring in small flocks, on the dozen or so opportunities afforded me of observ- ing this flycatcher, although once I noted three within a distance of 100 yards, each bird was acting independently and on the other occasions singles have invariably been the order. In habits it is truly Rhipidurean in the manner of darting out in quest of food and returning to the same perch; favourite localities frequented are forest-lined streams, brushwood and fallen trees in forest clearings and it very often haunts these quarters in company with Culicicajja ceylonensis. Measurements of specimens in the flesh. Length 4", bill from gape "3 which differ from Oates somewhat, 4*7 and '4 respectively. H. STEVENS. Rungagora, Upper Assam, January 1904. No. IV.— THE OCCURRENCE OF THE RED-BREASTED GOOSE {BE ANT A RUFICOLLIS) IN INDIA. In early April of this year I was asked by Mr. M, S. Mondy whether there were any geese found in India with red necks, and on my replying "no " he said that he had seen four such on the banks of the Brahmapootra in company with a large flock of the Common Grey Goose. He then gave me a minute description of these geese, from which I had not the slightest hesitation in identifying them as Branta ruficollis, the Red-Breasted Goose. Mr. Mondy had no idea what he was describing and had seen no such geese before. These four had, however, differed so conspicuously from the others that he took a very careful note of their appearance although, unfortunately he was unable to obtain a specimen. 156 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. In the Bengal Sporting Magazine for 1836, VII., p. 247, it is said that four birds of this species were seen and one shot near Nagpnr, but the article referred to is anonymous and of little value. E. C. STUART-BAKER. F.Z.S. Dibrugarh, Assam, July 1904. No. V.— THE OCCURRENCE OF THE MASKED FIN-FOOT {HELIOPA1S PERSONATA) IN LAKHIMPUR. On the 14th June I had sent to me a very fine $ specimen of the Masked Fin-foot which was obtained by Dr. Gregerson in a forest bheel or swamp on the borders of this district. This bird which was breeding possessed a tiny fronted shield and a yellow horn or fronted wattle about £" long and which appeared to be erect during the bird's life. In colour it was a brilliant chrome yellow like the beak. I have never seen this wattle referred to and it appears to have been unnoticed up to now so that we may presume it to be seasonal. On the 10th June, I believe in the same bheel, Dr.T. More obtained a fine female. The soft colours of this bird are far brighter than hitherto described, probably also due to the bird being in breeding condition. E. C. STUART-BAKER, F.Z.S. Dibrugarh, Assam, July 1904. No. VI— THE ENEMIES OF BUTTERFLIES. I have been interested in the letters which have appeared in the Journal lately on the subject of enemies of butterflies. The subject is of some impor- tance in connection with the various forms of " protection " which are found among them. A great many writers seem to assume that the principal enemies against which butterflies have to guard themselves are birds, but I believe this is an utter mistake. In fact, I believe that butterflies can afford to disregard birds altogether. This is certainly not because birds do not like them as food, but because every bird soon finds out that they are not worth the trouble of catching. The peculiar zigzag flight of a butterfly makes it very difficult for even a king-crow, or a bee-eater, to capture one on the wing, and when it thinks it has succeeded, it gets a mouthful of wings and misses the body. I remember only two instances which have come under my own observation. In one case a bee-eater caught a Danais, but dropped it as soon as it had tasted it, and the Banah flew away little the worse. In the other case the butterfly, Euthalia garuda, had been slightly crippled by some accident, which a king-crow detected at once, but it had some trouble to catch it. The flight of a moth is straight and offers little difficulty, accordingly a moth can scarcely show itself by daylight without being pursued. Dragonflies can cope with butterflies, however, and con- stantly feed on the smaller kinds, especially the Lycaen/dce, which they may be seen hawking over grass. I once saw a large dragonfly feeding on a Catopailia catilla, but in the case of a butterfly of that size it must be very difficult for even a dragonfly to get hold of the body in the midst of so much wing. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 157 The real enemies of butterflies are, I believe, lizards and frogs and. no doubt, tree snakes. Therefore all protective colours and forms found among them are intended to conceal them when at rest. When a butterfly is found with a large piece torn out of both hind wings, as we so often find them, it has had a narrow escape from a lizard. KalUma, when at rest on the trunk of a tree, always turns its head downwards, though this somewhat spoils its resemblance to a leaf. I believe the reason is that the danger is greatest of a lizard ascend- ing the tree. Chameleons are very fond of butterflies, epecially Pierince. E. H. AITKEN. Kurrachee, 30 and Mr. R. C. C. Carr, I.C S. (Caittoor, N. Arcot District). CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM. Mr. H. M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the following contributions to the Society's collections : — Contribution. Description. Contributor. A collection of named moths from Darjeeling. 1 Indian Sloth Bear (alive) 2 Tiger Cubs (alive.) A collection of Fresh Water Fishes from Lucknow. 1 Changeable Hawk-Eagle. 1 BonellPs Eagle A collection of Spiders from Ganjam 1 Scaly Ant-eater (alive) .. Eggs of the Upland Pipit... Melursus ursinus. Felis tigris Spizcetus limncetug Hiercetus fasciatus Mante pcntadactyla Oreocorys sylvanus., Mr. G. A. Miller. Mr. H. P. Le Mesurier. Major F. W. C. Jones, K.A.M.C. Major A. T. Newnham, F.Z.S. Mr, H. H. Clutterbuch, I.F.S. Do. Mr. C. E. C. Fischer, I.F.S. Mr. J. Black. Mr. F. Field. PROCEEDINGS. 183 Contribution. Description. Contribution. A Clutch of Eggs of the White-crested Kalij Phea- sant. 1 Bnake 4. Cobras (alive) > 17 Phoorsas (alive) 1 Ground Snake 1 Snake 4 Mouse-Hares sp.n Some Lepidoptera from Quetta .District. 3 Chukor Partridges from Arabia (alive). 14 Growing Cocos de Mer nuts from Seychelles. 1 Malav Bittern Gennceus albicristatus Gongylophis conicus Naia tripudiaus ..... Echis earinata Eryx johnii ... Tropidonotus plumbicolor . Ochotona icardi sp. n Cacabis chucar Lodoicea Sechellarum Gorxachiua melanolophu-s Mr. F. Field. Capt. J. S. Oxley, I.M.S. Col. W. B. Banneiman, I.M.S. Do. Major H. D. Merewether. Mr. D. A. MacMillan. Col. A. E. Ward. Mr. Neville Eliot, R.A. Major F. V. Whittal. Monsr. R. Dupont. Mr. J. B. Russell. Minor Contributions.— Mr. F. Napier, Capt. G. M. Morris, Mr. J. W. Watson, and Mr. Bapu W. Telang. The following contribution to the library has been made :— The Manual of Plague, by Major W. E. Jennings, M.D., I.M.S. By the Author. PROPOSED PUBLIC MUSEUM. The correspondence between the Proposed Museum Committee and the Bombay Natural History Society was placed before the meeting, and the following extract shows the opinion of the committee on the subject :— " We are strongly of opinion that the Government of Bombay should possess a Scientific Museum in this city, and that a trained staff should be engaged from Europe with the object of carrying on research in every branch of Natural History, commencing with those which have a conspicuous economic value, but we think it would be worse than a mistake to undertake the formation of such an institution unless ample funds for endowment as well as for building are provided. " A museum as a mere exhibition of natural history specimens is, in our opinion, of very little value, but as the head-quarters of a scientific staff, engaged in research, and containing working collections from which knowledge may be obtained, it then becomes an institution of enormous value to the State. For instance, it is obvious that, as a Maritime people, we ought before this to have done something to improve the coast fisheries of India, but nothing practical can be done in this direction until we possess a more complete knowledge of the marine fauna. At present we know nothing of the migration of sea fishes or the periods and places at which they breed, and such knowledge can only be obtained by means of systematic collections made by trained natur- alists. " To possess such a museum, therefore, it is necessary to consider what will be the working expenses of the scientific staff as well as the proba ble cost of a building to contain collections and laboratories. 184 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. " The Government of Bombay state in the resolution that they can see their way to 2% lakhs towards the erection of a museum, but they do not say that they are prepared to meet the heavy recurrent expenditure which would be necessary to provide for the requirements of a scientific museum staff. To ascertain what these expenses would amount to we can only refer you to the report of the Calcutta Museum for 1902, in which the working expenses considerably exceeded half a lakh per annum, irrespective of the gazetted salaries. " The erection of a building that would be suitable for a museum, as well as a public library (see Government Resolution) on a conspicuous site in Bombay would cost, we should think, three or four times the amount mentioned in the resolution. " The Bombay Natural History Society, which consists of about 900 members throughout India, Burma, and Ceylon, possesses very valuable collec- tions gathered from the whole of the Oriental region, but they are essentially working collections and are not suitable for public exhibition, the object of the Society being in the direction of research rather than display, as is shown by the character of its publications. " We note that it is intended to restrict the collections in the proposed museum to the area of the Bombay Presidency, but if it is the intention of the Government to undertake scientific research in all branches of local natural history, this Society will be in a position to render material assistance, and will, we need hardly say, be willing to do so." A PRINCELY OFFER. The Honorary Secretary stated that His Highness the Rao Saheb of Cutch had offered to subscribe Rs. 1,000 a year, for three years, to this Society, if it could see its way to engage an expert from Europe to make a marine zoological survey of the Bombay Coast, including the Gulf of Cambay and the Runn of Cutch. The cost of such an undertaking would, it was thought, amount to about Rs. 92,000, or, say, Rs. 7,500 a year, for a period of three years, and the task was consequently beyond the powers of this Society unless generous support such as that offered by H. H. the Rao of Cutch, were forthcoming from others. The Committee of the Society had already addressed letters pointing out the advantages of such a survey to all the States which possess a sea frontier on the Kathiawar and Konkan Coasts. GOVERNMENT GRANT, The Honorary Secretary stated that the Government of Bombay had made a grant of Rs. 2,500 to the Society for the present year, and that they had been good enough to promise to continue the grant (provided funds were available) so long as the Society continued to publish the results of its investiga- tions and researches on subjects of public utility. A vote of thanks was passed to the Government of Bombay for its assistance. PROCEEDINGS. 185 COLOURED PLATES. The Honorary Secretary stated that orders for the following Coloured Plates, for the Society's Journal, had been placed in the hands of their London Chromo Lithographers :— 8 Plates of Ducks; 1 Plate of Moths ; 4 Plates of Snakes ; 4 Plates of Orchids ; and 3 Plates of Cuckoo's Eggs— total 20 Plates. The cost of these Coloured Plates would be about Rs. 350 each (or Rs. 7,000 in all), so that it was most important that the Society should obtain as many new members as possible in order to provide the funds for these useful illustrations. PAPERS READ. The following papers were then read and discussed : — 1. Sexual Colour- dimorphism in Birds, by D. Dewar, I.C.S. ; 2. The Ancestry of the Horse by L. C. H. Young, B.A. ; 3. New Species of Indian Hymenoptera, by Major C. G. Nurse, F.E.S. ; 4. The Enemies of Butterflies, by E. H. Aitken ; 5. The Himalayan Nutcracker, by Col. W. Capper, D.M.E. in India ; 6. The Asiatic Two-horned Rhinoceros, by Major G. H. Evans, A.V.D., F.L.S. PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING HELD ON THURSDAY, THE 29th SEPTEMBER 1904. A meeting of the members took place at the Society's rooms, on Thursday, the 29th September 1904, Mr. L. C. H. Young presiding. NEW MEMBERS. The election of the following new members since the last meeting was duly announced : — Mrs. M, Deakin (Bombay) ; Captain V. G. Drake-Brockman, I.M.S. (Bharatpur) ; Mr. F. H. Abbott, Secretary, Agri-Horticultural Society of India (Calcutta) ; Lieutenant J. C. McKenna (Myitkyina, Upper Burma) ; Lieutenant H. D. S. Keighley (Myitkyina, Upper Burma) ; Mr. C. C. Reid, I.C.S. (Calcutta) ; Mr. G. H. Belcham (Ratnagiri) ; Lieutenant J. L. Tweedie (Lucknow) ; Mr. A. L. Godden (Silchar, Cachar) ; Mr. H. R. Hume, D.S.P (Kaira) ; Mr. R. A. Wilson, I.C.S, (Nagpur, C. P.) ; Captain H. K. Colston (Mhow, C. I.) ; Lieutenant A. 0. Cameron (JMhow, C. I.) ; Mr. F. G. Arnould (Kawant, Rajputana) ; Mr. Mahomedbhoy Currimbhoy Ebrahim (Bombay) ; Mr. J. O'B. Donaghey (Bangalore) ; Mr. C. C. Boyd, I.C.S. (Karwar) ; Mr. George Service (Bombay) ; Lieutenant F. H. Humphrys (Lahore) ; and Mr. R. K. Dadachanji (Bombay). CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM. Mr, H. M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the following contributions to the Society's collection : — Contribution. Description. Contributor. A collection of Moths and Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, F.E.S. Butterflies from the Himalayas. 24 186; JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVL Contribution. Description. Contributor. A Lizard from Baluchistan 2 Cobras (alive) 1 Snake 1 Snake (alive") 1 Monitor (alive) 1 Bat , 2 Terapins Some Insects and Spiders Butterflies 1 Snake (alive) 1 Snake Agama isolep is Naia tripvdians Simotes albocinctus Zamenisfasciolatus Varanus Bengalensia ...... Cynopterus marginatus Platystermm megacephalum (from Si am) From Quetta Python molnrus Oligodon 3fcDougaW ■?p.n. Col. R. H. Light. Col. W. Bannerman, T.M.S. Do. Do. Dr. V. L. Mankar. Mr. C G. Fee. Mr. H. D. G. Garrett. Mr. C. B. C. Fischer, I.F.S. Mr. Neville Eliot, R.A. Mr. D. J. Tata. Mr. E. McDougall. Minor contribution from Mrs. Payne. Contributions to the Library : — Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, Vol. X, Part I, in exchange. Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, Parts XVI to XXV, from the Trustees, BEE CULTURE. Mr. H. M. Phipson stated that he had lately been trying to interest the Agricultural Department on the subject of bee culture in the hope that they might see their way to carry out properly conducted experiments on the domestication of the two species of Indian bees which are not migratory (Apis nigrocinctus and Apis dorsata), and also possibly to introduce the European hive bee (Apis mellifica). Seeing how largely honey is used by the people of this country for the preservation of fruit and for sweetmeats, it is surprising that bee culture has not been further developed. Dr. Thedore Cooke made some interesting experiments several years ago, in Poona, with Apis indica, but as this species of bee is known to be migratory the experiments led to dis- appointment, as on the approach of the hot season the swarms fled to the hills along with the Government officials. Had the experiments been made with the rock bee (Apis dorsata), which is twice the size of the other, the results might have been very different. Mr. L. C. H. Young, the Honorary Secretary of the Insect Section, read some extracts from the latest work on the subject of Indian Hymenoptera, by Col. C. T. Bingham, and suggested that members of the Society living in the Punjab, Kolhapur, and other places, where experiments had been made, should be asked to communicate with the Society on the subject. FLEAS. The Honorary Secretary stated that Capt. W. G. Liston, I.M.S., had kindly offered to read another paper before this Society, at the November meeting, on the subject of fleas and the part they play in the propagation of plague. Capt. Liston, it will be remembered, read a paper on this subject on the 15th March 1903, but he has since devoted much time to it and an account of his recent investigations will be of the greatest interest. PROCEEDINGS. 187 PAPERS READ. The following papers were read and discussed : — 1. Water-yielding Plants found in the Thana Forest, by G. M. Ryan, I.F.S. ; ?,. Cassia occidentalis, by B. H. Barlow-Poole, I.F.S. ; 3. Birds observed in the Nilgiris and Wynaad, by A. M. Primrose ; 4 Notes on the Nesting of some Birds in the Upper Chindwin District, Burma, by Capt. H. H. Harrington ; 5. Notes on Burmese Reptiles, by Major G. H. Evans, A.V.D., F.L.S ; 6. Notes on the Hornbills of the Pegu District, by C. W. Allan, I.F.S ; 7. The Russell's Viper by Lt.-Col. L. L. Fenton ; 8. A Cobra Feeding on Eggs, by C. P. George, all of which will appear in full in the Society's Journal. PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING HELD ON THURSDAY, THE 24th NOVEMBER 1904. A meeting of the members took place at the Society's rooms on 24th Novem- ber 1904, Colonel W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S., presiding. NEW MEMBERS. The election of the following new members, since the 1st meeting, was duly announced : — Mr. Julian North (Calcutta) ; Mr J. May (Parlakimedi, Ganjam District) ; Mr. A. Panton (Bombay) ; Mr. Purshotumdas Visram Maoji (Bom- bay) ; Rev. Joao Rebello (Margao, Goa) ; Captain C. B. Harrison, I.M.S. (Madura) ; Mr. T. D. Hamilton, I.F.S. (Rangoon) ; Mr. J. Harding Pas.coe (Kolla Kombi, Nilgiri Hills) ; Mr. Gordon Dalgliesh (London) ; Mr. W. R. Le Grand Jacob, I.F.S. (Darjeeling) ; Mr. C. W. Dunn, I.C.S. (Rangoon) ; Lieu- tenant J. A. Pottinger (Rangoon) ; Captain W. D. A. Keys, I.M.S. (Bombay) ; Mr. G. F. Curran (Mysore); and Mr. C. G. de C. Ireland, I.C.S. (Dehra Dun). CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM. Mr. H. M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the following contributions to the Society's collection : — Contribution. Description. Contributor. 1 Snake (alive) Lycodon travancoricus ... Col. W B. Bannerman, I.M.S. 1 Snake Calive) Lycodon aulicus Do. A collection of Orthop- Mr. S. Lightfoot. terous Insects, 1 Snake (ilive) Eryxjohnii Mr. R. C. Farrel, I.F.S. 1 Snake Dipsis multimaculata Mr. S. Lightfoot. A collection of Mantidse, Do. Grasshoppers, &c. 1 Snake (alive) Helicops schistosus Capt. F. Wall, I.M.S. 1 Snake CallopMs trimaculatus ... Capt. J. Oxley, I.M.S. 3 Lizards from Pegu Liolepis belliana ... Mr. C. W. Allan, I.F.S. 2 Flying Lizards from Draco blanfordii Do. Pegu. A number of Cage Birds Mr. G. De Saone. (alive). 188 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI, Contribution. Description. Contributor. 4 Species of Snakes A number of Beetles 1 Malay Bittern ... 1 Snake ... ... • 1 Snake (alive) 1 Crimson-breasted Barbet or Coppersmith. 1 Indian Pied Kingfisher 1 Franklin's Nightjar 1 Pied Crested Cuckoo 1 Rose-ringed Paroquet , 1 Painted S:md -grouse , 1 Large or BUck-bellied Sand-grouse. 1 Large Pin-taied Sand grouse. 3 Common Kand-grouBe .. 1 Grey Partridge 1 Red Shank 4 Wood-snipes 1 Western Bamboo Par- tridge. A collection of Mantidse 1, Snake 1 Saake (alive) 1 Snake 1 Saake 1 Snake " Dhaman " 2 Hawk Bill Turtles from Port Blair (alive). 31 Eggs of Roseate Tern 3 Snakes 1 Black-tailed Godwit 1 Snake (alive) 2 Snakes 1 Snake Lycodon aulieus, v ar . Lycodon travancoricus. Bungarus candidus Polyedontophis subpuncta- tus. Buprestidce spm Gorsachius melanolophus ... Bungarus canitidus Zamenis mucositis ... ... Xantholcena hcemstucephala. Ceryle varia. Capriiuulgus monticola Cocr.ystes Jacob inus Palceornis torquatus Pterocles fasciatus Pterocles arenarius Pteroclurus alchata Pteroclurus exustus Francolinus pondicerianus. Tot anus calidris Gallinago nemoricola Bambusicola fytchii Psammophis leithii Dipsas forsteni Simotes amensis ... ... Oligodon sp... ... ... I Zamenis mucosus Chelone inbricata Sterna doug alii lycodon aulieus, dark va- riety. Limosa cegocephala Tpimeresurus monticola ... Psammodynastes pulveru- lentus. Poly odontophus eollaris ... Capt. P. Wall, I.M.S. Do. Do. Mr. F. G.Arnold. Mr. R. G Foster. Mr. C. H. Donald. Do. Maj. C. G. Nurse. F.E.S. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Mr. S. Lightfoot. Do. Do. Mr. T. Ruttonji. Col. Bannerman, I.M.S. Mr. C. H. Donald. Do. Mrs. Inglis. Mr. C. Gilbert Rogers, I.F.S. Mr. W. F. Jardine. Col. W, B. Bannerman, I.M.S. Mr. H. S. Symons. Mr. A Wright. Mr. J. Donaghey. Do. PLAGUE, EATS, AND FLEAS. Captain Liston defined plague as a rat disease which was not unfrequently under favouring circumstances communicated to man. The disease, there- fore, among men might almost be said to be accidental and certainly avoida- ble if there were a distance between rats and men. He said that the idea that rats played the most important part in the spread of plague was no new one, it was recognised by the ancients as well as by more recent authorities who had practical experience of the disease If it was a rat's disease then it was likely that the disease had its own distinct laws of origination and con- tinuance among these animals. It was precisely this study of the disease in rats that had been neglected. Before any progress could be made we wanted to know more about the life and habits of rats. He then proceeded to dis- PROCEEDINGS. 189 cuss a few of the habits of rats that had an important bearing on the spread of plague. He considered, first, the species of domestic rats. There were two very distinct species : Mus decumanus, the common rat found in Europe ; it was a burrowing rodent and lived in drains and cellars. Mus rattus was the common rat of Bombay and the Bast generally ; it lived in the roofs of houses and even trees ; it was a truly domestic rat. Plague might rage as an epizootic among rats of the species of Mus decumanus and man would have little chance of infection, but an epizootic of this disease among rat of the species Mus rattus was very liable to be communicated to man. The species of rat affected with plague had an important bearing on the spread of the disease in man, not from any inherent difference in the susceptibility to the disease in the particular species, but because of the habits of the species. The disappearance of plague from Europe was coincident with the invasion of that Continent by the brown rat and the displacement of the black rat by that species. While the habits of the black rat played an important part in the spread of plague, the habits of men encouraged or dis- couraged the prevalence of this species of rat. In Europe the brown rat dis- placed the black rat as pucca buildings became erected, as drainage systems were developed, as stables were separated from dwelling-houses, as shops, warehouses and granaries were no longer used as human habitation. As stone and wooden floors displaced mud and rush-covered ground, as beds became used in place of heaps of straw, so the black rat was driven from his haunts and the brown rat had it all his own way. man and rats were separated from one another and plague ceased to trouble, for man played an important part in spreading the diseases among rats. Rats like men were gregarious in their habits, they had their maharwaras and buniapuras, some rats lived on the refuse of the people and others installed themselves in the granaries of the rich. There was little communication between these communities in the same village or town, and there could be still less communication between the rats of one town and those of another except through human agency. Ships, rail- ways, and roads, the means of conveyance of merchandise, were also the means of communication between rats of one town and those of another ; the rats as " stowaways" were conveyed with human merchandise. As this was a chance means of communication, the larger the means of transport the chances were greater : hence ships transferred rats in this way more frequently than railway trains. Seaport towns, therefore, were specially liable to be infected by this method, viz., from rat to rat through merchandise conveyed by man. Another habit of rats that had an important bearing on the spread of plague was their habit of migrating as a community when scared by an unusual mortal- ity among them In this habit they resembled man. Plague could under these circumstances be spread from one rat community to another rat com- munity in the same town where fresh focus of infection might be set up. This habit also increised the chances of infected rats being conveyed by merchandise. Again, the breeding season of rats played an important part 190 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. in the spread of plague, because the number of susceptible individuals was increased ; and (2) the number of fleas (the transmitters of infection) were also greatly multiplied. If plague was a rat disease, how was it communicated to man ? He then passed on to consider how the flea acted as a transmitter of infection. He classed plague together with certain epizootic diseases which were communicable to man, viz., anthrax, glanders, and hydrophobia. He considered the means by which these diseases were transmitted, and said that plague differed from them all. The microbe of this disease produced no spore or seed like the anthrax bacillus, it multiplied by fission as a plant might be multiplied by cuttings. There were two sorts of cuttings : resistant, which could be kept out of their natural soil for a long time, and non-resistant, which had to be placed shortly after removal from the parent plant into suitable soil. The germ that caused glanders belonged to the former class ; the plague germ and the virus of hydrophobia to the latter class. But in the cases of hydrophobia there was direct transf errence of the poison from the rabid dog to man by a bite. This did not usually occur in plague. There was a third method of reproducing plants, viz., by using a gooty. It was by this method that plague was propagated in men and animals. The flea acts as the gooty. The plague germ found in the flea's stomach a daily supply of the very food it required, viz., animal blood ; it was not acted on by the digestive juices of the flea, and here it was securely protected from light, dessication, and contaminating bacteria, which acted on the plague germ as weeds do on a delicate plant. The flea, however, being animate acted both as gooty andraali, and transferred the plague germ by its bite to suitable soil, the animal body. He then considered the various species of fleas, and some of their habits. He pointed out that flea-ridden animals often had their own characteristic flea. The rat flea was seldom found on man ; how, then, could plague be conveyed from rat to man or from man to rat by means of fleas ? He detailed how the question had been solved. It depended on the migration of rats in the pre- sence of an unusual mortality among them. They left their fleas behind and these latter in sheer hunger attacked men and other animals. He recorded experimental proof of this fact in the case of a certain epidemic among guineapigs and in the case of an outbreak of plague in a chawl in Bombay. While normally rat fleas were never found on guineapigs, in the above case they swarmed on them. 18 aloue were taken on one sick guineapig. Man seldom harbours the rat flea ; he had found one rat flea in 246 fleas caught on man under normal conditions. In the case of the chawl above recorded, of 30 fleas caught on man no less than 14 were rat fleas. He then briefly referred to experimental methods of plague infection in animals, and stated that one or two germs were able to kill an animal when introduced under the skin by a needle, while millions of germs were necessary by any other method. Which, then, was likely to be the most common method of infection ? Granted that infection generally occurred through the skin, he showed that there wa3 a mass of evidence against the introduction of the bacillus through accidental PROCEEDINGS. 191 cuts and abrasions, and everything pointed to the virus being introduced by such an insect as the flea. He also explained the seasonal and endemic pre- valence of plague in terms of the habits of rats and fleas. He pointed out that infection in neighbouring towns and villages was chiefly conveyed by man to rats by means of rat fleas carried on clothing. He concluded by pointing to many facts in connection with the epidemiology of plague which could be ex- plained in no other way than that the flea was the transmitter of infection — such facts as the notorious infectivity of houses particularly at night, and the efficiency of oil and tobacco as preventives against plague. He would have liked to consider preventive measures against plague, but time did not permit. He said, however, that to his mind since it was impossible to place a distance between rats and man except by years of sanitary improvement and education, the only method that held out any hope of salvation now and until sanitary reforms were carried out, was to acquire immunity to plague by inoculation. The Honorary Secretary stated that Captain Listen's paper would be pub- lished in full in the Society's Journal. OTHER PAPERS. The following papers were also read and discussed : — " Bee Culture in India," by Major C. G. Nurse. " Description of a new Snake," " Oligodon McDougallt, by Captain F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. "The Butterflies of Ceylon." by Major N. Manders, R.A.M.C., F.Z.S., F.E.S. PALMS GROWING IN BOMBAY. Mr. H. M. Phipson exhibited photographs of 21 different species of palm trees growing in Bombay under natural conditions. COBRAS DIGESTING WHOLE EGGS. Colonel W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S., stated that with reference to Mr. C. P. George's paper on this subject, read at the last meeting of the Society, he had, as then promised, made several experiments with the live cobras in his possession at the Government Laboratory at Parel, which showed that a hen's egg, with the shell intact, if pushed carefully down into the snake's stomach, became entirely dissolved in the course of 48 hours. VANILLA FRUITING IN BOMBAY. Mr. C. D. Mahaluxmiwala exhibited a bunch of vanilla pods grown in the Victoria Gardens, and explained the process of artificial fertilization which it was necessary to resort to hi this country in the absence of the proper insect. o o en — PQ s -§ § o Q < o o 0. ? - hi o UJ I T) 6 JOURNAL OF THE B O T& B^ Y Natural §p8tor£ ji0ri% Vol. xvi. BOMBAY. No. 2. THE MOTES OF INDIA. SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN "THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA." SERIES III. PART III. By Sir George Hampson, Bart., f.z.s., f.e.s. (Continued from pag e 151 of this Volume.") ZyG-ENIDvE. 501c. Clelea refulgens. n. sp. ( PI. D, f. 3). $ . Black ; head, thorax and abdomen suffused with golden green, antennae with violet-blue. Forewing with the basal half suffused with golden-green with copper reflections ; a golden-green discoidal spot and postmedial band excurve from costa to vein 4, then oblique and not reaching inner margin ; a brilliant blue-green terminal line. Hindwing with the base brilliant metallic blue ex- tending as a streak below cell to beyond middle and on inner area nearly to tornus. Underside of forewing with metallic blue streaks on costa and below cell to middle ; hindwing with the base metallic blue extending on costal area to beyond middle and continued as a fine line to apex and on termen, in cell to middle and on area below the cell to termen, a discoidal spot. Habitat.— Manipur, Mao 6000' (Doherty). Exp. 28 mill. Type— -in B. M. 532. Pidorus geminus, insert (syn.) Pidorus lenos Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7) 6a, p. 305. p. 269. Under Cyclosia insert (syn.) Pintia, p. 258. 545. Pintia ferrea is the $ of 577. Cyclosia papilionaris and 575 C. nigres- cens and 576 C.parvula are varieties. 547. Pintia latipennis is the $ of 578. Cyclosia australinda, many speci- mens of both sexes bred (T. R. Bell). Psychid^;. 625a. Acanthopsyche (Dasaratlia) canarensis. n. sp. £. Uniform cupreous brown. Forewing with veins 4-5 stalked; 7 from cell. Hindwing with vein 5 from middle of discocellulars. 194 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Habitat. — Kanaka, Karwar (Davidson). Exp. 24 mill. Type — in B. M. 6'dSu. Psyche (Heylaertsia) laniata. n. sp. ft. Head, thorax and abdomen black-brown clothed with long hair ; anten- nae with long branches to near extremity ; wings rather thickly clothed with long black-brown hair-like scales. Forewing with vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 5 from above angle ; 6 from well below upper angle ; 7#8 shortly stalked; 9-10 on a long stalk; 11 from cell. Hindwing with vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 4*5 stalked ; 6 absent. Larva case covered with fragments of leaves, straw, etc. Habitat.— Ceylon, Matale (Pole). Exp. 14 mill. Type—m B. M. Cossid^:. 651c. Cossus cashmirensis is a distinct species from acronyctoides ; the antennae are bipectinate with the branches long at base, whilst in the latter they are nnipectinate with the branches short at base, then increase in length before middle ; the former also is a larger, broader-winged insect with the markings darker. Section III. Antennae of male thickened and laminate, but not pectinate. 6516. Cossus FUSCIBASIS. 651&. Cossus rufidorsia, n.sp. (PI. D, f. 5). ft. Head, thorax and abdomen grey-brown with a rufous tinge. Forewing grey-brown thickly striated with dark-brown ; the inner area tinged with rufous ; an indistinct dark line from costa beyond middle to inner margin near tornus and with another indistinct line just beyond it ; an obscure irregular subterrninal line furcate in places. Hindwing fuscous brown. Habitat. — Sikhim (Dudgeon). Exp. 36 mill. Type — in B. M. Genus Paracossus, nov. Palpi upturned slender not quite reaching vertex of head ; antennae of male bipectinate with short branches diminishing regularly to apex ; tibiae with the spur short, hind tibise with two pairs. Forewing with vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 5 from above angle ; 6 from below or from upper angle ; 7. 8. 9. 10 stalked ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3*4 from angle of cell, 5 from above angle ; 6 from below upper angle ; 8 free. Section I. Forewing with vein 6 from angle of cell. 656&. Paracossus parva, n. sp, £ . Pale grey-brown ; abdomen darker dorsally. Forewing with fine dark striae ; the inner area tinged with reddish brown; a fine black medial line slightly bent outwards at median nervure below which it is excurved ; an oblique line from costa to upper angle of cell, then following the discocellulars and with a slight fork on outer side, bent inwards on median nervure and angled outwards on vein 2, then incurved ; a postmedial line incurved from costa to vein 4 where it is angled THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 195 outwards, then incurved and sinuous and connected by an oblique streak at vein 4 with the irregularly waved subterminal line which is indistinctly forked in places. Hindwing semihyaline fuscous brown with the veins darker. Habitat.-^- Ceylon, Matele (Pole). Exp. 28 mill. Type— in B. M. Section II. Forewing with vein 6 from well below angle of cell. 656c. Paracossus, furcata. n. sp. (PI. D, f. 30). 9 . Brownish-grey. Forewing with dark striae, an indistinct oblique brown antemedial line bifurcating and enclosing an eliptical spot at middle ; a medial line bent obliquely outwards from median nervure to submedian fold where it is connected by a streak with the postmedial line which is strongly incurved below vein 4 where it is connected by an oblique spur with the irregularly waved subterminal line which is obscurely furcate in places. Hindwing pale fuscous brown. Habitat.— Pegu, Magane. Exp. 34 mill. Type— in B. M. Drepanid^;. 712a. Drepana fulvicosta, Dudgeon, J. Bomb. Soc, XII, p. 652 (1899). Almost pure white; frons brown; antennse, tibiae and tarsi tinged with fulvous ; wings irrorated with silvery scales. Forewing with the costal edge pale fulvous ; a very indistinct oblique waved medial line from cell to inner margin and similar postmedial and subterminal lines. Hindwing with indistinct waved postmedial and two subterminal lines. Habitat. — Punjab, Manpuri; Bhutan. Exp. 34*38 mill. 741. Problepsidis albilinea, Warr. Nov. Zool., VI., p. 4. £. Antennae strongly laminate ; forewing with vein 11 from the cell. Brownish-ochreous irrorated with black ; palpi, frons and fore tibiae and tarsi in front black ; abdomen dorsally suffused with black. Forewing with two highly waved, curved, indistinct fuscous antemedial lines ; a similar medial line ; two very obliquely placed black discoidal points ; a postmedial highly waved line oblique from vein 4 to inner margin before middle ; a similar outer postmedial line with interrupted white strigas on its oblique portion ; a subterminal dentate line with black points on it ; cilia chequered with black. Hindwing with two nearly straight antemedial lines ; the medial area yellow with a black dis- Ooidal point ; a dentate line just beyond middle followed by two indistinct waved lines, then a nearly straight postmedial line ; a subterminal line of small dentate marks • a fine terminal line. Habitat. — Assam, Khasis. Exp. 42 mill. 744a. Deroca hidda, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7), 6, p. 306. Differs from hyalina in its small size ; the vertex of head white. Forewing with the antemedial and medial lines angled inwards in submedian interspace. Habitat, — Assam, Jaintia Hills. Exp. 32 mill. 746a. Phalacra multilineata, rename P. acutipennis, Swinh. A. M. N. H. (7), XI., p. 502 (1903). 747. Phalacra excisa, insert (syn.) P. multilineata, Warr., Nov. Zool., IV., p. 16. 196 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. THYRIDID.E. 764a. Striglina ignepicta. n. sp. (PI. D, f. 6). £. Head, thorax and abdomen olive-brown; palpi and antennae marked with white ; pectus white ; legs banded with white ; abdomen with subdorsal fiery red spots on last three segments and a slight white dorsal line on terminal segment, the ventral surface banded with white. Forewing dark olive-brown with darker striae ; a maculate patch of fiery red below costa beyond middle with some white points above it on costa ; an ochreous spot in end of cell with a round hyaline spot below it ; cilia white at tips. Hindwing dark olive- brown with slight fiery red suffusion between vein 5 and tornus towards which it develops into more distinct spots ; cilia white at tips. Underside strongly striated with white ; forewing with the yellow in end of cell extending round the hyaline spot and with some silvery suffusion before and beyond it. Habitat— Bombay ; Castle Rock (Davidson). Exp. 14 mill. Type— in B. M. 811. Dysodia ignita, insert (syn.) Dysodia bipuncta and D. levis, Warr., Nov. Zool., VII., p. 100. Limacodid^:. 822c. Macroplectra ceylonica. n. sp. g. Yellow-brown irrorated with fuscous. Forewing with ill-defined ante- medial black line from cell to inner margin ; a very ill-defined postmedial line from vein 8 to 3. Hindwing black-brown, the cilia yellow-brown. Habitat.— €eylon, Matale (J. Pole). Exp. 16 mill. Type— in B. M. 822c?. Macroplectra inconspicua, n. sp. £. Antennae greatly thickened and flattened. Ochreous ; head, thorax and forewing to the obscure, very oblique postmedial line, suffused with rufous. Habitat. — Bombay, Castle Rock (Davidson). Exp. 12 mill. Type— in B. M. 852a. CONTHEYLA ROTUNDA, n. sp. Grey-brown. Forewing with slight dark irroration ; a series of black points from costa beyond middle, excurved to vein 6, then becoming subterminal; hind- wing slightly darker ; cilia of both wings yellowish at base. Habitat.—!*. Kanara, Karwar (T. R. Bell). Exp. $ 16, $ 20 mill. Type- in B. M. Cocoon covered with white secretion leaving points and patches of red-brown. This species resembles the genus Spatulijimbria except in length of palpi. 874a. Idonauton nigribasis, n. sp. (PI. D, f. 31). $. Antennas much thickened and rather flattened with a large tuft of scales between their bases ; cilia of both wings very long and spatulate at extremities. Head and thorax black-brown, the vertex of former rufous ; abdomen rufous tinged with fuscous. Forewing rufous ; the basal area black-brown with nearly straight outer edge ; cilia dark-brown and grey at tips. Hindwing fuscous brown ; cilia dark brown and grey at tips. Habitat.—N. Kanara, Karwar (T. R. Bell). Exp. 16 mill. Type— in B. M. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 197 884a. Cania notodonta, insert 891a. Narosa uniformis, Swinh., which has priority. 885a. Cania plumbifusa, n. sp. (PI. D, f. 7). g. Antennae bipectinate to apex. Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous tinged with brown ; palpi, frons and forelegs fuscous. Forewing ochreous suffused with leaden silvery especially on costal area ; an ill-defined waved rufous line on discocellulars, then retracted to origin of vein 2, then to before middle ; subterminal line blackish, bent outwards below costa ; then punctiform to vein 5, then obsolete and represented by some black scales above tornus. Hindwing ochreous, the cilia dark at tips, at apex and towards tornus. The underside with the costal half of forewing suffused with black ; a blackish discoidal spot. Habitat. — Assam, Khasis. Exp. 20 mill. Type — in B. M. 894. Belippa ferruginea is a distinct species ; B. laleana is the 9 of 896 B. Apicata and it, as also the $ of B. lohor, is indistinguishable from the same sex of B. ferruginea, whilst the males are quite distinct. Lasiocampid^;. 901. Taragama dorsalis. Larva. l-85". Reddish-brown with long buff-colored hairs hanging down from head and sides, erected when the larva moves or is disturbed ; head covered with hairs ; the 2nd and 3rd somites with a sort of hood covering a band of deep umber-brown ; each somite with a prominent dorsal red tubercle with short black hairs and a smaller red tubercle behind it ; the l'Zth. somite with two very prominent black tubercles with black hairs -, a lateral series of buff- colored tubercles from which the long hairs arise. Food plant various Acaccias. (W. H. Campbell.) 938a. Lenodora crenata, Hmpsn. #. Head, thorax and abdomen pale ochreous brown ; anal tuft rufous. Forewing red-brown, an ochreous white streak on subcostal nervure from base to just beyond upper angle of cell ; a dull ochreous band beyond the cell between veins 8 and 2, diffused on inner side, its outer edge very oblique and crenulate. Hindwing pale red-brown, the costal area and cilia rather darker. Habitat.— Ceylon, Horton Plains G-7000'. Exp. 42 mill. 940&. Lenodora tiyalomel^na, n. sp. (pi. D, f. 9). <£. Head, thorax and abdomen mauve-grey ; palpi and sides of face, pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen pale yellowish. Forewing fuscous black ; the co3tal edge pale yellowish ; an oblique semihyaline white band from below apex to above inner margin near base where it is met by pale hair at base ; some white hairy scales on termen and in cilia. Hindwing hyaline ; the veins, costal area and termen fuscous black ; cilia white at tips. Habitat.-- Madras, Palni Hills, 7000'. (Campbell.) Exp. 38 mill. Type— inB. M. 198 JOURNAL, BOMB AY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV I. 942a. Odonestis fossa, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (6) xrx., p. 410. (PI. D, f. 14.) <£. Dark red-brown. Forewing with indistinct antemedial line angled outwards below costa ; a small dark-edged white discoidal spot ; a straight oblique dark-brown line from apex to inner margin before middle ; an indistinct oblique strongly dentate subterminal line. Hindwing with traces of a slightly incurved line from apex to tornus. 9 . Yellower brown ; forewing with the oblique line very slightly curved towards inner margin. Habitat. — Assam, Jaintia Hills. Exp. <£ 52, $ 66 mill. LyMANTRIADjE. 971. Aroa pyrhochroma, insert Orgyia melaxantha, Wlk., xxxiii., 324 (1865) which has precedence ; the type must have come from India, not Cape Colony. 975a. Aroa campbelli, n. sp. (PI. D, f. 8 ). $. Head and thorax olive-brown ; abdomen grey mixed with fuscous, Forewing pale olive thickly suffused and irrorated with fuscous brown ; some diffused white on basal inner area ; a pale olive medial striga from costa ; an oblique white band irrorated with brown from costa beyond middle to middle of inner margin towards which it expands widely, slightly incurved to costa and with its outer edge indented at vein 5. Hindwing pure white with terminal olive fuscous band, moderately wide at apex, narrowing to a point at tornus. Habitat.— Madras, Palni Hills, 6000'. (Campbell.) Exp. 26 mill. Type— inB. M. 982. L&lia exclamationis, insert (syn.) Lcalia adalia, Swinh. A. M. N. H, (7), vi, p. 305. A large form from the Jaintia Hills. Exp. $ 42, $ 50 mill. 976. LuELIA SUFFUSA. Larva. Black clothed with rather long whitish hairs and with tufts of long spatulate black hairs on each side of 1st somite and in middle of 11th somite ; four brown dorsal pencils of hair on 4th-7th somites ; round whitish dorsal tubercles on 9th and 10th somites ; a broad subdorsal yellow line and lateral yellow striations obscured by the hairs ; a sublateral yellow line. Head and legs pale brown or black. Food plant — grasses.. Pupa in a rather loose pale buff or brownish cocoon. (Dudgeon.) 983. L^ELIA TESTACEA. Larva. Dark buff with a paler dorsal stripe with dark medial line ; neck canary-yellow ; each somite with prominent tuft of brown hairs ; very thick tufts of umber-brown hairs on somites 4, 5, 6 and 7 ; head glabrous, brown. 989a. Pantana ocHROTA;n. sp. (PI. D, ff. 33-34). <£. Head and thorax fulvous yellow, the branches of antenna? blackish \ abdomen dark fulvous brown. Forewing fulvous yellow, the costal half suffused by red-brown, at termen extending to vein 2 ; a yellowish discoidal lunule. Hindwing with the costal half fuscous brown, the inner half fulvous, $. Uniform ochreous, the abdomen more orange. Habitat.— Travancore, Pirmad (K. S. Imray). Exp. $ 38, $ 52 mill. THE MOTES OF INDIA. 1#> 993. Thiacidas postica. Larva. 1'3". Head red with white V-mark ; body pale yellow-green with broad white dorsal stripe edged by faint black crenulate lines ; a lateral series of black spots ; six red tubercles on each somite from which arise long grey hairs. Food plant — Zizyphus jujuba. (W. H. Campbell.) 1004a. Dasychiracerebosa, Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc, 1903, p. 483 (PI. D^ £.23). Head, thorax and abdomen brown mixed with grey ; antennae of male with the branches rufous. Forewing grey, thickly irrorated with brown ; an in- distinct curved sub-basal line from costa to submedian fold ; a double waved antemedial line ; discoidal lunule defined by brown ; postmedial line minutely dentate, slightly angled outwards below costa and at vein 4, then incurved ; an indistinct diffused waved subterminal line. Hindwing pale brownish ; the underside greyish thickly irrorated with brown, a discoidal spot and diffused postmedial line. Habitat.— Punjab, Simla. Exp. $ 44, 9 50 mill. 10146. Dasychira magnalia, Swinh. A. M. N. H. (7), xxii, p. 198 (1903) (PI. D, f. 24). $ Head, thorax and abdomen dark brown mixed with grey. Forewing dull reddish-brown suffused with fuscous and slightly irrorated with grey ; an ill- defined rufous patch below base of cell irrorated with large dark scales ; an erect waved black antemedial line ; an ill-defined lunulate ochreous discoidal patch with its centre defined by black, a dentate postmedial line angled outwards at veins 7 and 4, then strongly incurved ; an ill-defined pale rufous subterminal line angled outwards at vein 7, inwards at discal and submedian folds and excurved at middle. Hindwing reddish fuscous brown ; the underside with discoidal spot, postmedial line angled outwards at discal fold and indistinct diffused subterminal line. $ Rather uniformly darker, the lines of forewing less distinct. Habitat.— Assam, Khasis. Exp. 42 mill. 1030a. Lymanteia mcesta, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc, 1903, p. 484 (PI. D, f. 22). $. Head and thorax grey mixed with brown ; abdomen brownish grey. Forewing brownish grey, thickly irrorated with fuscous ; an indistinct antemedial line angled outwards below costa ; an oblique black streak on lower disco- cellular with a diffused oblique fuscous striga above it on costa ; an indistinct dentate subterminal line slightly angled outwards at veins 7 and 4, then incurved. Hindwing pale brownish. $ Wings rather greyer. Habitat.— Punjab, Kasauli, Kangra Valley. Exp. $ 38, £ 44 mill. 1031. Lymantria obsoleta, insert Bombyx serva, Fabr. Syst. Ent. 3, i, p. 474 (1793) which has precedence. 1049. Gazalina chrysolopha insert, (syn.) Gazalina intermixta, Swinh. A. M. N. H. (7) 6, p. 306. 1057a. Euproctis yirgo, Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc, 1903, p. 393 (PI. D, f. 2G). 200 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. ft Pure white ; tibiae tinged with fuscous ; anal tuft orange ; underside of forewing with the costal area suffused with fuscous. Habitat. — Burma, Rangoon, Thayetmyo, Katha, Mandalay. Exp. 24 mill. 1063. Euproctis inconcisa del. Artaxa dispersa. 1065a. Euproctis macrostigma, n. sp. (PI. D, f. 29). ft. White ; antennae and thorax tinged with orange. Forewing with the costa tinged with orange ; the wing irrorated with large orange scales below costa to beyond middle, from cell to inner margin from before middle, ex- tending up to vein 5 beyond the cell and to termen between veins 5 and 3 ; a large round black spot in end of cell and two subapical spots, the upper small* Hindwing slightly tinged with yellow. Habitat.— Ceylon Kandy (Pole). Exp. 18 mill. Type— in B. M. 1071a. Euproctis laniata, n. sp. (PI. D, ff. 10-11). ft. Head dull ochreous ; palpi blackish at base; antennae brown; thorax ochreous mixed with black; abdomen black with some ochreous hair at base, the anal tuft orange at tip ; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen ochreous. Forewing black, the basal area irrorated with large ochreous scales ;• the costa orange ; ante- and post- medial ochreous lines formed by large erect scales and angled in discal fold ; cilia orange. Hindwing black, the cilia orange. 9 Head, thorax and forewing clothed with very long rough white woolly hair ; the black areas replaced by brown ; the costa of forewing, the lines and cilia of both wings yellowish white. Habitat.— Madras, Palni Hills, Kodaikanal, 7500' (Campbell). Exp. ft 36r $ 32 mill. Type— in B. M. ^1072a. Euproctis dana, Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc, 1903, p. 408 (PI. D, f. 32).. ft. Fulvous orange. Forewing with fine pale very slightly waved medial line and almost straight postmedial line. Hindwing fulvous brown, the cilia orange. Underside of both wings suffused with fuscous brown except the margins and cilia. Habitat.— Kashmir, Dana. Exp. 22 mill. 1074c. Euproctis fulvinigra, n. sp. (PI. D, f. 4). ft. Head and thorax orange fulvous ; legs whitish ; abdomen fuscous black with the anal tuft mostly fulvous. Forewing orange fulvous with slight darker irroration ; the costa pale ; pale ante- and post- medial lines, the former angled on median nervure, the latter excurved at median nervules. Hindwing fuscous black, the cilia whitish ; the underside irrorated with whitish, the costal area white. $ . Abdomen fulvous tinged with fuscous, the anal tuft fulvous ; hindwing with the termen and cilia yellow. Habitat.— Sikiiim (Pilcher) ; Khasis. Exp, 26 mill. 1077. Euproctis guttata, insert Bombyx flava, Fabr. Syst. Ent., p. 57a (1775) which has precedence. 1093a. Euproctis xantiiosticta, n. sp. (PI. D, ff. 12-13). THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 201 ft Yellowish white ; thorax mixed with rufous, Forewing suffused with rufous and with traces of some six waved and diffused lines ; two orang< below costa towards apex and a small spot above vein 3. Ilindwing yellow. 9 White. Forewing with a few fulvou3 scales below origin of vein 2 ; two fulvous spots below costa towards apex, a point below vein G and a spot above vein 3. Habitat. — Bombay, Karwar, Kudra (Davidson). Exp. ft 28, 9 34 mill. 1102a. Euproctis bidentata , insert Artaxa dispersa, Moore. Lcp. Atk. p. 50, pi. ii., f. 6, which has precedence. 11026. Euproctis mirabilis, Swinh. Trans. Ent.Soc. 1903,?pl. 415 (Pi. D, f.28). ft Yellow ; palpi blackish above. Forewing, except costal area, overlaid with large brown scales and from before middle to the subterminal line with a num- ber of still larger raised blackish scales, leaving an ill-defined medial yellow line excurved and forming a patch at median nervure ; the subterminal line repre- sented by a series of silvery spots emitting short streaks below veins 7 and 4 ; the inner margin with large silvery scales and very long spatulate brown hairs from before middle to tornus ; terminal area with the vein streaked with orange. 9 Forewing with the brown scaling and silvery spots carried outwards as broad fasciae to termen below veins 7 and 4 ; abdomen brownish. Habitat. — Andamans, Exp. ft 26, 9 32 mill. 1114a. Leucoma pellucida, Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc.1903, p. 381 (PI. D,f. 25.) White ; frons and outer side of palpi pale orange ; femora and tibiae tinged with orange ; mid tarsi of male with black streak on 1st joint above ; wings nearly hyaline, the costal edge of forewing and tips of cilia of both wings orange ; forewing with oblique black streak on lower discoccllular. Habitat.— Assam. Khasis. Exp. ft 46, 9 56 mill. 1124. Dendrophleps semiiiyalina, 9 like the ft in structure, and appearance except that the wings are wholly white without any hyaline. Habitat — Sikhim ; Andamans. The 9 described, Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1895, p. 14, and Moths Ind., IV., p. 491, belong to Caviria ochripes, Moore. Ratardid/e, 1130a. E.ATARDA FURVIVESTITA, n. Sp. (PI. D, f. 15). 9 Head, thorax and abdomen fulvous. Forewing dark-brown with a slight reddish tinge ; the veins streaked with greyish ; traces of numerous greyish striat- ed lines. Hindwing rather paler brown with a reddish tinge ; the veins greyish Habitat.— Assam, Khasis. Exp. 52 mill. Type — in B. M. HYPSID/E. 1140a. Hypsa donatana, Swinh. A. M. N. H. (7) XI , p. 504 (1903) (PI. D, f. 20s.) ft Head, thorax and abdomen orange ; palpi with the extremity of 1st and 2nd and the 3rd joints black ; antenna; black except 1st joint in front ; tegula: patagia pro- and mcta- thorax with black patches ; legs white streaked with 2 202 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Mack ; abdomen with dorsal bands and sublatcral series of black spots, Forewing grey-brown, the veins streaked with white ; a basal orange patch with a black spot at base of costa, two subbasal spots and four on its outer edge, the one in cell small, elongate and displaced outwards ; a very large white patch ex- tending from the orange patch to beyond middle and from discal fold to vein 1, beyond the cell extending up to vein 7, its outer edge oblique and dentate, at vein 2 extending to near termen. Hindwing white with postmedial black spot in discal fold and subterminal spots below vein 2 and at tornus ; a terminal maculate band interrupted by the white veins and narrowing from apex to tornus. The underside with elongate spot in cell of forewing and rounded spot at upper angle ; hindwing with the costal area black, spots in cell and on discocellulars and a postmedial spot above vein 7. Habitat. — Tennasserim, Donat Hills. Exp. 60 mill. 1308a. Mackobkochis flavicincta, n. sp. (PI. D, f. 21). £ Head, thorax and abdomen black-brown ; palpi orange except 3rd joint j neck with broad orange ring ; abdomen with orange-yellow bands except dorsally on 1st two segments, the bands broader on ventral surface, Forewing black-brown ; a pale yellow fascia in base of cell, then bent down- wards and in submedian fold extending to beyond middle ; a fascia on inner margin to beyond middle ; an eliptical spot in middle of cell ; a reniform discoidal spot with its lower edge slightly angled inwards on median nervure ; a small postmedial spot below costa and a band between veins 5 and 1, tapering above and constricted in submedian fold. Hindwing pale yellow ; some- brown hair at base of inner margin ; a black-brown terminal band extending on costa to near middle, its inner edge bent outwards at vein 5, then sinuous to. tornus ; the underside with dark costal fascia and subterminal spot below costa. Habitat. — Cachak, Exp. 56 mill. Type — in B. M. Family Arctiad;e. Sub-family Arctian;e. Key to the Genera. A. Forewing with veins 7-8-9-10 stalked. a. Proboscis more or less aborted. a1. Hind tibia; with the medial spurs absent. a2. Fore tibia? with curved apical claw Amsacta. b2. Fore tibia; without apical claw. a:i. Head and thorax clothed with rough wool- ly hair „ Manas. b*. Head and thorax smoothly scaled Creatonotus; l*. Hind tibia? with the medial spurs present. a"2. Fore tibia? with curved apical claw Estigmene. b2. Fore tibia; without apical claw.... e3. Thorax clothed with rough woolly hair. a4. Eyes small Phragmatolhs, J4. Eyes large » Diacrisia. THE MOTnS OF INDIA, 203 b4. Thorax smoothly scaled Pericallia. b. Proboscis fully developed Nicica. B. Fore wing with vein 9 from 10 or 9 and 10 anastomose ing with 8 to form the areole. a. Proboscis aborted, minute. a1. Forewing with veins 9*30 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole , Euarctia, b1. Forewing with vein 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole Arctia. b. Proboscis fully developed. a1. Palpi upturned the 3rd joint porreGt. az. Forewing with vein 3 from close to angle of cell ; hindwing with vein 8 from middle of cell. Axiopana. b2. Forewing with vein 3 from long before angle of cell ; hindwing with vein 8 from near end of cell Migoplastis. bl. Palpi with the 3rd joint upturned. a2. Forewing with the areole long and narrow Rhodogastria. b2. Forewing with the areole shorter and broad. a3. Hind tibia; with the spurs long , liaroa. b3. Hind tibia? with the spurs short Utctheisa. cl. Palpi porrect « Sccusio, e. Forewing with veins 7*8 and 9*10 stalked Parapladis. Genus nic^ea. 1243. NlOEA LONGIPENNIS. Genus Pueagmatobia. Type, Phragmatobia, Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. II., p. 7 (1828) fuliginosa. Chelis, Ramb. Cat. Lep. And. II. p. 25G (18G6) maculosa. Neoarctia, Neum. and Dyar. Ent. News. Philad, IV., p. 141 (1 893). beam. Proboscis aborted, minute ; palpi porrect, reaching as far as or to just beyond frontal tuft and clothed with long hair ; eyes very small ; head, thorax and abdomen clothed with rough woolly hair, the head retracted ; tibia? with the spurs short. Forewing with vein 3 from close to angle of cell ; 4*5 from angle, or 5 from above angle ; 6 from upper angle or stalked with 7 ; 7*8-9*10 stalked ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3*4 from angle of cell ; 5 from above angle ; G'7 from upper angle or stalked ; 8 from middle of cell. In the typical section the antennae of male are ciliated. Sect. II. (Chelis) Antenna) of male bipectinate with moderate branches. A. Forewing with the subterminal line angled in- wards at vein 4 1208. postflavida, B. Forewing with the subterminal line not angled inwards at vein 4 1205. parvuia. 204 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. .Genus MiENAS. Type. Manas, Hiibn Vcrz., p. 167 (1827) vocula. Lemyra, Wlk., VII, 1690 (1856) externa. Borseba, Wlk., XXXI, 318 (1864) surcjens. Savara, Wlk., XXXI, 320 (1864) nee. Wlk., 1862 ,.t simplex. Buocea, Wlk., XXXV, 1983 (1866) simplex. Palustra, Bar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5) III, p. 300 (1873) laboulbeni. Eutmnia, Wllgrn. (Efv. Svensk. Akad. Forh., XXXII (1), p. 132 (1876) nee. Thorns. Col. 1857 scapulosa. Probosci aborted, minute ; palpi porrect, not reaching beyond the frons ; head, thorax, and abdomen clothed with rough woolly hair ; antenna; of male bipectinate with long branches, of female with short branches ; tibiae clothed with rough hair, the spurs short, hind tibia) with the medial spurs absent ; abdomen of female with thick flocculent anal tuft. Forewing with vein 3 from towards angle of cell ; 5 from above angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 7-8-9*10 stalked ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with vein :3 from before angle of cell ; 5 from first above angle ; 6-7 from upper angle ; 8 from middle of cell. cs^-^V, s^^^===^ ^ ^' Forewing pale P^fe^V^V ^__ z-r y^ i^sN, brownish ochre- ^jpli^lu ^|— ===^ JF \P^ ous 1240. simplex. %s&' vf v\\vy OP I B. Forewing brown ^a^ ' or blackish 1241. fumipennis. Mcvnas simplex $ \ Genus Diacrisia. Type. Diacrisia, Hiibn., Verz.,p„ 169 (1827) sannio. Rhyparia, Hiibn., Verz., p. 183 (1827) purpurea. Cycnia, Hiibn., Vcrz., p. 184 (1827) sordida. Cycnia, Hiibn., Zntr., 1, p. 7 (1827) non descr tenera. Euthemania, Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. II, p. 68 (1828) ... sannio. • Spilosoma, Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. II, p. 74 (1828) lubricipeda. Diaphora, Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. II, p. 77 (1828) mendica. Arctinia, Eichw. Zool. Spec. II, p. 195 (1831) caisarea. Lacydes, Wlk., Ill, 683 (1855) spectabilis. Alpluca, Wlk., Ill, 683 (1855) fukohirta. Alpenus, Wlk., Ill, 686 (1855) maculosa. Aha, Wlk., Ill, 699 (1855) lineata. Andala, Wlk., Ill, 774 (1855) unifascia. Tsia, Wlk., VII, 1698 (1856) intricata. Sanura, Wllgrn. (Efv. K. Akad. Forh., XV, p. 214 (1858) ... lineata. Thyrgorina, Wlk., XXXI, 317 (1867) indica. Ilhma, Wlk., XXXI, 319 (1864) , lutescens. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 205 Pyrrharctia, Pack. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad, III, p. 120 (1804). Isabella. Echlida, Wlk., XXXII, 386 (1865) indica. Icambosida, Wlk., XXXII, 400 (18G5) nigrifrom. Acymba, Rarab. Cat. Lup. And., II, p. 235 (1869) spectabilis. Eyralpenus, Butl. Cist. Ent., II, p. 35 (1875) testacca. Spilarctia, Butl. Cist. Ent., II, p. 39(1875) lutea. Leucaloa, Butl. Cist. Ent., II, p. 44 (1875) .. eugraphica. Epatolmis, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1877, p. 348 cmarea. Rhyparioides, Butl. A. M. N. H. (4), XX, p. 395 (1877) nebulosa. Thanatarctia, Butl. A. M. N. H. (4), XX, p. 395 fl 877) infernalis. Gonerda, Moore P. Z. Z., 1879, p. 395 peromata. Challa, Moore P. Z. S., 1879, p. 398 , bimaculata. Carbisa, Moore Lep. Alk., p. 41 (1879) venosa. Hyarias, Swinh. Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. 1, p. 184 (1892) niceta. Elpis, Dyar. Ent. News. IV, p. 36 (1893) , nubra. Proboscis aborted, minute ; palpi porrect, hardly or just reaching beyond the f rons ; head and thorax clothed with rough hair ; antenna; of male bipectinate ; tibiae fringed with hair. Forewing with vein 3 from near angle of cell ; 5 from or from above angle ; 6 from or from below upper angle ; 7'8*9'10 stalked ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with vein 3 from near angle of cell ; 5 from or from above angle ; 67 from upper angle or shortly stalked ; 8 from near middle of cell. A. Forewing with the ground color pure white. a. Wings sparsely clothed with hairy scales. a'. Tegula3 orange 1189. nigrifrons. bl. Teguloa not orange. a2. Abdomen crimson above 1199. rhodophiia. b-. Abdomen not crimson above. d\ Forewing with black point in upper angle of cell. a4. Forewing with antemedial series of spots angled on median nervure, and oblique series from apex 1188. multivittata. b\ Forewing with curved antemedial and subterminal series of spots ...1187. indica. b3. Forewing without black point in upper angle of cell 1200. melanosoma. b. Wings thickly and smoothly scaled. a\ Forewing with the markings consisting of more or less developed black points. a2. Abdomen crimson above 1185. crythrosona. b2. Abdomen orange above 1160. lubricipeda. b\ Forewing with maculate bands 1190. unifascia. 206 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. B. Forewing yellowish white, buff, yellow, or orange, sometimes tinged with crimson. a. Hind wing with the ground color whitish or buff. a ' . Abdomen orange above. a2. Forewing whitish to buff. as. Wings not suffused with fuscous. a4. Forewing with antemedial black or fuscous spot or point on costa. as. Forewing without short sub- terminal streaks on each side of median nervules. a6. Patagia with black points 1161. subfascia. b°. Patagia without black points. a7. Femora crimson above obliqua ab. todaraQ b\ Femora orange above 1163. punctata $. bs. Forewing with short subterminal streaks on each side of median nervules 11G6. mona. b\ Forewing without antemedial black spot or point on costa. a". Forewing with incomplete series of points from apex. a6. Palpi crimson at base obliqua ab. dalbergce. b°. Palpi yellow at base punctata $>. cn. Palpi dark at base casirjneta ab. i5. Forewing with oblique maculate band from apex to middle of inner margin 1192. obliquivitia, c5. Forewing with curved subterminal series of spots from costa before apex 1194. flavens. b*. Wings almost entirely suffused with fus- cous black 1193. venosa. b"-. Forewing orange 1171. Jiavalis. b\ Abdomen crimson above. a'1. Forewing orange tinged with crimson. a3. Forewing with the veins not scarlet ...1184. rubitincta. b\ Forewing with the veins scarlet 1177. crythripldeps. b'. Forewing buff or yellowish white. a3. Forewing with black fascia on base of costa 1181. comma. b\ Forewing without black fascia on base of costa. TEE MOTHS OF INDIA. 207 a4. Forewing yellowish white. a5. Patagia without black stripes 1105. stigmata. b5. Patagia with black stripes .1218. leopardina. ft4. Forewing buff. a6. Palpi crimson at base 1172. obliqua. bs. Palpi dark at base 1179. casignela. b. Hindwing orange or yellow. a1. Forewing with series of black spots. a2. Forewing yellowish white 1159. mult? guttata, b2. Forewing buff , 11G7. gopara. b1. Forewing with black point in upper angle of cell. a2. Forewing with some postmedial points... metaxantha. b2. Forewing without postmedial points 1169. bimaculata. c. Hindwing crimson or strongly tinged with crim- son. a1. Hindwing with postmedial black band. a2. Forewing with black stripe below me- dian nervure 1203a. bretaudiaui. b2. Forewing without black stripe below median nervure ,...1203. peromata. b1. Hindwing without postmedial black band. a2. Forewing without medial series of spots or maculate band. a8. Forewing with dentate black subter- minal line 1164. dentilinea. bs. Forewing without dentate black sub- terminal line obliqua ab. confusa. b2. Forewing with two medial series of spots 1195. biseriata. c2. Forewing with medial maculate band forking towards costa ....1198. eximia. C. Forewing brown buff to red-brown. a. Antennae black. a1. Hindwing crimson or strongly tinged with crimson. a2. Forewing with antemedial black point on costa obliqua ab. lodar a $ ft2. Forewing without antemedial black point on costa. a3. Forewing with postmedial maculate black line. a*. Antennae with the shaft black above .......1173. Montana. 208 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. b*. Antennae with the shaft white above 1175a. albicornis. b3. Forewing with postmedial series of well separated spots castanea 9 . 6l. Hindwing buff. a~ . Forewing with ante and postmedial scar- let lines with series of black points on them , 1176. rubilinea. b2. Forewing without scarlet lines. a3. Forewing with the veins not streaked with black 1196. sordidescens. bs. Forewing with the veins streaked with black 1217. tigrina. c1. Hindwing black-brown 1175. castanea ft. b. Antennae whitish 1174. strigulata. D. Forewing grey, grey-brown or blackish. a. Forewing without series of white spots. a1. Abdomen brown 1186. fuscipennis. b1. Abdomen crimson above 0 — 1 197. sikkimensis. b. Forewing with series of white spots. a1. Hindwing with the ground-color white 1213. fulvohirta. b1. Hindwing with the ground-color pale yellow 1227. impleta. 1160. Diacrisia lubricipeda, Linn. Syst. Nat., I., p. 505 (1758). Bombyx lubricipeda alba, Hufn. Berl. Mag., II., p. 412 (1766). Phalcena lepus, lietz. Gen. Spec. Ins., p. 37 (1783). Bombyx menthrasti, Esp. Schmett., III., p. 334, pi. 66, If. 6—10 (1786). lliibn Enr. Schmett., II., ff. 152-153. Godt. Lep. Fr , IV., p. 362, pi. 37, If. 5-6. Stcph . 111. Brit. Ent. Haust., II., p. 75, pi. 16, f. 3. Bombyx mendica, Rossi. Faun. Etrur., II., p. 174 (1790). Phalcena erminea, Marsh. Trans. Linn., Soc, I., p. 78, pi. 1, f. 1 (1491). Chelonia luxerii, Godt. Lep. Fr., IV., p. 360, pi. 37, f. 4 (1822). Spilosoma sangaica, Wlk., XXXI, 294 (1864). Butl. 111. Het. B. M., III., p. 5, pi. 42, f. 5. nabitat.— Europe ; America ; W. Siberia, Altai ; E. Siberia, Amur ; Japan ; Corea ; China ; Pdnjab, Murree. Exp. 34-46 mill. 1163. Diacrisia punctata, insert (syn.) 1168 Spilosoma ummera. 1192. Diacrisia obliquivitta, insert (syn.) 1170 Spilosoma jucundum. 1171. Diacrisia flavalis, insert (syn.) Spilosoma lativitta, Moore P. Z. S, 1865, p. 809. 1165. Diacrisia stigmata, insert (syn.) 1182 Spilosoma lactcatum. 1218. Diacrisia leopaudina, insert (syn.) Ardices liturala, Wlk. Char. Lep. Het., p. 12 (1869). 1172. Diacrisia omjqua, Wlk., III., 679 (1855) $ ncc. ?. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 209 Spilosoma todara, Moore P. Z. &., 1872, p. 574. Spilarctia nydia, Bull. Cist. Ent., II., p. 41 (1875), id. 111. Het. B. M., V., p. 32, pi. 85, f. 12. tone, Butl. Cist. Ent., II., p. 41 (1875), id. 111. Het. B. M., III., p. G, pi. 42, f. 6. „ confusa, Butl. Cist. Ent., II., p. 42 (1875), id. 111. Het. B. M., V., p. 33, pi. 85, f. 13. mollicula, Butl. A.M.N.H., (4), XX., p. 395 (1877), id. 111. Het. B.M., III., p. 6, pi. 42, f. 7. Spilosoma mandarina, Moore A.M.N.H., (4), XX., p. 88 (1877). howqua, Moore, A.M.N.H., (4) XX., p. 88 (1877). Spilactia howra, Moore Lep. Atk., p. 40 (1879). dalbergice, Moore P. Z. S. (1888), p. 394. Butl. 111. Het. B. M., VII., p. 28, pi. 122, f. 2. Spilarctia bi/ascia, Hmpsn. HI. Het. B. M., VIII., p. 55, pi. 140, f. 21 (1891). Spilosama bisecta, Leech Trans. Ent. Soc., 1899, p. 148. Differs from D. casigtieta in having the palpi crimson at base. Ab. 1 dalbergice. Abdomen of female orange-yellow Kangra. Ab. 2 confusa. Hindwing above wholly, and sometimes the forewing above, tinged with crimson Bombay, Travan- core, Burma. Ab. 3 bifascia. Forewing with the series of spots more complete ; underside with black fascia in and below cell and two postmedial bands Nilgiris. Ab. 4 todara. Head, thorax and forewing of male strong- ly tinged with red-brown, the hindwing with crimson. Female : abdomen orange above ; wings whitish ochreous with the black markings reduced Nilgiris. Habitat.— J af an ; Core a ; China ; India ; Burma. Exp. $ 42—58, 9 50— 06 mill. 1179. Diacrisia casigneta del. confusa, howqua, nydia, howra. Ab. 1 abdomen orange-yellow above. Habitat.— W. China ; N.-W. Himalayas ; Tibet ; Sikhim ; Exp. £ 46, 9 52—62 mill. 1167a. Diacrisia metaxantha, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., III., p. 293, pi, XLV., f. 14. 9 . Head and thorax ochreous white ; head tinged with yellow ; palpi black, yellow below ; antenna? black ; tegulae and patagia with black points ; fore coxa) with black spots; legs striped with black above ; abdomen orange above with dorsal black spots on three medial segments. Forewing ochreous white with black point in upper angle of cell ; postmedial black points above veins 6 and 4 and on one side below vein 3 ; two subapical points and two points on teimen 210 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL IlISTOttY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. above middle. Hindwing orange with slight black point in end of cell and posi- medial point below costa. Underside of forewing suffused with orange to> beyond the cell, except on costal area ; hindwing with the apical area whitish. • Habitat. — Burma, Myingyan. Exp. 50 mill. 1169. Diacrisia bimaculata insert (syn.) 1191 Thyrgorina discalis. 1173. Diacrisia Montana insert (syn.) 1178 Spilosoma brunneum. 1196. Diacrisia sordidescens, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., III., p. 304T pi. XLVI., f, 2 (1901) = Spilosoma sordida, Moore, nee. Hiibn. 1174. Diacrisia strigatula, insert (syn.) Chehnia cervhia Wllgrn. Wien. Ent. Mon., IV, p. 162 (1864). Genus Amsacta. Type. Amsacta, W\k., IV., 804 (1855) « marginalis. Proboscis aborted, minute ; palpi porrect to just beyond the frons and fringed below with long hair ; frons usually clothed 1\N lf\\ li^v\ with rough hair ; fore "ZW/fl&k isr^SirN V*^ P jfc ^ )fc w ^bise with more or less £**■ \ t / developed curved claw on inner side and short, Amsacta lineola $\ cIaw on outer ; hind ti- biae with one pair of spurs. Forewing with vein 3 from close to angle of cell ; 4-5 from angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 7-8-9-10 stalked ; 11 from cell. Hindwing, with veins 3-4 from angle of cell ; 5 from just above angle ; 6*7 from upper angle or shortly stalked ; 8 from middle of cell. Sect. I. Antennas of male bipectinate. A. Forewing with well-defined crimson fascia on costa 1237. insolata. B. Forewing with the crimson costal fascia very slight or absent lineola. 1239. Creatonatus emittens insert Amsacta lineola, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3, 1, p. 465 (1793), which has precedence, and Spilosoma strigata, Wlk. Char. Lip. Het., p. 10 (1869). [Sect. II. Antennas of male serrate. A. Tcgulse edged with scarlet or abnormally with orange. a. Hindwing with the termen yellow 1234. flavimargo. h. Hindwing with the termen not yellow 1233. collaris. B. Tegulaa not edged with scarlet or orange. a. Forewing with the ground-color white 1232. moorei. b. Forewing with the ground-color pale brown... 1238. albistriga. 1238. Amsacta albistriga. Laxva 1'3". Head prominent, glabrous red ; body pale red-brown irrorated with very small black spots ; dorsal and lateral series of white spots in the sutures between the somites, each somite with a yellowish red band with two THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 211 small dorsal and eight lateral tubercles of paler red on each with tufts of reddish hair arising from them ; legs red, claspers pale red. Food-plants almost anything. (W. H. Campbell.) Genus Creatonotus. Type. Creatonotus, Hiibn. Verz., p. 169 (1827) gangis. Amphissa, Wlk., III., 084(1855) transiens. Phissama, Moore Lep. E. I. C, p. 362 (1859) transiens. A. Abdomen crimson above -. gaugis. B. Abdomen orange above * 1242. transiens. 1231. Creatonotus interruptus, insert Phalana gangis, Linn. Amcen. Acad. VI., p. 410 (1764), which has precedence. Genus Estigmene. Type. Estigmene, Hiibn. Verz., p. 184 (1827) acraa. Phaos, Wlk., III., 627 (1855) interjixa. Leucarctia, Pack. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., III., p. 124 (1864) acraa. Epilacydes, Butl. Cist. Ent . II., p. 27 (1875) ...., simidans. Nyaca, Moore Lep. Atk., p. 43 (1879) ..„ florescens. Nayaca, Moore Lep. Atk., p. 43 (1879)... imbuta. Rajendra, Moore Lep. Atk., p. 43 (1879) biguttata. Sect. I. {Estigmene). Antennas of male bipectinate with moderate branches. A. Abdomun dorsally crimson. a. Hindwing with the ground-color yellow ...1215. imbuta. b. Hindwing with the ground-color white 1214. florescens. B. Abdomen dorsally orange 1210. quadriramosa. . Sect. II. {Rajendra) Antennas of male serrate. A. Forewing with the ground-color blackish. a. Forewing with maculate white patches ......... ceyhnensis. b. Forewing with white fascia. a1. Forewing with the white fascia bent below end of cell, then running to apex. a'1. Forewing with the upper edge of the fascia slightly excised beyond lower angle of cell „ irregularis. h"1. Forewing with the upper edge of the fascia not excised beyond the cell perrotteti. &'. Forewing with the fascia regularly curved to apex 1219. vittata. c. Forewing black with hardly a trace of fascia.. .1221. nigricans, B. Forewing with the ground-color white. a. Forewing mostly suffused with black 1236. negrita, b. Forewing not suffused with black 1235. laclinea. 1220a. Estigmene ceylonensis, Hmpsn, Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. hi,, p. 347, pi. xlvii, f. 9 (1901). 212 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. . Head and thorax dark-brown ; palpi crimson at base; vertex of head white with brown spots ; teguloc white with brown spots and ^M^ ^fT"" ^^^ j^ slightly edged with crimson ; §^MWi ^=^==^ §^ patagia with the lower half white with brown spots on ■»>?, shoulders ; femora whitish to- Eatigmene vittata $ \. wards base, crimson above ; abdomen crimson above with dorsal, lateral, and sublateral series of brown spots, the ventral surface white with brown bands on terminal segments. Fore- wing dark-brown, with irregular white marks at base and small pink marks on inner margin, the basal marks conjoined to two irregular white antemedial conjoined spots extending from middle of cell to vein 1 ; two conjoined, curved, postmedial bands from lower end of cell to vein 1, with a small spot below them on inner margin and another above their outer extremity ; points below middle of costa and on discocellulars ; two postmedial points from costa and three obliquely placed from just before apex ; a curved series of six spots on terminial area between veins 6 and 1, and some points on termen. Hindwing crimson ; the costal area brown to beyond middle, with white point at middle and conjoined to spots at middle and end of cell ; a subterminal bar from costa to vein 5 ; a spot on vein 2, and a terminal spot on vein 1. Habitat— Ceylon, Hambantota. Exp. 32 mill. 12206. Estigmene irregularis, Moore Lep. Ceyl., II., p. 72, pi. 107, f . 2 (1882). $ Head and thorax black-brown ; basal joint of antennae pink ; pinkish white fasciae meeting on vertex of head, thence diverging on tegulse and patagia, which last have black spots ; femora crimson above ; abdomen crimson above with dorsal series of short black bands, the ventral surface black. Forewing black with white fascia from base below the cell, its lower edge excised at middle, at vein 2 bent upwards to apex, its edges waved and emitting a small tooth at lower angle of cell. Hindwing pale crimson, the costal area black ; a black discoidal spot ; a subterminal band from costa to vein 5, a spot on vein 2 and a terminal spot on vein 1. Habitat— Ceylon. Exp. 32-36 mill. 1220. Alphcm biguttata, insert Estigmene perrotteti, Guer. Icon. R. Amin. Ins. p. 514 (1844), which has precedence and del. Rajendra irregularis and Spilosoma lativitta. 1235. Estigmene lactinea, insert (syn.) Rhodogastria frederici, Kirby, Cat. Het., p. 223 (1892). Genus Pericallia. Type. Pericallia, Hiibn. Vera., p. 182 (1827) matronula. Pleretes, Led. Verb. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. I]., p. 77 (1853)... matronula. Alop», Wlk. III. 619 (1855) ricini. Anas, Wlk. III. 658(1855) , galactina. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 213 Satara. Wlk. XXXI. 320 (1864) distinguenda. Arctioneura, Feld. Reis. Nov., p. 2 (1874), non descr ccquata. Meringocera, Feld. Reis. Nov., p. 6 (1874) distinguenda. Tatargina, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1877, p. 366 picta. Pangora, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 42 (1879) distorta. Melanareas, Butl. 111. Het. B. M.t VII, p. 29 (1899) imperialis. Proboscis aborted, minute ; palpi porrect to just or well beyond the frons ; head and thorax smoothly scaled ; tibiae with the spurs short. Forewing with vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 5 from above angle, or abnormally 4-5 shortly stalked ; 6 from upper angle ; 7. 8. 9. 10 stalked ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6'7 from upper angle ; 8 from middle of cell. Sect. I. (Alope.) Antennae of male bipectinate with moderate branches, of female serrate. A. Hindwing crimson or yellow 1206. ricina. B. Hindwing pale brownish 1207. transversa. Sect. II. {Areas.) Antennae of male bipectinate with very short branches. A. Abdomen dorsally crimson or tinged with scarlet. a. Forewing with the ground-color scarlet 1278. i>icla. b. Forewing with the ground-color not scarlet. ax. Hindwing crimson. a2. Forewing with double oblique series of spots or maculate band from lower angle of cell to inner margin 1224. sipahi. ft2. Forewing with irregular white fascia from base to beyond the cell. os. Forewing with the fascia continued obliquely to termen below apex 1223. pannosa. ft2. Forewing with the fascia joined by a band from costa before apex 1222. dentata. iT. Hindwing yellow, often partly suffused with crimson. a2. Forewing with white fascia in cell and subme- dian interspace 1229. imperialis. &2. Forewing with white spots in cell and submedial interspace 1228. galactina. c2. Forewing with narrow oblique medial fuscous band 1183. melanopsis. B. Abdomen orange above. a. Forewing with postmedial white band arising from costa well before apex 1226. tripartita. b. Forewing with oblique band from apex 1225. obliyuifascia, 1228. Pekicalia galactina, insert Areas cana. Druce. 214 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. A. M. N. H. (7) iii., p. 234 (1899), a form from Sumatra with the hindwing wholly suffused with scarlet. Sect. Ill, (JEthalidd) Antenna? of male ciliated. A. Vertex of thorax with dark stripes. a. Forewing with, usually complete, postmedial white band 1209. erosa. b. Forewing with irregular postmedial, usually conjoin- ed, white patches on costal and inner areas 1212. matherana. B. Vertex of thorax with dark spots 1210. distorla. 1212. Pericallia matherana insert 1211 F 'angora rubelliana which is the local race of it from Canara, Nilgiris, and Travancore with the yellow replaced by scarlet. Genus Euarctia. Type. Cardnopyga, Feld., Reis. Nov. p. 2 (1874), non. descr. Hmpsn. Moths Ind., III., p. 492 (1896) lichenigera. Euarctia, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit XLVIII., p. 79 (1887) proserpina. 1254. Euarctia lichenigera. Genus Arctia. Proboscis aborted, minute ; palpi porrect to just beyond the frons ; antenna: of male bipectinate with moderate branches, of female serrate ; head, thorax and base of abdomen dorsally clothed with woolly hair ; tibia? with the spurs short. Forewing broad, vein 3 from near angle of cell ; 5 from just above angle ; 6 from just below upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 free. Hindwing with vein 3 from near angle of cell ; 5 from just above angle ; 6*7 from upper angle ; 8 from middle of cell. A. Antennae with the shaft white above caia. B. Antennae with the shaft black above except sometimes at extremity..... ...... , tibetica. 1202. Arctia caia, Linn., Syst. Nat. 1, p. 500 (1758) Hiibn. Eur. Schmett II. ff. 130-131. Phalcma erinacea, Retz. Gen. Spec. Ins., p. 36 ( 1783). Arctia caja var wiskotti, Staud. Hor. Ent. Ross xiv., p. 333 (1878). „ orientalis, Moore, A. M. N. H. (5), I., p. 230 (1878). Habitat. — Europe ; Armenia ; N.-W. Himalayas ; Khasis. Subsp. 1 americana Harr. Rep. Ins. Mass, p. 246 (1841). Tegulae with a broad white band in front. Habitat. — W. Siberia, Altai ; E, Siberia, Amur ; Japan ; Alaska ; Canada, Br. Columbia ; U. S. A., N. E. States. Subsp. 2 Utahensis, H. Edw. Ent. Am. II., p. 166 (1887). Head and teguhe crimson, the latter with a broad white band in front ; abdomen scarlet ; hindwing yellow. Habitat. — U. S. A., Utah, Colorado. 1204. Arctia, tibetica insert (syn ) 1201 A. mttadra. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 215 The type is a female with the white markings of forewings reduced to a few points ; hindwing with the subterminal spots conjoined into a band connected with the base by streaks on costa and veins 2 and 1 ; some spots on apical half of termen. A variety has the hindwing yellow. A. intercalaris is a distinct species. 1205. Arctia Parvula is from Cape Coloney, the locality Himalayas is erroneous. Genus Baroa. Type. Baroa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 28 pmctivaga. 1307a. Baroa vatala. Genus Utetheisa. 1280. Utetheisa elata, F&br=venusta Hiibn., is from Madagascar, Mauritius and Johanna. I ; the localities Sikhim and Sumatra.for the species are erroneous. Utetheisa cruentata, Butl., is from Mauritius, and the locality Sikhim for the species is erroneous. Sect. I. Antenna? of male bipectinate with very short branches. 1279a. Utetheisa antennata Swinh. A. M. N. H. (6) xn., p. 215 (1893). $ Head and thorax yellowish white ; palpi at tips, antenna?, spots on vertex of head, tegulse, patagia, pro-,meso-and metathorax black ; legs striped with black ; abdomen white, the anal tuft tinged with ochreous. Forewing yellowish white ; a subbasal black spot on costa, followed by crimson spots on costa and above vein 1 ; an antemedial series of five black spots, angled below the cell, followed by crimson spots on costa and above vein 1 ; a curved medial series of black spots conjoined from costa to below cell, followed by crimson spots on costa, at origin of vein 2 and above vein 1 ; the postmedial black line strongly bent outwards in cell to discocellulars and below the cell broken up into spots, with a crimson spot beyond it at origin of vein 3, and black spots above veins 2, 4 and 6, followed by two curved series of irregular marks conjoined into blotches ; three black streaks below costa towards apex ; a crimson subapical spot and a series of black spots on termen and cilia. Hindwing white with terminal black band rather broad at apex, emitting a short streak above vein 5 and narrowing to a point at tornus. Habitat.— Nicobars. Exp. 36 mill. Sect. II. Antenna? of male ciliated or minutely serrate. 1279. Utetheisa pulchella. Genus Secusio. 1272. Secusio strigata. Genus Axiop(ena. 1255. Axiopcenamaura. Genus Rhodogastria. Type. Rhodogastria, Hiibn. Verz ; p. 172 (1827) , aslreaa. 1250. Rhodogastria astreas. 216 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Genus Miqoplastis. Sect. I. (Dondera) Hindwing of male with the termen strongly excised between vein 4 and tornus ; antennae with the branches moderate. 1260. Miqoplastis alba. Sect. II. (Migoplastis), Hindwing of male with the termen not excised ; antennas with the branches long. 1258. Miqoplastis coe- recta. Migoplastii correcta $ Genus Pabaplastis. Type. Paraplastis, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. III., p. 507 (1901)... hampscni. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching vertex of head, the 3rd somewhat porrect ; frons with a slight tuft of hair ; antennae bipectinate with moderate blanches in both sexes ; tibiae with the spurs short. Forewing with vein 5 from well before angle of cell ; 5 from just above angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 7*8 and 9*10 stalked; 11 from cell. Hindwing with vein 3 from well before angle of cell ; 5 from well above angle ; 6*7 stalked ; 8 from middle of cell ; male with the termen strongly excised towards tornus, the inner margin folded over below ; the terminal area between veins 6 and 1 on upper side clothed with rough scales. 1259. Pabaplastis hampsoni. 1230. Abeas arginalis belongs to the genus Callimoepha. Eypsidce. 1244. Leucopabdus tigeina belongs to the Noclvidce. 1245. Camptoloma binotata belongs to the Noctvidce. The genus Sebastia, Kirby Cat. Lep. Het., p. 383 (1892) = Moorea Hmpsn. Moths Ind. II., p. 32 (1894), belongs to the Eypsidce. The genera Calpenia and Callimorpha belong to the Ilypsidw, 217 DESCRIPTION OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS FROM THE PERSIAN GULF, GULF OF OMAN, AND NORTH ARABIAN SEA, DREDGED BY MR. F. W. TOWNSEND, OF THE INDO-EUROPEAN TELEGRAPH SERVICE, 1901—1903. By James Cosmo Melvill, m.a., f.l.s., f.z.s., and Robert Standen, Assistant Keeper, Manchester Museum. Part II. Plates C, D. {Reproduced from the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 7, Vol. XII.) Continued from page 98 of this Volume. SYRNOLA MUSSANDAMICA, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 1.) S. testa parva, Candida, nitida, polita, semipellucida ; anfractibua duodecim, quorum duo apicales heterostrophi, bulbosi, cseteris apud suturas haud pro- funde canaliculatis, nitidis, politis, ultimo longitudine penultimum et ante- penultimum anfractum exsequante ; apei'tura ovata, labro haud eft'uso, tenui ; columella obscure uniplicata. Long. 5*50, lat. P50 mm. (sp. min.) ; long. 7, lat. 2 mm. (sp. maj.). Hah. Gulf of Oman, Mussandam, 47 fathoms. A shining, white, polished shell, somewhat excavate at the sutures, twelve- whorled, of which the five lowest are much the same girth. The apical whorls are heterostrophe, in common with all of the Pyramidellidae. There is no Syrnola very near this in the North-Indian fauna ; indeed, it seems to impinge closely on Eulimetta. MORMULA PERSARUM, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 2,) M. testa pergracili, attenuato-fusiformi, ochraceo-brunnea, tenui ; anfractibus 12, quorum apicalis heterostrophus, kevis, albovitreus, cseteris ventricosulis, apud suturas impressis, arete longitudinaliter costatis ; costis obtusis, crassis interstitiis spiraliter liratis, liris supra ssepe evanidis, obscure undique infra- suturas ad medium univel bi-albizonatis, ultimo anfractu infra peripheriam ad basim planato, simpliciter spiralilirato, anfractibus interdum varicosis ; apertura rotundo-ovata, labro tenui, dorsaliter varicoso, albo-stramineo vel brunneo ; columella alba, recta. Long. 12'50, lat. (ad aperturam) 3-50 mm. Ilab. Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 15 fathoms. Allied to M. Macandrece, A. Ad., but with more regular whorls and ribs, the varices being fewer and less pronounced. The colour also is more uniform, being of a warm fuscous chestnut, and the outer lip not denticled within. A remarkably elegant shell. ACT^OPYRAMIS LMTITIA °, sp. n. (PL C. fig. 3.) A, testa parva, oblongo-fusiformi, alba, nitidiuscula, solida ; anfractibus 5 — 6 quorum apicalis heterostrophus, laevis, vitreus, cseteris apud suturas gradatulis pulcherrime cancellatis et decussatis, costis ad juncturas sulcorum spiralium nitidis, gemmulatis ; apertura ovata, labro paullulum incrassato ; columella fortiter uniplicata. * Lcetttia, delight, gladness. 218 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Long. 3, lat. 1 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf, Mussandam, 47 fathoms. Of the same character as A. granulata, A. Ad., from the Philippines, but only half the size (3 as against 6 mm.). There appears to be a close connexion between certain of this genus and some included at present in Miralda, A. Ad. It is often hard to draw any precise lines of demarcation between these genera. ACTjEPYRAMIS BREVICULA, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 4.) A. testa minutissima, abbreviata, alba, compressiuseula, solida ; anfractibus quatuor, quorum apicalis heterostrophus, vitreus, laevis, cseteris suturis gradatulis, longitudinaliter crassicostulatis, spiraliter undique rudiliratis ; apertura ovata, apud basim paullum incrassata ; columella uniplicata. Long. l-75, lat. 1 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf, Sheikh Shuaib I., 15 fathoms. Very minute, but characterized by its compressed abbreviate form and rude ssulpture, the whorls all gradately angled at the upper part. The figure hardly shows the ribs sufficiently prominently, and there is no decussation or granulation to speak of. PYRGULINA MANORS (Melv.). (PI. C. fig. 5.) Turbonilla (Pyrgostelis) manorce, Melv. Mem. Manch. Soc. vol. xliii. (1898.) no. 4, p. 23, pi. i., fig. 22. Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. We have caused this species to be again figured on a highly magnified scale, the result being to decide us that it should be considered a Pyrgulina, allied to Edgarii, Melv., and interstriata, Souv., in spite of the apparent absence of the columellar plait. The original specimens came from off Manora Point, Karachi, where they were plentifully dredged at a slight depth by Mr. Townsend. SCALA (CONSTANTIA) INTERTEXTA, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 6.) M testa gracili, fusiformi, albida, delicata ; anfractibus 10, quorum apicales tres parvi, vitrei, laeves, cylindrici, caeteris ad suturas multum impressis pulcherrime regulariter decussatis, ad juncturas lirarum spiralium cum costulis fimbriolatis, ultimo anfractupaullum prolongato ; apertura obliquiovata labro effuso ; columella paullum incrassata, simpliei. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 7, Vol. xii. Long. 7, lat. 1*75 mm. Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. Rarely has a small mollusk caused such perplexity as in the present instance. Two examples alone have occurred, but both have the apex perfect, this being non-heterostrophe, though in most other particulars the form and texture re- call such pyramidelloid genera as Mormida, Pyrgulina or Mumiola, especially one species of the latter genus — M, spirata, A. Ad. — which also occurs in the same seas. Joura. Bombay Nat. Hist . Soc, Plate C . I >f#H bS I § rEM 1 vT 1 4e9 £ L^ffl Sly :'W wfi ■ 1 - §| || 11 sa i 9. 18 J Gn^eernlej et liOi. ?/1l ni t-.ril 13f US. 'iliu NEW SHELLS from the Persian Gulf. Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, dredged by Mr F. W. Townsend, of the Indo-European Telegraph Service, 1901-3 DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 219 Mr. Edgar Smith considers Cnoba egregia, A. Ad. (which should be removed from that genus), the nearest approach to our shell, and suggests that it might, at all events provisionally, be located in Aclis. In lip-characters it assimilates this genus, while resembling in the decussating sculpture a Oirsotrema, e.g., dentiscalpium, Wats. But perhaps the subgenus Censtantia of Scala is best fitted for its reception, for it seems comparable with C. Standeni, Melv. °, also from the Gulf of Oman, in more than one point. NASSA {ALECTRYON) H1MER0ESSA f, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 7.) N. testa minuta, ovata, albo-vitrea, delicata, apud basim et ssepe ad suturas pallide stramineo-suffusa, vel zonata ; anfractibus 6 — 7, quorum 3| apicales lseves, vitrei, spiraliter unicarinati, cseteris apud suturas gradatulis, longitu- dinaliter arete lsevicostatis, interstitiia undique tenuiliratis ; apertura fere rotunda, intus alba, labro incrassato, intus spiraliter striato ; columella paullum excavata, canali brevissimo. Long. 5, lat. 2 mm. Hab. Gulf of Oman, at several dredging-statiens in lat. 23° to 25° N., long. 57° to 59° E. Depth ranging from 7 — 156 fathoms. We at first confounded this species with N. babylonica, Watson, and most probably the latter does not occur in the Persian Gulf region. The present species is locally very abundant, and the fine smooth ribs, small size, subpellucid substance, and less graduate whorls will serve to distinguish it. TRITON1DEA SOWERBYANA, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 8.) T. testa ovato-f usiformi, solidula, epidermide setulosa tenuiter contecta, albida, infra, juxta suturas et infra medium anfractus ultimi castaneo-zonata ; anfractibus 8 — 9, quorum apicales 3£ pellucidi, Isevissimi, cseteris ventricosis, multum apud suturas impressis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis crassis, nume- rosis (ultimo anfractu apud 10), omnino spiraliter arctissime liratia ; apertura rotundo-ovata, alba, labro arcuato, crassiusculo, intus albo, multicrenulato ; columella recta, operculo corneo, tenui, nucleo apicali, canali bievi, paullum recurvo. Long. 31, lat. 18 mm. Hab. Gulf of Oman and Mekran Goast, especially between Gwadur and Jask, from 25 — 30 fathoms, " usually occurring with Murex malabaricus " (F. W. T.). Also lat. 25° 20' N., long. 58° 50' E., at 90 fathoms, in company with Latirus pagodceformis, Melv., June 1903. This beautiful species was first pointed out to us as distinct by Mr. G. B. Sowerby. It is near the old Buccinum ligneum, Reeve, = Tritonidea cecillei, Phil. It differs in being of stouter build, with the whorls not so scalate. There is likewise an affinity with T. erythrostotna, Reeve, but the lip is never coloured in the slightest degree. • Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, sec 7, vol. iv, pp. 92, 93, pi i., tig. 11. ■j- i/A.!fntisf pleasing. 220 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. METULA DAPBNELLOIDES, sp. n. (PI. G. fig. 9.) M. testa eleganter fusiformi, albida, delicata, mitrali ; anfractibus 9, quorum 4'i apicales albo-vitrei, lseves, spiraliter circumcarinati, supernis una.inferis duabus carinis prseditis, ceteris apud suturas gradatulis, undique longitudi- naliter pulcherrime et arete costatis (ultimi anfractus ad 46), costis rectis, hevissimis, nitentibus, interstitiis spiraliter liratis, infra, juxta suturas, plica spirali conspicua ssepe pradita, superficie hie il lie obscure stramineo maculata et depicta, ultimo anfractu (11 mm. in longitudine) gracili, paullum producto ; apertura anguste oblonga, intus alba, nitida, labro paullulum effuso, crassius- culo, intus multidenticulato ; columella incrassata, pernitida, simplici, basi lata, Long. 17, lat. 5'50 mm. Hob, Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. Two species of the genus occurred together, the above being mitriform, elegantly spindle-shaped, and white ; the other is the Buccinum metula, Hinds, = Metula Muihii, Adams and Reeve, which should properly, we consider, be known by the duplicated name of Metula metula (Hinds). This last is larger, with coarser ribs and spiral liration, and does not possess the obscure straw maculations of the M. daphnelloides. The apical whorls are well worth examination. Four or five in number, out of a total of nine in all, they are glassy vitreous white, the extreme apex mamillate, small, the next whorl with one keel, the others twice spirally carinate, the remainder of the whorls being closely longitudinally ribbed ; ribs smooth and shining, white, the interstices closely spirally lirate. The mouth and lip of the new form resemble those of Metula hindsii, but are finer and the inner labral denticulations more numerous. MUREX (OCINEBRA) MARJORIsE, sp. n, (PI. C. fig. 10.) M. testa sol'da, ovato oblonga, albo-cinerea ; anfractibus sex, undique costatis, costis percrassis, varicosis, sex-fimbriato-squamatis, numero anfractum apud ultimum quinque, ad medium anguliferis, spiraliter squamato-liratis, liris rudibus, crassis ; apertura rotundo-ovata, labro extus pulcherrime multi- fimbriato, albo vel stramineo, crasso, intus nitido, 9 — lC-crenulato, canali brevirostrato, fere clauso. Long. 25, lat. 13"50 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf, Sheikh Shuaib Island, 15 fathoms. An exceedingly elaborately frilled species, the fimbria} being thick and squamate, with fluted processes. In form this shell recalls M. coceineus, A. Ad. • the outer lip is either white or straw-coloured, the canal is shortly rostrate, almost closed. M. cyclostoma, Sowb., is a near ally ; we have Erythraean specimens of this, but the form is much more rotund and the fimbriations in no way so elaborate. PER1STERNIA CORALLINA, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 11.) P. testa solida, parva, ovato-fusif ormi, cinereo-albescente ; anfractibus 6, apicali lsevi, simplici, ceteris longitudinaliter crassicostatis, costis paucis, in ultimo apud 7, undique spiraliter rudiliralis ; apertura anguste ovata, pallide DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 221 punicea vel carnea, labro intus denticulato, margine columellari paullum reflexo ; columella quadriplicata, canali brevi, recurvo. Alt. 13, lat. 9 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, near Maskat, 10 fathoms. A somewhat solid, small, but well-grown Peristemia unlike any species known to us, being superficially similar to a Coralliophila ; indeed, as suggested by the specific name, we should imagine it would be found ultimately inhabiting corals. The surface is chalky-ash, longitudinally rudely ribbed, crossed by equally coarse spirals ; mouth pale pink, ovate, outer lip thickened, seven- denticled within, columella four-plaited. MITRA {COSTELLARIA) DIACONALIS*, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 12.) M. testa fusiformi, solidula, albo-straminea, apicem versus attenuata ; anfrac- tibus 12, quorum apicalestres fusco-hyalini, perlseves, casteris apud suturas paullum gradatis, arete longitudinaliter costatis, costis lasvissimis, albis, nitidis, interstitiis spiraliter sulculosis, nitentibus, undique hie illic stramineo vel ochraceo, prascipue juxta suturas et apud peripheriam maculatis et infra, depictis ; apertura anguste oblonga, intus striata, ochracea, labro tenuir paullum effuso ; columella quadriplicata. Long. 13, lat. 4-25 mm. Hah. Persian Gulf, Sheikh Shuaib Island, at 15 fathoms, among coral-sand. A Costellaria allied to M. scitula, Ad.} which, however, possesses the whorls more scalate and with darker maculations and shading ; it is, moreover, a smaller species. To M. impressa, Reeve, known to us only by a figure, there is a resemblance : this shell, however, is of a uniform dark hue, and the ribs seem more incrassate. The number of longitudinal costse in our species on the body-whorl is from 26 to 28. MARGINELLA {GLABELLA) ALCHYMISTA\, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 13.) M. testa parva, fusiformi, nitidissima, subdiaphana, delicata ; anfractibus quinque, lasvissimis, apud suturas paullum impressis ; apertura oblonga, labro nitido, incrassato, intus supra conspicue unidentato, superficie omni dorsalite laevi ; columella quadriplicata. Var. A. CHRYSALCHYMA, nov. Testa aureo-straminea, dorsaliter, cum labro, omnino rufo-suffusa, vel spiraliter bizonata. Long. 5, lat. 2'50 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 10 — 15 fathoms. Var. B. LEUCALCHYMA, nov. Testa major, omnino Candida, immaculata ; labrum candidum, nitens. Long. 6, lat. 3 (sp. maj.). Hab. Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 10 — 15 fathoms; also at 156 fathoms, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., and at 205 fathoms, lat. 24° 5' N., long. 57° 55' E. * Diaconus, a deacon. t Alchymista, an alchemist. 222 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. A very pretty, shining Glabella, its spire more elongate than fusiformis, Hinds, with which it has been hitherto confounded, and as which it is inserted in our Catalogue-. It is comparable with 31. alia, Wats. ("Challenger" Expedition), from Cape York, N. E. Australia. If slightly local, it is very abundant where it occurs. The colour in the var. a is a subdiaphanous golden brown or straw, and there is a very conspicuous suffusion just behind the outer lip of deep rufous brown, bifurcating over the labrum itself. The commoner form is var. b, larger as a rule, and pure milky- white throughout, very smooth and somewhat shining. In one or two exam- ples an intermediate form seems to occur, the last whorl being here white, obscurely bizoned with two chestnut lines, or, indeed, occasionally trizoned. In fact, it is a variable species. TEREBRA HELICHRYSUM\, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 14.) T. testa gracillima, multum attenuata, aciculata, nitente ; anfractibus 22, quorum 3.| apicales lseves, vitrei, cseteris paullnm apud suturas gradatis, laste stramineis> supra, juxta suturas, zona calosa spiraliter prseditis, hie illic regulariter allio et rufo maculatis, deinde, inter costas breves, longitudinales, obtusas, nitidas, prof unde interstitialiter foraminatis et sulcatis, costis anfractus ultimi ad basim evanidis ; apertura ovata, parva, labro tenui, canali brevi. Long. 24, lat. 5 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf, Mussandam, 47 fathoms. A most elegant species, the tumid callous zone just below the sutures delicate- ly variegated spirally with white and pale rufous, then obtusely ribbed, the interstices, especially the upper row, being deeply pitted. PLEUROTOMA (GEMMULA) NAVARCHUSt, sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 15.) P. testa eleganfcer fusiformi, solida, paullum nitente, pallide cinereobrunnea ; anfractibus tredecim, quorum duo apicales nitidi,hyalini,perlaeves, cseteris npud suturas impressis, ventricosulis, infra suturas spiraliter pulcherrime et arete nodoso-cingulatis, nodulis hie illic ruf o-maculatis, deinde fortiter uniliratis, simul ac infra, juxta suturas, bisulcatis, superficie intermedia lata, nitida longitudinaliter, obliquissime costulata, ultimo anfractu cseteros exsequante, infra cingulum liramque spiralem usque ad peripheriam lsevi, deinde anguste aulculoso, infra usque ad basim sulculis tornatis, latioribus, liris intermediis regulariter rufo maculatis ; apertura oblonga, intus planata, labro tenui, sinu- lato, haud prof undo ; columella fere recta, canali subprolongato. Long. 64, lat. 18, apertura cum canali 28 mm. longa. Hab. Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, lat. 25° 19' N., long. 58° 10' E., 140 fathoms. One specimen only dredged, at the locality just given, of a superbly tornate and sculptured Pleuroioma, near P. carinata, Gray, Kieneri, Eoumet, or * Proc. Zool, Soc. 1901, vol. ii., p. 425. f 'i\!xpvaov, an everlasting, from the bright rufous spottingt J vauapx"?, an admiral. DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 223 congener, Smith, being remarkable for ita regular beaded spiral zone just below the sutures of each whorl, above which are two spiral clearly-cut grooves, the middle of the upper whorls being most beautifully obliquely costulate, the costas terminated above by a double sulcus surrounding a narrow spiral lira. The last whorl, equalling the others in size, is almost entirely grooved and spirally lirate, the lirse below being rufous-spotted. Outer lip thin, perhaps not quite fully developed, sinus well marked, but not deep ; columella some- what straight ; canal broad and rather prolonged. The discovery of this mollusk, the finest Gastropod yet discovered by Mr. Townsend, if we except Conus chjptospira, M. & S., adds another magnificent Pleurotomid to the many fine species of this family obtained in contiguous waters, during the "Investigator" Expedition chiefly (such forms as P. symbiotes, Wood-Mason & Alcock, P. congener, Smith, and P. subcorpulenta, fcmith ° occurring to one's recollection at once), and gives another proof of its wonder- ful development in Indian seas. DRILLIA DIVES, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 15.) D. testa gracili, fusiformi, delicata, albo-cinerea ; anfractibus decern, quorum tres apicales brunnei, omnino hyalini, lgevissimi, cseteris apud suturasimpressis, ventricosulis, longitudinaliter obliquicostatis, costis anfractum apud ultimum circa undecim, undique spiraliter striatis, supra, juxta suturas, zona spirali rufa decorata, ultimo anfractu simili modo bizonato, ad basim producto albo, nitido ; apertura oblonga, labro paullum incrassato, sinu lato, haud prof undo, canali brevi. Long. 17, lat. 5 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 15 fathoms. Allied to D. chjdonia, M. & S. (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, vol. ii, p. 437, pi. xxiii, fig. 24), but the whorls are not angled, the colouration is quite different, and the spiral ribbing is coarser in D. dives. DRILLIA PHILOTIMA t, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 16.) D. testa attenuata, fusiformi, solidula, albo-cinerea, aspera ; anfractibus 11, quorum duo apicales vitrei, f usci, cseteris ventricosulis, regulariter obliquicos- tatis, costis anfractus ad superos paucis, crassioribus, in ultimo et penultimo numerosis, ad quindecim, et angustioribus, brunneo tinctis, suffusis, et maculatis, transversim nodiliratis, ultimo anfractu dorsaliter juxta labrum varicoso, brunneo suffuso et zonato ; apertura oblonga, angusta, intus alba, labro paullum effuso, sinu distincto, profundo, canali lato, brevi ; columella recta. Long. 30, lat. 8 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf, off Bahrein Islands, 30 — 50 fathoms. Only one example secured of a distinct and handsome Drlllia, the nearest approximation to which is to be found in D. latifasciata, Sowb., from Japan, considered by some authors as synonymous with D. japonica, Lischke. There is no beading at the sutures, however, and the form is more graceful. * Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 6, vol. xiv, pp. 160, 161, pi. iii, figs, 4—80. j- piXoTj/a,*}?, honoured. 224 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. DRILLIA CONTINUA, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 17.) D. testa attenuata, fusiformi, lsevissima, alba, nitida ; anfractibus 10^, quorum 1£ apicales subvitrei, nitidi, complanati, cseteris longitudinaliter paucicosta- tis, costis exacte inter se continuis, lsevibus, albis, infra medium delicate uniangulatis, anfractu ultimo apud basim paullum pyriformi, numero costarnm ad octo ; apertura subobliqua, oblonga, intus alba, labro haud multum incras- sato, sinu lato, sed non profundo. Long. 10, lat. 3*75 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf, Mussandam, 47 fathoms. Akin to D. opalus, Reeve, and conspicuous for its exactly continuous longi- tudinal ribs, those of whorl succeeding whorl descending in a perfectly straight line to the base. These whorls are slightly once-angled beyond the centre. The whole surface is white, with a slight ochreous tinge, and smooth. DRILLIA GRANATELLA, sp. n. (PI. 0. fig. 18.) D. testa parva, Isete punicea, solida, nitida, fusiformi ; anfractibus 6, duobus apicalibus perlsevibus, puniceis, hie illic albo suffusis, cseteris crassicostatis, costis paucis, laivibus, nitidis, numero ultimum apud anfractum circa 7, superficie omnino laevissima, dosaliter juxta labrum gibberula ; apertura breviter ovata, labro tenui, albo-suffuso, sinu lato, canali brevissimo. Long. 5, lat. 1*50 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 15 fathoms. This little species, though so small, is, in our opinion, a Drillia rather than Mangilia, being nearly allied to the beautiful series of Drillia — viz., dwjecta, Smith, per&ica, Smith, and resplendens, Melv. — peculiar to the same region. It is a remarkably smooth and shining shell, and the pomegranate-pink colour (like the fruit of Punica granatum, L.) seems characteristic and quite peculiar. DRILLIA LITHORIA* sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 20.) D. testa parva, fusiformi, pallide rufa, solidula ; anfractibus 8, quorum 2 apicales leaves, vitrei, cseteris magnopere supra medium anfractum tumescen- tibus et spiraliter Doduliferis, nodulis paucis, gemmatis, dein, anfractus apud supernos, tornatis, ultimo anfractu basim versus spiraliter paucilirato, liris pulchre et minute gemmatis ; apertura quadrato-ovata, labro tenui, sinu lato, haud profundo, canali brevi. Long. 8, lat. 2"50 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf, Bahrein Islands, 6 fathoms, coral-sand. A small highly-coloured species, with conspicuous, spiral, swollen, nodulous an»le just above the centre of the whorls. We cannot connect it nearly with any other species. DRILLIA AUDAX, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 1.) D. testa oblongo-fusiformi, solida, parva, albo-straminea ; anfractibus septem, quorum tribus nitidissimis, hyalinis, lasvibus, apicalibus, cseteris trinis, antepe- nultimo quaternis, ultimo circa viginti spiralium lirarum ordinibus accinctis, ad anfractus supernos gemmulatis, supra suturas, etiam, lira spirali fortiori * >.lQo!} in sense of a precious stone. DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 225 decorato, omnibus his liris stramineo-ochraceis ; apertura ovato-oblonga, sinu distincto, lato, canali brevissimo, Iato, margine columellari excavato. Long. 9-25, lat. 2-50 mm. Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. A little species of bold contour, and very distinct in both sculpture and painting of the spiral straw-coloured lira; surrounding the whorls, wbich are not costulate. One spiral lira, acute and prominent, is especially noticeable at the base of each whorl, just above the sutures. A good many examples occurred in the dredging, as above, in shell-sand. MANGILIA COMIDELEUCA *, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 5.) M. testa parva, angulari, fusiformi, omnino albida, solida ; anfractibus 9, quorum duo apicales lreves, globulares, vitrei, cscteris ad medium angulatis longitudinaliter paucicostatis, spiraliter undique rudiliratis, interstitiis albis labro dorsaliter multum incrassato, angulari ; apertura sinuoso-oblonga, sinu perlato, margine columellari tristriato, canali lato, brevi. Long. 8, lat. 3 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf, Mussandam, 47 fathoms. Most resembling M. spurca, Hinds, found abundantly in the same region, but differing in colour (the new form being entirely white), in size (8 as against 14 or 15 mm.), and in greater angularity of whorl. The somewhat sinuous or trigonous aperture and very thickened peristome are the same in both species. Only one or two examples have yet occurred. CLATHURELLA OPSIMATHESJ sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 19.) C. testa oblongo-f usiformi, solidula, nitida, cinerea, albo et fusco zonata ; an- fractibus 10, quorum 3 apicales, cseteris circa suturas Isevibus. planatis, alitor undique longitudinaliter crassicostatis, costis paucis (numero ultimum apud anfractum 10), spiraliter pulchre superne 3-, ultimo 10-liratis (ad periphe- riam albizonato), liris albo-cinereis, conspicuis, supra costas angulosis ; aper- tura oblonga, labro incrassato, echinulato, fusco et albo depicto, sinu lato, haud prof undo ; columella recta, canali lato, brevi. Long. 1650, lat. 6 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf, Sheikh Shuaib Island, 15 fathoms. Hitherto confounded with C. (Glypliostoma) ritgosa, Migh., a quite different species. It is a prettily sculptured and painted shell, with conspicuous beading and spiral well-cut liree. CLATHURELLA SYKESII, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 4.) C. testa parva, perangusta, attenuato-fusiformi, albo-cinerea ; anfractibus 8 — 9, quorum apicales duo lreves, cseteris ad suturas permultum impressis, angulosis ventricosis, longitudinaliter acuticostulatis, costis paucis, numero ultimum apud anfractum circa 9, undique spiraliter liratis, liris rudibus (in pcnultimo et ultimo circa G), prominulis ; apertura ovata, labro tcnui, sinu conspicuo profundo, canali longo. * xo/aiSti, altogether ; Xsuxos, white. t o-^i/naQny, ]Ute in being discerned. 226 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVI. Long. 7, lat. 2 ram. Hob. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. We are indebted to Mr. Ernest R. Sykea for calling our attention to this curi- ous little species, so like a Fusus in miniature. It is one of the narrowest ClathurelloB in proportion to its length yet discovered, and is wonderfully symmetrical throughout. All the examples, of which there are several, are dead, and perhaps in life there may be colouration of some kind. It is common at the above station, in company with another nearly allied Clutlmrella that we hope to describe shortly. CLATUURELLA QUISQUILIA*, ep. n. (PI. D. fig. 7.) C. testa attenuata, fusiformi, angusta, solidula, omnino albida ; anfractibus 9 — 10, quorum duo apicales bulbosi, keves, vitrei, cceteris paucicostatis, costis crassis, numero ultimum apud anfractum 5, spiraliter undique liris rudibus succinctis ; apertura ovato-trigona, labro incrassato, sinu lato sed non pro- f undo ; columella fere recta, canali brevi. Long. 7, lat. 2 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf, Mussandam, 47 fathoms ; also Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E„ 156 fathoms. Attenuate and narrow, thickly longitudinally ribbed, and encircled through- out with markedly coarse lirations. It did not occur at all plentifully at the above station, only three or four examples having as yet been seen. DAPIINELLA (PLEUROTOMELLA) NEREIDUM^, sp. n. (PI. D.fig. 2.) D. testa ovato-oblonga, subpellucida, delicata, albo-lactea ; anfractibus 8—9, quorum 2^ vel 3 apicales pallide rufi, tcnuissime decussati, cceteris ad medium, angulatis, ad suturas paullum impressis, arete canccllatis, interstitiis quadra- tulis, costis lirisque transversis crystallinis, ultimo anfractu supra medium angulari, costis dorsaliter juxta labrum saope evanidis ; apertura anguste ovata, intus alba, labro tenui. Long. 7, lat. 3 mm. Hub. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E„ 156 fathoms. A crystalline form of unusual beauty. In form this assimilates P, filifera Dall,but the apical whorls are not smooth, but decussate. DAPIINELLA {PLEUROTOMELLA) AMPIIITRITES%, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 3.) D. testa ovato-cylindrica, delicata, subhyaliua, albo-lactea ; anfractibus 7 — 8, quorum 2§- apicales albi, sub lente pulchrc decussati, ceteris longitudinaliter lirato-costulatis, spiraliter liris crassioribus succinctis, ad juncturascostularuin cum liris gemmulatis, nitidis, infra medium anfractus antepcnultimi ct penul- timi duabus spiralibus liris magis conspicuis, carinifcris, simul ac in ultimo ad pcripheriam ; apertura ovato-oblonga, intus hyalina, alba, labro tenui, canali brevi, paullum recurvo. * Quisguilice, trilley, "|" Nereidum, of the sea-nymphs. X AmphUrite, a sca-goddes-s, Wife of Neptune. Joiirn. Bombay Nat .Hist .Soc Plate D. 4-. 10. 9. 11 ]+. 17 16 18 19 20 J.Green del. eL iitK ?.liy,i kj'H 'jrns jrm NEW SHELLS from the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, dredged by Mr, F. W Townsend, of the Indo-European Telegraph Service, 1901-3. DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 227 Long. 8, lat. 3 mm. Hub. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. The two species D. amphitrites and D. wreidum occur together, but we think it correct to separate them, though undoubtedly they are nearly allied. The present species is the less angular, rather larger, and of a more roundly cylindrical form. DAPHNELLA THYGATRICA » sp. n. (PI. D. fig. G.) D. testa parva, fusiformi, tornata, albo-straminea,longitudinalliter pallide rufo- tincta ; anfractibus 7, quorum fcrea apicales apice ipso lam mamilato, duobus pulchre sub lente decussatis, ceeteris spiraliter ad medium, ultimo ad periphe- riam duplo-carinatis, lirisque kevibus, fortiter succinctis, ultimo anfractu ad medium, inter carinas, recto ; apertura oblonga, labro tenui, sinu obscuro, margine columellari incrassato, albo, nitido, canali lato, paullum producto. Long. 7, lat. 2'50 mm. Hob. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 15G fathoms. A small Drillia in miniature, looked at superficially, but the decussate apical whorls are Daphnelloid. It occurred somewhat commonly at the above station. DAPHNELLA THIA f , sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 8.) D. testa delicatissima, subpellucida, attenuato-fusiformi, albida, nitida ; anfractibus octo, quorum 3£ apicales ochro-tincti, pulchre deeui-sati, ceteris tumidulis, liris arctis longitudinalibus spiralibusque decussatis, liris interdum pallidule stramineo-tinctis nitidulis ; apertura oblonga, labro tenui sinu lato baud profundo, canali brevi, lato, paullum producto. Long. D^Ojlat. 3 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf, Sheikh Shuaib Island, 15 fathoms ; Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N.,long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. Most delicate and beautifully closely encircled with decussating lira;, a faint, straw-coloured or golden tinge being sometimes observable on them. Tho specimens from the first locality mentioned are not so tumid on the body- whorl ; we cannot, however, separate them, even varietally, from the typical form from the Gulf of Oman. This differs from D. boholensis, Reeve, not only in the fine decussations, but in the canal being more prolonged and greater tumidity of whorls. DAPHNELLA BUCCINULUM%, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 9.) D. testa ovato-rotunda, bucciniformi, delicata, alba, interdum pallide ochraceo- suffusa ; anfractibus 7, quorum 3 apicales rufi vel straminei, tenuissime decussati, cseteris arete et delicate obliqui cancellatis, ad suturas impressis,. tumidis, inflatis, ultimo anfractu pyriformi ; apertura oblonga, labro tenui, sinu indistincto, margine columellari excavatulo. Long. 7, lat. 3*75 mm. Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N„ long. 54° 56' E., 156 fathoms. * 9u7aTT,p, a daughter. f QfTof, divinely beautiful, % Buecmulum, dim. of JJuccinuni, from the resemblance. 228 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. An inflated Buccinoid species, very delicate and beautifully cancellate throughout, which occurred not uncommonly at the above station in company ■with so many other, mostly minute, but hitherto unknown, mollusks. DAPHNELLA EPICHARTA*, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 10.) 1). testa minuta, subpellucida, tenui, oblongo-fusiformi, nitida, alba vel obscure stramineo-diffusa ; anfractibus 6, quorum apicales 3 delicatissime sub lente decussati, ceeteris paullum ventricosis, fere leevibus, sed irregulariter spiraliter tenuissime liratis, ultimo anfractu interdum apud medium laivi ; apertura angusta oblonga, labro fere recto, incrassato, albo, nitide, intus simplici ; calumella recta, canali brevi, sinu perobscuro. Long, 5, lat. 1*75 mm. Hah. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. A minute but puzzling form. The sinus and other Pleurotomid characters are so slightly expressed that it might at first sight be considered an JEsopus, or even an Olivella. The delicate decussation of the apical whorls shows the true relationship. It is somewhat frequent at the above station. Some ex- amples are almost smooth, the apical lirse being more or less obsolete. DAPHNELLA HEDYA f, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 11.) D. testa fusiformi, pallide castaneo-brunnea, apicem versus, simul ac ad basim delicate puniceo-tincta ; anfractibus novem, quorum 3£ subhyalini, castanee- punicei, minutissime decussati, tribus his proximis variciferis, tribus ultimis rotundatis, tumidulis, undique arctissime et pulchre clecussatis, ad juncturas, gemmuliferis, gemmulis microscopicis, nitidis, supra, infra suturas, spiraliter castaneo-maculatis, ultimo anfractu dorsaliter obscure bizonato ; apertura oblonga, labro crassiusculo, intus lam, sinu haud profundo, canali paullulum ad basim reflexo, puniceo tincto. Long. 14, lat. 5 mm. Hah. Persian Gulf, Sheikh Shuaib Island, 15 fathoms. Though at first sight this little species seems to present a familiar appearance, it is really distinct from any specie3 hitherto recognized. Compare it with D. patula, Rve., for instance : the chestnut markings are more or less similar, but the whole texture of the shell is distinct, the minute gemmulifcrous decussation, the elegant rounded whorls, the smallish oblong aperture present- ing notable points of difference. DAPHNELLA EUPHROSYNE, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 12.) D. testa attenuata, gracili, albida, tenui ; anfractibus decern, quorum quatuor apicales castaneo-suffusi, minutissime decussati, caiteris ventricosulis, un- dique spiraliter arete liratis, liris gemmuliferis, nitidis, inoequalibus, numero ultimum apud anfractum tres et viginti ; apertura anguste oblonga, labro tenui, sinu haud profundo, canali apud basim producto, lato. Long. 15, lat. 4 mm. II ah. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 15G fathoms. * ti,iy,r,tT0';-> pleasing, -j- nSus, sweet. DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-E1GIIT NEW SHELLS. 229 Doubtless allied to D. boJwlensis, Reeve, but possessing two more -whorls, while it is more graceful and attenuate throughout ; peristome not so effuse, canal more prolonged, and spiral liration more distinct and regular. Again, it differs in its beaded liration from any form of D. axis, Reeve, which it resem- bles in form, and which also occurs in the same seas. Were it not for the absence of columellar plication, it would more than resemble a Mitra of the subgenus Concilia. The peculiar beauty well merits for it the specific name proposed, of one of the three Graces. CYTHARA ELEGANTISSIMA, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 13.) C. testa pergracili, fusiformi, albida ; anfractibus 6, quorum 2£ apicales obtusi plani, minute sculpti, cseteris supra medium tenuiter angulosis, dein rectis, undique longitudinaliter rudiliratis, liris inconspicuis, spiraliter liris crassi- oribus succinctis (in ultimo circa 14) ; apertura anguste oblonga, intus alb labro sinu lato, haud prof undo, incrassato ; columella fere recta, basi prolongata. Long. 8, lat. 2*50 mm. Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. Also lat. 25° 30' N., long. 57° 30' E., 88 fathoms, mud. A very elegant form, as implied by the specific name, with markedly obtuse apex, probably not quite full-grown. The coarse longitudinal lira), crossed by more distinct, but equally rough, spirals, are characteristic. Very rare. Since description, another example has been procured, with perfect thickened lip, sinus broad and shallow. CANCELLARIA (TRIGONOSTOMA) LUSCINIA*, sp. n. (PI. D. figs. 14, 15.) C. testa parva, attenuato-fusiformi, tenui, albida, vol pallid e olivaceostraminea ; anfractibus septern, quorum tres apicales tumidi, vitrei, perlarves, ceeteris longitudinaliter irregulariter sed arete costatis, ad suturas excavatis, costis crassiusculis, undique transversirn tenuiliratis, liris tenuibus superficiem totam circumambicntibus ; apertura oblongo-ovata, margine columellari triplicato. Long. 11, lat. 4 mm. (sp. maj.). Hab. Arabian Sea, lat. 18° 58' N., long. 71° 45' E., 40 fathoms. This is the little species alluded to by us in our former paper as having been dredged near Bombay, as above, in April 1901. It is allied to C. macrospira, Ad. and Rve., but much smaller in every detail. The shell is attcnuatcly spindle- shaped, thin, cither translucent white or pale straw-olive, seven-whorled, the three uppermost whorls being glassy, globular, and swollen, the remaining three or four closely but irregularly ribbed, somewhat excavate, as are nearly all the section Trigono stoma of Cancellaria, suturally. The transverse lira) surmount the ribs and are not interrupted. The columella is thrice-plaited. KLEINELLA SYMPIESIA^, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 1G.) K. testa perforata rotundato-ovata, alba, obesa, compressa ; anfractibus 5, quorum 1^ apicales vitrei, perlasves, cseteris apud suturas gradatulis, ventrico- * Luscinia, a nightingale. ■\ tu/aWshtoj, compressed. 2:>.0 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. sis, undique delicate decussatis, interstitiis quadratulis ; apertura ovato-lunari,. labro paullum incrassato, margine minute crenuluto, supra late excavato. Loug. 5, lat. 3"50 mm. Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. Only two species, of which the best known is K. cancellaris, A. Ad., from Corca and Japan, have hitherto been described of this genus, and to these we venture now to add a third. Undoubtedly, they have a close family affinity to each other : the K. sympiesta may be known by its particularly obese and com- pressed form and tumid body-whorl ; the umbilicus i9 deep and the outer lip minutely crenulate on the margin. Judging alone from conchological grounds, the animal being absolutely un- known, we should assign to this genus a place near Ackeon, Montft., and not, as suggested by some authors, consider it one of an outlying group of the Pyra- midellidoe. Indeed, were it not for the total absence of the columellar plicae, we should regard it as a member of the genus just mentioned (Actaon). CYLICHNA (MNESTIA) BIZONA, A. Adams. (Pi. D. fig. 17.) Bulla (Cylichna) iizoua, A. Ad. in Sowerby, Thes. Conch, pt. 11, vol. ii.,. p. 595, pi. cxxv.,fig. 148. Hub. Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 15 fathoms. A large local form (alt. 7, diam. 3 mm.), which we figure, as contrasting with the Chinese examples in the Cumingian collection and with others. It is a species of wide distribution, being reported from China, Singapore, Fiji, and Torres Straits. CYLICHNA JECORALIS, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 18.) C. testa oblongo-cylindrica, delicata, apud basim paullum effusa, apice imper- forate, plicato, subhyalina, superficie lasvi, nitida, antice posticeque spiraliter striata, pallide livido-olivacea ; apertura pyriformi, supra angusta, intus cinerea, labro paullum eft'uso, tenui ; columella obscurissime plicata. Alt. 11, diam. 5 mm. Hab. Persian Gulf , Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 15 fathoms. Without a knowledge of the anatomy of these small species of Tectibranchs, it is often mere guesswork assigning them to generic positions. This species, however, seems best located in Cylichna, in our opinion. It is a delicate^ moderate-sized species, of a peculiar hepatic tint, this suggesting the proposed specific name. RETUSA OMANENSIS, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 19.) R. testa parva, cylindrica, albo-lactca, subhyalina, tenui, supra, truncatulo apice fere immerso ; anfractibus 3, supra excavatulis, marginibus apud suturas acutis. prominulis, superficie omni spiraliter sub lente delicatissime striata ; apertura postice latiore, oblonga, antice angusta, labro recto, ad basim rotundata ; columella obscure uniplicata, margine paullum incrassato. Alt. 4, diam. 175 mm. Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 15G fathoms. DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 231 A most delicate and minute species, of the same character as Utriculus com- planatus, Watson, from Papua (" Challenger " Hep. xv., p. G50, pi. xlviii, fig. 9)? but that species is longitudinally striate. We follow Pilsbry (Man. Conch, xv, p. 203) in the nomenclature, and would refer to his reasons for the substitution of Eetusa, Brown, 1827, for the more familiar Utriculus, Brown (in parte), 1844, non Schumacher, 1817. ATYS FLAVOVIRENS, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 20.) A. testa ovata, in medio tumida, utrinque producta, tenuissima, subdiaphana, pallide flavo-virente, apud medium laevi, nitida, antice, simul ac postice, spiraliter paucistriata, apice plicato, labro tenui, paulluin eft'uso ; apertura anguste lunari ; columella uniplicata, Alt. 7, diam. 3 mm. (sp. maj.). Hah. Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 15 fathoms. Allied to A. tortuosa, A. Ad., from the Philippines and Torres Straits ; the shell is smaller, and more green than yellow-tinged. Mouth narrower, the anterior as well as the posterior striae being fewer and less pronounced. Many examples. MATHILDA CARYSTIA* , sp. n. 31. testa gracili, fusiformi, eleganter attenuata, brunnea, brunneonigra, vel, im- primis, castanea ; anfractibus 12—13, quorum apicalis heterostrophus, pervi- treus globularis, cceteris apud suturas impressis, binis pracipuis Iambus carinis prgeditis, sexvel septem ultimis ter minoribus asperis, omnibus acutis, prominulis, interstitiis quadratulis, ultimo anfractu 9-carinato, quorum tres circa peripheriam maxime conspicui ; apertura fere rotunda, labro tenui, crenulato ; columella alba, crassiuscula, recta, nitida. Long. 12, lat. 3 mm. Hob. Persian Gulf , Koweit, 10 fathoms, mud and sand. A very select species, having the vitreous heterostrophe apex so character- istic of the genus ; turritelloid in shape, elegantly attenuate, the upper whorls with two principle carinas and three lesser keels, the lowest whorl nine-keeled, of which three, at the periphery, are the most important. The quadrated spaces at the interstices, and liraa extending longitudinally over the lower carina), have a beautiful effect as regards the sculpture. The colour is either pale chestnut, dark chestnut, brown, or blackish. The two other species from the same region, M. gracillima and zmitampirf (of which the latter has since occurred in the Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 5G° 54' E., 156 fathoms), differ in size, colour (both being white), and, in the case of M. gracillima, in squareness of aperture. A general family likeness, however, pervades all the members of this exquisite genus. This new species, and also the next, will be figured subsequently. SOLARIUM (TORINIA) ADMIRANDUM, sp. n. S. testa parva, depresso-discoidali, late perspective umbilicata, alba, delicata ; anfractibus quatuor, quorum apicalis profunde submersus, huic proximus * xipvov xapiWiov, from the chestnut colour. t Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, vol. ii, pp. 379, 380, pi. xxii, figs. 18, 19. 232 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. vitreus, tumescens, laavis, ceteris depressis, pulcherrimc sculpturatis, juxta suturas spiraliter carinatis, dein tribus liris minoribus, cum carina fortissima spirali exterius succincta, inter quam et peripheriam lira minore interposita, peripheria quam maxime acuta, pulcbre et minute echinulata, ultimo subtus ad basim imprimis sulco forti, dein duabus vel tribus carinis spiralibus con- spicuis praxlito, carina supra umbilicum, sicut peripheriali, pulchrc sculp- turata et echinulata, umbilico ipso simili modo echinulis, minoribus decorato ; apertura rotunda, peristomate tenui, carina peripheriali ad medium conspicua. Alt. P20, diam. 3 mm. Ilab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. Among very numerous examples of S. homalaxis. Melv., which appears fre- quent from Bombay northwards, three specimens occurred of a far more select form, which is now described. Its sculpture is most elaborate, the very acutely keeled periphery, bordered (as is the inner basal keel) surrounding the umbilicus with short mucronate crenulations, is most distinctive. The two species of Homalaxis found in the same dredging, and described earlier in this paper, are of a similar texture and bizarre sculpture, especially as regards the aforesaid carinal ornamentation. With regard to the Mollusca treated of in this paper, it will be well to state that four types are in the collection of Mr. E. 11. Sykes, viz., Rissoina regktomoides, Eulima 10-gyra, Fluxina Dalliana, and Clathurella SyJcesii. All the rest, with co-types of the last two just mentioned, will be placed in the British Museum (Natural History). EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Plate A. Fig. 1. Emarginula undulata. Fig. 2. Camilla. Fig. 3. Cyclostrema Jienjamense. Fig. 4. supremum. Fig. 5. anneUarium, Fig. 6. promiuulum. Fig. 7. ■ ■ euchilopteron. Fig. 8. Liotia romalea. Fig. 9. echinacaulha. Fig. 10. Enida persica. Fig. 11. Euchelus Tonmsendiauus. Fig. 12. Solariella zacalles. Fig. 13. Calliostoma tlirincoma. Fig. 14. Leptothyra rubens. Fig. 15. Trichotropis pulcherrima. Fig. 16. Solarium \Torinia~) ccnlaleum. Plate B. Fig. 1. Solarium abyssorum. Fig. 2. Fluxina Dalliana. DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 233 Fig, 3. Homalaxis rotula-catharinea. Fig. 4. ■ cornu-Ammonis. Fig. 5. Cerithium rerecundum. Fig. 6. Scissurella cetheria. Fig. 7. Fossarus {Coathouyia) unicarinalis. Fig. 8. Adeorbis axiotimus. Fig. 9. Erato recondita. Fig. 10. , Var. haplochila. Fig. 11. Eulima decagyra. Fig. 12. Rissohia isosceles. Fig. 13. {Ztbind) registomoides. Fig. 14. Eulimella carmanica. Fig. 15. Pleurotoma (Gemmula) navarchus. Plate C. Fig. 1. Syrnola mussand arnica. Fig. 2. Mor mida per sarum. Fig. 3. Actaopyramis latitia. Fig. 4. brevicula. Fig. 5. Pyrgulina manora', Melv., var. Fig. 6. Scala (Constantia) intertexta. Fig. 7. Nassa (Alectryon) himeroessa. Fig. 8. Tritonidea Soiverbyana. Fig. 9. 3/etula daphnelloides. Fig. 10. Murex ( Ocinebra) 3Iarjorice. Fig. 11. Peristernia corallina. Fig. 12. Mitra (Costellaria) diaconalis. Fig. 13. Marginalia (Gla.bella) alchymista. Fig. 14. Terebra helichrysum. Fig. 15. Drillia dives. Fig. 16. philotima. Fig. 17. continua. Fig. 18. granatella. Fig. 19. Clathurella opsimailies. Fig. 20. Drillia lithoria. Plate D. Mr/. 1. Drillia audax. Fig. 2. Daphnella nere'idum. Fig. 3. Amphitrites. Fig. 4. Clathurella Sykesii. Fig. 5. Mangilia comideleuca. Fig, 6. Daphnella thygatrica. Fig. 7. Clathurella quisquilia. Fig. 8. Daphnella thia. 234 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI. Fig. 9. Daphnella buccinulwn. Fig. 10. epicharta. Fig. 11. hedya. Fig. 12. — — Ewplirosyne. Fig. 13. Cythara elegantissima. Figs. 14, 15. Cancellaria (Trigonostoma) luscinia. Fig. 16. Kleinella sympiesta. Fig. 17. Cylichna (Mnestia) hizona, A. Ad., var. Fig. 18. - — jecoralis. Fig. 19. Retusa omanensis. Fig. 20. Atysfiavovirens. 2:J,5 DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SNAKES FROM UPPER BURMA. (With a Plate.) By G. A. Boulenger, f.r.s., v.p.z.s. (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on March 1905.) A small series of Reptiles collected in the neighbourhood of Mogok, Upper Burma, by my friend Mr. Herbert Hampton, and presented by him to the British Museum, contains besides examples of little known species, such as Acanthosaura kakhienensis, Anders. [Caloes fece, Blgr.), Dinodon septentrionalis, Gthr., and Amblycephalus andersoniiy Blgr., two snakes which are evidently new to Science, and of which J have much pleasure in sending descriptions to the Bombay Natural History Society. OUGODON HERBERTI. (PI. fig. 1). Nasal undivided ; portion of rostral seen from above nearly or quite as long as its distance from the frontal ; no internasals, the rostral wedged in between the nasals and in contact with the prefrontals ; fron- tal longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; no loreal, the prefrontal in contact with the second labial ; ono pre and one postocular ; temporals 1+2 ; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 189-190 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 37-40. Dark grey above, with four, dark brown longitudinal bands, the median pair sepe- rated by a yellowish brown vertebral stripe, which, anteriorly, may be broken up into elongate, hexagonal, black-edged spots ; an oblique yellowish streak on each side of the nape, coverging towards its fellow on the occiput ; head dark brown, with two yellow spots on the sides, one in front of the eye, the other behind ; orange-red below, almost every other ventral shield with a black square spot at the outer end. Total length 560 millimetres ; tail 80. Two specimens, male (v. 190 ; c. 40), and female (v. 189 ; c. 37). This very well characterized, species differs from all those with which I am acquainted in having only 13 rows of scales, a character asciibed to the insufficiently described O, dorsale, Berthokl, in which the anal is single. O. brevicauda, Gthr., is the only other species known to lack the internasal shields. 236 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Amblycephalus hamptoni. (PI. fig. 2). Rostral a little broader than deep ; internasals three-fifths the length of the prefrontals, which enter the eye ; frontal slightly longer than broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, two-thirds the length of the parietals ; supraocular about half the width of the frontal ; loreal nearly twice as deep as long ; two prseoculars and one postocular, the latter produced to below the eye, which is thus excluded from the labials by a narrow rim ; temporals short, 1 + 2 ; seven or eight upper labials, last longest ; three pairs of large chin-shields. Scales in 15 rows, dorsals feebly keeled. Ventrals 202 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 96. Body strongly compressed. Pale brown above, with numerous blackish bars interrupted on the middle of the back ; two black longitu- dinal streaks on the back of the head and nape ; sides of head and lower parts yellow ; a few black dots on the belly and under the tail. Total length 555 millimetres ; tail 150. A single male specimen. This species appears to be most nearly related to the imperfectly describe^ A. modestits, Theob., from Pegu. Explanation of the Plate. Fig. 1. OUgodon herberti, upper, lower, and side views of head and anterior part of body, and enlarged upper and side views of head. Fig. 2. Amblycephalus hamptoni, upper view of head and anterior part of body, and enlarged upper, lower, and side views of head. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist Soc. fcr Kr .Green dei.etli'tti Mmtern Bros .imp .London. NEW SNAKES FROM BURMA. 1 OK^odon herberti. 2 . Amblycepnalus hampt om 237 SOME NEW MOSQUITOES FROM CEYLON. BY F. V. Theobald, M,A., Communicated by E. Ernest Green, F. E. S. (With Plates A & B.) A small colleotion of mosquitoes taken by Mr. E. E. Green in Ceylon included four new genera and eight new species which are described here. Besides these, a single 9 of Donitz's Anopheles deceptor ; 9 '& of Myzorhynchus barbirostris, Van der Wulp ; 9 's of Giles Stegomyia pseudotceniata, also 9 Tceniorhynchis ager, Giles ; Culex tigripes, Grand- pre ; Mansonia annulifera, Theobald— all new to the Island. The Anopheles deceplor shows, on examination of the scales, to belong to Meigen's genus Anopheles as recently restricted by me. Some $ and 9 Myzomyia ross u, Giles, were very pale varieties. No other species in the collection had any peculiarities. Two of the new genera Lophoceraomyia and Rachionotomya are of particular interest on account of their peculiar structure, the latter having a large scutellar spine, the former a strange modification of the verticillate hairs which appear to form definite organs ; what purpose they serve is at present unknown. Genus MEGARHINUS, Rob. Desvoidy. Essai sur les tribu des Culicides, Mem. Soc. d Hist, de Paris, TIT, p. 412 (1827). Megahhinus minimus, nov. pp. (fig. 1). Thorax shiny black with metallic bronzy scales, some blue and greeii scales at the base of the wings ; pleurae silvery white ; prothoracic lobes blue. Head bronzy brown with metallic green and blue border around the eyes. Palpi long, acuminate and thin, deep violet ; pro- boscis deep violet. Abdomen metallic violet and purple with creamy lateral spots, the apical segment coppery red ; basal lobes of genitalia deep brown. Legs brown with violet reflections, creamy at the base of the femora and below the femora. $ Head black with deep bronzy brown flat scales behind and over most of the surface with sometimes metallic reflections and with metallic green and blue scales around the eyes. Two black onsetse project forwards between the eyes and one on each side of the median pair. Antennje brown, the basal joint large and globular, black with 238 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. a grey sheen at the sides. Clypeus black ; proboscis metallic violet. Palpi long, thin, metallic violet, acuminate ; composed of four segments, the acuminate apical one slightly longer than the penultimate segment, the penultimate and the preceding one nearly equal (fig* 1 b) ; on the penultimate segment are a few short black spines* Thorax shiny black clothed with metallic brassy flat scales of two sizes, mostly spindle-shaped, with a patch of pale blue ones at the base of the wings and a few rather short black spines ; just behind the root of the wings are some large flat apple-green scales. Prothoracic lobes clothed with flat mauve and pale blue scales ; scutellum black with small flat brassy, green and coppery scales on the large mid lobe, dusky over on the lateral lobes ; border-bristles brown ; metanotum dark-brown ; pleura? yellowish-brown with dense flat snowy white scales. Abdomen expanding apically, metallic deep blue and violet basally and extending to the last few apical segments which are more brilliant, their bases with green and blue scales, their apical portions with violet and coppery red, the apical segment and to some extent the basal lobes of the genitalia with fiery red and coppery scales ; no caudal tuft (fig. 1 c), but the two last segments have short, dense, black lateral bristles ; on the first segment is a large creamy lateral patch, there are also more or less prominent basal creamy lateral patches to the other segments ; venter creamy yellow, except for the black apex. Legs uniformly black with metallic violet scales ; fore ungues un- equal, the larger uniserrated, of the hind legs also unequal, and apparent- ly simple, three of the hind small, much curved, equal and simple. Wings (fig. la) small, scales brown, those at the base showing violet reflections; the first sub-marginal cell so minute that it is scarcely perceptible to the naked eye ; second posterior cell fairly large and broad about half the length of its stem ; the third long vein carried well past the cross-veins as a scaled vein ; supernumerary cross- vein about three times its own length nearer the apex of the wing than the mid, mid cross-vein small, joining the posterior cross-vein which is about five times the length of the mid. Halteres dull ochreous. Length of body 6 mm ; of palpi 4 mm. Habitat : Yatiyantota, Ceylon. Time of capture : March, (1902). SOME NEW MOSQUITOES FROM CEYLON. 239 Observations. — Described from a single perfect £. Whether it will oome in Megarhinus or Toxorhynchites it is not possible to say, but I fancy it is a true Megarhinus. Its small size will at once separate it from all known members of the two genera. It is also peculiar in having spines or bristles in the place of a caudal fan and in the very minute first fork-cell. The abdomen shows all manner of metallic and color reflections. Genus STEGOMYIA, Theobald. Mono. Cidlcid L, p. 283 (1901.) Stegomyia annulirostris, nov. sp. Head creamy grey ; proboscis black with a median white area. Thorax brown with creamy white scales scattered over it, most dense in front ; pleurae brown with white puncta. Abdomen deep brown, the third, fourth and fifth segments with basal median triangular white spots, apical segments yellow-scaled, lateral white median spots to all the segments. Legs with very narrow pale basal bands to some of the tore and mid tarsi, broader ones on the hind pair ; knee spots snowy white, also base of hind femora. $ Head covered with flat silky creamy grey scales which have a rusty brown hue at the sides when seen in some lights. Proboscis black with a clear median white band. Palpi short, black-sealed, the apex apparently truncated. Antennae brown, basal segment testaceous. Thorax black clothed with rather long, thick silky white and creamy narrow curved scales, most densely in front and rather broader scales in front of the scutellum ; golden-brown bristles project over the roots of the wings ; scutellum covered with small flat white scales and with golden-brown border bristles ; metanotum reddish-brown ; pleurae brown with patches of white scales. Abdomen deep blackish- brown, the third, fourth and fifth segments with a basal white median spot, somewhat triangular on the fourth and fifth segments, the apical segments with yellowish and creamy scales, except the extreme apex which is black, no markings dorsally on the first and second segment, each segment with lateral median white spots ; border-bristles small pale golden. Legs brown with some basal white bands : on the fore legs there is a narrow band at the base of the metatarsus and first two tarsi ; the base of the femora paler than the remainder ; in the mid legs traces of similar pale bands and a white prominent knee spot, on the venter 240 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. the whole foot is shiny creamy white ; in the hind legs the greater part of the femora are white, the apex only dark and the white basal bands on the metatarsi and first three tarsi broader than on the other feet ; fore and mid ungues equal, uniserrated, the hind equal and simple. Wings with brown scales, fork-cells short, upper border darker than the rest of the wing ; first sub-marginal longer and slightly narrower than the second posterior cell, its stem nearly as long as the cell, stem of the second posterior cell as long as the cell ; posterior cross- vein some distance from the mid cross-vein. Lateral vein scales rather long. Halteres with pale stem and fuscous knot. Length 4 mm. Habitat : Peradeniya, Ceylon. Time of capture : January, (1902). Observations. — Described from a single 9 . It differs from all known Stegomyias in having a banded proboscis and in thoracic ornamentation. The mid tarsi look all dull white in some lights ; this is due, I fancy, to the neutral surface of the segments being pale-scaled. The thorax is slightly rubbed, but is evidently entirely covered with the pale scales which now and again present the same rusty hue as that seen in the head scales. Stegomyia mediopunctata, nov. sp. Head with a snowy- white median area, black at the sides and with a few white lateral scales ; proboscis black, unhanded ; palpi black with white apex. Thorax deep brown, the front with a broad area of large white scattered narrow-curved scales, the remainder with pale dull brown scales ; scutellum white-scaled in middle, brown laterally ; abdomen black, segments with basal median white spots. Legs deep brown, the fore and mid metatarsi and first tarsals with small white apical bands, the hind with broad white basal bands to the metatarsi and first tarsal, second tarsal all black, third nearly all white except for a minute black apex, fourth black. 9 Head clothed with large flat scales, those on the middle snowy- white, on each side black with a few white ones on the extreme sides, a few black bristles project forwards ; clypeus black ; proboscis black ; palpi black scaled with snowy-white apical scales ; antenna? deep brown, basal segment black with a crown of snowy-white scales. Thorax deep SOME NEW MOSQUITOES FROM CEYLON. 241 brown covered with rather large irregular narrow-curved scales, those in the middle in front being white, those behind and at the sides pale dull brown ; scutellum prominently trilobed, the median lobe with large flat white scales, the lateral lobes with large flat, dull brown scales and with brown border-bristles ; pleurae brown with patches of white scales. Fore legs brown, a narrow pale band at the base of the metatarsus and first tarsal, the mid legs the same, only there is a distinct snowy- white knee spot ; hind legs with the base and venter of femora white, the base of the metatarsi and first tarsal segment white, the second tarsal all black, the third all white but for a small black apex, last tarsal small all black. Wings with typical brown Stegomyian scales ; first sub-marginal cell longer and slightly narrower than the second posterior cell, its base slightly nearer the base of the wing, its stem about half the length of the cell ; stem of the second posterior nearly as long as the cell ; posterior cross-vein about twica its own length distant from the mid. Halteres with fuscous knob. Length 3 mm. Habitat : Peradeniya, Ceylon. Time of capture : November (1901). Observations. — Described from a single female in excellent condition. The curious leg banding will at once separate it from all known Stegomyias. Genus TRICHORHYNCHUS, nov. gen. Head clothed with small flat scales in front forming a broadish area, similar ones at the sides, narrow-curved ones over most of the median area and many narrow upright forked ones ; antennae with long seg- ments, verticillate hairs scanty, the internodes densely hairy ; palpi of $ rather prominent, apical segment long, slightly swollen. Thorax with narrow-curved SGales,also the scutellum. Abdomen and legs normal. Wings with dense scales on the veins of the apical area, those on the first long vein and the branches of the second dense, intermediate in form between Culex and Tamiorhynchus, those on the upper branch of the fourth shorter and broader than the rest. This genus is very marked and comes between the Stegomyian group and the true Culex. It can at once be told by the cephalic scale structure, and the densely hairy antennae are also very characteristic. 242 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Trichokhynchus fttscus, nov. sp. (fig. 2). Head brown with a greyish border around the eyes and at the sides composed of small flat scales. Palpi, proboscis and antennae deep brown ; thorax tawny to testaceous brown • pleurae pale ferruginous. Abdomen ferruginous to dusky brown, brighter brown beneath. Legs deep brown, paler basally; unhanded. Wings rather short, fork-cells short. 9 Head (figs. 2, a. & e.) with small flat grey scales forming a broad border around the eyes and with similar flat scales at the sides, in the middle small dull golden narrow curved scales and fine black upright forked scales behind. Palpi (fig. 2, g.) short, brown, testaceous beneath ; proboscis brown, the testaceous hue present as in the palpi ; clypeus (fig. 2, h.) pale yellowish brown ; antennte ( fig. 2, d.) brown, basal segment pale yellowish-brown, very pilose between the verticels. Thorax bright ferruginous clothed with narrow-curved mouse-colored and dull golden scales and with numerous bristles of a more or less dull hue ; scutellum (fig. 2, c.) bright testaceous with small narrow-curved scales as on the thorax ; seven border-bristles to the mid lobe, meta- notum bright chestnut-brown ; pleurae pale ferruginous with frosty sheen in some lights and a few pale bristles. £l Abdomen dusky brown, ferruginous brown in some, lights covered with dusky brown scales and with rather short pale border-bristles ; venter brighter brown. Legs deep brown, coxae and venter of femora paler ; ungues equal and simple. Wings rather short, the scales dense on the apical area, especially on the branches of the fork cells and on the first long vein, these scales broader than in Culex, approaching Taeniorhynchus form ; fork-cells rather small, the first sub-marginal longer and very slightly narrower than the second posterior, its stem more than half the length of the cell, its base a little nearer the apex of the wing ; stem of the second posterior as long as the cell ; scales on the upper branch of the fourth vein rather broader than elsewhere. Posterior cross-vein nearly twice its own length distant from the mid ; mid and supernumerary meet at an angle. Halteres pale, with faintly fuscous knob. Length 5 mm. Habitat : Peradeniya, Ceylon. Time of capture : December (1901). Jouroai Bombay Nat. H'st. Soc Vol. XV! Plate A FIG. 2 FIG 3 CORTE7 A CO* LITH. BOM0AY. NEW MOSQUITOES FROM CEYLON SOME NEW MOSQUITOES FROM CEYLON. 243 Observations. — Described from a single 9 in perfect condition. It is an obscure species, resembling a Culex, unless examined under the two- third power when its generic characters are at once seen both in regard to cephalic and wing scale structure. Genus PSEUDOGRABHAMIA, nov. gen. Head clothed with narrow- curved, upright forked and flat lateral scales. Mesothorax with narrow-curved scales ; scutellum with small flat scales only on the lateral lobes, small flat ones on the mid lobe, except along the posterior border where there are narrow-curved scales ; metanotum nude. Wings with rather broad cone-shaped scales especially on the basal half of the veins, thin lateral ones on the apical halves and rather broader ones on the stems of the fork-cells ; fork-cells short. Male palpi with the two apical segments rather swollen, also the apex of the antipenultimate ; the apical segment bluntly acuminate, both end segments with hair-tufts and also hairs on the apex of the antipenultimate segment. This genus looks very much like grabhamia, but can at once be told by the scutellum having small flat scales, not all narrow curved ones as in that genus. PSEUDOGRABHAMIA MACULATA, nov. Sp. Thorax reddish -brown with two rather indistinct small pale spots; pleurse with silvery puncta. Abdomen with basal white bands. Legs with mottled scales and basal white bands. Wings short with small fork-cells, scales mottled. Antennae of $ flaxen ; palpi brown with three narrow pale bands ; apical joint acuminate. $ Head brown with scattered greyish-white, rather broad narrow- curved scales, very small narrow-curved golden ones around the eyes and numerous black upright forked scales. Antennae deep brown, the basal globular segment black to brown, the base of the second segment bright testaceous. Clypeus black ; proboscis with deep brown, black and scattered white scales. Palpi short, with deep brown scales, except at the apex where they are white. Thorax deep brown with very small reddish golden-brown narrow curved scales nearly all directed posterior- ly ; ornamented with four round silvery grey spots on the mesonotum, similar colored ones just in front near the head and another spot on the front of the root of the wings and scattered grey scales in front of the scutellum ; pleurae brown with grey puncta ; scutellum with small flat white scales only on the lateral lobes, small flat white ones 244 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. on most of the median lobe with a few narrow-curved pale golden ones on its apical edge, with bright brown border bristles. Abdomen deep, blackish-brown with basal white bands and with short pale golden border-bristles. Legs deep brown, the femora and tibise and metatarsi with scattered pale scales, the knees white, metatarsi and first three tarsi of the fore and mid legs with basal pale yellow to almost white bands, last tarsal segment all deep brown ; in the hind legs all the segments have basal white bands ; ungues of the fore and mid legs equal and uniserrated, of the hind equal and simple. Wings short with the fork-cells short, the scales mottled brown and creamy grey ; scales on the basal areas of the veins and the median paired ones cone-shaped and broad, the lateral ones on the apical halves linear and very narrow, except on the branches of the first fork-cell where they are broader ; on the stems of the fork-cells they are much broader and cone-shaped ; some of the scales are asymmetrical ; first sub-marginal cell longer and slightly narrower than the second posterior cell, its base slightly nearer the apex of the wing, its stem about the same length as the cell ; stem of the second posterior slightly longer than the cell ; posterior cross- vein not quite its own length distant from the mid cross- vein. Length 3'8 to 4 mm. £ Antennae banded brown and grey, plume hairs bright flaxen. Proboscis not mottled as in the 9 . Palpi long ; the two apical seg- ments and the apex of the penultimate slightly swollen ; the apical segment about the same length but narrower than the penultimate, the remainder of the palps looking like one long segment, the jointing being invisible owing to the scales ; color deep brown ; creamy white scales form an apparent band at the base of the two apical segments and there is another very narrow pale band half way down the remain- der of the palps ; the two apical segments have blackish plume-hairs and also both sides of the apex of the anti-penultimate segment. Legs as in the 9 ; fore and mid ungues unequal, both uniserrated ; the hind ones simple (? equal). Wings much as in 9 . Length 4*3 mm. Habitat : Galgamuwa, Ceylon. Time of capture : August (1902). Observations. — Described from two perfect 9 's and one $ . The species is very marked, but unless examined microscopically might SOME NEW MOSQUITOES FROM CEYLON. 245 asily be placed in Grabhamia, from which it is separated by the small flat scutellar scales. Genus LOPHOCERAOMYIA, nov. gen. Head clothed with narrow-curved scales and numerous upright forked ones. Palpi short in the $ ; in the $ longer than the proboscis or only half its length. Proboscis swollen apically. Antenna normal in the $ , verticillate and pilose ; in the $ plumose, some of the verticillate whorls modified into variously formed organs, apparently formed out of modified verticillate hairs. Thorax; clothed with narrow curved scales, also the scutellum. Abdomen and legs normal. Scales on the veins on the apical area of the wings dense, the lateral vein scales broader than in Culex, those on the first long vein short and rather broad, upper costal border spiny, no lateral vein scales on the basal areas. This genus can be easily told on the $ by the curious antennal organs and in both sexes by the wing scales from Culex which it ap- proaches in general appearance. I am also describing two new species in this genus from New Guinea and India in the catalogue of Culicid Be in the National Museum, Budapest. LOPHOCERAOMYIA UNIFORMIS, nov. Sp. (figs. 3, 4). Head brown with a grey border around the eyes ; proboscis deep broad slightly swollen apically ; palpi deep brown. Thorax tawny brown pale at the sides ; pleura grey, green or pale brown. Abdomen deep chocolate brown, unhanded ; venter dull ochreous. Legs long deep brown, except for pale coxa and venter of femora. Wings transparent ; fork-cells small ; male palpi brown, acuminate, longer than the proboscis. $ Head brown, clothed with narrow-curved grey scales and numerous upright black forked ones behind, becoming fewer and browner near the front, thus covering most of the grey-scaled head and giving it a brown appearance except around the eyes where the grey scales only exist ; clypeus testaceous ; proboscis black, swollen apically, about two-thirds the length of the whole body, labellce testaceous ; palpi thin and rather long, about one-fifth the length of the proboscis, black scaled ; antennae brown with narrow pale bands and black verticillate hairs. Thorax shiny brown, clothed with narrow-curved tawny brown scales which become much smaller and almost black just before the scutellum bristles long and black, scales at the sides somewhat paler in certain lights ; scutellum pale brown with small narrow-curved dark scales * 246 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. metanotum pale brown ; pleura pale grey, dull white or pale green, almost nude. Prothoracic lobes small, nude, pale brown. Abdomen deep rich chocolate brown to dull brown ; no banding or lateral spots ; border-bristles pale ; venter dull ochreous. Legs deep brown, rather long, the coxse and bases of femora grey ; ungues all equal and simple. Wings with the branches of the first sub-marginal cell and the stem with rather long scales, those on the first long vein typical, also the spiny upper costal border ; other lateral vein-scales may appear linear, but when flattened are much broader than in a true Culex ; fork-cells short, the first sub-marginal considerably longer and narrower than the second posterior ; its base nearer the base of the wing, its stem about half the length of the cell ; stem of the second posterior as long or longer than the cell ; mid cross-vein longer than the supernumerary, both united, posterior cross-vein longer than the mid nearly three times its own length distant from it ; fringe dark and dense. Halteres with pale stem and fuscous knob. Length 3*5 to 4 mm. $ Palpi (fig. 4) long thin, longer than the proboscis by the last and nearly half the penultimate segments, with a few spines or hairs only on the two apical segments, the two segments nearly equal, black, remainder of palpi dull yellowish-brown. Fore ungues unequal, uniser- rated ; hind equal and simple ; mid ? Antennal organs as figured (fig. 3 a, b.). Wings with short fork- cells, the first sub-marginal considerably longer and narrower than the second posterior ; its base a little nearer the base of the wing, its stem about two-thirds the length of the cell ; stem of the second posterior slightly longer than the cell ; posterior cross-vein longer than the mid, sloping backwards and about two-and-a-half times its own length distant from it ; with the exception of the apical portions of the veins there are no lateral vein scales, only a narrow single row of median ones. Halteres pale with fuscous knob. Length 4 mm. Habitat : Peradeniya, Ceylon. lime of capture : May (1902.) Observations. — Described from two <£'s and several 9 's. It generally resembles LK fraudator, Theobald and L. fragilis, Theobald, but the $ can at once be told by the different palpi and antennal organs. Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. XVI. Plate B. FIG. 4- FIG.S a/. FIG. 6 &. NEW MOSQUITOES FROM CEYLON. SOME NEW MOSQUITOES FROM CEYLON. 247 Genus WYEOMYIA, Theobald. Mono. Culicid II, p. 267 (1901), and III, p. 310 (1903). WVEOMYIA GREBNII, n. Sp. (fig. 5). Thorax brown with bronzy scales ; pleurae silvery white. Abdomen black with two pure white basal bands on the apical portion and with prominent basal silvery white lateral patches, triangular in form. Proboscis rather short, black ; legs black, unhanded. 9 Head entirely clothed with large flat brown and violet scales, a few grey ones at the sides ; proboscis not much more than half the length of the whole body, deep blackish brown ; palpi dark-scaled with some creamy scales apically. Thorax shiny black with large flat metallic bronzy, dull green and mauve scales ; scutellum with similar flat scales of various dull metallic tints ; metanotum brown with short black chaetae ; pleurae testaceous with silvery grey spots. Abdomen black, the fifth, sixth and seventh segments with basal white bands, the sides of all the segments with basal triangular white spots, most prominent on the basal segments; the abdomen is compressed basally, depressed apically. Legs blackish ; venter of femora pale unhanded, rather thick ; ungues small, equal and simple. Wings with brown scales, the lateral vein- scales linear, rather dense, first sub-marginal cell longer and narrower than the second posterior cell, its stem about two-thirds the length of the cell, stem of the second posterior as long as the cell ; posterior cross- vein nearly twice its own length distant from the mid. Length 4 mm. $ Head clothed with flat dusky scales ; antennae (fig. 5) brown, the lower third with the long verticillate hairs, upper two-thirds with dense short hairs only, except for one group of three or four long ones towards the middle of the short-haired area ; palpi small, black-scaled ; proboscis rather longer than in the 9 , black. Thorax clothed as in the 9 ; prothoracic lobes white-scaled. Abdomen black with rich violet reflections and with basal lateral white triangular spots ; apical segment expanded, basal lobes of genitalia very large, scaly and hairy. Legs brown unhanded. Length 4 mm. Habitat : Peradeniya, Ceylon. Time of capture : January and February (1902). 248 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Observations. — Described from a perfect $ and 9 . It is the only member of this group yet found in Ceylon. The general appearance at once separates it from all allied forms, except Phoniomyia longirostris, but the proboscis is shorter and not longer than the body as in that genus. The metanotal chsetfe are difficult to see, and the strange $ antennse are rather contorted, so only a diagramatic figure is given. RACHIONOTOMYIA, nov. gen. Head clothed with flat scales only ; palpi moderate sized in 9 ; proboscis long, as long as the whole body ; antennse of 9 densely pilose, hairs rather long. Palpi moderate clavate. Thorax clothed with spindle-shaped scales • scutellum drawn out into a large thick back- wardly projecting spine hiding to a large extent the metanotum, on the basal area of the scutellum flat scales which also occur on the base of the wings, the spine with scales also, some flat, some on ventral surface forked. Abdomen normal, but the scales large and rather loosely applied, giving a faint rugged appearance. Wings with rather short fork-cells, median scales on the branches of the second long vein thick and dense, also on first long vein, lateral vein scales scanty, linear but broader than in Culex ; upper costal border spiny. Legs normal. Male unknown. This genus is very marked owing to the strange scutellar process. It is the only genus in which I have seen any marked structural peculia- rity in the scutellum, all other genera having the scutellum simple (Anophelinze and Corethrinse) or trilobed (Culcinte, &c). RACHIONOTOMYIA CEYLONENSIS, nOV. Sp. (fig. 6). Head brown with dull violet reflections and a grey border around the eyes ; palpi, proboscis and antennae dark brown ; proboscis as long as the body. Thorax brown to testaceous brown, pleurse bright clear brown with some silvery white scales ; scutellar spine brown. Abdomen deep brown above, ochreous below, neither banded nor spotted. Legs deep brown, pale testaceous at their bases. Wings with brown scales. 9 Head clothed with large flat scales, brown in some lights, dull violet in others, around the eyes a border of dull white or grey scales ; two black bristles project forwards between the eyes and traces of others at the sides ; proboscis deep brown, as long as the whole body, curved upwards ; palpi deep brown ; small, but prominent clavate ; SOME NE W MOSQ UITOES FR OM CEYLON. 249 antennas deep brown with grey pubescence, and black verticillate hairs ; the globular basal segment with a grey sheen. Thorax varying from deep brown to bright testaceous brown covered with irregularly placed rather large flat spindle shaped scales of a brown or bronzy hue, in front an.d on the prothoracic lobes small rounded flat grey scales, over the roots of the wings some larger flat scales, pale brown, grey or dull creamy colored, those at the sides also larger and flatter ; a few short brown curved bristles in front of the base of the wing and a row of long ones over the base curved backwards ; scutellum (fig. 6, a, b,) deep brown, sending out a large thick tapering blunt process backwards, covered with flat scales of dull grey hues, the scales on the process smaller than on the base, the process has also small thin forked scales below and is pale apically ; metanotum chestnut brown; pleura? bright brown with flat white scales. Abdomen covered with large flat brown scales above showing dull violet reflec- tions ; ventrally dull ochreous, apparently no border bristles and the large scales rather loosely applied to the surface ; apex with a few bristles and some small fine black scales. Legs rather long and thin, deep brown with dull violet and bronzy reflections in some lights, coxae bright brown with some white scales ; femora with dull white scales beneath. Wings with the fork-cells small, the front sub-marginal longer and narrower than the second posterior, its base about level with the base of the second posterior cell, its stem very nearly as long as the cell, stem of the second posterior also nearly as long as the cell ; posterior cross-vein a little more than its own length distant from the mid, the mid and supernumerary meeting at an angle ; scales on the branches of the second long vein and on the apex of the first rather broad, flat and dense, on the remainder of the first rather spinose, on the other veins the lateral scales are linear but thicker than in Culex, median vein-scales single ; upper costal border spinose^ Halteres with small yellow scales on the stem, dusky on the knob. Length 4 mm. Habitat : Peradeniya, Ceylon. Time of capture : October, (1901). Observations. — Described from a single perfect specimen, except for the ungues. It is a very obscure -looking insect except for the strange scutellar process. 250 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Plate A. Fig. 1. Megarhinus minimus, n. sp. a. wing of male. b. palp. c. anal segments. Fig. 2. Teichorhynchus tfuscus, n. sp. a. head. b. prothoracic lobe. c. scutellum. d. antenna. e. head (side view). /. frontal hairs. g. palp. h. clypeus. Fig. 3. LOPHOCERAOMYIA UNIFORMIS, n. sp. Antenna of male. a. enlarged verticillate hairs. b. scapal knob. Plate B. Fig. 4. LOPHOCERAOMYIA UNIFORMTS. Palpi and proboscis of male. Fig. 5. Wyeomyia greenii, n. sp. Antenna of male. Fig. 6. Ehachionotomyia ceylonensis, n. sp. a. scutellum. b. scutellar process. c. metanotum. d. palp. 251 DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SNAKE FROM BURMA. Oligodon McDougalli. By Capt. F. Wall, i.m.s., cm z.s. (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 24th November 1904.) This specimen was obtained at Sandarang, Burma, by Mr. E, McDougall, after whom I have ventured to call it. The description is as follows. Male ? Length — 13| inches ; tail 1| inches. Rostral in contact with 6 shields, of which the sutures with the inter- nasals and nasals are subequal, and larger than the 1st labials. Portion visible above greater than distance to frontal. Intemasals a pair ; the suture between them sub- equal to that between the prse- frontal pair, about one-third the internaso-prsefrontal su- ture. Prcefrontals a pair ; the suture between them about one-third the prsefron- to-frontal suture. In contact with internasal, nasal, 2nd labial, praeocular, supraocular, and frontal. Frontal in con- tact with 6 shields ; the sup- raocular suture rather larger than the rest, which are sub- equal ; length much greater than distance to end of snout, equal to parietals, about one- third greater than supra- oculars ; breadth about three times each supraocular at a point opposite the centres of the eyes. Nasals undivided ; in contact with the 1st and 2nd labials ; nostril lying in the middle of the upper half of the shield. Praoculars one ; , Cx not extending on to crown. Oligodon McDovgalli. Bp. nov. (x 5.) uuu BAW 8 252 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Eye moderate; pupil round. Postoculars one. Temporals one anterior in contact with two labials, the suture with the 6th about twice 5th. Labials 7; the 3rd and 4th touching the eye; last two largest, subequal. Anterior sublinguals larger than posterior ; in contact with 4 infralabials. Posterior sublinguals in contact with one another, and with 4th infralabial. Pentagonal is the 4th and much the largest shield of the series ; in contact with two scales behind ; broader than posterior sublinguals. The first infralabial suture is about half that between the anterior sublinguals. Scales two heads lengths behind head 13 ; midbody 13 ; two heads lengths in front of vent 13. All rows subequal, even last not enlarged. Apical pits and keels absent everywhere. Supracau- dals in even rows ; midtail 6, end in twos (2 rows), fusion at the steps from the eights downwards effected by the blending of the two rows lying uppermost on each side. Ventrals 200 ; evenly rounded ; the ultimate row of scales barely visible on either side. Anal divided. Subcaudals 39; in pairs. Colour dusky-black laterally, with a rufous brown, vertebral stripe from nape to tip of tail involving the vertebral and half the adjacent row ; this stripe is edged by a series of linear black spots, most evident anteriorly. A linear black line on the confines of the 2nd and 3rd rows above the ventrals, interrupted anteriorly, and ending at vent. A supra-anal black bar and another subterminal, caudal, black bar. Head blackish. Kostral rufous-yellow, blotched black below. Labials mottled black and rufous-yellow. A rufous collar in- complete vertebrally. Chin, and throat rufous-yellow, mottled black in the sutures. Belly black, mottled fawn. Beneath tail black laterally, crimson centrally, the colour of a ripe yew-berry, and reminding one of the tail of Simotes cruentatus. The head is of the same calibre as the body, the neck very little evident, and the body wonderfully protracted and of even girth throughout. 253 PLAGUE, RATS AND FLEAS. By Capt. W. G. Liston, i.m.s. (With Plates A. & B.) {Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 2ith November 1904.) You may, perhaps, think that the choice of such a title for a paper to be read before a Natural History Society is somewhat out of place, and would have been more suitable for a medical gathering. Perhaps you are right, but I feel sure that the subject has a proper place under the circumstances. We are daily becoming more aware of the important part played in the spread of disease by the numerous animals and insects which surround us, and, as you will learn in the course of my remarks, plague is a disease which is pre-eminently dependent on such surroundings. A knowledge of Natural History is becoming a more important, I may say an all-important, branch of the medical pro- fession. Quite apart, however, from such facts, plague is in the midst of us, carrying on its deadly ravages, and adding daily to its already uncountable death roll hundreds who, through ignorance of its mode of spread, fall victims to the scourge. Any ray of light shed into the darkness which surrounds the aetiology of this disease should not be confined to the medical world, but be cast upon the people that they may, perhaps, be enabled thereby to grope their way through the dark- ness to a place of safety. You will appreciate the relation between Natural History and plague when I define the latter as a rat-disease. Not unfrequently, under favouring circumstances, it is communicable to man. The disease among men, therefore, might almost be said to be accidental, and cer- tainly avoidable if there were a distance between rats and men. The communication of the disease to man is conditional on the propinquity or distance of rats and men from one another, and is dependent partly on the habits of the former and partly on the modes of living of the latter. The ideas embodied in the above definition are not new. That plague is essentially a rat-disease was known to the ancients. We find the disease attributed to these animals by the priests and diviners of the Philistines, who instructed the people in these words — "Make images of your emerods and images of your mice that mar the land." They were to do so as a trespass offering to the God of Israel. (*) In the Bagavathi Purana the people are advised at th© 254 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. moment rats fall from the roof above, jump about, and die to leave their homes with their friends and relations, and to live in the plain. (2) In Knmaun, where the disease has been known for long, the experience of the inhabitants has taught them that when rats die it is time to quit their homes for the jungle to save themselves from plague. It is stated in a report of the outbreak of 1834-35 that " the appearance of the disease in a village had been observed to be preceded by a mortality among the rats of the village." (3) Coming to more recent times, Hankin, in reviewing the various circumstances that produced plague in Bombay, inferred that the incidence of Plague in localities and houses was in relation to their accessibilty to rats rather than to filth, over- crowding, &c. (4) Simond also came to a similar conclusion from his experience of the disease. (5) Dr. Ashburton Thompson, from his experience of the outbreak of plague in Sydney in 1900, formed the opinion that plague-rats consti- tuted the sole source from which the infection was communicated to man. (6) Dr. G. J. Blackmore, formerly Chief Plague Medical Officer, Port Elizabeth, very clearly and conclusively proved that the epidemic in that town was altogether spread by rats. He writes : " To sum up shortly, in places where infected rats were found, plague cases followed ; and in places where there were no infected rats, only four cases of plague occurred, and in these cases the source of infection could not be traced at all. In no case was there direct evidence of man-to-man infection, and in most cases the possibility of it was definitely exclud- ed." (J) I need not quote further in this connection. It is absolutely certain that rats are the most important factor in the spread of plague. If plague is a disease of rats, then it is likely that the disease may have its own distinct laws of origination and continuance among these animals, man becoming affected chiefly when the disease is most pre- valent among rats. It is precisely this study of plague among rats that has been neglected. Before any progress in this connection can be made, it is necessary to know something about the life and habits of rats. What do we really know about rats ? Very little. Now this is one reason why I am reading this paper before you to-day. You are all naturalists and, no doubt, keen observers. May I ask you to direct your attention to rats ? Any notes upon the habits of these animals will be thankfully received by me. PLAGUE, EATS AND FLEAS. 255 Let me here discuss some of the important facts connected with the habits of rats, which have a bearing on the development and spread of plague, so far as they are known to me. In the first place, as you are aware, there are various genera and species of rats. I have tried to classify (more or less casually, I must admit) the Indian town or, village rats ; but I have completely failed. There appear at first sight to be many species. I visited the British Museum when at home, and saw Mr. Oldfield Thomas on this subject ; and he assured me that any rat I sent from Bombay would be likely to be either a Mus rattus or Mus decumanus. I was discussing this matter the other day with a member of this Society, Mr. Aitken, and he suggested that it might be as easy to classify pie-dogs as the rats in Bombay. I am inclined to agree with him. There is apparently one fact evident that Mr. Oldfield Thomas is quite right in distinguishing only two very distinct species of domestic rat — Mus decumanus and Mas rattus. Mus decumanus, the brown rat or Norway rat, is a large rat which in European countries has gradually displaced the smaller black rat, Mus rattus. This brown rat is much more a burrowing rodent than the black rat, and likes to live in drains and cellars ; while the black rat prefers the roofs of houses and even trees to live in. The black rat, then, is, in a truer sense, a domestic rat ; and it is the common domestic rat of India. This fact is an extremely important one from the point of view of plague. The immunity of European countries in the present day can, to a large extent, be attributed to the ousting of the black rat by the brown rat. The changes in the habits of man in European countries within the last two or three centuries, the development of drainage systems, the separation of workshops from dwelling-houses, the isolation of granaries and stables from human habitations, has led to the extermination of the black rat or at least to its separation from man. The opportunities for the infection of man with plague from rats have thereby been lessened, and, consequently, in Europe the development of plague in rats runs almost independently of the development of the disease in man. No more striking instance of this can be given than the experience of Glasgow. (8) Plague first broke out among the people of this city in the autumn of 1900; thirty- six attacks, with sixteen deaths, was the result of this epidemic. The origin of the disease could not be traced. All the cases were more or less associated with one another, and arose chiefly from three houses in 256 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. "which "wakes" were held over the bodies of individuals who had died of plague in the houses. At the time of this epidemic no rats were found affected with plague. There is good reason to believe, however, that al- though not found, yet the epizotic actually existed ; for, after an interval of a year, a second outbreak occurred, this time among individuals associated with a rag store. Rats affected with plague were found here, and continued to be found affected with the disease in various parts of the city at irregular intervals, for a period of two years. The only epidemic plague associated with this epizotic plague was that which occurred in some five individuals who worked in the rag store, and in other five individuals who worked or lived in the cellars of the Central Hotel. Plague-infected rats were found in the basement of certain tea rooms in Gordon Street. A rat warren was discovered, which, when the burrows were broken up, gave a bag of 67 rats which had either been killed or found dead. Of these 67 rats no less than 40 had plague. Rats affected with the disease were found in other places, and con- tinued to be found, as I have remarked, for nearly two years ; but no plague occurred in men. It is evident we were here dealing with epizotic plague among rats of the species Mus decumanus. You note the diseased animals were found in cellars and burrows — places where rats of the species Mus decumanus are generally found — places where they were more or less isolated from man. Had the epizotic occurred among rats of the species Mus rattus, which inhabit houses, a very different tale would have been told. It is interesting to note the oradual disappearance of plague from Europe about the end of the 17th century — a time which was coincident with the invasion of the brown rat and the displacement of the black rat by that species. The species of rat affected by the disease has an important bearing on the spread of plague in man, not from any inherent difference in suscepti- bility to the disease in the particular species of rat, but because of the habits of the species. Another important difference will be noticed when I come to describe the fleas infesting these species of rats. Now while there is the striking difference in the habits of the two species of rats, we have equally striking differences in the habits of the people inhabiting Europe and the East. I have referred to the fact, that, perhaps, the invasion of Europe by the brown rat may have been aided by the change in the habits of the people. As pucca buildings began to be erected, as drainage system developed, ^as stables |U^J2_ OJi^Uwp. ,<£Co© o^Ca^wP PLAGUE, EATS AND FLEAS. 259 proportionate to the severity of the destruction. Tims, if a trap is set, say, in one room which is frequented by rats, they will probably quit that room for a neighbouring room. But if a wholesale destruction is produced , as by placing poison in several places in a house, the rats will quit the house completely. Just so is it with plague. If conditions are such as are unfavourable to the rapid spread of the disease, the infected rats may linger on in a particular house, not being so thoroughly scared by the moderate mortality as to quit the house ; infection may thus smoulder on in a particular house till the conditions become favourable to the extensive spread of the disease. I shall now consider what these fav- ourable conditions are. They are associated with the breeding season of rats, and are due to the increase in the number of susceptible in- dividuals and the multiplication of fleas, the carriers of infection. The season at which the greatest number of young rats are present has a twofold influence on the spread of plague. In the first place, the arrival of young members among the community increase the number of individuals susceptible to the disease. In the second place, the breeding season is, as a rule, the period of increase of the fleas which are peculiar to the rat. You must be familiar with the fact that kittens and puppies are especially covered with fleas. If you wish to get a particular flea which has a certain bird for its host, your best chance of obtaining that species of flea is to find the bird's nest. So precisely is it with the rats. Rat fleas are most numerous at the time when young rats are most numerous. I fancy I hear somebody say : " Oh ! rats breed all the year round ; they have no seasonal breeding time." This is true and it is not true. Rats do often breed all the year round ; but I am equally certain that there is a season when more young rats are found than at any other season , and this season in Bombay is precisely the plague season. This is a very difficult matter to prove, and I should be very much obliged if any member could devise a practical method by which it could be proved. My inference has been made from observing the number of young rats brought to the Laboratory at certain seasons, and by noting the number of pregnant females which come for post-mortem examination. I am sorry, however, that I have no figures to offer wherewith to support my observation. An epizootic of plague among a rat community is very often associated with a sudden and extensive spread of the disease ; in proportion as 260 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. there are more susceptible individuals present in that community, so the disease spreads more rapidly and extensively. A large number of the rats die from the disease ; the rats become scared and migrate. The conditions in such a migrated rat community now are (1) there are a number of individuals which have recovered from the disease, and are therefore immune. (2) There is a greatly reduced number of indivi- duals susceptible to the disease, because of the large number of deaths among the susceptible. (3) There are a few individuals which still har- bour the disease and which have escaped with the others. (4) There is a greatly reduced number of fleas among the community, the infected fleas having for the most part been left behind. These are conditions where the chances of infection are greatly reduced, — where it is possible for one case to follow another only in slow succession, — where the panic of the rats, by the reduction of the mortality, has been quelled. Time passes ; the disease smoulders ; gradually the rats return to their tld haunts, where above all other places they find food and shelter. The favourable breeding season comes round again, the number of sus- ceptible individuals rapidly increases, and the number of fleas pari passu is multiplied. Conditions are re-established for a fresh and extensive outburst of the disease. Numbers of rats die from the disease. Again the rats migrate, and plague attacks man. It is thus that I would explain the seasonal endemicity of plague. In the above remarks I have endeavoured to show the importance attaching to the particular species of rat inhabiting any place which may be subjected to plague infection. The black rat, Mus rattvs, the common domestic rat of India, of which there are probably very many varieties, has habits such as bring it into intimate contact with man. I have tried to show that the prevalence of this rat is in great part due ito the habits of men in the places where it is found, — that it is possible by abolishing certain habits and customs to give the ascendency to quite a different species of rat, which is not so domestic as the Indian rat. In short, plague is likely to spread among men in proportion as Mus rattus is more common, and Mus decumanus less prevalent; in proportion* too, as men's habits are less or more civilised. I have drawn atten- tion to the gregarious habits of rats, which would speedily end an epi- zootic of plague among them were it not for their habit of " migration," which causes infection of fresh communities in the same town or village by direct intercourse ; and in distant towns, through human agency, PLAGUE, RATS AND FLEAS. 257 were separated from dwelling-houses, as shops, warehouses, and granaries were no longer used as human habitations, as stone and wooden floors displaced mud and rush-covered ground, as beds became used in place of heaps of straw, so the black rat was driven from its haunts and the brown rat had it all his own way. Man and rats were separated from one another, and plague ceased to trouble ;. for, as will be shown later, man plays an important part in spreading the disease among rats. An observant correspondent, the Rev. J. H. Lord, who is much interested in the origin and spread of plague, very briefly puts it as follows : — " What a timid and scared animal a rat is at home, living away in sewers or- barns or hay stacks, as a rule only occasionally venturing among men. But here, in India, on the contrary, it is a confiding, almost domestic, animal, encouraged to impudence by the very aversion of Hindus to the destruction of animal life, while, on the other hand, modes of human life out here cause masses of people to live huddled together- in what are almost barns and warehouses, in closest contact with rats ; and throughout the East it is more or less so, and I would even suggest that the plague has been able to catch on at various places more or less according as conditions are similar or dissimilar to what I have described, e.g., at Alexandria, the Cape, Lisbon, Glasgow, (fee- also, when the plague in the Great Plague of London did catch on there, was it not perhaps because people were living a good deal in the insanitary way, then, as to overcrowding and contact with rats, &c, that they do in the East now ? " So much for the difference between the two species of rats, the habits of each species, and the habits of man, which bring men and rats more or less in contact with one another. Rats, like men, are gregarious creatures ; they have their communities in each town or village — communities which have little or no intercourse with one another. They have their maharwaras and buniapuras ; some live upon the refuse of the people, others install themselves in the gran- aries of the rich; little communication, as I have said, takes places between these communities, but still less communication can there be between the rats of one town and those of another, except through human agency. Our high seaways, railways, and cart roads, all of them channels for the conveyance of merchandise, act also as a means of 9 258 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI, communication between the rats of one town with those of another ; stray individuals are carried along with merchandise ; stowaways, as they might be called, are taken from one town to another. This is only a chance means of communication between rats of one place and those of another ; and the chances are, of course, greater where the means of conveyance is larger. Ships transport rats, therefore, in this way much more frequently than railway trains, and railway trains more frequently than carts. Another habit of rats must here be considered, a habit too in which they resemble uneducated men. On the occurrence of any unusual mortality, from any cause, among a community of rats, they quit the place where the mortality has occurred ; — they migrate as a community. In this way infection is often communicated from one community of rats in a village or town to another in the same village or town. Here a fresh focus of infection may in consequence be set up. Occasionally some individuals of such a migrating community may seek refuge in a ship or railway train or cart, and may carry this infection through human agency to another town. This is one important way in which plague may be spread from one place to another by human agency. Sea- port towns, as will be understood from what has been said above, are most frequently infected in this way. I would instance Sydney, Port Elizabeth, Durban, Lisbon, Glasgow, etc. But there is another means of communicating the disease by means of human agency from rats of one town to those of another town, which will be discussed later when the part played by fleas in the spread of the disease is considered. I mention this fact here because it becomes possible only in connection with the migrating tendency of rats. I need hardly discuss at length this migrating instinct (shall I call it 7) which impels rats to shun places which are associated with their death or destruction. Who has not set a trap for rats and found, that after two or three have been taken, the rats will not look near the trap again ? Who has not noticed, that if a good dog or cat is introduced upon rat- infected premises, after a few of the animals have been destroyed the others disappear ? Who has not noticed, that poison placed for rats will cause the disappearance of far larger numbers of them than are actually destroyed by the poison? This habit of migration, due to fear of destruc- tion, is a very important habit of rats in the spread of plague. I should like, however, to emphasize the fact that the extent of the migration is PLAGUE, RATS AND FLEAS. 263 and other adverse circumstances in uncongenial surroundings. While other non-spore-bearing bacteria readily perish when removed from their natural soil. The more resistant germs which do not produce spores have a protective wall which shields their internal contents. The Bacillus mallei is a fairly resistant non-spore bearing germ. We should expect, therefore, glanders to he a disease which might be capable of transference from diseased animals, by various agents, to healthy animals ; but the period of the vitality of the bacillus outside the bcdy of an animal would be short, compared with the period of vitality of the spore-bearing anthrax bacillus. And this is precisely what we do find. Thus, we have such cases recorded as that of a woman who developed glanders three days after washing the clothes of a man who had died of the disease, or a case of a person who acquired the disease by heing struck by the fist of a man who owned a glandered horse. Generally, however, the infection is more direct from the sick horse to man. When we come to hydrophobia, we find that in order to produce the disease, infection must always he obtained direct from the diseased animal to the healthy, — generally by its bite. The germ is incapable of existing for any time outside the animal body. Now, the plague germ does not bear spores ; hence it cannot remain alive for a long period exposed to air and light and other adverse agencies, in the way the anthrax bacillus does. Nor yet has the plague germ any resistant cell-wall. Plague is certainly not conveyed to man by direct inoculation as hydrophobia is. How, then, can we explain the infection of man from the rat ? A little further thought on the methods of reproducing plants adopted by the mali will enable us perhaps to solve the problem. Has he any other method of making cuttings? Of course, there is the method of making a gooty. He selects a certain part of the plant, and ties around it some moss and earth which he keeps constantly moist. Many plants which could only be propagated by means of cuttings with difficulty can thus easily be reproduced. Have we anything analogous to the gooty in the case of plague? I believe the flea is the gooty. The plague germs which abundantly circulate in the blood in the final stage of the disease are taken up along with the blood by the flea. I show you a specimen under the microscope which is a section through the stomach of a flea. This flea was fed on a plague-sick rat, and allowed 264 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. to digest its meal for 48 hours. The result is, that almost all the blood has been digested and absorbed, and the plague germs remain unaffect- ed,— in fact, they appear to have multiplied, because they are far more numerous, than they could have been when ingested with the blood, and their appearance would indicate multiplication to one who is acquainted with bacilli which have been stained under such circum- stances. In the flea's stomach we find the plague germ in surroundings which will daily supply it with the -very pabulum it desires — animal blood. The germ is not destroyed by the digestive juices of the flea. It is protected from light and dessication and the presence of contaminating bacteria, (weeds in other words,) — conditions which would have put an end to its existence if it had remained exposed on earth. We have all the conditions which are fulfilled by the gooty in the case of the plant. The gardener after a certain time cuts off the new plant below the gooty, and transfers it to its natural soil. So, too, the germ within the flea has now to be transferred to more suitable soil, the animal body ; and this is accomplished by the bite of the flea itself. The flea, being animate, fulfils the double function of gooty and mali. And now, to understand the last part of my subject, it is necessary to say a few words about fleas. It would be possible to write pages on the subject. My difficulty is to tell you enough in a short space, to fully explain the relation between fleas and the plague. I hope, there- fore, you will bear with me if I detain you a few jmoments longer. There are four species of fleas met with in this country commonly associated with men and rats. Specimens of these are displayed under the microscopes. I can only now mention them by name, and detail a few of the habits of these species. The most common flea and the one most universally distributed is the cat flea, Pulex felis, sometimes also called Pulex serratkeps. This flea is, for the most part, found on cats and dogs ; but it is frequently taken on man too. I have also found it on rats, monkeys, sheep, deer, goats f guinea-pigs, the hedge-hog, and the horse. It is a rather small flea, but variable in size ; and is of a dark colour. It is frequently found in light airy places, and it is not so nocturnal in its habits as the other fleas. Then, there is the human flea, Pulex irritans. It is a large fairly light-coloured flea, found almost exclusively in human habitations, and in only those of them which are dark and more or less dirty. I PLAGUE, RATS AND FLEAS. 261 chiefly by ships or rail conveying merchandise. I have suggested that infection of rats in neighbouring towns and villages is affected by means of fleas carried by men. Finally, the breeding season of rats plays an important part in the spread of plague in man. Plague, which is essentially a rat disease, attacks men only when it is excessively pre- valent among rats. The disease lingers on in these animals during the off-plague season, and bursts out afresh among the rats when the number of susceptible rats is increased by births ; and when the fleas, the carriers and transmitters of the infection, are more plentiful. If plague, then, is essentially a disease of rats, are there any other diseases which are peculiar to animals, and which are occasionally communicated to man ? Does a study of these diseases furnish us with any evidence which may explain by analogy how plague is, or is not, or cannot be communicated to man ? How is plague communicated from rats to men ? The following are epizootic diseases which are occasionally communi- cated to man, and I would class plague along with them ; namely, Anthrax, Glanders and Hydrophobia. Anthrax is a disease of cattle which is caused by a spore-bearing bacillus. It gives rise to at least two forms of disease in man and in this respect resembles plague ; namely, a disease called Malignant Pus- tule which is produced by the inoculation of the bacillus under the skin ; and " Wool Sorter's " disease, which is produced by the inhalation of the bacillus, into the lung, as occurs in primary plague pneumonia. Glanders is a disease of the horse which is due to a bacillus, the Bacillus mallei. The disease is generally found in man among farriers, grooms, nakers and others who are associated with horses. In man the disease is very fatal. You are all familiar with hydrophobia, which is a disease of dogs, and which is occasionally communicated to man, and is in him a fatal disease. Let me here digress by giving a popular exposition of the bacterio- logy of these diseases. Germs or bacteria are divided into two classes, the pathogenic, or disease-producing, germs ; and the non-pathogenic germs, which are abundantly found, in nature, in the earth and air all around. Now bacteria are fungi, which, as you are aware, are a class of plants or vegetable organisms. In plant life, therefore, we find many laws which are equally applicable to bacteria. Now, just as you know that 262 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. some plants grow in earth and others in water, so we find some bacteria capable of growing in earth, and others capable of growing in the animal body ; these latter are the pathogenic or disease-producing germs. Just as you would not expect a " water lilly" to grow on dry earth, so you cannot expect the pathogenic bacteria to find a suitable soil in the earth ; or earth organisms a suitable soil in the animal body. I know of no pathogenic organisms which have been proved to be capable of develop- ment in earth ; and the plague bacillus is no exception to this rule. You are familiar with the fact that plaDts can be reproduced either by seeds or by cuttings. Bacteria multiply in the same way. Some bacteria produce spores, which are practically seeds ; and others reproduce themselves by a simple process of cleavage, — a portion is given off from the parent bacterium, which is capable of reproducing itself, as a cut- ting does. Now a seed can be kept for a long time in surroundings which are unsuitable for its development, but when introduced into suitable soil it buds forth and blossoms. It is precisely so with spore- bearino- bacilli, they are capable of withstanding long periods of dessi- cation, etc., and ultimately when introduced into suitable surroundings they develop and multiply. Anthrax is a pathogenic, spore-bearing, bacillus. By that I mean that its soil is the animal body, and it is able on account of its spores or seeds to lie dormant in surroundings which are unsuitable for its development — such surroundings as are found in earth, on hides, and wool. Hence we find that anthrax in the cattle in India can give rise, months afterwards, to anthrax in man in England. The disease germs in the form of spores are transferred on the hides and in the wool of the animals which have died of anthrax in India to England, where among the workers in hides and wool the anthrax spores, which have lain dormant during the voyage, may find suitable soil when introduced into a cut or abrasion on the hand or other part of a hide-worker or wool-sorter, producing anthrax in the unfortunate man. A^ain, we know that cuttings from some plants, for example the rose, can be left exposed to air and light for some time, while cuttings from other plants must be directly inserted into suitable soil after removal from the parent plant. The resistance depends on the texture of the plant, whether it has a hard protective covering, or only a thin cuticle. Precisely so is it with bacteria ; some bacteria, which repro- duce themselves only by fission (cuttings), can resist light and dessication PLAGUE, RATS AND FLEAS. 285 come now to rat fleas. The common flea found on Mils rattus is Pulex theopis. It is therefore the common rat flea of India. It is a small light-coloured flea, which is particularily sensitive to light, loving the dark ; and it is, therefore, more or less nocturnal in habit. It is sel- dom found apart from the rat in this country* and lives chiefly in the haunts of the black rat, among grain bags and in the roofs of houses, etc. At first sight it is very like the human flea. The flea commonly found on Mus decumanus is called Ceratophyllus fasciatus. In so far as Mus decumanus is rare in this country, this ilea is also seldom found in India ; but it is the common flea found on the rat in Europe. These fleas can be distinguished from one another in both sexes by noting if there is a comb of bristles behind the head. Pulex felis and Ceratophyllus fasciatus have both got combs in this situation. Pulex felis has in addition a set of teeth-like bristles surrounding its mouth ; Ceratophyllus fasciatus has not got these bristles. Pulex irritans and Pulex cheopis have no comb of bristles behind their head. They are readily distinguished by the length of the anti-pygideal bristles, which are short in the human flea and long in the rat flea. The claws of the human flea, too, are very large and scythe-like; while the rat flea has more elegant scycle-shaped prehensile organs. The males of all four species are at once distinguished by the characteristic shape of the claspers. Now you will notice that most of these fleas have a particular host. The cat flea, however, is more or less an exception to this rule, for it is often found on other hosts than cat or dog. If this is the case, how is it possible to explain the infection of man from the rat, when, under ordin- ary circumstances, the human flea is only found on man, and the rat flea on the rat ? This fact, more than any other, I think, has prevented men from accepting the flea theory of the spread of plague, for not a few instances have now been reported in which plague has been directly communicated from the diseased rat to the healthy rat by means of flea& But, it is objected, how can men become infected if the rat flea is never found on man ? I have had the good fortune to discover an explanation of how the rat flea can communicate the disease to man, although nor- mally the rat flea, Pulex cheopis, is scarcely ever found on man. In March 1903 some guinea-pigs, which had died in the Victoria Gardens, were sent to me for examination. I found that they had died of plague. I immediately visited the gardens to see if I could find any 10 266 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI, fleas on the guinea-pigs ; to my surprise they were covered with fleas. An examination of these fleas showed that they were rat fleas, Pulex che- opis. The following history of the disease was given to me by the Superintendent. A few days before the guinea-pigs became ill, dead rats had been found near their cage. The guinea-pigs had then sickened, and two keepers who had charge of them took plague and were seut to hospital. One or two of the guinea-pigs had died before the dead animals were sent to me for examination. When I saw the guinea-pigs in the gardens many were sick, but some appeared healthy. It was. interesting to note that the sickly were those most infested with fleas. From one sick guinea-pig no less than eighteen fleas were removed. This is an important fact to note, in that, thereby the number of in- fected fleas will be greatly increased. An examination of a large number of guinea-pigs kept in our Laboratory stock showed that these animals seldom harbour fleas, the only flea found on them under normal conditions is a very occasional Pulex fells. This unusual infection of the guinea-pig by Pulex cheopis remained for some time a mystery; but an explanation was gradually forthcoming. Here, no doubt, in- fected rat fleas had communicated the disease to the guinea-pigs ; but why were rat fleas found on guinea-pigs ? The problem was solved in the following way. A friend who lived in two semi-detached bungalows kept a cat. One of the bungalows was used as a nursery for the chil- dren, and the nursery was the favourite haunt of the cat. When the hot weather came on, the children were sent to the hills, the nursery was shut up, and the cat had to find other quarters. About a month later my friend had to re-open and enter the nursery to get some things for the children. No sooner had he entered than he was bitten by a flea, and then by another and another, and to his surprise he found many fleas on his legs. He caught these fleas and brought them to me, and when I examined them I found them to be cat fleas. Now as Ions as the cat lived in the nursery, fleas never troubled the inmates, but when the cat had been excluded the cat fleas swarmed on to man. Starvation apparently had driven them to man. Another opportunity presented itself in the case of a stable. This stable had been shut up for some weeks, but had formerly been inhabited by a dog as well as a horse. When the door of the stable was opened, fleas literally swarmed out on to the man who opened it, almost as a hive of bees might do when disturbed. One had only to approach the PLAGUE, RATS AND FLEAS. 267 stable door, and immediately one's trousers were covered with fleas. These fleas were Pulex felis, which we saw was the common dog flea. Here, again, driven by hunger, in the absence of the dog, man was attacked. Herein lies, too, the explanation of the swarms of fleas one reads and hears of in dak bungalows in India. Somebody has been there before with dogs. The dogs left with their master, but left their fleas behind. The bungalow was shut up for a time, another sahib entered, this time without a dog. He is immediately attacked by the fleas. Finally the proof was completed by the following experience for which I am indebted to the Revd. J. H. Lord. On April 20th last year he sent me some fleas which had been caught on man in a house which was infected with plague under the following circumstances. About the 6th or 7th of April, rats began to die in large numbers in the chawl in which this house was situated. Suddenly the deaths amongst rats ceased and on April 11th the people became troubled with fleas. The fleas were so numerous that they had to quit their rooms and sleep out in the verandah. While living in the verandah on April 17th one of the inhabitants of the particular room in which the fleas were taken, became infected with plague. Another case occurred on the same day in a room adjoining. This room was separated from the aforementioned room only by a partition 6^ feet high. On the same day the information about this chawl came to Mr. Lord. He succeeded in getting the people who inhabited the room where the above case occurred to collect some of the fleas which they said troubled them, and he sent the collec- tion to me on April 20th. An examination of this collection was most instructive. Now I must tell you that on previous occasions, of 246 fleas which were caught on man under normal conditions I had only found one rat flea, Pulex cheopis. But of the collection of 30 fleas caught on man under the circumstances above recorded no less than 14 of these were rat fleas. Nothing could be more striking. Now what is the explanation of such unusual invasion of the guinea- pig and man by rat fleas ? You note, that in both cases, a few days before, rats had been noticed dead in considerable numbers ; then no more rats were found dead, and plague broke out in the guinea-pigs and men. Taking this in conjunction with the facts above recorded regarding the starved fleas, I think the explanation is that, either the rats had been almost completely exterminated by the plague, or what is 268 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. more probable on the occurrence of a large number of deaths, they had migrated. In consequence the fleas which they left behind them in their nests and haunts had to seek food somewhere else, and under these circumstances had attacked the guinea-pigs and men. Herein I think we have the explanation of the common phenomenon (1) plague amoug rats with many deaths, (2) a lull, (3) then plague among men. Since these cases occurred I have been on the look out for fresh opportunities, but you will readily understand that information of this s^rt is difficult to be obtained by one individual. Will you help me to examine such cases ? When you hear of any unusual number of deaths among rats from plague, please let me know at once ; and if we are unable to persuade the people to catch the fleas on their persons, I propose to use guinea-pigs to trap the fleas by placing these animals in the probably infected rooms and then we shall be able to see whether rat fleas are straying about, for they will take to the guinea-pigs and can easily be captured on these animals. If rats can communicate the disease to man it is equally certain that man can carry the disease to rats. I have already explained how the disease can be communicated to distant towns and villages from in- fected rats in one place, to those in the other place by human agency. But there are other well-recognised cases where infection has been carried from one village to a neighbouring village by man, where the possibility of the direct transference of infected rats from the one place to the other is absolutely excluded. The record of such cases is almost legion. I take 2 cases of 12 recorded in the excellent report on Plague and Inoculation Operations in the Amritsar District in 1903 by Captain S. Browning Smith, I. M.S. Kadgil (the name of the village). tl Here the disease Was brought from Tharu, by Buta, a weaver, in November 1902. He died after three days' illness, and three other deaths occurred in this house within five days ; rats died in this house, and were allowed to remain, and the house was locked up ; plague did not spread at the time, and no other case occurred for two months, when dead rats were noticed in some sweepers' houses that adjoined Buta's house ; seven days after dead rats were seen, the disease appeared among the sweepers." " Phailloke. The disease was brought from Chala, Lahore District, hj Chet Singh, who returned to Phailloke on the 25th March 1903. •Rats began to die on the 29th March 1903. Chet Singh fell ill on PLAGUE, HATS AND PLEAS. ■ 269 the 2nd April, and died on the 8th April. Three other cases occurred in the same house. " Captain Browning Smith remarks : " The above is a case where it seems that infection was brought in the clothes of the man ; rats were infected from this, and the man himself was infected from the rats. " The cases speak for themselves. The explanation I offer is that a man living in an infected village takes fright when he finds cases of plague occurring among others in his own house. The infection of this household was clearly brought about in the way I have described above ; rats died, the remaining ones migrated, the hungry infected fleas they left behind attacked man ; man became infected — some of these fleas having got among the clothes of the fugitive man, he has carried them to the village to which he has fled. The fleas may have in the meantime attacked him and if so he died of the disease shortly after his arrival ; but possibly the fleas may have failed to get through his clothes, the man then remains unaffected. When transferred to the new village in this manner, the floas find themselves in fresh rat- infested premises, and are not long in scenting out their natural host the rat. They infect the rats, the disease spreads among the rats rapidly, they die ; the rest take fright and migrate; man becomes infected. But why press this flea theory, you will say, when we know perfectly well that the excreta from infected animals is capable of infecting fresh animals. This is a gratuitous assumption. Have you tried it? I have. Healthy rats can live in the same cage with infected rats without acquiring the disease, if only fleas are excluded. I told you of such experiments when I read a paper before you in March last year. Since then other persons have independently confirmed my observations, particularly Dr. Klein.9 I have here been able to prove that although susceptible animals do take plague through the alimentary canal if fed on large quantities of grossly conta- minated food, yet they can eat food which has been contaminated by a relatively small quantity of plague without harm. Moreover, what is more important, they are not infected with the insufficiently large quantity of plague which is contained in the various excreta of plague- infected man or animals. I have fed rats on such excreta, and kept them in contact in a small cage with clothing which had been soiled by dying plague patients, and they have not suffered from the disease. 270 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVL But when even one or two germs are introduced by a needle under the skin, death almost always results. Thus, a guinea-pig has died of plague after receiving one quarter of a c.c. (about 4 drops) of a ten millionfold dilution of a 48-hours' broth culture of plague. In this quantity I was able to show there were not more than one or two germs. If only one or two germs are necessary to infect an animal by injection under the skin, while millions are necessary by any other channel, which is more likely to be the common method of infection ? Simond <10) long ago showed that phlyctenules (blisters occasionally found in cases of plague, and which reveal the point of inoculation of the bacillus) often occur in parts little liable to abrasion (such abrasions might permit the plague germs to enter the blood), but which are fre- quently attacked by fleas. If cuts and abrasions were the chief source of infection, phlyctenules would be commonly found on the soles of the feet of those who go about bare-footed, but this is not the case. Phlyc- tenules in this situation are extremely rare, while they are most common just in the situations which are most subject to be attacked by fleas. Again, the boot- wearing people of Australia suffered as frequently from buboes in the groin as the bare-footed natives of Bombay ; — 73 percent, in the one case, 67 in the other (-11\ If the bacillus lived in the soil, it would have been reasonable to expect a larger number of groin buboes in the bare-footed natives than in the booted Australians. Moreover, the common sources of infection with plague are dark, dirty, overcrowded, vermin-infested houses ; also clothing and grain. It is just on these surroundings that fleas may be found. We know, too, that houses and clothing can be indirectly infective through the medium of a healthy uninfected individual. The healthy individual carries with him something, presumably infected fleas, to another indi- vidual who sickens with the disease. The seasonal prevalence of plague can to my mind be most easily accounted for by the greater prevalence at some given time of some intermediary host of the plague bacillus after the same manner as the prevalence of malaria is associated with the prevalence, at certain definite seasons, of certain species of mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. On several occasions fleas have been noted to be specially abundant prior to or during the course of an epidemic of plague. I will only mention 2 instances. Thus, for example, Dr. Tid swell's attention was directed PLAGUE, RATS AND FLEAS. 27t early in the epidemic of plague in Sydney in 1900 to the unusual prevalence of fleas in the infected quarters. He writes : " At the time the rats were dying in large number upon the whaif , to which attention was called above ; the fleas there were so numerous that the labourers tied string round the bottom of their trousers to protect themselves against the onslaughts of the vermin" (l2). Again, in connection with the rat epidemic of plague at Cardiff in February 1901, I quote from the Local Government Board Keport for 1902 : " Fleas in considerable numbers were observed on the white flour sacks in the warehouse mentioned " <' 3). I have on more than one occasion been told that before an outbreak of plague occurred, fleas were noticed to be very prevalent ; the only wonder is, as Tidswell (l4) has expressed it, that such a fact should have been noticed at all, for the social status and domestic habits of most people among whom plague occurs is not such as to invest a little incident of this sort with remarkable novelty. Finally, there are many facts to my mind which cannot be explained on any other hypothesis ; I will only mention a few of them here. Mr. Nigel Paton, who is in charge of a large oil store in Bombay, wrote to me after reading my paper published in the Medical and Phy- sical Society's Transactions last year, (15> that he had been at a loss to explain why every year during the plague epidemic he lost several hands employed by him in the office connected with the store, while, since the plague has broken out in Bombay, he did not remember a single death from plague having occurred among the hands he employed in the store itself, although the hands employed in both departments lived in much the same manner, and in the same infected surroundings. Unfortu- nately he could not support the statement by statistics, but he said it was a well-known fact in the office, and had annually been commented on. His explanation of the fact now is this, that the men in the oil store itself were constantly handling oil, to such an extent indeed, that their bodies were covered with it ; and he presumed that probably the smell of the oil, or some other cause connected with the oil, prevented the infected fleas biting the oil workers, and so they escaped the disease. Now Mr. Paton's experience is by no means unique. In 1797 it was observed by Mr. Baldwin, the British Consul in Egypt, that among the millions of inhabitants who died of plague in that country in the space of four years, not a single oilman or dealer in oil had suffered . Sir J. McGregor remembered that all the men employed in applying 272 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. oil to the camels' feet during the Egyptian campaign escaped the plague (l7>. Mr. Jackson states that the coolies employed in the oil stores of Tunis smear themselves with oil, and are rarely affected with plague when it rages in that city (18). It is also stated by Luigi of Pavia that during the 27 years he was attendant at the pest house in Smyrna, he found friction with oil more efficacious than any other medicine both as a prophylactic and as a means of cure (1S). In the plague epidemic in India in 1815 and 1819 Mr. White, talking of the common practice in many parts of India — friction to the body with oil, says " This (practice) has, upon very good authority and extensive experience, been supposed a complete preventive, as well as a powerful agent in the cure of plague " (20). Mr. McAdam says : " Another remark which the natives make, and which I think is likely to be just, as. they are not apt to take notice of anything that is not extremely obvious, is, that those engaged in the expression of oil are not liable to infection " <2X>. Can the relative immunity of Calcutta and Madras compared with Bombay and the Punjab be due to the habit of daily anointing the body with oil in the former two presidencies ? I was very much struck by this habit in Sambalpur, where recently I was Civil Surgeon ; the people in this district follow partly the habits of the people of Calcutta and partly those of Madras. I was informed that the Jubbulpore Municipality placed it on record during a very severe epidemic two years ago that tobacconists who lived in their shops were peculiarly exempt from the disease. It is notorious how frequently visits at night to plague-infected houses have been followed by fatal results while the same houses could be entered with impunity by day. In this connection the following quotation from the report of Dr. Watson on the Mahamari (plague) of Kumaon is of interest (22> : " The experience of Dr. Eenny, Dr. Pearson, Dr. Francis and others has proved that a medical officer can without danger feel the pulse of a plague patient and give him medicine, and also that medical officers can without danger examine by dissection the body of a man who has died of plague. That is to say, he can do these things by day, with the sun shining and the air tolerably warm. I do not believe he could do any of them with impunity after night- fall. " Take these facts in conjunction with the observations I have- made that Pulex cheopis shuns the light, and the facts which I com- municated to you in the paper which I read before you last year. I Jourr>ai Bombay Nat Hist. Soc Vol, XV< Plate A P. Chropis P. Ikritans ^~ P. Felis C. Fasciatus CORTEJ ,( CO. HTM. BOUBAV MALE FLEAS. D. A. TURKHUO M. 8. DEi . Journal Bombay Nat Hist. Soc Vol. XVI Plate B P. Cheopis P. Ikritans P. Fklis C. Fasciatus CORTEZ I. Samuel VI. 5. « Quoted in " The Plague Inspector, " uy Lieut.-Ool. W. G. King, p. 157. <3) Appendix XXV, Indian Plague Commission's Report, Vol. II, p. 335. <4> llankin, Atmales d l'Institut Pasteur, 1898. <5) Simond, Annales d l'Institut Pastour, 1898. (6> Report on the Second Outbreak of Plague in Sydney, 1902, p. 2. *7> Blackmore " Rats & Plague, " Lancet, 11th October 1902. ^8> Local Government Board Reports, 1901-1902, p. '621. <9> Local Government Board Reports, 1902-1903. ^lu> Annales d l'Institut Pasteur, October 1898. 11 274 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. (11> J. A. Thompson, Journal of Hygiene, April 1901, p. 166. <12> F. Tidswell, Journal of Sanitary Institute, Vol. XXI, Pt. IV, p. 569. (l3> Local Government Board Report on Plague, by Bruce Low, 1902, p. 31. <"> F. Tidswell, Journal of Sanitary Institute, Vol. XXI, Pt. IV, p. 569. <-15) Liston, Transactions of Bombay Medical & Physical Society, February 1903. <16) Duncan's Annals, 1797. O7) Medical Sketches, 1804. <18) On the Commerce of the Mediterranean, p. 46. <19) Quoted in Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine, Article "Plague.'* C2°) Transactions of Bombay Medical & Physical Society, Vol. I. (21> Transactions of Bombay Medical & Physical Society, Vol. I. (22) Appendix XXV, Indian Plague Commission's Report. Vol. II, p. 364. 275 A CATALOGUE OF THE IIETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. By G. C. Dudgeon, f.e.s., With Notes by H. J. Elwes, f.r.s., &c. and Additions by Sir George F. Hampson, Bart., b.a., f.e.s., &o. Part XVII. (Continued from page 613 of Vol. XV.) Family NOCTUIDjE— contd. Sub-family CUCULLTANjE. Genus Cugullia, Sohrank. 1807. C. albescens, Moore. Sikhim. I have this only from the Punjab, but it is probable that it occurs all along the Himalayas at suitable elevations. (A single speci- men from Mollor identified by Sir Geo. Hampson. — H.J.E.) 1808. C. nigrifascia, Hmpsn. Sikhim. Mr. Elwes took a single specimen of this at light at Darjeel- ing in August. 1810. C. brevipennis, Hmpsn. Sikhim. I have not seen this. (I do not know the authority for the Sikhim specimen recorded by Sir Geo. Hampson, my only example is from the Nagas.— H.J.E.) (Darjeeling, Moore Coll. in B. M.— • G. F. II) 1812. C. pullata, Moore. Sikhim. I have seen only this from Kulu in the Punjab. (I took one of this fine large Cucullia on Tonglo in July and suppose it to be a high-level species. — H.J.E.) 1806a. C. poliorhiza, Hmpsn. Yatung. I have a single specimen of this from Mr. Lister obtained at the frontier station. Although it is in bad condition it is easily re- cognised by comparison with Sir Geo. Hampson's figure in the Bo. Nat. Soc, Vol. XIII. Genus Polia, Ochs. (Out of all the species placed in this genus in Moths of India and recorded from Sikhim it appears from Sir Geo. Hampson's new classification the following Nos. belong to the genus Crymodes in the 27S JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. s\ih-him\y AC ftOXYC TIN ^ :— I78C, 1787, 1788,1790, 1791, 1792r 3796 ; while 1794 is said to be a Cucullian of uncertain genus and 1793 and 1797 are not in the B.M. collection and are therefore at present uncertain. I am leaving only the last three in this genus.) 1794. P. griseimfa, Hmpsn. Sikhim, 10,000 ft. No specimens. (1 have four specimens, one of which I took on Tonglo, the others at or near Darjeeling. — II.J.E.) 1793. P. microsttcta, Hmpsn. Sikhim. I do not know this. (The unique type of this came from Moller. I do not know where it was taken, but I suspect it is not rightly placed here. — II.J.E.) 1797. P. sinuata, Moore. Sikhim, 10,000 feet. (Another of the rarities which I took on that wonderfully successful expedition along the Nepal frontier during the height of the rainy season in 1886. — II.J.E.) Genus Sydiva, Moore. 1765. S. nigrosgrisea, Moore. Sikhim. This species which I have not seen would appear to come into this sub-family and should therefore be separated from Ancara m which it is placed in Moths of India and which latter genus belongs to the next sub-family. (I took one on Tonglo in July and have others from Atkinson and Moller, the latter dated 30th May 1888. — II.J.E.) Genus Elwesia, Hmpsn. 1597. E. diplostigma, Hmpsn. Sikhim, 10,000 feet. I believe this species has been obtained at high elevation, but I have not seen it. (The type female I took on Tonglo. I have one male from Knyvett's collection. — II.J.E.) Genus Bombycia, Steph. 1710. B. rubida, Hmpsn. Sikhim, 10,000 feet. I do not know this. (The unique type was taken by me on Tonglo at light in July and is in rather worn condition. —II.J.E.) 1799. B. grisea, Moore. Sir Geo. Hampson removes this from Folia to this genus. Sikhim, 15,000 feet. (Of this T have never seen a specimen except iu Atkinson's collection.— H.J.E.) HETEBOCERA OF SIKHIM AND BTIUTAN. 277 Genus Epunda, Guen. 1740. E. lagenifera, Moore. Siklum. This insect was placed with the next in the genus Euplexia in Moths of India, hut belongs to this sub-family. (1 have five from Sikhim and one from Manipur which I believe to be this species. — Il.J.E.) 1751. E. pardaria, Moore. Sikhim. Placed in Euplexia in Moths of India, but should be removed to this sub-family. Sub-family ACRONYCTINjE. Genus Crymodes, Guen. 1786. C. herchatra, Swinh. Sikhim, 7,000 feet ; Bhutan, 6,400 feet. I have only taken this in at light. (This pretty little Noctuid was common on the Nepal frontier from 10,000 to 12,000 feet in July.— Il.J.E.) 1787. C, sikkimensis, Moore. Sikhim, 10,000 feet. (I took two on Tonglo and have another from the Tibet frontier or Chumbi valley. — H.J.E.) 1788. C. canosparsa, Hmpsn. Sikhim, 12,000 feet. (This is a common species on the Nepal frontier from Tonglo up to Jongri at 13,000 feet or upwards. — Il.J.E.) 1790. C.endroma, Swinh. Sikhim and Bhutan. Occurs but rarely at high elevations in Bhutan in September. (Also common on the Nepal frontier, but I did not take it as high up as the last. — Il.J.E.) 1791. C. dentata, Hmpsn. Sikhim, 10,000 feet ; Bhutan, 7,000 feet. I have five specimens brought in by my collectors taken in July. (Rather like, but I think quite distinct from the last species and found along the Nepal frontier from Tonglo to Sundukpho. — Il.J.E.) 1703. C. castanea, Moore. Sikhim, 7,000 feet. Taken by Col. Pilcher probably at Darjeelmg from whom I obtained a specimen. (I have only one specimen of this fine and distinct species from the interior of Sikhim. I do not think it occurs at Darjeeling, but if so must be rare. — Il.J.E.) 1796. C. juncture/,, Hmpsn. Sikhim, 7,000 feet. (Of this distinct species I have only two from Moller's collection. The elevation given is doubtful. — I1..EE.) 278 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Genus Sesamia, Guen. 1798a. S. fumea, Hmpsn. Sikhim, 1,800 feet. The type of this was taken by me at Pankabaree, 1 have not seen another. This species, which was originally placed in the genus Polia, Sir Goo. Hampson now refers to Sesamia, Guen. Genus Sphetta, Wlk. 1585. S. apkalis, Wlk. Sikhim, 3,000 feet. I have taken this at Vah on the Tukvar spur and bred others from larva? taken at the same elevation. The dates on my specimens are May, June and August. The expanse of my specimens is greater than that recorded in Moths of India, being 47 millim. $ and 53-59 millim. $ . Genus Amphipyra, Ochs. 1655. A. monolitha, Guen. Sikhim. I have this from the Kangra Valley, but never saw a speci- men from Sikhim or Bhutan. (Not in B. M. from Sikhim — G.F.H.) (I doubt its occurrence in Sikhim — H. J. E.) 1658. A. cupreipennis, Moore. Sikhim. This also I have not seen (Sikhim in B. M. — G.F.H.) Genus Euplexia, Steph. 1711. E. nuhllata, Hmpsn. Sikhim. Taken by Moller at 6,000 feet. I have no specimens. (Twa- in my collection without exact locality. — II. J. E.) 1712. E. indislans, Guen. Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-4,000 feet. I cannot separate this from the next when trying to identify females. The only feature which is J H 03 0 ij o -+j _$ a? " ci 3 03 a 4 h Remarks. 21-11-03. 23-11-03. 25-11-03. 28-11-03. 10-1-04. 15-1-04. 20-1-04. 4-2-04. 8-2-04. 8-2-04. 12-2-04. 17-2-04. 18-2-04. 27-2-04. 27-2-04. E $ I'll!" H" A $ V 5" H" A 9 2' 2£" A in *4 A 9 2' 3|" 4|" D E D 9 9 9 1' W v'H" 2|" ••• E $ V hi" 91H D2 D 9 ... • •■ d'e* 9 l'"8i" 91// °2 A 9 • * • *•• D * 1'7" 3f" ... 9 »•• ... D 9 i' sr 91(1 °8 181 184 200 66 62 203 177 58 70 177 196 197 68 64 63 186 196 65 59 No Yes No Yes Anterior chin shields in contact with 4 infra- labials. Reported " in copula " Blackish-purple with 13 very distinct white bars — incom- plete white collar. One temporal right side. 10 ovarian follicles impregn.a ted. 13 white bars on body, on dark pur- plish-black ground. Purplish-brown with 18 white bars body very distinct. 3 postoculars. Right side No Yes Yes Extracted Bungarus contained (l§"x§"). Temporal with 7th right side. Labials 10 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th touching eye right side. from a candidus, 4 eggs confluent labial on with the on 3 right postoculars; anterior chins touch 4 infralabials ; 4th and 5th subcaudals entire. Contained 5 eggsCl^-ljV). 10 labials, the 3rd, 4th, and 5th, touch- ing the eye. Con- tained 5 eggs (li"x 7 n\ 16 )• Anterior chins touch 4 infralabials. Died 17th March '04. Contained 5 eggs (tI"-H"). Contained 4 eggs U 9_// 6 * Implies intermediate between D and E. 296 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI, .a 0 0 ■ 1 >> ^3 to GO *2 03 -^ Remarks. CS C3 M 60 n 0> S3 c3 2 CD 93 0 CS 0 60 P > te J El > 00 < s 2-3-04. DEJ 9 1/ Hill 1 • 8 3i" • •• ... 2 Left side 3 impregnated ovarian follicles. 4-3-04. DE* 8 • •• • • a • • • ... 1 Yes 5-3-04. E $ V 8|" 4J." *8 ... ... 2 Jj 7-3-04. D ... • •• .. • ... 2 11-3-04. D "$ ... ... ... ... 1 Yes 3 postoculars on right side. 11-3-04. DE- 9 •>•■ • •• 2 » Right anterior chin shield touches 4 labials, 5 impregnat- ed ovarian follicles. 12-3-04. D E * $ 1' 8|" 91// °8 • •• ... 2 No 7th labial confluent with temporal. 17-3-04. D 9 ■ •• ■ • • • Of 2 Yes Laid 3 eggs 22nd March 1904 and a 4th on 28th March 1904. 17-3-04. E 9 • • ■ ... • • • • • 1 2 » Died 20th April 1904, and contained 4 eggs. 21-3-04. D $ *•• ... • •• 2 No 24-3-04. D S V R£" Q7// °8 ... 1 Yes 24-3-04. D $ 1' 10|" 43// ^*8 ... 2 J> 12-4-04. D • •• ... 2 j j 14-4-04. D 9 • •• ... .. 2 jj 9-5-04. A 9 i' iii" q 1// 203 55 2 J? Dark plumjam color with 16 white bars on body. 12-5-04. E $ 1' 8JM 4*" ... ... 2 >> 13-5-04. DE5 9 1'9" 3|" . . . ... 2 >• 1 6-5-04. D 71// '8 If" ■ •* 2 •J Navel involves 4 ven- trals, and 23 intervene between it and anal shield. 18-5-04. E 9 1' 10|" *&" ... ... 2 No Contained 4 eggs. 18-5-04. D $ V 3£" 3" • •« ... 2 Left side Contained a lizard (Hemidactylus). 19-5-04. D E o $ I' 10i" 41" • •• ... 2 No 27-5-04. A 9 1' 4|" 01// ^8 197 62 2 Yes 19 white bars on body. 8 labials, 3rd and 4th touching the eye on left side. 6-6-04. DE* $ 1' 9|" 4i" 180 65 0 No Temporal confluent with 7th labial on left side. 7-6-04. D E • $ 1' 6" 3|" 181 73 2 V Two loreals, the ante- rior touching the internasal, parietals divided transversely. • Implies intermediate betw oen D and E. NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE. 297 0 6 +3 , as OB m 43 .. rf h a C3 O REMARK3. . >> • c! P G> « 43 60 j V3 0 ^ 0 M) 43 H .■ a ifn C .a cS SB .2 « a M a) CS 09 cs O Q > a i4 H > m < & 7-6-04. D 9 1'2" 24/' 192 62 2 Yes Contained a lizard (Hemidactylus fren- atus). 10-6-04. DE* 9 i' Hi" Q7// °'8 196 64 2 No Contained 6 eggs (about f "). 10-6-04. DE* t»« 73// '4 U" 195 61 2 » Navel involves 4 vent- rals, 23 between it, and anal. 11-6-04. D 7 Ml '4 U" 2 Right side. Navel involves 3 vent- rals, 20 between it and anal, contained a young lizard (Hemidactylus fren- atus). 13-6-04. D 9 1' 9£" 4|" 197 64 2 No 22-6-04. • •• 9 ... ... • •• • •• • a? ... Pregnant. Esc a p e d from captivity. 27-6-04. A $ 2' If" ASH -8 186 63 2 Yes Chocolate with 11 white bars. 18-7-04. D 9 1' 91" 91" °8 194 70 2 rt 19-7-04. D <£ 1' 5*" 31" 178 66 1 No 23-7-04. D 1' 11 f 4" 198 6G 2 » Two loreals on left side, the anterior in contact with the internasal. 3-8-04. • •• ... ... ••• • •• ... • •• ... Contained a mouse. Lycodon travancoricus. One specimen only came into my hands. It was a live female measuring 1 foot 5f inches, tail 3^ inches, and it allowed me to handle it with impunity. In color ft was dark purplish-brown, the dorsal bars and flank reticulations so common among members of this genus were straw coloured. After two days' immersion inspirit the yellow had become white. Ventrals 177. Subcaudals 65, all paired. POLYODONTOPHIS SuBPUNCTATUS. I obtained one small specimen, I think a female, 8| inches long, of which the tail accounted for 2 inches. Ventrals 102. Subcaudals 67. The navel involved 3 shields and 28 intervened between it, and the anal Temporal single, and in contact with the 7th only of the labial series. A cuneate scale is wedged, between the 7th and 8th labials which, if included as a labial, would make these shields number 10. * Implies intermediate between D and E. 14 298 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Oligodon suhgriseus. Natives called this " Choorta," but they confuse it, I think, with Lycodon aulicus which is universally called by this name. I got 4 specimens, one live adult was an active, and restless little creature, wriggling constantly from my grasp, but offering no malice. The one caught on the 14th March was evidently a hatchling. It measured 4i|", about « quarter the length of a good sized adult. All belonged to var A. (Boulenger)'*. The nasals are peculiar, and appear to me to be divided into 3 parts by a Y-shaped suture, the arms of which are wide, and the nostril is slit-like and occupies the anterior arm. .a ad BO "3 ■a 0 Kemabks. © 09 Q K? CD CO OD '3 +3 a O ■Q co 25-11-03. rt 1' 2|" 93'' ^8 172 46 2 17 bars body, 5 tail. 12- 3 04. $ 1' 6|" 3±" 160 47 2 14- 3-04. f-'4J|" 3'/ s 184 41 0 17 bars bodv, 5 tail. 10- 7-04. ... 0'6&" 168 ... ... Tail incomplete, 15 bars body. Zamem's mucosus. This is called " Chayra" by the natives. Of the 56 specimens, the sex was unrecorded in 19. Of the remainder, 19 were males, and 18 females. It would appear from the accompanying table that it was most abundant in the cool weather, but this conclusion must be made with reserve, as I discouraged the capture of this species. I think it is pro- bably equally in evidence all the year round. Frogs, and especially Rana tigrina, seemed to form their staple diet. The only two pregnant specimens were obtained in August and November, the eggs numbering 13 and 11, respectively. Though I have always failed to make one menace me in the open, even when at bay, 2 specimens I had in captivity showed themselves extremely vicious hurling themselves repeatedly against the glass of their cages in their endeavours to strike at me. Both, too, during these outbursts of anger gave vent to a peculiar noise. I have never heard any other snake produce, resembling that scolding sound made by cats when brought to bay. CoinciJent with this remarkable sound, and probably in some way concerned in its production the neck, and upper body * Cat., Snakes, Brit. Mus., Vol. II, pp. 243-4. NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED JN CA.NNANORE. 299 for some inches were markedly compressed, and the throat pouched. If the snake was attentively observed at this time it was noticed that the altered ventral contour with its bulging down- wards, corresponded to an equal bulging upwards of the dorsal aspect, which could only have been achieved through an arching of the spine. This snake is active, and has always appeared to me very swift in its movements, and I was much surprised therefore on June Gth when I gave chase to one in full flight measuring 5 feet 9^ inches and caught it up, and killed it. I paced the ground traversed by both, and found I had run 38 yards whilst the snake covered 18. I frequently en- countered it in the paddy fields, and have met as many as 7 in one day. When it took to the water, it kept its head above water, and could rarely be induced to immerse it. The male appears to grow to a greater length than the female and this is especially interesting with reference to a remark of Dar- win's, who says* he is informed by Dr. Giintherthat in snakes the males are always smaller than the females. Of the 14 specimens measuring 6 feet and over in which the sex is recorded, 11 were males, and 3 females and the longest male measured 7 feet 6£ inches against the 6 feet 6 inches of the longest female. Reference to the following table shows that the scales are subject to much variation : — Scales. % ^c 09 .a" •3 a Remarks. te J?* e > w 15 S 3 w a> «- f3 ? 0 £j& o 5° P m" CO to s 'ct 49 a a ■=2 .0 S3 O 5-11-03. 9 6' 0i" V 10" 200 13G 17 16 12 Subocular absent. 7-11-03. • •• • •• ... ... 17 16 14 9 labials, the 5th and 6th touching the eye. 9-11-03. ••• 5' 5i" ... ... ■ •■ 17 17 14 3 postoculars on right side. 10-11-03 • •• 6' 6£": 1' 10|" • • • 17 16 14 1 loreals. 11-11-03. *»% i' nr 0' fU" • • ■ 129 17 17 12 12-11-03. $ 6' 2" l' 10" ... • • ■ 17 16 14 12-11-03. i 5' 11£" I' Hi" • 4 t ... 17 17 12 Subocular absent. 3 postoculars on right side. 13-11-03. 9 5'0" l' 5£" • * i 17 17 14 7 labials, the 3rd and 4r,h touching the eye on left side. * « Descent of Man," p. 538. 300 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. O Scales. la co S3 00 TJ ja > TO a o g to C3 TI P a >> o CD to a a > .a 3 03 si 9* d Remarks. 14-11-03 14-11-03 14-] 1-03. 14-11-03 16-11-03. 18-11-03 16-11-03 20-11-03. 22-11-03. 23-11-03! 29-11-03. 2-12-03. 5-12-03. 6-1-2-03. 9-12-0D.. 18-12-03. 20-12-03. 21-12-03. 21-12-03. 28-12-02 30-12-03. 31-12-03. 25-1-04. 7-2-04 10-2-04. 11-2-04. 19-2-04 7-3-04, 11-3-04. 18-d-04. 9 $ 9 9 9 9 $ 9 $ « •* 9 $ 9 6'0" 6'1|" 5' 2\" 6' 6" 5' H" 4' 9£" V 84" l' H" V 6i" 1' 1U"1 i' H" 1' 74" V 44/' 6' llfl'lli" 7/ 31, 6' 8i" 5' 54-" I'll" 1' 10" l"-7P 5' 8|" 1' 7" 5' 6|" 1' 7^" 2' 3-f" 0' 6F1 ••• 7' 64/'2' Of, ... 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 16 16 17 16 18 17 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 16 16 17-16 17 14 14 14 14 14 13 14 12 12 14 *12 14 14 12 14 14 12 14 13 14 12 12 2 loreals. Contained eggs. } postoculars. 11 large Subocular absent on left side. 3 postoculars. Contain- ed a large frog (Rana tigrina). Subocular absent. Contained a largo frog {Rana tigrina'). Tail incomplete. Contained a large frog {Rana tigrina). Contained two frogs {Rana tigrina'). Contained a f vog(Rana tigrina), a lizard {Calotes versicolor), and a toad ( Bufo mela?iostictus). Ant. chins touch 4 infralabials. Con- tained a frog ( Rana tigrina), caudal ex- tremity swallowed first. 2 loreals. NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE. 301 Scales. to • ■r a .a -3 J3 i> DO a a. a o Remake*. •43 1-1 CD 2 3 ■a o ■5 a 03 O .a t-i •*J M a .~ B M ,o ■a a 03 c 0> CO 3 a] l> d t/3 C4 § cV- 23-3-04. *•• amm 30-3-04. 9 3' "bj" 0' 9|" • • • • • • 17 17 14 9-4-04. • • * 2' 6" • • • ... * • • • • • ... ... 25-4-04. $ 6' 10i" 1' 11" • •• • • • 17 17 14 9 labials, the 5th and 6th touching the eye. 3-5-04. $ ■ ■• • •• ■ • • • •• 17 16 14 3 postoculars left side. 7-5-04. • • • • •• ■ •■ • •• 17 16 12 2 loreals right side. 1 6-5-0-1. "$ 6' 6f i' n" -•* ■ •• 17 14 12 17-5-04. 9 3' If 0' lOf" • •• ••* • •• Ate a snake (Trojndc- notus stolatus) caged with it, 30th May 1904. 21-5-04. $ • • • • •• • •• • • • 17 16 14 22-5-04. 6' 10" i' H" 9^ • ■ • ... • •• • •• 30-5-04. $ 5' 8£" r 8±" 202 137 17 17 14 6-6-04. 9 5' 9f 1' 7" 200 • • • 17 16 12 Tail incomplete. 6-6-04. $ 6' 6" • •• ■■■ ... 17 16 12 7th labial confluent with a posterior temporal. 22-6-04. $ 4' 4" 1' 3|" • •• *•* • • • ... • • • Killed in act of swal- lowing a frog. 24-6-04. $ 7' 0£' 1' llf 196 128 • • • ■ • • • •• 4 loreals on left side. Contained a large rat. 29-6-04. $ 3' 1" 0' 11" 192 132 17 16 14 4th labial subdivided to form a second subocular. 11-7-04. $ 3' Hi" i' 2' 195 131 17 17 13 Ant. chins touch 4 labials on right side. 1-8-04. 9 5' 9i" 1' 7|" 197 127 17 17 14 Labials 9 with the 5th and 6th touching the eye on left side. Contained 13 eggs measuring f4" — §a" Y ~ II R // A 20 " SO • Dendrophis jrictus. The " Villoonee " pronounced more like " Billoonee " of the Mala- baris, from, I am told, " Villoo," a bow, and " Ooni," to thrust into. They have some legend about this snake fixing its tail in the ground, and poising on this extremity with its body in the shape of a bow. 6 specimens came into my hands, 5 males and 1 female. The only one 302 JOURNAI, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. I had alive never attempted to bite me though it struggled vigorously in my grasp. The labials in all were 9 with the 5th and 6th touching the eye. A 00 00 C3 p Remarks. © Q CO to a '3 E-< a 17-11-03 9 3' H" V 05" 168 115 27-11-03 $ 2' 4£" 0' 8f 176 1!8 Ant. Chins touch 4 labials on right 23- 3-04 A 3' or 0'lir(168 117 side. 26- 4-04 $ 3' 0£" O'llfj ... ... 13- 5-04 # 3' 0|" O'll "I ... ... 27- 6-04 $ 2' 1\" 0' 9|"170 115 The scales two headlengths behind the head number 15 in all, midbody 15 in all, two headlengths in front of the vent are 9 in 5 male speci- mens, 11 in the female. Tropidonotus stolatus. This snake is called " Therlian " by the natives. Of the 50 specimens collected 17 were females, and 20 males. The sex was not recorded in the other 13. It was far more abundant in the rains, 39 of the specimens being obtained in June and July, whereas in the dry season, it is hardly to be found at all, only 2 specimens were brought me during the four months January to April. The only two occasions on which I found anything in the stomach frogs had been eaten, and in captivity they ate frogs readily. Coition was accomplished in the early rains (May and June), and the eggs from 5 to 10 in number were deposited in July and August, hatching as late as November. A hatchling measured 6J inches, or about one quarter the length of a large adult. Specimens I caught, and had in captivity allowed themselves to be freely handled, and rarely attempted to bite. Some when flushed evinced alarm by erect- ing themselves, and flattening the forebody. All specimens were adorned with blotches or spots of pale blue, or vermilion in the anterior part of the body. Of the 50 specimens 16 were adorned with red, 31 with blue and in 3 this is not recorded. Of the 16 red, 6 were males, 7 females, and 3 unrecorded. Of the 31 blue, 14 were males, 10 females, and 7 not recorded. With refer- ence to the coloration of snakes Darwin* quotes Dr. Giinther as having •* Descent of Man," p. 538. NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE. 303- informed him that he could almost always distinguish the male from the female by his more strongly pronounced tints. In this connection the following excerpt from my notebook of June 10th is especially interesting : — A jail warder on the evening of the 9th June encountered and caught 5 specimens of this species in close proximity. The next morning I examined the spot, and ascertained that though no two were actually found together, they were all flushed within 20 to 30 yards of ono another, on a piece of ground bare except for a few strips of grass on the bunds of a dried up paddy field. One proved to be a female heavily pregnant with 6 nearly matured eggs, the rest were adult males, I supposed attracted to her in ignorance of her maternal expectations. The female was very brilliantly blotched vermilion on the foreback, and spotted on the belly with the same colour, her throat was bright orange. One male was identical in colouring, another differed by lacking the spots of vermilion on the belly, whilst the other two were unadorned with vermilion. It seems clear, therefore, that in this species the brilliant adornment is not of sexual import, since it is not the prerogative of either sex. A glance too at the accompanying table shows that it is not of seasonal significance. There seems to be little difference in the length of the sexes, or in the relative lengths of the bodies, and tails, but the females have rather fewer subcaudals (62-68) than the males (67-80). 43 J3 43 to 03 13 BEMABKS. <0 4-> •H M to a -• 43 .a SS OS (a a '3 CD 0 o K~ ro kJ H > w 16-11-03. Red. 9 1' Id}" J8 ... ... Labials 7, the 3rd and 4th touching the eye on the left side. 21-11-03. Blue. H" ... • •• ••• A hatchling ? 2-12-03. Blue. ... • • • ... • •• 6-12-03. Red. • • • • • • • a • • • • 11-12-03. Blue. 9 i" n" • •• 18-12-03 Blue. • • • •• • ... *•• 29-12-03. Blue. .. • ... «•• * . • Labials 7, the 3rd and 4th touching the eye on right side. 7-1-04. Blue. 9 1' 8f" ki// J4 138 68 2 postoculars right side. Tem- poral confluent with parietal. Ant. Chins touch 4 labials. 19-4-04. Blue. $ • •• ... ... 22-5-04. Red. ? i'H" 4. A// ... ■ at Ant, Chins touch 4 labials. Contained a frog. 6 ovarian follicles impregnated. 24-5-04. Blue. $ •* • ... • •• • • • Reported found coupled. 304 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Q to a BO rf o3 03 3 t- 03 o .Q 1 1 > 3 Re marks. 4-6-04. 9-')-04. 10-6-04. 10-6-04. 10-6-04. 10-6-04. 10-6-04. 14-6-04. 16-6-04. 18-6-04. 19-0-04. 21-6-04. 21-6-04. 21-6-04. 21-6-04. Bine. Blue. Bed. Bed. Bed. Blue. Blue. Blue. Blue. Blue. Blue. Bed. Blue. Blue. Blue. 22-6-04. 23-6-04. Bed. Bed. 27-6-04. Bed. 29-6-04. Bed. 4-7-04. 5-7-04. 5-7-04. Blue. Blue. Bed. 5-7-04. 6-7-04. 8-7-04. 9-7-04. Blue. Bed. Blue. Blue. 9-7-04. 10-7-04. Blue. Bed. 9 $ $ $ $ $ 9 $ $ 9 9 9 $ 9 9 $ J 1'9" 1'9" 7i» H" 9.1" *2 V 6" 1'3|" 1'5|" i'sr Vli V 71" 1'3§" l'9i" l'5f" 1'7 * 1'7|" 1'5£" 1'6 " i' H" V 7|" 1' 5|" 5" o±" 4i" A3'l A. I" 5" 41" *4 43// *8 *8 4f" 4|" 4 s// H" 4£" 43// *4 4F 140 143 140 138 138 142 140 139 138 144 143 138 142 68 75 67 67 72 75 65 62 56 62 142 74 139 67 138 67 139 78 143 72 139 74 142 71 137 71 Contained 6nearly mature eggs. Tail incomplete. Tail incomplete. 4 postoculars on right side. Labials 7, the 3rd and 4th touching the eye on left side. Ant. Chins touch 4 labials. 4 specimens brought, 3 escaped. Labials 7, the 3rd and 4th touching the eye. 6 ovarian follicles impregnated. Labials 7, the 3rd and 4 touch- ing the eye on left side. 4 postoculars. 8 ovarian folli- cles impregnated. Labials 7, the 3rd and 4th touching the eye. Laid 5 eggs 29th July 1904 (U"— ±-8" V _?_" 0 "\ 20 •* 20 25 J' 10 ovarian follicles impregnat- ed. Tail incomplete. Labia's 7, the 3rd and 4th touching the eye. Labials 7, the 3rd and 4th touching the eye on left side. Ant. Chins touch 4 labials on left side. Labials 8 with the 4th and 5th touching the eye. Ant. Chins touch 6 infralabials on right side. Contained 7 eggs. Contained 5 eggs. Labials 7, the 3rd and 4th touching the eye on the left side. Tail incomplete. Labials 8, the 4th and 5th touching the eye on left side. NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE. 305 a 0) 60 00 J* a M 03 a •^2 =3 fit 0 t3 > a RBMAKKS. 10-7-04. 15-7-04. 15-7-04. 18-7-04. 21-7-04. 28-7-04. 30-7-04. 30-7-04. Red. • •• • •• ... • • * ... Blue. $ 1'5 " 4|" 142 80 Blue. 9 • • • ••• ... Blue. $ r 6|" 4f" 140 76 Red. 9 1'7|" A3II *4 141 G6 Blue. $ ... ... ... ... Blue. 9 ... ... ■ • • ... Blue. 9 ... ... ■•• ... Labials 7, the 3rd and 4th touching the eye. Ant. Chins touch 4 labials. Contained a frog eaten caudal extremity first. Contained 8 eggs, 7th and 8th labials confluent on left side. Pregnant, died in my absence. Pregnant, discharged eggs later when absent from home on leave. The scales in all were alike. Two heads lengths behind the head 19 ; niidbody 19 ; two heads lengths in front of the vent 17. Tropidonotus piscator. "Neer Kolee" is what the natives call small specimens. This means " Water fowl " and I notice Oates * mentions this name as applied to at least three ducks in Southern India, the ruddy Sheldrake, the Comb duck, and the Spotbill. Large specimens are called " Neer Mandallee," the latter term apparently being equivalent to " snake ". Of the 39 specimens, 10 had the sex unrecorded, and of the rest 8 were males and 21 females making it appear that females are more numerous. Both my largest specimens were females. Males had longer tails. Like the last it is most in evidence during and after the rains. Three specimens had eaten frogs, and on more than one occasion one was brought wriggling on a hook which had been baited with a frog by native urchins. It will be noticed from the following table that eggs were deposited in January, and a hatchling appeared in March. The scales in all were the same, vh., 2 heads lengths behind the head 19; midbody 19; 2 heads lengths before the vent 17. • The Game Birds of India, Part II., pp. 92, 103, 150. IS 306 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. CD REMARKS. a 60 +3 a 43 k a .7!. a & ■fl a rJ) 6-11-03. $ 1' 6|" y 133 • • • Tail incomplete. Contained a small frog. 9-11-03. ... ••• -.. ... ••■ Two specimens. 10-11-03. *• • Three specimens. 11-11-03. $ 2'*4" 8|" • •• 11-11-03. ? •«• • •• ... •■■ Bright olive green dorsally, bright crim- son in the flanks. 11-11-03. 9 3' 2£" 9£" r • • ••• Contained a large frog {Rana tigrina). 12-11-03. S ... m Another specimen sex undetermined. 12-11-03' ... ■ •• • ■• ••• 12-11-03. 9 »•• • • • • • • ... Olive brown with very large black spots. 13-11-03. 9 «•• • •• • • ■ • •• 14-11-03. 9 • •• • •• • •• • •• 17-11-03. 9 2' 10" 8f ■ •■ • » • 18-11-03. 9 2' 4£" 7£" ... #B« 20-11-03. 9 2' 6" 8" ... • • • Dull brown, chequered buff, and blackish. 24-11-03. 9 ... ■ •• "•* • •• 25-11-03 $ 3'1" 11" • •• • •• 25-11-03. $ 2' 8^" 10" • • • • • • 28-11-03. 9 • • • • •• -• • Another specimen. Sex undetermined. 6-12-03. • • • • •• *•• 4- 1-04. 9 2''7|" 8|" ... • •• Contained 20 nearly mature eggs. 10- 1-04. 9 3' 1\" 10|" • ** ... Deposited 57 eggs, 14th Jan. 1904 in her tin of. water. 23- 3-04. • •• *•• ■ • ■ :•• A hatchling. 4 praefroutals. 29- 3-04. »•• ... • • • ■ •■ • •• 14- 6-04. 9 ... ••• ... • •• Sloughed, 19th June 1904 and again 13th July 1904. 15- 6-04. 9 1' 2|" °4 142 75 20- 6-04. 9 1' 0" 9 1// °8 136 74 5th labial transversely divided on right side. 24- 6-04. $ ? 2' 3|" 1\" 140 73 I failed to discover any trace of ovaries in spite of a long, and careful search. 28- 6-04. $ ■ . • ... • •• ... 2- 7-04. 9 1' 5" U" 145 79 7- 7-04. 9 i' iy> ... ... ... Tail incomplete. 13- 7-04. 9 2' 5£" • • 141 • •• Tail incomplete. 9 labials, the 4th only touching the eye on left side. 21- 7-04. 9 1' 4^" 41" 142 75 31- 7-04. $ 1' 3£" 4±" 130 81 2- 8-04. 9 «y 7 l // O 1 REMABKS. 11-11-03, 28-11-03 16-3-04. 29-4-04. 12-5-04. 23-5-04. 1-8-04. • •• 2' 1|" 4|" 218 83 ... • •• • • • • •• • •• $ ... ... • •• *•• ... ... • •• ... ... 9 1' H|" 4.JL" *4 ... ... 9 2' 6A" Kill J2 230 76 9 2' 2|" 4f" 230 78 Labials 9, the 4th, 5th and 6th touching the eye on the right side. Contained a lizard {Calotes versicolor). Contained a lizard {Calotes versicolor"). Labials 8, the 4th and 5th only touching the eye. The scales were the same in all specimens, and also in 2 sloughs I found on hushes, 2 heads lengths from head 21 ; midbody 21 ; 2 heads lengths before vent 15. Dryophis mycterizans. The " pachola " of the Malabaris. 1 obtained 49 specimens, the sex was not recorded in 28, and of the rest 15 were females and 6 males. The accompanying table makes it appear oommonest in November* but this is not the case as far as I am aware. I had to discourage the natives from bringing it in, it proved so plentiful. I believe it will be found equally in evidence all the year round. The females appear to grow much larger, my largest male was 4 feet, 4f inches, and I obtained 7 females of greater length, the largest being 6 feet and £ inch. The males had longer tails. The ventrals in the two sexes were about the same, but the subcaudals were much more numerous in the males (166 — 170) than in the females (137 — 149). Lizards proved the favoured article of diet. My one pregnant specimen contained immature eggs late in July. Two specimens I judged to be hatchlings* were received late in November. • Ferguson " B. N. H. S. Jl. " Vol.2, p. 6, "records the birth of ycang measuring '' abaut seventeen inches." NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE. 309 Q x 8 60 a o REilARES. 22 specimens in November of which I record the following : — 12-11-03. 12-11-03. 14-11-03. 17-11-03 20-11-03. 21-11-03. 22-11-03. 23-11-03. 25-11-03. 1-12-03. 5-12-03. 10-12 03. 16-12-03. 20-12-03 20-12-03. 28- 1-04. 29- 1-04. 29- 1-04. 21- 4-04. 27- 4-04. 29- 4-04 27- 5-04. 18- 6-04 21- 6-04. 1 1- 7-04. 29- 7-04. 30- 7-04. 9 $ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 I $ 9 3' 3£" 3' 6£" 5' W 5' li" 4' 4f • •• 1'5" 1' 6|" 3' U" • •• 4'"oV 3' 8f 5' 0£" 4' 9i" 5' 33" 1' 8" 6' Of 4' 4.]" 2' 8" 2' 6^" 1' 4" J179 1' 3*" 176 1' 11^" 176 r 9r 1' 9f 7'i" 1'3" 169 170 171 174 144 140 118? Temporals 2. Temporals 2 on left side. Suboculars 2. 1' 6" 1' 9 j" 1' 8f" 1' llf" 2' 11" l'lOi" ... 1' 01" 177 170 145 10|" 2' 9 A" 1' 1£" 4' 10" 1' 9f" 2' H" lOf" 171 169 175 174 166 147 167 149 137 ventral divid- Tail incomplete. Tail incomplete. Last ed. Temporals 2. 3rd and 4th labials confluent. Labials 8, the 4th and 5th touching the eye, no subocular, 1 postocular. I believe a hatchling. Do. Labials 9, the 6th only touching the eye. Last ventral divided. Contained a lizard (Caloles versicolor). 1 specimen in February, 2 specimens in March, 5 specimens in April. Last ventral divided. Labials 7, the 4th only touching the eye on the right side. 5 specimens in May. Last ventral divided. Labials 9, the 6th only touching the eye on the right side. Anterior chins touch 4 infralabials only. Navel involves 4 ventrals and 9 tervene between it and the anal. in- Anterior chins tonch 4 infralabials only. 2 suboculars. Contained a gecko. Labials 9, the 6th only touching the eye on the left side. Captured in act of swallowing a loriquet {Loriculus ver- nalis). Contained 7 eggs, the largest \%' with no trace of embryo. The scales the head 15 ; show some variation posteriorly. 2 heads lengths behind midbody 15 ; 2 beads lengths in front of vent 11 or 9. 31 U JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Sub-family HYDROPHIIKE. Hydrus platurus. One female specimen of Boulenger's variety E.* Length 2 feet 6| inches ; tail 3| inches. Ventrals about 339. There were 3 prae- oculars on the right side ; and 2 on the left. Labials 10 with the 5th only touching the eye. The scales 2 heads lengths behind the head 52 ; midbody 58 ; 2 heads lengths in front of vent 51. The 2nd supralabial did not touch the praefrontal on either side. There was a loreal on the left side. There were two small cuneate scales between the frontal, and parietal shields. DlSTIRA GILLESPLE. This rare snake has been already reported, and described by me in the Bombay Natural History Journal, Vol. XV., pp. 723 — 6. Enhydris curtus. Evidently quite a common snake on this coast. The anal shield was divided into 4, except where noted otherwise. The praefrontals touched the 2nd labial in all specimens. I obtained 11 specimens, of which I have tabulated the following : — CS O 9-2-04. 11-2-04 11-2-04 16-2-04. 16-2-04. 23-2-04, 11-4-04 7-5-04 5-6-04, $ l' H" i' &l" V 7f 2' 9£" 1' H" 2' 5" 2' 9 J" 2' 9f" OS a u a > SCALES. 2 heads length behind the head. .a 2 heads length in front of vent. Remarks. 24" If 2|" A4 n" H" 3" 165 31-30 37 33 194 34 40 38 164 30 37 31 159 30 36 32 163 31 37 31 15 1 31 35 33 30 36 31-32 ... 30 36 34 183 36 43 39 8 supralabials, the 3rd and 4th touching the eye. Labials 8, the 3rd, 4th and 5th touching the eye on right side. Said to have been " in co- pula " with last. Prefrontals touch 2nd and 3rd labials. Anal 6-fid. Labials 6, the 3rd and 4th touching the eye. No spinose ventral tuber- cles. Labials 5 on right side. Anal 6-fid, Labials 7, the 4th only touching the eye. Ta- ken on land close to a backwater 1* miles from the sea. • Oat. Snakes, Brit. Mus., Vol. Ill, p. 268. NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE. 311 Enhy&rina Valakadyen. Of the 29 specimens collected, the sex is not recorded in 16. Of the remainder there were 5 males and 8 females. Three of the latter were mothers, with young in an advanced state of development, and in the aaorregate these contained 19 foetus, of which 7 were males and 12 females, so that the latter appear to predominate. It appeared to be equally common near the shores throughout the whole year. I could have obtained them in bucketfuls at any time, but had to discourage the fishermen from bringing them in on account ©f expense in rewards. The few specimens that had fed contained fish only, and it was a matter of daily occurrence for sepoys and others fishing off the rocks to pull up their lines with one of these snakes wriggling on the hook. I had 4 pregnant females, on dates indicating that the young 4 — 9 in number are discharged about January and February. The young were suspended in a pellucid, viscid, fluid, resembling castor oil in colour, and consistency, overlying a mass of yolk, and encapsuled in flaccid, capacious, and completely transparent thin -walled chambers, bearing no resemblance to the eggs of any other snakes I have seen. The embryos were coiled spirally, and occupied that region of the chambers nearest to the vertebral column, and those of the most advanced brood measured from 10| — 11 inches. These lived for some minutes after liberation from their enveloping membranes, during which the pulsations of the heart were very obvious. Placed in spirit the males extruded their genitals in the act of dying. It is evidently of a peaceful disposition. I never excited one to strike at or bite any offending object, and none of the many soldiers and others who habitually bathed in the sea, where they were very plentiful, were ever bitten. It is extremely tenacious of life, and is most difficult to kill. I kept some specimens alive for ten days, and many left their ghurrahs of water and wandered for days about the flower-pots in a sunken verandah. It was able to make some progression on land in a heavy laboured way. My largest specimen was 4 feet, 7 inches. The smallest pregnant female measured 3 feet 2 inches. The females had a much deeper conformation of body than the males. The male claspers were bifid on each side as in vipers, they were villose, and had a median raphe posteriorly which divided and 312 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVL passed up each limb. The extremities of these organs were not surmounted by tentacles, and were therefore unlike what obtains in most snakes. My notes on this species are too imperfect to quote in extenso, but the following abnormalities are worth mention. The prefrontals were not in contact with the 2nd labial in 7 specimens, including 4 specimens of a brood of 4. The 4th labial did not touch the eye in 7 specimens, including 3 of a brood of 6. The prseoculars were 2 in 2 specimens of a brood of 4. The 1st and 2nd labials were confluent in 3 specimens of a brood of 9. The postoculars were 2 in 2 female specimens and in 7 males. It is curious that in the brood of 9 all the males had 2 postoculars, and all the females only 1. In the brood of 6 the same was observed. The frequency of the same abnormality in the same brood suggests its inheritance from one or other parent. Sub-family ELAPINAE. Bungarus candidus. Called " valla pamboo " in this locality. " Valla " I am told means " bangle. " Males were much more numerous than females. The colour of the hatchling was unlike the adult?, the white arches being exceptionally distinct. There were 30 distinct linear arches on the body arranged in pairs, and 9 on the tail. Anterior to these were 3 broad white bars involving 2 scales vertebrally, and evidently occasioned by a confluence of a pair of the arches which subsequently occurred as discrete lines. The intervals between the most anterior bars involved 12-13 scales vertebrally. They gradually shortened to implicate 6-8 scales in the back part of the body between each pair. An ill-defined, but very distinct, white oblique streak occupied the temporal region. I kept two alive for a few days ; both I believe must have been injured. They frequently used to nibble one another in a playful way, opening their jaws and shifting their grasp along each other's bodies as though selecting a suitable spot in which to bury their fangs. I could not through the glass of their cage discover any wounds as a result, but the younger died the day after my witnessing this somewhat dubious playfulness on the part of the larger snake. Their lengths were 2 feet 10 inches and 1 foot 7^ inches. In all the specimens the scales were alike, viz., 2 heads lengths behind the head 15 ; midbody 15 ; 2 heads lengths in front of the vent 15. NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE. 313 The supracaudals in all were in odd numbers, a very unusual charac- ter in snakes, but occurring with few exceptions where the subcaudals arc entire. The enlarged and hexagonal character of tho vertebral row was retained, though somewhat modified, in the whole length of the tail as I have remarked in previous notes. All specimens belonged to var. C. ( Boulenger* ) cceruleus. DD . 00* a •a ■SJ oS 3 60 -t-» M a • fl a .a CD at cc I-] H ► J en REMARKS. 13-11-03, 17-11-03 £6-11-03 20- 1-04. 17- 3-04. 23- 0-04. 9 2'10" 97/< °8 217 39 8 1'7J" OS" ^8 216 41 8 3'7" 5" 212 42 ? 2'7f 3f 208 38 $ 3'3" 4f" 213 43 $ ior If 209 40 Contained a snake {Lyrodon milieus)' 1 foot 6| inches long. Recorded B. N. H. S. J., Vol. XV, p. 706. I believe a hatchling ; navel involved 3 ventrals, and 20 more intervened between it and the anal shield. Naia tripudians. Called by the natives here " Moorookan " and " Sairpoom." From the annexed list the disparity of the sexes will be seen to be vastly in favour of tho male. All specimens were of variety A- a of Boulenger,f and almost exactly alike in colour, viz., variegated with wheat colour, and pale dun, dis- tributed with a slight tendency to form transverse bars, especially in tho posterior part of tho body and tail. These colours were disposed upon tho skin and hardly at all on the scales. The head was olive- brown, with some or most of the sutures on the crown black. The hood from before backwards was whitish, merging through cinnamon or rusty red to intense black, which latter was abruptly defined poste- riorly. A well-defined, white, black-margined, spectacle-mark centrally and a black crescent and spot laterally. These very elegant hues and marks, confined almost entirely to the skin, showed the snake to great * Cad. Snakes, Brit. Mas., Vol. in, p. 369. t Cat. Snakes, Brit. Mus., Vol. Ill, p. 381. 16 314 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI, advantage when the hood was erect. There were from 2 to 3> blackish-plumbeous ventral bands anteriorly. The eye was very black, the pupil in some specimens scarcely visible, and in others indicated only by a small arc of the iris being golden. The only female was pregnant on 12th February with 16 large, but immature, eggs. Scales. p Kemarks. DO 'O fi ri ^ o £5 fit* n D M A 60 □ s ►4 "5 03 a > CO ,£•0 «.S ..2 >> ■a o 1 aj O £ c TD o o s- 10-12-03. $ 5' 3" H" 27-28 23 15 Tail incomplete. 12- 2-04. V • •• • •• • •• 27 24 15 Contained lGeggs(l' X 22- 2-04. $ • •• 26-27 25 15 3 > 18- 3-04. $ 4'"5" 8?' »•« • •« 27-28 23 15 19- 3-04. $ 4' 11" 9f" ■ • ■ * ■ • 27 22 15 21- 3-04. $ 3' 1\" 7" ■ • • • • > 27 23 15 Contained a frog. 9- 4-04. ■ ■• • •• • •• • •• . • * • • • • • • 19- 4-04. "$ ... • •• • •• ... •2G-27 23 15 3- 5-04. • •• • •• • • J • •• • « • ... • #• 17- 5-04. $ »• • • •■ • •• ... 28 22 15 20- 7-04. $ 3' 7" 64" 188 56 1 31 23 17 Family VIPERIM. Sub-family ViPERlNiE. Vipera russellii. This is called locally " Mand&llee," and as I have remarked under Eryx conictis in this paper, these two snakes are confused by the natives, and both treated with equal dread. The following table indicates a considerable preponderance of males (10) over females (1). It appeared to be breeding in the cool weather, and the young were born in May and June. The smallest hatchling was 9-| inches at birth, or about one-seventh the length of a very large adult. In a state of nature, rats proved the favoured article of diet, and my note of May 17th shows that the young subsist on mammals like their parents. The navel involved 4 to 5 ventrals, and from 13-15 separated it from the anal shield. The smallest I kept alive for a day or two, in a biscuit-box. It was very alort, resented interference of any sort, and struck most viciously at NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE. 315 the mice given it, both of which it killed but did not eat. Its hiss was louder than that of an adult dhaman. When grasped, it moved its fangs actively after the manner of vipers in general. All the four young were encountered in close proximity (300 — 400 yards) to the Jail Superintendent's house, one actually on one of the pot plants in the verandah. Probably these were members of the samo brood. Scales. 05 n S3 S3 013 REMARKS. m *fc3 -t S3 . S o oo 30 — j>> IK ^ S3 -a p ■a *cJ rO O .13 o3 s a o c« >* 3 i CO 1-12-03. 8 3' 7" 7f" 164 55 27 31 21 7-12-03. 8 3' 3" 6f ••• • • • 27 29-30 23 14-12-03. • •• • •■ ••• • •• • • • • • • >•• 1 5-1 2-03. "i 3' 9^" 6|" •• • • • • 27 29 21 28-12-03. 8 4' 24/' 7T» 1 8 165 53 27 29 21 Said to have been con- joined with another which escaped. 9- 1-04. $ ... •«• 170 55 27 31 21 Contained a large rat. 17- 2-04. * 2' 11" u8 27 29 21 Contained a large rat. 17- 3-04. ^ 2' 7£" K I » • •• • •• 25 29 23-21 27- 4-04. ■*• •■■ • •• • •• * • • .. • • • •9a 15- 5-04. ••• 9? 13" l8 • • • >•• • mm *•■ • •• 17- 5-04. 10i" H" • •• ■ •• ... • •• Contained a mouse. Found on a pot plant in verandah. 1- 6-04. 9 m" H" • •• • •• pa* ... »•• Navel involves 5 ven- trals, and 1 3 intervene between it and anal shield. 3- 6-04. 8 ii*" i|" 169 55 • *« • •• Navel involves 4 ven- trals, and 15 inter- vene between it and anal shield. Last 2 subcaudals entire. 21- 7-04. 8 2'lOf" 5|" 170 57 27 31 22-21 Contained a rat. 30- 7-04. 8 1 ' Al'i * *8 2£" 168 56 27 29 21 14 vcntrals between navel and vent. This paper would not bo complete without some observations on the weather. 316 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. In December 1903 there were thunder showers from the 1st to the 4th instant. In January 1904 drizzling rain on the 2nd instant. In February no rain. In March heavy rain on the 18th, and a shower on the 20th. In April, showers on the 1st, 9th, 21st, 24th to 26th, and 29th to 30th. In May heavy rain ( the commencement of the " barra barsat ") on the 11th continuing throughout the month with a rainfall of 12-65. June heavy rain throughout the month registering 55'38 inches. July heavy rain throughout the month, with a break between the 25th and 30th. Rainfall amounted to 39*36 inches. In all, 377 specimens were collected including 21 species. With the exception of a few rarities the sex was ascertained by actual dissection, so that the pregnant specimens recorded were without doubt the only ones in this state. I think tabulated notes such as 1 have appended with most of the above species would, if carefully kept, throw a good deal more light upon these creatures than might appear at first sight. Many deductions of an entirely unexpected character may be drawn from some such system, but a much larger number of statistics are necessary to establish correct information, and I appeal to those interested in the subject to contribute what they can in this manner. As an illustration of the unexpected I will give another extract from my note book, selecting Bungarus fasciatus for my purpose. It will bo seen from the following table that most of the specimens were obtained in the month of July, and I must mention they all wore caught about the Jail at Insein near Rangoon, except one in Rangoon itself. If their measurements be carefully studied, it will be seen that they fall into groups according to their lengths : thus 4 specimens ranged between 1 foot 5f inches and 1 foot 9 inches ; 2 specimens between 2 feet 4| inches and 2 feet 7 inches ; 3 specimens between 3 feet 7 inches and 3 feet 11 inches, and 1 specimen was 4 feet 5f inches. It certainly appears to me that these must represent the offspring of successive years, in which caso ono may deduce that the rate of growth for this species is proximately one foot a year. Now the length of a hatchling and the length of a pregnant specimen would allow one to judge the age at which they acquire maturity. It is to be regretted NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE. 317 that the sexes in this very interesting series were not investigated, and I frequently have to deplore similar gaps in past notes which are badly needed to confirm or refute conclusions drawn : — Bungarus fasciatus. m M S3 00 S3 0> C3 CD ■a 0 as .0 CO J EH k GO Remarks. ?-7-99 ?-7-99 P-7-99 3-7-99 8-7-99 8-7-99 8-7-99 10-7-99 15-7-99 31-8-99 31-8-99 ?-9-99 ?-9-99 14-8-00 24-6-00 l'7i" 1' 7i" 2' 7" 3' 8" 3' 7" 1' 9" 1' 5f" 3' 11" 2' 4£" 1' 10" 2' 0 1 " 4' 5 1" 3' 11" 5' 9" 1 3// *4 11" 18 9 1// ^8" 4" 9 7// °8 91" ^8 13// x4 4" 91" "8 93// "8 Al" *8 4|" 55" 216 215 215 216 214 210 208 221 216 218 217 216 Anterior chins touch 4 infralabials. 32 Postoculars confluent with supraoculars. 33 32 33 32 34 30 35 31 32 34 Anterior chins touch 4 infralabials. Anterior chins touch 4 infralabials. Anterior chins touch 4 infralabials. 318 ON FISHES FROM THE PERSIAN GULF, THE SEA OF OMAN, AND KARACHI, COLLECTED BY Mr. F. W. TOWNSEND. (With 3 Plates.) By C. Tate Regan, B.A. (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th March 1905. J Mr. F. W. Townsond, who has, within the lust tew years, presented to the British Museum several collections of fishes from the Persian Gulf, the Mokran Coast and Karachi, and also some specimens dredged, at considerable depths in the Sea of Oman, has again collected a large series at these localities and also at Muscat. This contains examples of 18 species which are described below as new to science. I have added complete lists of the Fishes of the Persian Gulf and the deep-sea forms from the Sea of Oman which have been received from Mr. Townsend. In the case of those from Muscat, I have given only those species which do not appear in Steindachner's recent list (Denkschr. Ak. Wien., lsxi, 1902, p. 123), whilst a list of those from the Mekran Coast is being published in the Imperial Baluchistan Gazetteer. Willoy (Zool. Results, vi, p. 719, 1902) has noted the vertical position of Amphisile when swimming, and gives a figure representing it with the head upwards. One may feel inclined to suspect the correctness of this figure in view of the following interesting observation of Mr. Townsend on specimens of A. strigata (Gthr.) : — " Some of them were sufficiently alive when dredged to swim in a tub of water, the position they took up being head down, and they swam about in a vertical position using the three fins near the tail to propel themselves, the middle fin seeming to have the most business to do." Mr. Townsend writes that Mr. and Mrs. Whitby Smith have taken great interest in his collecting, and I have named two new species, Percis Smithii and Callionymus margaretce, in their honour. 1. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. Hemirhamphus sindensis. Depth of body about If times its breadth and 9^ times in the length (without caudal) ; length of head 2;^ times. Diameter of eye I3- times in the postorbital part of head and nearly equal to the interorbital width. Length of lower jaw in front of the termination of the upper jaw a little longer than the rest of head ; upper jaw as long as broad ; ON FISHES FROM THE PERSIAN GULF. 319 prseorbital a little deeper than long. Dorsal 14 ; anal 15 ; both scaly and commencing nearly opposite each other ; pectoral as long as distance from posterior margin of operculum to anterior edge of pupil ; origin of ventrals equidistant from anterior edge of praeoperculum and base of caudal ; caudal forked. Scales deciduous, 50-55 in a longi- tudinal series. A silvery stripe on the side becoming broader posteriorly. Length, to base of caudal, 188 mm. A single specimen from Karachi. APOGON HOLOTjENIA. Depth of body nearly oqual to length of head, 2f times in the length (without caudal). Snout § as long as eye, the diameter of which is 2| times in the length of head, interorbital width about 5 times. Lower jaw slightly projecting ; maxillary extending to below posterior edge of pupil. Outer edge of prseopercle, suborbital ring and supraclavicle finely serrated. Dorsal VII, I 9. Anal II 8. Second dorsal spine ?-4 the length of third, which is stronger and slightly longer than the fourth and equal to \ the length of head ; second anal spine -3- the length of head ; soft dorsal and anal with outer edges emarginate ; pectoral extending slightly beyond, ventral nearly to origin of anal ; caudal notched, with rounded lobes. 25-26 scales in a longitudinal series. Caudal peduncle I2 times as long as deep. Head and body with longi- tudinal black stripes ; a median one from between the eyes nearly to origin of spinous dorsal ; on each side one from the snout, running- above the eye and the lateral line to the caudal peduncle ; a second from the upper part of eye running below the lateral line to below the soft dorsal ; a third from tip of snout through the eye and along the middle of the side to the extremity of the caudal ; a fourth from tip of lower jaw through the base of pectoral to the caudal peduncle; faint traces of a dusky stripe at the base of both soft dorsal and anal. Length, to base of caudal, 44 mm. Three specimens from Muscat, 15-30 fathoms. This is the species figured by Day* as A. endekatcenia (Blkr.) and which Bleekor considered to be identical with A. fasciatus (White). Several species have been confounded under this latter name, which differ from each other not only in form and proportions, but also constantly in the * Fish. Iudia, pi. XVI, fig. 7 ( 1 fig. 4 also). 320 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. arrangement of the stripes on the body. The British Museum possesses examples of the true A.faseiatus from New South Wales and also from Dr. Bleeker's collection. This is the species figured by Bleeker f. In it the middle lateral stripe forms a large blotch on the base of the cau- dal fin, the upper lateral stripe is strongly curved above and quite distinct from the lateral line, and the stripe between them is short, extend- ing only from the eye to the edge of the operculum. Apogon halinensis (Blkr.) has been figured by GuntherJ ; the middlo stripe extends to the end of the middle caudal rays, the upper lateral stripe is nearly straight, and there is no stripe between these two. Apogon novemfasciatus (C. V.) has also been figured by Giinther § ; it is very similar in coloration to A. balinensis, but the stripes are broader, and end at the base of the caudal. Apogon mblanot^nia (PI. Ill, fig. 4). Depth of body 2§-3 times in the length (without caudal) ; length of head 2f times. Snout § as long as the eye, the diameter of which is 2 |-3 times in the length of head, interorbital width 4^ times. Lower jaw shorter than the upper ; maxillary extending to below posterior edge of pupil. Outer edge of prseoperculum and suprascapula serrated. Dorsal VII, I 9, Anal II 8. Dorsal spines stout, the second \ as long as the third, which is a little longer than the fourth and more than \ the length of head ; second and spine § the length of head ; outer odgos of soft dorsal and anal straight or slightly emarginate ; pectoral and ventral extending to origin of anal ; caudal notched, with rounded lobes 23-25 scales in a longitudinal series. Caudal peduncle l^-lf times as long as deep. Body with longitudinal blackish' stripes which are, anteriorly, broader than the spaces between them ; a median one from between the eyes to the spinous dorsal, dividing to run on each side below the bases of the dorsal fins and reuniting on the upper part of the caudal peduncle ; the second, slightly curved, from above the eye to the upper part of the root of the caudal ; the third from the upper part of the eye to below the second dorsal ; the fourth from the eye along the middlo of the side, ending in a spot at the base of the caudal ; the fifth from the snout through the lower part of the eye and the base of the pectoral to the lower part of the root of the caudal ; the sixth from the t Atlas Ichtfrjrol., VITT, pi. 48, fig. 4. % Fiscbe Siidsee, pi. XX, fig. B. § l.C. fig. A. ON FISHES FROM THE PERSIAN GULF. 321 lower jaw to the anal ; a blackish stripe on the basal part of both soft dorsal and anal fins. Length, to base of caudal. 73 mm. Nine specimens, from Charbar, Mekran Coast, from Karachi, from the Nicobars (Day Coll.) and from Zanzibar (Playfair Coll.) This species is closely allied to A. fasciatus (White) and A. endekatcenia. (Blkr.), differing from both in the arrangement of the stripes, the wider interorbital space and the included lower jaw. Apogon spilurtjs (PI. Ill, fig. 5). Depth of body about 2f times in the length (without caudal), length of head 2|-2| times. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which is 2f times in the length of head and greater than the interorbital width. Maxillary extending to below posterior edge of pupil ; lower jaw scarcely projecting. Outer edge of prseoperculum serrated ; other bones of the head entire. Dorsal VII, I 9. Anal II 8. Dorsal spines rather slen- der, the second about half as long us the third, which is somewhat stronger but not longer than the fourth ; longest dorsal spine about | the length of head ; second anal spine 5-5 the length of head ; soft dorsal and anal with their outer edges emarginate ; pectoral extending a little beyond, ventral nearly to origin of anal ; caudal notched, with rounded lobes. 26 scales in a longitudinal series. Caudal peduncle lg-H times as long as deep. A blackish longitudinal stripe from the snout through the eye to the edge of the prseoperculum ; a blackish spot on each side at the base of the caudal, usually above the lateral line and sometimes confluent dorsally with its fellow ; a blackish stripe along the base of the anal. Length, to base of caudal, 50 mm. Five specimens from Karachi. This species bears a considerable resemblance to the Japanese A. notatus, which is at once distinguished by the strongly projecting lower jaw. Apogonichthys nudus (PI. Ill, fig. 6). Depth of body about 3§ times in the length (without caudal), length of head nearly 3 times. Snout shorter than the diameter of eye, which is ^ the length of head and greater than the interorbital width. Cleft of mouth very oblique, the maxillary extending to below the anterior \ of eye, the lower jaw projecting. None of the hones of the head serrated ; praeoperculum with posterior edge slightly emarginate and 17 322 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. angle rounded. Dorsal VI, I 9. Anal II 11. Dorsal spines feeble, the second or the second and third the highest ; soft dorsal and anal with slightly cmarginate outer edges ; pectoral extending beyond origin of anal, ventrals to the vent ; caudal notched, scales deciduous. Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep. A blackish line along the middle of the side from the operculum to below the end of the soft dorsal ; fins immaculate. Length, to base of caudal, -11 mm. Nine specimens from Karachi. Very closely allied to A. gracilis (Blkr.), which has II 12-13 anal rays, the first dorsal spine the highest, and the dark lateral stripe ex- tending from the snout to the caudal. ClRRHITIOHTHYS CALLIURUS (PI. II, fig. 3). Depth of body about 2| times in the length (without caudal), length of head 3^-3^ times. Snout as long as the eye, the diameter of which is of times in the length of head, and a little greater than the inter- orbital width. Maxillary extending to below anterior \ of eye ; prseorbital entire, its depth § the diameter of eye ; praoperculum strongly serrated ; supraclavicle serrated. Dorsal X 12, the fifth or sixth spine the longest, more than \ the length of head ; the first soft ray produced, reaching the caudal when laid back. Anal III 6, the second spine the longest, as long as longest soft rays and nearly g the length of head. Pectoral with 7 simple rays, extending a little beyond origin of anal ; ventral extending to origin of anal ; caudal truncate or slightly emarginate. 11-13 scales in a longitudinal series ; 4-4| between first dorsal spine and lateral line ; vertical fins covered with scales in their basal halves. Brownish, marbled with darker, the soft dorsal and anal and the caudal peduncle almost blackish ; caudal fin pale yellowish, sharply separated from the dark colour of the caudal peduncle, with a pink tinge at the base, a dark posterior margin and a few dark spots. Length, to base of caudal, 85 mm. Two specimens from Muscat, 15-30 fathom^. Platycbphalus nigripinnis (PI. I, fig. 2). Depth of body 6 times in the length (without caudal), length of head 3 times. Snout scarcely longer than the eye, the diameter of which is 4| times in the length- of head, interorbital width 1\ times, breadth of head 1? times. Maxillary extending to below anterior ^of eye. Upper surface of head flatfish, with ridges not or very feebly seriated and not ON FISHES FROM THE PERSIAN GULF. 323 distinctly spinate. Praeoperculum with 3 spines, the upper 1£ times in tho distance from its base to the eye. Dorsal IX, 12, the third spine slightly longer than tho second or fourth and nearly | tho length of head ; soft dorsal highest anteriorly, the second ray as long as tho longest spine. Anal 12. Pectoral extending ^ the distance from its base to origin of anal, ventral a little beyond origin of anal. Caudal truncate. 80 scales in a longitudinal series ; only the anterior 10-12 scales of the lateral line distinctly spinate. 5 or 6 indistinct dark blotches or bars on the side of the body ; fins blackish, the anal pale at the base and with a narrow light edge. Length, to base of caudal, 105 mm. A single specimen from Muscat, I 5-30 fathoms. Platycephalus townsendi (PI. I, fig. 1). Depth of body 7 times in the length (without caudal), length of head 3 times. Snout 1^-li times as long as eye, the diameter of which is 4^ times in the length of head, interorbital width D-10 times, breadth of head If times. Maxillary extending to below anterior \ of eye ; upper surface of head with weakly serrated ridges bearing very indistinct spines. Prseoperculum with 3 spines, the upper 1% times in the distance from its base to the eye. Dorsal IX, 12, the third spine nearly \ the length of head ; soft dorsal highest anteriorly, the second ray as long as tho longest spine. Anal 12. Pectoral extending \ the distance from its base to origin of anal, ventral a little beyond origin of anal. Caudal truncate. 53-56 scales in a longitudinal series ; only the anterior 16-20 scales of the lateral line distinctly spinate. Brownish : some darker spots or bars on the cheek ; base of the operculum blackish ; the naked area above the pectoral and covered by the opercular flap is white, with black vermiculations. Spinous dorsal blackish, the spines spotted ; soft dorsal with about 5 longitudinal series of spots on the rays : caudal and ventral blackish, with obscure spots, anal pale or dusky ; pectoral barred with spots. Length, to base of caudal, 157 mm. Two specimens : Karachi ; Muscat. Platycephalus maculipinna (PI. I, fig. 3). Depth of body 7^-8 times in the length (without caudal), length of head 3-3^ times. Snout l\-l\ times as long as the eye, the diameter of which is 4^-5^ times in the length of head, interorbital width 8 times, breadth of head 1§-1§ times. Maxillary extending to below anterior £ 324 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI, of eye. Upper surface of head with ridges bearing some short spines at intervals, but not serrated, except the supraorbital ridge, which has 3 or 4 teeth. Praeoperculum with a strong spine at the angle, as long us its distance from the orbit ; below it a short spinous projection and some- times another weaker one below that. Dorsal IX, 12 ; the third or fourth spine the highest, nearly \ the length of head ; soft dorsal highest anteriorly, the first ray as long as the longest spine. Anal 13. Pecto- ral extending \ the distance from its base to origin of anal, ventral to origin of anal. Caudal truncate. 100-104 scales in a longitudinal series ; lateral line spinate for its whole extent. Spinous dorsal with a large black blotch between the sixth and eighth spines ; soft dorsal with small dark spots on the membrane in front of each ray ; caudal blackish, with a pale lower edge ; anal pale, immaculate ; pectoral with small dark spots ; ventral blackish, with a narrow white edge. Length, to base of caudal, 190 mm. Three specimens from Muscat, 15-30 fathoms. Lbpidotrigla omanensis (PI. II, fig. 2). Depth of body 3^-3? times in the length (without caudal^, length of head 2§ times. Snout a little longer than eye, the diameter of which is 3^-3f times in the length of head and equal to the depth of the prseorbital. Inter orbital width 5 times in the length of head. Maxil- lary extending to vertical from anterior margin of eye or a little beyond. Snout with a pair of short strongly divergent pointed pro- cesses, with entire or minutely denticulated edges ; interorbital space strongly concave, and with a well-marked transverse groove behind it. Dorsal VIII, 14 ; the second and third spines the longest, less than \ the length of head. Anal 14. Pectoral extending to above 5th ray of anal, ventral to origin of anal. Caudal slightly emarginate. Scales feebly ciliated, those of the lateral line unarmed ; 53-57 scales in a longitudinal series, 2^ series above the lateral line ; 21-23 spiny plates along each side of the bases of the dorsal fins. Inner surface of pectoral black, without white spots but with a white margin which is broadest below ; spinous dorsal blackish posteriorly ; other fins immaculate. Length, to base of caudal, 88 mm. Three specimens from the Sea of Oman at a depth of 180 fathoms. In the allied L. spiloptera (Gthr.) the outer edges of the prceorbital spines are parallel instead of divergent as in this species, whilst the number of fin-rays is different. ON FISHES FROM THE PERSIAN GULF, 325 Percis Smithii. Depth of body G times in the length (without caudal), length of head 4 times. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which is 3-3£ times in the length of head and nearly 3 times the interorbital width. Maxillary extending to below anterior edge of pupil. Prseoperculum denticulated ; suboperculum finely serrated. Dorsul V, 22 ; the fourth spine the longest, more than § the length of head and more than twice as long as the fifth. Anal 19. Caudal slightly emarginate. Pectoral as long as the distance from anterior edge of eye to extremity of opercular spine. Ventrals extending to the vent. 60 scales in a longitudinal series. Brownish (in spirit) with traces of darker blotcues or bars on the side ; spinous dorsal pale ; soft dorsal with two rows of white spots ; caudal with undulating alternate light and dark cross-bars and with a pair of dark spots near the base ; pectoral pale, with a dark axillary blotch ; ventral pale, with the innermost ray blackish ; anal pale, immaculate. Length, to base of caudal, 113 mm. Two specimens from Muscat, 15-30 fathoms. Callionymus persictjs (PI. Ill, fig. 1). Depth of body 6f-7f times in the length (without caudal), length of head 3£-3g times ; breadth of head 4-4^ times. Diameter of eye 3-3| times in the length of head; eyes contiguous; gill-openino small, superior ; prseopercular spine straight, with serrated inner edop and a forwardly directed spinous process at its base. Lateral line single. Dorsal IV, 9 ; the anterior fin, in the male, elevated, and with the rays produced as filaments, in the female lower and with the rays not produced ; rays of the second dorsal equal, the last reaching the base of caudal when laid back. Anal 8, the posterior rays the longest. Vent- rals extending to pectorals beyond origin of anal. Caudal, in the male, elongate, as long as the fish, in the female about ^ as long. Body with 4 or 5 irregular dark cross-bands and with dark mottlings and lioht spots. Males with a V-shaped or heart-shaped blackish blotch on the throat, on each side of which alternate light and dark longitudinal stripes separated by narrow white lines extend back from the apex of the lower jaw over the gill membranes on to the ventral fin. Anterior dorsal dark, with undulating oblique white lines and with a small black spot at the upper margin just behind the second ray ; second 326 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. dorsal with 3 or 4 rows of oblong dark spots ; anal with a blackish band on its outer halt', which is continued on the lower part of the caudal ; caudal with several vertical series of oblong dark spots. Length, to base of caudal, 56 mm. Twelve specimens from the Persian Gulf, from the Mekran Coast and from Muscat. Callionymus Maugaket^ (PI. Ill, fig. 3). Depth of body 8 times in the length (without caudal), length of head 3-3^ times, breadth of head 4 times. Diameter of eye 2| times in the length of head ; eyes contiguous; gill — opening small, superior; prteoper- cular spine straight, with serrated inner edge and a forwardly directed spinous process at its base. Lateral line single. Dorsal IV, 9 ; the anterior fin, in the male, with the first ray produced into a filament ; second dorsal with the rays equal, the last reaching the base of caudal when laid back. Anal 8, the posterior rays the longest. Ventral ex- tending beyond origin of anal. Caudal, in the male, elongate, as long as the fish. Body with dark spots and markings ; a blackish oblong or triangular patch on the throat (in the male) ; anterior dorsal blackish, with white bars anteriorly and white spots posteriorly ; second dorsal with 3 or 4 rows of oblong dark spots ; anal with a blackish marginal band, which is continued on the lower part of the caudal ; caudal with vortical series of oblong dark spots. Length, to base of caudal, 47 mm. Two specimens (males) from Muscat, 15-30 fathoms. Very similar to C. persicus, but with a larger eye and without the elevated anterior dorsal and the striped throat of the males of that species. Callionymus muscatensis (PI. Ill, fig. 2). Depth of body 7 times in the length (without caudal), length of bead (to gill — opening) 3| times. Eyes contiguous, their diameter ^ the length of head ; gill — opening in front of the upper edge of the base of pectoral ; prseopercular spine straight, with both outer and inner edges denticulated, the inner edge with 5 teeth, the outer with 3 or 4, the anterior of which is directed forwards. Dorsal IV, 8 ; the anterior fin elevated and its rays produced in the male ; caudal, in the male, elongate, nearly § the length of the fish. Anal 8, the last ray elongate in the male. Greyish, with darker markings; caudal with dark cross-bars or series of spots; anal with a dark margin; dorsal fins, in the male, black- ON FISHES FROM THE PERSIAN GULF. 327 isli; in the female, anterior dorsal with a large oblong black spot between third and fourth rays ; second dorsal with series of spots on the rays. Length, to base of caudal, 35 mm. Two specimens from Muscat, 15-30 fathoms. This species approaches the genus Vulsus in the structure of the prseopercular spine. Blbnnius persicus (PL II, fig. 1). Depth of body nearly equal to length of head and 5-5f times in the length (without caudal). Diameter of eye about £ the length of head and twice the interorbital width. Snout uearly vertical ; cleft of mouth extending to below posterior margin of eye. No canine teeth. A pair of well-developed simple tentacles inserted close together on the occiput and a pair of smaller simple tentacles at the anterior nostrils ; no supra- orbital tentacles ; no occipital crest. Dorsal XII, 20 ; the spinous portion composed of flexible spines, the longest § the length of head, the twelfth much shorter, about \ the length of the longest ray, which is | the length of head ; a notch between the two dorsals ; last dorsal ray connected by a membrane to the procurrent rays of caudal. Anal 23. Caudal truncate rounded. Pectoral slightly longer than head, extending to origin of anal. Sides of body with 6 obscure dark blotches or bars and anteriorly with 4-6 vertical whitish stripes which extend across the abdomen below, posteriorly with small white spots ; spinous dorsal with 3 dark bars, running obliquely forwards and upwards, confluent at the margin and below continuous with those of the body ; second dorsal dusky, with oblique white stripes running backwards and upwards and breaking up into spots near the margin ; caudal dusky, barred with white spots ; anal with blackish marginal and light intramarginal bands. Length, to base of caudal, 72 mm. Three specimens from the Persian Gulf, 10-20 fathoms. Salarias anomalus (PL II, fig. 4). Depth of body nearly equal to length of head and 4|-5 times in the length (without caudal). Diameter of eye nearly \ the length of head and twice the interorbital width. Forehead projecting beyond the snout ; cleft of mouth extending to below posterior margin of eye. No canine teeth. Anterior nostrils with a pair of well-developed simple tentacles, which arise almost at the orbital margin in front of the middle of the eye ; no supraorbital or occipital tentacles, no occipital crest. Dorsal XII, 19-20, the spinous portion composed of flexible 328 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. spines, elevated, the longest spines in some examples ( ? females) less than the depth of body, in others ( ? males) produced, more than the depth of body ; second dorsal low, the last ray attached by a membrane to the caudal peduncle anterior to the procurrent caudal rays. Anal 23-24. Caudal rounded, but with the outer rays produced, giving a trilobed appearance. Pectoral shorter than the head, not extending to origin of anal. Brownish ; fins pale ; margin of anal and middle rays of caudal blackish. Length, to base of caudal, 60 mm. Several specimens from the Persian Gulf and the Mekran Coast. Petroscirtes mekranensis. Depth of body equal to length of head, 5^ times in the length (without caudal). Snout not projecting beyond the mouth, which extends to below the middle of eye. Diameter of eye \ the length of head and greater than the interorbital width. Canine teeth strong, specially in the lower jaw. A well-developed triangular crest extend- ing from between the eyes nearly to origin of dorsal ( ? in males only) - no tentacles. Dorsal 32, highest posteriorly. Anal 23. Caudal rounded. Pectoral •!, ventral § the length of head. 6 pairs of dark vertical bars on sides of body, and posteriorly small white spots also ; head with similar bars which are, however, irregular and somewhat oblique ; occipital crest with dark vermiculations ; dorsal anteriorly with dark median and marginal longitudinal lines ; anal and pectoral with dark lower margin. Length, to base of caudal, 4K mm. A single specimen from Jask, Mekran Coast. Petroscirtes townsendi (PI. Ill, fig. 7). Depth of body about 5J times in the length (without caudal), length of head 4§ times. Snout projecting beyond the mouth, which is transverse inferior, below anterior part of eye. Diameter of eye ^ the length of head and equal to the interorbital width. No canines in the upper jaw, those of the lower jaw strong. Head without crest or tentacles. Dorsal 34, with the rays gradually decreasing in length in the latter half of the fin. Anal 22. Caudal emarginate. Pectoral f , ventral x the length of head. Brownish, fins pale ; anterior part of dorsal with a prominent black marginal stripe. Leneth, to base of caudal, 31 mm. A single specimen from Jask, Mekran Coast. ON FISHES FROM THE PERSIAN GULF. 329 2. LIST OF DEEP-SEA FISHES FROM THE SEA OF OMAN. 1. Uroconger Upturns, Richards ... ... (140-205 filths.) 2. Scopelus pyrsobolus, Ale. ... . . (225 faths.) 3. Harpodon squamosus, Ale ... ... (170-243 faths.) 4. Champsodon vora.v, Gthr. ... ... ( -140 „ ) 5. Physicultus argyropastus, Ale. ... (107-205 ,, ) 6. Epinephelus praeopercularis, Blgr. ... ( -175 „ ) 7. ,, undulosus, Q. G.... ... ( -170 ,, ) 8. Synagrops philippinensis, Gthr. ... (170 faths.) 9. Parascolopsis tovmsendi, Blgr. ... (140-225 faths.) 10. Gobius cometes, Ale. ... ... ... (180 faths.) 11. Laeops macrophthalmus, Ale. ... ... (180 ,., ) 12. Cynoglossus carpenteri, Ale. ... ... (170-243 faths.) 13. Solea umbratilis, Ale. ... ... ... (98 faths.) 14. Tetraroge guentheri, Blgr. ... ... (142 „ ) 15. Minous inermis, Ale. ... ... ... ( -180 faths.) 16. * T/'igla arabica, Blgr. ... ... ( -180 ,, ) 17. Lepidotrigla omanensis, Rgn.... ... (180 faths.) 18. Callionymus carebares, Ale. ... ... (98-180 faths.) 19. Neobyihites steaticus, Ale. ... ... (175 faths.) 3. LIST OF FISHES OF THE PERSIAN GULF. 1. Amphisile strigata, Gthr. 2. \Psenes indicus, Day. 3. Epinephelus tauvina, Forsk. 4. „ argus, Bl. Schn. 5. „ fuscoguttatus, Forsk. (). ,, chlorostigma, C. V. 7. ,, merra, Bl. 8. Anthias townsendi, Blgr. * Trigla hemistieta (non Schlegel) Day, Fishes of India, Snppl. p. 791 (1888), and Alcock. Gat. Ind. Deep-sea Fishes, p. 67 (1899). f Psenes indicus is only doubtfully distinct from the Atlantic Ps, regulvt (Poey). The latter has been figured by Goode k Bean (Oceanic Ichthyology, fig. 229) under the name Ps. maeulatus (non Lutken). According to this figure the scales are more numerous iu a vertical series than in Ps. indicus (compare Day's figure) bnt other differences are not evident, 18 330 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 9. Anthias hypselosoma, Blkr. 10. Apogon quadrifasciatus, Val. 11. ,, bifasciatus, Riipp. 12. ,, nigripinnis, C. V. 13. Mesoprion annularis, C. V. 14. „ erythropterus, Bl. 15. Pagrus spinifer, Forsk. 16. Lethrinus striatus, Stdr. 17. Scolopsis ghanam, Forsk. 18. Pristipoma strident, Forsk. 19. Diagramma pietum, Thunb. 20. Pseudochromis persicus, Blgr. 21. ,, nigrovittatus, Blgr. 22. Heniochus mac role pidotus, L. 23. Drepano punctata, L. 24. Teuthis nebulosa, Q. G. 25. Pomacentrus jerdoni, Day. 26. ,, obtusirostris, Gtbr. 27. Glyphidodon sindensis. Day. 28. „ eoelestinus, 0. V. 29. Platyglossus hyrtelii, Blkr. 30. „ roseus, Day. 31. ,, dussumieri, C. V. 32. Pseudoscarus jantochir, Blkr. 33. Scorpaena cirrhosa, Thunb. 34. Pterois russellii, Benn. 35. Scomber mierolepidotus, Riipp. 36. Gob ins albopunctatus, C. V. 37. „ ophthalmotcenia, Blkr. 38. „ towuseudi, Blgr. 39. „ hoplopomus, C. V. 40. Eleotris diadematus, Riipp. 41. Psettodes erumei, Bl. Schn. 42. Pseudorhombus arsius, Ham. Buch. 43. Synaptura zebra, Bl. 44. Percis nebulosa, Q. G. 45. Callionymus persicus, Rgn. 46. Blennius persicus, Rgn. ON FISHES FROM THE PERSIAN GULF. 331 47. Salarias sindensis, Day. •18. „ dussumieri, C. V. 49. „ fasciatus, Bl. 50. ,, opercular is, Murr. 51. „ anomalus, Rgn. 52. Petroscirtes barbatus, Ptrs. 53. Batrachus grunniens, L. 54. Antennarrius nummifer, Guv. 55. Monacanthus oblongus, Schleg. 56. „ tomeutosus, L. 57. Ostracion cyanurus, Bupp. 4. FISHES FROM MUSCAT. The following arc not included in Steindachner's List of Fishes Ironi thj East Coast of Arabia : — 1. Trygon walga, Miill & Henle. 2. Mxirtvna pseudothyrsoidea, Blkr. 3. Pegasus nutans, L. 4. Amphisile strigata, Gthr. 5. Epinephelus merra, Bl. 6. Cirrhitichthys calliurus, Rgn. 7. Apogon thurstoni, Day. 8. „ holotcenia, Rgn. 9. Genyoroge bengalensis, Bl. 10. Upeneus indicus, Shaw. 11. Equula rivulata, Schleg. 12 Platyglossus bimacidatus, Riipp. 13. Duymceria Jiagell'ifera, 0. V. 14. Scorpoena cirrhosa, Thnnb. 15. „ rosea, Day. 16. Minous inermis, Ale. 1 7. Apistus alatus, C. V. 18. Prosopodasys leucog aster, Richards. 19. Platycephalus subfasciatus, Gthr. 20. „ nigripinnis, Rgn. 21. „ toivusendi, Rgn. 22. „ macidipinna, Rgn. 23. Lepidotrigla bispinosa, -Stdr. 332 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 21. Gobias andamanensis, Day. 25. Percis pulchella, Schleg. 26. „ smithii, Rgn. 27. Trichonotus setigerus, Bl. Schn. 28. Callionymus filamentosus, C. V. 21). ,, persicus, Rgn. oO. „ margaretoc, Rgn. 31. ,, muscatensis, Rgn. o2. Bleunius semifasciatus, Riipp. oo. Rhomboidichthys pa?itherinus, Riipp. o4. „ grandisquamis, Schleg. 35. ,, poecilurus, Blkr. 5. FISHES FROM THE MEKRAN COAST AND KARACHI. A list of the Fishes collected by Mr. Townsend on the Mekran Coast is being published in the Imperial Baluchistan Gazetteer. In this, Apogon fasciatus (White ), Equula nuchalis (Schleg.), and Callionymus longicaudatus (Schleg.) should be replaced by Apogon melanotoania (Ltgn.), Equula daura (Cuv.), and Callionymus persicus (Rgn.) respec- tively, and the following species should be added : — . Opisthognatlms nigromarginatus, Riipp. Platyglossus dussumieri, C. V. Minous monodactylus, Bl. Schn. Gobius ornatus, Riipp. Eleotris diadematus, Riipp. Salarias anomalus, Rgn. Petroscirtes punctatus, C. V. „ mekrauensis, Rgn. „ townseudi, Rgn. Karachi falls within the province treated of in Day's " Fishes of India," and the additions, except in the case of the new species described above, are unimportant. < CD o o +i cd V O § o p 0 &• Q 3 o Z d LU P C/) a >- CO ■aC P O H UJ X h- O ■ UJ _l _l O O -'i C/3 R LU B I g CO C — +J Ll 03 5 X LlI rG z ft 0 c &> nJ Ph Journ.Boinbavl.'at.Hist Soc. ^^^^^^^ %%*.;,, 17 \ v iik^*'^-' ;■• Vtfi Wo Plate B. 3 J. Green del etlith MinternBros .imp.Londc NEW FISHES COLLECTED BY M? F. W .TOWNSEND. Blennius persicus 2. Lepjdot.rigla omanensis 3. CirrHtichthys oalliuri.tr, 4 Salanas anoinalus h arn.Bomba; Boc -7 ' la ■$ .3 6 mm $fr J Green del e: O MinternBros imp . London NEW FISHES COLLECTED SY MR F. W. TOWNSEND. IA :aJliOTcym.us persicus. 2 ( ' nausea ;_e:-. sis 3. C maj^aretae. -"■ Apogcn 5. A. spilurus . 6.ApogorvicTn.t}Yys raidus . 7. Petrosairtes townsendi . ON FISHES FROM THE PERSIAN GULF. 333 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Plate A. Fig. 1. Platycephalic townsendi. » 2. „ nigripinnis. „ o. ,, maoulipinna. Plate B. Fig. 1. Blennius persicus. „ 2. Lepidotrigla omanensis. 3. Cirrhitiehthys oalliurus. 5> „ 4. Salarias anomalu.s. Plate 0. Fig. 1. Callionymns persicus, $ ; la „ 2. ,, musoatensis. „ 3. ,, margaretse. „ 4. Apogon melanoteeniu. „ 5. ,, spilurus. „ 6. Apogonichthys nudiis. „ ?• Petroscirtes townsendi. i * 334 THE FAUNA AND FLORA OF OUR METALLIC MONEY. By E. Blatter, S.J. (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th March 1905). Some time ago, I was asked by a friend to examine some specimens of our current coins with a special view to plague bacilli. Fulfilling his wish I subjected a good number of pieces to careful examination. I detected a great variety of things belonging both to the animal and vegetable kingdom, as well as to the inorganic world. Though I did not succeed in satisfying my friend with these results, as I did not observe a single specimen of that plague-engendering organism, I nevertheless might interest some of the readers of this journal by a short determination of the plants and animals belonging to the flora and fauna of our metallic money. I need not say that in this examination I made use of the common ways of sterilisation, of culture media, and the different methods of staining which are necessary for the exact study of the micro-organisms. I began with scratching a small particle from the surface of a coin. Examining it in sterilized water with a low magnifying power I could not distinguish anything but a brown, dark, untransparent, shapeless mass, and some cylindrical bodies protruding on the surface of that conglomerate. I crumbled the object, and now the single pieces had changed colour entirely, looking yellowish and showing a granular structure. Using a power of 525 I could easily detect the nature of those elongated bodies. In this and the following cases small portions of hair were observed, and amongst these especially the roots were of frequent occurrence. This is quite natural, as the root of each hair is lodged in the follicle which descends into the subcutaneous fat, and is thus surrounded by a more sticky substance than the shaft. Sometimes intimately connected with the hair follicles, sebaceous glands were observed. As the hairs taken from the different parts of the body all show certain characteristic peculiarities, it was not difficult to trace the origin of the various particles. In this way I detected hairs which are found on the head, on the arm, in the arm-pit, in the nose, on the eye-brow. With a higher power I could even distinguish single cortical scales which cover the long fibrillated cells of the hair. A power of 1,000 disclosed the presence of parasitic fungi and of a mite, called iJeinodex folliculorum ho minis, which seems to choose the hair THE FAUNA AND FLORA OF OUR METALLIC MONEY. 335 follicles and sebaceous glands of man as a favourite haunt. Of silk, cotton, and wool, I saw threads of sometimes considerable length. This was all I could detect without further preparations. For a better examination of the rest I dissolved some scrapings in ti watch- glass of lukewarm sterilized water. After two hours the apparently homogeneous substance was divided into a layer of fine sediment on the bottom of the vessel, into free-moving particles, and a greyish layer on the surface of the water. When I repeated this experiment and always examined one portion after the other, the microscope showed the following details. Floating on the surface there were bodies of chiefly vegetable origin : stellate hairs of a plant belonging to the order of SolanaceEe, glandular hairs of one of the Labiatse, sporangia without spores of a fern belonging to the Polypodiacese, small particles of wood of a dicotyledoneous stem, a tangential-longitudinal section of the stem of a grass, macerated to such an extent as to be wholly transparent. The greatest portion of the surface material consisted of exceedingly small particles of mostly organic origin, which were obviously in a state of decomposition and did not give, therefore, any possibility of identification. When I examined drop after drop, many of them disclosed micro- scopical organisms of various colour, shape, and size. A strong magnifying power showed globular cells, mostly isolated, but some- times united into small groups. The bright green contents of the cells, the presence of chromatophores, the small starch grains in the chroma- tophores, which were visible in an iodine solution, of the size of 2 — 6 <", and finally the comparison with the organism which I suspected to be the same and which I had found on the outer surface of a flower-pot, made it sure that the object in question was Pleurococwis vulgaris, Menegh. In the same way I found another alga, a species of Nitzschia Hassal, which belongs to the diatoms. The chromatophores were completely reduced, wherefore it was one of the diatoms which assume a saprophytic mode of life. Its size was 50 — 60 ^ in length. In another case the field of view showed small globular and elliptic cells, 6 fj. in length. Within a delicate membrane several small vacuoles, sometimes a large one, could be recognized. A culture in Pasteur's fluid enabled me to observe multiplication by budding. From the circumstance that gemmation is peculiar to the saccharomycetes and from other microscopical characters obtained by hardening and staining 336 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV J. 1 came to the conclusion that the plant was Saccharomyces ellipseoideus, Rees, or wine yeast. Another species of the same genus, Saccharo- myces mycoderma, Rees. exhibited elliptical and cylindrical cells of 5 — 7 p, in length. It is the plant which forms a thin membrane on the surface of already fermented liquids without causing fermentation itself, v.g. in half-empty bottles of wine. May I be allowed now to enumerate in a shorter way what else the microscope revealed to the observing eye. Of the organisms belonging to the Schizomycetes or Bacteria, the following were examined : — Micrococcus ure^e, Oohn. — Diameter of cells 1*1 — 2 ^ ; 2 — 8 in- dividuals were united into chains. It is the cause of fermentation of the urine, splitting up urea into ammonium carbonate. Micrococcus crepusculum, Cohn. — Cells short, oval. Diameter 2 v. It is found in various infusions. In company with Micrococcus crepusculum I found Bacterium termo, Ehrl. Length 1 — 3 ^ Twice or three times as long as broad, cylindric or elliptic, usually in pairs. It is the ferment of putrefaction of liquids. Vibrio rugula, Mull. — Length 6 — 17 ^. Is found in ponds, rain- water, and also in faeces. Beggiatoa roseo-persicina, Zopf. — Pinkish or violet. Found on fresh and salt water in places where vegetable and animal bodies putrefy. They give the water the blood-red colour. Clostrydium butyricum, Prazm. — In the presence of this bacterium butyric acid is formed from various carbohydrates. The rod-like cells measure in length 2 — 2'5 ^, in breadth 1 ^. Bacterium aceti, Zopf, the acetic acid bacteria which oxidise alcohol to acetic acid. Staphylococcus Pyogenes. — It is a spherical coccus 0*9 ^ in diameter, found irregularly in masses or clusters. It is one of the bacteria which cause suppuration. I was not able to identify the exact variety. Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. — The tubercle bacillus varies very much in size. I found some of 2'6 — 3*4 ^ in length, and others of 4 v. Didymiium SchRad. — As I found it only as plasmodium and with- out sporongia and spores, I could not make sure of the specific charac- ters. Of the Zygomycetes there were only two species. THE FAUNA AND FLORA OF OUR METALLIC MONEY. 337 Mugor stolonifer, Eh i'h. It forms white growths on various substances, especially on putrefying vegetable bodies. Gh/Etocladium, Fres. It is a parasite on Mucor stolanifer, Ehrh., found on animal excreta. The fungus showed sexual spores (Conidia). There was only one of the Haplomycetes, a species of Tonda Pers. Identification was impossible, as I observed only spores without myce- liums. The torulas' form dust-like coats on various bodies, usually on dead and sometimes on still living bodies. The animal kingdom offered only few representatives. Amoeba tbrrigola Grbbf. — Diameter of the whole body 350 — 400 /*, I found it dead in the state of encystation. There were some 2 or 3 species of infusorians, but for want of a sufficient number of specimens, determination was impossible. Of rarer occurrence were red blood corpuscles, fat cells of adipose tissue, small portions of the epidermis of human skin, pus cells and even eggs of insects. Very frequent were starch-grains of different plants : Starch-grains of potato.— By them the light is reflected to differing degrees. Their hilum is not the geometrical centre, but lies nearer to one end. Length 60 — 100 /*. Starch-grains of wheat ; they are circular, their lamination regular, their diameter 35 — 40 /* . Starch-grains of rice ; they are very small, polyhedral ; compound grains of great beauty are met with. Diameter 6 — 7 ^ . Starch-grains of West Indian arrowroot. The lamination is less clear, but more Uniform than in potato starch. A cleft in the form of a V characterises the starch of arrowroot. Also white and black pepper was found. The only difference between the two kinds of pepper is, that in the white there are no particles of the exocarp and no parenchyma of the seed-vessel. Cinnamon-powder, which was observed, is distinguished by the fol- lowing elements. Thin spindle-like bnst fibres, circa 50 ^ in length ; thick-walled cells of the bast parenchyma, containing starch, slerenchyma with or without starch, oil-glands, crystals of calGium-oxalate from the cells of the medullary rays. The greatest part of all the m itter detected on money, and found, as the. chief constitutent part of the sedimentary layer, was diist» &iz. microscopic and ultramicroscopic bodies of inorganic origin. Of 19 338 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI, only a small number of minerals the crystallographic characters could be recognized by means of the polarising miscroscope and by the application of re-agents, v. g. of silica, calcium carbonate, etc. Besides the bacteria above enumerated I could trace the presence of some two or three others. But as they were only few in number, and fresh and good food supply did not induce them to multiply, a definite identification was, of course, beyond the bounds of possibility. That there may not arise any misapprehension in the reader's mind, I must not omit saying that not all of the above mentioned forms of organisms Were found on each and every coin, but that, on the con- trary, there was amongst the examined pieces a pretty good number which did not exhibit the actual presence of life at all. If we bear in mind, where nearly all of those micro-organisms usually or, to use a more correct expression, exclusively occur, we cannot help confessing, that they are associated with the presence of decaying mat- ter. And again if we consider, through what hands and pockets a coin may travel in the course of one single day, We shall not have the least difficulty in understanding how the fauna and flora of our money came into existence. When I had already finished this paper my attention was drawn upon two letters addressed to the Editor of the Times of India. On the 10th February 1905 the Baroda correspondent, Dr. R. V. Dhurandhar, writes the following lines : — " Will not the Government of India think twice before extinguishing copper coins and substituting bronze and nickel ones in their place, in the face of modern research in that direction ? The Health Board of New York some time back undertook an investigation to ascertain how far gold, silver, copper, and paper currencies assist in the transmission of disease germs from place to place, and they found on miscroscopio examination that, while other currencies swarmed with germs, none were found on copper coins." Further on he adds: " Bronze though coppery, contains tin, and sometimes lead and zinc, and, therefore, is not as good a germicide as pure copper." The second letter (llth February 1905), written by Mr. S. G. D'Souza, contains these remarks: " In common with Mr. Dhurandhar I quite agree that copper, far from transmitting disease germs, is a most potent agent of prevention of the same. — In those days when cholera THE FAUNA AND FLORA OF OUR METALLIC MONEY. 339 regularly made its dreadful ravages in Bombay every third year, the coppersmiths were to a man immune from it. I, therefore, think the substitution of bronze and nickel coins for copper ones undesirable." These two letters afford me the welcome opportunity of expressing my full agreement with the views advanced in them. hun, Ihi r, however, says, that " while other currencies swarmed with germs none were found on copper coins." If I, as regards our metallic money, said the same, the statement would surely not agree with the facts, as the above mentioned organisms were seen not only on silver-coins but also on copper-currencies. The only difference was that the plants and animals detected on copper were devoid of life, while those on silver- coins, in most cases, were animated. And so we may say with Dr. Dhurandhar, that copper is an excellent germicide. ;540 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCIDyE OF CEYLON- By E. Ernest Green, f. e. b., Entomologist to the Government of Ceylon. Part III. {With Plates H—K.) Since the earlier appearance of my " Supplementary Notes " in this Journal (Vol. XIII, Nos. 1 and 2), a fresh mass of material has been accumulate 1, necessitating a further series descriptive of new species of Dispidince from Ceylon. Nor can it be supposed that the supply is yet exhausted, although the original number of species recorded in my monograph has now been more than doubled. Large areas of the Island still remain unexplored (as regards CoecidcB) and new species are frequently discovered even in the best worked localities, as may be seen from the frequency with which the name " Peradeniya '* appears in the following pages. Genus ASPIDIOTUS. Aspidiotus longispinus, Morgan. (PI. H, fig. 1.) Aspidiotus longispina, Morg., Ent. Mo. Mag., XXV., p.. 352. Morganella longispinus, Ckll., Bull. 6, Dep. Agric. (1897). H'emiberlesia longispinus, Leon., Riv. Pat. Veg„, vi. (1897). Morganella maskelli, Ckll., Bull. 6, Dep. Agric, p. 22 (1897). $ Puparium black, circular, moderately convex, dense and usually more or less obscured by fragments of bark. Diameter 1*10 mm. $ Puparium not observed. Adult § subcircular, the pygidium only slightly projecting beyond the general curve. Colour whitish ; the chitinous parts stained a deep brown. Pygidium (fig. 1) with two rather narrow prominent conver- gent median lobes almost or quite contiguous. Margin on each side fringed with numerous narrow elongate squames, some of them deeply fimbriate, others obscurely so. Spines deep black, stout, long and whip- like, projecting far beyond the squames. No circumgenital glands. In all my examples the terminal half of the pygidium is densely chitinous and deep coloured, obscuring all pores and other characters. Diameter 0*50 to 1 mm. Adult $ unknown. Habitat. — In Ceylon, beneath loose bark on stems of the " Jak" tree ( Artocarpus integrifolia). The scales are frequently embedded in th» loose tissues of the cortex. (Peradeniya.) SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCID.E OF CEYLON. 341 Aspidiotus cuculus, ii. sp. (PI. H, figs. 2, 3.) 9 Puparium very irregular in form, due to the fact that it has to accommodate itself to the cavity which it inhabits. This cavity is of a conical shape and may contain as many as five of the insects, the puparia being then crowded and pressed together, elongated in the direction of the duct of the gall. Colour dull brown, usually comprising portions of the pellicle and derm of the former occupant. It is difficult to isolate a single individual for purposes of measurement, but the united mass has a length of about 2 mm. $ Puparium not observed. Adult 9 (fig. 2) white or pale yellow. Long pyriform, Pygidium terminating in two stout obscurely emarginate lobes ; the margin for a short distance beyond them thickened and irregular (fig. 8). Two groups of about six long stout spiniform squames on each side of lobes, divided by a small marginal prominence. A larger conical point imme- diately beyond the outer group. Anal orifice small. Dorsal pores very minute and inconspicuous. No circumgenital or parastigmatic glands. Length 1 to 1*25 mm. Breadth 9*75 to 9*85 mm. Adult $ not observed. Habitat. — Female insects occupying the galls of another Coccicf ( Amorphococcus mesuce), after that insect has died, whether on account of the intrusion or from natural causes, I have as yet been unable to determine. Aspidiotus (Chrysomfhalus) pedronis, n. sp. (PI. H, fig 4.) Puparium clear brownish straw-colour ; pellicles paler, circular, flatfish. Diameter 2*50 mm. $ Puparium not observed. Adult 9 broadly pyriform. Pygidium (fig. 4) with six prominent floriate lobes approximately equal in size. Interlobular squames nar- row, deeply fimbriate, of same length as lobes. Three broad aciculate serrate squames beyond the outer lobe on each side. Circumgenital glands in five groups ; median group with 1 or 2 pores ; upper laterals 5 to 6 ; lower laterals about 6. Dorsal pores oval, moderately large and conspicuous, communicating with long trumpet-shaped ducts. Length 1*59 mm. Adult $ not known. Habitat. — On leaves of undetermined tree. Pedrotalagalla, at an elevation of about 8,000 feet. April. 342 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Differs from A. dictyospermi in having the lobes of more equal size and in the much smaller and more ill-defined paraphyses. Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) malleolus, n. sp. (PI. H, figs. 5, 6.) 9 Puparium opaque snowy white ; dense, broad and flat ; irregu- larly deltoid. Pellicles pale straw-colour, usually marginal. Long diameter 4'50 to 5*50 mm. $ Puparium similar but very much smaller. Length 2'25 mm. Adult 9 (fig. 5) rather densely chitinous, elongate ; cephalotho- racic segment broadest, with a deep constriction behind ; mesothoracic segment narrowest ; segments well-defined, but margins not produced, Pygidium (fig. 6) with eight rather small but stout rounded lobes, their outer edges obscurely emarginate. Squames rather small but pro- jecting beyond the lobes, not conspicuously fimbriate. Six large con- spicuous clavate paraphyses and many smaller ones. Circumgenital glands numerous, in two curved groups. Median dorsal area of pygidium conspicuously reticulate (as in A. trilobitiformis and its allies). Length 1'75 to 2'25 mm. Habitat. — On under surface of leaves of Mimusops hexandra. Ele- phant pass, N. P. March. The specific name has been suggested by the hammer-like form of adult female. Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) cistuloides. n. sp. (PI. 1, figs. 7, 8). 9 Puparium (fig. 7) dull blackish-brown ; broadly oval, somewhat pointed behind ; the ventral scale dense and strongly developed, the hinder portion steeply up-tilted and projecting beyond the margin of the dorsal scale. Dorsal scale rather strongly convex ; subconical ; the pellicles placed on the summit, nearer the anterior extremity. Larval pellicle only exposed, reddish. Length 1*35 mm. Breadth about 1 mm. $ Puparium of same colour, but flattened, smaller and more elongate. Length 1*25 mm. Greatest breadth 0*75 mm. Adult 9 turbinate ; a deep constriction separating the pro- and meso- thorax and a less-marked constriction behind the meta-thorax. Derm rather densely chitinous. Margin of pygidium (fig. 8) strongly cristate. There are six lobes, with difficulty distinguishable from the other marginal prominences. Median pair bluntly conical, with slightly emarginate sides. Second and third pairs sharply conical, each with a denticle on outer margin. Second pair smallest ; third pair largest. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCIDyE OF CEYLON. 343 Beyond the third lobe the margin is broken into strongly serrate prominences. Squames and spines small and inconspicuous. Four moderately developed elongate paraphyses on each side, and numerous smaller ones between them. Anal orifice small, elongate, distant from margin about three times its own length. Circumgenital glands con- sisting of a single small group (of from 2 to 4 orifices) on each side, and two or three isolated orifices between them forming a broken median group. Dorsal pores minute and inconspicuous. Length 1 to 1*10 mm. Adult $ not observed. Habitat. — Occurring sparsely on leaves of Cinnamomam. Pera- deniya. January. The peculiar form of the female puparium gives it the appearance of a small capsule resting on the leaf. In this particular it closely resembles a species from Java, on Piper nigrum (to be described later under the name of A. capsulatus.) Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) quadriclavatus, n. sp. (PI. I, fig. 9.) $ Puparium flat, subcircular, very dark chocolate-brown. Larval pellicle exposed, prominent, of same colour as the secretionary area. Nymphal pellicle completely concealed. Diameter 3 mm. $ Puparium similar in colour and texture to that of $ , but smaller and oblong. Length 2 mm. Breadth about 1 mm. Adult $ dull pale purplish. Pygidium (fig. 9) with eight stout bluntly pointed lobes, their sides slightly emarginate : the seoond pair somewhat smaller than the others and situated close to the median lobes. Margin beyond the lobes thickened and cristate. There are four very large and conspicuous clubbed paraphyses and two smaller and simple — exterior to the others. ISquaines small and obscure. Dorsal pores small and inconspicuous. Circumgenital glands presum- ably in five groups, but forming together an almost continuous arch, difficult to separate into its component parts, narrowest in the middle and thickening at the extremities. Orifices numerous — 75 to 100. Anal aperture minute. Greater diameter (longitudinal) 1*25 to 1*75 mm. Adult $ not observed. Habitat, — On upper surface of leaves of Murraya. exotica. Pera- deniya. July. Both $ and 9 puparia are very firmly attached to the leaf. It is difficult to remove them entire. 344 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV I. The puparia are scarcely distinguishable from those of A. rossi, but the exceptionally large paraphyses and the disposition of the circum- genital glands distinguish it from that or any other species of Chrysomphalus, Aspidiotus (Aonidiella) taprobanus, n. sp. (PI. I, fig. 10). 9 Puparium pale, transparent, straw-colour : pellicles slightly darker, Flatfish ; irregularly oval. Ventral scale thin and delicate, adhering to under surface of dorsal scale in such a manner as to leave a central channel. Greatest diameter 2 to 2-25 mm. $ Puparium smaller and paler : more elongate. Length 1*50 mm. Adult 9 yellow. Pyriform. Pygidium (fig. 10) with six promin- ent rounded floriate lobes of equal size. Squames broad and deeply fimbriate : the outermost three aciculate. Paraphyses small and incon- spicuous, one at inner side of base of each lobe. No circumgenital glands. Pygidial characters very similar to those of A. aurantii, but ultra- lobular; squames not bifid. Length 1 to 1*25 mm. Breadth about 0*75 mm. Adult $ not observed. Habitat. — On leaves of Phyllanthus myrtifolius : usually on upper surface. Peradeniya. May. The species differs from aurantii in the simple form of the ultra-lobular squames. The derm is more delicate and never becomes densely chiti- nous : nor are the pygidium and abdominal parts withdrawn into the body as in aurantii. Aspidiotus (Targionia) PByllanthi, n. sp. (PI. I, fig. 11). 9 Puparium dull black, with a raised whitish disc on larval pellicle : moderately convex : more or less concealed beneath the corky outer bark. Diameter 1 to 1'25 mm. $ Puparium grayish, (a whitish bloom overlying the blackish se- cret ionary area). Pellicle very dark shining brown, with a raised whitish circle in centre. Length 1 mm. Adult 9 circular : the pygidium only slightly projecting, demarked from abdomen by a curved series of irregular thickened chitinous patches. No parastigmatic or circumgenital glands. Pygidium (fig. 11) with eight well-defined stout emarginate lobes, each with a conspicuous elongate paraphysis at its base. No pectinate squames. Dorsal pores small, circular. Diameter 0*60 to 0'70 mm. Adult $ brownish orange: nolal plates and scutellum paler: apo- dema castaneous. Form bread, depressed. Head small ■ ocelli black : SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCID^ OF CEYLON. 345 rudimentary eyes colourless, inconspicuous. Terminal joint of antenna with one knobbed hair at apex and two at side. Foot with four knobbed hairs. Wings • ample, hyaline, slightly iridescent. Genital sheath very long and narrow, as long as or longer than abdomen : sharply pointed. Total length 0*75 mm. Habitat. — On Phyllanthus myrtifolius. Peradeniya. February. Female insects on steins and twigs, more or less concealed beneath the outer layers of the bark. Male insects on both surfaces of the leaves. The pygidial characters approach those of A. tenebricosus, Comstock, but differ in the form, number and arrangement of the paraphyses and in the absence of pectinate squames. Aspidiotus (Cryptophyllaspis) occultus, var. klongatus, n. var. (PI. I, figs. 12,13). Aspidiotus occultus, Green, Gocc. Ceylon, pt. 1, p. 56. Cryptophyllaspis occultus, Ckll., Check List, Suppl., p. 396. $ Puparium consisting principally of a delicate film lining the cavity of the gall, the pellicles forming an operculum at its base. The gall itself (fig. 12) is irregularly cylindrical, constricted towards the base, the ends often studaed with irregular tubercles. Length of gall about 2 mm. $ Puparium not observed; but probably occupying shallow depressions on the surface of the leaf as in the type. Adult $ elongate oval, abruptly constricted towards the base of the pygidium. Pygidium (fig. 13) with 6 prominent lobes. Median pair large and deeply coloured : others smaller and pointed. Squames ex- tending beyond the lobes : stout, deeply fimbriate and furcate. Anal aperture elongate, narrow. No circumgenital glands. Length 1 mm. Greatest breadth 0*50 mm. Adult £ not known. The galls are massed on the under surface of leaves of Grewia sp.; the aperture opening on to the upper surface. Heneratgoda. Feb. Differs from type in its elongate form and greater size : in the cylindrical (instead of globular) form of the gall : and in the position of the galls on under (instead of upper) surface of the leaf. Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) dictyospermi, Morg. Ceylon examples are all of the variety pinnulifera (Mask.). In addition to other food-plants mentioned, it occurs on Optmtia cochinellifera. (Peradeniya. February.) The puparia on this plant are almost white. 20 346 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Aspidiotus trilobitifoemis, Green. Occurs also on Ixora coccinia. (Peradeniya. February.) Odonaspis penicillata. n. s.p. (Pi. I, figs. 14 to 16,) 9 Puparium (fig. 14) very pale fulvous: pellicles orange, usually concealed beneath the whitish secretion, situate at anterior extremity. Very firm and compact, the ventral scale as dense as the dorsal ; tho two scales so firmly adherent that it is difficult to extract the insect uninjured. Elongate: broadest immediately behind the pellicles: tapering posteriorly : flattened beneath : strongly convex in front, depressed towards hinder extremity. Length 1*50 to 2 mm. Greatest breadth 1 to 1*10 mm. $ Puparium (fig. 15) similar ; but smaller, narrower and paler. Length 1 mm. Adult 9 clear pale purplish : oval. Pygidium (fig. 16) bluntly pointed : somewhat resembling that of O. inusitatus, but with a strongly cristate margin, three of the points on each side being larger and more prominent (possibly representing lobes). There is a moderately broad and deep excision at the extremity from which springs a dense brush of tapering hairs, the tips meeting in a point like a small paint-brush. No circumgenital glands. Numerous minute circular pores in the denser chitinous area. Six stout and moderately long paraphyses. Anal aperture near base of pygidium. Length 0*75 to 1*10 mm. Adult $ very pale purplish pink : ocelli black. Legs, notal plates and genital sheath stained with reddish-yellow. Body rather slender : not depressed as in typical Aspidiotus. Abdomen without lateral flanges. Wings long and rather narrow. Genital sheath long and slender. Antenna 10-jointed : terminal joint with one knobbed hair at apex and two at side. First pair of feet with 4 digitules : second and third pairs with two only (1 on claw and 2 on tarsus). Total length 1 mm., of which the genital sheath occupies nearly one-third. Puparia crowded on stems of a large Bamboo (Gigantochloa aspera), half embedded amongst the tomentose hairs around the nodes : attached by anterior extremity only. Peradeniya. May. Allied to 0. inusitatus, but easily distinguished by the termina pencil of hairs and more cristate margin of pygidium. (Note. It is probable that my Chionaspis simplex (Cocc. Ceyt. Part II, p. 160, PI. LVII) is more nearly allied to this group, in spite SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCGIBJE OF CEYLON. 347 of its elono-ate form. The pygidial characters agree more with those of the genus Odonaspis than with Chionaspis.) AONIDIA EOHINATA, n. sp. (PI. J, figS. 17 to 19.) 9 Puparium (fig. 17) dull reddish-brown (yellowish when immature), roughened with innumerable slender curved spines which are firmly attached to the nymphal pellicle and persist after treatment with caustic- potash. Circular ; strongly convex. Larval pellicle deciduous, — pushed off durino' orowth of nymphal pellicle. Diameter 0*35 mm. $ Puparium pale-yellowish. Oblong oval : secretionary area flattish : pellicle strongly convex, situate at anterior extremity. Length 0*75 mm. Adult 9 (fi>. 18) subcircular. Rostral apparatus very large and conspicuous. No parastigmatic glands. Pygidium (fig. 19) with six excurved thorn-like processes (? lobes). Diameter about O'SO mm. Adult $ not observed. On Hemicyclia sepiaria. Anaradhapura. February. The insects are thickly clustered on the under-surface of the leaves and are surrounded by a whitish bloom such as is noticeable around some species of Fiorinia and many Aleurodidce. Aonidia pusilla n. sp. ( PI. J, figs. 20, 21 %). 9 Puparium (fig. 20) oval ; yellow ; obscured — in very fresh ex- amples —by a thin covering of whitish secretion which, in older examples, persists only as a marginal fringe, leaving the yellow nymphal pellicle exposed. Larval pellicle deciduous. Nymphal pellicle with median area stronoly convex and globose : cephalic area flattened and anteriorly pro- duced : pygidial area similarly produced backwards and apparently articu- lated with the body of the scale to form a hinged operculum beneath which the young larvae escape : margin of pygidium with ten narrow prominent lobes, and broad semilunar pores between them. Total length 0*50 mm. $ Puparium oval ; somewhat larger, but much less convex : pellicle pale-yellow, occupying anterior two-thirds of puparium : secretionary area whitish, translucent. Length 0*65 mm. Adult 9 broadly oval : pygidial area very slightly prominent. No parastigmatic or circumgenital glands. Margin of pygidium (fig. 21) with two small conical lobes, one on each side of a median clavate prominence which projects beyond them : margin immediately outside the lobes also projecting in three or four small rounded prominences. Some scattered circular pores. Anal orifice large and conspicuous. Length about 0*30 mm. 348 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Adult $ not observed. On upper surface of leaves of Carissa spinarum. Elephant Pass, Northern Province. March. In the characters of the female puparium, this species approaches Aonidia bullata. Aonidia crbnulata, Green. Taken also at Elephant Pass, N. P., on Memecylon. In these example the number of floriate processes is not constant, sometimes amounting to a total of 30. A few delicate filiform ducts open on the margin. In one example a single conical lobe appears asymmetrically on one side. Aonidia planchonioides, Green. Adult $ pale yellow: apodema reddish. Body flattish and broad, — especially at point of attachment of wings. Aonidia spatulata, Green. (PI. J, fig. 22.) Adult $ very pale violaceous : notal plates pale ochreous. Form broad, depressed. Gense very prominent, lobulate. Foot with 4 digitules. Terminal joint of antenna (fig. 22) with knobbed hair at apex and a similar one on the side. Wings broadly rounded. Aonidia mesuji, Green. (PI. J, fig. 23.) Adult $ (fig. 23) almost circular in outline. Lateral margin of abdomen dilated. Colour creamy white : thoracic plates outlined with brownish-purple. Antennae violaceous. Legs pale fulvous. Gymnaspis spinomarginata, n. sp. (PI. J, figs. 24, 25.) 9 Puparium bright yellow ; smooth and polished ; minute ; circular very strongly convex (more than hemispherical) : consisting of the inflated nymphal pellicle with or without an inconspicuous secretionary extension. Larval pellicle deciduous. Diameter about 0*30 mm. $ Puparium not observed. Adult 9 (fig. 24) yellow : oval : strongly convex : divisions of segments very indistinct : margin closely set with tuberculate tubular spines connected with filiform ducts. Mouth-parts very large. Pygi- dium (fig. 25) with four narrow prominent lobes, each with a sharp tooth-like prominence on outer and inner edges. Compound spiniform squames (?) between and beyond the lobes. A submarginal series of broad semilunar pores — as in Parlatoria. No circumgenital or para- stigmatic glands. Length about 0'25 mm. Adult $ not known. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE OOCGIDM OF CEYLON. 349 A minute and obscure species, occurring in small groups on under- surface of leaves of Mesua ferrea. Peradeniya. February. Placed provisionally in the genus Syngenaspis : but possibly requiring a new genus for its reception. The general characters of the pygidium are suggestive of Parlatoria from which it differs in the absence of circumgenital glands. The remarkable marginal of tubular spines appear to be homologous with those found in some species of Fiorinia. Parlatoria proteus, Curtis. (PI. J, fig. 26.) Aspidiotus proteus, Curtis. Gard. Chron., p. 676, (1843). Diaspis parlatoris, Targ. Studii sul Cocc, p. 14, (1867). Parlatoria proteus, Sign. Ann.Soc. Ent. Fr., (4), ix, p. 450, (1869). (Sign. Essai sur les Cochen., p. 132.) 9 Puparium broadly oval: flattish. Brownish-ochreous : opaque or semidiaphanous. Pellicles overlapping ; situated at anterior extre- mity; occupying about half the expanse of the puparium. Length 1*50 mm. $ Puparium narrow, elongate. Pellicle yellow, with broad blackish or greenish median fascia. Secretionary area pale ochreous. Length 1 mm. Adult $ pale pinkish-purple. Broadly oval before gestation : shrink- ing after oviposition, until the breadth often exceeds the length. Pygidium broadly rounded : margin (fig. 26) with six prominent, conical, slightly floriate lobes. Squames broad and deeply fimbriate, extending along margin of abdominal segments. Broad conspicuous lunate pores in the interspaces between the lobes and at close intervals along the margin beyond. Circumgenital glands in four groups with few orifices— 5 to 7 in each group, upper group usually with the larger number. Length 0*50 to 0*75 mm. Adult $ not observed. On upper surface of leaves of an orchid ( Cymbidium bicolor). Kand v. December. Also on both surfaces of a cultivated orchid at Watagoda. Examples on the undersurface (which in this plant is the more exposed) have the puparium darker and more opaque, whilst those on the other surface are semi-transparent and paler. The species is almost universally distributed, being recorded from nearly every part of the world. In temperate regions it is found only upon plants under glass. 350 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Parlatoria pbrgandii, Comst., var. mytilaspiformis, Green. Parlatoria pergandii, Comstock, Rep. U. S. Dep. Ag. 1880, p. 327. Parlatoria mytilaspiformis, Green, Coco. Ceyl., pt. ii, p. 164. I now agree with Dr. Leonardi that this insect is merely an extremely elongate form of pergandii — a species which differs from P. proteus principally in the possession of a small sharply conical fourth lobe on each side of the pygidium, separated from the third lobe by three fimbriate squaraes. This fourth lobe is replaced — in proteus — by a fimbriate process. In var. mytilaspiformis, the fourth lobe is minute and inconspicuous. In typical pergandii it is somewhat larger. Parlatoria pergandii, var. phyllanthi, n. var. (PI. J, fig. 27). Differs from type in the coloration of the 9 puparium (fig. 27), the secretionary area of which is pale transparent ochreous, and the pellicles bright castaneous or brownish orange, each with a broad black median fascia. Length 1*50 mm. $ Puparium with the fascia on pellicle greenish. Length 1 mm. Adult $ broadly oval. Pygidium as in type : fourth lobe small, about one-quarter the size of the other lobes. Length O60 mm. Adult $ not observed. On leaves of Phyllanthus myrtifolius. Peradeniya. May. Parlatoria (Websteriella) atalantle, n. sp. (PI. J, fig. 28). $ Puparium pale yellow : occupied almost completely by the large nymphal pellicle, with a very narrow fringe of whitish secretion. Flat- fish : oval, the larval pellicle slightly projecting in front. Posterior parts depressed, with an indistinct median carina. Length 1 mm. Breadth 0*75 mm. $ Puparium pale yellow, pellicle straw-coloured : narrow elongate, with parallel sides and rounded extremities. Posterior half depressed, with indistinct median carina. Length 0*80 mm. Adult 9 pale yellow. No parastigmatic glands. Pygidium (fig. 28) with six broad irregularly serrate lobes. Squames elongate, narrow, with extremities very obscurely fimbriate : two in each interspace between the lobes, and two or three beyond. A few similar squames on margin of last abdominal segment. Semi-lunar pores small, rather inconspicuous, three on each side. Near the base of pygidium, on each side, is a small rounded prominence homologous with the rudimentary fourth lobe occurring in some other species of Parlatoria. Anal aperture central. Circumgenital glands in four small SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE G0G01DJE OF CEYLON. 351 groups: upper laterals usually with 6, lower laterals with 4 orifices. Length O50 mm. Adult $ not observed. On undersurface of leaves of Atalantia zeylanica. Haragama. July. Allied to P. aonidiformis : but differs in the more oval form of puparium and in its paler colour. The lobes of pygidium are much broader and less prominent. FlORINIA BIDBNS, 11. Sp. (PI. J, fig'S. 29,30). 9 Puparium (fig. 29) consisting almost solely of the pellicles, with little or no marginal secretion. Elongate, narrowly fusiform, highly convex. Lateral margins of nymphal pellicle deeply and irregularly crenulate : posterior extremity constricted at base of pygidium which is slightly upturned. Pygidium of nymphal pellicle with two prominent divergent lanceolate lobes and a series of large lunate marginal pores. The larval pellicle covers fully half the puparium. Length 0*72 mm. $ Puparium snowy white, elongate, narrow : not carinate ; consid- erably longer and much more conspicuous than that of the female. Length 1 mm. Adult 9 elongate, narrow. Rostral apparatus large and conspi- cuous. Antennte close together : interaiitennal tubercle very small. Pygidium (fig. 30) with two parallel prominent lobes of the shape of incisor teeth. Two very long spiniform squames between the lobes, and two exterior to each lobe. Circumgenital glands with few orifices, in a more or less continuous arch. Length about 0'40 mm. Adult $ not observed. On undersurface of leaves of undetermined tree. Anaradhapura. February. Chionaspis subcorticalis, n. sp. (PI. K, fig. 31). 9 Puparium white, or grey, or brownish from intermixture of particles of bark beneath which it rests. Surface rough, granular or powdery. Pellicles pale yellow, the nymphal one concealed beneath a layer of whitish secretion. Form usually irregular and contorted; dilated posteriorly : moderately convex. Length 2 to 2*50 mm. $ Puparium not observed. Adult 9 very pale yellowish or creamy white. Oblong : broadest across abdominal area: margins of abdominal segments moderately 352 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. produced. Spiracles without parastigmatic glands. Pygidium (fig. 31) with the median lobes large, prominent and very conspicuous, rounded or-bluntly conical, broader than long, minutely serrate. Second lobes duplex, small, conical, inconspicuous. Third lobes obsolete or represent- ed by serrate marginal prominences. Squames spiniform, increasing in size towards base of pygidium ; none on first space, one on second, one on third, two on fourth, and four on basal space. Oval dorsal pores very large and conspicuous, the innermost series represented only by one or two marginal pores. Circumgenital glands in five groups, with numerous orifices : median group 10 to 12 ; upper laterals 25 to 26 ; lower laterals 20 to 27. Anal aperture close to median group of glands. Length 1 to 1*50 mm. Breadth 0*50 to 0'90 mm. Eggs bright pale orange. Beneath loose bark on stems of " Jak " (Artocarpus integrifolia) and other trees. Peradeniya ; Matale. Near Clu polygoni: but differing in the larger median lobes, in the obsolescent third pair of lobes, and in the greater number of dorsal pores. Chionaspis strobilanthi, n. sp. (PI. K, fig. 32.) 9 Puparium snowy white, or with a faint creamy tinge. Dense and opaque. Surface with a few irregular raised lines, as in Ch. varicosa. Ventral scale well developed. Pellicles very pale yellow. Form oblong, strongly dilated posteriorly. Length 3 mm. Breadth 1*50 to 2 mm. $ Puparium white; obscurely tricarinate. Densely covered with curling silky filaments. Length 1*50 mm. Adult 9 bright yellow. Of normal form : abdominal segments soarcely produced. Margin of thorax and abdomen with many con- spicuous oval pores. Antenna consisting of a prominent truncate tubercle, with several short hairs at extremity and a stout long curved hair from the side. Parastigmatic glands at orifices of- anterior spiracles only. Pygidium (fig. 32) with conspicuous median incision ; the sides of the cleft occupied by the median lobes which are large, united at the base, widely divergent, the free edge minutely serrate. Second lobes minute, duplex, inconspicuous. Third lobes represented only by small marginal prominences. Squames moderately stout, increasing in size towards base of pygidium. Oval dorsal pores large and conspicuous, in SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCID^E OF CEYLON. 353 linear series. Circumgenital glands in five groups, with moderately numerous orifices. Length 1 to 1*25 mm. Breadth 0*60 mm. Adult $ not known. Eggs numerous , bright yellow. On Strobilanthus, sp. Haputale. February. Allied to Ch. megaloba, from which it differs in the considerably larger size, in the narrower mesal lobes, and in the presence of conspi- cuous oval pores on the margins of the thorax. Chionaspis coronifera, n. sp. (PL K, figs. 33, 34.) 9 puparium white, sometimes tinged with ochreous : pellicles reddish. Strongly convex, the sides sloping up and forming a median longitudinal rounded ridge, — the form probably accentuated by the situation of the puparium on the extreme margin of the leaf. Length 2 mm. $ puparium white : distinctly tricarinate : pellicle pale yellow. Length 1*50 mm. Adult 9 after gestation reddish : densely chitinous, with exception of penultimate segment. Thoracic area strongly convex, the posterior dorsal area overhanging the abdomen. Early adult not densely chiti- nous, and of a paler colour. Rudimentary antennas (fig. 33) of remark- able form: each consisting of a chitinous ring bearing from four to six stout spines and a central longish curved stout bristle. Behind each antenna is an oval translucent space. Other similar translucent spaces are scattered over the cephalo-thoracic area. Margins of abdominal and post-thoracic segments with numerous oval pores (obscured in the more densely chitinous examples). Pygidium (fig. 34) with large conspicuous oval dorsal pores, in more or less definite series. No circumgenital glands. Marginal squames spiniform, stout. Lobes bluntly lanceolate, small, pale and very inconspicuous : set back on the ventral surface and scarcely projecting beyond the margin. Median pair simple : second pair duplex : third pair apparently simple. In the denser examples, the dorsal area of the pygidium has some large clear oval spaces (distinct from the dorsal pores). Length 0"75 to 1-50 mm. Adult $ not observed. On leaves of undetermined tree. Galgammuwa, N. W. P. August. The female puparia are attached to the extreme margins of the leaves. Male puparia grouped on under surface. 21 354 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Chionaspis cinnamomi, n. sp. (PI. K, figs. 35,36.) 9 puparium reddish oclireous, usually with a broad median longitu- dinal brownish fascia. Form elongate, narrow : secretionary area only slightly dilated : flatfish, with a more or less distinct median longitudinal ridge. Length 2 to 2'75 mm. Breadth about 0*75 mm. • $ puparium not observed. Adult 9 (fig. 35) elongate, narrow; the unusual form being due to extension of the thoracic parts which occupy nearly three-quarters of the entire length. The second pair of spiracles are situated at the extreme hinder border of the meta -thorax. Pygidium (fig. 36) pointed. Median lobes prominent, contiguous, the inner edge longest, the free edge minutely serrate and sloping evenly to the margin. Other lobes obsolete. On each side, immediately exterior to the medium pair of lobes, is an elongate clavate chitinous paraphysis. Margin of pygidium irregularly indented. Squames spiniform, stout. Spines rather long. Some conspicuous oval pores on margin, but none on the discal area. No circumgenital glands. Three or four minute circular pores on each side of anal orifice which is approximately central. Length 1 to 1'50 mm. Breadth about 0*30 mm. On upper surface of leaves of Cinnamomum, Pundaluoya. In the absence of the male scale, the generic position of this species is somewhat uncertain. The form of the median lobes suggests affinities with the Hemichionaspis group. Chionaspis the^e, Mask., var. ceylonica, n. var. Maskell's original figures and description of the adult female are not sufficiently minute for accurate determination. But a study of specimens collected by Dr. (now Sir George) Watt, near Kurseong, India, agree more closely with Maskell's type, in the form of the puparium (which is broadly dilated behind) — than with the Ceylon form (which is very narrow and elongate). The Indian examples also show a distinct second lateral lobe which is entirely wanting in examples from Ceylon. I must therefore consider the latter a well-marked variety for which I now propose the name ceylonica. Leucaspis cockerelli, (de Charmoy). (PI. K, figs. 37 to 40.) Fiorinia cockerelli, de Charm., Proc. Soc. Amic. Scien., p. 33, (1899). 9 puparium (fig. 37) elongate, very narrow, almost linear, tapering to a point at each extremity. Moderately convex, with a well-defined supplementary notes on the coccid^e of ceylon. 355 sharp median ridge. Puparium almost completely occupied by the large nymphal pellicle which is of a dark reddish- brown colour, Secretionary area thin and diaphanous, except along the median ridge_. where it is thickened and forms a white crest. There is a narrow secretionary extension in front of the larval pellicle, and an abruptly narrowed extension at the posterior extremity of the puparium. Ventral scale very thin and delicate : easily ruptured. Larval pellicle long and narrow. Total length of puparium 2*50 mm. Length of larval pellicle 0*75 mm. : nymphal pellicle 1*60 to 1*75 mm. Greatest breadth of puparium 0*50 mm. $ Puparium not observed. Adult $ (fig. 38) elongate narrow : broadest across abdominal area. Pale violaceous, tinged with red. There is an almost complete series of coarsely serrate processes — marginal on the pygidium, but carried inwards along the ventral surface of the body, gradually increasing its distance from the actual margin and closely embracing the rostrum. Rudimentary antennae close to rostrum. A small stout thorn-like spine in front of and exterior to each antenna. Posterior margin of pygidium (fig. 39) with four narrow prominent sharply pointed lobes, each with a more or less conspicuous smaller point on its lateral edges.. Squames long, narrowed at base, dilated and deeply fimbriate at extremity : two in each interspace and three exterior to the lobes, beyond which are the serrate processes described above. Dorsal pores minute and inconspicuous. Circumgenital glands in nine groups, four supplementary groups being anterior to the normal five — (see fig. 38). Length 0"75 mm. Margin of nymphal pellicle (fig. 40) with four tricuspid lobes and broad deeply fimbriate squames. A series of broad lunate marginal pores. Eggs violaceous. On Dracaena cantleyi and Pritckardia grandis, in the plant-houses,. Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. On the Pritchardia, the scales — though numerous — are very inconspicuous, being ranged along the prominent ridges of the leaf, near the base, where they resemble small adpressed scaly hairs. Originally described from Mauritius, under the name of Fiorinia coekerelli, de Channoy. The marginal fringe and supplementary gland 356 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. groups are characters that suggest its more proper inclusion in the genus Leucaspis. EXPLANATION OF PLATES H to K. Plate H. Fig. 1 Aspidiotus longispinus ; pygidium of adult female. „ 2 ,. cuculus ; adult female, ventral view. „ 3 „ „ ; pygidium of adult female. ,, 4 „ pedronis ; pygidium of adult female. „ 5 „ maleollus ; adult female, ventral view. „ 6 „ „ ; pygidium of adult female. Plate I. Fig. 7 Aspidiotus cistuloides ; puparimn of female. „ 8 „ ,, ; pygidium of adult female. „ 9 ,, quadriclavatus ; pygidium of adult female. „ 10 „ taprobamts ; pygidium of adult female. „ 11 „ phyllanthi ; pygidium of adult female. ,, 12 „ occultus v. dongatus ; galls of female. „ 13 ,, „ ; pygidium of adult female. ,, 14 Odonaspis penicillata ; puparium of female. „ 15 ,, ,, ; male puparium. „ 16 „ ,, ; pygidium of adult female. Plate J. Fig. 17 Aonidia echinata; puparium of female. 18 „ ,, ; adult female, ventral view. 19 ,, „ ; pygidium of adult female. 20 „ pusilla ; puparium of female. 21 ,, „ ; pygidium of adult female, 22 „ spatulata ; terminal joint of male antenna. 23 ,, mesuae ; adult male, dorsal view. 24 Gymnaspis spinomarginata ; adult female, ventral view, 25 „ „ /margin of pygidium. 26 Parlatoria proteus ; margin of female pygidium. ,, 27 „ per gandii \. phyllanthi ) puparium of female, „ 28 ,, atalantice; pygidium of adult female. ,, 29 Fiorinia bidens; female puparium, ventrolateral view. ,, 3Q ,, „ ; pygidium of adult female. if Journal, Bombay Natural History Society Plate H o ° . 19 / E. E. Green del. Ceylon Coccid^e Journal, Bombay Natural History Society Plate I 0 (DO 0 O «>0 8 E. E. Green del. Ceylon Coccid^e Journal, Bombay Natural History Society 17 > .... 18 Plate E. E. Green del. Ceylon Coccid/E Journal, Bombay Natural History Society Plate K <8ggp O E. E. Green del. Ceylon Coccid^e SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCIDJE OF CEYLON. 357 Fi (Ow Plate K. Chionaspis subcortical is; pygidium of adult female. strobilanthi ; pygidium of adult female. coronifera ; antenna of adult female. » 5 pygidium of adult female. cinnamomi ; adult female, ventral view. » '> pygidium of adult female. 37 Leucaspis cockerelli; puparium of female. 38 „ „ ; adult female, ventral view. 39 „ „ ; pygidium of adult female. 40 „ „ ; pygidium of nymphal pellicle. ng to reduction during photo-process, it is impossible to give g. 31 32 33 34 35 35 ?> j> » the exact amount of amplification of the several figures). 358 NOTES ON SMALL MAMMALS IN KASHMIR AND ADJACENT DISTRICTS. By Colonel A. E. Ward. (Redd before the Bombay Natural History Society an 16th March 1905.) I am asked to contribute a short paper " showing what has been done and what remains to be done in research after the small mammals of Kashmir." I scarcely know what to write, for very little has been accomplished ; a few definite results have been attained, but a good deal of the nomenclature is provisional, and it is hoped that our knowledge may shortly be supplemented. The drawback to rushing into print at this stage is that much may have to be unsaid. To clearly point out how backward our collections are I take the lib ?rty of quoting a letter sent to me by Mr. Oldfield Thomas last September ; in it he writes : — "I doubt if you realize that we have no specimens except yours of the commonest Kashmir species, or indeed of India generally (except from Wroughton) and, therefore, we have none with the data measurements, &c, that now-a- days make the chief value of specimens, &c." It is not very difficult to collect animals that live above around, but burrowing mammals are hard to deal with, hence progress is very slow. We have practically settled that Mus vicerex is the common rat of Kashmir. It belongs to the rufescens group, and is described by Mr. Bonhote — "Annals and Magazine of Natural History," Ser. 7, Vol. XI, May 1903. Mus mettada has been identified and was caught in Eastern Kashmir at elevations varying from 7,000' to 8,000', and other speci- mens are now under consideration ; this rat is described in the " Fauna of India." I was much surprised to find the Metad at high elevations. Mus decumanus. All the Kashmir specimens which we had provi- sionally marked as such, turn out to be vicerex, but the brown rat is to bo found in Poonch and in many other parts. Nesocia hardwickei (the short-tailed mole rat) is fairly common in the outside ranges and has been procured in Poonch. Mice are at present engaging attention. The common mouse which swarms in the rice fields in autumn, and also lives in the villages, has been provisionally admitted as bactrianus (the Persian Field-mouse). NOTES ON SMALL MAMMALS IN KASHMIR. 350 Mus arianus (the Persian Long-tailed Field-mouse) has Dp to date been only found at considerable elevations, where it burrows in the grassy slopes, and is partial to places where sheep have been folded in the summer. This little rodent is very hard to trap, and seems to be found in small colonies only. Mus sublimis (the Upland Mouse) may possibly be the common mouse of Ladak, but whether the mice which have been collected in Western Tibet, and the extreme northern parts of Ladak belong to this species I cannot say, and as usual I shall hereafter look to Mr. Bonhote for his kind aid. I fully expect to find other mice, probably Mus l&ggada, naturally some form of Miisculus, and most likely new species ; what is wanted -is a general collection of these animals from all the remoter districts : these should be labelled with accurate data and measurements. I scarcely like to touch on the Voles. Up to date I have only been able to send you Microtus brachelix and M. stracheyi. I have speci- mens provisionally labelled fertilis. Mr. Bonhote tells me brachelix s.n& fertilis are closely allied. We look to do a good deal amongst the Voles but many specimens are required, and America is ahead of us in possessing them. I can only promise that you shall have what I can send from time to time as soon as the British Museum has autho- ritatively named them. I have a letter from Mr. Thomas in which he most kindy offers to help in this respect. Next in interest come the Mouse hares. The Bombay Natural History Society have specimens of a new species ; those 1 first sent were provisionally labelled as Royles vole (Lagomys roylei) but have now been named wardi. The papers thereon are not yet through the press. Mr, Bonhote has sent me a list of mouse hares, and amongst these we have found L. curzonice at Hanle, Ladak, at an elevation of about 13,500', and ladacensis (provisionally named) in Western Tibet, and also in the Changchenmo Valley. To turn to the list which is purely tentative, we may look for erythrotus and rutilas described as closely allied. L. ladacensis and ozotona which may be bracketted together for the present ; Uoslowi from Southern Tibet ; curzonice and its ally melanostomus from Tibet ; hodgsoni from Ladak ; and auritus which may be the same as griseus (Bonhote) ; whilst macrotis and auritus (Blanford) are said to bo identical. 360 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. I am afraid there is little to be gained at present by the perusal of the above, what we want is many specimens, my only object in dwelling on the mouse hares is the hope that some one will help to remove the difficulties under which we work. Turning now to the Tnsecttvora — Crocldura murina is very plentiful. I have captured this musk shrew in the jungles and in houses ; with the exception of these species the only other specimens I have are Chlmarrogale himalayica, the Himalayan Water Shrew. This is a bold little creature and has twice been secured owing to its having attacked small fish which were being landed. Years ago I found the Tibetan "Water Shrew but unfortunately lost the specimen whilst on my return journey. Mr. Thomas is asking for a large series of Marmots. I am afraid we cannot do much from the N.-W. Himalayas. The Tibet Marmot (Arctomys lumalayanus) I have sent to the British Museum, and it will be easy enough to collect any number of the Red Marmot (.4. caudatus). The other small mammals, which are of interest, are hares, and squirrels. Bats are, I believe, very much required, but they are perplexing, and all that I can do is to try and collect those that come in my way ; these I am sending to the British Museum from time to time and any duplicates I hope to secure for Bombay. 361 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. No. I— MELANISM IN BLACK BUCK. ( With a Photograph.) I am Sending you herewith a photograph of a Black Buck (Antilope cervicapra) shot here by Sahibzada Nasrullah Khan, the eldest son and heir of Her High- ness the Begum of Bhopal. As you will see, it is dark-coloured throughout, without the usual white belly and legs. The Sahibzada has shot many hundred bucks, but has never seen a similar specimen before. It is, I suppose, an instance of melanism. J. MANNERS SMITH, Major. Bhopal, C. I., 6th September, 1904. No. II.— A RARE INDIAN GAME-BIRD, THE MOUNTAIN QUAIL (OPHRYSIA SUPERC1LI0SA, Gray;. Judging by the enormous number of sportsmen in India who indulge in small game shooting, it is very extraordinary that one of our recognised game- birds should have been entirely lost sight of for thirty years or so. I refer to Ophrysia superciliosa ('Gray), the so-called Mountain Quail. Whether it should rightly be described as a quail, a partridge or a pheasant still remains to be proved, but so far as is known its proper place is somewhere between or near the Blood Pheasants (Ithagenes) and the Spur-fowls (Galloper dix). It was first described in 1846 from a specimen in the great Knowsley Menagerie, which was believed to have come from India. Subsequently a few specimens were obtained close to Mussooree between 1885 and 1868 during the cold weather, but since then only one single specimen has been shot, in 1876, near Naini Tal. Whether it is a resident or a winter visitor from some cold climate is uncer- tain, and except that it is reported to have been found in small coveys of six or ten which skulked in grass jungle and brushwood, nothing much is known of its habits and nothing whatever of its life history. It is with a view to encouraging any of our members, who may have the opportunity, to keep a look-out for this rare bird, that I call attention to its existence, of which few probably are awai'e. I am sure that many of our enthusiastic ornithologists would be proud to have their names coupled with it as its re-discoverer ! Under the circumstances perhaps I may add a few words briefly describing its general appearance. In size it is about halfway between a quail and a partridge — say 10 inches in length — with a 3-inch tail and a 3|-inch wing. The plumage is long and soft, the general colour of the male being olive-brown with black and white about the head and throat, and of the female cinnamon-brown with greyish pink about the head and neck. The bill and legs are red. If by any chance any reader of this note should be lucky enough to come across the bird it is to be hoped that he will be able to find some means of 22 362 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. preserving the body in spirits or formalin as well as the dried skin, in order that its anatomical characters may be investigated. E. COMBER, F.Z.S. Bombay, 22nd October, 1904. No. Ill— SIMOTES SPLENDIDUS. In Volume XIII, page 537, " Miscellaneous Notes," is published a note by Captain Wall and myself " On the occurrence of S. splendidus in Burma or a pro- bable new species." The specimen was a peculiar one, in that there were four prefrontals as well as internasals, and we were inclined to consider it an abnor- mal splendidus or a new species. I have now no doubt as to its being the former. I have since seen two specimens of this snake, evidently rare, as the descrip- tion in Boulenger's work " Reptilia and Batrachia " is from the single speci- men at that time known. It certainly is a very rare reptile here. All three specimens are from Upper Burma, viz., Sagaing, Ruby Mines and Yamethin districts. In the two specimens above referred to — one young, the other an adult — the internasals are four in number, and the arrangement is as before described, i.e., the median pair small and projecting back to the pre- frontals. The prefrontals are in each specimen two. In the young specimen the — Ventrals are .,.. 174. Subcaudals ... 35-37? Scales ... 21. Length ... ll£" Tail ... If" As regards colouring, it agrees with that given by Boulenger except that the indentation in the spots before and behind are not as pronounced in the young as in the adult, and I cannot discern the faintest trace of a yellowish median line. There are 17 spots on the body and 3 on the tail. On the 23rd October while returning to camp along a ridge, perhaps a 1,000 ft. elevation, I noticed, lying at full length and motionless on my path, a Simotes which I thought from the previous specimens must be a splendidus. It had recently sloughed and was indeed most beautifully marked. It made no attempt to move, though there was long grass a foot distant, until I struck it, when it dilated its neck in the manner some specimens of T. stolatus or T. jriscator do when irritated, and hissed quite audibly, so much so that my tracker remarked it was like a Mwe-bwe (Russell's Viper), but not so loud. When I placed the stick close to its head, it struck. On arrival in camp the Burmans declared it was a very young python, no doubt owing to the beautiful marking. Ventrals ... 175. Subcaudals ... 43. Scales ... 21. Length ... 28f* Tad ... 4" There are 16 spots on the body and 4 on the tail. Geo. H. EVANS, A.V.D., F.L.S., Majok. Rangoon, November, 1904. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 363 No. IV —NOTE ON THE DIGESTION OF EGGS BY COBRAS AND DABOIAS. With reference to Mr. C. P. George's Note printed on page 174 of this volume, and in accordance with a suggestion made by Mr. Phipson at the last meeting of our Society, I have made the following experiments with the live snakes at my disposal at the Government Laboratory, Parel, with a view of ascertaining how long snakes take to digest a hen's egg if swallowed with the shell intact. Our first attempt was a failure, in so far as the egg broke in the cobra's gullet while being pushed down. No trace of the egg or its shell could be found next day on palpating the snake's body. The animal passed a motion 16 days afterwards, in which a few pieces of egg shell were observed. The second cobra was successfully fed with an entire egg, by using long forceps to open the gape, and by oiling the shell freely. "When examined on the following day, a bulging was noticed about f down the body, which proved to be the egg. On feeling this lump a distinct crackling was felt, pointing to the commencing disintegration of the egg. Twenty-four hours later all trace of the egg had disappeared. A third cobra was similarly fed with a like result. It thus appears that the cobra requires 48 hours to digest a whole fowl's egg. In the case of the Russell's viper it was found impossible to introduce even a bazaar egg, so we had to content ourselves with pigeon's eggs. The result was the same as in the case of the cobra, viz., the egg could be felt after 24 hours as a softish lump which crepitated distinctly under the fingers, and it had disappeared entirely in 48 hours. W. B. BANNERMAN, M.D., Lt.-Col., I.M.S. Plague Research Laboratory, Parel. Bombay, November, 1904. No. V.— DO WILD ANIMALS EVER DIE OF INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. In the course of numerous post-mortem examinations on animals from the Victoria Gardens, Bombay, two cases of death from obstruction caused by the presence of foreign bodies have come under the notice of the officers of this laboratory. It strikes one as incongruous that such misceilanous feeders as the bear and Cassowary should thus die, yet the following prove3 that, in captivity at least, such is the fact. CASE I. — In September 1903, a common Indian Black Bear died of some intestinal trouble in the Victoria Gardens, Bombay. It was sent here for examination, and the cause of death was found to be peritonitis due to perforation of the small intestine caused by the impaction of a mango stone. 364 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVL CASE II. — In- October 1904, a dead Cassowary was received from the same gardens. The bird was reported to have been ill for some time with " liver complaint." An examination revealed the presence of a small green cocoanut in the gizzard, which completely filled it. This organ was acutely inflamed, and the first portion of the gut below the gizzard was also inflamed, and showed many points of haemorrhage. Now it is reasonable to suppose tbat che Cassowary being a desert bird may not have known what a green cocoanut was and sampled it out of curiosity, but one would think a bear would be familiar with mangoes and have learned to avoid such fruit if found to disagree. Can any one throw light on this point, viz., do wild animals die in the jungle from such mishaps as the above ? W. B. BANNERMAN, M.D., Lt.-Col., I.M.S. Plague Research Laboratory, Parel. Bombay, 22nd November, 1904. No. VI.— KING-CROWS AND MYNAS AS MESS-MATES. Some time ago I noticed that a king-crow (Dicrunis ater) was frequently to be seen squatting motionless on the ground in the midst of a little gathering of mynas {Acrldotheres tristis). At the time I paid but little attention to the matter ; but further observation showed that the presence of the king-crow was a very common phenomenon. Consequently I formed the habit of watch- ing for flocks of mynas feeding on the ground and then looking to see whether a drongo was in attendance. To my astonishment I found that he is more often present than absent. I may safely say that in Madras a number of mynas feeding without a king-crow in attendance is at the piesent season the exception rather than the rule. If the birds are feeding on an open maidan, the king-crow stands on the ground ; if, however, there are trees, posts or other per- ches handy, the drongo settles on them rather than on the grass. I believe that this is a case of commensalism. The king-crow keeps near the mynas for the same reason that they attend cattle, that is to say, in order to profit by the commo- tion the moving beast or bird causes among the insects that live on the surface. A king-crow may often be seen squatting on the ground at a distance from any other birds ; when this is so the drongo usually hops about and picks insect food from off the ground. In the presence of mynas he behaves very differently ; he sits motionless, but keeping a sharp look-out, and now and again takes a little flight after some tiny insect which I believe has been put up by a moving myna. The king-crow and the mynas share the insects be- tween them : the latter take chiefly those which keep to the ground, while his royal highness makes short work of any which take to their wings when disturbed. I am convinced that this is a genuine instance of commensalism and not merely chance company. Firstly, the presence of the single king-crow among a company of mynas is too frequent to be a mere chance association, and MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 365 secondly the drongo moves with the party of mynas. If the grass be at all luii"1. it is difficult to distinguish between the mynas and their companion, for the tail of the latter is hidden and from a little distance the colour of both species looks the same. The king-crow, however, does not walk about as the mynas do ; he is the one stationary member of the little company. Hence he is soon left behind : but before his beaters have moved far, he flies after them and alights in the midst of them. On one occasion, I watched, for over half an hour, a flock of eleven mynas and the attendant drongo. The latter kept near the grasshopper-hunters the whole time, sometimes in the midst of them, sometimes a little way behind, while occasionally he would fly ahead in the direction in which the little flock was moving. In the course of my watch- ing, the birds on two occasions took fright at something and each time flew away to some distance. As soon as the mynas again settled down to feed, the king-crow joined them. On one of the occasions the latter gave the alarm and flew off, hurriedly followed by the mynas ; on the other the mynas took the lead, followed by the drongo. It is rare to see more than one king-crow with a company of mynas. The reason of this is, I believe, that the king-crow likes to be " cock of the walk." Having attached himself to one party of mynas he looks upon their hunting-ground as his special preserve for the time being, and resents the intrusion of others of his species. If a second king-crow comes up, a fight ensues, and the stronger bird allows the weaker no peace, constantly giving chase until the latter departs. The king- crow does not appear to attach himself permanently to one flock of mynas. On a large piece of ground I have seen four separate flocks of mynas each with a king-crow in attendance, and the drongos sometimes change flocks just as one's fox-terriers, when half way through their meal, change plates ; each seems to covet his neighbour's possessions, and the exchange appears to give satisfaction to both parties. Knowing what a little tyrant the king-crow is, I always look carefully to see whether he commits robbery on the mynas. Only upon one occasion have I found him guilty of this offence, and the circumstance is, I think, sufficiently remarkable to be recorded. I was watching some mynas feeding on the grass in the Botanical Gardens, Madras, when suddenly a king-crow, which I had not observed, swooped down upon one of the birds, planted his claws in its back and pecked most viciously at its head. While punishing the myna the king-crow uttered his harsh note of anger. The myna too made a great outcry, and wriggled away, but the king-crow again attacked it from overhead. The scuffle was so violent, and the movements of the birds so rapid, that it was difficult to see exactly what happened. After the contest had lasted from forty seconds to a minute the king-crow flew off, carrying in his beak what I at first took to be a myna's feather. Fortunately the drongo settled in a tree a few yards from me. I immediately turned my glasses on to him and then saw that what he had in his beak was a wriggling worm. This had been the bone of contention. The 366 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. king-crow had evidently, before I noticed him, been watching the myna and, seeing it unearth the worm, the little robber fell upon it with beak and claw. However, he seemed to find the worm more difficult to swallow than to capture. The worm could not have been less than two inches in length and the drongo had hold of it by one end. His efforts to dispose of his wriggling victim were amusing to watch. Presently the worm wriggled itself free and fell. The king-crow swore vigorously and dropped after it, but he had net to descend far, because the luckless worm caught in the petiole of a leaf. The drongo again secured it, took it to a broad branch, and after grappling with it for about a minute swallowed it whole. Highway robbery of this description is, I think, not common. In most cases the mynas appear to be on excellent terms with their black neighbour : they strut about quite close to him, and behave as though they were unaware of his presence. I have never seen them make any attempt to mob him. Except upon the occasion just mentioned I have not seen the drongo attack the myna. Such attacks cannot be very frequent, for so courageous a bird as the myna would never tolerate the presence of the king-crow if he frequently committed larceny. I believe that the arrangement is merely one of commensalism. The king- crow benefits, hence bis presence. He as a rule does not harm or impede the mynas, for he takes the insects they do not trouble to chase, and, indeed, he is sometimes useful as a sentry, so they tolerate his presence. King-crows very frequently use cattle as perches. No sight is commoner in India than that of a king-crow perched on the back of a cow, sufficiently far forward to avoid the swish of the tail. Until recently I was under the im- pression that the drongo utilised the quadruped merely because its back formed a convenient point of vantage whence he could obtain a good view of the surrounding country. I am now inclined to think that the king-crow derives the additional advantage of having the ground beaten for him by the moving cow. The myna uses cattle as beaters ; why then should not the drongo do likewise ? I must confess that until recently I had not noticed this commensalism between the king-crow and the mynas, and since I have noticed it I have not been outside Madras, so cannot say whether a similar relationship exists else- where. I am inclined to think it does, and has uot been noticed, because mynas being such very common birds naturalists are apt to pay but scant attention to their doings. Moreover, seen from a distance a king-crow sitting on the grass is easily mistaken for a myna. Again, the present season in Madras has been an exceptionally dry one ; it is therefore possible that the king-crow is more dependent than usual on the insects which frequent the ground. I shall be interested to know whether other members of the Bombay Natural History Society have noticed this case of commensalism. D. DEWAR, I.C.S. Madras, December, 1904. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 367 No. VII.— OCCURRENCE OF THE SCAUP DUCK (NYROCA M ARIL A) IN OUDH. On Sunday 11th December last our bag contained among others a scaup duck [Nyroca marila) which flying solitary fell to Captain K. L. W. Mackenzie's gun. It was much damaged as a specimen, but I have sent the skin to the British Museum. Oates in his book " The Game Birds of India, " Vol. II, pp. 337 et seq., mentions this duck as a rare winter visitor, and nearly all the few records he mentions of its occurrence in India are from places considerably north of this. I may mention that one specimen of the marbled duck (Marmaronetta angustirostris) was obtained by Major H. A.Cooper the same day. O O £* & & O & Bince writing the above I have met the Revd. J. Gompertz, Senior Chaplain of Fyzabad, an experienced and enthusiastic sportsman who has kept detailed notes of his bags for some years. He tells me he has several times shot the scaup duck in Oudh and elsewhere, proving that Oates' remark (The Game Birds of India, Part II, p. 338) as to its being probably a commoner duck than records lead us to suppose, is correct. My informant has very kindly allowed me to make the following extracts from his note book relative to shooting this duck : — Date. Number. Locality. 19th January 1897 23th January 1897 9th November 1898 30th November 1898 21st December 1898 28th December 1898 loth November 1899 29th November 1899 14th January 1903 1st December 1903 7th December 1904 Parbattia, Gonda District, Oudh. Ditto. Kadir Talao, Roorkee District. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Raniarpur, Oudh. Quaila, Wr. Akbarpur, Oudh. Barabanki District, Oudh. F. WALL, Captain, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. Fyzabad, lith January, 1905. [The Scaup has been recorded as far south as Bombay, shot by Mr. J. D. Inverarity, vide this Journal, Vol. II, page 97. — Editors.] No. VIII.— LUMINOUS PLANTS. There are many things in nature of which the average person is ignorant. It would perhaps surprise him to be told that several species of fungi are luminous. Some years ago Mr. G. A. Gammie, now Professor of Botany in the Poona College of Science, contributed to our columns an interesting article on " Luminous fungi." Since then we have seldom come across any reference to luminous plants. Close observers, for instance, have noticed that our com- mon Tuberose lily {Polyanthes tuberosa), the "Gool-i-shubbo " of the natives, gives off sparks on a hot evening. We have noticed these sparkling emanations 3C8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. from a bunch of tuberoses on a dark hot night, and they have seemed to us to partake of the nature of electric sparks. Of course, the light may have been phosphorescent, but it is not improbable that, under the influences of heat and electricity, combined with moisture, several tropical plants might exhibit a bril- liant light. A writer in the Journal of Horticulture recalls an incident of some sixty years ago when there was exhibited before the Royal Asiatic Society the roots of a singular plant, presumably a species of Orchis, which grew amidst the jungle below the Madura Hills, in India. It was phosphorescent, and even if dried could be made to shine with the brightness of a glow worm when the surface had a wet cloth applied for a short time. The editor of the Gardeners Chronicle found that a small piece of this root retained its power of lighting up a good while, only the light got feebler. The Brahmins, it was said, knew its peculiarity but all the plants did not possess this luminosity at their roots. They imagined the light of it drove away demons. Amongst the Himalayan hills the natives describe slopes and valleys that are lighted up on damp nights by some species of grass, as they think, possibly it is by crawling luminous insects. The same writer tells us that what is commonly known as " touchwood,'r and, on account of its rapidly kindling property, is used for lighting fires, is apt to be luminous. Schoolboys for generations have been in the habit of carrying pieces of such wood into their dormitories to produce a sudden illumi- nation at night. The wood of the Willow is specially notable for its readi- ness to take fire. In the Northfleet Marshes, near Gravesend, the writer saw numerous old Willows that had been almost stripped of bark, with the surface of the wood blackened as if burnt. It would seem the wood was scorched by a spark from some pipe, or by the fierce rays of the sun, but did not burn away. Perhaps, since its luminosity can sometimes be developed by friction, touchwood may retain heat, though we usually ascribe its brilliancy to phos- phorescence. What is singular also, the sap of some trees in exotic regions appears luminous, as it flows from a wound. One shrub, indeed, has been named Euphorbia pliosphorea from this fact, and there are other instances. We have it on the authority of the late Professor Henslow that the European Dittany, Dictamnus fraxinella, evolves some inflammable gas in the evening, and, should the air be still, if a light is brought near, the plant will be envelop- ed in a transient flash, but receives no injury. Before his time the daughter of Linnaeus had stated that a plant of D. alius, which she approached with a candle, became surrounded by a light blue flame. Dr. Hahn suggested the Dittany might produce hydrogen or evolve an ethereal oil from the flowers ; he made many experiments amongst species of Dictamnus unsuccessfully, but at last found a rather faded plant, from which, when he held a match, came a reddish crackling flame, having an incenselike smell. Then he ascertained this can only happen during the limited period of the flower's fading, and also that there are glands containing an aromatic oil. A Himalayan species of the genus has the reputation of making a brilliant display after dark, even when nob approached by a light. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 369 The writer we have quoted records also that electricity is said occasionally to have a peculiar effect upon the garden Tuberose (Polyanthes tuberosa). A plant of this has, he says, been observed, on a sultry evening after thunder to send out an abundance of small sparks, coming chiefly from such flowers as were fading. In 1843 Mr. Dowden described to the British Association a luminous appearance witnessed one August evening on the double variety of the common Marigold. This was seen by four persons. During the twilight a golden flame appeared to play from petal to petal of some of the heads, making a sort of corona round the discs. This emanation grew less vivid as the light decreased, then vanished. Most of the scientists considered this was a case of visual deception, but several years after Dr. Lankester established it as a fact, if one very exceptional. He noticed such a flame in the same species and also in the Hairy Red Poppy, the flashes of light occurring at the end of a hot dry day. Another gentleman stated that on a June evening about nine he saw flashes of light pass along three scarlet Verbenas growing a foot apart in his garden. He called the attention of his gardener and several other persons to the spot, and the sight lasted quite a quarter of an hour. There was a smoky appearance in the air after the flashes, which reminded one of the summer lightning in miniature. Subsequently the same phenomenon was noticed amongst some red Pelargoniums, and it was repeated many times during July and August, when the weather was sultry and electric. Friends are requested to watch their Chrysanthemums at dusk, since that flower is reported to be now and then luminous, presumably the white and yellow varieties. Other luminous plants are the White Lily, the Nasturtium, the Sunflower, the Evening Primroses and some wall mosses. (Indian Planting and Gardening, 17lh December 1904.) No. IX— AN EGG-EATING COBRA. With reference to Mr. C. P. George's note on Cobras feeding on eggs, page 174 (No. XXII) of this Volume, I enclose a photograph taken by me a short time since of a large-sized cobra killed on a Guinea-fowl's nest; the nest contained 15 eggs and the cobra had swallowed six. After killing the cobra the six eggs were pressed out and set, three of them eventually hatching out. *The photograph distinctly shows the distention of the snake. Bankipur, 1st January, 1905. E. BROOK FOX. No. X.— LOCUSTS. The Colouring of Acridium peregrinum. With regard to Mr. Aitken's note on the above subject on page 157 of Vol. XVI., No. 1 of the Journal, it may be of interest to note that a swarm of Locusts which visited this place in June (12th) 1901 consisted of specimens of both colours (red and yellow) in very nearly equal proportions, the red predominating slightly. * The photograph referred to Las been placed in the Society's album.— Editors. 23 370 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. I sent 5 specimens (3 red and 2 yellow) to Mr. E. P. Stebbing, F. E. S., who confirmed the identification, so there is no error as to the species. CECIL E. C. FISCHER, I.F.S. Chatrapur, Ganjam District, January bth, 1905. No. XI— THE HABITS OF THE LEAF BUTTERFLY. The Resting Position of Kallima. In Mr. Aitken's note on " The Enemies of Butterflies " (Journal, Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. XVI, No. 1, p. 157) is the following passage : — " Kallima, when at rest on the trunk of a tree, always turns its head down- wards, though this somewhat spoils its resemblance to a leaf." The author goes on to suggest that this position is assumed for the purpose of facing an enemy that may be ascending the trunk. He adds that the principal enemies would be lizards. I cannot help thinking that Mr. Aitken is mistaken — both in his estimate of the resemblance and in his explanation of the position adopted by this butterfly. I maintain that the inverted position of the butterfly by no means detracts from its resemblance to a leaf. The colouration and pattern of the underside of Kallima is such as to very closely simulate a dead leaf. Dead leaves do not naturally retain an erect position: nor do leaves— living or dead' — commonly grow direct from the trunk of a tree. But it is no unusual thing to see a with- ered leaf arrested in its fall and accidentally attached to a tree-trunk by the strands of some spider's web. It is just such a semi-detached leaf that Kallima resembles when resting in its customary position. To add to the deceptive appearance, the butterfly sways itself slowly from side to side, just as a detached leaf would be moved by a current of air. As for the idea that a lizard would necessarily approach its prey from below, it seems to me that a tree-haunting lizard is just as likely to attack from above or from one side. The direction will depend entirely upon the relative position of the lizard and the butterfly at the time. Lizards of the genus Calotes (sys- tematic butterfly-eaters) generally affect the extremity of a spray or end of a branch. When they do take up a position on the trunk of a tree, it is usually an inverted position, like that of the Kallima itself. A Gecko, seeing a large insect pitch on the trunk, would probably gain the level from the opposite side of the tree, then stalk its prey round the corner. E. ERNEST GREEN. Peradeniya, Ceylon, IQth January, 1905. No. XII— BREEDING SEASONS OF BIG GAME IN INDIA. Having read with interest Mr. Comber's note No. XXV in the last issue of the Journal, I beg to bring to your notice a few facta which have come to my notice during the Christmas holidays and to make the suggestion that if a MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 371 large number of members who shoot would record their observations in the jungle, materials would probably be forthcoming for an inductive chain of reasoning on the subject of the breeding seasons of game. I was shooting with three friends in a jungle in East Khandesh which abounds in Sambar and Chital. About the 20th of November, as I did not know the jungle, and dislike to ask friends to shoot in a country where I do not know my way about, I rode over and made the acquaintance of the local shikaris. They proposed a beat. We had one drive, and I killed a Chital with fair horns, to which were still adhering some sheds of velvet, but these, however, were easily peeled off. I saw other stags, but none in velvet. The beaters picked up a young Chital fawn only a few days old, which could not run, and I have it as a pet. On December 24th our camps assembled, and we shot almost daily till January 3rd. Only two Chital were bagged. One had horns quite clean of velvet and the other was almost entirely in velvet. It was peeling only off one brow antler, and the ends of the tines were still soft. I raised my rifle once to shoot at a large stag which came quite close to me, and dropped it again on seeing that he had young horns only half grown. In another beat two stags went by with only one horn each, the others not being broken, but clean gone. One fawn only born a few days, and unable to run, was picked up, shown to me and released, and another was observed in a thicket where its dam had left it. Other fawns of various sizes were seen. Four Sambar were shot, all with clean horns and no signs of velvet, and many other stags were seen, but none had velvet so far as could be observed. Such fawns as were seen were all well grown and I should say about 6 or 8 months old. There were signs, how- ever, on the trees that the Sambar had been scraping their horng not long ago, which would seem to indicate that they have not long got rid of the velvet. The net results of observation of some hundreds of Chital and Sambar in the same jungle would seem to be these : — November 20. — One Chital stag shot just finishing the shedding of velvet, One Chital fawn picked up, only a few days old. December 24 — January 3. — One Chital stag shot in velvet, which he was beginning to shed. One Chital stag observed with horns sprouting. Two Chital stags observed, each of which had shed one horn. One Chital stag and many seen, with horns clean of velvet. Two newly born Chital fawns observed. Many Chital fawns in various stages of growth observed. Four Sambar stags shot, none having any velvet on their horns. Several Sambar fawns observed, all of some months' growth. Signs on trees observed of recent scraping of their horns by Sambar. The above are simply the facts as I observed them. If some scores of similar sets of observations were collected, I fancy that from the date of the stag's horns and the size of the fawns, the breeding season might be calculated with fair accuracy. Bhusaval, dth January, 1905. A. H. A. SIMCOX, i.c.s. 372 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. No. XIII.— NOTES ON THE " HOUBARA " {OTIS MACQUEENI). The Houbara, "Tilur " of the Punjabi, has been extraordinarily plentiful this cold season in the Sirsa District, as many as 12 having been shot in one day by two guns and a total bag of 49 made by one gnn between the 20th of November 1904 and the 15th of January 1905. One of the largest birds I have handled weighed 4 lbs. 2§- ounces uncleaned, and I took the following measurements with a steel tape: — Xjengun »•• ••• ••• ... ... ••• ... ••• -"' — Wing ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 16" _L arsus ... ... ... ... ..t ... ... ... o oo x ail ... ... ■-. ... ... ••• ... ... «? ■"£) Bill from gape ' 2'25" Length of foot 2'20" This Houbara (a fine male) was shot on the 11th of January 1905 and looked like a young Ostrich stalking along, except for his tell-tale ruff ! This ruff is an exceptionally fine one. The longest feather? measured 6'40 long. The feathers forming the crest on the top of the bead tape 3*10 and the whole plumage is in magnificent condition. I find that about this part of the Punjab the " Houbara " affects sanely hammocks intersected with crops cf " rye " or mustard, and should you find such a place, and the day be still and not too cold and windy, you may have the luck to see 8 to 11 birds stalking majestically along. I find also that generally after the third flight the birds will allow you (provided you are riding or stalking behind a camel) to get amongst them, as they then get accustomed to your camel and try to escape notice by " squatting. " This is the time to test the powers of your own eye-sight and the observing power of your camel-driver, for a " Houbara, " squatting on sand with his head laid out flat, is indistinguishable at a distance of 10 yards. It is then you will give vent to an " anathema " on all the " Otis " tribe (for should you turn away thinking that you must have been mistaken and no bird had alighted, marked you ever so carefully the spot as you thought) you may perchance get too near an old hen bird that has been there all the time and with a flap, up she will get and flap away, but covered by the body of your camel until too late to fire. The "Houbara" is not a swift flyer and is not a difficult bird to bit or bring down. The colouring of their wing covers and backs very closely resembles the sand on which they delight to live, and when " squatting," should the ground be absolutely level, the eye will pass over the bird in mistake for a clod of sand or some debris blown together. To get on anything like shooting terms with the " Houbara " it is advisable to circle round on your camel, when they will on a still day let you get quite close and you may shoot 5 or 6 as they get up one after the other. I. put forward the theory that on a windy day their feathers are liable to get blown up and so cause them to be detected, and this makes them impatient and impossible to approach. They feed generally in the morning and evening on seeds and insects, and there is a small weed that covers the open sandwastes MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 373 in this part of the Punjab that they are very fond of. It has a small flower like a " forget-me-not." In cloudy and windy weather they feed during the middle of the day, but they are then very wild, and it is next to impossible to shoot them. Colonel Reginald Heber-Percy, of " Badminton " Library fame, who paid Sirsa a short visit at Christmas time in order to try for record Black-Buck and Chinkara heads, told me he found many " Houbara " south of this place and practically lived on tbem all the while he and his wife were in camp. I may add that although they were not fortunate enough to bag any record heads, Miss Heber-Percy shot a good Chink just under record dimensions. Mrs. Heber-Percy while in Kashmir during the summer of 1904 shot 2 record Thar 14£ and 13£ respectively, and these were officially measured for the Kashmir Record book. The Colonel and his wife left Calcutta on the 15th for Burma, as he wishes to obtain a good example of the Thamin, Cervus eldii, for the joint collection of his brother (Major Algernon Heber-Percy) and his own at Hodwet Hall in the old country. A few birds began to arrive at the end of September, but they did not become plentiful till December 1st, when reports from many villagers came in of the quantities seen. The cold snap immediately following Christmas time again seems to have scattered the birds, which have since become scarce. Imperial Sand-grouse have not been at all plentiful this year, but a great number of birds travelled south and over Sirsa on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd of January. I hear since that the Imperial has been shot here near Ajmere, in Rajputana. The Houbara leave us about the 15th of March for Afghanistan and Tibet. Blanford tells us that " a few stragglers may remain and breed in the Bikanir Desert." I, however, have never seen or heard of one during the hot months, though several times I have had Jcubher brought in of the Great Indian Bustard, Eupodotus Edwardsi, and a fine bird weighing lGf lbs. was brought to me killed about 12 miles out. Sirsa, 20th January, 1905. REGINALD H. HEATH. No. XIV— OCCURRENCE OF THE BLACK-CAPPED KINGFISHER, HALCYON PILE AT A, IN WALTAIR. On the 15th of this month, whilst camped on the Naidupatem creek, a tributary of the Upputern river, I obtained a specimen of Halcyon pileaia, the Black-capped Kingfisher. The Upputern river flows from the Kolem lake to the sea between the deltas of the Godavery and Kistna, and the latitude of Naidupatem is approximately 16°N, and the longitude approximately 81°67'E. The bird was sitting on the stump of a dead tree near the creek opposite to the village. The next day I saw another specimen of the same Kingfisher near the Lutchmepuram lock on the Upputern river. I send you by post the specimen I shot at Naidupatem. This, it would appear, is the first occasion on which this beautiful Kingfisher has been reported from this locality. Waltair, P. ROSCOE ALLEN. Camp Chelupett, \Wi January, 1 905. 374 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVT. No. XV —THE BREEDING OF RUSSELL'S VIPER (VIPER A RUSSELLII). Among a number of snakes which have recently died in the Plague Research Laboratory at Parel, and which Lieutenant-Colonel Bannerman, I.M.S., has been kind enough to send me, was a gravid Russell's viper whose pregnancy was remarkable for the paucity of the brood and the season of its occurrence. It contained a solitary foetus. Now of all the snakes I know, excepting Tropidonotus piscator, this viper is the most prolific, as may be readily understood from the breeding notes I have collected from various sources, and herewith append in tabular form : — • ® c3 bo 2 so CD <30 c0'oloti0'o^Q0 o -° CD "3 o a es 03 Q. ,P 03 o. 03 03 5 03 rv"^ «3 03 — ■ "5 oh- 1 ^ o h-i a n^ £? © CQ PQ M fa a He. 2 03 ^ 2| OS «4-t bo -* bo1? fa fa to CD M • ■ es f° a ^ +) CD ->= c3 --■ co > 05 P fa ; ■ cd a =4-1 o : p o a" o -5 a" : «3 CD ~< ™" © i T3 , a H3 O CJ o3 n3 '. O CD J -4-3 „ -t-3 J J 5 p ~ --e a CD to M o '35 Jd o w o a to o» to k-H o 2 o o << a Pj 'to O c3 a 9 HI H3 P^ oS '5 **» o* Q p-a & tA««j* ^S05 »o © Ss •& O ^"t^ *V ° ^ w J.-S >. -b 03 CD ^5 "^ M ti M &D**f *M bc^ Mba^5 m.2 a M a a c 5 w a o s p o a o o M w§ H tH >* fa >H >H fa fH >H t-t o o CO Z-t CD ^p a -4 *J Q 03* IS] o i— ■ o >> CD o w • • • 2 £ ® a a o3 to 03 a ^S to £3 r=! rp o ?a ^^ a a a w *-■ a rC -*-3 • U o S-* 03 ■±2 GO Q CO m 02 o* Q •^ CB fr| GO fa" p ^ E^ O > a o co eo *# co eo »o -* CM Xi "* T-H a CO CM CO CO lO i-H CO a 5 3 fc • • f— i o -*J >, r— I eg o 1-3 5J 03 m ■ •H a o a o" Q 03 S r p : a M GO 03 a p t> H PQ lO o • • • • • • • • • • cs > a a g a ^a j rt -a -»j -+j _p -*» 03 0 CM CD CD CD ^3 CO OQ CM I— t CO CM *0 »-+ MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 375 The Assistant Surgeon at Pare] Laboratary, who has favoured me with some notes on events of a domestic nature which have occurred in that Institution, says this snake produces from 20 to 40 at a birth, and always about the month of May. The embryo derived from the specimen which has evoked these remarks, measured 9£ inches, and so would probably have been boru in the month of November. Keference to Mr. Cholmondeley's note shows that the length of those hatchlings that came under his notice varied from 9-10 inches, and it will be noticed that several of the young recorded by others were deposited in the months of May and June. I collected two specimens at Cannanore last year in the month of May, measuring 9§ and \Q\ inches, respectively. The Parel foetus, which was developed from the left ovary, occupied a thin transparent, membranous chamber, 2^ inches in length, which when opened allowed a little clear, oily, fluid to escape, but retained a small quantity of transparent jelly-like material which had to be picked off. It was folded into four. The 154th and 155th ventrals were perforate, and the 156th and 157th furrowed, and 17 others intervened before the anal shield. Its sex could not be discovered. I was much struck with the length of the maternal ovaries, the right of which measured 6£ inches. I counted 89 follicles in this ovary, and found they varied from 25 — 3o mcn m length. Th« following comparison between the mother and foetus is interesting, especially with reference to the scales. It is also noteworthy that in the mother the vertebra,! spots were not outlined whitish, w.hilst in the foetus they were. Length. Ventrals. Sub- caudals. Scales. 2 heads lengths behind the head. Mid body. 2 heads lengths in front of vent. Vertebral spots in xosary. Mother Foetus 4' 9" 9£" 174 173 48 50 27 28 31 29 23 24 24 24 Fyzabad, 21st January, 1905. F. WALL, Captain, I. M. S., c.M.z.s. No. XVI.— THE CROCODILE ; ITS FOOD AND MUSCULAR VITALITY. I shot a crocodile 11 feet 3 inches long in the Tapti yesterday about 11 a.m. On cutting it open in the afternoon we found that the stomach contained several goat's hoofs, about 21bs. of pebbles of various sizes, and a lot of the fleshy stalks of white lilies (Crinums) which grow on the banks. Is it not rather peculiar that first of all every bit of the goat or goats should have disappeared except the shells of the hoofs, and secondly that the crocodile 376 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. should have included lily stalks and pebbles in its diet ? Another thing I noticed was that though I smashed the base of the skull with a '577 magnum bullet, and killed the creature outright about 11 a.m., yet the whole body was jumping and quivering about 3 p.m. when we had got the skin off and cut oft* the head. It was thrown out in a field, but the muscles continued jumping till sunset quite enough to move the legs perceptibly— so much so that the vultures which hovered about continually dared not touch the carcass yester- day. Is this not extraordinary vitality ? A. H. A. SIMCOX, i.c.s. In Camp, Bhusaval. 23rd January, 1905. No. XVII— THE URIAL OF THE PUNJAB AND LADAK. Sportsmen, I have been informed, find considerable difficulty in distinguish- ing between the various local forms of the Asiatic wild sheep known in the Punjab as the urial, in Astor as the urin, and in Ladak as the sha or shapo, and scientifically as Oris vignei ; and there is little wonder in this, seeing that even naturalists (chiefly from the want of a sufficient series of specimens) are far from being in accord on these points. The urial, or sha, is closely allied to Ovis gmelini, the wild sheep of Armenia and North-Eastern Persia, of which the so called 0. ophion of the Troodoo Mountains of Cyprus is nothing more than a local race. In both these two species the colour of the coat tends more or less markedly to rufous chestnut, the rams have a large ruff of long hair on the throat, and the ewes develope small horns. The urial, or shapo, is distinguished by the colour tending very generally to fawn, but more especially by the forward curvature of the horns, which sweep along the sides of the face, and show more or less pronounced angles bordering the flattened front surface. The old rams do not show the light saddle mark which is so conspicuous in the Armenian wild sheep. So far as I can at present determine, four local forms or races of urial may be recognised, their distinctness from one another being based partly on actual physical differences and partly on geographical distributions. From this it will be infer- red that it will not be possible in all cases to refer a given specimen to its respective race without knowing its place of origin. This, however, is a difficulty to which we are gradually becoming accustomed as the refinements of system- atic zoology increase. Firstly, we have the typical urin (Ovis vignei typical) of Astor, from which, the shapo of Ladak appears to be inseparable. This Ladak urial, as it may be convenien'ly called, is a comparatively large form, in which the coat is fawn-coloured rather than foxy rufous. As a rule, the horns of the old rams turn markedly inwards at their tips, and have their front angles moderately prominent. Secondly, there is the Baluchi urial (0. vignei llanfordi), in which the horns tend to turn outwards at the tips, forming a more open spiral, and have the front angles prominent and occasionally showing a banded structure. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 37? This race (at first regarded as a distinct species) was described by Mr. A. O. Hume in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1877, on the evidence of the skull of a ram from the Kelat district of BaluchistaD, in which the tips of the horns curve outwards, so as to form a very open spiral. So open, indeed, is the spiral that a portion of the inner surface (which in other urial is completely concealed) is visible in a front view. In a skull from Kelat, in the British Museum, the spiral is, however, much less open, and there is no marked outward divergence of the tips, still it must evidently belong to the same race. Moreover, the presumption is that the urial from the rest of Baluchistan and Afghanistan, and, in fact, from the Trans- Indus districts in general, likewise belong to 0. v. blanfordi, as the Indus must almost certainly form an impossible barrier to these sheep. In confirmation of this view, it may be mentioned that the horns of a very fine male urial obtained by Dr. Aitchison, when on the Delimitation Commission in Afghan- istan, show a tendency to form an open spiral, and have very prominent front angles. In another head in the British Museum, from the hills north of Peshawar, the front angles are more prominent than in any urial I have ever seen, and are also raised into a number of knobs, but there is no decided tendency to an out-turning of the tips, although the spiral is rather open. It is practically certain that the specimen is racially distinct from the true urial of the Cis-Indus districts. On the other hand, an urial head figured on page 383 of the third edition of Rowland Ward's Horn Measurements, shows a decided outward turn of the tips of the horns, and, in fact, appears to be very similar in this and other respects to the type of 0. blanfordi. The specimen, which is the property of Major H. F. Taylor, is stated to be from " the Punjab, " and there is accordingly nothing to prevent its having come from the Trans-Indus districts. If the owner could confirm this in the columns of the " Field" he would strengthen the evidence in favour of the distinctness of 0. v. blanfordi. As regards the third race of the species, namely, the true urial (0. v. cycloceros) of the Salt Range and other hills of the Cis-Indus districts of the Punjab, this appears to be a smaller and redder animal than either of the preceding, with the horns forming a very close spiral, and showing no tendency to turn out at the tips, while their front angles are not prominent, and the anterior one is often more or less rounded off. Finally, we have the Kopet-Dagh urial (0. v. arkal), from the range dividing Persia and Turkestan, in which, as exemplified by a fine skull presented by Mr. St. George Littledale to the British Museum, the front surface of the horns is very broad and nearly flat, with but few transverse wrinkles, and very prominent front angles. Any additional information, and more especially photographs, which would help to solve the urial question, would be acceptable. R. L. (The above appeared in the " Field, " 2ith December 1904.) 24 378 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. No. XVIII.— ABNORMAL SAM BAR HEAD. {With a plate.) The stag whose head is shown in the accompanying sketch was shot in the Hoshangabad district, Central Provinces, near the Tawa River by A. G. Hendley, Major, Indian Medical Service, in the month of December 1900. The stag was a very large light-coloured stag, incisor teeth much worn and chipped, an indication of age. He was in good condition, was in company of several hinds, and had no injury to any of his organs. It will be seen that the horns have no brow antlers. The left horn divides into three spikes. The right horn also divides into three spikes, one being much smaller than the other two. At one time there had been a 4th spike to this horn near the shortest spike, but it had broken off, leaving a rough triangular mark at the point of fracture. The five longest spikes from burr to point varied in length from 21 inches to 29 inches, the shortest 11 inches. Width between tips 29 inches, girth of beam below division — right horn 10 inches, left horn 11 inches. J. D. INVERARITY. Bombay, January, 1905. No. XIX.— THE GOOSANDER {MERGANSER CASTOR). I am sending the following notes on the Goosander (A/, castor) which, not being a very common duck, may be of some interest to readers of the Journal. On the 19th instant, my collector brought me in 3 fine males of the Goosan- der, in most perfect plumage, which he told me he had shot on the Gadadhar river some five or six miles from this garden ; that, moreover, they were numerous and far from shy : so determining to find out the truth, I went myself on the 22nd and personally can fully confirm the correctness of the man's statement. The Gadadhar is a fine stream rising, I believe, somewhere in the higher Bhutan Hills. At the point nearest this it is fairly swift, flowing over small rocks, pebbles, and sand, and now in the cold weather the water it contains is beautifully clear and icy cold. Wherever there are shallows it forms into small rapids ; these the Goosander especially seems to frequent, though it may also be seen in the broader parts as well. The banks are sandy and more or less thinly wooded, but the chief jungle is grass, null and efcra. The birds are found in parties of 5 to 20, the males keeping as a rule quite apart from the females, and except when much disturbed by firing do not get mixed up with them. The drake is most conspicuous, his handsome black and white plumage show- ing up at a distance ; he swims high, and early in the day may be seen actively diving through and about the rapids, occasionally standing up in the water stretching his neck and flapping his wings. The female owing to its smaller size and the general slaty colour of its plumage seems to sit much lower on the water and is also shyer than the male though I may remark neither bird will readily allow one to get within Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc Vol. XVI CORTE/ A CO. IITH. BOMBAY. ABNORMAL HEAD OF SAMBER Shot bu Ma.or A. G. HENDLEY, I. M. S. Dec. 1900. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 371 gunshot from the bank. One female shot contained about 8 or 10 email fish 2" to 3" in length. Both birds on this part of the river are really far from shy, but this is not surprising, being practically in Cooch Behar where I am told game is preserved and every other native does not carry a gun. Even the Buddy Sheldrake, that cutest of birds, will here allow a fairly near approach in a native boat if one only talks, and does not pretend to be more than the ordinary boat load of people that they are so accustomed to see passing up and down the river all day and every day. The same holds good with regard to the Goosander, which will allow one to get within 25 or 30 yards, and even then may be seen with head or bills resting on their backs or preening them- selves (this during the heat of the day) ; a nearer approach sets tbem swimming as a rule up stream ; any peculiar silence in the boat or an attempt to stop or turn directly towards them, puts them at once on the wing. Skittering along the water for some little distance and then flying low over it, 6 or 8 feet, perhaps less, they will, if not fired at, alight again at the next rapid or broken water. Their flight is, to me, strong and noisy, the whistling of their wings being distinctly heard as they approach the boat. They will not, I notice, pass directly over a boat, but pass to either side at a distance of about 20 or 25 yards, merely rising a very little. Cripples swim down stream, the current seeming too strong for badly winged birds to make much headway against ; when hard pressed their diving is rapid and constant, varied by rapid rushes along the surface, they go under at the proverbial " flash," and it is surprising the time they keep down and, helped by the current, the distance they travel. I have not been brave enough to try the flesh, but my Sonthal servants and a Christian Baboo, however, have ; the former say that the Cormorant is preferable, the latter that he succeeded in making the 2nd bird I gave quite nice — " no fishy ' — by cooking it with lime (chunam) and many other strange and wonderful ingredients. The name amongst the Bengalies on the Gadadhar for this duck is " Pattee hans." I do not know if they apply this to any other species besides, but give it for what it is worth, as few vernacular names for this bird seem to be known. All the specimens I have got are fully adult birds in perfect plumage. A. M. PRIMROSE. Mornai Tea Estate, Tamarhak P.O. Gaukipur, Assam, 25th January, 1905. No. XX— TROUT AND OTHER FISH AND FISHING IN CEYLON. In the Fishing Gazette of November 5, 1 suggested that it would be very inter- esting to know how our friends in Ceylon were getting on with their trout stocking and preserving efforts. In reply to this Mr. R. A. G. Festing, one of the members of the Ceylon Fishing Club, very kindly sends me the following 380 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. particulars. I see from the rules that the good standard of llin. is fixed as the limit below which trout must not be retained — R. B. M. Dear Sir, — In your editorial notes in the Fishing Gazette of Nov. 5 you ask for information about trout breeding in Ceylon. The following lines may be of some interest to readers of your paper. The first experiments in trout breeding were made in 1880 by the late Mr. H. L. Hubbard. In 1882 a few fish were turned into the stream at Nuwara Eliya, and ova have been more or less regularly imported since 1886. When the Ceylon Fishing Club was started I do not know. At first the ova of brown trout and Loch Levens only were imported ; but in 1889 the ova of rainbow trout were introduced. The experiment proved successful, the rainbows taking kindly to the Ceylon streams, and they are now far more popular than the brown trout on account of their superior sporting and edible qualities. The fish imported have thrived well, and now run to a large size. I do not know what the record size is, but Mr. Plate's big rainbow trout mentioned in your paper about a year ago (I could not find the reference) is probably one of the biggest. Fish up to 31b. are fairly common. The average of takable fish is a little over a pound — at least, that is my experience, but more expert anglers may have a much better average. Spasmodic attempts have been made in the past to breed fish artificially from the imported stock ; but the difficulty has been to find males in milt when the females are ripe. No attempt, I bolieve, to breed fish artificially has so far been a success. A few years ago the trout started breeding naturally. Whether these naturally bred fish are pure rainbows or hybrids I do not know. But with the fish now breeding naturally there should be no difficulty in stocking all the likely up-country streams, and it is possible that the Ceylon Fishing Club may in a few years be in a position to supply India with ova or fry. With this end in view the club has lately been considering the question of getting out an expert from home to build hatcheries and instruct them how to breed trout. As to the streams— they are all fine trout streams with plenty of natural food and plenty of good running water. There is no danger of the carp fouling the water as suggested by you. The carp keep to the lakes and lower portions of the Nuwara Eliya streams. They do not wander far from the slack water. The Horton Plains stream, which is the finest bit of stocked water here, is an ideal trout stream, combining all the best qualities of English trout streams, except a regular rise of fly. At its head it is a very small stream with deep holes and good " elbows " thickly fringed with rhododendron bushes. One has to throw a fly very accurately to drop it into these pools. There are good gravelly shallows in the tributary- streams which should make excellent spawning beds. As the stream increases in volume there are deep rocky pools, big enough to hold salmon, long stretches of slack deep water, enticing stickles and some fine waterfalls— in fact, every sort of water to tempt the trout. And MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 381 in addition to this, the stream flows through glorious country. No description that I can write would ever do justice to it. To give a rough general idea- imagine Exmoor from six to seven thousand feet above sea level with "patana" grass instead of heather. I wish I had some photographs to send you, but all mine are stuck in my book. The two small streams at Nuwara Eliya flow into lakes, the outlets from which are practically blocked against fish attempting to descend. The Horton Plains and Ambawella streams end, so far as trout fishing is concerned, abruptly as huge waterfalls, down which no fish is likely to descend voluntarily. This, I ihink, accounts for the fact that rainbow trout have been so success- ful in these streams. They cannot escape, as they have done from so many English waters in which they have been tried. In the streams fly only is allowed, a No. 6 hook, Redditch scale, being the largest size permissible. A No. 6 hook is a large one, and permits small salmon flies being used. This may seem like " poaching " to some people, and perhaps the size might with advantage be reduced. But it must be remembered that the fish are not free risers. There is too much bottom food and not enough surface food. And in the big pools a small fly passes unnoticed a long way above the fishes' heads. For brown trout I have found a good sized March Brown do as well as anything. The rainbows undoubtedly prefer something brighter, and few flies are better than a very small Silver Doctor ; and though other fishermen may prefer other flies, I would always take these two with me, whatever the condition of the water. In the lakes artificial spinning bait is allowed, but the weeds are a nuisance, and I have not often attempted spinning, and have only once succeeded in landing a fish on a Devon minnow in Lake Gregory. As to rods, everyone naturally suits his own fancy ; but a small rod is, in my opinion, essential for the small streams. I have an 8£ft„ 3foz., cane rod, by Foster, which is an ideal weapon. It will throw a very accurate fly, and I have landed fish of about 2|lb. on it. A larger rod is wanted for the bigger waters where a long cast is necessary. The chief enemies with which the fish have to contend are otters, kingfishers, big cannibal trout, and poachers. Of otters I have seen any number while fishing. It is contended by some that the otter really does no harm, that he captures only the big sluggish cannibal, who well deserves his fate. This may or may not be true, but otters do undoubtedly disturb the water, even if they do not catch the smaller and livelier fish. I have seen rising trout most effectually " put down" by an otter swimming through the pool, and nothing would persuade them to rise for the rest of the day. In waters such as these where the fish are not free risers, anything that discourages them from rising, should be eliminated. In concluding these notes on Ceylon trout, I wish to remark that my experience of them is very small compared with that of those favoured beings who live near the streams. A week or ten days' holiday snatched once and 3»2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. again from a reluctant Government, and a three months' sojourn at Nuwara Eliya, is all the time that I have had to become acquainted with these fish. Perhaps others, much better qualified than myself to write about the subject, may send you an account of Ceylon trout. In which case this screed need never appear in print. But in case none of your subscribers from this island comes forward to answer your appeal, these notes are offered for what they are worth. But besides trout, which are restricted to a certain altitude in the hill country, there is good fishing to be had in the low country of Ceylon, in river, lagoon, sea and tank ; and it may not be out of place to offer a few remarks on some of the fish that the writer has caught. Very little is known from an angler's point of view, about lagoon and tank fishing in Ceylon. There are a few enthusiasts to be met occasionally who will speak of great captures ; but we badly want a second Thomas, not only to show us how to catch the fish, but to tell us what fish there are worth catching. Until I came to this district, about two years ago, I was quite unaware of the splendid opportunities for sport with rod and line in the low country, and I believe many other keen anglers here are similarly ignorant. I therefore offer these remarks with less diffidence than they otherwise deserve, only hoping that brother anglers may eome forward and contribute their quota of experience to the pages of the Fishing Gazette. The most common of low country fish is the Singhalese " lula" — the Indian " murral." The Tamils call him " viral." His classical name is Ophio- cephalus striatus. He is to be found in nearly all tanks and rivers that do not run dry ; but he will live a long time without water apparently. A tank near here was completely dry for a month or six weeks last year. When the rain came and the fields were being irrigated, I was shooting snipe, and picked up several fair-sized lula in the padi field below the tank. They had evidently been washed through the sluice of the tank ; but where they came from is a mystery, for the tank in question is not fed by any river. They must have been lying up under the grass and mud along the edge of the tank " bund. " Thomas, in his " Rod in India " (2nd edition), treats the lula, or murral, with scant ceremony. He regards him as a poor sort of pike to be eaptured with frogs and similar bait. But the lula is really a gentleman to be regarded with respect, for he rises to the fly freely and is a good table fish in spite of his bones — two supreme qualities. He does not fight very hard — about as well as a chub perhaps — but he often leaps clear of the water as soon as he feels the hook. A clear, calm day with water low is the best time for taking him with a fly. He is just the opposite of the trout in this respect. I have seldom caught them when there has been any wind or when the water was high. He will take a dry fly — if you are a dry fly purist — but the best ones I have caught have been taken with a large Red Palmer fished wet. There is a small red Dragon Fly on which the lula feeds in the evenings, and then the Red Palmer or Foster's " Caterpillar " will do great execution. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 383 The lula is said to run to 3ft. in length. The largest I ever saw was about 51b. or 61b., which was taken by a native in a wicker-basket trap. The natives here also catch good ones with a live bait and float on a hand-line. Or when the water is low they " drive " them into nets staked across a narrow opening in tank or river. The largest I have caught with a fly was just 31b. I got three fish one evening weighing 8jlb. Doubtless larger ones might be caught with a frog, but who would use bait so long as fish were to be canght with the fly ? Strong tackle is necessary, as one drops one's fly into a hole between the weeds, and if Mr. Lula takes it, it is a case of " Pull devil, pull baker " — to haul him safe into a more open spot. There are many other tank fish, but I have not caught any that rose so freely to fly or was such good eating as the lula ; and these notes are already becoming too long. I will just mention a species of carp which I have caught with fly in tanks here up to nearly |lb. I think this fish is the Olive Carp, or Barbus clirysopoma. He corresponds as nearly as possible with Thomas' picture and description of this fish. Of lagoon fish in this district the most common is the " koduva " (Tamil). His classical name is Lates calcarifer. A right handsome fish he is with his deep shoulder, prominent back fin, sheeny body and brilliant eye. But he is not so good as he looks. I have heard his flesh described as a mixture of cotton-wool, mud, and needles — not exactly a " table " fish ! but the natives dry him and eat him. He runs to a huge size — how large I am afraid to say. I have seen him caught with a live bait on hand-lines well over 301b., and I have caught them myself with spoon and spinning bait over 201b., and hooked one monster that — but that is another story. He cannot be said to be lively in his play. He is a sulky, dogged brute, but very strong. He takes out line slowly but surely, and woe-betide your tackle if you try to stop a big one too quickly ! I hooked a good one once on a brand-new line that was absolutely sound. He "towed" away about 100 yards, when I thought he had gone far enough and put the pressure on. The fish thought differently, and we parted company, the running line breaking, I tested the line when I got home and found it would stand a dead strain of 14glb. This will give you some notion of their power. The koduva takes the bait very quietly. Often you feel nothing at all, and find your line being slowly taken out as you try to reel in. In my experience, the only way is to let the fish go and follow him as best you can — in a boat if one is available. Disaster has always been the result of my trying to check them. How far they will go with their slow " towing " pull I don't know. A writer in Thomas' book mentions having followed a huge one for 400 yards, but I doubt if this was all in one stretch without any occasional pause. Many ara the stories the writer could tell of brave fights with this and other lagoon monsters — how, for example, an enthusiastic brother angler hooked a " big 'un " at dusk which kept him busy all night, and how, in the small hours of the morning, the haggard, weary-eyed angler was still holding on to his 384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. giant fish and was shouting for the gaff as the fish at last showed signs of yielding. I draw a veil over the closing scene. The fish turned out to be a young crocodile ! Another fine lagoon fish is the " kalai." I have not been able to identify him. I thought at first he was the same as the Bamin or Paumben salmon, but on referring to Thomas I find he is not. He does not run so large as the koduva ; but he is a far finer fighter. Weight for weight he will play as well as a salmon. He is to be caught in the same way as a koduva, with live bait, natural spinning bait or spoon. But the strongest tackle and hooks are necessary. Lastly, I would mention the " seer. " He is properly a sea fish, but comes into creeks and estuaries occasionally. He will take a fly or spoon, is excellent eating, and fights to the last ounce of his strength. But my experience of rod fishing for these fish is very small. I have only caught two or three on a fly in Galle Harbour. I have caught several other kinds of fish, and there are probably many others unknown to me which are well worth catching, but these remarks will show, I hope, that good fishing is to be got in the low country of Ceylon, and I would advise any keen angler about to visit the country to bring a fly and spinning rod and suitable tackle. I have given no details as to the class of rods, lines and tackles most suitable to this low country for fear of trespassing on your patience, which I fear I have overtaxed already, but if anyone requires any particulars I shall be very glad to give him any information I can through the Fishing Gazette. R. A. G-. Festing. (The above appeared in the " Fishing Gazette" 1th January 1905.) No. XXI— BIG GAME. ON THE BREEDING SEASONS AND OTHER MATTERS. In the last issue of this Journal some notes regarding the breeding season of tnamirals, with particular reference to big game, were published. It is com- plained with much truth that our knowledge on this point is very limited, while the complaint is also made of the vagueness of such information as exists regarding the subject under review. We are told that in Blanford's Mamviah of India the statement is of ten repeated that "the breeding time of a parti- cular species is ' about ' such and such a month. " Is it possible, however, to be more explicit V My own experience indicates that the breeding season of many animals is so variable, or is spread over so considerable a period, that more exact statements are likely to be erroneous. Can any one say that the tiger, for instance, has a breeding season that can be confined within the limits of one month ? I think not, for cubs of the same age may be found at different periods of the year. My own experience of these animals has unfor- tunately been confined to the months of March, April, and May. But I have found them during those months to have cubs varying between a few days (on April 11th), three or four months (on 7th May), and six months of age MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 385 (in March). I recollect instances of young cubs, two or three weeks old, being caught in May, in July, and in December. I have seldom found tigers in pairs, but, as already mentioned, my expe- rience has been confined to the hot weather. In one case I found tracks of a tiger, day after day for some time, with which were a tigress and a large cub — perhaps nearly a year old. The tiger, a large one, was going lame on one hind leg, which made a track like that of a plantigrade animal. Tracking these animals, I kicked open a dry dropping, and found it full of tiger's hair whilst it also contained a good-sized tiger-claw. Presumably another of the species had fallen a victim to the big tiger, which had been injured in the hind leg in the encounter. I have heard of several similar instances of cannibalistic propensities on the part of the great felines. Out of forty tigers which I brought to bag, there were only five pairs, whilst in one other case two out of a family of three were shot. The remaining twenty-eight were single animals. Perhaps they reside more in pairs at other seasons of the year. In two instances the pairs were young animals of perhaps three years of age, and in one case a very old pair with faded coats and worn canines were said, by the inhabitants of the hamlet near which they were killed, to have lived together for many years. It is generally said that there are more females than males of this species. In my experience the males preponderate, and out of forty only fourteen were tigresses. None of these had unborn cubs in them. As with tigers, so in the case of panthers I have comparatively seldom found pairs, and have shot more males than females. I have had in my possession on two occasions young cubs born in the month of December ; another cub, shot in March, was probably born in December also. The last panther I saw— which, by the way, nearly killed me— was found to contain four unborn cubs which would probably have been produced in about a fortnight. This was in the middle of March. Bears also appear to have young at uncertain periods. In April 1889 a brown bear cub {Ursus isabeUinus):about 3 weeks old was caught, and another about the same age which I found in the Tilail Valley of Kashmir on the 26th May. On the 30th May I came upon an old bear with two well-grown cubs, which I judged to be about six months old. But could they have been born during hibernation ? On 4th June, 1890, 1 shot a black bear (Ursus labiatus) in the Satpuras with a cub three or four weeks old. On 25th April, 1894, I killed a black bear with two cubs which could not have been less than six months of age. In February, 1897, we caught two cubs a few weeks old, still riding pick- aback on the mother, and next day we saw two more about six months old. It is frequently stated that tigers invariably commence eating their prey at the haunch, and panthers at the stomach. Certainly I have never known tigers begin at any other portion of the body, but panthers not infrequently commence at the haunch also. The last panther I encountered had bitten the tail off a large buffalo that he had killed, and had eaten a portion of the 25 386 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. hind quarters. Occasionally one comes across strange happenings with regard to animals tied up. On one occasion a goat tied up for a panther was killed by a porcupine, perhaps by accidental collision. A friend of mine found one of his buffaloes gored to death by a bison, the ground all round being trampled by the enraged wild beast. Since writing these notes I have received the Journal for June, 1904, where I find several interesting questions discussed concerning big game. There is nothing new in Colonel Stewart's note regarding the original home of the tiger. I think it is generally accepted that the tiger i3 an immigrant into India from northern regions. The animal's impatience of the heat of the sun in southern latitudes, and habit of lying immersed in water in the heat of the day — the only feline addicted to this — point to a northern origin. At the same time it may be doubted if the southerly immigration of the tiger has taken place as recently as Colonel Stewart appears to indicate. Tigers abound in Java and Sumatra, and must have presumably got there before those islands became separated from the mainland. This may have been within recent geological but not historical times. Another contributor writes on "Tiger versus Bear, " and asks if there are other instances on record of encounters between these animals, of which he cites an example. I do not think such combats are un- common, and a tiger should have little difficulty in disposing of the small Malay bear, when he is able to kill and devour the much more formidable black bear of the Indian plains. Sanderson, in his " Thirteen years among the wild leasts of India,'''' tells us of a tiger which was in the habit of preying on the hapless bruin in preference to other game. In the Melghat Forest, North Berar, in 1890, the skin of a bear was brought to me, quite fresh, with many holes in it in- flicted by a tiger. The villagers said there had been a prolonged combat between the two animals, and the bear managed to get away, but so badly wounded that it was easily disposed of by the inhabitants who had been at- tracted to the spot by the roarings and howlings of the combatants. In 1896 I found on the top of a hill near Fort Mahor, Hyderabad, the remains of two bears which had been killed and devoured by a pair of tigers. Tigers will resort to strange diet when hard put to it, and the hairy pelt of a bear must be difficult to digest. I have found the remains of crabs and once of a large python eaten by a tiger, and one frequently finds porcupine quills embedded in the paws. One large tiger I shot had several suppurating sores on the back of the neck from which porcupine quills were extracted. This looked as if he had been rolling on his victim, although my shikaris would have it that the porcupine had shot the quills at his enemy, like arrows from a bow ! R. Q. BURTON, Major, Poona, February $th, 1905. 94th Russell's Infantry. No. XXII.— DOUBLE-HEADED SNAKES. No doubt everyone in India is familiar with the so-called double-headed snakes which many jugglers include among their stock in trade. The snakes MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 387 exhibited as such by this fraternity are usually the earth snakes, creatures remarkable among their kind for the bluntness of their tails, a condition which lends itself peculiarly well to the artifices of these people, who mutilate or otherwise modify them so as to make them resemble the head. The snake usually selected for this purpose, both on account of its abundance and size, is John's Earth Snake {Eryx jolinii). It is perhaps not so well-known that genuine double-headed snakes do occur occasionally as freaks, but in these instances both heads are always attached to the anterior extremity of the body constituting what is technically called anterior dichotomy. Dichotomy (Greek dicha in two parts, temno I cut) arises from a cleavage of one or other pole of the developing embryo, and may occur anteriorly or posteriorly. It may be partial when the reduplicated heads, sterns, or bodies remain more or less attached to one another, or complete when two separate organisms are derived, so that this phenomenon accounts for one method by which twins are produced. There are abundant examples of monstrosities in man and the lower animals formed by this process to be found in various museums, and it is therefore not surprising that the same abnormality occurs occasionally in snakes. I have just had an opportunity of examining a young specimen of the common Lycodon aulicus exhibiting this anomaly, which I found on the shelves of the Fyzabad Museum. This specimen has the head and neck reduplicated, and a reference to my notebook shows that all the records of this peculiarity I have been able to collect from various sources, are examples of anterior dichotomy. I have never heard of an example of posterior dicho- tomy in snakes, though the condition doubtless occurs, and has been observed in frogs and other reptiles. This Fyzabad specimen, which measures a shade over 5| inches, is evidently a hatchling. The dual nature of the head and neck is very evident to sight and touch for f of an inch. The reduplicated parts are placed side by side, and are connected by a web except for ^ of an inch where the snouts are quite free. The web commences opposite the 8th supra- labial shields, and is placed rather nearer the ventral aspect, so that the chins are approximated. At the point where the two necks blend, is a pronounced rounded dorsal prominence. The size and sodden condition of the specimen render the detail of the scale characters somewhat difficult to determine with accuracy ; however, I have made the following observations : — The prseocular touches the frontal shield on the right side of the left head only. The rows of scales anterior to the dorsal prominence, i.e., over the cleft part of the body, are variable, but number about 27 ; behind this they are the normal 17. There are 189 ventrals, those beneath the bifurcated parts are not double, but extend completely across both trunks. The navel implicates the 167th and 168th shields so that 21 intervene between it and the anal shield, which is divided. The subcaudals are 62. In other respects the scales and shields are normal. The following from my notebook may add to the interest of this note. 388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Buckland in his " Curiosities of Natural History " (p. 177) says there are two specimens of snakes with two heads on one body in the Royal College of Surgeons' Museum, London, and one of these he identified as Coluber nalrix (now Tropidonotus natrix), the common grass snake found in England. In the Journal of the Linnean Society for 1868 is mentioned a sea-snake, Hydropliis sublcevis (now H. cyanocinctus) caught near Madras, with two heads. Nicholson in his book "Indian Snakes" (p. 22) mentions a young two-headed Tropidonotus quincunciatus (now T. piscator) in the Madras Museum, and says " this monstrosity is apparently rather common amongst the sea-snakes" and further remarks : " they do not, however, appear to survive their birth long, the specimens to be found in museums being of small size." That these freaks are as common as Nicholson remarks, I am inclined to doubt, and Mr. Phipson in a letter to me, dated 2nd February 1905, says : " I have been collecting snakes in this country for the last 26 years, and have examined thousands of sea- snakes in the fishermen's nets here, but I have never seen an instance of this form of teratology." The specimen I have described in this note is the only one of many hundreds of snakes I have examined in the fresh state and in museums which was so distinguished. In " The Field''' for 31st October, 1903, a Mr. Fulton writes as follows :— " Some time ago when in Australia I was one day helping the men on a sheep station to collect wood previous to the shearing season. In cutting up some old timber we came across an old snake with several young ones. One of these had two perfect heads on, so I secured it, and brought it home." S. S. Flower in the P. Z. S., 1899, p. 677, mentions a water snake, Homalopsis buccata, in the Siamese Museum, with " two heads, side by side, each about equally perfectly developed." In the Madras Times for 13th January, 1897, a specimen of a two-headed snake is mentioned in the possession of a Mr. E. C. Fischer, of New York City, then in Madras. It was identified as an American hog-nosed snake Heterodon simus and was about a foot long, and over four months old. The following remarks were made : — " The snake lives in a glass box, and feeds with both heads simultaneously on milk, raw meat, and blood. Mr. Fischer finds it best to feed both heads at once, for strange to say, they appear to be jealous of each other, and sometimes fight ; at other times they play with one another. The animal seems to know Mr. Fischer, for it comes to the side of its box, and welcomes him by protruding its tongues in sign of joy. A photo- graph of the snake was recently given in the Scientific American. Fyzabad, 1st February, 1905. F. WALL, Captain, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. No. XXIII.— WINTER PLUMAGE OF THE MALE BENGAL FLORICAN (SYPHEOTIS BENGALENSIS). There appears to be some doubt about the male winter plumage of the Bengal Florican, since some of our best ornithologists are at variance on this point. The most recent work I have access to is Oates' " Game Birds of India." In part I, p. 418, this author describes the male in winter plumage, and the female MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 389 at all seasons as similar, entirely ignoring the observations of earlier writers many of whom show that some males at least are attired in a modified nuptial garb. Blanford, in " The Fauna of British India"— Birds., Vol. IV, p. 200, begins : " Coloration. Female (and, according to some, male in winter plumage)", evidently holding an opinion different from that expressed by Oates, He then describes the male in breeding plumage, and remarks later : " The black plumage of the male is acquired by a moult, and is retained partly or wholly by some birds in the winter ; but in others, probably younger, it appears to be replaced by the ordinary garb of the female" and quotes Blyth as having witnessed this latter change in birds kept in confinement. Hume and Marshall in " The Game Birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon, " Vol. 1, pp. 24 and 25, say : " Young males, up to the beginning of March, entirely resemble the females, but the moult then commencing gradually assimilates them to the adults, which never lose, . . . the striking black and white garb that . . . is proper to the male sex." Later on this remark appears to me to be contradicted by the following : — " Two young but full grown, or nearly full grown, males before me, shot in January, have the black bodies and white wings of the adult, but the heads and necks are like those of the females." I have just had an opportunity of examining a pair of these birds shot in the Kheri District, Oudh, on January 31st, 1905. The female needs no remarks, but the male, very dissimilar in its livery, nearly agrees with the two males just quoted from Hume and Marshall. I made the following obser- vations. $ Length 27£", wing 13^", tarsus 5f." Plumage, except the wing and under parts, as in the female. The 1st quill is blackish brown with whitish fulvous mottling in bars on the inner web. The 2nd quill deep black at tip and on the outer web, pure white on inner web. 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th quills pure white tipped black. The 7th and 8th quills blackish-brown beautifully marbled in whitish bars. The 9th and 10th quills pure white with black tips. All shafts black throughout. The secondaries are pure white except the basal f — fth of the shafts which are black, and the inner webs which are progressively increasingly black from with- out inwards from their bases, the whole web being black in the innermost three. The upper coverts are white mottled fulvous, the 7th and 8th greater coverts coloured like the corresponding quills. The lower plumage, including that on the thighs, is black up to the lower part of the breast, except the greater primary coverts which are pure white basally. The measurements of the female are — Length 29£", wing 14", tarsus 6". F. WALL, C.M.Z.S., Fyzabad, February 5th, 1905. Captain, I.M.S. No. XXIV.— NOTES ON SOME BANGALORE SNAKES. A two months' holiday in Bangalore during August and September, 1904, fur- nished me with the following notes on some species common in that locality : — Tropidonotus piscator. — The Canarese name for this species is neer havu which equals " water-snake. " I witnessed one instance of the extreme 390 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. ferocity of this notably fierce snake. Two sampwallahs had a specimen, among others, which they displayed for my benefit. This specimen fasten- ed itself on to the great toe of one man who was sitting tailor-fashion, and it was only by prizing open the creature's mouth with considerable force that it could be made to release its hold, and almost at once it fastened itself again on to the man's leg. requiring a repetition of the same violent measures. Blood oozed fairly freely from both wounds. Tropidonotus stolatus. — A small one measuring 1\" was brought to me on the 29th of September. Macrophthodon plumbicolor. — The " kassaru hdvu " or " green snake " of the Canarese. This is evidently a very common snake about Bangalore, though Nicholson does not mention it as such in his list on page 175 of " Indian Snakes." It ia as timid and gentle as the next species, allowing itself to be freely handled at all times. Like the next species, too, it flattens itself under excitement. One I had in captivity for some months fed voraciously on frogs. The eggs evidently hatch about August and September as will be seen from the following list. The two specimens mentioned under the date 29th of October were found together and were, therefore, probably just hatched from the same clutch of eggs. Scales GO CO •a . rf m D3 bug - CD 43 REMAliliS. GO rt K*l £/2 ►3 £ OJ *p. w Aug. 29th ? 6" 111 8 153 43 0 2 23 25 19 2 postoculars on loft side. 15 ventrals between navel and anal shield. U ? 6|" 1.1// 157 37 1(B) o mi 23 23 17 18 ventrals between na- vel and anal shields. Last 3 sub cau dais entire. Sep. 2. 9 51" 311 4 • • • ■ • • • • • .. . .. . • ■• Mutilated. 9th 9 61" i mi 16 156 42 0 2 23 25 19 16 ventrals between navel and anal. Died 16th February 1905. 12 follicles enlarged. 10th 9 2'Qh" 5111/ °T6 153 41 1 0 21 23 16 y X i" — 4 Postoculars on right side. 16th ... Adult .. • 152 .? 0 2 23 23 17 A slough found emerg- ing from hole in bathroom. ? ... ... it- 149 42 1 2 25 25 19 Hatchling with no date in private collection. ? 9 ... ... 153 34 0 2 23 25 17 An adult in Bangalore Museum. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 391 The posterior sublinguals touch 3 infralabials 4th, 5th and 6th, or 5th, 6th and 7th. The 6th or 7th of the inf ralabial series constitutes the pentagonal which is broader than the posterior sublinguals, and in contact with 3 scales posteriorly. Keels in both sexes are present in all rows of scales, to the tip of the tail, excepting the ultimate row for a variable extent in the forepart of the body. Helicops schistosus.— This is evidently a very common snake in this locality, as every simpwallah had some, and could procure them in numbers to order. The rule that the females in snakes are larger than the males, is certainly exemplified in this species. It is of a very inoffensive disposition, never attempting to bite, though some of my specimens had ample provo- cation. At one spot in the Hotel garden the grass beneath some trees was long, and all my specimens when liberated invariably made for this patch about 10 to 15 yards distant. No matter how often they were brought back into the open, they repeated their endeavours, and though frustrated, never tried to bite me when effecting their recapture. They would glide under or over such obstacles as a handkerchief placed and flourished in their way, or through or over my feet, in preference to taking a more circuitous direction to avoid them. In motion they slightly erect the head, and move briskly and fast. When alarmed they erect the head, and flatten the body down to the vent, to a very remarkable degree, far more so than any other snake I know. This flattening is more evident in the females, and I witnessed it most often when they were disturbed in opening their box. At liberty they behave similarly, but they strive to escape so hurriedly that one has not the same opportunity of observing this peculiarity. The eye is rotated more actively, and to a degree I have never witnessed in other species, and to this it owes its very appropriate generic name Helicops ( Gk. HeliIcos=vo\\ing, ops eye). Though so common the sampioallalis had no vernacular name for it. They all told me it frequented the bamboos in the Lai Bagh, and many of the specimens were caught on the bamboo vegetation some feet from the ground. They denied its frequenting water, which surprised me, for the high-placed, slit-like nostrils proclaim its aquatic tastes. Three specimens were brought to me on the 27th August — 2 males and 1 female ; all were captured lying on the same bamboo stem about 10 feet from the ground. Two of these were observed to be " in copula" at about 5 p.m. on the 26th, and a futile attempt at capture made, which was not pressed, the men fearing that the pair might disengage, and jeopardise their chance of obtaining my reward of five rupees. Another and a successful attempt was made on the morning of the 27th, and strange to say the snakes were produced from a cloth at about 11 a.m. still united. I carefully investigated the conjunction on several occasions, being favoured by the docile nature of the species, and their lengthy union, which lasted, without intermission (so far as I am aware), until some time after 12-30 p.m. on the 28th idem. 392 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI. Subsequent to this no repetition of the act was witnessed. During the time I had them under observation (25^ hours) the left clasper of the male, and this only was engaged with the right orifice of the female, and this leads one to speculate whether, as certainly appears physically possible, two males may sometimes serve one female or vice versa. If disturbed, beyond the flattening of the body already referred to and the spasmodic protrusions of the tongue, no alarm was displayed, and no malice offered. Both parties were equally undemonstrative rarely evincing any movement, and then only altering their position somewhat ; they did not lie coiled in one another's embraces, nor wreath their tails round one another as I have heard related of other snakes under similar conditions. The ventral apposition was so limited that nobody looking at them would have suspected their sexual relationship. The male was killed on the 2nd September, but the female survived until the 23rd of January 1905. Upon investigation 11 follicles in one ovary and 7 in the other were slightly larger (i inch long), and more opaque and yellow than the rest. During the whole of her incarceration she refused all food, and the impaired vitality consequent upon this, augmented by the colder climate of Fyzabad, probably occasioned the arrest of normal developments, and it will be observed that in the female specimen of the last species, which had been in captivity since the 10th of September and died on the 16th February, follicles were evidently impregnated, but their development similarly interfered with. No male snake had been in company with this specimen within the above dates. The following scale characteristics have escaped notice, or not met with the attention they deserve. The lower temporal shield touches 3 supralabials, viz., the 6th, 7th and 8th. The posterior sublinguals touch three infralabiale, viz., the 5th, 6th and 7th, as in most of the genus Tropidonotus. The 7th of the infralabial series is the pentagonal and is broader than the posterior sublinguals, and in contact with 3 scales behind, as in most Tropidonoti. The scales ante- riorly number 19, midbody 19 or 17, and posteriorly 17. The step where the reduction takes place occurs very near the middle of the body, sometimes before, but more often after this point. The reduction is effected by the absorption of the 4th row above the ventrals into the row above or below. I paid careful attention to the keels in the sexes, and could discover no accen- tuation of this condition in the male sex, confirming similar observations in many other species. The keels are absent in from 2 — 4 rows anteriorly (two heads-lengths behind the head), 2 rows in mid-body, and from 0-2 rows in the posterior body (2 heads-lengths in front of the vent), and cease in the median rows where the supracaudals number four. The red line running along the confines of the 5th and 6th rows above the ventrals (where the scales are 19) and the 4th and 5th rows (where the scales are 17) is much more conspicuous in the males. The tongue is dull blue black. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 393 The penis is studded with tentacles from base to tip. Scales. □q £1 A to 43 00 . 9 . O *o T C8 x IS tA GO > O 03 sz. CQ S OJ ■3 X -i 0 a 0 43 O r3 C/2 0> Eh 3 a Cl REMARKS, Aug. 26th 9 2' am °2 7 1// ' a 149 69 27th 9 2' H" H" 148 64 27th $ 1' di" 6j" 144 80 27th $ 1' lif" 7" 142 77V 28th s 1' j2 ^4 147 64 28th * 1' ^2 AMI ^4 144 81 28th £ 1' 3f 9 144 y Sept. 4th 9 2' 3 s" F.1II 148 6b 4th a 1' 5 i" 5" 140 80 4th 9 1' or 5" 148 67 4th a 1' 3" °8 146 82 4th a 1' 9f" 6i" 139 78 4th "Sg c , 43 bo . +J a o & Eh X3 25 X a d £2 «-a *& •— ■ n-< as Q CD o EH 2 ca 2- Ptcroclurus alchata . Totanus glottis Caprim ulguft macrurvs Strix flammed Eudynamis honorata Psammophw leithii ... Lycodon striatus ... Typlilops bramirms ... Mr. A. Dunbar-Braader I.F.S. Mr. J. D. Inverarity. Mr. J. P. Chrystal. H. K. the Maharaja of Bikanir. H. H. the Maharaja of Bikanir. Mr. R. G. Foster. Rev. J. George, S.J. Rev. J. George, S.J. H. H. the Rao Paheb of Cutch. Capt. F. Wall, I.M.S. Capt. P. Wall, I.M.S. Capt. F. Wall, I.M.S. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY. These included 300 Zoological Records from 1896-97 and 1899 to 1902, from the Trustees of the British Museum. PAPERS READ. The following papers were then read and discussed : — " Shell-fish and their shapes, " by E. Comber, F.Z.S, " Description of two new Snakes from Upper Burma," by G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. " Do wild animals ever die of intestinal obstruction ?" by Col. W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S. "Melanism in Black-Buck," by Major J. Manners Smith. "On fishes, from the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Oman, and Karachi, " collected by Mr. F, W. Townseud. by C. Tate Regan, B.Ar PROCEEDINGS. 397 PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING HELD ON THE 9th FEBRUARY 1905. A meeting of the members took place at the Society's rooms on the 9th February 1905, Mr. J. D. Inverarity presiding. NEW MEMBERS. The election of the following new members since last meeting was duly announced : — Mr. R. 0. Thompson (Bangkok, Siam) ; Mr. Hugh S. Gladstone (England) ; Mr. H. C. Aberholser (Washington) ; Mr. R. D. Bell, I.C.S., (Poona) ; H. H. the Sahebzada Nawab Mohammed Nasrulla Khan (Bhopal) ; Lieut. H. R. Watson (Secunderabad) ; Mr. E. S. Rindley, C.E., (Raipur) ; Mr. K. B. Williamson (Jubbulpore) ; Mr. S. W. Coxon (Damoh, C. P.) ; Major W. G. R. Cordue, R.E. (Bombay) ; Capt. L. Hulke (Ajmere) ; Mr. Hans Blascheck (Bombay) ; Mr. C. E. L. Gilbert (Dhulia). CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM. Mr. H. M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the following contributions since the last meeting : — Contribution. Description. Contributor. A collection of butterflies Mr. T. R D. Bell, I.F S from N. Kanara. Sarekliornis melanonotm .. Mr. W. F. L. Tottenham, I.F.S. Francul/nus vulgaris Miorotus irachelex Mr R H Heath C E Onl . A. E. Ward. Microtus stracheyi Do. Macropteryas eoronnta Mr. D. G. Hatchell. Pellor neum ruficeps Mr. R. B. Woosnam. Aleippc phaocr-phala Do. 1 Southern Red-whiskered Otooompsa juxHcandata ... Do. Bulbul. 1 Greenish Willow Warbler . A oanthopneuste viridanus Do. Tnpaia elUoti Do. Croc/dura ccerulea Do. 3 Jungle Striped Squirrels... Sciurus tristriatus Do. 1 White-tailed Eat Mux Manfordi Mus platythrix Mux Sp Do. 2 Brown Spiny Mice Do. Do. 1 Hammer-headed Oyster ... Avicula vulgaris Mr. E. R. Jardine. Zamenix fasciolatus Halcyon pileata Pol W. Bannerman,I.M S. P. R. Allen. 1 Black-capped Kingfisher... Mr. Mr. Mr. M. Mackenzie Ardetta cinnamomea Chettitlia leucwra ... S. Armstrong. Do. 1 Screech-Owl Strix flammea Mr, C. H. Donald. Circus macruvux ... Do. Pitta braehyura .,. Gavialis gangeticus h. ; Do.. Skin of Fish-eatingCrocodile from Sind. 5. Lord Lamington. Herpestes urva Mr. H. Slade. Aretomys himalayanvs Strix flammed Col Mr. A. E. Ward Naranji Dwarkadas. 398 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI : PAPERS READ. The following papers were read and discussed :■— 1. Shells : (&) Their uses to Man, by E. Comber, F.Z.S. 2. King-Crows and Mynas as messmates, by D. Dewar, I.C.S. 3. Occurrence of the Scaup Duck (Ni/roca marila) in Oudh. by Captain F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. 4. Egg-eating Cobras, by E. Brook-Fox. 5. Locusts. The Colouring of Acridium peregrinum, by Cecil E. C. Fischer, I.F.S. 6. The Habits of the Leaf Butterfly (Kallima), by E. Ernest Green, F.E.S. 7. The Breeding Seasons of Big Game in India, by A. H. A. Simcox, I.C.S. 8. Notes on the Houbara, by R. H. Heath, C.E. EXHIBITS. The following interesting exhibits were placed before the meeting by Mr. Comber, demonstrating some of the uses to which shells can be put : — A number of dessert dishes, salt-cellars, spoons and ornaments, made from shells, lent by Messrs. Bhicajee and Co., Bombay. Conch or Chank shell {Turbindla rapa) with brass mouth-piece, used in Hindu temples as a trumpet. Giant Clams (Tridacna gi'jas) used as fonts in churches in France. Cowries, used by Parsee Hat-makers for polishing cloth. Cowries, used as money in India. Bangles cut out of the Chank shell (Turbinetta rapa). An assortment of buttons, studs, paper knives, spoons, penholders, sleeve- links and knife handles. 3 Decorative panels of carved Mother-o'-pearl shell, lent by Messrs. Hinode, and Co., Bombay. 3 Cameos and 1 pearl scarf pin, lent by Messrs. Marcks and Co., Bombay. 1 Revolver with Mother-o'-pearl handle, from Messrs. Hollis and Co., Bombay. Seed pearls presented by H. H. the Rao Saheb of Cutch. The shells used in India for making building lime. The shells of edible species used in India as food. i o M ^ Hi $ uj EH tf) 3 UJ i, I- c5 JOURNAL OP THE BOMBAY ml Itstarj! jlflririir. Vol. XVI. BOMBAY. No- 3- DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF MOTHS FROM INDIA AND BURMA. By G. C. Dudgeon, f.b.s. (Read before the Bombay Natural History, Society on 6th July 1905 ) ZYGMIDjE. CHALCOSIIN^. SOKITIA VIBIDIBASALIS, n. sp. $. Head, thorax, first three abdominal segments dorsally and whole of hindwing, which latter is unmarked, fuscous brown ; terminal segments of abdomen dorsally and laterally light blue ; breast, under- surface of abdomen and first joint of palpus buff-white; collar crimson. Forewing rather narrow, dark brown with an almost straight, pale primrose, oblique postmedial band from the costa at the end of the cell to the posterior angle, this band is about 2£ millimetres in width throughout and farther from the base than that of nigribasalis, Hmpsn. ; all veins and interspaces on the basal two-thirds of the wing- nearly as far as the pale band suffused with green ; veins from just before the pale band and beyond it defined with blue-green, within these limits there is no suffusion in the interspaces. Underside fus- cous brown without the green suffusion ; the postmedial band broader with a curved subapical light-blue band beyond it ; hindwing with the whole of the cell, a streak on each side of vein lc. and a submarginal series of four lunules light -blue. 400 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. This species differs from nigribasalis in the green suffusion on the hasal two-thirds of the forewing, the position of the pale hand on the same wing, and the ahsence of any markings on the hindwing. The white undersurface of the abdomen and the blue lnnnles on the under- surface of the hindwing are also distinctive marks. Habitat. — Daunat Range, Tenasserim (Hauxwell). Exp. 36 mill. Type — In coll., Dudgeon. ACANTHOPSYCHE (METJSA) THEIVORA, 11. sp. Characteristics. — Fore tibia with a spine : veins lb. and lc. of the forewing anastomosing. Out of four examples in the Indian Museum collection two have a veinlet from beyond the juncture of veins la and lb. towards the inner margin and two are without a trace of this veinlet : veinlets in the cells of both wings with long forks : a bar between veins 7 and 8 of the hindwing. $. Head, thorax, abdomen and both wings uniform fuscous. Larval case composed of fragments and whole leaves attached to a rather soft case. The food plant is said to be tea. Habitat. — Sikhim. Exp. 30-33 mill. Type — Tn the Indian Museum collection. This species has been identified in the Indian Museum collection , one specimen said to be by Sir Geo. Hampson, as Amatissa consorta, Tempi., but this is a pal- pable error as both in form and neuration it is widely distinct from that species. The neura- tion best corresponds to lhat of the subgenus Metisa of Acanthapsyche, but it will be seen from the above description that it is not quite normal. Both wings have vein 6 present and Acanthopsyche (Metisa) thei- ° vom. Dudgeon. 4 and 5 from a point. The absence or presence of a single veinlet from lb. towards the inner margin in the forewing appears to be a character of not even specific value. Owing to the wrong identification of most of the insects of this family in the Indian Museum collection, considerable confusion has been caused in publications referring to them as agricultural pests. Names seem to have been attached to specimens utterly regardless of whether they were even genericaUy correct. Incredible as it may seem, one describer has given a name' to an insect of which only the DESCRIPTION OF MOTHS FROM INDIA AND BURMA. 401 larval case was known, the moth not having been procured. To give a new name to a lepidopterous insect upon such data is equivalent to the description of a new botanical species from the possession of a piece of the root only. PSYCHID.E. Mahasena destructor, n. sp. Characteristics.— F 'ore tibia with a spine : veins lb. and lc. of the forewine anastomosing without veinlets to the inner margin: cell of both wings rather long : (brewing with all veins present, 4 and 5 and 8 and 9 on long stalks, 6 reaching the margin close to termination of 5, veinlet in the cell with very short fork or none : hind wing with 4 and 5 stalked, vein 8 anastomosing with 7 twice, before and after the cell forming a triangular areole and reaching the margin separated again. This latter peculiarity I have not seen in any other species of the genus. $. Head and thorax covered with long greyish hair, sides of the latter defined with dark brown. Forewing greyish brown with a slight cupreous tinge, nervules defined with black, the basal two-thirds of the interspace between 3 and 4 with an elongate hyaline spot, a marginal triangular buff- white spot between veins 6 and 7 and smaller buff marks on the margin between veins 4 and 5 Mahasena destructor, Dud- geon, and 7 and 8, these latter sometimes wanting. Hindwing uniform cupreous brown with the veins slightly defined with darker. Larval case formed of twigs of the tea plant placed longitudinally. Habitat.— Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,000-4,000 ft. Exp. 20-23 mill. Type — In coll., Dudgeon. There are also six specimens of this species in the Indian Museum, three of which are marked as tea pests from Chittae-one- received from Mr. Wood -Mason. This insect is the most destructive tea Psychid in the Darjeeling and Terai districts and has long been confounded with Clania erameri, with which it is superficially somewhat similar. It can be immediately dis- tinguished by the forewing wanting red markings and by the position of the elongate pale marginal or submarginal spot, a conspicuous one filling the whole fork between veins 4 and 5 in C. crameri, whereas M. destructor has the largest conspicuous pale spot between V9ins 3 and 4 and has only a marginal speck between veins 4 and 5. 402 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. NOCTUIDiE. ACRONYCTIN^. NONAGRIA UNIFORMIS, 11. sp. Neuration. — Vein 6 of the forewing from the angle of the cell. Section I, veins3 and 4 of the hindwing from the cell. D„ Antennae of the male fasciculate. $ aud 9 • Forewing uniform brownish ochreous sprinkled with a few fuscous scales chiefly in the cell and on the inner and outer margins, forming minute spots sometimes, one below the median ner- vure before the origin of vein 2, one below vein 2 half-way to the outer margin and two below vein 6, one of which is just beyond the discocel- lulars and the other half-way to the outer margin ; the outer margin defined with an internervular row of dark specks ; cilia long and intermixed with fuscous. Hindwing pure white unmarked irridescent near the base and below the costa. Sides of palpi and inside of tibia? of forelegs of the male dark brown. Female with the antennae simple and the palpi and forelegs unmarked. Habitat. — Burogah, Bengal; Surat, Bombay. The larva is reported as destructive to sugarcane. Exp. $ 29 mill.; 9 30-37 mill. Types sent to British Museum. This species differs from any other described Indian species of Nonagria in that the antennae of the male are fasciculate combined with veins 3 and 4 of the hindwing being from the cell. The collection of dark scales forming specks on the forewing are placed similarly to those found in Nonagria infer ens, Wlk. Described from four specimens sent me by Mr. Maxwell -Lefroy and received by him from Mr. Mackenzie, and from others collected by the former gentleman in the Bombay Presidency. There are several examples also in the Indian Museum collection. ERASTRIAKffi. Erastria niveiguttata, Dudgeon ; Jour. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc, Vol. XIII, p. 85, plate II, fig. 4.; Dudgeon in Hmpsn., Jour. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc, Vol. XIV, p. 205. Sikhim, 1,800 ft. Type in B. M. coll. ACONTIANJ1. Pterognia irrorata, n. sp. Section II. B. Forewing with the cilia crenulate, outer margin more •mgled. Male with antennae fasciculate, female minutely ciliate. DESCRIPTION OF MOTHS FROM INDIA AND BURMA. 403 $t Forewing ochreous, suffused with pearly white and striated with ferruginous, the striations coalescing on the discocellulars and below the end of the cell also beyond the postmedial line towards the pos- terior angle. The thorax and forewing clothed with large flattened scales. Forewing with a pale subbasal line ; an antemedial whitish line oblique to just below the origin of vein 2 whence it is waved to the centre of the inner margin, this line as well as the basal portion of vein 2 is defined outwardly with dark brown ; a black patch at each angle of the cell ; a sinuous postmedial whitish line defined outwardly with ferruginous ; a submarginal series of dark patches of scales below veins 2, 3, 4 and 5. Cilia long and ferruginous, extending along the inner as well as the outer margin. Abdomen and hindwing pale, the outer area of the latter broadly fuscous. Retinaculum bar-shaped. 9. Differs from the male in being less ferruginous, the brown striations being of a warmer tint. There is also a large gold lunate spot on the discocellulars generally with a small gold spot attached at its centre outwardly and a dark spot at its lower extremity. The antemedial line is continued in its obliquity to the margin, meeting the latter just before the origin of the postmedial line ; there is no dark definition of vein 2. The antennae are minutely ciliate towards the ends. Underside of both sexes with an oval buff discocellular spot and broad marginal buff band on both vxings, the ground colour being fuscous. Habitat.— Sikhim 1,800 ft. Bhutan 2,500 ft. Exp. Male 40-43 mill. Female 44-48 mill. The male is somewhat similar to P, striatum, Moore, from the description, but is much larger and has the antennse fasciculate. The "female is somewhat like P. episcopalis, Swinh., but has crenulated cilia to the forewings and the metallic spot gold and smaller. Described from four males and five females in my collection. Sarrothropesle. Barasa costalis, Dudgeon in Hmpsn. Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1895, p. 305 ; Dudgeon Jour. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc, Vol. XIII, p. 268, pi. Ill, fig. 29. Sikhim ; Bhutan, 1,800-2,500 ft. Type in coll. Dudgn. FOCILMSLE. Zethes macaviata, Dudgeon in Hmpsn. Jour. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc, Vol. XIV, p. 216. Sikhim, 1,800 ft. Type in B. M. coll. This species superficially resembles a Macaria in markings. 404 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. EPIPLEMIM. DlRADES UNICAUDA, HmpSn. I have recently reared a number of both sexes of this species from larvae found feeding upon the young leaves and buds of Gardenia. The male is exactly similar in shape and markings to Hampson's figure of JD trades binotata, Hinpsn., but cannot be identical with it, as D. binotata is placed as synonymous with D. theclata, Moore, in Moths of India, Vol. Ill, and this latter species is figured as having veins 2, 5, 6, and 7 developed in the hindwing of the male, which is not the ease in my specimens. The females eared by me have all the veins of the hindwing developed, and correspond fairly well with Hampson's figure of Erosia unicauda in 111. Hot. VIII, tig. 21, which is undoubtedly a female though recorded as a male. Were it not for the neuration of D. theclata being distinctly shewn as more or less normally formed in Moths of India and the sexual patch shewing it to be a male, I should have said that the insect called D. theclata was the female of D. unicauda, jiS the description of the former corresponds fairly well with the latter. The accompanying sketch shews the neuration of the hindwings of both sexes of D. unicauda bred by me. Fold containing pale - flocculent scales. The larva is brownish grey covered over with shiny black tubercles with yellowish suffusion round their bases each bearing a few short hairs. The cocoon is formed of particles of mould or dry leaves wtbbed together below or on the surface of the ground. My specimens were in the pupa state for ten days and emerged in August and September. The female insect has the forewing identically similar to the male, but it is more violaceous. The hindwing is violaceous grey with the media] line angled on vein 4, and the postmedial area with a somewhat shining reddish subcostal patch. The tails are well developed at the extremities of veins 4 and 7 and less so at vein 6. Vein 5 is very weak but traceable nearly to the base, the discoce41ular veins are wanting. (Vein 5 at first sight appears very distinct owing to its being in the line of the wing fold, but it is scarcely recognisable in a transparency.) DESCRIPTION OF MOTHS FROM INDIA AND BURMA. 405 PYRALIDiE CRAMBIN^ Chilo aukicilia, n. sp. Antennae of the male flattened by coalescing lamellae separated dis- tinctly. g. Brownish ochreous, irrorated with fuscous ; a raised dark- metallic spot in the cell, another at the origin of veins 4 and 5, one above and one below vein 2 ; a few golden scales in and beyond the cell ; a postmedial row of black dots incurved towards the costa with golden scales upon them ; a marginal row of black dots ; cilia golden. Hindwing brownish white, cilia slightly silvery. 9 . Differs from the male in being larger and in having the ground colour pale ochreous with the metallic spots smaller. Antenna simple. Habitat. — Burogah, Bengal ; Sikhim and Bhutan. Exp. Male 18 mill., female 25-27 mill. Type sent to British Museum. Described from one male received from Mr. Maxwell- Lefroy sent him by Mr. Mackenzie and from five females in my own collection, one of which had been marked " Platytes argentisparsalis, Hmpsn. " by Sir Geo. Hampson. Mr. Mackenzie has found this insect doing damage to sugarcane in company with Chilo simplex, and both species have been reared by him. ANEKASTIINiE. POLYOCHA SACCHAEBLLA, n. Sp. Section II, B. Differs from Sect. II, Hmpsn. in Moths of India, Vol. IV, in vein 10 of the fore wing not being stalked with 8 and 9. Antennee of the male with a large tuft of bicoloured scales in the sinus at the base of the shaft and uniseriate rather shurt branches. Palpi obliquely upturned in the male, rostriform in the female. $. Head, thorax, abdomen and forewing uniform pale ochreous brown more or less suffused with fuscous in and beyond the cell. Hind- wino- white. 9 . Differs from male in wanting the fuscous suffusion except slightly at the apex of the forewing. Habitat : — Burogah, Bengal. E.rp. 32-34 mill.. Types sent to British Museum. Several specimens of this spncies were sent me by Mr. Max well- Lefroy reared by Mr. Mackenzie. It is said to be destructive to sugarcane in Behar. 406 "THE" COMMON STRIPED PALM SQUIRREL. By R. C. Wroughton, f.z.s. (With a Plate.) {Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 6th July 1905.) Blanford in his " Mammals" describes the common striped palm squirrel under the name of Sciurus palmarum, L. Since the " Mammals" was published, however, Mr. Thomas, in the P. Z. S. (1897, p. 925), referring to a paper published by Dr. Forsyth Major, on the subdivisions of the Sciuridai (P. Z. S., 1893, p. 179), wrote : — " This general arrangement being founded on such a careful and highly competent examination of the skulls and teeth, it was evident that systematic workers would have to consider how best they could utilise Dr. Major's invaluable contribution to the subje t 1 would now venture to suggest that all thr sub- genera (with the exception of Atlantoxerus) in Dr. Major's scheme should be recognised, for ordinary systematic purposes, as full genera, especially as all of them have long been considered as perfectly natural groups and have been arranged as such in the revisions of Trouessart and other authors."' Again in the "Ann : and Mag :" (1898, Ser. 7, Vol. II, p. 249), Mr. Thomas wrote : — '' For the information of workers in the East, to whom all the literature may not be accessible, it may be noted that by the recent splitting up of Sciurus into several genera the Indian squirrels — taking Blanford's 'Mammals' as a standard — S. bicolor, indicus, macrurus belong to Batufa ; the species (except rufigenis and lohriah) from ferrugineus to atridorsalis and also maclellandi to Sciurus ; and S. rufigenis, lokriah, palmarum. tristriatus, layardi, sublineatus, and berdmorei to Funambulus." Hence in the Table on p. 370 of the " Mammals " if lohriah and rufi- genis h& put under C and maclellandi under B. we shall have — A = Gen. Batufa. B = Gen. Sciurus. C = Gen. Funambulus. As a first step then our common striped palm squirrel becomes Funambulus palmarum. But, since I obtained, in 1898, two striped squirrels, within \ mile of each other, on the north bank of the Tap'ti River, about 40 miles from Surat, 1 have felt convinced that more than one form was lumped under the specific name palmarum. Lately " THE" COMMON STRIPED PALM SQUIRREL. 407 I have had an opportunity of examining the skins and skulls in the National Collection at South Kensington. Though the material avail- able for study is unfortunately still very limited, there is enough to show very clearly that there are at least two quite distinct forms : — A. With three pale dorsal stripes and a bund of short, bright rufous hairs along the underside of the midrib of the tail. B. With an additional pale stripe on each side, sometimes indis- tinct but always discernible, and having no rufous band of short hairs under the tail. My difficulty has been to decide which of these forms is the palmarum of Linne and to settle the question 1 have gone rather thoroughly into the literature. Olusins, in 1606, described an animal under the name of Mustela ajrkana. His description is confessedly based on a picture and some notes, furnished to him by a friend, Jacobus PLiteau (of Rouen?) He wrote of it "in utraque mandibula binis longioribus dentibus in anteriore rictus parte proeditus : comedens, clumbus insidebat, anterioii- bus pedibus cibum tenens et versans," which rather indicates a squirrel. He added : "' Cauda quidem attollens, minime tamen supra caput retror- quans sed in latum nonnunquam valde explicans, pavonis caudce pcene instar." Any one who has watched the palm squirrel will recognise this as a fair description of him, by a man who was mentally com- paring him with the European squirrel. All this Clusius must have got from his friend's notes, but when he adds " pedes in qulnque digitos erant divisi, quaternos antrorsum spectantes quintum autem brevem, retrorsum spectantem " he certainly was describing from his picture. There followed notices of this M. africana by — Eusebius Nierembergius in 1635. J. Jonston in 1657. J. Ray in 1693. but all these were merely paraphrases of, or extracts from, the original account by Clusius. In 1762 Brisson published his u Regnum Animale, " from which I quote in full : — " Sciurus palmarum ; Mus palmarum (Vulgo.) Sciurus colons ex rufo et nigro mixti tceniis in dorso flavicantibus — • L'Scureuil Palmiste, 2 408 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV x liaj. Syn. quad., p. 216. Clus. Exot. p. 112. Johnst. Quadr., p. 105. Eus. Nieremb. Fig., p. 172. Pili corporis ex rufo et nigro variegantur : pili caudoe supra ex nigro et flavicante, infra vero sunt ex flavo rufe, cum duabus tceniis longi- tudinalibus in utroque latere liigris, altera toenia etiam longitudinali albicante utrinque teiminatis : tres sunt, insuper in dorso, secundum ipsius longitudinem, tcenioe flavicantes, in utroque scilicet latere una, alter in medio dorso. Habitat — Asia, Africa, et America.." There is a mark against this species which, as explained in his preface, means a species " quam propriis oculis examinare mihi fiat concessum." There are three points in this description to which I would call attention, viz. : — 1. For the first time 6 pale dorsal stripes are mentioned. 2. The rufous band along the midrib of the tail below is distinctly mentioned. 3. No mention is made of the three-toed fore-feet. In 1766 was published the XII edition of Linne's " Systema Naturae " (S. palmarum is not mentioned in the X edition). The notice of this species (Lib. 1, p. 86) is as follows : — Sciurus palmarum. S. subgriseus, striis tribus flavicantibus, caudaque albo nigroque lineata. Sciurus coloris ex rufo et niffro mixti, lineis in dorso flavicantibus. Briss : Quad : p. 1 56. Mustela africana. Clus : Exot : p. 112. Raj : Quad : p. 216. Habitat — America, Asia, Africa. Cauda disticha erecta non abumbrans Pedes 4-5. Auricula? rotunda?." In the absence of any specific indication in his own description the fact that Linne quotes Brisson as his authority establishes the form with 3 pale dorsal stripes and a rufous band under the tail as the typical palmarum, L. The puzzling point is where did Linne get his character " Pedes 4-5 " ? for none of his authorities mention it. The only place he could have found it was Vol. X of Buffon's ' Histoire Naturelle ' which was published in 1763. J extract from it a description of" Le Palmiste." > X O > u o o z o £ o fO o c 3 o ■"> I ir' CO a; S_ almarum and the latter is probably the former adapted to civilisation, though having been named earlier it is senior ' systematically ' to tristriatus. F. tristriatus is much the darker of the two, the palest specimen I ha\e seen being darker than the darkest palmarum; the rufous vertex of the head which is without exception in tristriatus is often absent in pal- marum ; and the obscurely barred appearance of the tail of palmarum is wanting in tristriatus, owing to the greater length of the white tips of the hairs. Waterhouse gave no locality for the type of his tristria- tus except ' S. India ' but there are specimens in the National Collection from Madras (? Presidency) and Travancore. I have tabulated the THE " COMMON STRIPED PALM SQUIRREL. 411 skull measurements of these as well as of the corresponding forms of palmarum and of the specimen from Guzerath referred to at the com- mencement of this paper. I have taken the measurements of the type tristriatus from its skull but I find they agree almost exactly with those given (in inches and lines) by Waterhouse in his paper in P. Z. S;, 1889, p. 118. F. tristriatus. F. palmarum. Z a, H Average Madras specimens. ... 8 g Average IV adras specimens. Average Travan core specimens. Guzerath specimen. Greatest length of skull 40-75 40-25 44 37'5 40-5 40 Zygomatic breadth ... 24 24 25 21 23 23-5 Interorbital breadth... 13*25 13 13-5 11 11-5 11-5 Length of nasals 1 2-5 13 14 12 12 12 L. of upper tooth row 9 8-5 9 7-5 8 8 Palate from henselion 19 1925 20'5 17 18 18 The way in which the increased skull measurements of Travancore tristriatus, over the type, are repeated in palmarum is significant, and I think justifies the separation of the Travancore form as a geographical race or sub-species. F. palmarum, L. comorinus sub. sp. n. Differs from typhnis by its much soberer grey colouration and by its larger skull measurements as given above. Habitat. — Travancore. Type. $ B. M. 95. 10. 9. 19. Obtained by Mr. H. Ferguson at Trevandrum, 23rd January 1895. Many specimens. FuN^MBULUS PENNANTII. Sp. 11. Palm squirrel. Pennant, Hist. Quad. Ed. Ill, p. 149, 1793. Habitat. — Mandvi Taluka of Surat District. Type : $ B. M. 98. 4 2. 25. original number 45, obtained by myself, 27th February 1898. Length as in palmarum. The body colouring is very much as in palmarum, comorimis but along the outside edg? of the 'saddle mark,' on each side there is a supplementary pale stripe. This stripe being bounded on the outer 412 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. side by the general body colour, and that tou at a point where it is commencing to pale down to the meeting line with the belly colour, seems often faint but is always discernible. There is no band of short, rufous hairs along the midrib under the tail as there is in palmarum. All the tail hairs are long, and ringed black and white as in the upper tail hairs of palmarum. Pennant gives no locality for the specimen he describes ; he says however " Governor Loten did me the favour of informing; me that it lived much in the coco trees and was very fond of ' sury ' or palm wine, which is procured from this tree, from which it obtained the name of ' suricatsje ' or the little cat of the ' sury.' " I have failed to identify the ' Governor Loten' mentioned in this extract, but ' Hobson Jobson ' gives ' sury ', or ' soure ' as a name used for toddy by Tavernier (1663) and de la Boullaye le Gouz (1650). The latter cer- tainly wrote from Surat so I think we may accept Guzerath as the home of Pennants' Palm Squirrel. I have, therefore, taken the specimen obtained by me in the Mandvi Taluka of the Surat District as the type of a new species which I have named after the eminent English Zoologist Pennant who first described it. The following table gives the skull measurements of the type d pennantii as compared with the Guzerath specimen of palmarum which I obtained at the same time and with a form from Rawalpindi : — Guzerath palmonnn. Typical pennantii. Rawalpindi pennantii. Greatest length of skull 40 39 38 Zygomatic breadth 23-5 22 22 Interorbital breadth ... 11-5 11 10-5 Length of nasals 12 1 1 -5 12 Length of upper tooth row ... 8 7 7 Palate from henselion 18 16 Hi Funambulus pennantii argentescens, sub. sp. n. The pattern of the colouration is identical with that of typical pennantii ; it is much paler however and almost all rufous tint has dis- appeared, the general body colour is a pale French grey and the stripes " THE" COMMON STRIPED PALM SQUIRREL. 418 and belly bright white. The skull measurements given above indicate a narrower face and somewhat longer muzzle and the animal generally is somewhat smaller. Type : 9 (B. M. 5. 4. 2. 3.) Original number 13 ; obtained by Major Birrell, R.A.M.C., at Rawalpindi, 10th December 1900. Five speci- mens (3 immature) presented to the Museum. There are other specimens in the collection which seem to show that there are other local races deserving separation, but no localities are given. It would almost seem that palmarum is a South, and pennantii a North Indian form, but there is not sufficient material available to theorise profitably ; all that I can at present say is that they occur to- gether on the West Coast at about 21° N. Lat. and even so much ' with- out prejudice'. We know that in S. India where tristriatus occurs as the Forest form, palmarum is found about human dwellings and cultivations, where pennantii is the ' civilised' form, what is the Forest form? This and the interesting question of geographical variation in the two species must wait till more localised specimens are available. May I appeal to members for specimens ? There is no difficulty in obtaining specimens anywhere or at any time of the year ; printed instructions for ' mak- ing ' specimens may, I believe, be obtained from our Hon. Sec. (if not I shall be happy to furnish them to any one who will write to me) and — experto crede — there is very little difficulty in ' making ' the speci- mens— anv smart native servant can be taught to do it satisfactorily, provided the measurements are personally verified. Any specimens will be gratefully received by the Director of the Natural History Museum. (Cromwell Rd., London, S.W.). It remains only for me to record my obligation to Mr. 0. Thomas of the N. H. Museum for the advice, sympathy and encouragement he has given and always been ready to give me, and I wish also to ac- knowledge the kindness of Mr. Gerrit S. Miller of the United States National Museum, Washington, U.S.A., who, though he himself had only a limited time for work at South Kensington, repeatedly spared some of it to help a beginner. 414 ROUGH NOTES ON SIX COMMON HILL ORCHIDS. By Major M. B. Roberts, 1/39th Garhwal Rifles. With 3 Plates. {Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 6th July 1905.) I have written the following rough notes on orchids (though abso- lutely ignorant of the science of botany, I regret to say) partly on ac- count of seeing an appeal to members to send in contributions to the Journal and partly in the hope that some member well versed in the subject may give us the benefit of his knowledge and experience in an article or series of articles on orchids. Of all the beautiful and interesting flowering plants, orchids form, perhaps, one of the most interesting orders. And what, it may be asked, causes so much interest to be taken in this particular order of plants? The answer to this question is necessarily a long one ; but, to put it as concisely as possible, the great attraction that orchids have for one lies in : — (1) The enormous size of the order and its wide distribution all over the world, except in the coldest regions ; (2) the great beauty and delicious scent of the flowers of many kinds on the one hand and the weird forms (often amounting to the mimicry of insects and, it may be added, to the mimicry of evil smells — a Bulbophyllum from Borneo imitates the smell of a dead animal) of some on the other ; (3) the marvellous ways in which many genera propagate themselves or can be artificially propagated and the even more wonderful means that Nature has devised for their fertilisation by insect agency ; and (4) the peculiar and widely differing habits that various genera exhibit both in their modes of growth and of flowering. There are many other items which one could add to this list, but the above will suffice. But, unfortunately, there are several obstacles in the way of the amateur who wishes to learn even a little of this large subject, chief among which is the difficulty of obtaining any moderately priced and not too scientifically written books on orchids. There are, of course, many splendid scientific works on the subject which are comprehensible to the botanist ; but these are not only very unintelligible to the ordinary mortal, and are beyond the reach of most of us financially, but such works can only be found in large libraries which do not exi*t where many of us are stationed. a) ^L 11 >- \ 1 r^ k \ 1 ^ k A « U O °° CO ^B ■ 1 — I ^^L v| fe>^ +3 ^^^^ ^^^^^ oW -.Jl tB 125 ' ^H id ^^^ A -* 3 f— i ■HET ^ ^1 o ^V ^^^H ^V . J%00 CO ^" ^^^^& £ ^ 2 o '— ) < < W X o LU z o o _J UJ o o ROUGH NOTES ON SIX COMMON HILL ORCHIDS. 415 What the amateur in India requires is a simply written, well illustrat- ed book describing the best flowered varieties of orchids and giving instructions how to grow them, water them, and allow them to rest ; the latter being one of the most important points in growing orchids success- fully. Many of the finest orchids in existence come from Burma and Assam, whilst India and Ceylon can boast of a great number of beautiful kinds. So if only some one could be found to write a book on the lines above suggested for the orchids of these countries, it would be a great boon to us amateurs. I have seen large quantities of a lovely orchid ruthlessly wasted out of sheer ignorance of the habits and requirements of the plant. In the particular case referred to, these orchids were obtained from a deeply shaded ravine, and, on arrival, they were put on the top of a dry masonry wall in the blazing sun with the idea that they would flourish there. Needless to say, they never flowered, and were soon scorched up to nothing. If these same plants had been wired on to a large shady tree, they would not only have flowered wTell, but, by now, would have nearly covered the tree, and, for six weeks every year, would have been a sight worth going far to see. In the following notes on a few common local orchids it should be noticed that they have special reference to orchids found in the Central Himalayas between Naini Tal on the East and Mussoorie on the West, for it seems quite probable that similar orchids obtained from Darjeeling or Assam might be found at totally different altitudes, whilst their seasons of growth, flowering, and rest would doubtless be much affected by the differing climates of these localities. 1. Coelogyne cristata. (Plate A.) — A beautiful epiphyte, growing mostly on oak trees or on well shaded rocks from 5,000 to 6,00U feet above sea level. Season of rest, October to February (inclusive). Season of flowering, March and April. Season of growth, immediately after flowering till September. This is a handsome evergreen plant, composed of a strong ground-stem, from below which the wiry roots grow, while from the top at intervals the semi-transparent green pseud obulbs are thrown out, one every year. These pseud obulbs are about two inches long, and in all orchids possessing them they form the natural reservoirs from which the plant keeps up its strength during the season of rest ; at the end of the growing season they have become very fully inflated as it were, whilst by the end of the season of rest they are much shrivelled, 3 416 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. though still containing moisture. From the top of each bulb grow two lance-shaped leaves which last for three or four years. The flower stalk begins to show in February from below the last-formed pseudobulb. The normal number of flowers in the wild plant is five, though six are occasionally found. They measure about three inches across, are pure milk-white with beautifully waved, petals and sepals, and have a yellow stain on the lip and its crests. It is a pity to cut these lovely flowers, for they soon fade : if required for table decoration, it is better to include the stem with two or three pseudobulbs and roots complete, for the latter can easily be hidden in moss, and under these conditions the flower will remain perfect for three or four weeks with a little ordinary care ; and when it shows signs of fading, the plant can be wired on to the bark of a shady tree, with the certainty that it will grow and. thrive and flower again next year. Nest to growing these orchids on shady trees or rocks, the most effective way is to plant them in a large shallow wooden tub which is easily made out of the bottom of a cask. This tub must be well drained with large holes cut in the bottom, and it should be raised, off the ground to prevent any chance of the drainage holes becoming filled up with soil. It should be filled with lumps of charcoal of all sizes, pieces ofbroken pots or brick, bits of fibrous wood, a few dead leaves, and a little sand the mixture should quite fill the tub and be higher in the centre. Then the plants (having had all useless old stems, pseudobulbs, and roots cut off) are laid on, and their roots covered over with moss, the whole being secured with copper wire. Such tubs should be looked to every year, for these orchids grow fast, and overcrowding only leads to much deterioration. Water should be given very sparingly when the plants show signs of flowering, and in increasing and finally large quantities during the season of growth, at the end of which it should be gradually diminished and then entirely stopped. On no account should water be given to any orchid (except in very small quantities) during the season of rest, for by doing so either the plant will be forced into fresh growth at an unnatural season, or, should the flowering season be near, it will be found that this causes the newly formed flower buds to shrivel up and drop off — to " damp off ' as it is technically termed. The only exception that should be made to this rule is in the case of a weakly plant which it is necessary to force into strong growth, but in this case no flowers can be looked for until the following year. 3 c o 3 St P3 D en o D z CO LU Q 5 z D Z UJ O m o cc Q z UJ Q ROUGH NOTES ON SIX COMMON HILL ORCHIDS. 417 2. Ccelogyne ochracea. (Plate A.) — An epiphyte which particu- larly affects oak and rhododendron trees, the latter for choice, and one that grows within a very restricted area of elevation at about 5,500 feet. The whole plant is smaller and more compact than the last species, its pseudobulbs and leaves are much yellower in colour, and the flowers are smaller and are produced on upright stems instead of on drooping ones. The flowers are very sweet scented at times, the scent resembling that of a carnation. When the flowering is over the bottom of the flower stem itself developes into the new pseudobulb with its two lance-shaped leaves, so that in an old plant the flower- stalk bearing one or more seed vessels is seen to be growing out of the top of the pseudobulb instead of from below as is the case with Ccelogyne cristata. The flowers are creamy-white, with yellow and ochre markings on the lip. Season of rest, October to April. Flowering season, throughout May. Season of growth , June to September. 3, Dendrobium amoenum. (Plate B.) — On trees of all sorts, batween 4,500 and 5,500 feet elevation. The pseudobulbs of this orchid (as of most, if not all, Dendrobiums) are the jointed reed-like stems of the plant itself, which grow to about two feet in length. About April the joints of last year's stems (particularly all the upper ones) will be seen to be swelling, and gradually these swellings will dsvelop into buds, two or three at each joint; and, if the plant be a fine specimen, the splendid show of flowers makes up for the want of leaves, for, unfortunately, this Dendrobium is not evergreen, but drops its leaves annually. Whilst flowering, or just after, the new growth will be observed pushing its way from the base of the flowering stem, and as it grows it throws out small lance-shaped leaves from the joints. The flowers, which measure about two inches across, are white with magenta tips to the petals, sepals and lip, whilst the latter is marked with yellow inside as well. The flowers have a delicious scent of violets. I have never observed this orchid flowering from stems more than one year old, whereas many Dendrobiums go on flowering from old stems for years. Season of rest, October to April. Flowering season, during May. Season of growth, June to September. Many Dendrobiums are easily propagated by cutting off an old stem and laying it in moss kept thoroughly damp, thus inducing young plants 418 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV J. to be thrown out at some of the joints. When these are sufficiently grown, the old stem is cut away immediately above and below each, and the young plants caD then be grown in a pot or on a block of wood with a little moss, or be wired on to a tree ; but Dendrobium amoinum is very shy of this sort of treatment, though it will occasionally develop young plants. 4. Auricles multiflorum (also known as A. affine.) (Plate B.) — A compactly growing little plant, living entirely on trees at from o,000 to 4,50u feet elevation. The general appearance of the plant is a bunch of spotted, brownish, leathery leaves, much curved, channelled, and unevenly dented at the top. From this bunch of leaves the flower stalks hang- surrounded by their cylindrical masses of densely packed pretty little rose-coloured flowers. . The iErides have no pseudobulbs on which to depend for nourishment during their season of rest, so one imagines that the fleshy leaves and numerous roots have to answer the purpose. But, curiously enough, these orchids are usually found in dry situations, so it seems probable that a somewhat dry treatment would best suit them. 5. jErides odoratum. (Plate C.) — An epiphyte found between 3,000 and 4,500 feet on trees only. Unlike the last species which has numer- ous, but flat, roots that burrow deep into the moss on the large branches of trees, this orchid is provided with very long, round elastic roots which fasten themselves firmly here and there to the smaller branches on which no moss grows. It is, therefore, much more one's precon- ceived idea of what an iErides or " Air Plant " should be. The flowers are, perhaps, more curious than beautiful, being very fleshy in texture, and are very sweet scented. They are cream- coloured with amethyst shading, and have a curious up-turned spur at the back. When the flower spike first begins to form, it is covered with a gummy substance. The flowers are somewhat variable in their time of appearance, but are usually to be found out in May, June and July. Like all our Himalayan orchids, this species does most of its growing during the rains. Its season of rest may be put down between October and April. With regard to the watering of this genus, as of all orchids which have no pseudobulb, the best rule to go by seems to be never to allow the leaves to shrivel. 6. Phaius albus. (Plate C.)— Authorities appear to differ as to the naming of this genus, some adhering to Phaius or Phajus, whilst others o CD Z D H < DC O Q O to Ld Q ROUGH NOTES OX SIX COMMON HILL ORCHIDS. 419 insist that it should be Thunia. However, the name here given was received from the late Director of the Botanical Department of Northern India on sending a specimen to be named by him, and this is good enough for an amateur who knows nothing and cares less about the warfare between Phaius and Thunia. These orchids grow both on trees and rocks. They have curved stems up to about two feet in length, thick at the base and tapering to a fine point. These in the young growth are clothed with leaves from top to bottom, the lower ones being small and roundish, while the upper ones are lance-shaped : all are of a slightly bluish tinge, and they all clasp the stem. One of the advantages of this orchid is that its flowers appear on the com- pletion of the new growth and on the same stem as the leaves, which adds much to its beauty. The flowers are very handsome and continue to be thrown out from the end of the stem in succession for a considerable time. They are very large and pure white, except the lip which is marked with yellow on the top and with fine purple lines in the throat. The lip, too, is exquisitely frilled and covered with very fine crystalline hairs. Phaius albus has a large range, growing from 3,000 to nearly 6,000 feet above the sea. Season of rest, October to April. Season of growth (during which also they flower), May to September. They usually flower in July and August. It is stated that this is the only orchid from which cuttings can be taken and that it is only necessary to cut up an old stem (at the time when the new growths have fully developed) into equal portions and put them in a pot as though they were ordinary cuttings. But this orchid of its own accord throws out many young plants from the old nearly dried up stems ; so all that need be done is to cut off" such a stem, tack it on to the bark of a tree, and assist the young roots to take by fastening a little damp moss over them. Watering. — Wild orchids will always be found in such situations (the rounded branches of trees or steeply sloping rocks) that perfect drainage at their roots is assured. There are of course exceptions or apparent, exceptions, such as some of the Cymbidiums which delight in getting their large fleshy roots into a hole containing much decayed matter and holding ;i considerable amount of moisture ; but these orchids are, perhaps, more terrestial than epiphytal in their habits. Others, again, which appear to us to be placed by Nature in very open dry situations, probably receive much more moisture than we imagine from the 420 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. tremendous drenching dews that fall at night from October to April (the season of rest, be it noted) ; and these latter orchitis will frequently be found to be those for whom Nature has provided no regular reservoirs in the form of pseudobulbs. Looking to all these circumstances, the nearer we can follow Nature, or even go further and assist her by offering additional water in an exceptionally dry season, probably the better our results will be. Practically all orchids require copious watering during their growing season. Perhaps it is unnecessary to add that rain water is best, river water next best, and spring water the worst. But the matter is rather an important one. Copper wire and copper tacks only should be used for wiring orchids on to trees, baskets, tubs, &c, as it does not injure the plants or their roots. Exporting orchids is a very simple and easy matter, and a few hints may not be out of place here. October and November are quite the best months at all events as far as Himalayan orchids are concerned, for they have stopped growing then and have begun to rest, and even if they arrive at home in frosty weather, it does not seem to affect the hardier kinds. Orchids are more frequently killed than not, and always seriously damaged if packed during their growing season. The plants should be taken from trees and rocks with ordinary care so as not to damage new roots especially, and should then be placed in dry, but shady, situations, where there is plenty of air, to allow of their becoming thoroughly dry. This treatment should last for about a fortnight, and the plants can then be packed tightly with plenty of dry moss ( to prevent shaking ) into an ordinary wooden case, such as a box to hold a dozen of wine. No air holes are necessary, provided the plants have been well dried. It might be as well to print on the box : — " NOT TO BE STOWED NEAR THE BOILERS." A small lead label, marked with a number, may with advantage be tied on to one specimen of each species packed in the box, and a list containing similar numbers be posted home, under each of which is given the name, locality, habits, and any other information thought needful regarding each kind that has been despatched. Orchids sent home as above recom- mended sixteen years ago from here are still thriving and flowering splendidly every year. 421 BIRDS NESTING IN TBE MURREE HILLS AND GULLIES. By Lt.- Colonel R. H. Rattray. Part I. (With Plates A and B.) {Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 6th July 1905.) The scope of this article is the hills round our Punjab hill station of Murree with an altitude of 6,000 feet to about 7,300, and the neighbour- ing hills at Changla and Dungagalis. The hills run up to about 9,000 feet near these stations, with a hill, Miranjani, near Dungagalis about 1 0,000 feet. The hills are for the most part well wooded. I propose giving an account of two years' nesting in these hills. The illustrations are photographs taken by me on the spot, with the imme- diate surroundings of the nests as little interfered with as possible. Oates' and Blanford's numbers are used. 4. Corvus machrorhynchus.— The Jungle-Crow. Very common in all the hills up to 9,C00 feet. Breed freely. All the nests I have seen were on high fir trees. 13. Urocissa flavirostris. — The Yellow-billed Blue Magpie. These birds are not rare round Murree, but I did not find many nests. The two nests found were slight rough structures, at no height up the trees ; both were on oak trees. Around Dungagalis this was one of the common birds. I took some 14 or 15 nests during May and June. The colour of the eggs is very variable, but the shape very constant, a long narrow egg much pointed at small end. 24. Garrultjs lanoeolatus. — The Black-throated Jay. Very common both round Murree and the Galis. Breed as usual during May and June. 26. Garrultjs bispecularis. —The Himalayan Jay. A common bird, but nests difficult to find. At Murree I only took one nest ; this was on 16th June 1903 ; it contained one young one just hatched and 2 hard-set eggs. This year round Changla and Dungagalis I obtained 4 or 5 nests. The nest and eggs are almost indistin- guishable from those of last species, but are, as a rule larger. 31. Parus atriceps. — The Indian Grey Tit. Common, and breed in holes in trees and houses at Murree, but I did not see any on the higher hills round or at the Galis. I do not think they breed above 6,500 feet in these hills. 422 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 34. Parus monticola.— The Green-backed Tit. Very common on all the hills, and breeds everywhere. It is a very familiar bird and nests near houses, often in holes in walls of houses. 35. jEgithahscus erythrocephalus.— The Red-headed Tit. Common at Murree, but less so in the higher hills of Changla and Dungagalis. Nests generally in low bushes, but at Murree I once found a nest some 40 feet up in a fir tree, built in a clump of fircones. I onlv obtained one nest at Changlagali. 42. Maohlolophus xanthogenys. — The Yellow-cheeked Tit. Rare. I took two nests at Murree and did not see the bird this year round the Galis. This bird is more of a forest bird than the other tits, and always builds in holes in trees. I have never seen them round houses. 44. Lophophanbs mrlanolophus. — The Crested Black Tit. Rare in Murree, but common in all the higher hills, -one of the commonest birds on Miranjani. Nests in my experience in holes in trees, but at Dungagali I found one nest in a hole in the wall of the house occupied by the Chaplain. It was within 2 feet of a door through which servants were passing in and out all day. 91. Trochalopterum simile. — The Western Variegated Laughing- Thrush. Very common both round Murree and the Galis up to 10,000 feet. Nests generally about 15 to 20 feet up in a fir tree, often quite at the end of the bough. Eggs generally 3, but I have found 5. I once at Murree found a cuculine egg in a nest of this bird, I think the egg of Hierococcy.c sparverioides< 1^ LU X h L. O h 0) Ul z BIRDS NESTING IN THE MURREE HILLS. 425 bird off nest. The bird was a typical humii. Nest on the ground near root of a tree and made almost entirely of fine grasses domed over ; very neatly lined with very fine grass. No feathers. 422. Acanthopneuste viridanus. — The Greenish Willow- Warb- ler. Very rare. It is possible the bird is otten overlooked owing to its general likeness to others of the genus. I found one nest on 1st July 190-4, shooting the hen bird off nest myself. The nest was marked down by one of my collectors, so I went with him and took eggs and shot the bird. The eggs looked small for a magnirostris, but when I examined the bird I saw I had got a prize. The nest was under the roots of a tree in a cutting, the earth had been washed away leaving a tangle of roots. Nest a mass of moss forming a cup with a neat lining of fine grasses. Eggs 4, slightly incubated and pure white ; size about the same as Acanthopneuste occipitalis. 424. Acanthopneuste magnirostris. — The Large-billed Willow- Warbler. Fairly common. This bird was first discovered breeding near Changlagali by Major K. Buchanan. I maJe a great search with 3 collectors, and between us obtained about 5 nests during the end of June and first half of July. The nests are very difficult to find and all of one type and in similar situations as the last species ; all were in a tangle of roots on sides of roads where the earth had been washed away. Nest of moss more or less domed and lined with grasses, but no inner lining of very fine grass. Eggs pure white. I noticed one peculiarity about this bird : generally one egg was laid with a break of a day before the second was laid, then two and sometimes four days passed without a third egg, then 2 more on successive days. I found up to 5 eggs in a nest, but I think 4 the usual number, 428. Acanthopneuste occipitalis. — The Large-crowned Willow- Warbler. Very common, especially round Murree. Nests in almost any situation. I found them in holes in trees, in banks, in stone walls, under eaves in houses, and under a large stone in a deep ravine. Nest hole almost always lined below and sides, leaving a small hole towards top. I have found 5 eggs of Cuculas saturatus and 3 of Cticuh/s poliocepJialus, in these birds' nests. On two occasions the nest was the full depth of my arm inside tree stumps. 426 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV J. 429. Acanthopneuste trochiloides. — Blyth's Crowned Willow- Warbler. Not common. I think the nests of these birds are often left undis- turbed, being mistaken for last species. I procured 2 nests at Murree in 1903, both in holes in stone walls supporting banks. Nest and eggs similar to last species, but a good deal smaller as a rule. 434. Cryptolopha xanthoschista. — Hodgson's Grey-headed Fly- catcher- Warbler. Decidedly rare. I have seen very few birds and only once procured eggs, shooting the bird near Changlagali. 458. Suya CRINI«ERA,— The Brown Hill-Warbler. Quite common I obtained numerous nests at Murree, Ghangla and Duneragalis. 495. Pericrocotus brevirostris. — The Short-billed Minivet. Common everywhere. I obtained nests at Murree, Changla and Dungagalis. I think these are without exception the most beautifully made nests I have ever seen. Always high up in trees and often almost inaccessible. The eggs match nest exactly. Some 7 or 8 nests taken at Murree were on Hr trees, one on horse chestnut. At Dungagali I saw 5 nests on a wild cherry tree and 2 on chestnuts and only one on a fir- tree. A few nests had a few feathers as lining. My photographs show two types of nests — one high up on a thin cherry tree, and the other placed on a thin bough of chestnut tree. 505. Campophaga melanoschista. — The Dark-grey Cuckoo Shrike. Birds not rare, especially at Murree, but nests very hard to find; they are very small for the bird and always at the top of very high trees. At Murree in 1903 I found 3 nests with young birds in beginning of July. This year, 1904, I procured one nest on 20 th May 1904 with one fresh egg. 518. Orioltjs kundoo. — The Indian Oriole. Common near Murree about 5,500 fee\ I saw some nests, but did not take them down. 5 1 9. Orioltjs galbula. — The European Oriole. On 18th June 1903 1 found a nest of this bird at Murree with 2 much incubated eggs. There is no doubt about the identity, as I shot the male off nest, and as it seemed different, I shot 3 males of Oriolus kundoo and compared them. Nest in a similar situation to Oriolus kundoo ; one egg had brown spots instead of black. BIRDS NESTING IN THE MURREE HILLS. 427 544. Tbmbnuohus pagodarum — The Black-headed Myna. Rare. I obtained one nest, shooting the bird below Dungagali about 5,000 feet elevation. This is the only occasion on which I saw the bird. 549. Acridotheres tristis. — The Common Myna. Common all round Murree, but none at Changla or Dungagalis : from this it appears the bird does not ascend the hills above 7.000 ft. 552. iEiHiOPSAR fusous.— The Jungle Myna. Common round Murree, but like the last, none at Changla or Dunga- galis. 558. Hemichelidon sibirica. — The Sooty Flycatcher. Very rare near Murree, but common above 8,000 feet. I hardly went a day into the higher hills without seeing 2 or o pairs. The nests are, however, difficult to find, and situation various, often against side of a tree trunk within reach of the hand, and just as often 40 feet up a fir tree resting on the bough some distance from tree trunk. I obtained some 12 or 13 nests during June and July this year (1904). 568. Cyornis superciliaris.— The White-browed Blue Flycatcher. Common everywhere. I could have taken any number of nests I wished both at Murree and the Galis. 579. Stoparola melanops. — The Verditer Flycatcher. Very common round Murree, but less so near Changlagali. I saw very few birds near Dungagali. 592. Culioicapa CEYLONENSis. — The Grey-headed Flycatcher. Not common. I saw a few birds round Murree and obtained one nest ; they were not common in the Galis. 594. Niltava sundara.— The Rufous-bellied Niltava. Common round Murree about 6,000 ft., but none at either Changla or Dungagalis. Nests difficult to find. Generally placed in a hole in the bank of shady nullah, but I have found them in a hole in a tree stump and at the roots of bushes. I once found an egg of Cuculus canorus in a nest of this bird. 604. Rhipiduha albifrontata.— White-browed Fantail Flycatcher. I saw 2 or 3 pairs of these birds and am sure from their actions they had a nest near, but as I did not want eggs I did not trouble about the nest. 610. Pratincola maura. — The Indian Bush-Chat. Common round Murree. I obtained a great many nests there. I saw birds near Dungagalis, but did not hunt up their nests. 428 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 615. Oreicola ferrea. — The Dark-grey Bush- Chat. Common round Murree, Changla and Dungagalis. I also saw them near the top of Miranjani, 10,000 ft. Numerous nests and on one occasion an egg of Cuculus mnorus, the Common Cuckoo, in a nest of this bird. 630. Henictjrus maculatus. — The Western Spotted Forktail. Common round all the hills near water. Eggs taken at Murree, Changla and Dungagali. 637. Microcichla scouleri. — The Little Forktail. Decidedly rare. I only saw the bird near Changlagali and obtained 3 eggs on point of hatching out. Nest and eggs similar to those de- scribed first by me in this Journal and subsequently by Mr. Osmaston. 638. Chimarrhornis lbctoocephalus. — The White-capped Red- start. Very rare : one nest was taken by Major K. Buchanan near Changla- gali. I did not even see a bird. 646. Rhyacornis puliginosus. — The Plumbeous Redstart. None at Murree, but common near every mountain stream round Changla and Dungagalis. I obtained 7 nests this year (1904) during June. Number of eggs vary from 3 to 6 ; general number four. 653. Tarsiger ohrys/EUS. — The Golden Bush-Robin. Very rare. I only saw one pair near Murree and obtained the nest with 3 fresh eggs and one of Cuculus micropterus. My collectors found the nest building and informed me. I went and looked it up some ten days later, and was surprised to see a strange bird leave the nest. I hid myself and shot the hen as she returned to her nest. Nest in a hole in a bank, rather large, made of dead leaves and moss lined with fine grasses. The hole was under a large stone. I failed to shoot the male, but saw him. 657. Adelura C2Eruleicephala. — The Blue-headed Robin. Very rare, only found near the top of Miranjani. The nest and eggs were first taken there by Major K. Buchanan, hard set, about end of May. This year we were up during last week of May and found 4 nests with young ones. Nest in a hole in stump of dead tree exactly similar to one described by Wardlaw Ramsay (from Major Buchanan's account). Eggs also agreed with Wardlaw Ramsay's eggs. (To be continued.) 429 THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. By G. A. Gammie, f.l.s. Part I. The following descriptions and remarks, unless otherwise duly specified, are not to be taken as altogether of general application to the order in their nature, because they are purposely restricted to illustrate only the orchids found wild in the Presidency. Orchids of every description are distinguished with facility by the most superficial observers, by a fades intuitively recognized, but difficult to define briefly in words. They can be conveniently grouped into two divisions by their manner of growth. The first, Terrestrial, comprising those growing with their roots imbedded in the soil and depending upon it for nourishment, as do the majority of flowering plants ; the second, Epiphytic, consisting of the larger proportion orowino; on trees, rocks and similar media, but deriving their nourish- ment, not from their hosts, but solely from the air and moisture. The roots of the latter are usually fully exposed. These are sparse in most, but in some form complicated masses, and they attach themselves firmly to whatever the plant grows on. They have usually a tense, stringy, glaucous appearance, are pale and shrivelled when dry, but plump, green and glistening during the rainy season when viscid drops of liquid often hang from their tips. In popular language, plants belonging to the first division are fami- liarly known as Ground Orchids ; those of the second are called Orchids par excellence. In the first division also the plants are only visible above ground during the growing and flowering period. Epiphytes, on the other hand, hive pseudo bulbs which remain clearly visible all the year round, although they are sometimes devoid of leaves in the dry weather. In these the flowers may be borne by shoots of the previous year which are often leafless, or by growths of the current year but never by eiiher or both indifferently. Orchids are endowed with tenacious vitality, and the life of individual plants, especially when allowed to exist under con- genial circumstances, seems to be of unlimited duration. They, however, readily perish under adverse conditions, and where artificially culti- vated, success is only ensured when they are favoured with treatment which imitates as closely as possible the details of their natural environment. 430 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Orchitis are found in the greatest variety and profusion in tropical and sub-tropical regions possessing a perennially moist atmosphere accompanied by an absence of extreme cold at any season of the year. In India the largest proportion of the order is found in the valleys and plains of the North-eastern frontier and Burma. In the Bombay Presidency the most suitable natural conditions prevail only in the forests of Kanara and the Southern Konkan. Several epiphytic species are found throughout the range of the Ghats and Konkan, but they do not extend beyond the heavy rainfall zone. In the Deccan proper only a few terrestrial species are found, and these only in the vicinity of water. There is yet another class of orchids, of which we have no represen- tative, termed Saprophytic, so called because they derive their nourish- ment from decaying organic matter. In these the green coloration is absent and their leaves are reduced to scales differing but little from the bracts, which are the usually small leaf-like bodies subtending the flowers. From an economical point of view, Orchids are of very trifling importance. Salep is said to be produced from the tubers of some, and the fragrant and aromatic substance called Vanilla is the dried fruit of a species of orchid. From an horticultural standpoint, however, a great number of sorts of orchids are of extreme value on account of the strange forms and beauty of coloration of their flowers, and many publications have been issued dealing with their culture. In terrestrial orchids the roots are invariably swollen atd tuberous and are perennial, whilst the part appearing above ground is annual. The leaves either emerge only at the surface of the ground from an arrested underground stem, or they are placed singly at intervals (alternate) on a more or less elongated stem. In epiphytic orchids the stems produced in perennial succession are usually simple but sometimes branched. In the first case they are often bulb-like in form or, if elongate, are more or less thickened. In the second ease, where the plants are branched (a rare cecum nee) the stems and branches are usually slender. In all cases the term pseudo-bulb is usually applied to the stem, whether long or short. The blades of the leaves are of the Monocotyledonous type, having longi- tudinally parallel nerves with weak connecting veins. They differ, however, from the normal type in possessing a distinct articulation THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 431 with the stem. They vary in consistence from fleshy or succulent to membranous. The fleshy leaves are narrowly oblong in shape, with usually an indented apes ; the thinner leaves vary greatly in shape. In position they are always alternate, but when they are crowded together this is a difficult point to ascertain. In elongate stems they are usually disposed along two opposite sides of the stem (distichous or two-ranked). The flower.-; are either arranged in spikes, i.e., the axis of the flower- mo- branch is undivided and each separate flower has not a distinct stalk, or they are arranged in racemes, when each flower has a distinct stalk. These spikes or racemes are in panicles when the main axis, instead of beino' simple, is divided into two or more separate branches* When the flowers or the parts bearing them (inflorescence) appear to rise directly from or below the surface of the ground, the whole is called a scape, and this term is sometimes even applied to the inflores- cence of an orchid irrespective of its position. The part which forms the axis or the separate branches of a com- pound inflorescence is known as peduncle or rachis ; the same term is applied to the stalk of a solitary flower when it, of course, forms the sole axis. The stalks of individual flowers are called pedicels. When flowers are distinctly stalked they are pedicellate ; when the stalks are altogether absent the flowers are sessile ; when only the vestige of a stalk is apparent the flower is subsessile. At the base of each flower stalk there is a body, varying from leaf- like to scale-like in form and also varying in colour, called the bract. The pedicel or stalk of the flower consists of a long or short actual stalk gradually merging into the clubshaped and grooved body called the ovary. This latter ultimately becomes the fruit and it contains an infinite number of minute granules (ovules), which are the seeds when the fruit developes. If the ovary be cut through transversely it will be found to be hollow with the ovules arranged on definite lines on its inner surface (placentas). When the fruit is ripe it bursts into three valves liberatino- the mass of light, minute, chaffv seeds. As the fruits of orchids are neglected in botanical descriptions no further attention need be directed to them. Immediately on the top of the ovary (which is thus inferior) is seen what is popularly known as the flower. It consists of six external flat- tened, leaf-like bodies, arranged in two series of three each, called the perianth. The three outermost are more or less alike and are known 432 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. as sepals. The two interior and lateral, similar to these, are the petals, and the lowermost of this series, which is usually very distinct in shape, is called the labellum or lip. This often has a sac-like cavitv projecting downwards from its base called the spur, and its surface usually presents three distinct parts, two projections of varying shapes on the sides called the lateral lobes and the terminal or mid-lobe. The centre of the lip is often furnished with longitudinal groves or ridges. The column stands in the centre of the flower. This is usually semi- cylindrical and curved and flattened on the side facing the lip. At the top of the column is the anther, the loose lid-like part is the oper culum, and the top of the column itself is sometimes produced into a beak or rostellum.. If the operculum be lifted off carefully with a pin, the pollinia or masses of pollen grains may be seen lying within the shallow anther- cells. These pollen grains may cohere into 1, 2 or •! pairs of oblong, globose or pear-shaped waxy or glandular masses, which are free from each other or are attached by pairs or fours to a gland or a stalk (caudicle) may intervene between the pollen masses and gland. (In a Dendrobium, for example, the pollen masses cohere in pairs, each pair in its own anther cell, but they are otherwise quite free, so that, on lifting and removing the operculum, if care be not taken, the pollen masses fall out ; in iErides, on the contrary, on lifting the operculum, the gland will immediately attach itself to the pencil, pin, or whatever instrument is used.) In front of and just beneath the anther is a viscid cavity called the stigma. Fertilisation of the ovules in the ovary is effected by tubes issuing from the pollen passing through the body of the column length- wise by way of the stigma and thus reaching the ovules. CLASSIFICATION. The first division of Bombay Orchids is into Tribes, of which there are four. (As this primary classification is based on characters derived from the pollinia it is necessary to use a hand lens to distinguish thcra correctly.) The following are their chief characters : — Tribe I. Ejjidendrece. Anther cells parallel distinct. Pollinia waxy, 1 to 4 in each cell, free, or those of each cell cohering at the base by a viscid appendage. THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. ,433 Tribe II. Vandece. Anther cells usually confluent. Pollinia waxy, in 2 or 4 united pairs, attached tu a gland by a stalk called caudicle. Tribe III. Neottiece. Anther cells distinct, parallel. Palhnia granular or powdery. Tribe IV. Ophrydece. Anther cells parallel or diverging. Pollinia in each cell 1, rarely 2, granular, produced below into short tails which are attached to a gland or to a rostellum. In the first two tribes the pollen is waxy. In the first tribe the pollinia are either free from each other, or the separate pairs cohere slightly by viscid threads. In the second tribe the pollinia are arranged in cohering pairs on a stalk which terminates in a gland. In the third and fourth tribes the pollen is granular and powdery. In the former the pollinia are distinct, in the latter they are produced into short tails which are attached to a gland. ( Tit he continued.) 434 THE MOTHS OF INDIA. SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN "THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA." SERIES III. PART III. By Sir George Hampson, Bart., f.z.s., f.e.s. {Continued from page 216 of this Volume.') Sub-family Lithosiana. Genus Microtana. Type. Microtana, Hmpsn. A.M.N.H. (7) VIII, p. 183 (1901) Fusca. Proboscis absent ; palpi porrect, slender, not reaching beyond the frons ; antenna? of male ciliated, tibiae with the spurs long. Forewing with the apex rounded ; vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 4*5 stalked ; 6 from upper angle ; 7-8"9 stalked, 7 from beyond 9 ; 10*11 from cell. Hindwing with vein 2 from towards angle of cell ; 3*4 stalked ; 5 absent ; 6'7 stalked ; 8 from middle of cell. 1391c. Microtana fusca. Hmpsn. A.M.N.H. (7) VIII, p. 183 (1901 ). ire«ea, Boisd. 1562. Eusemia NiPAiiENSis-wiacwictfna;, Westw. Cat. Or. Ent., p. 67, pi. 33, f. 1 (1848) nee Westw. 1841. insert (syn.) Eusemia westwoodi, Kirby Allen's Nat. Libr. Ill, p. 65 (1897). Genus Cheloxomoepha. 1567. Oheloxomorpha japona, Motsch. Et. Ent. IX, p. 29 (1860). Eusemia villicoides, Butl. A. M. N. H. (4) XV, p. 141, pi. 13, f. 2 (1875). Habitat.— J a pan ; W. China. Subsp. 1. Fore coxas with whitish hair in front ; hind coxa} with orange hair, abdomen without lateral, sublateral, and ventral black spots. Habitat. — Bhurma, Hsipaw. Subsp. 2 austeni. Fore and hind coxas with orange hair ; abdomen with the lateral, sublateral and ventral spots small ; hind wing with the spots beyond the cell and on inner area conjoined. Habitat. — Assam, Khasis. Genus Exsula. Type. Exsula, Jord. Nov. Zool. Ill, p. 35 (1896) dentatrix. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint fringed with long- hair in front, the 3rd well developed, near- ly naked and some- what porrect ; irons with slight rounded prominence ; eyes somewhat hairy; antennas almost simple, slightly de- Exsida dentatrix g j. lated towards ex- tremity. Forewing with vein 2 from long before angle of cell ; 3 and 5 from close to angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 910 anastomising with 7"8 to form the areole;ll from cell. Hindwing with veins 3*4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsoles- 438 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. cent from middle of discocellulars ; P, 7 from upper angle; abdomen of male with protrusible lateral tufts of long hair from 4th segment. A. Hindwing orange with black discocellular patch and terminal band 1558 dentatrix. B. Hindwing black with blue terminal band 1556 victrix. Genus Scrobigera. Type. Scrobigera, Jord. Nov. Zool. Ill, p. 37 (18%) amatrix. Proboscis f idly developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint fringed with long hair in front, the 3rd well ^>Z^ . j d e veloped ; frons with small round- ed promi- t:M ilSl \\\Vr^>0 \™& - nence ; an- ^=»f3fe tennse al- dm&~ most simple and slightly Scrobigera amatrix $ \. dilated be- fore apex ; tibiae nearly smoothly scaled ; claspers of male large and tufted with hair. Forewing with vein 3 from well before ange of cell ; 5 from above angle ; fi from upper angle ; 9'10 anastomosing with 7'8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3"4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of disco- cellulars which are angled outwards at its origin; 6*7 from upper angle ; male with a fringe of long black hair on upperside in discal fold, in and beyond end of cell. A. Hindwing with orange band in both sexes. a. Forewing with four yellowish spots beyond the cell 1552 amatrix. b. Forewing with yellowish bar beyond the cell ...1551 proxima. B. Hindwing without orange band in either sex. a. Forewing with medial series of yellowish spots and four spots beyond the cell 1554 vulcania. b. Forewing without band or spots ,...1555 albomarginata. 1553. SoROBIGERA hespekioides, Wlk-jndchra, Butl. is from Borneo only. 1555. Scrobigera albomarginata, insert (syn.). Eusemia candide marginata, Pouj. Le. Nat. XIII, p. 143(1^1)- Subsp. 1. flaviciliata, Boisd. Rev. Zool, (3) ii, p. 104 (1874). Agarisla fimbriata, Boisd. Bev. Zool. (3) ii, pi. 8, f. 1 (1874). Both wings with the cilia very pale yellow. Habitat.— PHILIPPINES. Genus iEoocERA. Sect. I. Forewing of male with a well developed groove of ribbed hyaline, membrane below costa beyond middle, a clicking sound being produced during THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 439 flight probably by friction with the tarsal spines ; the veins strongly down- curved. 1577. Aegocera tripartita. Sect. IT. Forewing of male with slight traces of a groove below costa beyond middle, the veins slightly curved downwards. A. Forewing with wedge shaped fascia beyond the cell 1578 venulia. B. Forewing with oblique transverse luaulate band beyond the cell 1579 bimacula. 1578. Aegocera venulia. Larva 1". Head smooth glabrous red ; body yellow-green irrorated with black ; a lateral black stripe with an interrupted pale yellow crenulate line above it ; the dorsal area with delicate transverse black stria? and with black suffusion on alternate somites ; the penultimate somite with four red tubercles on dorsal area and smaller lateral tubercles ; a few short light colored hairs on sides ; prolegs red (W. H. Campbell). Genus Mimeusemia. A. Abdomen orange with black dorsal patch at base. a. Hindwing with the cilia white-tipped 1584. albicilia, b. Hindwing with the cilia not white-tipped except at apex 1583. cey'onica. B. Abdomen banded black and orange. a. Abdomen with the two basal segments band- ed with orange 1582. peshva. b. Abdomen with the two basal segments black. a1. Abdomen with black bands on medial segments ; hindwing with orange patch on base of inner area usually present ...1581. basalts. b'. Abdomen without black bands on medial segments ; hindwing with creamy patch below the tell .., 1581. a. davidsoni. C. Abdomen blackish with the anal tuft orange .. ...1580. accurata. Genns Ophthalmis. Type. Ophthalmis, Hiibn. Verz., p. li!t*> (1827) lincea. Pristocerica, Karsch. Ent. Nachr xxi, p. 349 (1895) eriojns. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint roughly scaled in front, the 3rd long, naked, and somewhat porrect ; frons with rounded prominence; antennas almost simple, slightly dilated towards extremity; pectus and tibia? nearly smoothly scaled ; abdomen with slight dorsal ridges of hair or smoothly scaled, the claspers of male large, protrusible lateral tufts of long hair from base. Forewing with veins 3'4 from angle of cell ; 5 from above angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with vein 2 from well before angle of 440 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. cell, 3"4 from angle ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6'7 from upper angle. 1568. Ophthalmis funebris. Subsp. 1 Vitheroides. Leach. Entom. xxiii, p. 110 (1890); Oberth. Et. Ent. xvi, p. 8, pi 1, f. 4. Forewing with the white markings larger, the spot in middle of cell triangular; the bluish markings at base, in submedian interspace, and the postmedial and subterminal series more developed. Hindwing with a black discoidal band separating the spot beyond the cell from the white patch in celL Habitat.— W. China. Exp. $ 72 9 80 mill. The genus ZALISSA belongs to the Noctuidm. Family Noctuidm. Key to the sub-families. A. Maxillary palpi absent. a. Hindwing with vein 5 obsolescent from or from just below middle of discocellulars. a1. Mid and hind tibia?, or hind tibiae only, spined... Agrotincc. bl. Mid and hind tibiae not spined. a-. Eyes hairy Hadenince. b'2. Eyes not hairy. or. Eyes with long overhanging cilia Cuculliance. b:\ Eyes not ciliated Acronyctince* b. Hindwing with vein 5 well developed, a'. Palpi with the 3rd joint blunt. a1. Frenulum of female simple. a3. Abdomen with lateral anal pencils of hair... Euteliance. b:i. Abdomen without anal pencils of hair ; forewing with tufts of raised scales in cell Stictopterinar. b2. Frenulum of female multiple. a'2. Retinaculum of male bar-shaped. a4. Forewing with tufts of raised scales in cell Sarrothripince. b*. Forewing without tufts of raised scales in cell Acontiana. b:'\ Retinaculum of male not bar-shaped. a4. Mid tibiae spined Catocaliiw . bl. Mid tibiae not spined. a6. Eyes hairy Momince. hr'. Ej^es not hairy. '-i'\ Eyes with long overhanging cilia ... Plu&anm. b'\ Eyes not ciliated. a~ . Hindwing with vein 5 from close to angle of cell, strong , Noctuince. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 441 b~ . Hindwing with vein 5 from well above angle of cell, rather weak ErastriancB. bl. Palpi with the 3rd joint acuminate Hypenince. B. Maxillary palpi present Hyblceince. Sub-family Ageotin-E. Proboscis usually well developed, sometimes aborted : palpi usually short, up- turned or porrect ; frons rounded, often with rounded prominence, sometimes with corneous plate below it, or with corneous processes of various forms ; eyes naked, sometimes overhung by cilia, in Trichanarta hairy : antennas usually ciliated, often pectinate or serrate ; head and thorax clothed with hair and scales when there are usually crests on pro-and meta-thorax or ridge-like dorsal crest, or clothed with hair only ; tibia? more or less spinose, all the tibia; being usually strongly spined, in others the spines are reduced to one between mid and terminal spurs of hind tibia; ; abdomen rarely with dorsal crests. Wings usually broad, sometimes rather narrow, the termen rounded or crenulate ; forewing with vein 1 a. weak, not anastomosing with 1 b. ; 1 c. absent ; 2 from middle of cell ; 3 and 5 from near lower angle : 6 from upper angle : 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole, 7 from the areole : 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 1 a. and b present, 1 c. absent ; 3'4 from lower angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars : 6'7 from upper angle or shortly stalked ; 8 arising free, then bent down and touching the cell, then again diverging. Larva. — Smooth, the warts with one hair ; all the prolegs present, the 12th somite with dorsal hump. In the HeUothis group they usually feed on flowers ; in the A grotis group they often hide in the earth by day and emerge to feed at night ; the perfect insect of the former often flying in the sunshine, whilst the latter are purely nocturnal. Pupa buried in the earth, of which it forms an agglutinated cocoon. Key to the Genera. A. Fore tibia? with spines or claws. a. Frons with prominence. a1. Frontal prominence rounded in front. a-. Frons with corneous plate below the prominence. as. Fore tibia? spined at sides - Jleliclejitria. b3. Fore tibia? not spined at sides. a4. Forewing rather short and broad, the apex rounded Raghuva. ft4. Forewing rather long and narrow, the apex somewhat produced Timora. b'1. Frons without corneous plate below the prominence > Chlorklea. &-. Frons with truncate conical prominence. a'-. Eyes small and reniform Orosagrotis. ADJOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI. b'1. Eyes large, rounded. a3. Fore tibiae short with three long claws on inner side at extremity and short claws on outer side Micragrotis. 6s. Fore tibias spined and without claws Euxoa. cx. Frons with slight vertical ridge Feltia. b. Frons without prominence. a!. Head and thorax clothed with hair only Episilia. b\ Head and thorax clothed with hair and scales and with more or less developed thoracic crests. a1. Prothoi-ax with ridge like crest Rlchia. J2. Prothorax with spreading crest, a". Abdomen dorsally rather flattened. a4. Forewing narrow, the margins sub- parallel Hermonassa. b* . Forewing broad, triangular Agrotis. b3. Abdomen not dorsally flattened Lycophotia. B. Fore tibiae, without spines or claws. a. Eyes hairy. a1. Eyes small, reniform Trichanarta. bl. Eyes large, rounded Tricheurois. b. Eyes not hairy. a1. Frons with rounded prominence with corneous plate below it Adisura. 61. Frons obliquely rounded, with slight roughened prominence at extremity Neurois. c1-. Frons smooth, a.-. Mid tibia? spined. a3. Eyes ciliated ; thorax clothed with hair only, a4. Palpi long, upturned, the 3rd joint porrect Paraxestia. bA. Palpi short, oblique IsocMora. 6s. Eyes not ciliated. a4. Head and thorax clothed with hair only. Mythimna. bi. Head and thorax clothed with hair and scales. a5. Abdomen dorsally flattened. ae. Palpi with the 3rd joint long and naked Epilecta. b'\ Palpi with the 3rd joint short and slightly hairy below Triphoma. 6*. Abdomen not dorsally flattened Eurois. h- . Mid tibiae not spined Protagroth. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 443 Genus TricbaNARTA. Type. Ala, Stand. Stett. Ent. Zeit, 1882, p. 49 (nee. Loch. Gust. 1877) picteti. Trichanarta, Hmpsn. Moths, Ind., iv, p. 507 (1896) ladacensis. Sect. II. (Trickanarla). Antenna? of male ciliated. lG19,a. TRICHANAhTA LADACENSIS. Genus Eaghuva. A. Forewing with dentate postmedial line perdentaia. B. Forewing with postmedial series of black points. o. Forewing with discoid al spot, no fuscous fascia on medial nervure confertis&ima. h. Forewing without discoidal spot, a fuscous fascia on medial nervure and vein 4 2)e>'sfr'ata- 1619Z>. Raghuva perdentata, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., iv, p. 30, pi. .55, f. 11 (1903). g. Head and thorax ochreous mixed with black ; abdomen ochreous. Fore- Avincr ochreous suffused with rufous along median nervure, between veins 2 and -5 and beyond the postmedial line ; a highly dentate fuscous antemedial line ; or- bicular small, round, whitish with fuscous outline and centre ; reniform fuscous, with irregular outline ; the postmedial line strongly bent outwards below costa, then highly dentate, excurved to vein 4, then oblique and defined by white on •outer side ; some pale and black marks on apical part of costa and a terminal series of small black lunules ; cilia fuscous with a pale line through them. Hindwing ochreous white with ill-defined fuscous postmedial line between veins 4 and 2, and slight dentate brown terminal marks on the veins towards apex. Underside of forewing with the reniform black, a curved fuscous postmedial band. 9 . Hindwing with the terminal area suffused with fuscous. Habitat.— Br. E. Africa, Kikuyu ; Burma, Myingyan. Exp. 22-24 mill. 1619. Eaghuva confertissima. 1619c. Eaghuva peustuiata, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M, iv, p. 32, pi. 55, f. 14 (1903). $. Head and thorax ochreous tinged with brown ; abdomen ochreous. Forewing ochreous ; an obscure diffused fuscous fascia along median nervure ■And above vein 4 to termen ; antemedial black points on median nervure and vein 1 ; a curved postmedial series of black points on the veins ; a minute black streak on costa before apex and a terminal series of points. Hindwing ochreous. Habitat — Punjab, Kangra. Exp. 30 mill. Genus Chloeidea. Type. Chloridea, Westw. Jardine's Nat. Lebr. xxxvii. p. 198 (1841) rirescens. Aspila, Guen. Noct. II., p. 174(1852) virescens. Heliocheilus. — Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iv, p. 328 (1865) paradoxa. HeUothis, Hiibn. Tent ined. dipsacea. 444 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi oblique, fringed with rough hair in front and extending to just beyond frons, which has a rounded prominence ; eyes large, rounded ; antennae ciliated ; head and thorax smoothly clothed "with hair and scales ; fore tibiae spined at sides and with slender apical pair of claws ; mid and hind tibiae spined ; abdomen smoothly scaled. Forewing with vein 3 from near angle of cell ; 5 from above angle; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 1 1 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3'4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6'7 from upper angle. Sect. I. (Heliocheilus). Forewing of male with the costa dilated and thick- ened at middle with an elliptical patch of ribbed hyaline membrane below it and a more elongate patch in the cell ; the subcostal nervure bent downwards and the veins from its extremity distorted. A. Hindwing with black fasciae in submedian fold and on inner margin translucens. R. Hindwing without black fasciae in submedian fold and on inner margin hyalosticta. 1605. Chloridea translucens. 1605. a. Chloridea hyalosticta. Sect. II. (Chloridea). Forewing of male normal. A. Hindwing with large black discoidal spot dipsacea. B. Hindwing without large black discoidal spot. a. Forewing with subterminal black point above tornus. a1 Forewing with prominent dark marks on costa above reniform and at postmedial band peltigera. b ' Forewing without prominent dark marks on costa. nuhigera. b. Forewing without subterminal black point above tornus. a1 Forewing with the postmedial line indistinct and strongly dentate obsoleta. &' Forewing with the postmedial line distinct, double, and hardly dentate asmlta. 1601. a. Chloridea dipsacea, Linn. Syst. Nat., xii, p. 856 (1766). Esp. Schmett., pi. 172, ff 1-3 ; Ilubn. Samml. Eur. Schmett Noct. f, 311 ; Dup. Lep. Fr., vii, pi. 119, f. 2. Heliothis maritima, Grasl. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr, 18" 5, p. 68. pi. 7. „ spergularia , Led. Noct. Eur. p. 230 (1857). adaucta, Butl. 111. Het., B.M.III.,p. 19, pi. 45, f. 4 (1878). Head and thorax pale-brownish tinged with olive ; abdomen olive-grey irrorated with black, thickly on dorsal surface, the anal tuft tinged with rufous. Forewing pale olive-grey ; the sub-basal line represented by black points below costa and cell ; an indistinct irregularly dentate antemedial line ; the orbicular usually represented by three black points in the form of a triangle ; reniform THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 445 indistinct dusky or prominently black with black points round its edge ; an indistinct dentate medial line from cell to inn<;r margin often with an oblique shade on its inner edge to the antemedial line at inner margin ; the postmedial line indistinct, dentate, with black points on the veins at extremity of teeth, bent outwards below costa, angled inwards above vein 5 and incurved below vein 3 ; a brown band between the postmedial and subterminal lines below vein 3 extending to the medial line ; the subterminal line pale with dark mark on its inner side at costa, and points on the veins, slightly angled outward;* at vein 7 and incurved below vein 3 ; a terminal series of black points or spots. Hindwing ochreous white ; the inner and costal areas suffused with black ; a large black discoidal spot ; the terminal area black, its inner edge angled outwards at veins 4 and 1 and incurved between those points ; a bidentate pale subcostal patch between veins 2 and 4 ; cilia white with fuscous line at base towards apex. Underside whitish ; forewing with the basal half of inner area, the orbicular, reniform and postmedial band black ; hindwing with the markings of underside showing indistinctly through. Habitat. — Europe ; Canaries ; Syria ; E. Turkistan ; Amurland : Japan r China ; Punjab, Hunza, Kashmir, Sinde Valley, Dras. Exp. 26-38. mill. 1602. Chloridea pelltigera. 1603. Chloridea nubigera. 1601. Chloridea obsoleta, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3.1, p. 450 (1793). Noctua armigera, Hi'ibn. Samml. Eur. Schmett, Noct., f. 370 (1827). Heliothis pitherosa, Wlk., xi, 688 (1857). conferta, Wlk., xi, 690 (1857J. Thalpophilarubrescens, Wlk., xv, 1082 (1858). Heliothis uniformis, Wllgrn. Wien. Ent. Mon, iv, p, 171 (1800). „ punctigera, Wllgrn. Wieu Ent. Mon, iv, p. 171 (1800). umbrosus, Grote. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil , i, p. 219 (1803). 1601. b Chloridea assulta, Guen. Noct. II, p. 178 (1852). Heliothis temperata, Wlk, xi, 089 (1857). separata, Wlk, xi, 091 (1857). succinea, Moore, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 362. Head and thorax orange tinged with red-brown ; fore tibiae brown above : abdomen orange ; forewing orange tinged with red-brown, the veins rufous ; a double curved sub-basal line from costa to submedian fold ; the antemediai line double, strongly waved, the inner line indistinct ; orbicular and reniform with dark centres and brown outlines, the former round ; the medial line oblique from costa to median nervure where it is angled, then incurved ; the postmedial line double, bent outwards below costa, slightly incurved at discal fold, incurved below vein 4 and with its inner line minutely waved and slightly angled outwards at vein 1, the area beyond it brownish to the subterminal line which is angled outwards at vein 7, dentate inwards to the postmedial line at veins and outwards to termen at veins 4.3.2 ; cilia rufous. Hindwing orange- yellow ; the terminal area broadly black with somewhat sinuous inner edge 446 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. with postmedial line just before it between veins 6 and 2. Underside of fere- wing with the orbicular and reniform black ; both wings with blackish band beyond the postmedial line except on inner area of forewing and costal area of hindwing. Habitat. — W. Africa; Japan ; Corea ; China ; Formosa ; Punjab Kulu, Sultanpur, Allahabad ; Bhutan ; Bombay ; Ceylon ; Burma, Hsipaw ; Java y. Australia : Samoa ; Tahiti ; Exp. 24-36 mill. Larra, Hmpsn. 111. Het. B. M. ix, p. 92, PI. 176, f. 22. Genus Mklicleptria. Type. Melicleptria. — Hi'ibn. Verz., p. 262 (1827). scutosa. Canthylidia. — Butl Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886. p. 406 pallida. Melicleptria scutosa, £ \ Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely porrect to just beyond frons, and slightly fringed with hair below ; frons with rounded prominence with corneous plate below it ; eyes large rounded ; antennas of male ciliated ; head and thorax smoothly clothed with hair and scales ; fore tibiae short and broad with long curved claw and two spines on inner side and shorter claw or spine- on outer ; mid and hind tibite spined, Forewing with veins 3 and 5 from close to angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 4 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3*4 from angle of cell' 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6*7 from upper angle. Sjct. II, (Melicleptria). Forewing of male without glandular swelling on costa. 1604. Melicleptria. scutosa. Genus Timora. Type. Timora, Wlk., ix, 132 (1856) senegahnsis. Sophaga, Moore, P. Z. ft., 1881, p. 362 sinuata, Dorika, Moore. P. Z. ft,. 1881, p. 363 sanguinolenta. Masalia, Moore, P. Z. ft., 1881, p. 364 rudiata. Pradatta, Moore, P. Z. ft., 1881, p. 364 beatrix. Curubasa, Moore, P. Z. ft., 1881, p. 866 lanceolula. Rhodosea, Gri'ote Can. Ent. xv., p. 4 (1883) Julia. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect to just beyond frons and fringed with hair belnw ; frons with rounded prominence with corneous plate be!ow THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 447 it : eyes large, rounded ; antennae of male ciliated ; head and thorax clothed with hair and scales ; fore tibiae short and broad, with long curved claw on inner side and short claw on outer ; mid and hind tibia? spined ; abdomen smoothly scaled. Forewing rather narrow, the apex somewhat produced ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; U from 10 anastomos- ing with 8 to form the areole, which is long and narrow ; 11 from cell. Hind- wing with veins 3*4 from angle of cell, rarely stalked ; 5 obsolescent from aniddle of discocellulars : (5"7 from upper angle. Sect. II. Forewing of male without glandular swelling on costa. A. Hindwing of male with veins 34 stalked. 1618. TlMORA DOKA. B. Hindwing of male with veins 3-4 from cell. a. Forewing with oblique postmedial pink band with white points on it ... ... ... ... ... deconita. h. Forewing without postmedial pink band with white points on it. a1. Forewing with terminal series of black points. a-. Forewing with dentate postmedial line. sinuata. b- . Forewing with curved postmedial series of points ... ... ... ... ... ... aureola. bl. Forewing without terminal series of black points. a- . Forewing with curved postmedial series of points. a3. Forewing not irrorated with black. a1. Forewing golden yellow with fiery red streaks on the veins sanguinolenta. b*. Forewing yellowish, the costal area tinged with pink, the inner area with fuscous uncta. />'■' Forewing irrorated with black irrorata. b- Forewing without postmedial series of points. •v' Forewing with black point at upper angle of cell bimaculata. !>"■ Forewing without black point at upper angle of cell. a1 Forewing with prominent black fascia on median nervure nigristriata, bl Forewing without prominent black fascia on median nervure. a "' Forewing with well-defined pink fasciae on costal and inner areas. a'1 Forewing with the costal fascia broad lanceolata 6" Forewing with the costal fascia nar- row , cruentata, 7 448 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 6s Forewing without well-defined pink fasciae on costal and inner areas. a''' Forewing with white fascia in discal fold. a' Forewing with the ground-colour ochreous flavia. h~ Forewing with the ground-colour chestnut bivittata. c1 Forewing with the ground-colour flesh-red terracotta. d~ Forewing with the ground-colour rose pink. aH Forewing with the inner area not suffused with fuscous beatrix. b* Forewing with the inner area suf- fused with fuscous. radiata. b6 Forewing with yellowish fascia in discal fold a~ Forewing with the inner area suffused with fuscous. a* Forewing with the cilia wholly pink, metaphaa. bH Forewing with the cilia white-tipped except at apex and tornus tosta. cs Forewing with the cilia wholly white- tipped • albicilia. b~ Forewing with inner area not suffused with fuscous modesta. c" Forewing without fascia in discal fold. a~ Forewing ochreous artaxoides. b~ Forewing white hololenca. 1608. TlMOBA DECORATA. 1611. TlMORA SIN U ATA. 1613. TlMORA AUREOLA. 1610. TlMORA SANCUINOLENTA. 1»il4. TlMORA UNCTA, 1615. TlMORA IRRORATA. 1616. TlMORA BIMACULATA. 1616a. TlMORA nigristriata, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. iv, p. 110, pi. 58, f. 2 (100?,). $ . Head and thorax pale dull browrn ; antennae and abdomen whitish. Fore- wing pale rose-pink ; a black streak on median nervure extending to just beyond the cell ; a broad yellowish-white fascia below the cell extending beyond the cell to vein 4 ; a yellowish-wrhite streak in discal fold from middle of cell to termen and a slight streak above veins 67. Hindwing whitish, the terminal half THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 449 tinged with fuscous brown. Underside of forewing suffused with fuscous. Habitat. — Madras, Belgaum. Exp. 30 mill. 1607. TlMORA LANCEOLATA. Adisura splendens, Druce, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 685. Adisuraimitata, Druce, Biol. Centr. Am. Het. 1, p. 301, pi. 38,f. 6 (1889). 1607a. Timora cruentata, Moore, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 367; Butl. 111. Het. B. M. vii., pi. 130, f. 9. Curubasa marginata, Moore P. Z. S., 1881, p. 367. Head and tegulre ochreous tinged with brown ; antenna? whitish ; thorax whitish, slightly tinged with pink ; abdomen ochreous. Forewing straw-yellow ; the costal and inner areas purplish pink, the inner area more or less strongly suffused with fuscous ; cilia often pink or tinged with pink at tips. Hindwing straw-yellow, often more or less strongly tinged with fuscous. Underside of forewing often suffused with fuscous towards base. Habitat . — Punjap., Sultanpore, Kala Pani, Simla, Dharmsala Exp. 26-30 mill. 16076. Timora flavia, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. iv., p, 113, pi. 58, f. 9 (1903). Head and thorax ochreous tinged with brown ; abdomen ochreous. Fore- wing ochreous ; the subcostal and median nervures and nervules streaked with pink ; a white fascia in discal fold from middle of cell to near termen with a slight fuscous streak below it on vein 5. Hindwing ochreous white. Underside of forewing with diffused fuscous streaks on the veins. Habitat.— Bombay, Mhow, Deccan; Madras Belgaum, Wynad. Exp. $ 24, $ 26 mill. 1609. Timora bivittata. 1607. Timora terracotta, Hmpsa. I\\. Het. B. M., YIII., p. 71, pi. 144, f. 22 (1891). Head and thorax dull brown, the metathorax pinkish : abdomen ochreous. Forewing deep flesh -red ; a yellowish streak in basal half of submedian fold • a white fascia in discal fold from middle of cell to termen, d< fined above and below by fuscous streaks ; the veins of terminal area slightly streaked with white. Hindwing white, tinged with fuscous except towards base, and in female slightly with pink. Underside of forewing fuscous, the marginal areas pinkish. Habitat. — Nilgiris ; Travancore, Pirmad. Exp. 30 mill. 1612. Timora Beatrix. 1612a. Timora radiata, Moore, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 364. Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B M., IV., p. 114, pi. 58, f. 14. £. Head and thorax pale brownish, tinged with pink: abdomen ochreous, suffused with brown, the ventral surface whitish. Forewing dull pink, the inner half suffused with brown ; the costal edge whitish ; a white fascia through the cell to termen, attenuate at extremities ; a white fascia in basal half of submedian fold ; the veins of terminal area streaked with white ; cilia whitish and pink. Hindwing fuscous brown, the cilia mixed with white. Underside of forewing' with the ground-colour fuscous. 450 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Habitat. — Punjab, Manpuri. Exp. 24 mill. 1612&. Timora metaph.ea, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., IV., p. 115, pi. 58, f. 16 (1903). $. Head and thorax dull brown, the latter tinged with pink: abdomen ochreons, dorsally tinged with fuscous. Forewing purplish-pink, the inner area suffused with fuscous ; traces of a pale fascia in discal fold from middle of cell to near termen. Hindwing fuscous brown ; the termen pinkish ; the cilia pink at base, whitish at tips. Underside of forewing fuscous except mar- ginal areas which are ochreons tinged with pink. Habitat. — Beloociilstan ; Punjab, Mandi. Exp. 28—30 mill. 1612c. Timora TOSTA, Moore, P. Z. S., 1888, p. 411. Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., IV., p. 115. pi. 58. f. 17. Head and thorax pale yellow-brown, metathorax and legs tinged with pink ;. abdomen ochreous white. Forewing with the apex somewhat produced and acute, pink thickly irrorated with darker red; the costal edge pale ; traces of a pale fascia below base of eel! ; a pale fascia in discal fold from middle of cell to towards termen, narrowing to a point at extremities ; a terminal series of slight dark points ; cilia white-tipped, except at apex and towards tornus. Hindwing yellowish-white, the median nervules and termen in female slightly suffused with pink. Underside of both wings pale ochreous, the costa and termen tinged with red. Habitat.— Punjab., Kulu, Sultanpore, Dharmsala. Exp. 34 mill. 1612(7. TlMOEA albicilia, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., IV., p. 115, pi. 58,. f. 18 (1903). g. Head and thorax dull brown, the latter tinged with pink ; abdomen ochreous, dorsally tinged with fuscous. Forewing ochreous, the costal area, except costal edge, median nervule and nervules and vein, with diffused pink streaks ; the inner margin suffused with fuscous : the terminal area suffused with pink ; cilia pink at base, white at tips. Hindwing ochreous, suffused with fuscous ; the cilia ochreous. Underside of forewing fuscous, the marginal areas ochreous. Habitat. — Sikkim. Exp. 26 mill. 1617a. TlMORA modesta, Moure, P. Z. S., 1 881 , p. 366. Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal.. B. M., IV., p. 116, pi. 58, f. 20. Curubasa calamaria, Moore P. Z. S., 1881, p. 367. Pale brownish ochreous ; head and thorax brown in male ; legs tinged with fuscous. Forewing sometimes with slight pink tinge on costal and inner areas ; slightly paler fascia? in discal and submedian folds. Hindwing paler. Habitat. — Punjab, Manpuri ; Jubbulpore, Bombay. Exp. 24—30 mill. 1617. TlMORA ARTAXOIDES. 1617A. Timora noLOi.EtXA, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., IV., p. 117, pi. 58, f. 23 (1903). £, Head, thorax and abdomen white, slightly tinged with fuscous brown, wings silvery white, the costa of forewing slightly tinged with brown. Under- THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 451 side of forewing suffused with fuscous to near termen below costa only, or the median nervule, or inner margin. Habitat.— Abyssinia ; Madras, Belgaum. £33?. 24 mill. Genus Adisura. A. Forewing with the cilia wholly pink ... duicis. B. Forewing with the cilia white-tipped. a Forewing largely suffused with grey and irrorated with fuscous atcinsoni. b Forewing not suffused with grey and irrorated with fuscous. a1. Forewing with the costal and inner areas more or less prominently suffused with pink, the cilia pink at base marginalis. b'. Forewing with the costal and inner areas not tinged with pink, the cilia ochreous at base .. straminea, IGOOa. Adisura dui.cis, Moore, P. Z. ;■;., 188], p. 309. Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. 15. M., IV.. p. 119, pi. 58, f. 26. Head and thorax dark red-brown ; pectus and legs ochreous mixed with rufous ; abdomen ochreous. Forewing golden-yellow ; the costal area white :. broad deep pink fascia; on costal and inner areas ; the base of inner margin fuscous : termen and cilia pink. Hindwing ochreous, the veins and terminal area suffused with fuscous. Unoerside of forewing fuscous, with ochreous streak just beyond and below end of cell ; the terminal area yellow, pink at costa. Habitat. — Sikki.m ; Assam, Khasis ; Queensland. Exp. 32 mill. 1600. Adisura atcinsoni. 1606. Adisura marcinalis, Wlk. XII. 830,(1857), Heliothis delicia, Feld., Ueis. Nov., pi. 108, f. 40 Adisura similis, Moore, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 360. 1600J. Adisura straminea. Hmpsn., Ann S. Afr. Mus II., p. 258 (1902) id. Cat. L3n. Phal, B. M.. IV., p. 121, pi. 58, f. 28. Pale straw yellow ; sides of palpi and irons, the neck behind the eyes, and upperside of fore and mid legs red-brown. Forewing with the costal edge white :: somewhat paler streaks in and beyond cell and below the cell and vein 3 ; indis- tinct dark points in and beyond upper angle of cell and a p< stmedial series curved from cost 1. to vein 4, then oblique to submedian fold. Hindwing whit- ish, suffused with strawcolour towards termen. Habitat.— N. Gamiland ; Bomray, Deesa. Exp. 24 mill. Genus Isochlora. Jsochlora, Gtaud. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1882, p. 39 viritUs. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi short, oblique, fringed with long hair in front ; frons smooth ; eyes large, rounded : antemne of male bipectinated with moderate branches to apex ; head and thorax clothed with hair only : fore tibia^ r 452 JOURNAL, BO MBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. fringed with hair ; mid and hind tibiae spined ; abdomen dorsally clothed with rough hair towards base and laterally fringed with hair. Forewing with the apex somewhat produced ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole. Hindwing with veins 3-4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; (>'7 from upper angle. Sect. I. Antennas of female bipectinate with short branches. 1948. Isochlora chi.oroptera. Sect. II. Antennae of female serrate. 1947. Isochi.oka viiiiDis. Stand. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1882, p. 39 : Alph. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. XVII, p. 78, pi. 2, f. 5. Isochlora viriclis $ \. Isoohlora albivitta, Alph. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross, XXYI. p. 448 (1892); id. Rom. Mem., IX., p. 42, pi. l,f. 3. Nonagria fuscovirens, Hmpsn., Moths. Ind., II., p. 285 (1894). Habitat.— Siberia ; E. Turkestan ; Tibet ; Kashmir. Genus Orosagrotis. Type. Orosagrotis, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M.,IV„ p. 135 (1903)... montana. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, the "2nd -joint fringed with lon^ hair in front, the 3rd moderate, porrect ; frons with truncate conical prominence ; eyes small, elliptical ; antennae of male minutely serrate and fasciculate ; head and thorax clothed with rough hair ; tibise spined. Forewing rather narrow ; vein 3 and 5 from close to angle of cell ; (i from upper angle -T 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with vein 3'4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars i IV7 shortly stalked. A. Forewing with the orbicular produced to a point confluent with the reniform •■ amphora. B. Forewing with the orbicular not produced to a point cashmirenm. 1619*/. Orosagrotis amphora, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. FY, p. 135, pi.. 59, f. 17 (1903). $. Head and th -rax grey mixed with pale brown; teguhe with medial black line ; abdomen brownish grey. Forewing grey suffused with pale brov n and slightly irrorated with fuscous ; the sub-basal line represented by obscure black points below costa and cell ; the antemedial line indistinct, blackish 777/; MOTHS OF IXDIA. Ah and slightly angled outwards in cell and very strongly above inner margin ; clavi- form slightly defined by black ; orbicular and reniform with brown centres and whitish annnli defined by brown, the former produced to a point confluent with the latter, the cell below it suffused with dark-brown ; the postmedial line minutely dentate, bent outwards below costa and oblique below vein 4 ; the sub-terminal line whitish, dentate, defined on inner side by a series of small obscure dentate dark marks ; a terminal series of black points ; cilia whitish with a dark line through them. Hindwing pale, suffused with fuscous brown and with a darker terminal line ; the underside whitish with small discoidal spot and curved postmedi.il line. Habitat.— Kashmir, Digha Pass, 15,000'. Exp. 30 mill. 1619e. Orosagrotis casiimirensis, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. IV, p. 136, pi. 59, f. 20 (1903). £ . Head and thorax black brown mixed with seme grey ; abdomen fuscous brown. Forewing pale brown mostly suffused with black leaving a pale fascia below costa ; an indistinct curved sub-basal line from lightly defined by brown on inner Orosagrotis caxhmirensis £, 1. ■costa to submedian fold : the antemedial lin side, slightly waved, oblique from costa to above inner margin, where it is strongly angled ; claviform defined by black ; orbicular and reniform with brown centres and pale brown annuli defined by black, the former small, round, the latter narrow ; the postmedial line minutely dentate, angled outwards at vein 7, then very oblique, defined on outer side by pale brown, emitting streaks defining the dark veins to the subterminal line, which is pale, defined by dentate dark marks on inner side, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a fine terminal dark line and line at base of ceiia. Hindwing pale fuscous brown ; the cilia white with brown lioe at base ; the underside whitish the costal and. terminal areas suffused with brown, a slight discoidal point. Habitat.— Kashmir, Kardong, 14,000'. Exp. 30 mill. Genus Micragrotis. Type. Micragrotis, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. TV., p. 148 (1903) ... axylkles. Proboscis rather small ; palpi short, oblique, fringed with hair below ; frons Avith truncate corneous prominence with raised edges and curved corneous plate below it ; antenna? of male minutely ciliated ; head 2nd thorax clothed with hair and scales ; foretibia? short and broad, spined at sides, with two long curved claws on inner side at extremity, and short claw or claws on outer ; miel and hind tibia? spined. Forewing short, the apex rounded ; veins 3 and 5 from near an^le of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3'4 from angle of cell; ■0 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; G'7 stalked. 454 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL 111 STORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 1659/. — MlCEAGKOTlS AXYUDES, Hinpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. IV., p. 150. 1903. Micragrotis axylides 5 Head and thorax ochreous mixed with fuscous ; patagia with a purplish tinge ; tarsi with black and pale rings ; abdomen ochreous tinged with fuscous brown. Forewing greyish ochreous suffused with purplish brown ; the veins streaked with blackish ; two fine pale streaks in base of cell ; the antemedial line double the inner line indistinct, dentate and angled strongly inwards on subcostal and madian nervures and vein 1 ; orbicular and reniform small with blackish centres and pale annuli defined by black, the former round, the cell between them and area above it suffused with fuscous black ; traces of an oblique shade from lower angle of cell to inner margin : the postmedial line indistinctly double, dentate and produced to black and white points on the veins, bent outwards below costa, incurved at discal fold and below vein 4 ; a terminal series of black points. Hind wing yellowish white, the costal area and termen .'•lightly tinged with brown ; the underside with the costal area irrorated with brown. Habdat.— Punjab, Mean Meer ; Sind, Bhug. Exp. $ 25, 9 30 mill. Genus Euxoa. Type. Euxoa, Hiibn., Verz., p. 209 (1827) decora. Rhyacia, Hi'ibn., Verz., p. 200 (1827) lucipeta. Mimetis, Hi'ibn., Verz., p. 210 (1827)... decora. Metaxyia, Hiibn , Verz.. p. 223 (1827) vitta. Exarnis, Hiibn., Verz,, p. 225 (1827) obelisca. Scotia, Hiibn., Verz., p. 226 (1827) cinerea. Broth. Hiibn., Verz., p. 226 (1827) nigricans. Agronoma, Hiibn., Verz., p. 227 (1827) .. crassa. Georyx, Hiibn., Verz., p. 227 (1827) segetis. Telmia, Hiibn., Verz., p. 227 (1827) curwria. Tetrapyrgia, Wlk., XXXIII, 711 (1S65) porphyricollis. Elegarda, Wlk., XXXIII, 712(1865) porphyricollis Pleoneetopoda, Grote, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., 1. p. 136 (1873) levisi. Orbifrons, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit. XXXVIII, p. 187 (1877) singularis. Carmades, Grote, Can. Ent. XV, p. 4 (1*83), Nee. Bates Col. I860 meerens. Paragrotis, Pratt., Can. Ent. XV. p. 4 (1883) meerens. Chorizagrotis, Smith, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXXVIII, p. W (1800) - auxiUaris. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 455 h'hizagrotis, Smith, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXXVIII, p. 103 (1890) ■■ acclivis. Agrotis, Hiibn., Tent ined segetis. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint fringed with hair in front, the 3rd moderate ; frors with truncate conical prominence with raised rim ; vestiture hairy ; tibiae strongly spined ; pro- and meta- thorax with rather spreading crests. Forewing with veins 3 and 5 from close to angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form theareole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3*4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6*7 from upper angle. Sect. I. {Scotia). Antenna} cf male bipectinate with moderate branches the apical third serrate. A. Hindwing white, the terminal area more or less tinged with brown, in female only segetis. B. Hindwing more or less suffused with brown, especially in female corticea. 1620. Euxoa segetis, Schiff. Wien Verz., pp. 81. 252. f. 3. a. b. (1776) Hiibn Eur. Schmett. Noct., f. 147. Noctua prcrcox, Hiibn. Eur. Schmett. Noct., f . 359 (1827) nee Linn. fcrvida, Hiibn. Eur. Schmett. Noct., f. 711 (1827). Agrotis simla, Boisd. Gen. and Ind. Meth., p. 109 (1840). dimidia, Zell. Iris. 1847, p. 439. „ sicania, Guen. Noct. 1, p. 275 (1852). marginalia, Wlk. X. 339 (1856). obliviosa, Wlk. X. 340 (1856). aversa, Wlk. X. 345 (1856). correcta, Wlk. X. 345 (1856). „ denticulosa, Wllgrn. Wien. Ent. Mon. IV., p. 168 (1860). conspurcata, Wlk. XXXII, 696 (1865) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. Ill, pi, 146, f. 7 a. repulsa, Wlk. XXXII, 696 (1865). certificata, Wlk. XXXII, 697 (1865). ingrata, Butl. A. M. N. H. (5) 1, p. 162 (1878) ; id. 111. Het. B. M. II., p. 27, pi. 29, f. 9. pallida, Stand Hett. Ent. Zeit. 1881, p. 423. fucosa, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1881, p. 179. lassa, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 444. 1621. Euxoa corticea, Schiff. Wien. Verz., 81, 13 (1776) ; Hiibn. Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct., f. 145. Noctua sincera, Frr. Beitr. Eur. Schmett, 544. 2 (i827). „■ obscura, Frr. Beitr. Eur. Schmett, 628. 1. 2 (1827). „ transversa, Wlk. X. 354 (1856). Agrotisfraterna, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 116 (1882). „ amurensis, Staud,»Rom. Mem. VI, p. 42 (1892). 8 456 JOURNAL. BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Sect. II. (Exarnis.) Antennae of male bipectinate with short fasciculate branches, the apical part serrate. A. Hindwing white, the terminal area often tinged with brown. a Forewing with the veins of terminal area defined by pale dentate marks. a l Forewing with the clavif orm pointed at extremity spinifera b ' Forewing with the claviform rounded at extre- mity .. obeliscaab. fictilis. b Forewing with the veins of terminal area not defined by pale dentate marks obelisca. B. Hindwing entirely suffused with brown tibetanu. 1622. Euxoa spinifera, Hubn. Samml. Eur. Schmett Noct. f. 389 (1827). Telmia spinula, Hubn.. Verz., p. 228 (1827). Agrotis bkonica, Koll. Hugel's Kashmir, iv., p. 480 (1848"). „ exigua, Koll. Hugel's Kashmir, iv.; p. 481 (1848). „ spiculifera , Guen. Noct. 1, p. 266 (1852 ■. „ aristifera Guen, Noct. 1, p. 266 (1852). „ ferina, Feld. Reis. Nov. pl.jllO, f. 12 (1874 . „ hodnoe, Oberth. Et. Ent. hi., p. 45, pi. 5, f. 8. (1878). 1622a. Euxoa obelisca. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 80 (1776), Hubn. Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct. f. 123. Noctua puris, Hiibn. Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct. f. 416 (1827). praticola, Hiibn. Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct. f. 567 (1827). fictilis, Hubn. Samml. Eur. Schmett Noct. f. 710 (1827). Agrotis villiersii, Guen. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1837, p. 173, pi. 8, ff. 1'2. „ declarant, Wlk„ x, 347 (1856). Head and thorax fuscous mixed with grey ; tegulae with blackish medial line ; tarsi banded with black ; abdomen grey-brown. Forewing purplish-brown, the inner and terminal areas paler ; the costal area suffused with white to the postmedial line ; a black streak below base of cell ; an indistinct sub-basal line, curved, from costal to submedian fold ; a double waved antemedial line from subcostal nervure to vein 1 ; claviform defined by black ; orbicular and reniform large, grey-white defined by black, their centres slightly defined by brown, the cell before and between them suffused by blackish, the orbicu- lar oblique elliptical ; the postmedial line minutely dentate, indistinct, bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; the subterminal line pale, defined by slight dentate dark marks on inner side ; the area beyond it darker except at apex, angled outwards at vein 7 and dentate at veins 4*3 ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing white, the veins and termen tinged with brown, more strongly in female ; the underside with the costal and terminal areas irrorated with brown, a slight dark discoidal spot. ab. 1 fictilis. Forewing with the veins of terminal area defined by pale dentate marks. Head, thorax and forewing usually much more ochreous. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 457 ab. 2 ruris. Head and thorax much greyer-brown, forewing grey-brown irrorated with dark-brown and black ; no black below base of cell < r in cell . the antemedial line complete and more strongly angled outwards above inner margin ; hindwing more tinged and irrorated with brown. Habitat. — Europe; Algeria; Armenia; Asia Minor; W. Siberia; W. Tdrkistan ; ? Amurland ; Kashmir ; Kuijar ; Nubra. Exp. 38-40 mill. 1627. Euxoa tibetana, Moore, A. M. N. H. (5) 1. p. 233 (1878); id. 2nd Yarkand Mission, p. 10, pi. 1, f. 1G. Agrotis modesta, Moore P. Z. S. 1881, p. 351. „ monticola, Hmpsn. Moths Ind. ii., p. 183 (1894). Habitat. — Lahoul ; Leh ; Kashmir, Kajaori, Goorais Valley, Barra Larchu. Exp. 38 mill. Sect III. (Euxoa.') Antenna? of male strongly serrate and fasciculate. A. Forewing with veins 3' 4* 6' 7 defined by pale streaks strongly indenting the subterminal line subtpinifera, B. Forewing with veins 3* 4* 6* 7 not defined by whitish streaks indenting the subterminal line. a Forewing with the cell not filled in with black. a1 Forewing with more or less prominent pale streak on median nervure « cursoria. bl Forewing without pale streak on median nervure. a'~ Forewing reddish or fuscous brown. ai Hindwing brown, pale towards base nyctopis. b3 Hindwing uniformly suffused with brown brerirami. b'2 Forewing grey brown conzpicua. b. Forewing with the cell filled in with blackish idandica. 1622 b. Euxoa subspinifera, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. iv., p. 205, pi. 61, f. 19 (1903). $ Head and thorax ochreous mixed with white ; abdomen ochreous, the ventral surface whitish irrorated with pale-brown. Forewing whitish suffused with yellow-brown above submedian fold, in end of cell, and above veins 2 to 6 ; the veins with slight dark streaks ; the costa irrorated with fuscous, with double dark striae representing the sub-basal, ante and postmedial lines, and some white points towards apex ; claviform elongate and defined by black ; orbicular and reniform defined by black, the former very elongate and confluent with the latter ; the subterminal line represented by a series of small whitish lunules, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal series of small black lunules ; cilia ochreous with a slight dark line through them. Hindwing white, the veins and a fine terminal line ochreous Habitat. — Punjab •. Ferozpur, Exp. 32 mill. 1633. Euxoa cursoria, Kiifn. Berl. Mag. iii., p. 416 (1767); Hiibn. Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct. f. 540. Noctua mixta, Fabr. Ent. Syst. hi., 2, p. 118 (1791). „ sagitta, Hiibn. Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct. f. 59G (1827). 458 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV 1. Agrotis obscura, Staud. Cat. Lep. ii., p. 86 (1871). „ cespitis, Swinh. Trans. Ent. oc. 1885, p. 340, pi. 9, f. 5. „ sagittata, Staud. Iris., ix., p. 249 (1896). „ currens, Staud. Iris., ix., p. 249 (1896). „ vaga, Staud. Iris , ix., p. 250 (1896). Habitat. — Europe ; Asia Minor ; W. Turkistan ; E. Turkistan ; Mongolia ; Tibet ; Afghanistan ; Quetta. Exp. 34-38 mill. 1633. a. Eqxoa nyctopis. Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., iv, p. 250, pi. 63, f. 30 (1903). Head and thorax reddish-brown irrorated with white ; pectus brown and grey ; tarsi banded with black ; abdomen grey-brown. Forewing reddish brown, the basal area irrorated with grey ; a double, waved sub-basal line from costa to submedian fold ; a double, waved, somewhat oblique antemedial line ; claviform slightly defined by black ; orbicular and reniform fuscous defined by black, the former round, the latter with whitish annulus ; traces of a waved medial line ; the postmedial line double, dentate and produced to points on the veins, bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then oblique ; a whitish subterminal line, angled outwards at vein 7 and dentate at veins 4 and 3, the area beyond is tinged with fuscous ; a terminal series of black points ; a fine whitish line at base of cilia. Hindwing whitish tinged with brown, especially on terminal area ; the veins brown ; the cilia white with a brown line at base ; the underside with the costal area irrorated with brown, a dark discoidal point, traces of a curved postmedial ling and diffused dark subterminal band. ab. 1. Thorax with the ground-colour black-brown ; forewing dark-brown with the double lines filled in with whitish. Habitat. — Kashmir, Dras, Kuijar. Exp. 40 mill. 1626. EUXOA BREVIRAMI. 1626. a. Euxoa conspicua, Htibn. Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct. ff. 718-9 (1827). Agrotis agricola, Boisd. Ind. Meth. Add., p. 3 (1829). „ lycarum, Herr. Schaff. Eur. Schmett. Noct. ii, p. 333, ff. 122 — 4 (1846). „ squalida, Ev. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1856, ii., p. 181. Head and thorax brown mixed with grey and irrorated with black ; tegula; with blackish medial line ; tarsi banded with black ; abdomen grey, dorsally suffused with fuscous brown. Forewing grey, suffused with reddish-brown and irrorated with fuscous ; a double waved sub-basal line from costa to sub- median fold ; a double waved antemedial line ; claviform slightly outlined with black ; orbicular and reniform large, grey, defined by black, often with fuscous centres, the former oblique elliptical ; a diffused waved medial line ; the postmedial line double, dentate and produced to points on the veins, bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then oblique ; a pale subterminal line, angled outwards at vein 7 and dentate on veins 4'3, defined by a dentate THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 459 fuscous brown band on its inner side, interrupted below costa, some brown beyond it ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing whitish tinged with brown, especially towards termen and inner margin ; the veins brown ; cilia white with a brown line near base ; the underside white, the costal and terminal areas irrorated with brown, a dark discoidal point, a curved postmedial series of short streaks on the veins, a terminal series of points. ab. 1. Forewing wioh the markings indistinct. Habitat.— Europe ; Canaries ; Armenia ; Asia Minur ; Syria ; Persia ; W. Turkestan ; E. Turk>stan ; Amur; Kashmir : Kokser, liarra Larcha, Dras ; Punjab, Kawal Pindi. Exp. 44-5n mill. 16266. Euxoa islandica. Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit , 1867, p. 232 ; Hmpsn Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. iv, p. 299, pi. 66, f. 15. Agrotis rossica, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1881, p. 419 ; Alph. Rom. Mem. v, p. 138, pi. 7, f. 3 Agrotis karschi Grseser, Berl. Ent. Zeit., 1889, p. 253. „ nigra, Staud. Iris, ix, p. 251 (1896). Head and thorax dark-brown mixed with grey-brown, the head and part of tegulse in front of the black medial line often whitish ; abdomen grey- brown, the anal tuft pale fulvous. Forewing grey-brown, often much suffused with fuscous-brown ; an irregular blackish streak below basal part of cell ; the sub-basal line double, obsolescent, interrupted, extending from costa to vein 1 ; the antemedial line double, angled inwards on median nervine, then obliqi;e and excurved below cell and vein 1 ; the claviform well developed, or large, defined by black, the obicular and reniform grey-brown or whitish, the former round or somewhat elliptical, the latter moderate, the cell before and between the stigmata and the area just beyond the reniform blackish ; the postmedial line bent outwards below costa, incurved in discal fold, excurved beyond lower angle of cell, then oblique ; the subterminal line indistinct, angled slightly outward at vein 7 and excurved at middle, with a series of dentate marks on its inner side ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing white tinged with brown, the veins, a slight discoidal mark, the costal and terminal areas brown ; the underside with the costal area strongly irrorated with brown and with a distinct discoidal point. Habitat. — Iceland; Russia; Mongolia ; Siberia ; Kashmir, Kuijar, Nubra. Exp. 3.5—38 mill. Section IV. (Chorisagrotis) — Antennas of male minutely serrate and fasci- culate. A. Forewing dark fuscous brown intracta. B. Forewing ochreous tinged with rufous ... xanthiodes. 1628. Euxoa intracta, Wlk. x. 346 (1856) ; Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. iv, p. 315, pi. 67, f. 6. Spcelotis ambigua, Butl. 111. Het. B. M., vii, p. 54, pi. 128, ff. 10-11 (1889). Habitat. — Japan ; W. China ; Kashmir ; Punjab; Nepal ; Tibet, Yatung ; Sikhim. 460 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 1628a. Euxoa xanthiodes, Hnipsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., iv, p. 315,pl. 67 f. 7 (1903). <£. Head and thorax pale rufous; palpi and fore coxae redder; fore tibiae and tarsi whitish in front ; abdomen reddish ochreous. Forewing ochreous suffused with rufous ; an indistinct antemeduil line angled inwards in cell and on vein 1, and outwards in submedian fold and above inner margin ; orbicular and reni- form small, pule, indistinct, the former round, an obscure medial shade passing between them ; the postmedial line indistinct, minutely dentate, bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; an indistinct minutely waved subtermiual line, slightly angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle. Hindwing ochreous yellow, slightly tinged with fuscous brown except ontermen and cilia. Underside of forewing tinged with fuscous to postmedial line except on costal area ; hindwing yellow, the costal area tinged with rufous, an in- distinct curved postmedial line. 9. More olive-yellow and lees rufous in tone ; forewing with the markings more distinct. Habitat — Kashmir, Barra Larcha, Goorais Valley. Exp. 38-40 mill. Section V. (Rhiacja) Antenna? of male ciliated. A. Forewing pale red-brown irrorated with black, the stigmata well defined cirghisa. B. Forewing grey, the stigmata almost obsolete peperida. C. Forewing fuscous brown nyetina. 1628/i. Euxoa cirghisa. Agrotis valksiaca, Frr. Beitr. Eur. Schmett., p. 109, pi. 351, ff. 3-4 (1842). nee Boisd. Kirghisa, Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1856, II, p. 219, pi. 1, f. 7. a. b. Squalorwn, Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1856, II, p. 22, Studf. Ins 1, p. 218, pi. 10, f. 9. „ Squalidior, Staud. Cat. Lep. pal, p. 146 (1902). Head and thorax very pale red-brown mixed with black : tegulse with medial blackish line ; tarsi banded with black ; abdomen whitish tinged with red- brown. Forewing pale red-brown strongly irrorated with black ; a waved 3ub-basal line from costa to submedian fold, a black spot on costa between it and the antemedial line which arises from a costal spot, is angled inwards in cell and on vein 1 and outwards in submedian fold and above inner margin ; clavi- form with its extremity slightly defined by black ; orbicular and reniform defined by black, the former somewhat elliptical, a waved medial shade passing between them ; the postmedial line dentate, bent outwards below costa, slightly angled inwards in discal fold and incurved below vein 4 ; subterminal line indistinct, pale, minutely dentate, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle, defined on inner side by a series of dentate black marks and with blackish suffusion beyond it ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing white, the veins and terminal area tinged with brown ; in female wholly suffused THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 461 with brown. Underside white, the terminal area of forewing suffused with fuscous, of hindwing towards costa only. ab. 1 squalid/or. Rather paler ; forewing brownish grey, the markings more distinct ; hindwing with the terminal ai*ea brownish in male. ab. 2 squalorum. Hindwing of male with the veins only tinged with brown, and in female the terminal area. Habitat. — S. E. Russia ; Armenia ; Syria ; Persia ; W. Turkistan ; W. Siberia ; E. Turkistan ; Kashmir, Dras : Exp. 36 — 40 mill. 1628c. Euxoa peperida, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B.M. iv, p. 329, pi. 67, f. 20 (1903). Head and thorax grey-white pencilled with brown ; palpi blackish at sides except at tips ; tegulse with medial black line ; abdomen brownish-grey. Forewing grey-white irrorated with black ; a rufous shade in, beyond, and below end of cell ; the subbasal line represented by points on costa and median nervure ; the antemedial line indistinct, waved, with more prominent points on costa, median nervure and vein 1 ; hardly a trace of orbicular or reniform ; a slight fuscous shade at lower angle of cell ; the postmedial line indistinct, dentate, with more prominent points on the veins, bent outwards below costa excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; subterminal line hardly defined by a very slight shade on inner side ; a terminal series of indistinct dark points. Hindwing white, the veins, inner and terminal areas suffused with brown ; the underside white, the costal area irrorated with brown, a post- medial series of minute points on the veins. Habitat. — Kashmir, Goorais Valley. Exp. 42 mill. 1628d. Euxoa nyctina, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B.M., iv, p. 336, pi. 67, f. 29 (1903). £ Fuscous brown ; head and thorax slightly mixed with grey. Forewing narrow, the margins subparallel, the apex rounded ; slightly irrorated with fuscous ; the sub-basal line represented by a few black scales below costa and cell ; traces of an antemedial line oblique from costa to submedian fold where it is angled; orbicular and reniform defined by blackish, the former rounded, open above ; the postmedial line very indistinct, bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; the subterminal line only defined by difiused blackish suffusion < n inner side, curved ; a fine pale line at base of cilia. Hindwing pale fuscous brown ; the underside whitish, the costal and terminal areas irrorated with brown, a diffused, curved postmedial line. Habitat— Kumaon, Ralam Valley, 12,000'. Exp. 36 mill. (To be continued.') 462 THE ECONOMIC USES OF SHELLS. By E. Comber, F.Z.S. {Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on the 9th February 1905.) I sometimes think that, while our Society is truly a field-naturalist's club, the majority of the papers that are printed in our journal are rather too scientific for the great bulk of our members, and although it is essential that we should foster this scientific research in every way we can, we should at the same time endeavour to encourage and interest the less scientific members of the Society by trying to show them that there is a great field for work which anyone can help in if he will take the trouble. Such work can well take the form of the collection of information with regard to the economic products of the country, and for this the scientific details can easily be sup- plied by the reference of spacimens for identification to the Society's officials. As I proceeded with the preparation of this paper I realised more and more the extent of the field that the subject covers and the impossibility of following up and investigating many details, but I hope it will encourage those who have the opportunities to contribute information where they can. I would also ask you to consider whether the most is made in this country of the many valuable shell-fish that abound round our coasts and their products. Shell-fish have been put to many uses by men from the earliest times. Their shells have been employed as money in many parts of the world by uncivilised peoples ; they have been, and always will be, used as ornaments ; the shell- fish themselves have formed an item of food from time immemorial ; and their shelh again have been utilised for the purpose of producing such valuable commodities as lime. I propose to deal with these various uses under their respective heads. The employment uf shells as money is a subject that need not be dealt with very fully as it is one that is bound to decrease with the advance of civilisation. Cowries have generally been the favourite shells selected for this purpose, owing no doubt to the beautiful polish that they possess. The so-called " Money Cowrie" {Cyproa moneta) is the customary variety and the value of. them in India is somewhere about 96 to one pice (| anna). Dr. Watt's Dictionary of Economic Products (1 89L*) , to which I shall have to constantly refer, describes them as " imported into Hornbay chiefly from the Laccadive and Maldive Is- lands, and from Zauzibar. " I elsewhere find it noted that " Cowries are import- ed to England from India and other places for the purpose of exportation to West Africa, to be exchanged for native products. '" In a " Provisional List of Notes and References to the Chief Indian Animal Products " published by Dr. Watt in 1902 he writes : " With regard to the use of shells as coins, it is desired to obtain any valuable information as to the extent of this traffic." The imports of cowries into Bombay during the official year 1903-04 comprised 2,771 cwts. from British East Africa and 4,161 cwts. from Portuguese East Africa, say nearly 350 tons, which were valued at over Rs. 22,000. As to the imports THE ECONOMIC USES OF SHELLS. 463 from such dependencies as the Laccadive and Maldive Islands I have been unable to ascertain any figures. Unfortunately the exports of cowries are not distinguished separately from other shells so that no conclusions as to the extent of the trade can be drawn. Turning to the question of the many ways in which shells are used for orna- ments it is somewhat difficult to know where to commence, for the subject could easily be enlarged upon so as to fill a fair sized book. The two main branches of the subject are undoubtedly pearls and mother- o' -pearl, though there is besides in India at any rate the extensive Chunk or Conch shell fishery. Taking Pearls first, it may be noted that from the most ancient times to the present day India has been looked upon as the chief market of the wojld for the best specimens ; but it must be admitted that this reputation is not alto- gether deserved as it is really from Ceylon and from the Persian Gulf that the majority, and certainly the best, of them come, though they largely find their way to other countries through the Bombay market. Pearls are of course produced by quite a large number of bivalve shells, but the really valuable ones are found in the so-called " Pearl-oysters " of various species belonging to the genus Margaritifera, which is a section of the genus Pteria (=Avicula). Great confusion has existed as to the various species of this genus, but I suppose we may take a paper by Mr. H. L. Jameson published ia the Zoological Society's Proceedings (1901) in order, as he describes, " to prevent further confusion of the common commercial form by zoological and economic writers," as the most recent authoritative opinion on the subject. From this paper it is evident that there is great variation in any one so-called species and that the sub-division into species is more or less arbitrary. Quoting Rev. A. H. Cooke in the Cambridge Natural History, " Pearls are the result of a disease in the animal .... When the Avicula is large, well formed, and with ample space for individual development, pearls scarcely occur at all but when the shells are crowded together, and become humped and distorted, as well as affording cover for all kinds of marine worms and parasitic creatures, then pearls are sure to be found." It was formerly supposed that pearls were formed around some foreign matter, such as a grain of sand, that had become imbedded in the mantle of the animal and so been a source of irritation, but the usual cause is now generally recognised to be either a minute parasite or an ovum, or group of ova, that has escaped from an overgrown ovary and be- come imbedded in the mantle. Although originating in the mantle they frequently work their way out and lie loose between it and the shell, or be- come attached by subsequent nacreous deposit to the mother-o'-pearl surface of the latter. The hollow warty pearl, known as " blister pearl," is supposed to be produced by a deposit of nacreous matter at the point of invasion of a boring parasite. Now although the various species of " Pearl-oysters " all produce pearls of sorts, the larger species, such as M. margaritifera (Lin.), are fished chiefly for their marketable value for the " Mother-o'-pearl," and thei-e 9 464 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI. are distinguished from the smaller species, such as M. vulgaris (Sch.) and its many varieties, by the entire absence of any trace of hinge teeth, which the latter possesses in a minute form. By far the most important pearl fisheries round the coasts of India are in the Gulf of Manar, between Ceylon and Tuticorin, and they have been worked for over 2,000 years. A most interesting and authentic description of these fisheries appeared in the official publication of the Colombo Museum (known as Spolia zeylanlca) in 1903 by the then Lieutenant-Governor, the Hon. E. im Thurn, who visited the fishery camp in the spring of that year when the Ceylon Government decided to allow the fishing to take place after an interval of 11 years. He even went so far as to personally inspect the oyster beds in a diving dress, his experiences of which he fully describes. So many accounts of the actual gathering of the shells by the divers have been published that I need hardly go over the ground again. On the return of the fishing fleet after the day's fishing the crews rush the baskets of oysters inside the Government enclosure and there each " take " is divided into 3 heaps, of which Government appropriate two, while the third is handed over to the fishermen as their share. * By about 9 p.m. the officials have pretty accurately ascertained the day's total, the Government share of which is then put up to auction at the tempor- ary court-house to the number perhaps of millions for the one day's " take." Prices vary curiously and inexplicably in a single night, perhaps as much as Rs. 35 per thousand being given early in the evening, while later on no more than Rs. 22 may be bid, and yet again later still higher prices may prevail. The washing of the pearls from the oysters is a most tedious, primitive and disgusting process, as they are simply left to rot for a week and then the larger pearls are sorted by hand from the seething, stinking mass. The residue is then dried in the sun and subsequently winnowed and examined until the smallest pearls have been picked out. The fishing goes on daily for some two months, when Government proclaim it closed, and the whole camp breaks up, leaving the jackals and other scavengers to take their share of the leavings among the great mounds of fresh shells that have been added to the accumulations of so many previous years, for these shells have not sufficient marketable value for their mother-o'-pearl to be worth shipping to the European markets. The Ceylon Government are now going fully into the question of how this primitive, insanitary system of sorting out the pearls can be improved. From a recent notice about the Ceylon pearl fishery, that appeared in tie New York weekly paper " Forest and Stream," I extract the following further particulars : — " A remarkable feature about them has always been their uncertainty and intermittent character. For 50 years during the nineteenth century the banks produced nothing, and from 1837 — 54, and again from 1864-73, no pearls were collected. THE ECONOMIC USES OF SHELLS. 465 "In view of the immense importance and value of these fisheries, an effort was recently made by the Colonial officers of the British Government to inves- tigate the causes of these barren years, and also to find a remedy for them ; and Prof. W. A. Herdman was asked to examine the records on this subject and to repoit on them. Following this report came a request by the Govern- ment that he should make a personal investigation of the pearl banks, and with Mr. Hornell, an assistant, he went to Ceylon and set about the work. " The first step in the investigation was to make a complete survey of the whole sea bottom of the area of the pearl fisheries. This was done partly by sounding and dredging, and partly by the aid of divers, Mr. Hornell himself doing some investigation in a diving suit. Thus was gained much information as to the nature of the ground best suited to the growth of the pearl-oyster and the dangers to which the animal is exposed. It has many active enemies* such as sponges and mollucs and star-fishes, which bore through the shell, fishes and internal parasites. Yet, on the whole, the destruction caused by these agents is slight, compared with that caused by shifting sands, which overwhelm whole beds of oysters, burying and killing them. A bed of oysters, examined in March, which extended over an area of sixteen square miles, was covered by a vast multitude of young oysters ' so closely packed that the bank must have held not less than one hundred thousand million. ' In November of the same year the spot was revisited and the oysters had disappeared, having been buried in the sand or swept down a steep slope outside the bed. " Overcrowding is another fruitful cause of destruction which Professor Herdman suggests may be avoided by transplanting. That the star-fishes cause much damage is shown by an example given of a crop of oysters estima- ted in March 1902, as 5f millions, which had nearly disappeared by March 1903, from this cause." The other great pearl producing fisheries of the world are in the Persian Gulf, of which the Island of Bahrein is the centre, and on the N. and N.-W. Coasts of Australia, the pearls being found in varieties of the same species of shell as in Ceylon waters. The Persian Gulf shells are known to the trade as " Lingah " shells from the principal port from which they are shipped, as these shells are sent to market for their mother-of-pearl value. The general method of procedure in the fishing is the same as in Ceylon. On the west coast of India there are pearl fisheries at various places, but the gems are of comparatively small value. The most important of these is off the State of Nawanagar on the south side of the Gulf of Cutch, where the true pearl oyster is found, although it is rare on the coast generally. In confirmation of its scarcity, Mr. E. H. Aitken writes roe that it " is not supposed to be found between the Persian Gulf and Ceylon, but I have a perfect specimen (very young) from the Uatnagiri coast and two halves from Kanara. " Having heard of the Nawanagar fisheries, and finding references to them in the '« Bombay Gazeteer" of 1884, (Kathiawar, VIII, pp. 93 and 561), I tried to learn something more about them. Mr. Chester Kincaid has been good enough to 466 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI. send me several specimens of the shells, which prove to be undoubted tme pearl-oysters, and through the courtesy of the Jamnagar Diwan has supplied me with the following notes about the fishery under date of 8th February 1905 :— " (1 ) The yearly value of the Jamnagar Pearls fisheries is about Rs. 4,000. (2) Pearl oysters are found along a coast line of 80 miles from Mangra near Jodya Bunder to Pindera in the Gulf of Cutch, and also in the islards of Ajad, Chauk, Kalumbar and Nora, which are also situated in the Cutch Gulf. (3) The oysters are not procured by diving, but are fished off rocks when the tide is out. During the monsoon, for some reason unexplained, the collection of oysters is limited to 8 days in the month— i.e., 12th to 15th of each half according to the Hindu Calendar. (4) The fishermen are by law limited to the Waghers of ten villages, which are Varinar, Sashana, Sika, Balachedi, Jhakhar, Sarmat, Bharana, Sahiya, Chudesar and Bedi. (5) The collection is left entirely in the hands of the said Waghers, who at Divali (the Hindu new year) bring all the pearls gathered by them to the Durbar. Then an estimate is made and a fourth of their value is paid to the Waghers and the pearls handed over to the state treasury. This is the old tine- honoured custom to which it is intended to revert. The British administration however broke through it and farmed out the pearl fisheries. (6) The present year the oysters have been given a close season." So far as I have been able to learn this is the only part of the West Coast of India where the true pearl-oyster is gathered. The pearls in other localities are procured from a very different kind of shell, viz., the so called " Window-oyster " belonging to the genus Placuna. The shells are flat, thin and transparent, being still used in Coa and its neighbourhood as a substitute for glass in windows. They are very abundant from Karachi to the Kanara district and wherever they occur in any abundance they are collected for the sake of the small pearls found in them. Of this fishery in Karachi, Mr. E. H. Aitken writes me that it " is fanned out by Government for a good sum. In 1900, the amount realised was Ks. 3,650 for a period of 3 years, but the farmer lost heavily and in 1904 the highest offer for a similar period of 3 years was Rs. 1,851. Pearls may be found in as many as 10 to 20 percent, of mature shells. They are small and imperfect and not worth much as jewels, but they are also used in native medicines and are burned to make the black powder with which native ladies beautify the eyelids of their children. No use is made of these oysters, or their shells, after the pearls are removed though I believe they are considered eatable by the poor. It may surprise some of you to hear that there formerly existed a pearl fishery in Bombay harbour, and regarding it I cannot do better, I think, than quote the following reference to it from the Bombay Gazetteer, (Thana), published in 1882. " Pearls are found in the Thana creek from Belapur to Thana. Their existence (.does not) appear to have been known to the people THE ECONOMIC USES OF SHELLS. 467 in the district till lately . . . The shells, shimplas, are flat and round. The pearls, which are of a pale, whitish colour, vary in size from a poppy seed to a grain of millet. They are sometimes found the size of a pea. Except some that are sold in the district and are used by the natives in medicine, they are bought by pearl merchants and sent to China. Pearls are sold by the tola, which cost about 14s. (Rs. 7) to collect, and sells at from Ks. 8 to 11. For the last two years the right of fishing has been sold by Government; it realised Rs. 102 in 1878 and Rs. 214 in 1879." In 1901-02 there was much excitement about the pearls found at Belapur and it was said that quantities were being collected. Of other shells that produce pearls may be mentioned the fresh water mussels of India (Unio marginalia and U. fladclens), which Dr. J. Anderson describes as collected near Berhampur in Bengal, and similarly the seed pearls obtained from the nearly allied fresh water mussel of the British Isles {Unio- margaritiferus) have also a small commercial value. These small pearls, includ- ing most of those from the " Window oyster," besides being used to some extent for ornamental purposes, are supposed to possess invigorating powers and are used chiefly as a medicine. Quoting Dr. Watt, they " have been used in medicine from a very ancieniperiod. . . . They are purified for use by being boiled with the juice of certain leaves and flowers." " They are then calcined in covered crucibles and reduced to powder. The powder thus formed is believed to be similar in properties to coral, and is generally used in combination with that substance. It is esteemed in urinary diseases, consumption, &c, and is said to in- crease the strength of weak patients. . . . The only virtue possessed by the gem is doubtless that of an antacid, a property for which it was used at one time in European medicine, and even held a position in the British PharmacopaW When we turn to the second great commercial purpose to which the pearl- oyster is put, the field before us is an extensive one. ;is is exemplified by the array of exhibits on the table representing some of the economic uses of mother-o'-pearl. This term is generally employed to describe the nacreous lining of many shells, but is more properly applied to the shells of several species of Margari- tifera, which is of far greater commercial value on account of its lustre and thickness, which allows of its being manufactured into such useful articles as buttons, knife handles, spoons, plates, &c., besides the purely ornamental articles of which there are a fairly representative selection before you. I believe, the very pick of the shells that come on the London market are selected and fetch a special price for export to New York for the purpose of supplying the mother-o'-pearl side-plates for the handles of revolvers, which are greatly appreciated by Mexican and other ' cow-boys'- in fact no cow- boy can attain any standing in his profession unless possessed of one of these mother-o'-pearl handled ' guns,' The shells of M. margaritifera provide the greatest supply of mother-o'-pearl to the European markets, being now obtained most largely from the fisheries of 468 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. the N. and N.-W. Coasts of Australia, besides the Persian Gulf, Straits Settle- ments and the Islands of the Pacific. The nacre is highly irridescent, often somewhat steely in lustre and generally with a marginal band of dark metallic green, bronze or brassy yellow, while some varieties are quite smoky. They are known in the trade as ' Banda' shells with a prefix indicating the port from which the supply is shipped to the London market, e. g., the Australian shell or Zanzibar shell, with other distinguishing descriptive titles as the Black-lipped Banda, &c. The ' Lingah' or ' Bombay shell' of the trade is the smaller pearl- producing species from the Persian Gulf and is of comparatively little value for its mother-o'-pearl owing to the large supply and limited demand. The yearly import of mother-o'-pearl shells into England exceeded in value a quarter of a million sterling some years ago, and may possibly now be larger still, though a large proportion of this is re-exported to Continental Europe. As regards local trade in Bombay I can supply the following figures for the official year 1903-4, when the imports amounted to some 90 odd tons of a value of nearly half a lakh of rupees, or about Bs. 33 per cwt. They were imported chiefly from Arabian and Persian Gulf ports, and to some extent from East Africa and Aden. Of exports from Bombay, which, as already mentioned, do not distinguish other shells from cowries, &c, the value for the year 191)3-04 amounted to Rs. 1,19,000, going almost entirely to the United Kingdom and Trieste. The process of manufacture of mother-o'-pearl buttons is thus described in Chamber's Encyclopaedia (188S). " Small cylinders are cut out of the ?hells with a tubular saw. These are then split into discs, which are shaped by a steel tool, drilled with holes and finally polished with rotton-stone and soft soap, or by a more recent method with ground charcoal and turpentine." With the facilities that cheap labour provide, is there not surely a great field for the development of the industry of manufacturing mother-o'-pearl articles in this country, situated as it is so conveniently to the sources of supply ? At present, it appears never to have been developed to any extent, and, so far as I am aware, not a single one of the mother-o'-pearl articles that we exhibit to-night was manufactured in India. The next important use of shells to which I shall refer is the Chunk or Conch fishery of Southern India. These shells are obtained chiefly in the Gulf of Manar and also at Travancore and Tuticorin. An important paper was published in 1894 by Mr. Thurston dealing with the details of the fisheries and industry. Besides being employed extensively as horns blown at temples, they are manu- factured into a number of ornamental articles, such as bracelets, rings, buttons, &c, and this industry is chiefly carried on at Dacca and also at Dinajpur and Sylhet. Dr. Watt appeals for " more direct commercial particulars and more recent facts, such as extent of trade, regions of supply, markets to which exported, season procurable, prices, &c." In this connection I may perhaps here mention the same author's reference to "the aquamarine shell carved work of Jaipur," but I am not acquainted with THE ECONOMIC USES OF SHELLS. 469 this work and have not been able to obtain a specimen. Information regarding it, the species of shell employed, and whence obtained, would be interesting. Another ornamental use to which shells are put is the carving of Cameos, which it is hardly necessary to describe as engraved gems in which the subject is cut in relief. For the best cameos stratified stones, such as onyx and agate, are used, but owing to the difficulty of obtaining suitable material shell cameos were introduced in Italy about the fifteenth century. The most useful shells are of course those with several layers of different colours, and I find the " Bull's mouth " with the under layer red, the " Black helmet" with a dark onyx ground, and the " Queen's conch" with a pinkish ground described as the most valuable for the purpose, but I have not been able to ascertain the genera to which these shells belong. Before leaving the subject of the uses of shells for ornamental purposes I must here mention the Giant Clam (Tridac?ia gigas), which have been known to weigh as much as 500 lbs. the pair, as used for containing holy water in French churches — notably a pair at St. Sulpice in Paris. I must also draw attention to the many highly artistic and ornamental articles made from shells that have been loaned to us for the occasion by Bhicaji & Co. — most of which, I am informed, are manufactured in Siam — and the panels of Japanese work inlaid with carved shell lent by Hinode & Co. Our next consideration must be the uses to which shell-fish are put as an article of food. This is a subject that might well be made into a paper by itself, as the use of them is universal all over the marine littoral of the world. First and foremost of course from a European point of view come the edible oysters, which are regarded as a delicacy wherever Europeans are found. According to Messrs. Melville and Abercrombie's paper that appeared in our Journal, Vol. VIII, p. 345, the edible oysters of this coast are stated to be probably confined to two species, viz., Ostrcea plicata (or crenulifera) and 0. bicolor, but it is admitted that the discrimination of the species is very difficult. Regarding the use of them by natives on this coast Mr. Aitken writes that "from Bombay southwards the oyster is eaten by the Hindu fishermen and lower castes. In Sind, where the poorer population is Mahomedan, the oyster is not eaten, nor any other molluscs I believe. Karachi was once famous for its oysters, but now the demand is mostly supplied from Kathiawar and Cutch. During the last few years efforts have been made to protect them by closing certain sections of the coast for a time and forbidding the removal of shells under a certain size." While on the subject of edible oysters some reference is necessary to the artificial cultivation of them. As many as 2,000 years ago this appears to have been undertaken on a large scale by the Romans, who appreciated oysters as much as we do at the present day, and oyster farms have been more or less paying concerns ever since. The most extensive on the British coasts are those at Whitstable on the Thames estuary, where they extend over an area of more than 27 square miles; but, large as these and other British oyster farms may 470 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. be, we are far surpassed in this industry by both the French and the Americans, who have applied even more scientific methods of economic cultivation resulting in a far larger output. While it has been estimated that the annual production in Great Britain is not less than sixteen hundred millions, that in France is much larger, and in America the estimate has been put at over five thousand millions. The artificial cultivation of oysters has engaged a good deal of atten- tion too in Australia, but while it is an industry that might possibly develop to some extent on the coasts of India, there is little likelihood ff its growing into anything like the business it is in other countries owing to the climatic difficulties of transport to large consuming markets, as oysters do not readily lend themselves to preservation by the process of drying or otherwise. On the British coasts mussels and cockles are largelj collected for food and form a welcome variety to the bill of fare of the poorer classes. Wherever mussels can be dredged in large quantities they are shipped by the truck-load to the large inland manufacturing towns. Our local representative of the mussel (Mytilus smaragdinus) on this coast is considered one of the best of all shell -fish, and our large local cockle (Cardittm coronatum) is also eaten, while the shells of the latter are sold in retail shops to be burnt into a special lime for eating with pan supari. Besides the above species Mr. Aitken has kindly furnished me with the following information about other shell-fish that are eaten on this coast : — " Meretrix morphina, Mero'e solandri, Chione pivguis and radlata, especially the last two, constitute a large proportion of the food of the coast population. At low spring tides the women turn out in hundreds and wade into the creeks to grub them out of the mud. " Tapes malabarica is eaten even by the Mahomedans on the Ratnagiri coast, who are not so particular as those of Sind, and allow some kinds of shell fish as have not what they describe as ' black blood/ '' Donax incarnatus is considered a delicacy and much eaten. It is exceedingly common on smooth beaches between watermarks. As the tide recedes each wave leaves a number uncovered, and although they bury themselves very nimbly, men on the watch rush in and pick them out. " Asaphis diphos and other species of this family (Psammobiida), as well as Anatina labiata are eaten." Of univalves 'Gasteropoda) not mai Small, terrestrial herbs. 234. Habenaria commelinifolia, Wall. 1 Hcemodoraeeoe. 235. Sansevwra Roxburghii, Schult. f. Uriya Marga. Amaryllideai. 236. Curculigo orchioides, Gmrtn. 237. Crinum asiaticum, Linn. FURTHER NOTES ON THE FLORA OF NORTHERN GANJAM. 481 238. Criuum latifolium, Linn. 239. Pancratium zeylanicum, Linn, Taccacea. 240. Tacca pinnatifida, Forst. Dioscreacea. 241. Dioscorea pentaphylla, Linn. Uriya Koraba. 242. Dioscorea tomentosa, Kanig. 243. Dioscorea oppositifolia, Linn. Uriya Pitiolo. 244. Dioscorea angnina, Roxb. Uriya Kosa'lu. 245. Dioscorea H amiltoni , Hoolc. f. All th^se flower during the rains. The tubers are eaten by the^jungle tribes. Liliacece. 250. Smilax macrophylla, Roxb. Uriya Muthiri. 251. Scilla indica, Bah. 252. Chlorophyton tuberosum, Bah. Uriya Bonopia'z. Route deriacece. 253. Monochoria hasttefolia, Presl. Commelinacece. 254. Commelina nudiflora, Linn. 255. Commelina attenuata, Kanig. 256. Commelina suffruticosa, BJ. 257. Aneilema scapiflorum, Wight. 258. Aneilema vaginatum, R. Br. Typhacece. 259. Typha augastata, Chamb and Bury. Uriya Panitula. Aroidece. 2G0. Pistia stratiotes, Linn. Flowers cold season. A small, rcsettc-like float- ing plant, common on all tanks. 261. Typhonium trilobatum, Schott. 262. Amorphophallus campanulatus, Bl. Uriya Utlo, The large tuber is eaten by the jungle tribes. 263. Plesmonium margarstiferum, Schott. The barren appendage is described as " nought or very short," but that of one specimen found .: was 14" long, the total length of the spadix being 5". 264. Scindapsus officinalis, Schott. An extensive climbsr. Alismacecs. 265. Limnophyton obtusifolium, Miq. Naiadaceo'. 266. Potamogeton indicus, Roxb. 267. Potamogeton pectinatus, Linn. 268. Najas minor, All. Eriocaulea>. 269. Eriocaulon trancatum, Ham. 270. Eriocaulon quinquoengulare, Linn. 11 * 482 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI* Cyperaeeoi and Graminece. About 100 species of these two orders were collected and sent to Calcutta for identification, As they have not yet all been dealt with, they are- entirely omitted here. CRYPTOGAMIA. FlLICES. Polypodiacete. 271. Adiantum lunulatum, Burm. )m , .,,.,,. __ . ,. , r > 1 wo common " maiden hair terns. 272. Adiantum caudatum, Linn. J 273. Cheilanthes tenuifolia, Swartz. 274. Ceratopteris thalictroides, Brogn, 275. Hemionitis ai'ifolia, Betid. Schiziactaz. 276. Lygodium flexuosum, Sw. UnizocxuvEM. Salviniacete. 277. Azolla pinuata, R. Br, A minute floating plant. Marsileacete. 278. Marsilea quadrifoliata, Linn. ■) . _ ', . \Lriya Sunnusunnia sago. Herbs creeping 279. Marsilea rmnuta, Linn. J and rooting in mud. The " leaves " resemble those of Oxalis and are eaten. Conceptacles cold season. Lycopodine/k. Lycopodiacete. 280. Lycopodium Hamilionii, Spreng. Errata to article on pages 537 to 556, Vol. AT . Page 540 — No. 63, for " carniculata," read " corniculata. " Page ;42— No. 118, for "Crotolaria clavata, W. & A.," read " Crotolaria saltiana, Andr." No. 127, for " Indigofera tinctoria," read " Indigofera suma- trana." Page 543— No. 162, for " mungo," read " Mungo." Page 544— No. 194, for " tora," read « Tora." No. 199, for "absus. " read l< Absus." Page 545— No. 219, for " intsia," read " Intsia." No. 226, for " catappa," read "Catappa." No. 228, for " chebula," read " Chebula." Page 646 -No. 236, for " Guayava," read ' Guyava." Page 548— No. 293, Jor " elengi," read " Elengi." No. 297, for " embryopteris," read " Embryopteris." No. 299,/or " chloroxylon," read " Chloroxylon." Page 549— No. 315, for " Chonemorpha Grlffithii," read " Chor.encrpha macrophylla, G. Don." No. 321, delete Calotropis procera, Br., whidi does rot occur. FURTHER NOTES ON THE FLORA OF NORTHERN G AN J AM. 483 Pdg3 550 — No. 367, for " Limnophila laxa, Benth.," read " Limnophila gra- tioliodes, R. Br." Page 551— No. 373, delete " Uricularia affinis." No. 388, for " Roinakka," read " Ko'i'nakka." Page 5f»2 — Nos. 396 and 397, for " Burleria." read " Barleria." No. 401, for " Lepidagathis triuervia, Nees," read " Lepidagathis Hamiltoniana, Wall." No. 402, for "betonica," read " Betonica." No. 406, for " Justicia procumbesis, Linn., read " J. diffusa, Willd., rar. orbiculata " Page 553 — No. 435, for " cephalotes," read " Cephalotes." No. 457, for " tirucalli," read " Tirucalli." No. 458, for " Euphorbia nivulia, Linn.," read " Euphorbia nerii- folia, Linn." Page 554 — No. 467. for " Jatropha glandulifera, Roxb.," read " Jatropha gos-sj'pifolia, l\Oxb." Page 555— No. 503, for " Agave Americana, Linn.," read " Agave cantuls. Roxb." No. 493, for " susannie," read " Susannas." 484 A LIST OF THE BIRDS FOUND IN AND ABOUT MA DRAW. By D. Dbwar, i.c.s. This list is, I regret to say, by no means complete. Indeed, so full of lacunae is it that I should not have thought of sending it to the Journal, but for the fact that I am leaving Madras and am not likely to return to the station, — at any rate for soma time to come. So far as 1 have been able to ascertain no list of the birds found about Madras exists. I therefore venture to hope that this list, in- complete though it be, may prove of some service to bird-lovers, who happen in future to be stationed in Madras. Now that a beginning has been made 1 hope that some ornithologist will ere long compile a complete list of the winged creatures seen in the neighbourhood of the chief town of the Benighted Presidency. The present list was put together during the cold weather of 11)04- 05, which was an abnormal one on account of the total failure of the N.-E. monsoon. It is therefore tolerably certain that some wading birds will have to be added to those given below. The opportunities I have enjoyed of going outside the immediate environs of Madras have been few, hence nearly all the birds herein enumerated are to be found within five miles of Fort St. George. As, however, some of the birds that find place in this list were seen farther afield, I have taken as my area a strip of coast 10 miles broad extending from Chingleput on the south to the Pulicat lake on the north ; that is to say, an area of roughly 400 square miles. The Madras man who goes out for a day's shooting is not likely to go out- side this area. The number given against each bird is that attached to it in the Fauna of British India. 4. Corvus macrorhynchus. — The Jungle Crow. — The term "jungle crow" is a misnomer, for this bird affects town almost as much as C. splendens does. The two species are almost equally common within the Municipal limits of Madras. It is amusing to notice the respect with which this species is treated by C. splendens. It nests from March to June in Ma Iras. 7. Cofvus splendens. — The House Crow. — The bird is a positive pest in Madras. Their numbers must considerably exceed the human popu- LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN AND ABOUT MADRAS. 485 iiition. Crowds of thorn hang about the General Hospital, rendering obligatory the entertainment of a special staff of ;' crow boys." These urchins are armed with bows and arrows, and they have their work cut out in keeping the crows out of the wards. The weak, helpless patients are a favourite butt of the crows. The tables, which are placed at the bedside of the patients, are provided with wire covers under which the food is placed. Formerly weaker covers were used, but the crows soon learned to overturn these. C. splendens' nests in Madras during the months of June, July and August, usually in trees, but occasionally on roofs. Dozens of families are reared up annually in the trees of the Fort. Last year one pair tried to build on the telegraph wire near the General Post Office in Blacktown. Both the cock and hen birds seek materials for the nest, but the female alone does the building. The male sits and watches in a tree near by, and when the female has adjusted the twigs to her satisfaction, both fly off together to seek new material. While the young are in the nest one or other of the parents invariably mounts guard. The young birds appear to remain about 20 days in the nest before they leave it. About the end of the third week of their existence they begin to sit on the edge of the nest, but do not attempt to fly until two or three days later. They are fed by the mother and generally treated as babies for quite a long time after they have left the nursery. They "'squawk" perpetually, displaying red throats. The nest is usually built of twigs, but any flexible material is pressed into service. Cases are on record of nests in Madras being- constructed of soda-water bottle wire, brandy-bottle wire and even bits of tin. 31. Parus atriceps. — The Indian Grey Tit. — This bird is by no means common in Madras. 111. Cratempus griseus. — The White-headed Babbler.- -This is the common babbler of these parts, and indeed is the only babbler I have seen in the neighbourhood of Madras. Its habits are those of its class. It is, however, less unt:dy-looking. The degree of whiteness of the head varies greatly on different individuals. I believe that it is a case of " the -older the bird the whiter the head." In newly- fledged birds the head feathers are scarcely whiter than the rest of the plumage. A young babbler makes a charming pet ; it keeps up an endless cheeping twitter. 48t3 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 243. jEy'dh'ma tiphia. — The Common Iora. — This is one cf the most abundant birds in Madras. Its multifarious and cheerful notes are heard in every garden. 278. Molpastes hcemorrhous. — Th:-> Madras Red-vented Bulbul. — Very abundant. 288. Otacompsa emeria. — Bengal Red-whiskered Bulbul. — This bird is sometimes seen wild in Madras. Probably birds which have escaped from captivity have established themselves. On one occasion I saw a young bird without the red patches on the side of the head. There appear to be several pairs in Guindy Park. 302, Pycnonotus xantholcemus. — Yellow-throated Bulbul. — Oates records this bird as having been found in Madras, but I think he must have been mistaken, for I have never seen it about Madras, nor do I know any one who has. 305. Pycnonotus luteolus. — White-browed Bulbul. — This bird occurs in great numbers, being in fact almost as abundant as Molpastes. It occurs in every hedgerow. 327. Dierurus ater. — The Black Drongo. — Needless to say this bird is exceedingly plentiful. Numbers squat on the ground on the " Island " keeping company with mynas and grey-headed wagtails. It does not. seem to "hit it off'' very well with the latter, for one constantly sees it angrily chasing a wagtail, which it never catches. The bird seems to breed throughout the hot weather. Last August a pair of drongos built their nest 'high up in a tree in the Fort within a dozen yards of my office window. As there were crows' nests on that and all the surrounding trees, the amount of squabbling that took place may be imagined. The screams of the irate king-crow were so loud and frequent that they seriously disturbed my work. On one occasion I took the trouble to count the number of fights between these two drongos and the various crows. Between 11-45 and 12-15 there were no fewer thai: 16 separate fights ; and they kept this up throughout the day Lr 11 days ! 330. Pic runts ccerulescens. — The White-bellied Drongo. — A rare bird. I can only remember seeing it on two occasions. 374. Orihotomus sutorius. — The Indian Tailor Bird. — Exceedingly abundant. Its nests are found from February to August. April is the month when most nests are likely to be seen. Single-leaf nests are LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN AND ABOUT 31 ADR AS. 487 difficult to find. One pair sewed up one of the If lives of one cf the numerous cannas that were growing in pots in the verandah of my friend, Mr. Powell. He noticed that the leaf was withering, so cut it off. He only then discovered that it contained a half completed nest. He replaced the leaf in the pot hoping the birds could continue nesting operations. But they left that nest and made another in the same plant. I saw one nest only one foot above the ground, it was in the leaf of a canna standing on the steps of the Gymkhana Pavilion. 384. Franklinia buchanani. — The Rufous-fronted Wren-warbler. — A rare bird. 394:. Hypolais rama. — Sykes' Tree- warbler. — Hundreds of thousands of these birds visit Madras in the cold weather ; their harsh, sharp, chick, chick, seems to issue from almost every bush. 402. Sylvia ajlnis. — The Lesser White-throated Warbler. — Fairly common. 464. Prinia socialis. — The Ashy Wren-warbler. — This bird is not very abundant. 469. f.anius lahttra. — The Indian Grey Shrike. — There is a speci- men of this bird in the Madras Museum, labelled "Madras," but I have not seen the bird in the neighbourhood. 473. Lanius vittatus. — The Bay-backed Shrike. — This is the common shrike of Madras. 476. Lanius erytkronotus. — The Rufous-backed Shrike. — This is not common about Madras. 488. Tephrodonris pondicerianus.- — The Common Wood-Shrike. — The bird occurs in great numbers in and about Madras, frequenting rows of palm-trees, and gardens. It has an agreeable mellow note which it constantly whistles. 500. Pericrocotus peregrinus. — The Small Minivet. — This bird is fairly common, little flocks of ihem frequently ornament the garden. When seeking the insect prey they often hang from a branch head downwards as Tits do. 508. Campophaga syLesi. — The Black-headed Cuckoo-Shrike. — This handsome bird is by no means rare in Madras, being more abundant there than in most parts of India. 510. Graucalus macii. — The Large Cuckoo-Shrike. — This bird can scarcely be said to be common about Madras. 488 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI. 512. Artamus fuseus. — The Ashy Swallow-Shrike. — This bird is not very common within Municipal limits, but is found in numbers all along the Buckingham Canal. This bird keeps to tree-tops, now and again making little sallies into the air. Its wings when outspread resemble in shape those of a Bee-eater. Indeed the manner of flight of the Ashy Swallow-Shrike forcibly calls to mind that of the common green Bee-eater. 518. Oriolus kundoo. — The Indian Oriole. — This bird is not often seen in Madras during the hot weather, but is fairly common in the winter. Curiously enough I do not remember having heard its mellow note during the 18 months I was in Madras : on the other hand one frequently hears the bird's harsh note which is like unto the mewing of a wheezy cat. It would seem that the mellow note is uttered only during the breeding season, and that this species does not nest in Madras. 521. Oriolus melamcephalus. — The Black-headed Oriole. — This is far from being common in Madras. 528. Pastor roseas. — The Rose-coloured Stalling, — This bird is not common about Madras. 532. Sturnia menzbieri. — The Common Indian Starling. — A bird rarely seen in Madras. 538. Sturnus malabarica. — The Grey-headed Myna. — A winter visitor only. In the cold weather it is fairly abundant. Its habits appear to be strictly arboreal. I do not remember ever having seen a Grey-headed Myna on the ground. It is frequently found in company with the Black headed Myna. They occur in flocks and are noisy creatures. Their voices are harsh, the notes they emit being a hoarse cackle, like the commence- ment of the cry of ihe spotted owlet. 514. Temehuchus pagodarum. — The Black-headed or Brahminy Myna. — This is one of the commonest birds about Madras, being even more numerous than the following species. Brahminy Mynas do not seem to be very particular as regards what they eat. Numbers of them will usually be seen in the neighbour- hood of the conservancy trenches ! Last July a couple of these birds had a nesf in the hole through the ledge or cornice of the spire of the Fort Church, through which the lighti ing conductor runs. Both parents feed the young ones. LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN AND ABOUT MADRAS. 489 549. Acridotheres tristis. — The Common Myna. 576. Cyornis tickelli. — Tickell's Blue Flycatcher. — I have never seen this bird at large in Madras. A live specimen was, however, brought to me last February and said to have been taken about 6 miles inland from Madras. 588. Alseonax latirostris. — The Brown Flycatcher. — This bird is by no means common in Madras. I have only noticed it in winter. 598. Terpsiphone paradisi. — The Indian Paradise Flycatcher. — This is the commonest Flycatcher in Madras and is a permanent resident. It sometimes enters verandahs and hawks insects from the trellis-work. 604. Rhipidura albifrontata. — White-browed Fantail Flycatcher. — This bird although not very abundant is by no means raie in Madras. 609. Pratincola atvata. — The Southern Pied Bush ( 'hat. 644. Ruticilla rufiventris. — The Indian Redstart. — A good many of this species visit Madras in winter. 662. Thamnobia fulicata. — 'The Black-backed Indian Robin. — This bird is fairly abundant. 663. Copsychus saularis. — The Magpie-robin.- This bird, although by no means rare, is not nearly so abundant as it is in most stations of Northern India. 720. Phceus baya. — The Baya. — I do not remember having seen this bird within Municipal limits ; it is, however, by no means rare at a distance of a few miles from Madras. 728. Uroloncha striata. — The White-backed Munia. — This bird is not common in Madras. 734. Uroloncha malabarica. — The White-throated Munia. — This is the commonest Munia in Madras. 735. Uroloncha punctulata. — The Spotted Munia. — This bird is not very often seen about Madras. 775. Gymnorhis flavicoll is. —The Yellow-throated Sparrow. — This bird is fairly abundant. 776. Passer domesticus. — The House-Sparrow.— This creature is as numerous and impertinent in Madras as elsewhere. The sparrow used to come inside the first hotel at which I stayed in Madras, and made such a noise that I was obliged to change my quarters. 813. Hirundo rustica. — The Swallow. 831. Motacilla maderaspatensis. — The Large Pied Wagtail. — This is the commonest Wagtail in Madras. It is a permanent resident; a pair 12 490 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. frequently attach themselves to a bungalow, and there bring up, in rapid succession, a number of families in a hole somewhere about the roof. This species has a sweet song. 832. Motacilla melanope. — The Gray- Wagtail. — This bird does not visit Madras in very larger numbers. 833. Motacilla borealis. — The Grey-headed Wagtail. — Great flocks of these birds visit Madras every cold weather. Their plumage is very variable. 839. Limonidromus indicus. — The Forest- Wagtail. — I saw this species on two occasions. 847. Anthas rufulus. — The Indian Pipit. — This bird does not appear to be very common. 861. Alauda guhjula. — The Indian Sky-Lark. — This is a common bird . 872. Mirafra ajjinis. — The Madras Bush-Lark. — As Jerdon re- marks, this bird is to be found in every garden in Madras. 879. Pyrrhulauda grisea. — The Ashy-crowned Finch-Lark. — This bird is fairly common. 894. Araclmechthra lotenia. — Loten's Sun-bird. — This beautiful bird is very common in Madras. It has a fine voice. It nests in February and March. The nest is much more bulky than that of A. zeyhnica. It is usually commenced upon a cobweb at the end of a branch of a bush. The entrance is protected by a porch. Two eggs are laid : these have a whitish background, blotched with brown ; the brown marking? occur chiefly at one end of the egg. 895. Araclmechthra asiatica. — The Purple Sun-bird. — This bird is not nearly so common about Madras as A. lotenia and A. zeylonica. 901. Araclmechthra zeylonica. — The Purple-rumped Sun-bird. — This is the commonest of the three honeysuckers. In March, numbers of nests are to be seen. These are pear-shaped structures attached to the end of a low hanging branch. The branch is usually an inner one : so that the nest is likely to escape detection unless one passes under the foliage of the tree from which it hangs. A pair of these birds built their nest at the end of a wire which hung down from the roof of a fernery. The occupants of the house used to take tea in the verandah every afternoon, within a couple of yards of the nest. The branch to which another nest in the same garden was attached, broke and the nest fell to the ground. The broken end was then tied LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN AND ABOUT MADRAS. 491 on to the tree by the owners of the garden, and the Sun-birds went on incubating as though nothing had happened. 933. Pitta braehyura. — The Indian Pitta. — This interesting bird may almost be said to be common in Madras. Wherever there is cover, such as shrubs or brushwood of any magnitude, there will this bird almost certainly be found. Jerdon writes of the Pitta : " In the Carnatic, it chiefly occurs at the beginning of the hot weather, when the winds first begin to blow with violence from the west, and the birds in many instances appear to have been blown by the strong wind from the Eastern Ghauts ; for, being birds of feeble flight, they are unable to contend against the strength of the wind. At this time they take refuge in huts, out-houses, or any building that will afford them shelter. The first bird of the kind that I saw, had taken refuge in the General Hospital at Madras and subsequently at Nellore. I obtained many alive under the same circumstances." Some birds certainly reside in Madras all the year round, for there is not a month in the year in which I have not seen Pittas. They do not appear to be less abundant in the cold than in the hot weather. They feed chiefly upon the ground, hopping about and rummaging among the dried leaves much as Babblers do. They are shy birds, making for cover directly they see a human being. Crows, for some mysterious reason, appear to have a deep-rooted antipathy to Pittas ; this perhaps accounts for the wariness of the latter. Mr. D. G. Hatchell once picked up a dead Pitta in his verandah, which had presumably been killed by crows. Dr. J. R. Henderson relates a similar incident. "I was playing tennis at a friend's house here in Madras when I saw a bird being chased by a mob of crows. It took refuge in the drawing-room of the house, where I caught it and found that it was an uninjured, but very much terrified, Pitta." " My impression is," he adds, "that I have seen crows chasing a Pitta more than once in Madras." I have never yet had the good fortune to come across a Pitta's nest. 986. Brachypternus aurantius. — The Golden-backed Woodpecker.— This noisy bird is very common about Madras, where it seems to be very partial to toddy palm trees. 1003. lynx torquilla. — The Common Wryneck. — This bird is not at all common about Madras. 1008. There iceryx zeijlonkus. — The Common Indian Green Barbet. — I have neither seen nor heard this bird in Madras, but it has 492 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. been described to me as occurring there. I have therefore included it in this list. 1019. Xantholcema hcematocephala. — The Coppersmith. — This is one of the most abundant birds in Madras. Its monotonous note is heard continually throughout the day all the year round. Sometimes in the early morning during the winter months 1 have seen 70 or 80 of these birds sitting on one tree. I do not understand the significance of such conjugations, for they do not appear to occur on the same tree day after day. The tree that held them one morning was deserted the next. 1022. Coracias indica. — The Indian Holler, — This bird is not so abundant in Madras as it is in Northern India, but it occurs in some numbers. 1026. Meraps viridis. — The Common Indian Bee-eater. — This bird is fairly abundant. I have not seen it breeding about Madras ; it possibly goes elsewhere in order to bring up its family. 1027. Merops philippinus , — The Blue-tailed Bee-eater. — This bird is not very abundant within municipal limits, but one sees many of them when out snipe shooting ; they are fond of sitting on the ridges which separate the flooded paddy fields. 1033. Ceryle varia. — The Indian Pied Kingfisher. — This is a very common bird. 1035. Alcedo ispida, — The Common Kingfisher. — This bird, too, is very numerous. 1044. Halcyon smyrnensis. — The White-breasted Kingfisher. — This species is even more abundant than the two above mentioned. It is found in almost every garden.- 1046. Callialcyon lilacina. — The Ruddy Kingfisher. — Blanford says of this bird: "The specific name coramanda, although the oldest, cannot be applied to a bird that is not found in the Peninsula of India." But there can be no doubt that this bird is sometimes found in the Peninsula. There are in the Madras Museum three specimens of this bird, one of which was shot by Mr. Edgar Thurston, Superintendent of the Museum at Guduvancheri, about 16 miles south of Madras. 1067. Upupa indica.~~The Indian Hoopoe. — This bird occurs in great numbers in Madras. 1073. Cypseius a/finis. — The Common Indian Swift. — This swift is not very frequently seen in Madras. 1075. Tachoniis batassiensis. — The Palm-Swift. — Thanks to the number of toddy palms this bird is very common in Madras. LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN AND ABOUT MADRAS. 493 1091. Caprimulgus asiaticus. — The Common Indian Nightjar. — I do not remember having heard this bird, but it does occur within Municipal limits, for Mr. D. G. Hatchell tells me that he has seen it in his compound. 1.104:. Cuculns canorus. — The Cuckoo. — It is only on very rare occasions that this bird visits Madras. 1109. Hierococcyx varius. — The Common Hawk-Cuckoo. — This bird does not often visit Madras. I can call to mind having heard its call but once during my 18 months sojourn in Madras. 1118. Coccystes jacobinus. — The Pied Crested Cuckoo. — Tins bird cannot be said to be abundant about Madras. Now and again one notices a noisy flock of pied crested cuckoos. The birds seem to be always on the move. 1119. Coccystes coramandus. — The Red-winged Crested Cuckoo. — This handsome bird is not very often seen in Madras. One was re- cently caught in the compound of Colonel Carruthers, I. M.S. He put it into his aviary. It was exceedingly shy. I have seen it in Guindy Park. It is probably commoner than is supposed. During flight it looks very like a cock koel. 1120. Eudynamis honorata. — The Indian Koel. — This bird is nearly as common in Madras as the grey-necked crow, and is proof positive that Mrs. Corvus splendens is a very good mother. 1130. Centropus sinensis. — The Crow-Pheasant. — This is a common bird ; one living in almost every garden of any size. 1188. Palceomis torquatus. — The Rose-ringed Paroquet. — A com- mon bird, in the cold weather, it is much less frequently seen in the hot months. 1139. Palceomis cyanocephalus. — The Western Blossom-headed Paroquet. — This is not so common in Madras as the last species. 1152. Strix flammea. — The Barn Owl. 1157. Asio accipitvinus. — The Short-eared Owl. — This bird is, 1 think, fairly common. One usually comes across it while out shooting. I saw one bird sitting in the middle of the polo-ground about 4 p.m. It let me come within half a dozen yards of it before it flew away. It then settled down again on the polo -ground and made no attempt to conceal itself. 1161. Syrnium ocellatum. — The Mottled Wood-Owl. 1173. Scops gin. — The Scops Owl. 1180. Athene brama. — The Spotted Owlet. — This bird is, of course, exceedingly abundant. 494 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 1189. Pandion hahaetus. — The Osprey. — Some of these line birds ure to be seen fishing in most of the backwaters in the neighbourhood of Madras. 1191. Otagyps calvus. — The Black Vulture. 1196. Pseudogyps bengalensis. — The Indian White-backed Vulture. 1197. Neophrongin ginianus. — The Smaller White Scavanger Vulture. — For the past 20 years or more a pair of birds (probably several pairs in succession) have brought up a family on a ledge of the steeple of the Scotch Kirk. 1207. Hieraetus faseiatus. — Bonelli's Eagle. 1208. Hieraetus pennatus. — The Booted Eagle. 1217. Spihrnis cheela. — The Crested Serpent-Eagle. 1220. Butastur teesa. — The White-eyed Buzzard-Eagle. 1224. Haliaetus leucogaster. — The White- bellied Sea-Eagle. 1228 Haliastar Indus. — The Brahminy Kite. — This bird is exceed- ingly abundant. 1229. Milvus goviada. — The Common Pariah Kite. — This bird, too, exists in great numbers. 1233. Circus macrurus. — The Pale Harrier (?) — I am not certain as to the existence of this bird in the neighbourhood of Madras. One day when out snipe shooting I saw a bird of prey which I made out to be a pale harrier ; but it would not let me approach near enough for a shot. 1231. Circus cineraceus. — Montagu's Harrier. 1236. Circus melanoleucus, — The Pied Harrier. 1244. Astur badius. — The Shikra. 1247. Accipiter nisus. — The Sparrow-Hawk. 1249. Pernis cristatus. — The Crested Honey-Buzzard. — I have never- seen this bird in or about Madras ; but there is in the Museum a specimen which was shot on the Poona-Maler Road. 1255. Falco peregrinator. — The Shahin Falcon. — Mr. D. G. Hatchell shot one of these birds in his compound in Madras. 1260. Falco subbutea. — The Hobby. — There is a specimen of this bird in the Madras Museum. But its label does not say where the bird was shot. However I have seen about Madras on two or three occasions a bird which I took to be a hobby. 1262. Erythropus amurensis. — The Eastern Red-legged Falcon. 1264. tlEsalan chicquera. — The Red-headed Merlin. 1272. Crocopus chlorogaster. — The Southern Green Pigeon. — This bird is not at all common about Madras. LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN AND ABOUT MADRAS. 495 1292. Columba intermedia. — The Indian Blue Rock-Pigeon. — Not © so abundant as in most places. 1304. Turtur orientalis. — The Rufous Turtle-Dove. — I have not seen this bird in or about Madras, but there is in the museum a specimen labelled " Madras. " 1307. Turtur suratensis. — The Spotted Dove. — This is the common dove of the locality. 1309. Turtur cambayensis. — The Little Brown Dove. 1310. Turtur risarius. — The Indian Ring Dove. © 1311. (Enopopelia tranquebarica. — The Red Turtle-Dove. 1317. Pterotles fasciatus. — The Painted Sand -Grouse. 13-19. Galloperdix spadicea. — The Red Spur-Fowl. 1354. Excalfactoria chinensis. — The Blue-breasted Quail. 1355. Coturmx communis. — The Common Quail. 1356. Cotumix coromandelica. — The Rain Quail. 1357. Perdicula asiatica. — The Jungle Bush-Quail. — I have not come across either this or the next species, but Hume and Marshall state they have been found at Madras. 1358. Perdicula argunda. — The Rook Bush-Quail. 1375. Francolinus pondicerianus. — The Grey Partridge. 1395. Rallha superciliaris. — The Banded Crake. — A specimen of this bird in the Museum is labelled " Madras. " 1401. Amaurornis phcenicurus. — The White-breasted Water-hen. — This is a rare bird about Madras ; as are the two following species. 1402. Gall inula chloropus. — The Moorhen. 1403. Gallicrex cinerea. — The Water- Cock. 1404. Porphyria poliocephalu.i. — Th« Purple Moorhen.— The bird, usually called the purple coot, is fairly common about Madras. 1405. Fulica atra. — The Coot. 1416. Sypheotis aurita. — The Lesser Florican. — This bird is not at all common. Mr. Cross who goes out snipe shooting at least once a week during the season tells me that he rarely bags more than one florican a year. 1424. Rhinoptilus bitarquatus. — Jerdon's Courser. 1430. Strepsilas inter pres. — The Turnstone. 1431. Sarcogrammus indicus. — The Red-wattled Lapwing. — Both this species and the next are very common about Madras. 1433. Sarciophorus malabai'icus. — The Yellow-wattled Lapwing. 406 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 1441. Squatarola helvetica. — The Grey Plover. 1442. jEgialitis geoffroyi. — The Large Sand-Plover. 1443. JEgialitis Mongolia. — The Lesser Sand-Plover. 1446. jEgialitis aleocandrina. — The Kentish Plover. 1447. Mgialitis dubia. — The Little Ringed Plover. — Hundreds of these birds congregate on the mud flats at the mouth of the river Cooum, and on the island. 1450. ITcematopus ostralegus. — The Seapie. 1451. Himantopus candidus. — The Black- winged Stilt. 1452. Recurvirostra avocetta. — The Avocet. 1454. Numenius arquata. — The Curlew. — -This bird occurs in con- siderable numbers in all places where there is shallow salt water. 1455. Numenius phceopus. — The Whimbrel. 1456. Limosa belgica. — The Black-tailed Godwit. 1458. Macrorhamphus semipalmatus. — The Snipe-billed Godwit. — 1 have never seen this bird in Madras, but Jerdon records it. 1459. Terekia cinerea. — The Avocet Sandpiper. 1460. Totanus hypoleucus. — The Common Sandpiper. — This bird is very abundant about Madras and is, I believe, a permanent resident. 1461. Totanus glareola. — The Wood Sandpiper. 1463. Totanus stagnatilis. — The Little Greenshank. 1465. Totanus fuscus. — The Spotted Redshank. 1466. Totanus glottis. — The Greenshank. 1468. Pavoncella pugnax. — The Ruff and Reeve. 1471. Tringa minuta. — The Little Stint. 1474. Tringa temmincM. — Temminck's Stint. 1476. Tringa crassirostris. — The Eastern Knot. 1477. Tringa subarquata. — The Curlew Stint 1480. Phalaropus hyperboreus. — The Red-necked Phalarope. 1 484. Gallinago coelestis. — The Full Snipe. — This bird, together with the Pintail and Jack Snipe, visits Madras in very large numbers. Very excellent snipe shooting is obtainable all round Madras, both in paddy fields and tanks, during the whole of the cold weather. 50 couple is not an uncommon bag for one gun as the result of 6 or 7 hours shooting. 1485. Gallinago stenura. — The Pintail Snipe. 1487. Gallinago gallinula. — The Jack Snipe. 1488. Rostratula capensis. — The Painted Snipe. 1489. Larus ichthyaetus. — The Great Black-headed Gull. LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN AND ABOUT MADRAS. 497 1490. Larus ridibundus. — The Laughing Gull. — This is the only Gull that is common about Madras. 1491. Larus brunneicephalus. — The Brown-headed Gull. 1492. Lams hemprkhi. — The Sooty Gull. — A specimen of this bird, labelled " Madras," occurs in the local museum. 1498. Hydroprogne caspia.~The Caspian Tern. 1499. Sterna anylica. — The Gull-billed Tern. — This tern is very common about Madras. 1501. Sterna media. — The Smaller Crested Tern. 1502. Sterna bergii. — The Large Crested Tern. 1504. Sterna melanogaster. — The Black-bellied Tern. 1505. Sterna albigena. — The White-cheeked Tern. 1511. Sterna saundersi. — The Black-shafted Ternlet. 1527. Phalacrocorax fuscicollis. — The Indian Shag.— Some of these birds are to be seen on the Red Hills Tank. — Captain H. N. Packard describes it as breeding in December at the Vaden Tanjal tank near Chingleput. 1528. Phalacrocorax javanicus. — The Little Cormorant. — This bird is abundant on most of the large sheets of water round about Madras. 1529. Plotus melanogaster. — The Indian Darter or Snake-bird. 1538. Puffinus chlororhynchus. — The Green-billed Shearwater. I have never seen this bird, but Jerdon is supposed to have obtained a specimen in Madras, hence its inclusion in this list. 1545. Platalea leucorodia. — The Spoonbill. — This bird is not com- mon in the neighbourhood of Madras. 1548. Dissura episcopus. — The White-necked Stork. 1549. Xenorhynchus asiatkus. — The Black-necked Stork. 1553. Anastamus oscillans. — The Open-bill. — Captain Packard de- scribes this and the next species as breeding in December at the Vaden Tanjal tank. 1554. Ardea manillensis. — The Eastern Purple Heron. 1555. Ardea cinerea. — The Common Heron. 1559. Herodias alba. — The Large Egret. 1560. Herodias intermedia. — The Smaller Egret. 1561. Herodias garzetta. — The Little Egret. 1562. Bubulcus coromandus. — The Cattle Egret. 1565. Ardeola grayi. — The Pond Heron. 1567. Bulorides javanka. — The Little Green Heron. 13 498 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 1568. Nyelieorax griseus. — The Night Heron. — A considerable colony of these birds dwells in the Red Hills tank. These breed in August on some trees in the islands in the middle of the tank. Mr. Hatchell and I visited the island on 3rd September, but most of the young birds were fledged. We found one or two nests containing eggs and one holding a couple of young birds. Captain Packard states that he saw thousands of these birds breed- ing at the Vaden Tanjal tank on 1st December. He says : " Some specimens of N. griseus were in very bedraggled plumage, it being evidently their second brood, and the young of the first brood appeared to be with them. Unfortunately I did not ascertain whether the Red Hills birds bring up a second brood in December." 1573. Dupetor flavkollis. — The Black Bittern. 1575. Phoenkopterus roseus. — The Common Flamingo. — A great colony of these birds visits the Pulicat Lake every cold weather : I must have seen over a thousand of them there. I am told that stray birds are sometimes seen on the Cooum at Madras. 1583. Anser indicus. — The Barred-headed Goose. 1584. Sareidiornis melanonotus. — The Comb-Duck. 1588. Casa*-ca rut Ha. — The Brahminy Duck. — Owing to the failure of the monsoon, the tanks about Madras did not fill this year ; hence very few ducks were seen. Moreover, I did not go outside Madras very frequently owing to the fact that the shooting was spoiled : so the list of ducks that follows is compiled from those in the Madras Museum which are labelled " Madras ". I do not think that this is altogether trustworthy : for I understand that some of the specimens were pur- chased in the Moore Market. Upon this their claim to be called Madras birds is based. 1589. Dendracycna javanica. — The Whistling Teal. 1591. Nettopus caromandelianus. — The Cotton Teal. 1593. Anas poecihrhyncha. — The Spotted-billed Duck. 1595. Chauselasmus streperus. — The Gad wall. 1597. Nettium crecca. — The Common Teal. 1600. Dafila acuta. — The Pintail. 1601. Querquedula circia. — The Garganey Teal. 1602. Spatula clypeata. — The Shoveller. 1604. Netta rufina. — The Red-crested Pochard. 1617. Podicipes albipennis. — The Indian Dabchick. 499 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. No. I— TIGERS HAMSTRINGING THEIR PREY BEFORE KILLING. I have noticed a peculiarity in the "way tigers in Burma kill their prey. On several occasions I have come across animals such as sambar, sine and gaurf also tame buffaloes that have been killed by tigers, and the method adopted seems to be to stalk the animal and suddenly bite one of the hind legs just above the hock, severing the tendon and breaking the bone, possibly in one bite. After this the tiger seems to follow the animal persistently, waiting for another chance, wh^n it attacks the other leg and breaks it in the same way. Once both the hind legs are hamstrung and broken, the animal is helpless, when the tiger kills it easily, jumping on its back and biting the throat. In March 1901, I found a tame buffalo in the Pegu river that had been killed by a tiger. The spot where the buflalo (a full-grown cow) died, was quite three miles from where it had been first attacked and one hind leg was broken. The Karen to whom the buffalo belonged showed me the spot where it had first been attacked. This was in some Kaing grass in the Pegu river. There were some ten buffaloes in the herd, and when the tiger attacked the one it eventually lulled, the herd stamp* ded down the river, the wounded one following. The tiger followed the buffaloes for about two miles before it was able to get in another bite, when it broke the second hind leg. Even then the buffalo seems to have hobbled along after the herd for quite another mile before the herd left it and returned to the Karen Te. The Karens, finding that one buffalo was missing, went up the river to look for it, and found it just below the mouth of the Kadat stream. When found the buffalo was still alive with both its hind legs broken, and a part of one of the hind quarters eaten. The Karens returned to their Te intending to come next day to cut up the buffalo and eat it ; and although I was encamped at their Te, ihey would not tell me about it for fear I should want to sit up over the kill and should not let them eat it. About 2 o'clock in the afternoon I wanted some Karens to do some work for me, and finding that no one turned up I asked the reason for it, when I was told that nearly every one in the Te, men, women and children, had gone out to cut up a buffalo killed by a tiger. I asked the Ranger why I was not told of the kill, and he gave the reason I have given above. I was very angry and sent the Ranger off at once to tie up a machan over whatever was left of the kill. I followed myself an hour or so later, and on the way met the Karens returning laden with the flesh and bones of the buffalo. The Ranger made them leave the head and gut. collected them in one place in the bed of the river, and tied a machan in a tree on the opposite bank to that on which the kill had been. When T got to the place, I found the machan ready, and as there was no time to tie another machan I just sat up in the one prepared. I had been sitting up for some time and it was beginning to get dark, when I saw the head of the tiger looking over the bank of a nulla on the opposite side of the river and 500 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTOR Y SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. about sixty yards off. He was evidently going to cross over to the remains of the kill and was looking to see if the course was clear before crossing, when a large fish jumped. This frightened the tiger who hurried round and was going up the bank when I had a hurried shot and missed. On another occasion in the same year, 1 was out after a gaur in a forest, some thirty miles from where the buffalo was killed in the Pegu river and a Karen informed me that during the previous evening he was out in his old "Ya" (cultivation) looking for vegetables when he heard a tiger roar and immediately after a gaur bellow, and said, he thought the tiger had killed a gaur. He would not come out with me himself but told my tracker where to go. My tracker had no difficulty in finding the place and the tracks of the gaur which we took up and followed. We had not been on the tracks ten minutes when we came suddenly on to a cow gaur which ran out of a clump of bushes, stood looking at us, and then moved off. The tracker said the herd must be near, and we were moving on, when from the same clump of bushes a gaur calf, about a year old, came tumbling out right on to us. We found that the poor beast had both its hind legs hamstrung and broken above the hock, and could not run away. This was the calf that had been attacked by the tiger the evening before, and the m: ther was standing over guarding it. My tracker wanted to take it home and try to cure it, but J saw it was useless attempting to do anything, and as the poor thing must have been in great agony, I put a bullet into it and finished it off. My tracker wanted me to sit up for the tiger, but as 1 had to hurry on to the next camp I could not do it. On other occasions during the year 1902, I came across a sambur stag with very fine horns (for Burma) killed ia the same way by being hamstrung first. I also found a cow sine and two cow gaur killed in the same way during the early part of this year. I was out after a gaur and had found the fresh tracks of what seemed to be a fair sized bull, and was following it up. The tracks being quite fresh, we expected to come up with the animal very soon. While we were going along very cautiously, my tracker noticed the pugs of a large tiger following the tracks of the gaur and drawing my attention to them, said " we are not the only ones after the gaur. " He had hardly said these words when we heard a gaur bellow as if being attacked not far ahead of us. We hurried on as fast as we could, keeping to the tracks, hoping to come on to the tiger attacking the gaur, and in about ten minutes we came on to the place where the tiger had attacked the gaur This was in some thick young Dendro- calamus bamboo. The gaur was evidently going to lie up in this for the day when the tiger attacked it ana broke one hind leg, as we could see from the way in which the gaur dragged one leg in walking ; we followed on the tracks of the gaur and tiger till late in the evening, the tracks leading us through the most awful thorn and cane jungle imaginable. We expected to come up with them every minute but were disappointed. My tracker said the tiger would follow the gaur till it got tired and would then get in another bite probably MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 501 that night, when it would break the other hind leg and then kill its prey at its ease. My tracker also tells me that all the tigers in these parts kill the larger animals by first hamstringing them. I should be glad to know if any other sportsmen have noticed this peculiarity in tigers in other parts of Burma and India ? C. W.ALLAN, B.F.S, Divisional Forest Officer, Pegu Division. Pegu, 15th October 1904. No. II.— NESTING OF THE HOOPOE. I took to-day the nest of the Indian Hoopoe (Upupa indica), and the account of it may interest you. The bird had chosen a hole in the stump of a big bough some twenty feet up in a large neem-tree. The hole went vertically downwards some two feet before the nest was reached. This consisted of a dead squirrel, all the flesh of which was completely dried up, but with a strong fetid odour. I took five fresh eggs, measuring as follows :- "89 x '67 ; -92 X -67 ; •87x'64; •87x,67; and -90X-66. These were to all intents and purposes white ; only when placed beside a dead white egg is the faintest blue tinge per- ceptible. Cither Hoopoe's eggs I possess are all distinctly pale blue, and are nearly all within '02 of a full inch in length by '69 in diameter. This nest appears interesting in the light of the Hoopoe's reputation for liking a nest that smells, and also in reference to Pallas' statement that he " once found the nest of one within the exposed and barely decomposed thorax of a human body." ARUNDEL BEGBIE, Major, (Indian Army). Cawnpore, 25th March 1905. No. III.— FOOD OF PREDACEOUS FLIES. Walking through a forest some 45 miles due east of Bilimora Station my attention was attracted to a living bundle that fell buzzing and tumbling cff a tree. Rushing up and pouncing on it I found my prisoners to be a large Cicada in the clasp of a fly of the Asiliidcv. The Cicada's body measures 1\" long and T%ths wide at shoulder. He is consequently a very powerful insect. The fly had him on his back, his short beak buried in the other's chest, and showed no disposition to let go whilst the pair were transferred to a handker- chief. Later, he changed his suction-point to the shoulder. The fly was about the same length, but probably not a tenth of the weight. He was given another live Cicada the third day and pierced it in the chest, but he would not look at other flies and bees. F. GLEADOW, I.F.S. Bandora, near Bombay, April lyQ5. 502 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NA1 URAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. No. IV.— OCCURRENCE OF WHITE'S THRUSH (OREOCINCLA VARIA) IN ASSAM. I have this year obtained several specimens of Oreoeincla. The other day in goinij through these I noticed one which appeared to be very much larger than the rest. I accordingly sent the bird to Mr. E. Stuart Baker, F.Z.S., who identified it as being White's Thrush ^Oreoeincla varia), an unknown bird, I believe, within Indian limits. The bird was obtained on the 12th February 1905, and was shot in Ekra jungle in the Dibrugarh District. Mr. E. Stuart Baker writes as follows : — " The above bird was sent to me for identification by Mr. Moore. It is undoubtedly a fine specimen of Oreoeincla varia, having a wing of 7-1" as against only 5*3" to 5*6" of Oreoeincla dauma. The only other specimen of the bird ever procured in British Indian limits is that mentioned by Oates ( "Fauna of British India "—Birds — Vol. II., p. 153.) as having been procured by Wardlaw Ramsay at Toungngoo n 1876. During the last 30 years I can find no record of its having been noticed. It is a fairly common Chinese bird extending to Japan." Wm. MOORE. Dibrugarh, '2dth March 1905. No. V.— HEREDITARY MELANISM. We have a pair of black panthers here. They were purchased about 2£ years ago from a man who said that he had brought them from North China ? They are male and female and have twice bred together in captivity since their arrival in Kolhapur ; on both occasions the cubs (two in number J were quite black like the parents. On another occasion when the male black panther mated with a panther of the ordinary variety there was only one cub as a result and he was very beauti- fully marked, the spots being larger, blacker and more glossy than usual, and the peacock-eyes altogether larger and more defined ; he is here still and quite full grown. These panthers appear to me to be a distinct species and not a freak in mela- nism. Ordinarily they appear quite black like the domestic cat. but if viewed with the light shining on the coat, the spots and markings are distinctly visible. W. B. FERRIS, Lieut.-Col. The Residency, Kolhapur, S. M. Country. 10th April 1905. No. VI.— CURIOUS FEROCITY OF THE INDIAN TREE-PIE (DENDROCITTA RUFA). Yesterday afternoon Lieutenant H. H. Smith, of the 10th Jats, saw an Indian Tree-pie (Dendrocitta rufa), attack a young brown-backed Indian Robin ( Thamnobiu cambaiensis) which was feeding on the ground. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 503 The Tree-pie bit the Robin's head clean off and ate it, afterwards proceed- ing to try and tear other parts off the body. It had partially got rid of the right wing, when the observer interfered, and secured the body to show me. Dendrocitta rufa is very plentiful here, as are also fruit trees, and I have never seen one feed on anything but fruit. ARUNDEL BEGBIE, Major. Cawnpore, 4th May 1905. No. VII.— BREEDING SEASONS OF BIG GAME. I. The Nilgai or Blue-Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus.) I saw a herd of three Nilgai cows yesterday in the Thasra Taluka. All three had calves between one and two months old. C. W. M. HUDSON, I.C.S. Camp Kaira, 15th January 1905. II. The Persian Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa.) Vith reference to Mr. E. Comber's letter, dated 12th September 1904, pub- lished on pages 178 and 179 of this Society's Journal, Volume XVI., No. 1, which was kindly sent over to me for perusal by Colonel A. H. McMahon, C.S.I., C.I.E., you might think the following facts in regard to the Persian Gazelle {Gazella subgutturosa) sufficiently interesting for record. The first is that the Persian Gazelle is definitely known to breed during the months of December and January. A Bugti shikari belonging to the Seistan Mission Camp, between the 13th December 1904 and the lfith January 1905, when the Mission was encamped on the Farrah Hud, not only saw does accompanied by young fawns on more than one occasion, but out of sixteen Gazelle which he shot, found on examination, that all the females (five in number) were carry- ing young. The other item of interest is that the Persian Gazelle ordinarily gives birth to two fawns at a time, as was found to be the case in all the instances referred to above. J. W. NICOL CUJMMING, Superintendent, Seistan Arbitration Mission. Seistan, via Quetta, 6^ May 1905. No. VIII. -STRANGE MORTALITY AMONGST TERMITES IN TEA-BUSHES. I am sending you some specimens for exhibition at your next meeting with a view to obtaining suggestions from other members who may have observed the same phenomenon. The specimens were sent to me by Mr, H. L. Andrewes. 504 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. a tea planter in the Nilgiris. The following extract from his letter will explain the specimens and the circumstances under which they were found : — " April 13th 1905. I found rather a queer thing in the tea to-day and am sending you specimens. As you will see— if they arrive in decent condition — it consists of dried up termites stuck on tea shoots and the ends of stalks which have been plucked and on the edges of leaves. There were thousands of them on several bushes, all stuck by a darkish shiny liquid. My theory is that, owing to the excessive drought (this being the sixth month since we have had any rain), they came up to get liquid for purposes of their own — perhaps for nest building, and that the tea juice made them sick, and there they stayed until it dried and so got stuck. The tea has only just been tipped after a prune. They certainly did not try the tea as food, for the ground is covered with twigs. I cannot see any signs of the leaves or shoots having been bitten, so that they must have been upset directly they stuck their jaws in. Several, by the way, are fixed to the edges of leaves by their jaws. They were thickest on the points of buds, and in regular lumps on the ends of plucked shoots, and there were a good many scattered round the edges of leaves." Many insects, when attacked by disease, will climb up and attach themselves to the summit of growing plants before dying. But I have carefully examined these termites and can find no trace of fungal or bacterial disease, It is notice- able that they are all " soldiers," and would therefore not have been occupied in nest building. It looks like a case of concerted suicide ! I have never seen anything like it in this country. E. ERNEST GREEN. Peradeniya, Ceylon, 19. s. p.) Takokku, Upper Burma, 5th June, 1905. [The bird sent is without doubt a specimen of Falco severus, and the above record is therefore of great interest. E. COMBER, Honorary Secretary, Bird Section, Bombay Nat. His. Soc] No. XXVI— A WOODPECKER'S DILEMMA. During the X'mas holidays of 1904, while out shooting in Upper Burma, one of the Burmans picked up a Thit-touk (wood-tapper) at some little distance from any tree. Jt proved to be a Red-rumped Green Woodpecker, Gecinus nigrigenis (Hume). The bird was very thin and his tail feathers very sticky, due to some resinous substance. The cause of his sad plight was soon apparent, for under the right wing, affixed to the primaries, was a large cylindrical mass of gum an inch and a half long, one and a quarter in circumference and weighing ninety grains, and which the Burmans said was the gum exuded by the Gwe-bin (Spondias mangifera). 1 imagine when he had finished his examination of the tree he had proceeded to fly to another, but the loss of the use of his primaries probably resulted in his downfall. I do not know if woodpeckers are help- less on the ground ; if they are, this may account for his thin condition, as it is possible he may have spent some time there. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 519 Thinking the incident of interest we brought the bird to camp to shew to a friend. On his return from the jungle I asked the Burman who had accompa- nied me, to produce the bird, which he did. He had removed the mass of gum from the feathers but had it in his hand, and shewed the position it was in when the bird was found. We placed the bird on a tree alongside the hut and he went up it in style, tapping all the way. It did not prove a land of milk and honey, so on reaching near the top he flew off to another tree without any difficulty, where he again promptly commenced operations. It was late in the evening and he was evidently very hungry, as he was most assiduous in the search for food. G. H. EVANS, F.L.S , Major. Rangoon, 11th June, 1905. No. XXVII- FOOD OF PYTHON MOLURUS. On my return to camp on the afternoon of the 24th April 1905, a friend who had been up a stream fishing, informed me that the Burmans with him had captured a python measuring over nine feet. On opening the reptile they found a pheasant. My friend asked the Burmans to keep the snake, but on my return all but the head of the snake and the pheasant (which was not quite fresh) was cooked for the evening meal. The head of the snake showed that it was that of a Python molurus and the pheasant was a Genna'us Oatesi (Grant) or G. linealus (Vigors). Both varieties were not uncommon in the jungles near by. G. H. EVANS, F.L.S., Major. Rangoon, 11th June, 1905. No, XXVI II.— BREEDING OF THEBANDED KRAIT (BUNGARUS FASCIATUS) IN BURMA. The following note may prove of interest. On the 17th May I received a letter from Mr. J. D. Hamilton, I. F. S., in which he mentioned that on the day previous, while digging up some elephant tusks, he came on a Krait (Bungarus fasciatus) with eight eggs and four young. The female had sloughed before going underground and when found was poor in condition. During the afternoon of the 17th he kindly sent me the female with two hatchlings, also the egg shells of which there were eight in three lots — five in a cluster, two cemented together, and one single. The ' Krait ' though possessing a nice clean skin was distinctly thin. On being touched about the body she promptly flattened herself in an extraordinary manner, and on being irritated hissed, but made no attempt to strike. She shewed no concern whatever about the youngsters, however much they were molested. The snake was very sluggish. Measurements :• — Length 3' 11£" Tail 4" 520 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, I 61. XVI. Unlike the mother the youngsters were particularly active. They were extremely intolerant of the sun : an exposure of a minute or two caused them to seek the shade. With regard to their markings, they resemble that of the adult except that they are very much paler. The prune purple bands are more of a leaden hue, and the canary yellow bands a faint dirty white not at all approaching yellow. L'he marking a, however, were so defined as to render this snake unmistakable at first sight even at a very early age. The and of the tail in adults is, as a rule, blunted, but in both these young specimens it was more pointed. Measurements : — The hatchlings measured — (1) Length 12f"— Tail lj". (2) „ 11 1"— Tail 1|". There was nothing unusual about them, The egg shells were soaked in water and when softened indentations were removed and the shells filled with water. Owing to the position of apertures of exit, only three could be measure;! with anything approaching to accuracy. The average measurements taken were 2*375" xl'5". The eggs struck me as being of large size considering the snake measured just on 4'. G. H. EVANS, P.L.S., Major. Hangoon, llth June, 1905. No. XXIX.— FIRI FLIES. Can any of our members help in contributing some information on the life history of these insects ? I can find no literature on the subject and the refer- ences to the Fireflies or l.ampyridce in most natural history books only give the West Indian form and tell us nothing of their habits. It is surely astonishing that so little should be known about what constituted one of the wonders of the tropical world. The females have apparently only one segment (the last but one) of the abdomen luminous whilst the males which are considerably smaller than the females, have both the last two segments luminous, although it appeared to me that the last segment had not quite the same amount of luminosity as the one before it. At Kh and alia (Western Ghats ) this month they seemed to frequent the following trees more than others :— the ' Nandruk ' (Ficuz retusa), the ' Umbar ' (Ficus glomerata ), the ' Shaitan ' (Alslonia scholaris), the ' Gulmohur ! (Poinciana regia), the ' Udal ' {Albizzia stipulata) and the ' Waola ' or 'Walwar ' (Holoptelea integrifolia) and these were the trees which flashed with a thousand lights every few seconds. At Andheri, near Bombay, Mr. Young tells me that he has noticed them swarming in the same way round the ' Bhendi ' {Thespesia populnea) and the wild ' Mango ' (Mangifera indica). MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 521 The females seem to be more persistent in their luminosity although it is not so bright as in the males, whilst the latter flashed every 5 seconds at the tops of the trees, the flashes sometimes being from right to left for six or seven times, then all together and then left to right. The sympathetic telepathy which seems to exist amongst the males at this season and causes each colony frequenting the tops of one or more trees to flash at exactly the same moment every few seconds is wonderful. It would be interesting if some member would keep a number of these insects alive for a few months and give us some details as to the eggs they lay, the time taken in hatching and the appearance of the larvee, &c. What is the larva of the Firefly like and has it any luminosity ? W. S. MILLARD. Bombay, loth June, 1905. No. XX£— CURIOUS ACCIDENT TO A DRAGONFLY. Whilst at Khandalla (Western Ghats) recently I noticed a very large dragonfly settled on the wire by the side of the road. As it did not fly away when I approached it I took hold of the wings with my finger and thumb, and although it was alive and moved, I found the reason of its not flying away was that it was impaled on the barbed wire. One of the barbs had transfixed it just where the head joins the thorax, and it was with some difficulty that I removed it. It was one of the largest kind of dragonfhes with a pale blue-green thorax and abdomen striped with very dark chocolate ; the spread of the wings measured 4^ inches and the length of head and body 8 inches. It could not have been the work of a shrike or " butcher bird, " as there were none about there, and I also doubt if a shrike could catch such a swift flyer as this large dragonfly. W. S. MILLARD. Bombay, 20th June, 1905. 16 522 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. CORRESPONDENCE. SHOOTING IN THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. No. 3482 of 1905. Revenue Department, Bombay Castle, 29th April, 1905. To A. C. LOGAN, Esq., I.C.S. Sir,— In reply to your letter, dated the 6th April 1905, inquiring whether the new foresc regulations prohibiting shooting in notified forests except under a license chargeable with a fee of Rs. 25, apply to the shooting of birds other than game, for scientific purposes, I am to say that in forests which have been notifiad under No. 3 (a) of the Rules published in Government Notification No. 5627, dated the 18th August 1903, shooting/or any purpose is not allowable otherwise than in accordance with that Rule and the Rules following it. I have the honour, etc., G. KEATINGE, Under-Secretary to i-iovernment. Mahableshwar, May \lth, 1905. To The SECRETARY, Bombay Natural History Society. Sir, — I think it worth while to send you the above copy of a letter from the Revenue Department, that members of the Society may know how they stand with regard to the new forest regulations. These apply to all forests of any consequence in the Presidency. Yours faithfully, A. C. LOGAN, I.C.S. Revenue Department, Bombay Castle, 18th August 1903. No. 5627— In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 25, clause (i), Section 31, clause (j), and Section 75, clause (fZ), of the Indian Forest Act, 1878, (VII of 1k78), and in supersession of Government Notification No. 6254, dated the 25th July 1894, published at page 751 of Part I of the Bombay Govern- ment Gazette (except in regard to the Province of Sind), His Excellency the Governor in Council is pleased, with the previous sanction of the Governor- General in Council, to prescribe the following rules to regulate hunting, shoot- ing, poisoning of water and setting of traps or snares in the Reserved and Protected forests of the Bombay Presidency excluding Sind : — 1. The following acts are absolutely prohibited in all Reserved and Protected forests : (a) the poisoning of rivers or other water, and the explosion of dyna- mite therein for the purpose of killing or catching fish ; (6) the setting of spring guns ; MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 523 (c) the taking, wounding or killing of big game, other than tiger, panther, wolf, hyena, wild dog, pig or bear, over water or salt-licks ; (cZ) wounding or killing the females of deer, antelope or bison ; (e) wounding or killing any game birds or hares during the close season fixed in the Appendix. 2, The setting of snares or traps is prohibited in all Reserved and Protected forests except with the written permission of the Divisional Forest Officer. 3. {a) In any Reserved or protected forests or portions of reserved or pro- tected forests to which the local Government may, for the purpose of strict conservation or for the preservation of animals which are becoming rare, or for both of these purposes, apply these and the following rules by a notification published in the Bombay Government Gazette, hunting and shooting are prohi- bited except under a license to be obtained from the Conservator of Forests. (&) Every license issued under clause (a) of this rule shall permit the holder only to hunt and shoot, and shall be valid for a period of one year from the date of its grant in any reserved or protected forest in the presidency to which these rides are made applicable under clause (a), subject to the condition that before it has effect in any forest division in which the licensee does not reside or exercise any jurisdiction, it must be countersigned by the Divisional Forest Officer. (c) No such license shall entitle the holder to hunt or shoot more than two stags or bulls of each species of animal to be specified in the license, according to a list to be prepared for each Forest Division by the Conservator of Forests. 4. Licenses shall not be refused except for special reasons to be stated in writing. 5. Wounded game may be pursued into the forests of the division adjoining that for which the license is valid or into a forest closed under Rule 8. 6. A license granted under these rules shall not be transferable. 7. Every person to whom a license has been granted under these rules, and who is found hunting, shooting, snaring or trapping in any forest to which these rules apply, shall on demand by any forest, police or revenue officer, produce his license. 8. The Conservator may, on the recommendation of the Divisional Forest Officer and the Collector, declare that any particular forest or part of a forest is wholly closed for a term of years or annually for a specified season. He may also prohibit the taking, wounding or killing of any particular species of animal in any specified tract of forest, with a view to the preservation of such species, but any such order shall be subject to revision by the Commissioner. To such forests the validity of licenses granted under these rules does not extend or is modified accordingly : provided that gazetted officers whose jurisdiction extends to such forests, or persons holding licenses on which the Divisional Forest Officer has endorsed special permission to that effect may kill pig, tigers and 524 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. other dangerous or destructive animals in such forests. Such special permission shall not be given for a longer period than one month in any case. 9. If any person to whom permission under Rule 2 or a license under Rule 3 has been granted commits a breach of any provision of the Indian Forest Act, 1878 (VII of 1878), as amended by the Forest Act, 1890, (V of 1 890) or of any rules made thereunder, he shall be liable to the penalty of having the permission or license, as the case may be, cancelled by the Divisional Forest Officer, in addition to any other penalty to which he may be liable under the Indian Forest Act, 1878 (VII of 1878), or otherwise. An appeal against the cancellation of the permission or the license by the Divisional Forest Officer shall lie to the Collector, and a second appeal, in case of dismissal of the appeal by the Collector, to the Commissioner, whose decision shall be final. 10. In any case where the Divisional Forest Officer or Conservator thinks it advisable, he may direct that a Forest Guard or other person shall accompany the camp of any license-holder hunting or shooting in forests, with the object of seeing that Forest rules are not infringed by camp followers. 11. The word " hunting " as used in these rules, includes tracking for the purpose of discovering the lie of wild animals, provided that any person holding a license id not prohibited from employing any number of trackers. 12. Nothing in these rules shall be taken to exempt any person from liabi- lity in respect of any offence by injury to the forest or its produce or of any other offence pu' ishable under the Indian Forest Act, 1878 (VII of 1878), as amended by the Forest Act, 1890 (V of 1890). 13. Nothing in these rules shall be taken to cancel any privileges granted to resident wild tribes except by the express order of the Collector, or to preclude the grant of special permission by the Divisional Forest Officer or Collector to resident villagers on special occasions. [N.B. -Forest in which wild tribes have been given the privilege of hunting will not generally be notified under Rule 3.] Appendix. The game birds referred to in Rule 1 (e) are as below, and the close season is fixed as follows : — For Close Section. >lst April to 30th September. Do. do. Do. do. Sand-grouse Pea-fowl Jungle-fowl Spur-fowl Partridge ...{ Pterocles fasciatus Pteroclurus exustus Pavo cristatus G alius sonerati f Galloperdix spadicea \ Galloperdix lunulata l Francolinus vulgaris ) Francolinus pictus J Ortygornis or Francolinu ( pondicerianus. Do. Do. do. do. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 525 For. Rain-quail Bush-quail Bustard-quail Bustard Lik-florican Whistling-teal j El Coturnix coromandelica ... Perdicula argoondah or ar- gunda Perdicula asiatica. Microperdix erythrorhyn- chus Turnix pugnax Turnix gondera, or taki Turnix dussumieri Eupodotis edwardsi Sypheotides or sypheotis aurita. Dendrocygna arcuata javanica Nettopus coromandelianus Sarcidiornis melanonotus.. Anas poecilorhyncha Close Section. 1st April to 30 September. Do. Do. Do. Do do. do. do. do. or 1st June to 30th September. Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. Cotton- teal Comb-duck Spot-bill-duck . The close season for Hare is 1st April to 30th September. By order of His Excellency the Right Honourable the Governor in Council, J. W. P. MUIR-MACKENZIE, Chief Secretary to Government. 526 PROCEEDINGS OP THE MEETING HELD ON 16th MARCH 1905. A meeting of the members took place at the Society's rooms, on 16th March 19)5, Colonel W. B. Bannerman, (I.M.S.), presiding. NEW MEMBERS. The election of the following new members since the last meeting of the Society was duly announced : — Major E. Wright, I. M S.j Mangalore) ; Mr. F. Ritchie (Bombay) ; Captain P. P. Kilkelly, I.M.S., (Bikanir) ; Mr. W. H. Chapman (Karachi) ; Mr. P. N. Gossage (Maskeliya, Ceylon); Colonel W. L. Chester, R.A.M.C, (Peshawar) ; Mr. Curt Haeberle (Travancore) ; Mr. A. G-, Romilly, C.E., (Bezwada) ; Lieut James McPherson, I. M.S., (Bombay) ; Mr. T. W. DeWinton, C.E., (Belgaum). CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM. Mr. H. M Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the following contributions to the Society's Museum : — Contribution Description. Contributor. 1 Long-Legged Buzzard Bnteo ferox... Mr. H. Bulkley. 1 Snake ... D pi 'is triffmtata ... ... Mr. J. Oxley. Pearl Ovstersfrom Jaumagar Manjarilifera sp ... ... Mr. C. A Kinkaid. A number of Bird Skins from Persia ... Capt.J W.WatsoD,I.M.S. 1 Chameleon (alive) Chamceleon calcaratus ... Mr. W. E. Shipp. The following birdi from Tibet :- 2 Blood Pheasants Ithagenes cruentus «». Lieut. A. R. B. Shuttle- worth. 1 Snow Partridge Lerwa nivicola ... Do. 1 Red-Billed Chough ... Graculu* eremita ... • •• Do. 1 Tibetan Snow-Cock ,.. Tetraotjallus tibetanus ... Do. 1 White-Brea«tedAsiatic Dipper Cinclus Kashmiri crisis • • • Do. 1 Brown Dipper Cinelus asiaticus Do. 1 Antler of the Sbou or Sik- hirn Star* from Tibet ... Cervus afjinis • •* Do. 1 Duck rShel irake) 7'adnrna comuta • • • Mr. T. J E. Thatcher. 4 Arabian Guineafowls ...i Nitmida pti/orhynchu ... Major F. Lock. 1 Snake Pulyodontophis su bpunetatus Mr. L. C. H. Young. FOSSIL ELEPHANT. The Honorary Secretary reminded the members of the discovery made by Mr. H. F. Beale in 1903 of the Fossil remains of a remarkably large extinct species of elephant (Elephas namadicus), associated with bones of Hippopotamus in the banks of the Godaveri river, near Nasik. It was with the greatest reluctance that the Committee of the Society decided that owing to lack of accommodation in its own museum, and in the absence of any Government museum, it was useless to bring these interesting Fossils to Bombay. PROCEEDINGS. 527 It was, however, satisfactory to know that the remains had been carefully excavated and will now be put together in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. ELECTION OP OFFICE BEARERS FOR 1905. The following gentlemen were elected as office bearers for the present year : — President : H. E. Lord Lamington, G.C M.G., G.O.I.E.; Committee: Vet.- Major G-. U. Evans ; Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker, F.Z.S. ; Mr. E. H. Aitken ; Rev. F. Dreckmann, S.J. ; Mr. E. Ernest Green, F.E.S. ; Lieut. -Colonel K. R. Kirtikar, I.M.S. ; Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B. ; Lieut.-Colonel H. D. Olivier, R.E., F.Z.S. ; Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, F.E.S. ; Mr. A. Abercrombie ; Mr. G. M. Ryan, I.F.S. ; Colonel W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S. ; Mr. E. Comber, F.Z.S. ; Mr. T. R. D. Boll, l.F.S. ; Major A. Newnham, F.Z.S. ; Major C. J. Nurse, F.E.S. ; Mr. L. C. H. Young, B.A., F.E.S. ; Mr. J. McNeill, I.C.S. ; Mr. N. C. Macleod, ex-officio ; Mr. H. M. Phipson, O.M.Z.S., ex-officio ; Mr. W. S. MUlard, ex-officio. ACCOUNTS FOR 1904. Mr. N. C. Macleod, the Honorary Treasurer, placed before the meeting the accounts for the year ending 3 1st December 1904, showing an income of Rs. 17,027-1-5, an expenditure of Rs. 16,833-5-11, and a cash balance carried forward of Rs. 3,307-8-5 The accounts were accepted, subject to the usual audit, and a vote of thanks was passed to the Honorary Treasurer. PAPERS READ. The following papers were then read and discussed : — (1) The Fauna and Flora of our Metallic Currency, by the Rev. E. Blatter, S.J. ; (2) Notes on Small Mammals in Kashmir and adjacent districts, by Col. A. E. Ward ; (3) The Goosander (Merganser castor) , by A. M. Primrose ; (4) On the Breeding Seasons of big Game, by Major R. G. Burton ; (5) Double-headed Snakes and other Notes, by Capt. F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. ; (6) Description of two new Snak3s from Burma, by G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. ; (7) Fishes from the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Oman and Karachi, collected by Mr. F. V. Townsend, by C. Tate R^gin, B.A. Father Blatter's investigations into the animal and vegetable life found on our current coins excited much interest, ani it was a relief to know that the copper coins which circulate so freely amongst the poorest, and consequently not the cleanest, classes of the commu- nity, appear to be harmless. Father Blatter's experiments tend to confirm the statemants recently made that copper is an excellent germicide. .He stated that the microscopic plants and animals found by him on the copper coins were in all cases devoid of life, while those on the silver coins were, in most cases animated. EXHIBITS. Mr. G. R. Lowndes exhibited a plant of Streptosolen Jamesonii in flower, a new introduction into Bombay, and good flowering plants of the following Orchids : — Phalsenopsis schilleriana and Cattleya schroderse. 528 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Mr. Millard showed the following plants recently introduced into Bombay : — Clerodendron speciosum, Manettia bicolor, Begonia Presdt. Carnot, Bertolonia Van Houteana and marroorata, Pteris childii and Adiantum beesonianum. Dr. M. D. Cama, exhibited the fruit of the Egyptian ' Doum ' or Gingerbread Palm (Hypheene thebaica), showing a small scent bottle manufactured from the kernel of the nut, which closely resembles the true vegetable ivory (Phytelephas macrocarpa). PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING HELD ON THE 6th JULY 1905. A meeting of the members took place at the Society's Booms, on the 6th July 1905, the Bev. F. Dreckmann, S.J., presiding. NEW MEMBEBS. The election of the following 49 new members, since the last meeting was duly announced : — Life Member. — Major Tyrell Boss (Chakrata). Members.— Lieut. Godfrey Pearse (Agar, Malwa) ; Lieut J. E. N. Heseltine (Banikhet, N.-W. P.) ; Mr. E. A. Partridge (Secunderabad) ; Mr. G. W. Leeson (Goalunds, Bengal) ; Mr. George Cook (Sinbo, Myitkyina District, Burma) ; Mr. J. E. S. Nisbet (Pyinmana, U. Burma) ; Mr. H. B. Kerr (Sinbo, Myitkyina District, Burma); Mr. C. B. Watkins (Pyinmana, U. Burma); Dr. C. E. Silvester (Kajaldhara P. 0., South Sylhet, Assam) ; Capt. A. H. M. Forbes (Bareilly) ; Mr. L. C Glascock (Bombay) ; Lieut. M. J. D. Young (Aurungabad, Deccan) ; Mr. D Brodie (Tellicherry, Malabar) ; Mr. G. B. Coleman (Bombay) ; Mr. C H. Cardozo (Calicut, Malabar) ; Mr. L. H. Savile (Bombay) ; Lieut. G. A. M. Praed (Uanikhet) ; Mr. C. W. B. Anderdon (Port Blair) ; Mr. F. E. Morgan (Bezwada, Kistna District) ; Lieut. H. H. Smith (Cawnpore) ; Mr. C. C. Longden (Palamcottah, Madras) ; Mr. H. Leslie Andrews (Guynd P. 0., Nilgiris) ; Mr. G. Tipper (Calcutta) ; Mr. C. P. Fisher (Nagpur j ; The Mess President, 3-th C. I. Horse (Goona) ; Mr. W. G. Moles- worth (Waltair) ; Mr. B. G. Kilby, I.C.S., (Banchi, C. Nagpore) ; Mr. J. W. N. Gumming (Quetta) ; Mr. G. W. Hichens (Bangoon) ; Capt. B. Selous (Mhow, C. I. ; Mr. P. B. Gray (Poona) ; Mr. C. A. Mayer (Bhadarwa P. 0., Jummu State) ; Mr. W. M. Watson (Bombay) : Mr. C. Fenimore Cooper (Mergui, Lower Burma) ; Dr. S. Bowland (Bombay); Dr. G. F. Petrie (M.D.) (Bombay) ; Mr. G. W. B. Prideaux (Taunggyi, Burma) ; Capt. W. B. Walker, B A. (Bombay), Lieut. N. H. L. Watts (Bhamo, Burma) ; Lieut. H. H. Joll, B.F.A. (Ahmed- nagar); Mrs. F. E. Jackson (Gauhati, Assam: ; Capt. L. B. Montresor, B.F.A. ; (Trimulgherry) ; Mr. G. A, Durie (Keng Tung, S. Shan States, Burma); Lieut. 0. G, Richardson (Karachi) ; Mr. A. W. G. Chuckerbutty, I.C.S., (Alibag) ; the Inspector-General of Civil Hospitals, Bengal, Calcutta ; Mr. A. A. Handley (Colombo, Ceylon) ; and Lt.-Col. F. J. Jencken, R.A.M.C., (Deolali). PROCEEDINGS. 529 JOUBNAL. The Honorary Secretary mentioned that the next Journal was now in the press and would, he hoped, be ready for issue about the end of this month. It would contain a large number of illustrations and the commencement of the popular series, with coloured plates, on " The Common Snakes of India," by Capt. Wall, I.M.S., and " The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India," by Mr. L. C. H. Young, would, he believed, attract a large number of new mem- bers. CONTBIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM. Mr. W. S. Millard, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the following contributions since the last meeting : — Contribution. Description. Contributor. Brown Wood-Owl I Byrtiium indrarri ... Rufous-Bellied Hawk-' Luphotriorchu hivnerri Eagle. Pale Harrier . Long-Legged Buzzard .. Crested Honey-Buzzard Kestrel ... (heat inacrurvs ... Buten ftrox... Pernix crista tut Tinnunoulus alaudarius Snakes (alive) Tropidonotus piscator 2 Snakes (alive) 1 Potted Owlet 1 Kestrel 1 Fish from Lucknow 1 Snake 1 Blood Pheasant 1 Crimson-Hornea Pheasant. 1 Snake from Bangkok 1 Crimson- Horned Pheasant 1 Fish from Ootacamund .. 2 Tufted Pochards 1 Gadwall - 1 Blyth's Wreathed Hornbill 1 Daurian Myna 2 Snakes , 3 Bats.... 1 Skin of the Hispid Hare... 2 Spot-Bill Ducks I Spotted Sandgrousc . 6 Fresh Water Fishes from Kolaba. 1 Afghan Jerboa -4 Moths from Bangkok. Some Leaf Insects from Ceylon. 1 Snake from Persian Gulf. 1 Snake from Persian Gulf. 1 Lizard from Persian Gulf. Helicttp* sehntotosus Athene brama linwicnlug alaudarius Zamenis diahma ... Ithagenes crucutus 'Jragopan satura Homalopsis buccata Tragopan satyra Barbus roseipennis Nyreca fiilignla Cnavlelasmu* str/perus Bhyti'ic- ceros subruficollis. Agropsar sturniuus Naia tripudlans (banded variety). Lcpvg Uispidvs Anas pnecilorhyncha Pt.eri clurvs senega-Tins Amba 5! 5> 55 Col. W. B. Hannermaii, I.M.S. Mr. C. H. Donald. Major A. Newnham. Mr. C. H. Donald. Capt H. R. Brown, I.M.S. Mr. D. P. D. Adenwalla. Col. R.H. Rattray. Capt. C. F. G. Lang. Mr. R. B. Heath, C.E. Mr. C. W.' Allen. Col. R."h. Rattray. Mr. J. C H. Mitchell, tor. R. H. Heath. Mr. W.A.'Vallinger, I.F.S Lt. W. K. Thyue, R.I.M, w r. E. W. Trotter. Mr. R, J. Tata. Major Knox. »? 55 17 530 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Contribution. Description. Contributor, 21 Young Snakes (alive). .. 1 D^ert L»rk 1 Indian Monitor, (juv). 1 Himalayan Ibex Head (Malformed). 1 Blewitfs Bush-Quail L' Lady Amherst^ Pheasants. •1 Singapore Cockatoo (alive). 2 Snakes Trupidonotus piscator Alaemon dexertorum . Varanus bengalevgig . Copra aibirica. Miemperdix blewHti Chrytolopkiut am berstiae. 1 Indian Hobby. 1 Indian Monitor (juv) 1 Set Snake 1 Large-Crested Tern I Smalk r-Crested Tern and 3 eggs. 1 White-Cheeked Tern and 3 1 Panayan Tern and 4 eggs. Zamenix munotut swallowing Pgavimophig < oudonarvx Faleo sei'tnis Va ra n us bmgalensi* . Distira rob'sta Sterna bergu tsterno media Stf'aa albigena.. Sterna anaestheta Major A. Begbie. Mr. J. W. N. Cummin?. Mr. C. W. M Hudsoo, I.C.S. Col. St G. C- Gore, R E., C.S.I. Mr. P. Roseal Allen. Lt. W. W. Van Someien, D.S.O. Mr. F. II. Cooke. Mr. S. Lightfoot. Mr. K. C. Macdonald, D.S.P. Mr. M. C. Joshi. Mr. C. J. Michael. Major P. Z. Cox, F.Z.S. ° Forwarded to the Victoria Gardens. Minor Contributions from— Mr. W. Sparke ; Mr. F. Gleadow ; Mr. F. G . Arnould ; Capt. C. H. Turner; Mr. Wagstaff ; Mrs. A. L. Alexander; Miss F. Bayley ; Mr. C. W. M. Hudson, I.O.S.; and Col. W. Capper. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Fauna of British India, ' Butterflies," Vol. I., by Col. C. T. Bingham, from the author. " Spolia Zeylanica," from the Colombo Museum. Bulletin of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of Western India, Nos. 2 and 3. The Transactions of the Entomological Society of the London, 1904, in exchange. '• On the Elephant Mosquito," by E. E. Green, from the author. Catalogue of Moths, Vols. IV and V. (Text and Plates), Guide to Bird Gallery, Guide to Shell and Starfish Galleries. Guide to Coral Gallery. Guide to Fossil Mammals and Birds, Handbook for Collectors and Blood-sucking Flies an1! how to collect them, from the British Museum, South Kensington. In exchange. Catalogue of the Indian Decapod Crustacea, in the collection of the Indian Museum by Major A. Alcock, I. M.S., F.R.S., C.I.E., and an account of the deep-sea Hoiothurisidea collected by the R.I.M. Survey ship "Investigator," by R. Kochler and C. Vancv. Presented by the Trustees of the Indian Museum. PAPERS READ. The following papsrs were then read and discussed : (1) The Distribution of the Various Varieties of Cobras in India, by Lt.-Co'. W. B. Bannerman.I.M.S.; (2) The Common Striped Palm Squirrel, by R. C. Wroughton, *'.Z.S.;(3) Birds' PROCEEDINGS. 531 Nesting in the Murree Hills, by Lt.-Col. R. H. Rattray ; (4) Rough Notes on Six Common Hill Orchids, by Major M. B. Roberts ; (6) Tigers hamstringing their Prey before killing it, by C. W. Allan, B.F.S.; (G) Food of Predaccous Flies, by F. Gleadow, F.R.M.S., I.F.-.; (7) Descriptions of New Speciesof Moths from India and Burma, by G.C. Dudgeon, F.E.S.; (8) Strange Mortality amongst Termites on Tea Bushes, by E. E. Green, F.E.S.; (9) Occurrence of Lady Amherst's Pheasant in Burma, by E. Comber, F.Z.S.; (10) First Record of the Nidification of the Indian Hobby (Fatco severus), by K. C. Macdonald, D.S.P. ; (11) A Bandicoot in Sind, by E. H. Aitken ; (12) Eagles as Barometers, by C. H. Donald ; (13) A Congregation of Harriers, by C. H. Donald. EXHIBITS. Colonel Bannerman, I.M.S , exhibited the different varieties of Cobras (alive) and a number of spirit specimens. He mentioned that out of more than 1,000 cobras received by them at Parel only 8 were from the Bombay Presidency, and these had been purchased. This did not speak well for science on this side of India, and it was to be hoped now that attention had been drawn to the subject that members of the Natural History Society and others would send in specimens. A curiously malformed head of the Himalayan Ibex (Capro sihirica) was exhibited and Colonel St. G. C. Gore, 1!. E., in referring to it, drew attention to the fact that it must have died from starvation as the malformed horn completely closed the jaws and would have prevented it from feeding. Mr. Narotamdass Morarjee Goculdass exhibited a beautiful flowering lily (L. melpomene), which was much admired. In proposing a vote of thanks to Colonel Bannerman and the other authors of papers read, the Rev. F. Dreckmann said that he hoped that the reproach which was lying on this Presidency would be speedily removed and that cobras from this side of India, as well as elsewhere, would be forwarded to Colonel Bannerman at Parel. o CD i — i Ph o CO ■p CO cd !Zi b o T3 S o - ■n ^ id o 1 Q ^ cq a A ^ g o o ce o < xsl Z « Ul° X I- JOURNAL OF THE BOMBAY ral fttstorji Vol. XVI. BOMBAY. No 4- A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. Illustrated by Coloured Plates and Diac4rams. By Captain F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. Part I. — With Plate I and Diagrams I, II and III. This and the succeeding articles with their accompanying plates and diagrams are designed to acquaint our readers with the common snakes of India. There is no book on the subject written in popular language, and the few that show coloured plates are very expensive, while accuracy of detail seems to have been largely sacrificed for pictorial effect. If our object can be achieved, and normal specimens easily recognized, we hope that many lovers of natural history may be encouraged to make and record observations on the habits of these creatures, for the letter- press will, I fear, only too soon reveal the dearth of knowledge in this direction even with regard to the commonest kinds. The descriptive parts of the best works are couched in terse and scientific language, and though excellently written by experts in mus- eums the authors have had no facilities for observing the habits of crea- tures they only see in spirit on museum shelves. We must, therefore, rely upon those who actually come into contact with living snakes to supply such information. It will be my aim to word these articles in unscientific language, espe- cially with reference to the important matter of identification. Here, if technical terms must be used, they will be explained by outline drawings. The final description cannot be so treated, and being incorporated for the sake of completeness, is intended for those conversant with the subject. 1 534 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. I shall not attempt to treat the subject exhaustively, as it seems to me a more useful purpose will be served by dealing with the commonest and most widely distributed species. Where a resemblance exists between two or more species, especially where one is poisonous and the others harmless, they will be shown together and an attempt will be made to frame easy rules whereby they may be distinguished, but here I must repeat what I have said in previous papers in this Journal, viz., that of all falla- cious methods of identifying snakes, the usual one adopted with relation to colour and markings is the most unreliable. Attention must be given to the arrangement of the scales and shields.* We must again appeal to our readers to render every assistance by procuring living speci- mens without which the true colouring cannot be shown by our artists. The plates will show only a few inches in the middle of the body, in preference to a full-length drawing which would necessarily be on too small a scale in many cases to show the detail required for identification. Our first plate represents the common green pit viper (Lachesis granii- neus), and the common green whip snake (Dryophis mycierizans). Before describing our first snake I think it advisable to make a few remarks on vipers in general so as to indicate their position in the snake world, and the relationship of this to other vipers. The word viper is derived from the Latin virus alive and pario I bring- forth, in reference to a method of birth unusual among ophidians, but not peculiar to this family.f Among our Indian representatives the true fresh water snakes (Homaloj/sidcr) and the sea snakes (ffydrophiidce) also produce young. It is probably this viviparous habit which has led to the belief still hard to dispel from credulous minds, that vipers protect their young by swallowing them. A pregnant mother approaching parturition is killed, and living young found within her, or observed to escape from her : the erroneous conclusion is drawn that these must have been swallowed, especially as it is popularly understood that snakes produce eggs. * Every scale of sufficient fize and constancy to deserve a special narce is called a shield technically. The word scale is used technically to designate small and numerous forir.s such as those on the back. t The rule that vipers are viviparous is not absolute. Two African species are known to be oviparous, viz., Atractaspis irregularis and Causus rhombeatus, and one South American species, viz., Lachesis mutus. It is quite possible, too, that some Indian representatives may evince a similar habit. (Since writing the above Mr. G. A. Miller has conclusively shown that Lachesis monticola is oviparous in habit. — Vide B. N. H. S. Journal.. Vol. XV, p. 729.) A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 535 I am not infrequently asked what is a viperine and what a colubrine snake.* The distinc- tion lies in the shape of the maxillaries, or upper jaw bones, which in all vipers are shorter in their antero-posterior A.-Maxillary of Naia tripudians supporting solid ft j tl - vertical tooth behind fangs. B.— Maxillary of Vipera ruudlii. direction. They thus C,— Maxillary of Coluber radiatus. resemble short stumpy pillars set up on end in the front of the mouth on each side (see fig. B) and form part of an arrangement, governed by a simple and beauti- fully devised muscular apparatus which permits the maxillary and fangs as a whole to be swept forwards and backwards. The fangs of vipers which like all fangs are situated in the maxillary only, are long and pierced by a minute canal which opens anteriorly near the tip. They are curved backwards, and when the jaws are closed, the maxillaries are inclined backwards, so that the fangs lie along the palate with their points sloping upwards. In the act of striking, the jaws are widely opened, and the maxillary is swung so far forwards that the fang or fangs (for they may be multiple) fixed in it may assume a forward direction. It will easily be seen how this range of movement augments the facility with which a penetrating wound is inflicted. In addition to these peculiarities in shape and mobility, a third point may be mentioned, viz., that the viperine maxillary supports fangs only, and never any ordinary solid teeth. In all colubrine snakes, i.e., all snakes non -viperine, the maxillary is firstly so shaped that the antero-posterior axis (or in the blind snakes Typhlopidce the transverse axis) is much longer than the vertical (see figs. A and C), secondly it is immovable, and thirdly in the poisonous colubrine snakes (cobras, kraits, etc.) its armament is supplemented with one or more solid teeth. f All vipers are poisonous, but not to an equal degree, for though some inflict a wound which is usually fatal, others do not cause death, and in some the effects of the poison are trifling. There are at least 105 kinds of vipers known to science which are grouped together into one large family ( Viper/dee). This is divided into * Gray in his work Snakes of the British Museum, 1840, divided snakes into two 8uboTdere> viperine and colubrine, and these terms have remained in use. f Except in the two genera Callophis and Doliophis. 536 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. two sub-families distinguished by the presence or absence of a pit in the side of the face between the eye and nostril, a trait in the physiognomy too conspicuous to overlook, though the casual observer may mistake it for the nostril, which latter should be sought for as a minute orifice on the side of the snout in advance of the pit. This opening is called the loreal pit owing to its being located in that region which in birds and other creatures is called the lore. It leads into a blind rounded chamber in the maxillary, and is lined with the same covering which overlies the scales on the face, so that when the creature sheds its skin, a perfect cast of the chamber is thrown off with the slough. Its function has not yet been determined. Vipers having no such pit are classed under a separate sub-family, Viperince, and may be called pitless vipers in contradistinction to the Crotalince or pit vipers. This latter sub-family derives its name from the Greek word " krotalon," a rattle, its prototypes being the world-renowned rattlesnakes of the American continent. It comprises four genera, two of which are peculiar to America, and two, Lachesis and Ancistrodon, though not peculiar to, are well represented in India and its dependencies. Lachesis, to which our first snake belongs, is separated from Ancistrodon by having on the head mainly small shields similar to ihose on the creature's back. THE COMMON GREEN PIT VIPER. Lachesis gramineus.1 The genus Lachesis is a large one comprising forty-one known species which inhabit Asia and America. — Of these eighteen are peculiar to Asia, and ten some within our Indian limits. Nomenclature (a) Scientific. Lachesis, from whom the generic name originated, was one of the Parcae or Fates of Grecian mythology who with Clotho and Atropos controlled man's destiny. Our readers who are conversant with ophiology may be more familiar with the genus under its older title Trimeresiirus,'* * Thi- name was introduced by Lace'pede. He divided land snakes into thrrasinus, a very closely allied member of the genus, and I wonder whether these observations were the result of direct experiment, or if conjectured from the examination of the dejecta. Green § remarks: "Its manner of capturing its prey is invariable. When a lizard is introduced into the cage, the snake slowly frees the fore part of its body and coils itself in a zigzag fashion. Then, suddenly darting forward, it seizes the victim unerringly just behind the head, drags it from its support, and keeps it dangling without shifting its hold, but gradually tightening its grip, until the lizard is suffocated. * * * The snake never commences to swallow its prey until all signs of life have ceased." The Revd. F. Bertram, S.J., || says : " It does not even always wait for its prey to be paralysed before eating it." And I agree with this remark, though it certainly does hold on to its victim till its struggles are of little avail. In this respect it differs from the dhaman and cobra, which commence to swallow as soon as their prey is seized. When the victim has passed through the jaws, the snake rears itself vertically for nearly or quite half its body length, and then practises a series of contortions during which the •Bom. N. H. Journ., Vol. XV., p. 347. t Rept. Brit. Ind., p. 303. % Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. & Batrach., p. 369. § Spolia Zeylanica, Vol. I, pt. II, June 1903, p. 1. || Snakes and tbeir Venom, Trichinopoly, 1897, p. 11. * 548 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. forebody is thrown into shallow lateral undulations. The curves of the undulations are rhythmically reversed, and by this manoeuvre car- ried out with much muscular effort the mass is propelled onwards to the stomach in a surprisingly brief interval of time. Breeding. — This is one of the very few snakes whose breeding habits have been observed. The young are born alive, having previously burst their egg envelope within the mother's abdomen (ovoviviparous). Ferguson * records one giving birth to twelve young on September 27th, 1891, in the public gardens at Trevandrum in Travancore. It had been in captivity since June 30th of the same year, so that the period of gestation was, at the very least, 59 days. I suspect it will prove to be much longer, for a specimen of an allied species {D. prasinus) which had been received in the London Zoological Gardens from Java on the 15th of August 1885, gave birth to 8 young on January 9th, 1888, hav- ing had no male companionship during this whole period, f Green % mentions another instance from Ceylon when one in captivity gave birth to five young on the 16th and 17th April 1903. The fifth, hampered by its egg envelope, succumbed two days later. All the brood sloughed on the eighth day after birth. A specimen received by Captain Evans and myself from Tadoungoo, Lower Burma, on the 23rd of May 1900 (with other snakes recently collected) contained three young with no vestige of egg envelope to be discovered within the mother. Evans has recorded „ . another specimen in this Journal Dentition of Dryophis myctenzans l (after Boulenger) Vol. XVI., p. .169, killed (Ran- goon ?) on the 4th May containing 5 young, and Blanford (J. A. S. B., Vol. XXXIX., p. 373) mentions a specimen from Korba (Bilaspur C. P.) containing 4 large eggs. Poison. — This species for practical purposes is usually considered to be innocuous. It is furnished with grooved fangs situated at the hinder extremity of the maxillary. Its bite is reputed to be quite harmless to man, as the following quotation will exemplify. The Revd. F. Horn. Nat. Hist. Jour., Vol. X, p. 6. t P. Z. S., 1886, p. 124. X Spolia Zeylanica, Vol. I, Pt. II, June 1903, p. 1. A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 549 Bertram,* S.J., records the testimony of a friend of his, who ex- perimented on himself, in the following terms:—" I hold the fact from his own mouth. One day a lively green snake was brought to him, and he was assured that it had not spent its venom in any way previously. He put his finger into its mouth, took care to jlace it under the fangs, and then squeezed the jaws together, so as to drive the fan os into the flesh. * * * Well, no result followed, not the slightest ache of any kind.'1 This substantiates in a very conclusive way the experiences of others. However, a sampioallah employed by me in Bangalore came to me on the 5th September this year and pro- duced two oraen whipsnakes, male and female, which he declared, he had observed " in copula." In capturing them he was viciously bitten on the left hand by one of them, sit about noon that day. At 4 p.m. when I saw him the hand and forearm were greatly swollen, and he said felt numb. He was in no pain. I saw him again a week later and he tol 1 me the swelling subsided in about two days and that he had felt none the worse in his general health. Russellf says : " Its bite on chickens tried repeatedly produced no other effact than pain." The poison gland is rudimentary, and my dissections and observations had me to believe that it is solid like a mammalian salivary gland, and ir capable cf storing poison. Whatever truth may lie in this assertion, the potency of the poison must be admitted to be extremely feeble when Green | says that young lizards will sometimes take 20 minutes to die in the grasp of its laws, and on such a statement one may reasonably believe that the victim succumbed to mechanical influences alone. I lately witnessed one speci- men in captivity seize and devour a frog. It grasped the frog's ledy close behind the forelimb, and held on tenaciously in spite of the frog in its struo-o-les turning the snake over and over. After more than 20 minutes the snake began, through the agency of the jaws alone, shifting its grasp towards its victim's snout, and then commenced swallowing. Thirty-six minutes elapsed before the frog was wholly swallowed, and it was kickuio- feebly to the end. It has nevertheless been proved that the secretion of the parotid (salivary) gland has toxic properties. Major Alcock. I M.S., F.R S., and Captain Rogers, I. M.S., have conclusively demonstrated § that mice die when injected subcutaneously with a saline • Snikea and *heir \ enom, Tricbiuopoly, 1897, p. 11. + In*. S^rp., Vol 1, n. 17. + Spo ia Zeylanica, Vol I.. Pt. II., June 1903, p. 1. § Proc. Royal So.-., Vol. 70, p. 451. 3 550 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. extract from this gland, and they sum up the results of their experi- ments in the following words. " No one who has experimented with minimal lethal doses of Cobra venom can fail to be struck with the close resemblance of the symptoms caused by it with those recorded in the above experiments with the parotid secretion of Dryophis and its Opis- thoglyphous allies. The gradual quickening of the respiration, the drowsiness and nod- ding of the head, with jerky recovery every now and then, followed by gradually increasing-paralysis, and a rapid failure of the respirations after they have become laboured in character, by convulsions, and finally by stoppage of the heart some little time after the breathing has ceased, form a sequence of events that except for a difference in intensity, are common to both, as also is the post-mortem picture of subcutaneous extravasation." Distribution : (a) Geographical. — India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam. (b) Local. — It is essentially an inhabitant of the plains and low up- lands but I have records of its occurrence at an altitude above 3,000 ft. (Salween, Burma). It frequents gardens and groves in populated quarters, as well as jungles far removed from habitations. (c) Numerical. — Its frequency varies much in different localities. It is a common snake about Colombo, and a very common one in Travancore (Ferguson). It is extremely common about Cannanore, more so I think than is usual in other Southern Indian parts. It was by no means so plentiful about Trichinopoly. Russell* says " this snake is very common about Vizagapatam, and 1 believe, in the Circars, as well as in the Carnatic." Sclaterf says this " snake, like many other Southern Indian species, extends north-westwards as far as Mount Aboo in Rajputana." In Burma it is hardly to be considered a common snake. Captain Evans and I procured 14 specimens out of a total of 694. One was found in Rangoon, and nine others came from other parts of Lower Burmah, two reached us from Upper Burma, and two from East Salween. Mr. Hampton writing from Mogok, Upper Burma, saya : " I do not think it is found about here. Its place is taken by D. prasinus." Flower J mentions having seen five specimens from Bangkok. The brown * Ind. Serp., p. 17. t Joum. As. Soc. Ben., Vol. LX., Pt. II, 1891. X Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1899, p. 682. A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 551 variety is very rave. Werner* mentions one, and Mr. Millard tells me the first received by the Bombay Natural History Society was recently obtained from Malabar Hill, Bombay. The variety with the ash-grey belly is also very rare. Description. — Rostral very narrow, projecting. A furrow above, and two laterally on each side. Undersurface slightly arched, and produced backwards twice as far as upper. Contact with six shields. Internascds two. Suture between them |-| that between the prefrontals. In contact with 1st and 2nd supralabials. Prefrontals two. In contact with interna- sals, 2nd and 3rd supralabials, prseoculars, and frontal. ( 2nd labial only, if loreah present, which rarely happens.) Frontal.— Length ^-\ larger than supraoculars. Breadth ^ each supraocular or less. Contact with eight shields ; the supraocular sutures at least three times as large as each of the rest. Parietals contact with one postocular. Nasals single, lateral, elongate, pierced at extreme posterior angle by a small nostril ; in contact with one supralabial, viz.) the first. Loreal absent normally, rarely one or two present. Prceoculars one,f in contact with frontal. Postoculars two, small. Temporals one normally, rarely two. Supralabials normally 8, the 4th divided into one or two upper and one lower part, the 5th only touching the eye. Sometimes there are 9, and then the 6th only touches the eye. Infralabials.— The first meet behind the mental to form a suture about equal to that between the anterior sublinguals ; 4th and 5th largest ; 5th pentagonal, 2 or 3 times as broad as posterior sublinguals and in contact with two scales behind. Anterior sublinguals subequal to, or rather smaller than, the posterior ; normally in contact with the first 4 infralabials. Posterior sublinguals have no intervening scales ; come into contact with the 4th and 5th infralabials normally. Scales. — Two heads lengths behind head 15 ; midbody 15 ; two heads lengths before vent 11-9. At both steps, where the scales reduce from 15-13 and 13-11, it is the 5th row above the ventrals that disappears, being absorbed into the row above or below. The vertebral row is enlarged, and its scales different in shape from the cosials, which are elongate, and set obliquely. The scales of the last row are much the largest, those in the superjacent rows have their anterior-superior and posterior-infeTior borders far the shortest; The scales in all snakes * Verb. Ges. Wien, Vol. XLVL, p. 362. t The upper divisions of the 4th supralabial may be considered by some as prajoculars, in which case there are two or three. 552 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. overlap in two directions, viz., from above downwards and below upwards, but the shape of the costals in this genus makes the overlapping from below upwards far the more evident. The relationship of the vertebral and the last row with their contiguous rows remains the same in the whole length of the body, but the intermediate rows alter in a remarkable way, peculiar, I believe, to this genus. The intermediate rows, i.e., 2nd from the ventrals to the 7th, when luoked at in a transverse direction, are seen to be placed one behind the other from below upwards in the front of the body, but this alters, and these rows gradually acquire a contrary relationship which i? sesn in the middle suid posterior parts of the body. The thickened lines in figures 1 and 2 are intended to illustrate this point. Ktels. — Carination is indistinct, and confined to a few median rows about the anal region, the keels being nodulated in character. Supra caud als are in even numbers ; four in the middle of the tail. They decrease at each step by the fusion of the two uppermost rows on each side. Ven- trals 168-206 rounded ; if the specimen is laid on its back, barely a por- tion of the last costal row can be seen on each side simultaneously. Anal divided. Subcaudals 127-174, divided. Dentition. — Maxillary teeth 12-15, one or two in the middle much enlarged, fang-like, and followed by an interspace, after which the teeth are very small ; one or two posterior grooved fungs, situated below the posterior border of the eye ; mandi- bular teeth increasing in length to the third or fourth, which is very large and fang-like; the posterior small (Boulenger). Pterygoid about sixteen, suboqual, and small. ADDENDA. This papor was written eighteen months ago since which time I have acquired information which calls for some additions and modifications. 1. Here I follow Boulenger. All herpetologists have expressed very different views with regard to this snake. The fact is the charac- ters upon which the classification of snakes is based, are very variable in this genus, and it is therefore almost impossible to draw hard, and fast rules to separate some of the species, and especially this one. I think from the specimens I have examined, it is more than likely that Boulenger's conception of this species will require further modification. A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 553 As it stands now he includes under the same title the alboldbris, elegans, and viridis of Gray; the gramineus, and erythrurus, of Giinther, Cantor, and Theobald ; and the gramineus, erythrurus, and mutahilis of Stoliczka. 2. Trn shap3 of the head is variable. There are two distinct forms. In one the broadest part is at a point close behind the eyes, behind which it decreases so as to resemble the shape in the genus Dipsadomorphus. This form is shown in our plate. In the other the greatest breadth is at the angles of the jaws, the head then exhibiting that triangular shape which is popularly considered characteristic of a poisonous snake. There is no greater fallacy than to suppose a poisonous snake can be recognised by the shape of its head. 3. In the Andamans and Nicobars a very distinct variety occurs, in which the prevailing colour is brown. In some of these the hue is uniform, in others it is variously mottled, spotted, or barred with darker or lighter shades. In this locality the brown specimens are more plentiful than the green. 4. Though these remarks are true of the uniform green specimens some modification is required to include all the colour varieties, and makes the recognition of the species much more complicated. The following points must coexist : — (1) Head covered with small scales throughout ; (2) Scales in 19 to 23 rows in the middle of the body ; (3) Supraocular undivided ; (4) Presence of subocular ; (5) 9 to 12 suprala- bials, of which the second in its upper half is furrowed into the loreal pit. 5. Father Dreckman onoe captured a famale specimen, which gave birth to seven young, while he held her in his grasp. This is the only authentic record I know of to prove that this species is viviparous. One youngster of the brood I examined measured 9-J inches. 6. Mr. Thurston, the Superintendent of the Madras Museum tells me that he once received a specimen from Nellakota in the Nilgiri Hills 7. I have since received a specimen 6 feet and f an inch in lenoth I may here remark that the figure of this snake by Frohawk in the Encyclopaedia Brittanica : and that by Smit in the Fauna of British India, Reptilia, Boulenger, 1890, are to my mind purely fanciful and inaccurate. The snake does not wrap itself round branches in the intricate fashion depicted, at least not in a state of nature. I verv much suspect these drawings were made from museum specimens and arranged thus by the artists who had never seen them in life. 554 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Our plate is from life. Mr. Green painted them frcm specimens in the London Zoological Gardens, and his work is excellent. In figure 8 the infralabial shields are abnormal. Only 4 (not 5) normally touch the anterior sublingual shields, and the 5th (not the 6th) is normally the largest of the series. {To be continued.) 555 NOTES ON RHINOCEROSES IN BURMA, R. SONDAICUS AND SUMATRENSIS. BY Vety. Major Gr. H. Evans, f.l.s. Information relating to some of the species of Asiatic Rhinoceroses in the' various works I have consulted appears very incomplete. In order to add to it} it is desirable on ihe part of those who have any acquaintance, however small, with these animals or their, habits to place such on record. Though I consider, I have not had the luck in shoot- ing them that I deserve, hunting them has afforded me an opportunity of learning; a little of their habits. There are in Burma two species for certain, viz.; the larger and single-horned variety of the Burmans, R. sondakus, Kyan-hsin or Pyan-hsin (elephant-rhinoceros) and the lesser double-horned, R. suma- trensis, Kyan. On the authority of the late Dr. Mason, Kyan is the generic term in Burma for a rhinoceros, signifying " to be firm in structure and mind." They are known to the Karens as Ta-do or Ta-do-khaw, and to the Shans as Sawon. Both species may occasionally be met with inhabiting the same stretch of country and visiting the same pools or wallows. Burmans and Xarens, as a rule, with the exception perhaps of the hunters, are much afraid of these animals, and this is perhaps not to be wondered at if we bear in mind the very ferocious character attributed to them. They are said to attack human beings without provocation, and to be most vindictive and persevering in their pursuit of the object of their anger ; they do not fear elephants or tigers. Furthermore they are credited with not only stamping out but even devouring fire, and rushing in the direction of any noise they may hear. A record such as above should inspire awe in anyone believing the stories. I cannot learn anything as to how the idea of their distaste for fire arose ; it is certain, however, that it is a story very generally accepted by the Burmans. That they are unsuccessful in keeping down forest fires about their haunts would by these people be attributed to the fact of their numerical weakness. Burmese and Karen hunters, who in days gone by had some experience in hunting rhino, appear to be unanimous in considering them dangerous animals, and especially so when wounded. This has also been the experience of two or three Europeans over here. 556 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI. Though in exceptional cases an individual may be of a vicious temperament and inclined to be troublesome without provocation, or to charge when suddenly disturbed, as when lying down (as many kinds of animals may do), my small experience tends to make me believe that a rhinoceros is as anxious to preserve a whole hide as most other beasts. I have more than once in dense cover been closer than I really liked without being able to obtain a reasonable shot, the animal knowing he was being hunted. So far I have not had one turn on me, for which I am not sorry, not having the smallest desire that one should do so as I have learned that however ungainly and awkward their appearance may be it is a pure fallacy to consider them wanting in agility. On the contrary they are astonishingly agile. When wounded, if the assailant be in view and the animal not too sick he may charge, and he is, as I have remarked, an active and dangerous beast and what is worse requires some stopping. I have only heard of a couple of instances in which unwounded animals have given trouble. On one occasion two rhino held up a party of survey coolies in the course of their work, and on the other a rhino chased a gun bearer or hunter who managed to climb a tree, but had not got far enough up before the rhino overtook him and wras able to give him a bite as well as afford him a hoist up. The Burmans state that in attacking, these brutes use their incisors freely, also the horn, and finish up by trampling on their adversary. Mason in his work on Burma, Volume 1, page 451, writes thus : — " The common single horned rhinoceros is very abundant. Though often seen on the uninhabited banks of large rivers as the Tenasserim they are fond of ranging the mountains, and I have frequently met with their wallowing places on the banks of mountain streams two or three thousand feet above the plains." During the past twenty years at least, and in spite of most guns having been withdrawn, I do not think anyone in the province would consider either species abundant or common, or even moderately so anywhere. If they are still so it must be in tracts most inaccessible and little visited by Europeans. It is probable that, confining them- selves as they often do to localized areas, four to six animals or even a couple wandering over such, by crossing and recrossing, would make numerous tracks in many directions and this, taken in conjunction with the fact that in such areas pools and wallows would be met with which NOTES ON RHINOCEROSES IN BURMA. 557 they had entered, might without due consideration lead to the impression that rhinoceroses are abundant. I believe, however, that in the aggregate there is a fair number of animals scattered over the country. So far I am under the impression that R. sumatrensis is the more common. During a residence of several years I can only recollect some eight or nine specimens of R. sumatrensis and two of R. sondakus being- shot by European sportsmen. This cannot be said to be a large number if we consider the many Europeans who tour about the country on duty, prospecting, or in search of heavy game. In several instances the specimens of sumatrensis were come on unexpectedly, i.e., the lucky individuals who were on the inarch or in pursuit of other game were unaware that rhino were to be found anywhere in their prox- imity. Some experience of the class of country they are most likely to be found in, leads me to the belief that as far as their pursuit goes, they are likely to enjoy immunity from annoyance, except from a few of the more ardent sportsmen. Distribxition. — They are to be met with in certain areas of the hilly tracts in Upper and several of those in Lower Burma. Habits. — Both species in this country show a decided preference for hilly tracts and even mountainous country. I have met with tracks of both varieties at considerable elevations, especially in places infrequent- ly visited by men. They appear to be of a restless disposition and at times given to wandering a, distance from their accustomed haunts. In the hot season they are invariably found in hilly or mountainous country, by no means necessarily well wooded, but where shade is sufficient. They rarely range far from the perennial streams in which there are usually numerous pools of cool water and abundant shade. Those streams with rocky and shingly beds are preferred. The feeder streams or gullies are also worth visiting. They are extremely partial to water, and enter the pools during the night and also visit them during the heat of the day. In suitable places there are regular mud baths or wallows, some large and patronized by elephants, etc., and others much smaller. They evidently enjoy rolling in wet mud as much as buffaloes and hogs do. They visit the pools singly or may be found two together, usually a bull and cow. The night, early morning and evening is spent wandering about grazing, etc., and during the day they lie up in shade on the hillsides or on the top of the ridges above the streams. 4 558 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. In the cool weather they may wander a good deal as also during the rains, ranging along the ridges and visiting the head waters of streams. During the rainy season R. sumatrensis certainly tours through the lower-lying country, as their tracks are to be met with within, in some places, three or four miles off the railway. They do not, J think, remain for any length of time, but come down only in search of particular kinds of fodder not obtainable at other times. With regard to the nature of their food I am inclined to think that these rhinoceroses are not great grass-feeders, but prefer to browse on leaves, twigs, shoots, etc., and they seem very partial to fruits. In the dry season the stomach generally contains wild mangoes, figs, Cicca macrocarpa, leaves of trees and bamboo leaves. The fruit or leaves, etc., of the following are eaten by these animals, viz., — the fruit of the ' Myauk-tanyet ' (Parkia insignis, Kurz). The figs of the ' Sin- tha-hpan' and ' Tha-hpan, ' which I find to be Ficus roxburghii and F. glomerata, but I had doubts as to the Burmans being correct as I have heard these names applied to other trees of this natural order. One point may afford a clue to the species and that is the size of the fruit, which is as large as an ordinary apple. The fallen fruit of the Cicca macrocarpa, ' Zibyu'; Careya arborea, ' Ban-bwe'; Sandoricum indicum, ' Thit-to,' and also that of the ' Byu,' Dillenia pulclierrima. The leaves, twigs, etc., of the Castanopsis divers/folia and tribiiloides (Kurz), Toddalia aculeata (Kurz) ' Kyan-sa' or ' Pyan-sa ' (lit. rhinoceros- food). 'Satsha ' of which Kurz mentions the Boehmeria hamiltoniana, Sarcochlamys pulcherrima, Trema orientalis and Maoutia puya. The ' Ta-bu ' or ' Ta-mu,' Harrisonia bennetii and Sonneratia acuia. The twigs, shoots and leaves of the bamboo are also freely partaken of, no doubt those of the most plentiful variety of bamboo growing in their haunts. That found in the stomachs of two animals was that of the ' Kayen-wa,' Melocanna bambusoides (baccifera). They are undoubtedly partial to this bamboo, and to some extent localities in which it grows. It is a peculiar and graceful bamboo, grows singly and to a height of fifty feet and over. Each shoot comes up more or less equidistant from its neighbours, and this regularity causes a ' Kayen-wa' jungle to resemble a plantation. Their most acute sense appears to be that of smell, and, I think, they rely much more on it than sight or hearing. Making a certain amount of noise, walking through the jungle, will not always disturb them, and NOTES ON RHINOCEROSES IN BURMA. 559 they assuredly are not very quick of sight, but the faintest puff of wind is more than enough. The habit of depositing its ordure in one place as attributed to the African species and R. indicus, does not apply to these rhinoceroses, that is, if it is understood to mean that this is a place repeatedly visited for that purpose. Small heaps or mounds, perhaps the droppings of a week, may be found on the hillsides, where they lie up daily. But as a general rule I do not think they can be at all particular in the matter, as one habitually finds single droppings on their tracks on the sides of hills, rid oes, etc, and an abundance of them scattered about in the beds of streams. If the pools in which they lie be disturbed one has rapid olfactory evidence that they contain more than a small quantity of their droppings. In appearance they are much the same as that of an elephant. Burmans and others could afford no information of value as to the period of gestation. I have only twice come on the tracks of young rhinoceroses evidently at heel, and these in January. Perhaps the most interesting feature about these creatures is the astounding way in which they ascend and descend the steepest of hill- sides. In fact the steeper the gradient the more it would appear to appeal to them. A9 for many of the descents into the beds of streams, they are quite in the nature of slides. For a human being, certainly, a leather seat would be of greater help to him than anything else. It is equally surprising how they ever manage to climb over some of the rocky places one meets with, yet they do. They are the most difficult animals I have ever attempted to follow. I thought serow and goral quite bad enough, but rhinoceros, I think, can give them points. The Burmans attribute their agility to the fact of their possessing three large separate claws or hoofs. In descending, only the centre one is in use, the lateral ones being employed as brakes. Going over rocks, ledges, etc., one or more toes may be employed. One thing is certain, viz., that Karens and Burmans are as much astonished as we are at the way they get over seemingly impossible ground. As regards dentition, in the skulls I have seen it is quite as irregular as has been noted by various observers. The only sound I have heard is a kind of grunt or rather a short harsh blowing sound. I heard one, a sondakus, emit this noise when 560 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. evidently surprised in cover. He heard us and had not got the wind. On being hit, unless killed outright, they usually grunt, and also do so while charging. Burman hunters say that rhinoceroses are very ten- acious of life after being wounded. No doubt with the weapons they used on them they were so ; the wonder is they killed them at all. As with any other kind of game, I do not think any one has a right to press trigger unless he has a reasonable shot, giving a fair chance of bagging the animal. Pace. — When disturbed they set off at a smart gallop making a great deal of noise by rushing through all minor obstructions and as a rule making more noise than a solitary elephant. Following up immediate- ly is generally of little use as after being disturbed they usually travel a long distance and keep a sharp look-out. It is therefore, as a rule, better to give up the hunt and take up the tracks at dawn on the follow- ing morning. The track of a rhinoceros is unmistakable. The presence of the impress of three claw marks is sufficient, that of sondaicus differing only from sumatrensis in size. I have heard it said and believe it is recorded that rhinoceroses cannot swim. In common with many popular ideas it is a pure fallacy. Thoy swim well, crossing rivers, etc., when they desire to do so. I re- member an instance in which one was killed while crossing the Tenasserim. It is unnecessary to enter into a description of these animals as this may be found in various books on Natural History. Burmans and Chinamen place a very high value on the horns and blood of rhinoceroses as medicinal articles. "Wherein their virtues as drugs lie I do not know, but they are supposed to be most potent, es- pecially in all diseases not yielding to ordinary drugs. I expect their fictitious powers are derived from the fact that, like the milk of a tigress or liver of crocodile and such other materials, they are not easily get-at-able nor always at hand to include in prescriptions. The local doctor, in the event of his patient doing badly, can always save his reputation by claiming that if he had some of these potent remedies he could still effect a cure. After hitting a rhinoceros, if he is considered to be ' in extremis ' the tracker and any followers are down on him like vultures, the first thing, an all important business, being to plug any bullet holes in order to save as much blood as possible. If any be escaping rapidly from a NOTES ON RHINOCEROSES IN BURMA. 561 wound a bamboo is there ready to receive it. Any blood that is on the ground and lost, occasions some grief. The blood is carried in lengths of bowel and thoroughly dried over a fire so as to resemble those queer articles of diet popularly known as ' black puddings '. It is sold at the rate of a rupee for every rupee in weight. The flesh of these animals is said by Burmans, etc., to be very good. A friend of mine declares it is so and that the liver is perhaps better than that of some other animals. I have not tried any myself being contented with ordinary fare. Measurements of R. sumatrensis — Male. Height at shoulder (between uprights) 52-|" Length nose to dock 98" Girth behind shoulder 85", 86" Tail (docked) 13|" Girth fore-arm 28£" Length of head 32" Length of ears 7^" Length of anterior horn 7^" Length of posterior horn '6\" Measurements of skull, not taken. Measurements o/R. sumatrensis — Female, I have recorded in Volume XVI., No. 1, page 160, of this Journal. 562 THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. BY G. A. Gammie, f.l.s. Part II., (With Plate I.) (Continued from page 433 of this Volume.) The first step towards tli9 identification of an orchid is to refer it to its tribe, and the second is to find out the genus to which it belongs. It is usual to subdivide these tribes again into subtribes, but as the number of genera represented in Bombay is small and as such a com- plexity of detail would probably repel a learner, it will suffice to discuss the genera under tribes only. The first tribe Epndendrece, is well represented, and the genera com- prised within it may be shortly summarized as follows : — * Pollinia 4, not appendaged. 1. Oberonia. — Small tufted epiphytes with thick two-ranked leaves. Flowers minute, in very dense round spikes like rats' tails. 2. Microstylis. — Terrestrial. Leaves rather broad and thin. Flowers small, reversed, lip fan-shaped. 3. Liparis. — Terrestrial. Raceme stout or slender, lip broadly and inversely heart-shaped. 4. Dendrobium. — Containing plants of varying habit and best dis- cussed under sections. Section I. — Cadetia. Stems branched, pendulous, bearing a series of single-leaved pseudobulbs and small white flowers in clusters of 2 or 3. Section II. — Stachyobium. (a) Small plants with crowded, ovoid pseudobulbs, flowers small, in racemes. (b) Larger plants with long, cylindrical, leafy stems, floivers larger and more numerous in the racemes. (c) Stems slender, excessively branched, flowers small, white. Section III. — Eudendrobium. Stems tufted ; flowers pink or yellow in short racemes or in pairs from the joints of the leafless stems. 5. Bulbophyllum. — Epiphyte. Rhizome creeping, bearing one- leaved, ovoid pseudobulbs, racemes moderately dense, flower yellow with brown lip. % 6. Cirrhopetalum. — Epiphyte. Rhizome bearing, globose, one- leaved pseudobulbs, floivers radiating in an umbel, lateral sepals very long. THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 563 ' 7. Trias. — Epiphyte. Rhizome creeping, bearing small pseudo- fjulbs, flowers small, solitary. * * Pollinia 8, not appendaged. 8. Eria. — Plants of varying habit grouped in the following sections : — Section I. — Porpax. Small plants with depressed, crowded pseudo- bulbs, clothed in a network of fibres. Flowers 1 to 3, sessile on the top of the pseudobulb. Section II. — Conchidium. Small species as above. Floivers solitary or in a short raceme from the top of the pseudobulb. Section III. — Bryobium. Also a small species. Pseudobulbs clus- tered, depressed. Spikes 1 to 3 inches long, many-flowered. Section IV. — Hymeneria. Pseudohdbs long, thick. Racemes from amongst the leaves. * * * Pollinia g, cohering in fours by granular appendages. 9. Phajus. — Epiphyte, tufted. Leaves two-ranked, thin, deciduous ; flowers showy, in dense terminal heads. * * * * Pollinia 4, connected by an appendage. 10. Josephia. — Epiphyte, stemless and tufted. Leaves radical, leathery. Flowers very small, in panicles. 1 i . Pholidota. — Rhizome creeping. I'seudobidbs large, with single leaves. Racemes long, pendulous, bearing prominent and closely set brownish, two-ranked bracts. Descriptions of the plants belonging to the tribe Epulendrece. — [Unless other- wise mentioned these have been taken frcm living examples. The paragraphs placed within brackets and signed with the initials K. K. K. are from notes supplied by Lieutenant-Colonel Kirtikar, I. M.S. (retired). ] 1. OBERONIA. Fleshy epiphytes, usually growing in clusters on the trunks of trees. Leaves laterally compressed, few, two-ranked, crowded, green or brown in colour, sword or slightly sickle-shaped, thickest in the middle and near the base, thinning upwards and also towards the margins. Flowers very minute in dense cylindrical spikes, sepals subequal,' petals smaller, lip 2 to 4 lobed, column very short, pollinia 4, waxy. Small plants. Lip with 3 distinct lobes 1. 0. recurva. Lip almost oblong 2. O.falconeri. L/arger plant. Lip broader than long, midlobe bifid or trifid. 3. 0. platycaxdon. 564 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 1. Oberonia recurva, Lindley Fl. Br. Ind. V. 680; Dalz. and Gibs, p. 260. Sometimes very minute and seldom more than 2 or 3 inches high, including the inflorescence, leaves oblong, lanceolate acuminate green, •peduncle short, bracts entire, flowers minute, yellowish red, lip minutely gashed on the margin, lateral lobes distinct rounded mid lobe bifid sinus usually narrow. Distribution. — Throughout the whole of the Ghats and Konkan. Flowers in the dry season. 2. Oberonia falconbrt, Hooh.f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 678. A slightly larger plant than the above but similar in appearance, bracts slightly toothed, flowers yellowish, lip inversely heart-shaped, oblong, margins entire, lateral lobes almost obsolete, midlobe with two small, incurved, well separated divisions leaving a broad sinus. Distribution. — This plant may be plentiful in the Konkan, but it has only been received from W. S. Millard, who obtained it from Kalyan in flower in September. It is also recorded from the Tropical Himalaya, Kumaon, Dehra Dun, Behar and Chutia Nagpur. 3. Oberonia platycaulon, Wight. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 682. Leaves narrowly sword-shaped acute, 6 to 10 inches long, peduncle broad flat joined to a leaf to the top, spike 3 to 5 inches long, straight bracts broad obtuse, gashed on the margins, sheathing the sessile ovary flowers I inch in diameter, petals narrow, lip broader than long, with broad, rounded lateral lobes and a very short bifid or trifid terminal one. This species is unknown to me and the description has been taken from the Flora of British India. Its distribution is said to be from the Konkan to the Nilgiris and Pulneys. Dalzell and Gibson, Bombay Flora, page 260, describe Oberonia Lindley ana, Wight, as growing on trees on the Ghats. 1 heir description is not referred to in the Flora of India, and I do not know the plant. There is still another large species to be described. It is rare on the Kanara Ghats and my specimens, notes and drawing were unfortunately lost when the Herbarium of the College of Science was destroyed by fire some years ago. 2. MICROSTYLIS. A terrestrial plant. Stem elongate, with 3 to 5, membranous, ovate acute leaves with sheathing stalks. Floicers small, in terminal racemes, sepals and petals spreading, lip flat, produced upwards into pointed auricles, column very short, with short spreading arms pollinia 4. THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 565 1. Microstyiis rheedii, Wight. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 690 ; Dalz. and Gibs., p. 260. Stem 6 inches high, stout, leaves usually suffused with brown, 5 to 7 nerved, pleated, stalk up to 3 inches long, blade from 3 to 7 by 1 to 3 inches, base often unequal, raceme slender, bracts lanceolate, deflexed, flowers fragrant greenish yellow or purple, lip kidney or fan- shaped, finely toothed all round the margin. Distribution. — Common throughout the Ghats, more especially southward?. Flowers appear from June to August. Birdwood remarks that this plant is very like a Plantago. 3. LIPARIS. Terrestrial or epiphytic. Leaves membranous, base sheathing, flowers small, column long, pollinia 4. 1. Liparis dalzellii Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind., V. 698. Stem 4 inches long, as thick as the thumb. Leaves 2 to 3, sessile elliptic ovate acute. Raceme stout, bracts lanceolate, flowers •£ inch in diameter, sepals 5 nerved, obtuse, lateral falcately oblong dorsal large, linear oblong, Up broadly inversely cordate, fleshy, dark purple, base bituberculate, column stout, incurved, wings rounded. Distribution. — South Konkan (Dahell) according to Sir J. D. Hooker, from whom the description is taken. The plant is unknown to me and it is included by Woodrow in his list with this citation only. 2. Liparis (paradoxa, Reichb.f.) Fl. Br. Ind., V. 697. Pseudobulb ovoid, 1^ inch long, invested with loose sheaths on the narrow neck. Leaves 2, leathery, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute, four by two inches, multicostate. Raceme about 8 inches high, racMs quadrangular, angles slightly winged, bracts linear lanceolate, ^ inch long, strongly reflexed, flowers \ inch long, thinly scattered on the upper half of the rachis, green with a yellow tinge, dorsal sepal oblong lanceolate, margins strongly recurved, lateral subequal and similar to dorsal, j/etals as long as sepals, linear, margins strongly recurved, Up green obcordate, bituberculate at base and channelled on the disk, margins slightly orenulate, column incurved with narrow wings. Distribution. — Collected in flower on the Belgaum and North Kanara Ghats in August, by Mr. T. J. Spooner, who kindly communicated living specimens to me. Having no means of comparison I am at present quite uncertain as to what name this plant should bear. 5 566 JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 4. DENDROBIUM. Epiphytes, Stems elongate. Flowers in racemes, sepals subequal, the lateral connected obliquely with the foot of the column and forming with it a sac ; Up contracted at the base, side lobes usually embracing the column which is short, pollinia 4, a combined pair in each cell. Section I — Cadet ia (character given in list of genera). Flowers white, Up yellow ... ... ...1. D. macraei. Section II. — Stachyobium. (a) Sepals and petals white, lip pink with dark red veins ... ... ...?. D. microbulbon. Sepals and petals white, Up yellowish green ... ... ... ...8. D. mabelce. (b) Flowers greenish yellow ... ...4. D. chlorops. Flowers white, suffused with rose ...5. D. barbatidum. (c) Flowers white ... ... ... ...6. D. herbaceum. Section III. — Eudendrobium. Sepals and petals yellow, Up with purple nerves and thick, soft, hairs ... ...7. D. macrostachyum. Floioers waxy, shining rose colour, lip yellow ... ... .. ...8. D. crepidatam. Differing from above in the sepals, petals and lip being equal and similar in colour. D. crepidatum, var. avita. Section I. — Cadet ia. 1. Dendrobium macrabi, LindL — Fl. Br. Ind., V. 714 ; Dalz. and Gibs., p. 260. Pseudobulbs spindle shaped, leaves leathery, sessile, oblong obtuse. Floioers reversed about f inch long, sepals and petals white spreading, linear lanceolate acute, Up yellow with pink suffusion, lateral lobes obtuse, midlobe with two diverging crisped lobules, disk between the side lobes with two fleshy crests. Flowers from May onwards to the end of August. Distribution. — Common on the Belgaum and Kanara Ghats. Occurs also in the Sikkim, Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Nilgiris, Ceylon and Java. It forms large masses on the branches of trees and the small white flowers, owing to their position at the very bases of the leaves, often escape obser- vation. THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 567 Section II. — Stachyobium. (a) Small plants with crowded ovoid pseud obulbs, flowers small, in racemes. 2. Dendrobium microbulbon, A. Rich., Fl. Br. Ind., V. 716 ; Dalz. and Gibs., p. 261 ; D* crispum, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. IV., p. 111. Pseudobulbs small, crowded, ovoid, covered with a network of fibres formed by decaying leaves. Leaves quickly falling away, when present one or two from the top of the pseudobulb, linear oblong acute, 2 to 3 inches long. Raceme erect, 1 to 2 inches long, with usually 4 to 8 flowers, bracts small, flowers about \ inch in diameter, sepals and petals white, lip pink with dark red veins, midlobe crenulate, suborbicular, lateral almost entire. Distribution. — A common small plant throughout the Ghats and Konkan, growing on many species of trees and shrubs. Dalzell and Gibson say that it flowers iu July and August. I have only found the flowers throughout the cold weather from December to March. 3. Dendrobium mabel/E, n. sp. Pseudobulbs small, tufted, two jointed, oval, \ inch long or as much as four jointed and 1\ inch long, joints clothed with large equi- tant papery scales which decay, leaving their nerves as a net work of fibres. Leaves 2, terminal, caducous, linear oblong, 3 inches long, moderately firm. Raceme half as long again as the leaves and rising from between them ; flowers -h inch in diameter, semipatent, reversed, 3 to 4 or more, terminal, peduncle slender, bracteate at base and towards the middle, pedicels with short bracts, 4; inch long includ- ing the ovary, sepals white, sub-falcate, upper narrower than the two lateral which are produced at the base into a short, conical, incurved spur, petals white, oblanceolate, equalling the upper sepal, lip yellowish- green, with faint rose blotches and streaks, hinged on the extremity of the column foot, compressed lunate in outline, slightly 3-lobed, lateral lobes shallow, rounded, entire, terminal equalling half the whole length of the lip, subquadrate, emarginate, margins crinite with two rows of irregular, thick, white hairs, disk with a channelled ridge "which is free and bilobed at the end, extending as far as the lateral lobes. A small plant locally common on the branches of trees and shrubs on the Belgaum ghats and probably extending into Kanara. Flowers during the month of October. 568 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. {b) Large plants with long, cylindrical, leafy stems, flowers larger and more numerous in the racemes. 4. Dendrobium chlorops, Lindl,, Fl. Br. Ind., V. 719 ; Dalz. and Gibs., p. 261. Stems up to 18 inches long, usually rather slender, leaves on first year's shoots, oblong lanceolate, up to 4 inches long, second year's shoots leafless and flower bearing. Racemes lateral and terminal, many flowered, bracts small, flowers greenish-yellow, about f inches long, sepals oblong, petals obvate, spur short, incurved, Up flat, side lobes moderately small, rounded, midlobe subquadrate, disk with a channelled ridge between the lateral lobes and with a hairy surface as far as the centre of the midlobe. Distribution. — Throughout the Ghats and the Konkan towards the south. Flowers appear in the cold season. Plate 1. Fig. 1. Plant with leaves. Fig. 2. Upper part of flowering plant. Fig. 3. Lip enlarged. [1. Dendrobium chlorops, Lindl. — This plant has no native name in the Konkans. But on the Malabar Coast it is called Maravar. Neither Graham nor Nimmo seem to have found it in the Konkans, but Dalzell and Gibson describe it in their Bombay Flora. Mr. H. M. Birdwood has found it at Matheran. In the Thana District I have found it growing on branches of mango trees in the rainy season. Dalzell and Gibson say that the plant flowers in the cold weather, they- give its synonym thus : — " D. Heymanum, Wight Jc. 909 ? " The query is Dalzell and Gibson's own. In a manuscript pencil note General Julius Hobson, in his interleaved copy of Dalzell and Gibson's Bombay Flora now in my possession, says in reply to the query :— " No, I think not. " General Hobson's remark is made from personal observation. He, as Major Hobson, was for a long time employed in the Survey Department in the Bombay Presidency in the early sixties of the last century. He was a keen botanist, and a careful collector and preserver of plants. His sketches of plants or parts of plants wherever made in his interleaved copy of D. and G.'s Bombay Flora are accurate, original and from nature. Dr. Dalgado says that it is very common in Savantwadi and Goa. It grows in cool places. Williams describes it as a " very pretty flowering species producing pale uankin flowers having the base of the lip of a bright pea-green. The flowers last a considerable time in bloom." (Orchid-Growers' Manual, p. 329. Ed. seventh, 1894.) I may add that the meaning of Nankin colour or Nankeen colour in dyeing, is the shade of buff obtained from iron salts. As seen by me, in Thana, the petals of the flowers are sometimes cream-coloured. When fresh they have an evanescent slight smell of the English Primrose of Beacons- field fame. fourn. Bombav Nat. Hi DENDROBIUM CHLOROPS, Lindl. Fig. I. Plant with leaves. Fig. '2. Upper part of flowering p Fig. 3. Lip (enlarge THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMB A Y PRESIDENCY. 569 Nairne notes thus : — " Flowers variable in size and colour (Hooker). I venture to say that Hooker's description, as given at page 719, Vol. V., Flora Br. Ind., is not sufficient for the purpose of identifying the plant. This pro- bably was due to Sir Joseph Hooker having written his description from a dry Herbarium specimen or specimens, and not direct from nature. Rheede attri- butes medicinal properties to this plant which are worth quoting, though I have no pei'sonal experience of them. They are translated from Latin for the reader as follows : — ' The entire plant, recently gathered, chiefly its juice, when given internally, cures all kinds of stomach-aches and colic, excites bile and acts as a laxative to the intestines.' " This plant was first identified for me by Mr. M. C. Turner of Bombay. The plate is from my collection. K. R. K.] {To be continued.) 570 THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. By L. C. H. Young, b.a., f.e.s., f.z.s. With Plate 1. Pakt I.— Introductory. The object of this series of articles on the common butterflies of India is to encourage those who have a genuine desire to collect insects, but are deterred from doing so either from the want of any handbook from which they could name their captures, or from their inability to understand the scientific technicalities in the literature to which they already have access. It is hoped that having once named their early captures they will be encouraged to go on collecting on a larger scale. At the same time, as the mere identification of specimens from coloured plates would leave a collector practically as ignorant as when he started, and it being moreover impossible to illustrate all the species he would be likely to meet even in one season, it is advisable to describe simply the general structure of butterflies on the variations of which all classification, arrangement, and ultimately, nomenclature is based. A butterfly is divided structurally into three parts : the Head, Thorax and Abdomen. The Head supports the following paired organs :— (1) the eyes, (2) the antennae or feelers, rising between them, consisting of a great number of rings or joints which are more or less flattened, swollen or grooved towards the tip, so as to form a club. The varia- tions in the character of the club, as well as in the actual length of the antennae as compared with that of the forewing, are often of consider- able importance. Below and in front of these are the mouth organs which consist of (3) the labial palpi ; projecting organs of 3 joints generally thickly scaled and varying considerably in shape. Their principal function is apparently merely to protect (4) the proboscis or trunk which is really a modification of a pair of organs — the maxillae — and can easily be divided with the point of a needle. The front of the head above the palpi is known as the frons. The Thorax consists of three segments, which, however, are general- ly so thickly scaled that they have the appearance of one. The first COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 571 segment or prothorax supports the anterior or front pair of legs. The second, the mesothorax, supports the middle pair of legs and the forewings. The third, or metathorax, the posterior leg? and the hindwings. A butterfly's leg consists normally of 5 segments : (1) the coxa, a short joint attached to the thorax ; (2) the trochanter which is a small pivot connecting the coxa with (3) the femur or thigh ; (4) the tibia, which normally carries two pairs of spurs, one pair about the middle and the other at the apex where it joins (5) the tarsus. This is sub- divided into 5 small joints and bears a pair of claws at the apex. The wings are triangular in shape, the upper side being known as the " costa, " the lower as the " dorsum" or inner margin, and the outer as the " termen " or outer margin. They are interlaced with a number of nervures or veins whose varia- tions are extremely important. For simplicity each vein is known by a number, as will be seen from the figures b3low of the wings of Ismene jaina, which approximates very nearly to the type from which all the variations we shall speak of digress. 572 JOORNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. In the forewing there is a central more or less triangular cell, the sides of which are known as the upper, lower and outer margin (or transverse vein) respectively. There is one vein rising free from the cell below it (No. 1) and one free above it (No. 12) and 10 veins numbered 2 to 11 rising out of the cell. The hindwing is similar, except that there are only six veins rising- out of the cell and consequently the upper one is numbered 8 instead of 12, and. there are two free veins below the cell numbered la and lb. At the base of vein 8 there is a short vein running to the costa known as the " precostal spur '! which is sometimes forked and sometimes obsolete. --(■he precosfal spur It will be as well to remember the technical terms for some of the commonest variations : If 2 veins instead, of rising independently have a common origin from the cell and branch apart later, they are said to be " stalked." If 2 veins rise independently and after coalesce for a short distance and then separate again they are said to " anastomose. " An extreme COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 573 form of this structure is when they coalesce through their entire length and one vein disappears altogether ; or the process may be reversed and the veins tend to separate again until there is nothing but a small bar connecting them. Often a vein becomes " abortive, " being traceable only as a fold in the wing. The majority of butterflies are so large that the structure of the wing can be easily seen even without a lens, but in the case of others a drop of benzine applied with a camel's hair brush on the underside will make all the veins stand out clearly at once while leaving the wing quite uninjured as soon as it is dry. The third section of the butterfly is the abdomen, to which are at- tached the genital appendages, but as the structure of these is of very little importance for our purpose they need not be described here. Butterflies are classified under seven families, the distinctions between which as set forth in the following table should be easily understood from the foregoing : — A. Wings with all the veins present and rising independent- ly from each other 7 Hespeiiadce. A A. Forewing with one or more veins absent or stalked. B. Anterior legs fully developed in both sexes. C. Hindwings. 1. a. absent (i Papilionidce. CC. „ 1. a. present 5 Pieridce. BB. Anterior legs rudimentary in both sexes useless for walking. D. Forewings vein 12 greatly swollen at base 2 Satyridce. * DD. Forewings veins normal , 1 Nymphalidce. BBS. Anterior legs of $ only aborted 3 Erycinidce. BBBB. „ „ „ abbreviated or with one or both claws absent 4 Lyccenidce. FAMILY I. NYMPHALIDCE. Part II. — Descriptive. The species we are illustrating in this family belong to fifteen different genera which may be separated by the characters given in the following table : — A. Hindwings with cell closed, veins 3 and 4 separate. B. Forewings veins 9 and 10 stalked 11 Telchinia. BB. „ „ „ separate or from a point only 6 574 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. C. Fw. vein 5 from the middle of the transverse vein. D. Pnecostal nerve bent forwards, sim- ple. E. Anterior legs clothed with long hair- like scales 12 Limnas. EE. Anterior legs clothed with short appressed scales generally fringed with thinly scattered long hairs 13 Danais. DD. Prascostal nerve bent backwards, bifurcate 14 Eupluu. CC. Fw. vein 5 approximated to 6 at base 15 Melanitis. A A. Hindwings veins 3 and 4 from a point or stalked, or cell open (i.e. with the transverse *vein rudi- mentary). B1. Club of antennas short, broad, abrupt. Cx. Forewings veins 3 and 4 stalked or from a point 2 Junonia. CC1. „ „ 3 and 4 separate. DJ. Eyes smooth, E. Fw. veins 2, 3 and 4 equidistant at base 1 Argynnis. EE. Fw. space between 3 and 4 less than half than between 2 and 3 3 HypoUmnas. DD1. Eyes hairy 4 Vanessa. BBl. Club of antennas long, gradual, often slight C-. Fw. veins 3 and 4 widely separate 8 Charaxes. CC2. Fw. 3 and 4 closely approximated at base or from a point, or cell open. D2. Fw. veins 5 and 6 nearly parallel. E1. Fw. veins 9 and 10 stalked 9 Cethosia. EE2. Fw. veins 9 and 10 separate ... 10 Kallima. DD2. Fw. veins 5 ami 6 more or less ap- proximated at base E2. Fw. veins 9 and 10 stalked ... 5 Cupha. EE2. Fw. veins 9 and 10 separate. F. Palpi as long as or longer than the head G Cyrestis. FF. Palpi shorter than the head. , 7 Apatura. Germs Argynnis. This is the first genus illustrated in this series and includes all those species familiarly known as Fritilleries. COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. bib It comprises a very large number of species which shew considerable structural variation, but they form such a distinct group all resembling each other so closely that the plan adopted by Colonel Bingham, of treating them all as one genus, is the most satisfactory, particularly for amateurs. The genus is, properly speaking, a Pal} JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC. PLATE A THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. Horace Knight, del. Hentschel-Colourtype COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 577 The outline of the wings is more or less angulate, generally sharply so below the apex of the forewing and at the anal angle of the hindwings. The extent to which the angular points are produced, appears to vary seasonably. The markings of several of the species vary more or less with the seasons. J. hierta, Fb. Bright chrome yellow. Forewing. — Costal margin black, generally with a projection or tooth opposite the end of the cell, though this is sometmes hardly traceable. The apical area blackish, enclosing a creamy-white spot and with from 3 to 5 whitish sub- marginal spots between veins towards apex. A black spot between veins 2 and 3 near margin generally joined to a broad black band along the inner margin. A marginal blackish line, cilia whitish between the veins. Hindwing with the basal and costal area black, this area varying one-third to a half of the wing and containing a large blue patch. A broad black marginal band cilia as in the forewing. Underside forewing pale-yellow, the inner margin and apical area grey- ish, some faint brownish streaks in the cell, sometimes joined to enclose grey spots, a brown streak at the end of- the cell. The cream white sub- apical spot of the upperside just traceable and a brown spot below it. The spot between veins2 and3,as on the upperside, prominent. Hindwings grey suffused with yellowish towards outer margin and crossed by several indis- tinct brown lines. A brownish band from the costa to vein 3 beyond the cell. Female similar to the male, but with two or three blackish lines in the cell and the projection from the costal band expanding to form a broad black spot at the end of the cell. A blue-centred spot imme- diately below the creamy subapical spot, and the spot between veins 2 and 3 with a blue centre. Hindwing generally with one or two black spots in the yellow area. Underside as in the male. Distribution. — Throughout India and Ceylon. Expanse 2 i a J. Orithya, L. Male. Forewing with the basal two-thirds of the wing- black, traces of bluish in the cell and a bluish patch at the anal angle. A black blue-centred spot in an orange ring above it. Apical patch brownish black bounded on the inner side by a broad irregular yellowish white band and containing three conjoined spots, the two upper ones whitish, the lower one orange black-centred, sometimes traces of a fourth orange spot. A submargiual series of whitish spots, margin blackish. Hindwing. — Blue, a black triangular patch on the inner margin reaching to the middle of the cell and two orange blue centred spots hl% JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV J. with black margins near the outer margin, A marginal and two submarginal black lines, the space between them whitish. Underside dirty ochreous white. A yellow dark outlined spot in the cell and another at the end of the cell reaching to vein 2, two black lines beyond it, the outer one expanding into spots about the middle. The blackish apical area of the upperside traceable and the two eyelike spots black, yellow-ringed. Hindwing brownish white crossed by several irregular brown lines, the eyelike spots of the upper-side just traceable. The female differs from the male in being much less blue, the basal area of the hind wings suffused with blackish, the eyelike spots of both wings larger and more prominent, and in having an orange spot in the cell of the forewing and another at the end of it. Distribution. — Throughout India and Ceylon. Expanse 2i"— 2$." J. lemonias, L. Male and female dark brown, the basal area paler. Forewing with 3 darker lines in the cell and one at the end of it. A pale-yellowish spot between the two middle ones, and two conjoined spots beyond them. An irregular postmedial series of yellow spots curving round a large eyelike spot, (black blue- centred in an orange ring) towards the anal angle ; another series of pale yellowish spots beyond it and a submarginal yellowish line more or less broken into spots. Sometimes there is a second smaller ocellate subapical spot, but this is more often absent or only faintly traceable. Hindwing. — Brown dusted with paler, a prominent ocellate spot as on the forewing between veins 6 and 7 beyond the cell ; two sub- marginal and a marginal dark brown line. Underside pale yellowish, the costal half of the forewing and the whole of the hindwing suffused with brownish or in the dry season with pinkish brown. Both wings traversed by numerous irregular brown lines and on the fore wings the ocellate spot of the upperside showing as a prominent black yellow-ringed spot. Distribution — Throughout India and Ceylon, Expanse 2%"— H" J. almana, L. Male and female. Forewing bright orange-yellow. Two irregular brown lines in the cell and a black pale centred spot at end of the cell, a brownish streak on the veins beyond and parallel to it. Two ocellate spots in the postmedial area between veins 2 and 3 and 5 and 6, consisting of a pinkish black white-centred spot in a whitish black- COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 579 margined ring ; the upper spot much the smallest, sometimes traces of a black spot immediately above it. Two snbmarginal and a marginal brown line, the spaces between them suffused with brownish. Hindw'mg bright orange-yellow with the marginal lines as in the forewing. A large ocellate spot beyond the cell reaching from near the costa to below vein 5 ; the centre pinkish dusted with grey and containing one black and two white suffused patches, the inner rin a pale-yellowish and the outer black. Underside. Dry-season form. — Uniform pale brown. A straight brown line across the disc of the hindwing and traces of submarginal lines. Wet- season form. — Pale ochreous, marginal brown lines, ocellate spots, and brown spots in and beyond the cell of the upperside prominent. The postmedial brown streak of the forewing continued to the inner mar- gin. Hindwing with a straight narrow whitish band across the centre of the wing and an additional ocellate spot between veins 2 and 3. Distribution. — Throughout India and Ceylon. Expanse 2£" at UJ Junonia iphita, Br. Glossy brown. — Forewing with two darker lines in the cell and two at the end of it, an irregularly dark-brown postmedial line, the space beyond it paler ; a darker subapical suffusion preceding faint traces of a row of brown spots ; submarginal and marginal brown lines. The cilia generally irregularly blotched with white. Hindwing with the outer half paler, traces of a row of postmedial spots and with marginal and submarginal brown lines. Underside generally a much richer brown, the lines of the upperside shewn as bands nearly chocolate in colour ; the postmedial spots more prominent, ringed with pale centres and sometimes particularly towards the costa of the hindwing, outlined with the pale-yellow patches. This is by far the dingiest of the genus and it has a slower flopping kind of flight, but when seen close its glossy velvetty appearance is by no means unhandsome. Distribution. — Throughout India and Ceylon. Expanse 2£" at 3." The other species of this genus, J. atlites, L., which we have not figured, is a pale-grey insect, both wings crossed by numerous brown lines and having a postmedial series of spots, which vary much in size and may number seven on the forewing and six on the hindwino- being reddish -orange with black centres in white dark-edged rings. The markings on the underside are similar to the upper. (To be contimied.) 580 DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. By E. Meyrick, b.a., f.r.s., f.z.s. I. In this and successive papers I propose to endeavour to work out the Indian Micro-Lepidoptera (including under this head those of Burma and Ceylon), a task of great interest and probably also of great magnitude. For material I shall be wholly dependent on others, since there is no likelihood of my being able to visit the region personally at present, and I have already received much kind help and promise of more. I venture, however, to appeal to all collecturs to assist in this matter : very little is known at present, and even the commonest species will be welcomed, to ascertain geographical range and variation. Full information as to localities, elevation, dates, and larval habits is also desired. If collectors will number the species sent in rotation, proceed- ing to higher numbers for successive consignments, and retaining specimens with corresponding numbers, I will send them the identifi- cations according to these numbers. All types of species described will eventually be deposited in the collection of the British Museum ; but I hope also to be able to send duplicates of many species to Mr. E. E. Green, Government Entomologist of Ceylon, and Mr. L. C. H. Young, Entomological Curator at the Bombay Museum, to form re- ference collections which can be consulted on the spot. It is very desirable that specimens should be in good condition ; poor specimens may be identified if the species is already known, but could not be described. In particular, care should be taken to prevent their becoming mouldy, which, I am aware, is difficult in the tropics ; but mould will not attack insects in boxes if a small piece of sponge is pinned in one corner (so as not to come in contact with the box itself) and some carbolic acid dropped on the sponge ; the vapour will not only keep off mould, but insect pests of all descriptions. Mould on the head of small insects makes the structure unrecognisable, and, in general, cannot be removed. It is impossible to insist too strongly on the necessity for proper packing ; it is very disappointing to all concerned when valuable specimens are destroyed in transit, whilst with due care this need never happen. I recommend that the following instructions should be strict- ly carried out. Trie insect-box should be small and light, no strength being required, and the cork should be good ; the specimens placed as INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 581 close together as possible, all pins firmly fixed, and if naphthaline or other preservative is included, it should be wrapped in muslin, and this very firmly pinned. A piece of loose cotton wool may be pinned in one corner to catch stray abdomens if detached. The insect-box should then be packed in a larger box of sufficient size to allow of at least one inch of packing all round, and at top and bottom ; this packing should be either cotton wool or tightly crumpled paper, the latter material being unsurpassed for cheapness and efficiency. The outer case must be strong enough to resist moderate pressure, but any light wooden box will serve, or a biscuit-tin does very well. The address should not be entrusted to a tied label, as these are frequently dragged off in transit, but gummed on the outer case. Insects thus packed were sent me by Captain (now Lt.-Col.) Manders from the Shan States, travelling- hundreds of miles by pack-mule over mountain ranges and unbridged torrents before making the voyage to England, and suffered absolutely no damage. All consignments should be addressed to me at Thorn- hanger, Marlborough, Wilts. All specimens must be pinned, not sent in papers ; if possible, they should be set, as they do not relax so well as larger insects, and this applies especially to the more minute species which can hardly be set except when fresh. Fine pins of only moderate length should be used ; for average Micros it suffices if there is about half-an-inch of pin below the insect, and enough above to grasp with the forceps. As the basis of the following descriptions I have assumed the classi- fication, terminology, systematic characters, &c, given in my " Hand- book of British Lepidoptera." As the work proceeds, I will give such dichotomous tabulations of the genera and species from time to time as may seem necessary. Meanwhile, I shall be glad to explain to corres- pondents any difficulties that they find in identification of species. For the material of the present paper I am indebted to Mr. E. E. Green, Government Entomologist of Ceylon ; Mr. J. Pole, of Maske- liya, Ceylon ; Lt.-Col. N. Manders, R.A.M.C. ; and Mr. H. Maxwell- Lefroy, Government Entomologist of India. The name of the collector is recorded in the case of each species. Pterophorid^e. Oxyptilus zanclistes n. sp. #9. 16 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, irrorated with fuscous. Palpi white, second and terminal joints with oblique dark fuscous bars. An- tennae white, lined with blackish. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, mixed with 7 582 JOURNAL, BOMBAY- NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. fuscous. Segments 1 — 3 with wedge-shaped dark fuscous dorsal marks, i — 6 wholly dark fuscous on dorsum. Forewing with segnlents extremely narrow, apex of second segment forming a very long slender sickle-shaped projection ; fuscous, finely irrorated with whitish-ochreous ; a cloudy dark fuscous discal dot at ^ ; an ochreous-whitish costal spot on middle of first segment; cilia, whitish-ochreous, dark fuscous spots in costal cilia before and beyond pale spot, two others posteriorly, and one at apex, lower cilia of first segment and upper of second with scattered dark fuscous scales, dorsal cilia with grey pra- tornal patch, and four slight scale-projections of two or three dark fuscous scales each, first mixed with whitish scales. Hindwings dark fuscous, third segment ochreous-whitish posteriorly, irrorated with dark fuscous ; cilia of first two segments fuscous with slight purplish tinge, of third segment whitish- ochreous, on upper margin irregularly strewn with black scales and with a loose tuft of black scales at §, on dorsum with a rather broad patch of black scales at § and a small tuft at apex. Two specimens, Fort Stedman, Burma (Manders). Differs from other de- scribed species by the especially long and slender apical projection of the second segment of forewings. Ojcyptilus causodes n. sp. $$. 20 — 22mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark reddish-fuscous, face without tuft. Palpi long, slender. Forewings with segments narrow ; dark reddish-fuscous, slightly sprinkled with whitish-grey, especially on first seg- ment ; an ochreous-whitish costal dot or small spot at middle of first segment, and a slender ochreous-whitish bar near its apex ; cilia fuscous, with numerous scattered blackish scales, forming a bar at lower angle of tip of first segment, rounded dark fuscous black-edged spots at tip of second and tornus, ar.d two undefined projections on its dorsum. Hindwings with segments linear ; dark fuscous; cilia fuscous, on third segment mixed with black scales at base" on both margins, with a large triangular black scale-tooth on lower margin at ^, and a small one beneath apex. Nine specimens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, in August and October (Green). Larva feeds in fleshy fruits of Dillenia retusa, in August ; when about to pupate, it leaves the fruit and attaches itself to any neighbouring support (Green). Alucita L. I follow Lord Walsingham's most recently expressed views in adopting the name Alucita for the genus standing in my Handbook as Pterophorus and the name Pterophorus for the genus there called Alucita. Alucita sesamitisn. sp. $. 21mm. Head, palpi, antenna?, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs white, anterior and middle pair with a blackish line. Forewings with segments moderately narrow ; ochreous-whitish ; a fuscous discal dot at 3 ; a small fuscous spot at base of upper margin of second segment ; first segment with a blackish dot on costa beyond its middle, and another on its lower margin before apex ; second segment with a blackish dot in middle of its lower margin, INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 583 another beyond this, and a third at apex ; cilia whitish, towards tornus tinged with greyish-ochreous towards tips. Hindwings grey, third segment becoming ochreous-whitish towards base ; cilia whitish-grey, on dorsum of third segment becoming whitish towards base. One specimen, Koni, Burma, in September (Manders). Orneodid^e. Orneodes thapsina n. sp. £. 21 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, crown ochreous-yellow. Palpi and antennae ochreous-whitish. Thorax ochreous-orange, partially sprinkled with fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-orange, segmental margins white. Legs whitish, anterior femora and tibias dark fuscous above. Forewings orange-ochreous, towards base partially suffused with fuscous, posterior § crossed by four irre- gular whitish lines, partially obscurely edged with a fuscous tinge ; tips of segments pale or whitish, with a minute dark fuscous terminal dot ; cilia alter- nately whitish-ochreous and whitish. Hindwings whitish ; segments 1 — 5 with six, segment 6 with three ochreous bars irregularly edged with dark fuscous irroratiou ; cilia as in forewings. Two specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February (Pole). Only comparable in general colouring with the Australian 0. xanthodes, from which, however, it is quite distinct. Orneodes ischalea n. sp. $ . 13 mm. Head white, back of crown mixed with fuscous. Palpi white, externally fuscous-tinged. Antennas whitish. Thorax whitish, mixed with fuscous. Abdomen whitish, irrorated with fuscous, with a clear white trapezo- idal dorsal patch before middle, and a spot beyond middle. Legs white, anterior femora and tibiae infuscated above. Forewings and hindwings whitish-ochreous, crossed by six white irregular lines edged with fuscous irroration, sixth terminal; base of forewing mixed with dark fuscous, costa spotted alternately with white and dark fuscous ; cilia alternately whitish-ochreous and whitish. One specimen, Pundalu-oya, Ceylon, in February (Green). Epiblemid.e. Platypeplus Wals. Antennas in <£ simple or shortly fasciculate-ciliated. Palpi porrected or sub- ascending. Thorax with posterior crest. Posterior tibise broadly dilated with long dense rough scales, forming a brush on inner side, in $ with one or more expansible hair pencils above. Forewings in £ without costal fold, termen straight or slightly rounded, with dorsal scale-projection at f, 7 and 8 separate. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate, 5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7 approximated towards base, in £ sometimes with subdorsal groove. Closely allied to Eucosma, from which it differs essentially by the brush- like posterior tibiae. This character is not mentioned at all by Lord Walsingham, but his genus was based on the single species aprohola Meyr., which shows the structure clearly. I have also an undescribed Australian species, and now add eight from Ceylon, so that the genus will doubtless prove very extensive. 584 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Platypeplus hedrcea n. sp. $. 14—15 mm. Head ochreousfuscous, purplish-tinged. Palpi dark fuscous. Antennae fuscous. Thorax ferruginous-brown, suffused with purplish. Abdomen grey, apex whitish. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, little oblique, rounded beneath ; deep ferruginous, posteriorly brown-reddish on veins and suffused with blackish grey between them ; an obtuse-triangular white costal patch, extending along costa from before £ to f , and reaching \ across wing, on costa strigulated with black, beneath which is a'slight grey or ochreous suffusion ; ocellus containing three or four longitudinal blackish bars, its posterior margin leaden ; a fine blackish line from costa before apex to termen below middle ; extreme apex orange • cilia ferruginous, partly barred with dark grey. Hindwings somewhat distorted and roughened with scales on dorsal § of posterior half ; grey thinly scaled towards base, darker towards tornus ; cilia whitish grey, with darker subbasalline. Two specimens, Kandy, Ceylon, in August and September (Green). Easily known by the white costal patch. Platypeplus harmonica n. sp. $ . 18 mm. Head and palpi blackish grey, marked with white. Antennas dark grey. Thorax dark grey mixed with white. Abdomen dark fuscous, anal tuft whitish. Posterior tibia? with long hair pencil from base above, basal joint of posterior tarsi with fringe of dense projecting scales above, Forewings elon- gate-triangular, costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen some- what rounded, little oblique ; deep brown-red ; basal half mixed with olive- green and blackish and suffusedly strigulated with white, with small scattered tufts of raised white scales, limited by an olive-green line ; terminal half with pairs of white costal strigulse ; a small orange discal spot at §, preceded by a blackish suffusion ; a pale purplish transverse shade beyond this, and a double pale ochreous subterminal stria, mixed with white broken beneath apex ; between these some small grey spots, mixed with blue-whitish ; cilia brown-reddish, barred with grey and white, towards tornus ochreous-yellow, and with a small orange spot at apex. Hindwings with subdorsal groove ; dark fuscous, lighter towards base ; cilia whitish with grey basal line. One specimen, Peradeniya, in August ^Green). Platypeplus erotias n. sp. $ $. 13 — 16 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ferruginous-brown, mixed with blackish. Antennae brown. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings rather short- triatigular, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, little obli- que, rounded beneath ; brown, more or less suffused with light rosy-crimson especially on margins, strigulated with dark fuscous, and strewn with spots of raised leaden scales, some of which are sometimes tipped with white ; a small irregular whitish-ochieous spot in disc at f ; cilia dark grey, basal half barred with rosy-crimson. Hindwings dark fuscous, lighter towards base; cilia grey, with darker subbasal line; in and the want of the large median tuft of posterior tibiae. The curious modification of the palpi of $ occurs in INDIAN MICRO-LEPTDOPTERA. 593 varying degree in some species of Timyra, Crocanthes, and other allied genera, and is certainly only a specific character. Cacogamia, Snell, would seem from the descriptions to be a synonym of this genus. Tipha monetella. Felcl. {Anarsia monetella. Feld., Keis. Nov. pi. CXXXIX, 19.) Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February (Pole). Tipha pharetrata, n. sp. $9. 20-21 mm. Head light ochreous-orange, crown in $ suffused with purple-fuscous. Palpi in ft obliquely ascending, clothed with dense long projecting scales beneath so as to be spoon-shaped, obtuse, terminal joint minute, concealed ; dark shining steel-grey, towards base light ochreous-orange, in 9 wholly light ochreous orange. AntenniB ochreous-yellow, more or less suf- fused with grey towards tip. Thorax ochreous-orange, patagia purplish- fuscous. Abdomen whitish-yellowish, mixed with grey, especially in $. Legs ochreous-yellowish, anterior tibiae in ft with recurved flap of dense yellowish gcay scales beneath ; posterior tibiae orange, with shining bronze marks above near bas9 and beyond middle, slightly rough aud with bJack spots above on origin of spurs. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; 2, 4, 5 approximated, 7 to costa, 8 absent, 9 separate ; orange, lighter and more ochreous-tinged towards costa ; markings shining silvery-bronze ; a spot on base of costa ; a line along sub- median fold from rather near base to beyond middle of wing; a longitudinal discal line from beyond £ to §', dilated at extremities, and a longitudinal spot above its posterior extremity ; six streaks on veins starting from beyond |, and running to posterior part of costa and termen : cilia ochreous. Hindwings in ft with 2, 4, 5 approximated, 6 and 7 connate, in $ 3 and 4 short-stalked ; in ft light yellowish-fuscous, in $ grey ; cilia pale brownish-ochreous, in $ pale yellowish round apex and upper part of termen; in ft with large expan- sible subdorsal pecten of pale yellowish hairs. Two specimens, Kandy and Peradeniya, Ceylon (Green). Tipha spectralis, n. sp. ft. 21 mm. Head shining golden. Palpi clothed with dense long project- ing scales beneath so as to be spoon-shaped, obtuse, terminal joint concealed ; shining metallic grey, above and beneath suffused with ochreous-yellow. Antennae dark fuscous, with obscure median band of pale ochreous suffusion. Thorax ochreous-orange, sides and posterior extremity shining metallic grey. Abdomen ochreous-yellowish. Legs yellowish, anterior tibiae dark grey above, with flap of recurved pale ochreous-yellowish hairs beneath, posterior tibiae and basal joint of tarsi clothed with long hairs above. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; 2 and 4 connate, 5 parallel, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen; light shining bronzy- fuscous ; costa suffused with ochreous-yellow, except a basal spot ; dorsum suffused with ochreous-yellow anteriorly, connected with costal suffusion near base, and by a bar at i ; an indistinct ocbreous-yellowish transverse 594 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI. mark below middle of disc : cilia pale shining bronzy, on costa and towards tornus yellowish-suffused. Hindwings with termen rather abruptly sinuate, 2, 4, 5 approximated, 6 to apes, 7 absent ; light grey, yellowish-tinged, towards costa suffused with yellow-ochreous ; a deep longitudinal median groove throughout, beneath which towards base is a dense expansible pecten of long yellowish hairs ; cilia pale ochreous. One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole). Tipha pyrophanes, n. sp. $. 20 mm. Bead and thorax shining purplish-bronzy fuscous. Palpi ochreous-yellow. Antennas fuscous. Abdomen grey. Legs yellowish, anterior femora and tibiae metallic grey, posterior tibiae smooth, deep yellow, apex dark grey. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; 2 and 4 approximated, 5 parallel, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen ; deep orange ; markings shining purplish-leaden-grey ; a very small basal patch ; a small spot in disc at \ ; a very large patch occupying entire apical f except towards margins anteriorly, enclosing an irregularly triangular patch of ground colour in disc about § ; cilia shining grey. Hindwings with 6 and 7 stalked; grey ;cilia light grey, towards base suffused with whitislvochreous. One specimen, Pundalu-oya, Ceylon, in February (Green). Tipha phalaritis,~a.. sp. 9. 18 mm. Head and throax bluish-bronzy-fuscous. (Palpi broken.) Antennae rather dark fuscous, with whitish median band. Abdomen dark grey. Legs orange, femora and anterior tibiae grey, apex of middle and pos- terior tibiae dark grey, posterior tibiae with a tuft of grey hairs above on origin of median spurs, tarsi whitish. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen very obliquely rounded ; 2 and 4 approximated, 5 parallel, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen ; deep reddish-orange ; markings pur- plish-fuscous ; a very small basal patch ; a discal dot at \ ; a reniform blotch in disc slightly before middle ; a terminal blotch occupying posterior fourth of wing : cilia pale shining fuscous, with brassy-purplish reflections. Hindwings with 6 and 7 stalked ; rather dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous, paler towards tips. One specimen, Kandy, Ceylon, in September (Greenj. Tipha brochias, n. sp. $ . 20 mm. Head shining bronze, sides yellowish. Palpi with second joint loosely haired, terminal joint minute ; ochreous-yellow, towards base sprinkled with dark fuscous. Antennae pale ochreous, towards base and apex becoming dark fuscous. Thorax dark bronzy-fuscous, tips of palagia tinged with brassy-ochreous. Abdomen dark fuscous, apex ochreous-yellow. Legs ochreous-yellow, anterior femora and tibiae dark fuscous above, apex of middle femora and tibiae dark fuscous, posterior tibiae beyond median spurs, and basal joint of posterior tarsi dark fuscous, scales slightly raised on origin of spurs. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen very obliquely rounded ; 2 and 4 approximated, 5 parallel, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen ; orange, paler towards costa ; markings bronzy-fuscous, INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 595 darker-edged, suffused with shining purplish-leaden ; an elongate costal blotch at base, extended in disc to connect with an elongate loop-shaped discal blotch reaching to 2 ; a streak along dorsum from near base to beyond middle ; a terminal patch occupying apical third, its anterior edge convex : cilia bronzy- fuscous. Hindwings with 2, 4,5 approximated, 6 and 7 connate; a slight discal groove and ridge of scales towards base ; dark fuscous ; an irregular ochreous-yellow patch in disc towards base ; cilia fuscous. One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole). Timyra. Walk. Antennae over l,in ft simple, basal joint elongate, in ft sometimes densely tufted. Labial palpi long, recurved, second joint in ft sometimes clothed with long loose rough hairs, or with fine expansible hairs inwardly, in 9 with ap- pressed scales, rough beneath, terminal joint in ft sometimes very short, thickened with scales, rough anteriorly, in $ nearly or quite as long as second, slender, acute, loosely scaled. Anterior tibiae with brush of scales beneath, posterior tibiae with large dense median tuft of long hair scales above in both sexes, posterior tarsi thickened with rough scales or with fringe of long hairs above. Forewings with 2 remote from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen or apex. Hindwings over 1, trapezoidal, apex obtuse, termen not sinuate, cilia f, in ft usually with deep groove beneath cell, containing long hair-pencil ; in ft 3 absent, 2 and 4 approximated or stalked, in 9 2 remote, 3 and 4 separate or stalked ; 5 absent, 6 and 7. stalked. Obviously allied to Crochantes, which is, however, immediately distinguished by the absence of veins 2 and 9 of forewings ; the large scale tuft of posterior tibiae in both sexes is a quite peculiar character. Decuaria, Walk., is a synonym. Timyra macMas, n. sp. ft 9. 20-22 mm. Head bronzy-fuscous, sides ochreous-whitish, in ft with scales of crown directed forwards above antennae. Palpi ochreous-whitish mixed with dark fuscous, in ft with basal joint dilated, second joint much enlarged, very long and thickened with dense scales, above with fringe of long projecting hairs and on inner side with long expansible whitish hair-pencil, terminal joint ^ of second, thickened with dense dark fuscous scales, in 9 second joint with appressed scales, terminal joint as long as second, both with anterior edge blackish. Antennas whitish-ochreous, in 9 ringed, in ft suffused with fuscous, basal joint in ft with large whitish-ochreous tuft of scales in front, hollowed and dark fuscous on inner side. Thorax fuscous, collar fuscous, whitish. Abdomen pale ochreous. Legs ochreous-yellow, anterior pair dark fuscous, except part of tarsi, middle tibiae whitish banded with dark fuscous posterior tibiae and tarsi with long fine projecting hairs above, spotted and streaked with dark fuscous, median tuft of tibiae ochreous-yellow, mixed with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex in ft obtuse, in 9 round-pointed, termen straight, rather oblique, rounded beneath ; 7 to apex ; light brown, mixed with darker ; basal area mixed with 596 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. orange, and with orange median and plical streaks to middle ; in $ a sub-basal tuft of erect scales ; beyond middle a broad orange slightly oblique transverse fascia ; posterior area with white lines on veins, and along costa and termen : cilia pale ochreous, base orange-tinged, with two dark fuscous shades. Hind- wings in $ whitish-ochreous, posteriorly suffused with fuscous, in 9 fuscous ; cilia as in forewings. Two specimens, Kandy, Ceylon, in September and October (Green). Timyra mendicella. Walk. , (Decuaria mendicella, Walk. Cat. Tin. 797.) Palpi with appressed scales, very long, slender, alike in both sexes. Antennae in ). Aracnecthra audamanica (The Andaman Sun-bird). This little honey-sucker is the commonest bird on the island. It chiefly frt,- quents the coast. (4). Myristicivora bicolor (The Pied Imperial Pigeon). This fine conspicuous pigeon is fairly common especially near the shore. Mr. A. O. Hume says it is only a seasonal visitor, though on what grounds I do not know. I should not be surprised to find it proved to be a resident. (5). Halcyon pileata (The Black-capped Kingfisher). I saw only two specimens of this beautiful Kingfisher, so it is presumably rather rare. (6). Collocalia innominala (Hume's Swiftlet). I saw a number of these Swiftlets hawking flies around the summit of the mountain. They probably breed in the caves along the south coast of the island. (7). Lepterodius sacer (The Eastern Reef-Heron). This Reef-Heron is fairly common along the coast. (8). Halia'etus leucogaster (The White-bellied Sea-Eagle). I saw a pair, as well as a young bird in immature plumage. (9). Astur (?) species. I saw two small hawks circling around the top of the mountain. They resembled Astur in their flight. They may have been merely accidental visitors. (10). Clialcophaps indica (The Bronze-winged Dove). I shot a single specimen of this dove, the only one I saw. It is apparently very rare. (11). Eudynamis honor ata (The Indian Koel). I heard and saw a good many Koel. They are undoubtedly, as in the Anda- mans, only cold weather visitors. 12 622 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV L. (12). Hirundo rustica (The Swallow). Common along the shore and near the summit. Migratory. (13). Motacilla melanope (The Grey Wagtail). (14). Limonidromus indicus (The Forest-Wagtail). (15). Strepsilas interpret (The Turnstone). ^ Winter migrants. (16). Totanus hypoleucus (The Common Sandpiper). (17). Merops philippinus (The Blue-tailed Bee-eater). Among mammals I found two species of Fruit Bats. The Nicobar Flying- Fox {Pteropus nicobaricus) and another smaller species, as well as a rat which appeared to be semi-arboreal in its habits. Of reptiles Varanus salvator (The Ceylon Monitor) was very common, especially near the shore. They use their powerful tails in self-defence, inflicting a nasty blow upon any one approaching them incautiously from behind. Skinks of various sizes were also very common as well as Calotes sp. and a beautiful little green lizard provided with suctorial feet. We also obtained a snake but no frogs or toads. The ground was, as is usual on such islands, alive with hermit crabs of all sizes, and large whitish land crabs were to be found in holes at the root of some of the larger trees. Mosquitoes were fortunately very rare owing no doubt chiefly to the absence of fresh water. I saw a couple of scorpions under fallen wood. The forest belongs to the tropical evergreen type and some of the trees attain very large dimensions both in girth and height. Figs are very numerous, and it is no doubt largely due to this fact that so large a number of fruit- eating birds can support themselves all the year round on so small an area. Towards the summit of the mountain the tree growth becomes stunted and the vegetation alters markedly in character, such genera as Strobilanthes , sEschynanthus and Begonia being represented, which recall the flora of the eastern temperate Himalayas. The temperature at the top of the mountain at midday was 74° in the shade, that at the bottom under similar conditions being 82°. The view from the top wras most impressive, commanding as it does the whole of the island, which is spread out at one's feet, surrounded by the limitless ocean. 623 THE OULICID FAUNA OF THE ADEN HINTERLAND, THEIR HAUNTS AND HABITS. By W. S. Patton, m.b. (Edin.), Lt., i.m.s. (With Plates A, B, C, D, and a Map.) (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on Z\st Aug. 1905.) The following paper is the outcome of a year's study of the Culicidas of the Aden Hinterland, the notes for which were made when serving with a Native Field Hospital. One could not help being struck with the large number of men who suffered from a very severe type of malaria, and yet nothing was known about the species of Anopheles that was carrying the malaria parasite. It was this that led me to investigate the matter, studying, more particularly, the Anopheles mosquitoes that are to be found in the District. As an introduction a short description of the journey from Aden to D'thala, the furthest British Post in the Hinterland, is given, as a very vague idea exists as to where the Hinterland is, judging from the addresses of many letters received there. The Hinterland can be roughly described as that part of Southern Arabia, outside Aden, under British Protection, stretching from Point Murad, on the Gulf of Aden, inland in a north-easterly direction passing Kataba, the Turkish frontier town, 9 miles from D'thala, to the Great Arabian Desert. This boundary has already been delimitated and is roughly about 300 miles long ; from here the boundary, yet to be mapped out, stretches in an easterly direction reaching the coast north-east of Aden. After leaving Aden, the first halt is made at Sheik Othaman, where there is a rest camp on the further side of the town. Sheik, 9 miles from Aden, has a population of about 7,000. The country house of the Resident is here, situated in a thickly wooded garden. The road from Sheik to Bir Said Ali, the next post about 12 miles from Sheik, crosses a sandy desert. It is a very tedious and trying march in the hot weather. There is a Standing Camp at Bir Said Ali and good drinking water can be obtained from the wells close by. Salim, 11 miles further, the next halting place, is situated about 200 yards from the Wady es Saghir. It is a most undesirable spot, exceedingly hot and sandy, and is infested with camel ticks, mosquitoes and sand flies. Next morning, trekking almost due north, the Wady Tiban is met at Silula, after leaving it on the left, the villages of Zaida, Shaka, and Al Anad are passed, from which last, Nobat Dakin, the next post, comes into view. Nobat, 1,100 feet up, is situated on a spur, about \ mile above the Wadv Tiban. It is the head-quarters of the lines of communication, consisting of a large Supply and Transport Depot with a detachment of Native Infantry under a British Officer. 624 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. The next march to El Milleh, 14 miles from Nobat, is up the dry bed of the Sailah Bileh for 7 miles, then the track leaves the bed and passes over the hills to El Milleh. El Milleh, where there is a small blockhouse, is situated on a plain, just above a dry river bed. There is a legend attached to some graves, within a few hundred yards of the camp, that they belong to some sailors who were shipwrecked close by. El Milleh to Hardeba, is a stage of 12 miles over a good track ; about 8 miles from El Milleh, looking due east, two miles from the path, one sees the Fort of Sulek, the centre of the late Kotaibi Operations. Hardeba is situated on the Saileh Hardeba, and has a good water-supply from a perennial spring below the Fort. The path onwards to Ehado, the next halt, a nine-mile march, is along a dry bed, which in parts is thickly wooded and rather picturesque for this part of Arabia. It is exceedingly unwise to encamp in the river bed during the rainy season, as mountain torrents swelled by the storms in the mountains above make their appearance without much warning and wash everything before them. Rhado brings one on the 7th evening to the foot of the D'thala hills and the last march is accomplished by ascending either the Kuraba or the Robart Pass. D'thala, a plateau 5,000 feet, named after the village, is situated at the foot of the Jehaf Range. The climate is salubrious and compares favourably with Indian stations such as Poona. The weather is bracing from December to March, The rainy season consisting of June, July, and August are delightful months. They are characterized by frequent afternoon thunderstorms, seldom raining continuously but lasting for about two hours. The average rainfall is moderate, amounting to about 20 inches. After this short introduction, I will take up the detailed description of the various mosquitoes, starting with the Anopheles. The accompanying skeleton map of the Hinterland has the names of the different species marked on it. It is especially intended to show the distribution of the various Anopheles Mosquitoes that are found in the country. After examining some hundreds of specimens of the five Arabian Anopheles, I came to the conclusion they were distinct species for the following reasons : — (1) The adult females differ from the descriptions of all the known Anopheles. (2) The eggs and larvae are distinct from any that have yet been de- scribed. Thanks to the excellent works of Captain James, I.M.S., Dr. J. W. W. Stephens and Lieut. S. R. Christophers, I.M.S., on the eggs and larvae of most of the Indian Anopheles, one is able to say a species of Anopheles is a distinct one, if a definite difference between the eggs and the larvae of any two species can be shown to exist. It will be noted the five Anopheles are named after different parts of the country, thus enabling anyone to locate these species. Jouri). Bonjbay Nat hist Soc. VOL. XVI, MAP OF THE ADEN HINTERLAND. TO ILLUSTRATE THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE ANOPHELES, A. A ANOPHELES ARABIANENSIS. DTHALI. TIBANI. JEHAFI AZRIKI ScoJe /= LaJvej is aoprox CULICID FAUNA OF THE ADEN HINTERLAND. 625 .Anopheles arabiensis n. sp. Palpi, three white bands, remainder brown, thorax mouldy with silvery hair- like curved scales. Abdomen brown, covered with dark hairs. Legs banded at all joints. Female. — Head black, occiput and nape covered with brown upright forked scales. Long curved silvery hairs project over the eyes and clypeus. Scattered over the back of the head there are a few narrow curved and spindle-shaped scales. Palpi (Fig. 1) are not densely scaled and show three white bands including the apices. The lowest band is about a third of the way up the palpus and is intermediate in size. The central band is the smallest and the apical the broadest. Proboscis brown with yellow apex. Clypeus dark-brown, antennas are dark with silvery hairs, the basal joint being large and globular. Thorax light brown, anteriorly there are a few dark, forked and spindle- shaped scales. Scattered over the dorsum there are long and short hair-like curved scales. Prothoracic lobes have a few hairs on them. Abdomen has no scales on either surface, but long brown hairs. Wing (Fig. 2) is spotted, with costa showing 7 dark spots, four long ana three short. Subcostal vein has two dark spots below the fifth and sixth costal spots. The 1st longitudinal has four black spots, the second is divided into two, sometimes three. The 2nd vein has two black spots on main stem, two on upper and three on lower stem of each branch — often one spot is wanting on each. The 3rd vein has two small patches near its origin and one near its termination — this is most constant. The 4th long vein has two long black spots on the main stem and two on each branch. The 5th has one small spot on the main stem, two on the upper and one on the lower branch. The 6th vein has three spots, one near its origin, one in the centre and one at its termination. The wing fringe is dark with white areas at the junction of all the veins and with a white spot between the junction of the (5th vein and the base of the wing. This spot is sometimes absent. Legs dark brown with yellowish bands at all the joints. The femur and tibia of the hind leg are speckled, the latter often has a well marked band at its lower end, ungues are simple and equal. Male. — The upright forked scales are better marked, otherwise the cephalic ornamentation is the same as in the female. Palpi (Fig. 1) are lightly scaled, the lowest band is the same as in the female, though less distinct. The next band is situated at the junction of the club- shaped apical segment with the lower end, then follows a long white band, then a small black patch, which is sometimes wanting, and lastly the apex is white. The thorax and abdomen are the same as in the female, sometimes a few spindle-shaped scales are seen on the last abdominal segment. Genitalia. — Basal segment is curved and globular, covered with brown hairs, apical segment is long and narrow terminating in a point. 626 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Wing ornamentation is the same as in the female. The legs are faintly banded at all the joints. Fore ungues are unequal and uniserrated. Larva. — Head is black, thorax dark, brown in centre, paler at the sides, abdomen is dark brown. The antennae have no spine on outer side. Fronial hairs simple and unbranched. Palmate hairs are present on 2-7th segment inclusive ; there are undeveloped hairs on the 1st segment. The blade is long and dark, the shoulder serrated and the filament long and pointed. Egg (Fig. 3) is boat-shaped, with a narrow striated frill extending all round the margin of the upper surface. The float is lateral, extending nearly to each end, but nearer the narrower. It does not encroach on the frill. The ova are as a rule laid in the early morning on the surface of some floating object. They are laid in irregular groups and only display star-shaped and other patterns when disturbed by the wind or current. Habitat and Observations. — A. arabimsis has been found from Sheik Othaman to D'thala. It is the common anopheles of the district and is the chief and, as far as the writer can say, the only certain malaria transmitter in nature. It loves breeding in running water and is found in all the small streams and irrigation channels round about Lahej. It has also been found breeding in wells. In most parts of the country water is obtained from deep wells, 40-50 feet below the surface. Adult females were found in the tents of the rest camp at Sheik Othaman in February 1904 and in January 1905 larvae were found breeding in the irrigation channels in the garden of the Resident's bungalow. A careful search was made for larvas in June to September, but neither adult imagines nor larva? were found. It is most probable that it comes into season early in November and remains till April or May. This almost exactly corresponds with the fever season at ^heik. The same can be said about Bir Said Ali, where it breeds in the local wells. Many adult females were caught in the tents in February 1905. It abounds in all the pools and streams around Lahej and Salim, where there is much cultivation. The tents occupied by the sepoys at Salim contained large numbers of this mosquito in September, January and February. Nobat has long been famous for its fever and it was found that this anopheles, though present in the Wady Tiban practically all the year round, is most numerous from March to ^November. It breeds in the wells at El Milleh during the hot weather. It was found in the wells around Sulek and Ulub ; it was at the latter place in May 1904 that this anopheles was found for the first time breeding in the well near Ulub. The water was stored in tanks in the camp and all precautions were taken from preventing any larvae from Hardeba being brought to the camp and placed in the tanks. I personally inspected the tanks immediately after the water was brought. Adult females were caught every morning in a tent nearest to the Ulub well (900 yds.). One morning the sepcy in charge informed me some larvae were brought in the Journ. Borobay Nat. Hist. Soc. VOL. XVI. PLATE A FIG. 3 EGG FIG. 1 PALPI FIG. 2 WING DIAGRAMS OF ANOPHELES ARABIENSIS N. SP. FIG. 5 WING FIG. 6 LEAF OF PALMATE HAIR FIG. 4 PALPI DIAGRAMS OF ANOPHELES DTHALI N. SP. FIG. 7 EGG CULICID FAUNA OF THE ADEN HINTERLAND. 627 water from the well. The Hardeba water was kept quite separate. This then explained the presence of the few females which were caught every morning. At Hardeba it breeds in the spring water and many pools which collect in the river bed, chiefly from March to November. It breeds in all the wells around D'thala from May to the end of October. It was also found in two springs near D'thala. Towards the middle of October at D'thala most of the adults bred out of larvae were very miniature and I feel certain that if these specimens had been sent to the British Museum for identi- fication they would have been labelled differently. They had hardly any palpal markings and the wing fields were quite pale. This seasonal variation Avas observed in the earlier part of the year when this anopheles begins to come into season. It was at D'thala that this mosquito was dissected and sporozoits were found. When on a short visit to Am Riga in the Subahai country this anopheles was found breeding with Culexpipiens in brackish water. This anopheles was never found by me in Aden, but Dr. Young of Sheik Otharaan informed me that he once observed an anopheles mosquito at Steamer Point, which was most probably, he thought, arabiensis. I am certain this mosquito will be found in the wells both at the Crater and Steamer Point and that it has made its way into Aden from Sheik Othaman. When stationed in Aden a short time I undertook to estimate the endemic index and soon found malaria parasites in children who were born in Aden and who had never been out if it. This anopheles is closely related to A. rossii and A. ludlowii, but there are some important differences, which will be seen on comparing them. Speci- mens of this mosquito were sent to Mr. Theobald in May 1904 and they were said to be .4. ivellcomei, Theobald. Since then I have read the description of A. ivellcomei in the First Report of the Gordon Memorial College and it is obvious to me that they are not the same. I sent some specimens to Dr. Stephens, saying Mr. Theobald thought they were A. ivellcomei. He compared them with the type in the British Museum and he informed me they were quite distinct. Curiously enough though Mr. Theobald informed me that this mosquito was, in his opinion, A. ivellcomei, yet in a note on A. pharceusis he says, "it also extends into Arabia, having recently been sent me from the Aden Hinter- land." This note is obviously meant for A. ivellcomei as up to that time (September 1904), when the report first appeared, this was the only anopheles I sent to Mr. Theobald. It is hardly necessary to say not a single specimen of A. pkarceusis was found by me anywhere in the Hinterland. Anopheles dthali n.sp. Palpi pale with two white bands, thorax light brown covered with curved scales. Abdomen greenish with darker patches in parts. Legs brown with yellowish bands at the joints. 628 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Female. — Head light brown with many long light brown upright forked scales ; clypeus grey, antenna? light brown with light and dark hairs. Palpi (Fig. 4) lightly scaled with two white bands, one at the junction of the middle with the upper third and the second at the junction of the middle and lower third. The apex is dark. Thorax yellowish brown covered with pale curved hairs and scales. The sides of the meso-thorax are greenish in some lights ; scutellum is brown with a few curved scales. Abdomen, greenish with darker patches, is covered with light brown hairs. Legs are brown with faint yellow bands at all the joints. Wing (Fig. 5), the costa has four black spots, the basal spot being the longest. The sub-costal has one black spot near its termination. The 1st long vein has four black spots corresponding to the four on costa. The remainder of the wing field is pale. The wing fringe is dark. There are no pale patches. Male is much paler than the female, the upright forked scales on head are more prominent. The palpi are exceedingly pale, there are practically no bands ; thorax and abdomen same as in female. Legs are brown with yellow areas at the joints ; fore ungues unequal and uniserrated. The wing has the same markings as in the female. Genitalia. — Basal segment medium sized covered with light brown hairs, apical segment narrow, much curved and terminating in a point. Larva. — Head brown, thorax dark, body almost black with some light mottling. Frontal hairs are simple and unbranched. Antennae have a spine on the outer border about midway. Cephalic ornamentation same as that of Anopheles tibani (below). Palm- ate hairs extend from 1st to 7th segment inclusive with modified hairs on the thorax. The blade is long with no definite shoulders (Fig. 6) and is serrated more on one side than on the other. The filament is as long as the blade. Eqbay Nat. Hist. Soc VOL. XVI. PLATE C. FIG. 15 WIHG FIG. 14 FIG. 17 EGG PALPI FIG. 16 LEAF of PALMATE HAIE DIAGRAMS OF ANOPHELES JEHAF! N. SP. » m DIAGRAMS OF ANOPHELES AZRIKI N. SP. FIG. 18 PALPI FIG. 20 LEAF OF PALMATE HAIR CUL1CID FAUNA OF THE ADEN HINTERLAND, 631 Thorax dark brown and when denuded of its scales there are three black lines, one central and two lateral. Jt is covered with brown curved scales with many bristles. Prothoracic lobes are dark with bristles and narrow curved scales. Scutellum has a row of black bristles on upper surface with a few light curved scales scattered about. Metanotum dark with a black line down the centre. Abdomen is brown with some light patches, there are no scales but many long dark bristles. Legs are brown with pale areas at all the joints. Fore-legs, the femur are lightly scaled at upper end, the remaining segments are densely scaled. Wing. — Costa (Fig. 15) has six black spots and three subcostal. The 1st long vein has five spots, sometimes the small central spot is absent. The 2nd vien has three spots on the main stem, two on the upper and two on the lower branch. The 3rd vein has three, sometimes two spots. The 4th has two long black spots on the stem, two on the upper and one on the lower branch. The 5th vein has one spot on its main stem, three on the upper and two on the lower branch. The 6th vein has three black spots. The wing fringe is dark with pale areas at the termination of all the veins except the 6th. Male. — The cephalic ornamentation is the same as in the female ; antennas dark and plumose. Palpi (Fig. 14) have four white bands as in the female, the basal band is sometimes absent. Thorax lighter brown, but has the same scale ornamentation as in the female. Legs are marked the same as in the female. Abdomen light brown and is covered with light brown hairs. The wing has the same markings as in the female. Larva is a large one, the head is black and much ornamented. Thorax dark brown, abdomen greenish, fading away to a light brown. Antenna? have no spine on the outer side. Frontal hairs are single and unbranched. Palmate hairs present on the 3rd to 7th segments, inclusive with modified hairs on the 2nd segment. Blade (Fig. 16) long and almost black with light patches at sides, shoulder on both sides has many serrations, the filament is long and pointed. Egg — -52 mm. in length and '15 mm. There is no distinct upper surface, no floats and no frill (Fig. 17). The only resemblance that it has to an anopheles egg is, that it is boat-shaped. Each egg is covered with a thin pellicle which easily breaks off. These eggs were found in a spring near D'thala where the larva? of this mosquito were breeding. They were found on some green matter and were all in a little heap. There was no difficulty in hatching out the larvae, even though many of the eggs sank. I instructed my Hospital Assistant, who was on duty at Hardeba, when I first found these eggs to try and obtain some eggs of Tcmiorhynchus tenax from the spring. I gave him a careful description of the eggs and he sent up what he thought was an egg raft of T. tenax. They, however, turned out to be those of this anopheles, they were packed on moist wool and weeds. Most of the eggs sank on attempting to float them. I was surprised after 2£ days to find that most had hatched out. The larva? were reared and developed into the 632 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. above anopheles. This egg is the most aberrant tjpe of anopheles egg yet described. Habitat and Observations. — This anopheles was found in two springs near D'thala, also on Jehaf, hence its name. It was caught in the Hospital tents at D'thala and was breeding in the wells. In December and January it was found breeding in the spring at Hardeba. Some specimens were caught in the tents at Sulek in January. This anopheles has not been found anywhere else. It is a large anopheles and is easily recognised from the other Arabian varieties by the four palpal bands. Some specimens were sent to Mr. Theobald, who suggested it might possibly be A. cinereus, Theobald. A. cinereus has been placed by Mr. Theobald in his new genus Pyretophorus but this anopheles undoubtedly falls in the genus Myzomyia. The wing markings will at once separate it from A. cinereus. I would like to throw out the suggestion that this mosquito is possibly a malaria transmitter in nature. It was caught in tents and was biting freely. This, however, needs further investigation. Anopheles (Myzomyia) azkiki n. sp. Palpi, three bands, apex black ; thorax light brown, abdomen brown, legs dark, no bands. Female. — Head covered with brown upright forked scales, scattered among these are many brown curved scales. A tuft of light hairs is seen extending over the clypeus on both sides; antennae are dark, clypeus is light. Palpi (Fig. 18) are lightly scaled, with three white bands, apex is black. Thorax is brown and covered with brown curved scales and hairs, scutellum is dark, with bristles along its border, metanotum is almost black. Abdomen is brown covered with light hairs, there are no scales on the abdomen. Legs are brown with pale spots at the joints. Wing. — (Fig. 19) Costa has five black spots and subcostal two. 1st longitudinal has four spots. The 2nd vein has two on its main stem with two on the upper and two on the lower branch. The 3rd has two spots, one near the base the other at the apical end. The 4th vein has two black spots on the main stems, one on the upper and one on the lower branch. The 5th vein has one black spot on the stem, one short and one long on the upper and two long spots on the lower branch. The 6th vein has one long spot extending almost up to the fringe. The fringe is dark with no light areas opposite the terminations of the ocius. Male. — It is much lighter than the female. The palpi often have four pale areas, the apex often being pale. The wing is much lighter than the female, many of the spots are wanting. The legs are brown, fore ungues unequal and uniserrated. Larva. — A light green larva with amber coloured head. Frontal hairs are simple and unbranched. Palmate hairs are present on 4th to 6th abdominal segments. Each blade is broad and stumpy (Fig. 20) with serrated shoulders and the filament is a mere spike ; the antenna? have a small spine on the outer side. CCLICID FAUNA OF THE ADEN HINTERLAND. 633 The feeding brushes are placed laterally. This larva is exceedingly charac- teristic. It suspends itself in the water like a culex larva. From the head up to the 2nd segment are submerged. The egg was not found. Habitat and Observations. — This species was only found in one spring, the Aziriki spring, near D'thala, where it was breeding in the pools with Anopheles tibani. It is a wild species. Mr. Theobald agreed with me that it was closely related to A . turklandi Liston. The main differences are as follows : — The costa has five white scaled portions, the 3rd long vein has black spots and the wing fringe has no light areas, but is dark throughout. There is no long branched hair at the end of the antennse which is well marked in the larva of A. turklandi. I came across this species quite by accident, when studying A. tibani a large number of larvae were collected and examined, this larva was found among them. It is difficult to find if scarce, as it lies up, among green weeds, etc., and seems to have the capacity of remaining a longer time below the surface than the larvse of the other four species. It is easily frightened. Many attempts were made to procure its eggs, but all failed. Culex arabiensis n. sp. Thorax straw coloured with brown curved scales, with a dark line down the centre and two at the sides. Abdomen brown with apical black bands. Tarsi banded at all the joints, fore ungues unequal and uniserrated. Female. — Head brown covered with brown upright forked scales, some darker than others, with many narrow brown curved scales ; along the eyes there are black bristles projecting forward and two marked tufts spreading over the clypeus. Antennas pale in centre and darker at all joints. Palpi dark brown with a small apical white spot, proboscis and clypeus are both dark brown. Thorax, prothoracic lobes simple with a few dark bristles. Dorsum of thorax is straw coloured, covered with brown curved scales. There are black bristles at the sides ; scutellum is dark with a few Darrow curved scales on each lobe. There are from 7 to 9 bristles on the mid-lobe and four on each lateral lobe ; metanotum is brown. Abdomen apical black bands consisting of brown broad tile-like scales. Each segment has a large number of brown bristles at the sides and on the dorsum. There are cream coloured tile-like scales on the central surface. Legs coxae brown, femora brown but not densely scaled, pale at the tibio- femoral joint. Tibia? brown with well marked pale band at the tibio-metatarsal joint. Metatarsi densely scaled with a band at both ends. Tarsi are densely scaled with pale bands at all the joints. Fore ungues unequal and uniserrated. Wing. — Veins have brown scales. Costal, sub-costal and 1st longitudinal are darker than the remainder. 1st sub-marginal cell is nearly twice as long as the 2nd posterior cell. 634 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Male. — Head dark brown with many almost black upright forked scales. The upright forked scales cease at the vertex and are replaced by brown curved scales. Antennje dark and light with many dark, long plumes, proboscis is dark brown. Palpi (Fig. 21) are brown with a pale band about the centre of the 2nd joint ; there is also a pale area at the basal joint. The hair tufts are brown. Thorax. — Scale ornamentation is the same as in the female, scutelleum is brown with a variable number of bristles. Abdomen is banded the same as in the female. Male genitalia, basal lobes narrow (Fig, 22), covered with dark hairs, apical segment thin and somewhat club shaped. The wings are paler than those of the female, the legs have the same scale ornamentation. Larva. — Head globular, with a few branched hairs on dorsum. The antennas are short with a tuft of hairs on the inner side. The larva is like that of C. futigans Wiedemann. The syphon tube is somewhat narrower. The eggs and egg-raft are the same as those of C. fatiguns. Habitat. — This banded culex was first found in a tank on the plain near Ulub Camp in May 1904. It was breeding in the rain water, that had collected in this tank, with Stegomyia sugens. This species was also found in the Crater, Aden. Specimens were sent to Mr, Theobald, who informed me it was a new species of culex. Stegomyia sugens Wiedemann (1828). Auss. Tweiflug. Mxc. p. 545 (1828) Wied. Ann. Soc. Ent. d Fr. S.4. t. 1 (1863). Rigot (billatus), Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. p. 257 (1886). Ficalbi (billatus), Mono. Culicid. 1. 300, Theobald (1901). This mosquito varies a little from the descriptions of the type. After exami- ning some hundreds of specimens it was found that there were always three large white spots on the thorax with a few smaller ones between. Scutellum has three white spots on each lobe. Male Genitalia (Fig. 23) are exceedingly characteristic and as far as I know have not been described. The basal segment is long and covered with dark hairs, on its inner surface there is a knob-like projection covered with minute hairs. The apical segment is thin and terminates in a flattened boss. From its outer and upper end there projects a long curved hair-like process, which has a blunt termination. Larva. — Head (Fig. 24) small and black with long curved antennae. The syphon tube is short. Egg (Fig. 25) is the same as that of S.fasciata described by Daniels. Habitat and Observations. — This mosquito was first found in the tank near Ulub where it was breeding with C. fatigans. It was found breeding on the barrels of water at Nobat. Strange to say it has never been found further up than Ulub. In Sheik Othaman and Aden it is the common mosquito and is a great pest. It breeds in the wells, and wherever water is stored in barrels, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist Soc. VOL. XVh PLATE D. FIG. 22 MALE GLASi-ER FIG. 21 MALE PALP DIACRAMS OF CULEX ARABIENSIS N. SP. Clasper Club shaped end FIG. 23 MALE CLASPER EGG FIG. 24 EISA!) OF LARVA DIAGRAMS OF STECOMYIA SUGENS WIEDEMANN "fpr? \ 7p FIG. 26. Ventral Aspect 5 Joints ^LJl ! "*> Dorsal Aspect / 1 CULICID ACARID CULICID FAUNA OF THE ADEN HINTERLAND. 635 buckets, etc. An attempt was made to try and exterminate this pest in Aden, and what was at first thought to be a simple matter turned out to be most difficult. The eggs are capable of hatching after sinking and it was thus not easy to be sure when emptying a barrel of removing all the eggs. The only sure method was constantly oiling the water, which destroyed the larvae when they hatched. The bite of this mosquito is most irritating, a large lump being raised in a short time where the mosquito inserted its proboscis. The male of this species does not bite like that of S.fasciata. It invariably accompanies the female and will alight on one's body but never bite. It is troublesome in the early morning and at mid-day. The larvae are exceedingly active and are able to remain a long time below the surface. It was never found breeding in running water. TjENIORIiynchus tenax Theobald. Banded Arabian variety. Macdlipes arabiensis. Mono Culicid II, 198 (1901), and III, 258 (1903) ; First Report Wellcome Research Laboratories, Gordon Wellcome College, p. 78 (1904). This species is closely related to the type except that the abdomen is very distinctly banded and all the femora have pale basal band. The joints are all banded. The male palpi have four white bands. In all other respects it corresponds with the type. Larva. — This larva is exceedingly characteristic, it is green and has a long thin syphon tube. It is always found in pools where there is much spirogyra. It rests below the surface among the green strands and is thus most difficult to find. It can remain a long time below the surface only very occasionally coming up for air. Habitat and Observations. — It was found in the springs at D'thala, and at Hardeba and in the river at Nobat. It is curious that the male of the type was only recently described in the Report of the Gordon College Labora- tories. Mr. Theobald agreed with me it was a banded variety of Tceniorhynchus tenax, Theobald. Culex pipiens Linneus. For Suca (1758) Linneus ; Mono Culicid II, 132 (1901) and III, 224 (1913), Theobald ; First Report Wellcome Research Laboratories, Gordon Memorial College, p. 76 (1904). This mosquito was in all the springs and wells about D'thala, also up at Jehaf. It was found at the highest point 7,000 odd feet breeding in pools of rain water that collected in holes in rocks. It is abundant at Hardeba and Nobat. Culex fatigans Wiedemann. Auss. Liver. Insect p. 10 (1828) Wied., ft ono Culicid II., p. 151 (1901), Theobald, and III, p. 225 U903). This is the most common mosquito in the district and is practically found everywhere, breeding in springs, wells and puddles. It was found on Jehaf. 636 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY , Vol. XVI. Colex concolok Robineau Desboidy. Memo. d. 1. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. de Paris, IV. 403. Mono, Culicid II., p. 107, 1901 ; III., p. 230, 1903. This mosquito is the same as Culex tigripes Grandpool. (1900). Tigripes is a spotted legged variety of C. concolov. It was found only once breeding in an old tank at D'thala containing rain water. It was feeding on C.fatigans. This completes the detailed notes on all the species of Culicidse found by me in the district. It only remains for me to mention a Culicid acarid which I found parasitic on two species of Anopheles. (Anopheles jehaji). Mr. Theobald mentions it occurring on the Egyptian Anopheles. He says " Many of the specimens showed the presence of a parasitic tick attached to them. When alive the parasite resembles a minute preserved cherry. As a rule this parasite is attached to the undersurface of the thorax and abdomen, but it was once found on the wing of an Anopheles." This acarid was also found on A. arabiensi*. This tiny insect (Fig. 26) measures 25 millimeters and is of a lemon yellow colour. It has six legs and the claws are unequal and uniserrated. I was at first puzzled as to how it attached itself to its host. It struck me it might possibly be on the larvre and after some hundreds were examined I found one attached to a larvae just on the outer side of the 1st abdominal segment. I later found two attached to pupa. The specimen on the larva transferred itself from the pupa to the adult mosquito when it hatched out. It was most frequently found on the under surface of the adults close to the head, but I have seen it on the dorsum. On the pupa it fixes itself in the concavity between the abdomen and thorax. I kept many for days in water, but never observed any further development. I would like to say a few words on the maximum flight of the Arabian Anopheles and also on malaria prophylaxis which may be useful to others. Since starting the study of the mosquitoes I was constantly making observ- ation on the maximum flight of anopheles. At Nobat in May .1904, I lived in a Staff Sergeant's tent on the ridge, the river was directly below about 450 yards. The wind at night was always fairly strong and from the S.E. Every morning I was able to capture from 6 to 10 female anopheles, (4. arabiensis) in my tent and in the tents on tne further side about 800 yards from the river, I caught from 50 to 60 every morning. At that time there were many cases of malaria in hospital. The camp at Nobat has now been moved 1| miles from the river, there is no water of any description lying between the camp and the river and yet in January 1905 I caught a large number of A. dthali. This anopheles was undoubtedly flying this distance to obtain its food, though there was a large Arab village close by. The only explanation I can offer is that as the Arab tents and houses were constantly full of smoke, the mos- quito preferred to travel further, where they would not be put to this inconvenience. I need hardly say that though some water was obtained from the river, every precaution was taken to present larvaa from being CDLlCfD FAUNA OF THE ADEA HINTERLAND. 637 brought into the camp and I could not find a single specimen in any of the barrels. The drinking water -was obtained from a pool about '1 miles to the norih of the camp. This pool was connected with a spring which heie came to the surface when the sand was removed. There were no larva? here of any description. When at Ulnb in May I found A. arabiensis always in two Or three E. P. tents facing the Ulub well, which was !)00 yards away. About ICO yards above the well were two Arab huts, yet this mosquito preferred to come to the tents. I am certain it was the smcke in the tents that kept them away. The Arabs are in the habit of driving the mosquitoes away by a smoking fire. Now with regard to malaria prophylaxis in the Hinterland. Though I stayed in many of the places where I knew malrria was being contracted, viz • Nobat, Old and New Camps, Ulub and Sheik Othaman, I never contracted malaria, because I used my mosquito curtain with extreme care, invariably fixing it up early and never going to bed without seeing that there were no mosquitoes inside. I only once took three grains of quinine and can only recollect finding A. arabiensis four times in my curtains in the morning. I would recommend any one going to the Hinterland to provide himself with a good mosquito curtain fitted on to a camp bed and to use this curtain from Sheik Othaman onwards. He should also observe the following points :■ — (1) See that there are no holes. (2) Have the curtain put up early and be most particular to have all mosquitoes driven out that may have settled on the inside when the curtains were turned up. (3) To see that there is no entrance left after he has got into bed. (4) To have a piece of cloth 'let in' (about 8 inches broad \ where his arms or legs are likely to touch the curtains when asleep. This is so often forgotten. Camp beds are often cramped for various reasons. It is a good plan to have the rods fixed to the legs and diverging so that the curtain falls away from the bed and allows more space. (5) Wear putties when sitting out at night. I have seen anopheles (A. dthali) at Nobat come into the mess tent at dinner time and fly round the lamp. (6) Not to hang up dark clothes, as mosquitoes prefer dark objects to rest on. (7) Keep all trunks and boxes clobed as they are often means of convey- ing mosquitoes from one place to another. Some one will say, this is so troublesome ; but I think it is worth the trouble. Officers often leave their servants to fix up their curtains and I am sorry to say they are then not of much use. A native does not understand why the sahib takes all the trouble, so it is left till late and by that time mosquitoes are already on the wing and easily enter the net and so escape notice. In conclusion. I wish to record here my grateful thanks to Mr. Fred. V. Theobald, of the British Museum, for his kind help. I trust this paper will be of some use to those serving in the Aden Hinterland and that some will be able to fill up the many gaps. 14 638 ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE VARIETIES OF COBRA (NAIA TRIPUDIANS) IN INDIA. By Lt.-Col. W. B. Bannerman, m.d., b.sc, i.m.s., Director, Plague Research Laboratory, and Assistant Surgeon J. P. Pocha, in charge of the Venom Department, P. R. Laboratory. (Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 6th July 1905.) In the year 1901 the Government of India resolved to start the manufacture of antivenene in India, on the lines laid down by Fraser and Calmette, and the first step in this direction was to secure a supply of venom from the various poisonous snakes of the country. A circular ordering the collection of snakes was therefore sent round by the Government of India to the various Local Governments, and as a conse- quence snakes began to arrive at the Plague Research Laboratory in October 1901. Since that date 1,074 cobras have been collected, and it is proposed in this paper to consider the distribution of the three varieties we have received. Boulenger in his " Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum " thus describes these three varieties : — A. — Forma Typica (C naia, L. ; N. lutescens, fasciata, brasiliensis, siamensis, Laur. ; C. rufus, Gmek). — Yellowish to dark brown above, with black-and-white spectacle-mark on the hood and a black-and-white spot on each side of the lower surface of the hood. 25-35 scales across the neck, 23-25 across the middle of the body. B. — Var. Cjeoa (N. non-naia, Laur. ; C. ccefus, Gmel ; T. oxiana, Eichw.). — Uniform pale brown or grey to blackish ; no marking on the hood ; one or more dark cross-bands on the anterior part of the belly; young sometimes with dark rings. 25-31 scales across the neck, 21-25 across the middle of the body. C, — Var. Fasciata, Gray (N, Jcaouthia, Less. ; W. larvata, Cant., var. scopinucha, Cope) — Brown, olive, or blackish above, often with more or less distinct light, black-edged cross-bars ; hood with a whitish, black-edged ring or U, or with a mask-shaped figure ; a black spot on each side under the hood. 25-31 scales across the neck, 19-21 across the middle of the body. In popular language these three varieties are : — A — The cobra with spectacle marking on the hood = Binocell ate cobra ; 100 7 /a 82 7 /o 75 °/ /o 50 7 /o 47 °/ /Q 26 /o DISTRIBUTION OF VARIETIES OF COBRAS IN INDIA. 639 B — The cobra with no such marks =Anocellate cobra ; and C — The cobra with a ring mark on the hood = Monocellate cobra. Though the number of cobras received is large, it is unfortunate for our present purpose that they have been sent from comparatively few places, and it becomes therefore impossible to give a complete distribu- tion list for India. But a beginning can at least be made, and it is hoped that members of our Society will send us notes to enable a more correct and complete distribution list to be made out at some future time. A — Naia tripudians, var. forma typica, appears to be distributed uni- formly throughout India but to be rare in Burma and China. As far as our specimens enable us to judge, the prevalence of this variety in the Provinces of India is as follows : — DJLclCll [IS ■•• ••• ••• ••• • • United Provinces of Agra and Oudh ... Bombay ... jt imiciD ■• > ••• ••• ••• ••• j3GD-£) cil ••• ■•• ••• • ♦ • ••• * Central Provinces It is the only variety of cobra we have received from the Madras Presidency. In confirmation of this Nicholson says (Indian Snakes, p. 106) : — "This binocellate variety is found in the South of India and on the coast generally." As he says in a footnote that he examined 1,200 cobras in Bangalore, it may be taken as certain that they were all typica. From the Bombay Presidency we have received eight snakes only, of which six belonged to this variety. As these were purchased from local snake-charmers, who said they caught them at Matheran or Khandalla, it is impossible to say anything about the distribution of typica in Bombay. Proceeding northwards, we find it uncommon in the western part of the Central Provinces, but again common in the United Provinces. In Bengal it is also common ; but it will be noted that 24 of our 80 Bengal specimens came from Puri and may therefore be considered a northward extension of the Madras cobra. As regards the Punjab, nothing can be said, as only two cobras were received from this province ; one being typica, and the other cceca. Captain F. Wall, I.M.S., reports that all the cobras he got in Trichinopoly and Cannanore were of this variety, thus confirming our 640 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. results as regards the Madras Presidency. He also reports one out of 36 specimens from Burma. Capt. P. Mackie, I.M.S., reports from Goona : — '• In 1904, 45 cobras were examined. They were all quite black in colour. No light one was ever seen. Only a few were examined for ocelli and of all those examined none were found shewing taat marking. " Up to the present date in 1905, 32 more cobras were examined and particular attention was paid to the presence or absence of ocellate markings. All the cobras except two were quite black and possessed, no marks on the hood. Two small ones were seen, one of a light khaki colour with well marked. ' spectacles ' and another cobra about 2^ feet long of a dark greyish colour with very well marked ocelli and another pair of subsidiary round ocelli below at the base of the hood. (This specimen is at the Parel Laboratory.) These black cobras of Goona tend to run to a large size and about 10 per cent, were over 5 feet 5 inches long. '• The ground soil of Goona is of two kinds. On the lower ground in the valleys and on the cultivated land ' black cotton ' soil is prevalent lying on a basis of red laterite. This laterite crops up on the higher ground and here is not covered with soil. Nearly all the cobras were caught within a short distance of cantonments and nearly all on the black cotton soil. The two light cobras were also caught on black cotton soil." Among the black cobras we received, from Saugor, there were a few with spectacles, and this seems to show that there is a variety of spectacled black cobra in the West of the Central Provinces and probab- ly also in Central India. Captain Wall reports 10 specimens caught at Fyzabad, U- P., of which 7 were black or plumbeous — black with binocellate markings ; 1 was anocellate black, and 2 were light coloured with markings of such a peculiar nature that he found it impossible to place them in either ihe binocellate or monocellato group. B. — Naia tripudians, var. cceca. — This variety, which is almost invariably black, seems to have a much more restricted range than typica. With the exception of nine, the whole of the 629 specimens received came from the Central Provinces. The nine exceptions were received from Bengal (3), United Pro- vinces (5), and Punjab (1). DISTRIBUTION OF VARIETIES OF COBRAS IN INDIA. 641 Captain Wall reports 3 specimens all light coloured and one with 7-8 leaden dorsal bands, got by himself in the Swat Valley, and two more from Thayetmyo and Meiktila in Burma. Probably most of Captain Mackie's specimens were of this variety, though he did not examine the first lot of 45 with special reference to this point, as we found this the case among the black cobras received from the neighbouring Central Provinces. C. — Naia tvipudians, var. fasciata. — This variety seems absolutely confined to Bengal and Burma, where it largely takes the place of typica. Nicholson, however (p. 106), notes its presence in the Central Provinces also. Of the 169 cobras received from Bengal, 86 were of this variety, and from Captain Wall's report it would appear that the further east one goes, the more common does fasciata become. Thus he says that out of 36 specimens collected by him in Burma, mostly near Rangoon, 33 were monocellate. Again, he says that all the specimens seen by him in Chinese Museums '' from the Yangtse Valley and further north " and " from Hongkong and thereabouts" were fasciata with one exception, and that was a sputatriv, a variety which has not yet been found in India. To sum up, it would appear that typica may be looked for in any part of India, more rarely in Burma and still more rarely in China. Caeca is the common cobra of the west part of the Central Provinces and Central India, and has been found also along the frontiers, from Afghanistan, Grilgit, Swat to Sikkim. Fasciata is eminently the Bengal cobra, and appears also to be the variety commonly found to the east thereof, in Burma and China. The above account of the distribution of the varieties of cobra is interesting and worth continuing and enlarging, and I trust the publica- tion of this paper in the Journal may induce members in all parts of India to send notes of the cobras found by them. What is the meaning of this distribution ? Why should one part of the country produce spectacled cobras and another ringed ones ? Another curious poiut raised by this collection of statistics has rela- tion to the body colour of the cobras. Without exception, all the ccecas received from the Central Pro- vinces are black, while all 'the cobras received from the Madras and Bombay Presidencies are yellow or olive coloured, or a variation between these two shades. 642 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. From the map given at the end of this paper, those interested will be able to see exactly from which parts of the Cenlral Provinces these black cobras come ; and I should be grateful if any member interested in geology would inform us whether there is anything in the soil of these places likely to favour the production of this colour. List showing the number of Cobras received at the Plague Research Laboratory, from various parts of India, between \st October 1901 to Slst March 1905. Kind of Cobra. Serial Name of Town. Num- Total. ber. Naia typica. Naia cceea. Naia f j so lata. Bengal. 1 .Alipore ... 1 •.. 8 9 2 Balasore .. 10 ... «•• 10 3 Bankura ... •*• 11 11 4 Barisal • • • 4 4 5 Burdwan • •• 4 ... • • • 4 6 Godiia ... • •• 8 ... 8 7 Hooghly ... 5 ... 5 10 8 Howrah ■ a • 10 2 9 21 9 Jehanabad • •• 4 .. . ... 4 10 JeBsore ... • •• 9 ... 9 11 Manbhum • •• • 2 *•• ... 2 12 Midnapore ... b ). • 49 52 13 Poori Total ... 24 1 • • • 25 80 3 80 169 Percentage of each ... 47-3 1-8 60-9 *• * Bombay. 1 Thana Total ... 6 2 ... 8 6 2 8 Percentage of each • • » 75-0 25-0 •■■ ... Central Provj NCES. 1 Bhundara ... 1 • »• • • • 1 2 Damon ... • • * 9 34 ... 43 3 Hoshangabad .. • ... 3 • • • 3 4 Juhbuliore • • • 28 15 • • . 43 5 Kbandwa ... 79 409 • • • 518 6 Naypur ■•• 2 1 m 3 7 Narsin^hpur • • • 9 33 ... 42 6 Raipur ... • • . 3 2 .« • 5 9 Sambalpur ... 58 12 • •• 70 10 Saugor ... • • t 35 50 ... 85 11 Wardha Total • •• ... 1 • • • 1 224 620 «•• 844 Percentage ot each ... 265 73-5 • * • > > •j a to £ z « S o as C •- 3 o > X o u o S a s o eo e 3 o n DISTRIBUTION OF VARIETIES OF COBRAS IN INDIA. 643 Serial Name of Town Kind op Cobra. Num- ber. Naia tt/pica. Naia cceea. Naia fasaata. Total. 1 2 3 4 Anantapur Bangalore ... Coorg Vizagapatam ... Total Percentage of each • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 7 1 12 MADEAS. • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • # 3 7 1 12 23 100-0 * •* • •• ••■ 23 1 2 3 Gorakpur Mirzapur Sitapur Total Percentage of each • •• United Pe 11 7 5 23 82-1 OVINCES OI 5 ' Agea,&c. • • • •■■ • •• 16 7 5 5 179 • » < 28 1 Gurgaon Total Percentage of each ••■ 1 1 50-0 Punjab. 1 2 1 500 • •• 2 • • • Gband Total 1,074 644 THE MANGROVE OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY, AND ITS BIOLOGY. By E. Blatter, S.J. ( With plates A and B.) [Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on the ?Ast August 1^05.) There is scarcely any formation of the tropical vegetation which biologically and physiognomically could be of greater interest than the mangrove. Wherever in the damp parts of the tropics there is a flat and muddy sea-shore, protected against the heavy waves of the tide, we find within the boundaries of high and low water a more or less developed belt of shrubs and trees to which the name mangrove was popularly applied for a long time. It is now generally adopted by biologists to designate that peculiar edaphic formation which in its floral and vecological characters vastly differs from the inland vegetation. Though most of the representatives of the mangrove are widely spread, and, as it were, cosmopolitans, we may, nevertheless, with Schimper,* distinguish a western and eastern mangrove. The former, which occupies the coasts of Western Africa and America, does not exhibit a great variety, being composed of four species only, viz., Rhizophora mangle L., Laguncvlaria racemosa, Avicennia tomen- tosa and Avicennia nitida. The eastern mangTove covering the coasts of East Africa, Asia, Australia, and Micronesia is represented by the following kinds : Ohizophoraceffi : Rhizcphora mucronata Lam., conju- gata L., Ceriops candolleana Am., Roxburghiana Arm, Kandelia rhedii W. et A., Brugniera gymnorhiza Lam., eriopetala W. et A., caryophylloides Bl.j parvifiora W. et A. ; Combretaceae : Lumnitzera racemosa Willd., coccinea W. et A. ; Lythraceae : Sonneratia apetala Ham., acida L., alba Smith ; Meliaceee : Carapa moluccensis Lam., obvata Bl.; Myrsinacese : ^Egiceras ma jus Gaertn. ; Rubiacese : Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. ; Verbenace?e : Avicennia officinalis L. ; Acanthacese : Acanthus ilicifolius L. ; Palmse : Nipa frut'icans Wurmb. Of the 21 species here enumerated 14 occur in the Bombay Presidency, vis., Rhizophora mucronata and conjugata, Ceriops candolleana, Kandelia rhedii, Brugniera gymncrhizo caryophylhides, and parvi- * Schimper : Pflaozengengraphie auf Physiologischer Grundlage, p. 423. THE MANGROVE OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 645 flnra, Lumnitzera racemosa, Sonneratia aptala and acida, Can/pa obitvata, Jl\giceras majus, Avicennia officinalis, Acanthus ilicijolhis. Here I should 1 ke to add Excaecaria aualhchu L. (Euphorbiacese), which is not given by Schimper in the above list, but which, with good reason, may find a place amongst the mangrove vegetation. In the following description of the several plants it is not my inten- tion to give their complete outer morphology, as there is no want of excellent Floras which describe them fully ;* but what I propose is to give a general idea of their habit, drawing the attention to those characters only which are necessary for the understanding of their biological peculiarities. In the broad bolt of mangrove, which may be seen in many tidal creeks and back-waters along the coast of the Presidency and chiefly near tne shallow mouth of rivers still exposed to the high-water of the sea, there is especially one kind which by its curiously spreading aerial roots can easily be recognized as Rhiznphora mucronata, also called the " true mangrove." It is a small, evergreen, glabrous tree or large shrub with thick, terete branches, which are marked with leaf-scars all over. The opposite leaves are entire, coriaceous and glabrous, bright preen above, paler and dotted black beneath. The flowers, which arise from axillary cymes, have white, thick, and fleshy petals with villous margins, and a pale yellow, coriaceous, glabrous calyx. The ovoid- conical fruit is lh in. long and surrounded at the base by the persistent, calyx. RhizopJiora mucronata forms sometimes tangled thickets by the interlacing of its roots, sometimes it is more isolated ; but in any case it always occurs on the outer border of the mangrove formation towards the open sea, thus serving as a protective outpost of the less favoured representatives of the same formation. When the tide is out, the ground occupied by the mangrove shows a blu'sh-blnck mud, from which innumerable short stems and longer roots arise. The " true mangrove " may easily be distinguished from its neighbours by the long aerial roots which raise the main trunk above the level of its origin and give the tree the appearance of being supported on stilts. These arise from the usually short stem on all sides, grow- ing first for a short distance in a horizontal direction and arching down afterwards into the water. Soon the base of the stem, with its original roots, dies and now the only support to the upper • Cf. Cooke'e Flora of the Presidency of Eombay. 15 646 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI. stem find its branches are those stilt-roots which reach a height of 2 to 3 yards, and which, on account of their great elasticity, are the best possible protective system against the continuous dashing of the waves. The tree maybe moved forwards and backwards by the force of wind and water, but, ultimately, it will always assume its former posi- tion. In this way the aerial roots are like as many strong anchors which would not allow the tree to be carried away even by the wildest play of the waters. We may very often observe that the growing point of such a root loses its vitality, whereas behind the apex a forked root makes its appearance. It is evident that such a change of growth can have a beneficent influence only under the conditions of existence in a soft and muddy substratum. Another means of furnishing the tree with considerable resisting power is the circumstance that not seldom a row of secondary roots breaks through the under surface of the primary aerial root, descends immediately in a vertical direction into the mud, and, by a luxurious branching into roots and rootlets, helps to strengthen the primary root. The most peculiar feature of Rhizophora mucronaia and also, as regards the essentials, of the other Rhizophoraceee is the mode of reproduction. If, after the flowering season (August-December), we approach a manorove vegetation from the sea-side, we are surprised to see, from a distance long, green pods hanging from the branches of the true mangrove ; but on closer examination we find that what we naturally took for a fruit is nothing else than the radicle of a comparatively small fruit, which does not exceed 1^ in. in length. Here we have an excellent case of vivipary in the vegetable kingdom, the extra-seminal development of the embryo beginning already while the fruit still adheres to the tree. The hypocotyl, passing posteriorly into the primary root or radicle, perforates without having a resting period, the morphological apex of the pericarp and protrudes into the air reaching sometimes a length of 2 ft. Brandis speaks of 2 \ ft., and Haberlandt * observed radicles of one yard in the mouth of the Sairomggong River on the Island of Singa- pore. At the upper end the radicle is about \ in. in diameter, it grows thicker towards the lower end, with a diameter of 1 in. and more, and tapers into a conical point at the apex (Fig. 1, Plate A). There cannot be any doubt as to the importance of this special shape, because, * Haberlandt : Eine Botanische Tropenreise,, p. 186. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. VOL. XVI. PLATE A Testa Endosperm Cotyledons Pericarp FIG. 2. Longitudinal section of fruit of Rhizophora mucronata. Prolongation of the Cotyledons FIG. 3. Root of Bruguiera gymnorhiza. // 'I A. p. cortez & co. THE MAS GROVE OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 647 on account of its club-shaped lower end, the radicle will fall perpendi- cularly into the mud, and by means of the terminal point it easily bores a hole into the soft substratum, where, after a few hours already, you can find the secondary roots. In spite of this highly practical con- trivance the radicles may be found washed up in quantities all along the sea-shore ; but even then they are able to grow roots in any suitable place, because the lower portion of the radicle shows positive and the upper one negative geotropism. The young mangrove plant is very circumspect during the first period of her detached youth. The epicotyl grows rather slowly in the begin- ing, and it is well that it does so, for a premature development of leaves and branches before the young shrub has formed a strong, resistent root system, adapted to its surroundings, could only end in an early des- truction. For the same reason there do not appear any leaves before the stem, consisting of long internodes, reaches the high- water level. As soon as the stem bears branches, there is visible, just above the ground, the formation of the first aerial roots. They do not appear at an earlier period, as there is no need of them, for a thin elastic shoot, being devoid of leaves, does not offer a large surface to the action of the dashing waves. A median longitudinal section of the fruit exhibits some further peculiar- ities (Fig. 2, Plate A). The two cotyledons are grown together to form a strange structure, the upper part of which is conical and serves, as Haberlandt explains it, as an absorbing organ, through which the embryo receives the necessary food-materials during the rapid growth of the radicle. Behind the conical portion there follows an enlargement of the cotyledons which, most probably, prevents the falling off of the hypocotyl, which in the course of a short time increases rapidly in weight. The continuation of the cotyledons through the micropyle andca. ^ to 1 in. beyond it is a tubular vagina which surrounds the epicotyl and is at the same time an impediment of the upward growth of the embryo before the radicle falls off. Another species of Rhizophora which is found in the same localities as the preceding, but is not nearly so common, is Rhizophora canjugata. It is a glabrous shrub or small tree with elliptic- lanceolate, coriaceous leaves, dark-green above, paler beneath. The calyx is externally rugose and glabrous, the petals white and glabrous. The conical or obclavate, glabrous fruit is smaller than that of Rhizophora mucranata, being only 648 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 1 in. long. Its base is surrounded by the reflexed calyx-lobes. The protruding cylindrical radicle reaches sometimes 1 ft. before falling from the tree. As Rhizophora conjugata does not reach so far into the sea as Rhizophora mucronata, the stilt-roots show, of course, reduction in their development. Besides, I could neither observe that the branches give off aerial roots, as they do in the true mangrove. The same process of vivipary as observed in Rhizophora takes place in three othf»r plants of the same order, viz., Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Lam., Bruguiera caryophylloides, Bl. and Bruguiera parviflora, W. et A. Bruguiera gymnorhiza is an evergreen, glabrous shrub or tree. The entire coriaceous leaves are bright-green above, paler and with a prominent midrib beneath. The petals are setigerous, hairy at the base and glabrous above. The thickly coriaceous fruit is surrounded at the apex by the calyx-lobes, which afterwards drop off. It is obconic and less than 1 in. long. The fusiform, more or less angled radicle, often reaches 1 ft. in length before falling. Less common, and only occurring in the southern parts of the Pres- idency is Bruguiera caryophylloides. The shrub, branching frum the base, bears entire coriaceous leaves, which are pale and shining above, dull anl glabrous beneath. The white petals are hairy on the outer side and on the margins. Each lobe of the bifid apex bears 3 to 5 bristles and there is a longer one at the incision. The oblong obovoid fruit is only | in. long with a slenler, cylindrical radicle of 6 to 8 in. in length. Also found in salt-marshes but not so common is Bruguiera parviflora. Its entire, oblong-lanceolate leaves are coriaceous, shining above, dull beneath. The lobes of the bifid petal? hear short hairs at the apex. The fruit, entirely surrounded by the enlarged calyx, is f to 1 in. long. The cylindrical, striate radicle reaches 4 to 5 in. before falling. A? to the single phases in the process of vivipary in Bruguiera, I had no opporfcun'ty to observe the ripening of the radicle. Thus I am not quite sure, whether the hypocotyl alone falls off, leaving the cotyle- dons and the cilyx on the mother-plant or whether the cotyledons, the pericarp, and the calyt follow the radicle. I came to doubt about it after having read a description of Bruguiera erbpetala by Haberlandt. This famous biologist was in a position to make careful observations in the garden of Bivtenzorg. He found that fruit and calvx were 'detached at the same moment, and he is of opinion that this circumstance is of prominent importance in the life-history of that species. His reason is THE MANGROVE OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 649 this : As the protruding thick radicle grows on the tree to a finger's length only, it happens very often that it does not fall perpendicularly and thus fastens itself only insufficiently or not at all to the muddy sub- stratum. Instead of it several of the numerous and. pointed calyx-lobes hide themselves in the mud, and, as they are somewhat curved, fasten sufficiently, the embryo lying horizontally on the ground till the first root is so far developed as to give the plant the necessary resisting power. The secondary roots of the Bruguieras are not completely buried in the mud, for after a short or more less horizontal growth, they ascend in an oblique direction to the surface and beyond it, descend again and, disappearing in the soil, leave a knee-like portion ex- posed to the air (Fig. 3, Plate A.) In Bruguiera gymnorhiza, especially the roots grow luxuriously in thickness and height, so as to form round the stem a most curious net-work of brown branches. If we examine under the microscope a transverse section of such a root-piece of Brug- uiera gymnorhiza, the anatomical structure of the periderm shows very large lenticels. As these are organs which correspond to the stomita of the epidermis and serve to admit oxygen to the living internal tissues, we mast consider those roots as a special respiratory system. It is obvious that the muddy substratum is not permeated by too great a quantity of oxygm, we may even say there is a lack of it. It is just for want of this necessary element that the plant was obliged to produce special adaptations to its surroundings, and it did so in a very ingenious and simple way. In Bruguiera can/opJiylloides the usefulness of that contrivance is partially frustrated by the circumstance that the periderm of its roots is gradually cast off. It would be an interesting object of stuly to investigate the reasons thereof and to find out what the effects are in consequence of it, or whether, perhaps, there arise new adaptations in other parts of the plant. In the tidal swamps along the coast there are two further species of Rhizophoraceae : Ceriops candolleana, Arn. and Kandelia rheedii, W. et A. The former is a glabrous shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 3 to 6 ft. The opposite, entire leaves are coriaceous and glabrous. The petioles are rugose and glabrous. The calyx-lobes are coriaceous. The white glabrous petals are furnished at the apex with 3 short, clavate bristles. The slightly conical, coriaceous fruit is ^ to f in. long. The deeply grooved and angled radicle, reaching sometimes 1 ft. before 650 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. falling, thickens gradually to near the apex and then becomes acute. The cotyledons are conferruminate. Kandelia rheedii is a small tree with terete leafy branches. Th e opposite, oblong, entire leaves are dark green and polished above, reddish-brown beneath. The long calyx is externally rugose. The lobes of the bifid petals are divided into numerous capillary segments* The obclavate, conical-ovoid fruit is coriaceous, and reaches a length of ^ to 1 in. The protruded, cylindric radicle is 6 to 15 in. long, usually without ridges or grooves. In these two plants germination takes place in the same way as in the foregoing RhizophoraceEe. A special adaptation to the surround- ings of Ceriops candoHeana are the so-called pneumatuphores. But as these occur not only in Ceriops but also in other representatives of the mangrove-formation, I shall treat of them after having given a short description of the following three plants: Abundantly growing in the salt-marshes in Bombay, the Konkan and elsewhere, often covering large tracts of tidal or flooded sea-shore to such an extent as to exclude every other plant, is a shrub or dwarf tree, viz., Avicennia officinalis, L. or the " white mangrove." The entire, oval-pointed leaves are nearly veinless, coriaceous, shin- ing above, whitish below and clothed with a fine tomentum. The broad, compressed capsule is one-seeded and dehisces by two thick valves. The embryo of the erect seed is imperfectly covered by its two integuments. The large cotyledons are lengthwise plaited. The large embryo begins to germinate in the fruit before it falls. Rather rare is Sonneratia apetala, Ham. (LythraceEe). It is a pretty slender tree, reaching a height of 40 ft. The slender, drooping branches bear entire, coriaceous, glabrous leaves. The calyx is thickly coriaceous. The depressed globose capsule is about f in. broad and supported by the persistent calyx. The many-curved, angular seeds are imbedded in pulp. The short, foliaceous cotyledons are convolute, the elongate radicle terete. This beautiful tree may be found v.g., between Bombay and Sewree and also in Mumbra and Dharamptar. More common is another species of the same genus — Sonneratia acida, L. The small tree, which rarely reaches a height of 15 ft., occurs on the Island of Salsette, in Ratnagiri, Vingorla, Hareshvar, Dharamtar, Kanara. Its elliptic-oblong or obovate leaves are coriaceous and nearly sessile. The coriaceous calyx is borne on a very short, thick THE MANGROVE OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 651 pedicel. The cushion-shaped fruit is 1 to 2 in. in diameter. The cup- shaped, persistent calyx bears the persistent base of the style, which is about 1 in. long. An interesting feature of Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratta acida and Ceriops candolleana are the pneumatophores, which exhibit an aspect widely different from those of the Bruguieras. As soon as the shrub reaches a certain height, in Avicennia officinalis, v.g., 1 ft. or 1^, there appear in great number around the stem within a rather large circle erect shoots with a soft, elastic texture like cork. They resemble very much the young shoots of Asparagus, except in colour, which, in our case, is a brownish black. They are very seldom observed developing leaves and growing up into bushes. If we follow them downwards we find the point of origin to be the subterranean roots of Avicennia officinalis, of which they are the negative-geotropic branches. In this plant they reach 1 to 1\ ft. above the mud or the shallow water and do not exceed in thickness \ or f of an inch, whereas in Sonneratia acida they reach 18 to 24 in. in length, by 3 in. in diameter. As they do not develop into a shrub it is evident that they serve some othsr purpose. A transverse section of such a root-branch gives us the looked-for explanation. In Avicennia officinalis our attention is drawn to a large, white ring which occupies nearly the whole plane of the section, leaving room only for a small, darker ring in the centre and a comparatively disappearing, protective skin. The white, loose portion is easily recognised as the parenchymatous tissue of the primary cortex and in it the naked eye is able to distinguish little holes which, by microscopic examination, prove to be lenticels. Those roots, therefore, represent respiratory organs like the over-ground roots of Bruguiera. But why do the pneumatophores reach beyond the water-level, as there is oxygen in the water ? We must admit that the air dissolved in water shows, on the one hand, a higher percentage of oxygen than the atmosphere, but, on the other also a higher percentage of carbonic acid. In consequence of it the quantity of oxygen available to the plant is much smaller in the water than in the air. Besides, the air diffuses very slowly in water and thus it may easily happen that the slow movement of the water causes a want of oxygen. It is for this reason that woody plants, the stem-bases and roots of which are submerged in mud and stagnant water, are furnished with special adaptations for the absorption of oxy- gen from the atmosphere. That there are really graduations as to the 652 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. percantage of oxygen available to the plant in different media, may be shown to evidence by the examination of a pneumatophore of Avicennia officinalis. The respiratory root is very thin at the base, where it is covered by mud ; it grows thicker, where it is submerged in water, and it reaches its maximum, where it is surrounded by the atmosphere. And if we examine the anatomical structure, we find that the various degrees of thickness are due to the respective development of the par- enchymatous tissue, which contains the lenticels, i.e , the respiratory organs, The same may be observed in the species of Khizophora. They are not possessed of special pneumatophores, but the modified tissue of their " stilt roots " takes upon itself the function of respiration, and here agiin it is not the portion buried in the mud, but the one emero-inof from the mud and still more the upper part which is accessible to the atmosphere. Alone the muddy sea-coasts of the Konkan grows Carapa obovata, Bl. (Mel'iacase), a small glabrous tree. The abruptly pinnate leaves are 3 to 6 in. lono- with oblong-ovate, glabrous, coriaceous leaflets. The fruit has the size of an orange, 3 to 4 in. in diameter. When young it is apiculate. The flashy pericarp dehisces by four valves. The angular seeds are sur- rounded by a hard spongy testa. The pneumatophores of this plant show great resemblance to those of the Bruguieras ; but, whereas in the latter we have those knee-like structures and, consequently an up-and downward growth of the roots, we observe that the roots of the former creep horizontally just under the surface of the muddy substratum and send above the surface of it a wedge-shaped expansion of the upper half-cylinder, which, on the top, is covered with a great number of lenticels. In the South Konkan along salt-water creeks and backwaters a tall glabrous shrub or small tree makes its appearance, Lumniizera racemosa, Willd. Its entire or slightly crenate, sessile leaves are fleshy, coriace- ous and crowded at the ends of the branches. The glabrous calyx of the sessile flowers has the teeth ciliolate. The ovoid, glabrous fruit is -| in. lono- with longitudinal strise when dry and the persistent calyx-tube at the top. A handsome shrub with laurel-like appearance and growing in salt- marshes, together with the different kinds of mangrove, is Mgiceras majus, Gaertn. (Myrsinaces). The cylindric branches bear obovate, entire, coriaceous leaves. The umbels of the pure white fragrant flowers THE MANGROVE OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 653 are sessile. The cylindric, acute fruit, resembling a miniature curved carrot, is coriaceous, striate, and one-seeded. Dehiscence is longitudinal. The seed is curved in the same way as the pericarp. The inferior radicle is long and enlarged at the base. The cotyledons are very small. sEgkeras majus shows vivipary, though not in the complete form of the Rhizophoracese. The seeds begin to germinate while still included in the pericarp, wherefore Linnaeus gave it the name of Rhizophora corniculata. The rather gloomy looking salt-marshes are often beautified by a handsome little shrub, Acanthus ilicifolius, L., which on account of its holly-like leaves was called sea-holly. The cylindrical, glabrous stems, rarely exceeding the height of 4 ft., are scarcely branched. The large oblong-oval or oblong-lanceolate leaves have the base acute, the apex acute or truncate. On each margin there are a few large, spinous teeth, continuations of the lateral veins. Besides, they are coriaceous, rigid and shining. The blunt, apiculate capsule, about 1 in. long, is shining and bright-brown. It is in this invariable under- growth in the mangrove -swamps that we meet again those characteristic stilt-roots of Rhizophora muoronata, though not in the same luxurious form. There is no vivipary in the sea-holly ; nevertheless, a peculiarity as regards reproduction is observed in Acanthus ilicifolius, viz., a greater development of the embryo while still inclosed in the pericarp than is usually the case with inland plants. We come to the last representative of our mangrove, viz., Exccecaria ag allodia, L., called Blinding tree in India on account of the fresh sap being extremely acrid. The small tree bears rather thick branchlets, marked with leaf-scars. The leaves are entire and rather thick. The catkin-like male spikes are numerous. The sessile male flowers are surrounded by acuminate bracts. The more slender female spikes are not so numerous. The capsule, very variable in size, is \ — nearly 1 in. in diameter. The blinding tree, occurring in tidal estuaries and back- waters, is not common. If we compare with each other the different species which make up the mangrove formation, one fact before all is most striking, viz., that all are possessed of coriaceous leaves. These, again, have a shining surface and their margins entire, with the only exception of Carapa obovata which bears pinnate leaves. If we further examine the internal structure of the leaves, we meet the same uniformity as regards their anatomy. 16 654 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Fig. 1, Plate B, shows a small portion of the under surface of a leaf of Rhizophora mucronata. The epidermis, which is composed of a single layer of cells, is on the inside distinctly marked off from the neighbouring tissue. The outer walls of the epidermal cells are consider- ably thickened and even the side-walls show some thickening. Though the guard-cells always have their walls thickened in a peculiar way, they attain a still higher development in this direction in Rhizophora mucro- nata. The outermost layer of the external walls being in our case ex- ceedingly well developed, covers as a cuticle the whole surface of the epidermis, leaving open small passages only for transpiration. The respiratory cavities, which communicate directly with the intercellular spaces of the spongy parenchyma, are comparatively small. A complete transverse section would show that the number and area of those intercellular spaces is greatly reduced. Fig. 2, Plate B, exhibits a small portion of a transverse section of a leaf of Sonneratia acida, showing the epidermis with stomata. The epidermis is strongly cuticularised, even the side-walls of the epidermal cells exhibit greater cuticularisation than those of Rhizophora mucronata. The stomata, which are somewhat raised in the foregoing figure, are here on the same level with the epidermal cells and thus under the horizontal band of the cuticula. Sometimes one may observe near the sea-shore that individuals of the same species grow in the salt water as well as in the common soil. The comparative anatomy of their leaves shows the special adaptations to the respective substratum far clearer than does the comparison between plants belonging to different species. Fig. 3, Plate B, gives the diagrammatic view of the transverse section of a leaf of Sonneratia acida growing in salt mud, and Fig. 4 that of the same growing in common soil. In Fig. 4 the palisade-tissue is much reduced, whereas in Fig. 3 it is well developed near the ventral as well as near the dorsal surface. The same reduction -is observed in the spongy parenchyma, and, what is most important, the mangrove growing in the salt mud has developed more and greater vascular bundles. As the ramifications of the vascular bundles are prolonged, the bundles themselves become smaller and smaller and, finally, are of very simple structure. When the vessels disappear, there remain only spirally and reticulately thickened tracheids, which prove to be excellent channels for the conduction of water. (Fig. 5, Plate B, shows the termination of vascular bundles with tracheids.) Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. VOL. XVI. PLATE B FIG. 1, Epidermis with stoma of Rhizophora mucronata. \°o o • •7* Of i' + S t>*Bk£ [£_^ FIG. 2. Epidermis with stoma of Sonneratia acida. o o o o FIG. 3. Sonneratia acida on salt ground. O FIG. 4 Sonneratia acida on common ground: -\ FIG. 5. Tracheids of Sonneratia acida. A, P CORTEZ & CO. THE MANGROVE OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 655 Especially well developed is the aqueous tissue in the old yellow leaves of Rhizophora mucronata. The fact that these leaves are much thicker and more fleshy than the green leaves of the same plant, is due to the circumstance that those leaves which have become unfit for further assimilation develop a large aqueous tissue, which serves for some time as a water-reservoir. What we have observed in a few representatives of the mangrove vegetation is equally applicable in some way or another to the rest. If we consider all those structural peculiarities, we find that they belong to the xerophilous type, i.e., they all are adaptations which help to diminish the transpiration of the plant. Just for this reason the mangrove is characterized by the extraordinarily thickened and cuticu- larised walls of their epidermal cells, because these diminish the trans- piration from the outer surface of the leaves. In the same direction works the circumstance that the intercellular spaces in the mesophyll are reduced. It is a striking fact that the intercellular spaces are always larger where there is abundance of moisture than in places where there is only little of it as, e.g., in deserts, on a rocky ground, on sand or gravel. Plants growing on these substrata show in the same way the other peculiarities of the mangrove, viz., lengthening of the palisades, depression of the stomata, formation of aqueous tissue and multiplication of the vascular bundles. This latter contrivance renders the regular conduction of water to all parts of the tissue easier and is, at the same time, a means for the removal of the prepared food-materials. One would not think at first sight that the mangrove needed the structural modifications which are so useful and even necessary for the existence of those plants which grow in dry places. The mangrove sends its roots deep down into the mud, its stems are washed by the water for many hours of the day, and the branches and leaves are surrounded by a moist atmosphere and, nevertheless, it exhibits all the anatomical peculi- arities charaterizing those plants which are forced by circumstances to be economical in the expenditure of their water. It is a general experience that salts in solution render the osmotic absorption of water by the roots difficult. These receive much more water if it is in a chemically pure state than from solutions, and there is fixed for every plant a certain de- gree of concentration, usually not exceeding 3 per cent, beyond which absorption of water by the root does not take place any more. It is for this reason that a substratum fermented by a rich salt solution is, with 656 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI. respect to the living organism, physiologically dry. In consequence of that physical action exercised by the salts in solution, a too great concen- tration of salts in the assimilatory tissue would show its noxious chemical influence upon the metabolic processes, if not at the same time, there were a sufficient number of contrivances preventing too profuse a trans- piration. It is especially the aqueous tissue which counterbalances the concentration of salts in the assimilating cells. As the absolute amount of salt increases in the course of time, we can easily understand that it is just the old leaf which develops a rich aqueous tissue, keeping pace in its development with the accumulation of salts in the cells of the same leaf. 657 BIRDS NESTING IN THE MURREE HILLS AND GULLIES. By Lt.-Colonel R. H. Rattray. Part II. (With Plates C, D and E.) (Continued from page 428 of this Vol.) 673. Merula oastanea. — The Grey-headed Ouzel. Common round Murree, but one of the commonest birds round Changla and Dungagalis. Nests were in varied situations. I found them in banks, holes in rocks, among roots of dead fallen trees, and in a hole in tree trunk up to 10 or 12 feet from ground. Birds very tame ; did not leave nest until I came within 3 or 4 yards of tree or nest. The two photographs shew typical nest in bank and one in roots of old dead tree. 676. Merula boulboul. — The Grey-winged Ouzel. Very common everywhere ; found nests almost daily. 678. Merula unicolor. — TickelPs Ouzel. Common, but not nearly so much so as the last two species both near Murree and the Galis. Numerous nests and eggs. 690. Petrophila erythrogastra. — The Chestnut-bellied Rock- Thrush. Birds fairly common, but nests very hard to find. I used to see and watch one pair daily, but failed to find nest. I found one near Murree with 4 well-grown young ones. Nests often in very nasty places on side of steep khuds. 691. Petrophila cinclorhyncha. — The Blue-headed Rock-Thrush. Common near Murree, less so higher up. Numerous nests and eggs, and on two occasions eggs of the Common Cuckoo in nests. 693. Petrophila cyanus. — The Western Blue Rock-Thrush. Rare. I only saw birds near Murree, and during two seasons there only obtained 2 nests, both in holes in rocks. 698. Oreooinola dauma. The Small-billed Mountain- Thrush. Only found on the higher hills round Changla and Dungagalis ; the bird though common is very shy and retiring, and has to be looked for. I found 3 or 4 nests during June. 741. Pyonorhamphus icteroides. — The Black and Yellow Gros- beak. 658 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Common. It breeds freely, and several nests were found at Murree, Dunga and Changlagali, Nests difficult to find and were generally placed high up in a dense fir tree. In my opinion many birds lay twice, at Murree, and again at Dungagali. This year I found nests at end of May, and again, in July when numerous young birds were about eggs were found. I think that as soon as the young are able to shift for themselves a second nest is at once made. 745. Pyrrhula aurantiaca. — The Orange Bullfinch. A few of these birds are to be found on top of Miranjani where they breed. I, however, failed to find nests. On one occasion in the beginning of July I saw a pair with 4 young ones just able to fly from tree to tree on top of a hill near Dungagali about 9,000 ft. I am, therefore, certain of a few nests there. 7G7. Oardublis caniceps. — The Himalayan Goldfinch. Rare. I obtained one nest below Dungagali with 4 fresh eggs on 10th June 1904. Elevation about 5,000 ft. These were the only birds seen, but are said to be common by my collectors. Can it be possible that these birds have two broods in the year — one about 5,000 ft. early in June and a second in Kashmir high up in August. Major Buchanan found numerous nests in Kashmir during August ? 772. Hypacanthis spinoides. — The Himalayan Greenfinch. Fairly common at Murree and the Galis. I took four nests at Murree and one at Dungagali this year with eggs, but found many more that were destroyed by the heavy rain and deserted. These birds arrive suddenly at Murree about the middle of June, and at once set about building. 3rd July was the earliest date on which I got eggs. Nests generally high up on fir trees, neatly made. Eggs as described, but generally of a beautiful shape, delicate ovals and very fragile. 780. Passer cinnamomeus. — The Cinnamon Tree-Sparrow. Common at Murree, less so round Changla and Dungagalis. Obtained numerous nests at all three places. 793. Emberiza stewarti. — The White-capped Bunting. Common. I obtained numerous eggs from Murree and the Gullis. They breed from about 5,500 ft. up to 7,500 ft. 794. Emberiza stracheyi. — The Eastern Meadow-Bunting. One of the commonest birds round Murree, where I took numerous nests ; it is also common round Changla and Dungagalis. The eggs are o ■8 i — i BIRDS NESTING IN THE MURREE HILLS. 659 exactly like those of our English Yellow Hammer, hut rather more greenish in tinge. 805. Cheudon Kashmiriensis. — The Kashmir Martin. Common in the Galis, not found at Murree. These hirds were breed- ing in great numbers under the verandah in the dak bungalow at Changla and Dungagalis ; the nests are in most cases exactly like our Enolish Martin, but the bird out here more often takes advantage of a beam on which to rest its nest ; it is also a more familiar bird. 810. Ptyonoprogne rupestris. — The Crag-Martin. A few pairs of birds bred under some overhanging rocks — the place was most difficult to get at, and only one or two nests were within reach. Around Dungagali the birds were breeding in June, but at Bhaganota, which is considerably lower, all eggs were hatched and in many cases the young able to fly by the 6th June. The eggs are marked more with a dark sepia than reel. 822. Hirundo nepaLENSIS. — Hodgson's Striated Swallow. Common at Dungagali and Changla. I did not see birds at Murree, I caught number of birds on nests for purpose of identification. Most of the nests were in verandahs ; the birds were most tame and it was most interesting watching them collecting mud for their nests. 853. Oreocorys sylvanus.— The Upland Pipet, The birds were common enough round Murree and the Galis, but I found very few nests. In one I found an egg of Cuculus canorus, our common Cuckoo. This egg was absolutely fresh, while the ego-s of foster parent were on the point of hatching out. It would be interest^ ing to know what would have happened in this case. 946. Geoinus squamatus.— The West-Himalayan Scaly-bellied Green Woodpecker. A common bird everywhere in the hills. I found numerous nests with eggs and young. 950. Geoinus occipitalis.— The Black-naped Green Woodpecker. Not nearly so common as the last, but still common. I have no doubt, in many cases where there were young birds in the nests I did not carefully identify the birds. 960. Hypopicus hyperythrus. — The Rufous-bellied Pied Wood- pecker. A rare bird at Murree, but fairly common at Dungagali. Nests very difficult to find, as it selects a much more enclosed and dense portion of B60 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. the forests for its nest. I took one nest at Murree and two near Dunga. 961. Dbndrocopus himalayensis. — The Western Himalayan Pied Woodpecker. This is the commonest of the Woodpeckers. I took numerous nests at both places, but most had young in nests — nests at all heights from the ground from about 10 to 60 feet. 967. Dendrocopus macii. — The fulvous-breasted Pied Woodpecker. Common at Murree, but I failed to find a nest, I did not see a single bird in the Galis. 969. Dendrocopus auriceps. — The Brown-fronted Pied Wood- pecker. Common at Murree, but not in the Galis ; it does not appear to breed above 7,500 feet. I took one nest with eggs at Murree and some others with young birds. 1006. Megal^ma marshallorum. — The Great Himalayan Barbet. Very common at all three places. Its loud plaintive cry, as Jerdon calls it, is so much in evidence as to be a nuisance. I took eggs at Murree and near Dungagali. 1066. Updpa epops. — The European Hoopoe. Common at Murree and breeds. I saw very few birds higher up round the Galis. Took numerous nests. 1068. Cypselus melba. — The Alpine Swift. I used to see the birds often flying round Dungagali, but only late in the season found two nests both with young ones. These nests were not as described, but far inside a crack in solid rock on face of a preci- pice. I could not get my arms in, but caught one young bird as it flew out, so cannot say what the nest was made of. 1095. Caprimulgus indicus. — The Jungle Nightjar. I found one nest near Dungagali on a bare hill side on 7th June 1904, with 2 very hard-set eggs. The eggs were, as usual, laid on the ground exposed to the sun all day. The photo is of a nest and eggs at Fort Munro, Baluchistan, on 28th July 1904, and exactly like the others. 1092. Caprimulgus europ^us. — The European Nightjar. I only found these birds near Dungagali. I took two nests — one just inside the forest belt and the other on a bare hill side. They are not common. Eggs exactly similar to some I took some years ago. n 03 u -p re H O pq P c *"3 BIRDS NESTING IN THE MURREE HILLS. 661 1104. Cuculus oakorus. — The Cuckoo very common. I took a number of eggs at Murree and three near Dungagali. The eggs are laid in a large number of nests. 1105. Cuculus saturatus. — The Himalayan Cuckoo. Common. I took 3 eggs from oviduct of female at Murree and some other eggs at Murree and two eggs near Dungagali. All were from nests of Acanthopneuste occipitalis. (The Large-crowned Willow Warbler.) 1106. Cuculus poliocephalus. — The Small Cuckoo. Birds fairly common but not often come across unless searched for. I took an egg at Murree and one at Dungagali 1 am not entering into any discussion as to colouring of eggs, as this has been done in an admirable paper by Mr. E. C. Stuart-Baker, which will appear about the same time as this. This remark also applies to next species. I took both my eggs from nest of Large- crowned Willow Warbler. 1107. Cuculus micropterus. — The Indian Cuckoo. 1 took numerous eggs I attribute to this bird at Murree and one at OO Dungagali this year. Two of the eggs were in nests of Trochalof>tenim lineatum and the remainder in Laroiyora brunnea, the Indian Blue Chat. I am certain the eggs are blue in some cases (about 1 in 3 eggs), with a few darker blue or lilac spots. 1108. Hierococcyx sparverioides. — The Large Hawk Cuckoo. Rare at Murree but fairly common round Dungagali. I took one egg from nest of Trochalopterum simile, it is exactly like one I took some years ago from oviduct of female. The egg is blue. Mr. Stuart-Baker has again given the fullest information about this bird in his paper. 1112. Cacomantis passerinus. — The Indian Plaintive Cuckoo. A rare bird. I only occasionally heard and saw it near Murree. I took one egg there. OO 1117. Surniculus lugubris. — The Drongo Cuckoo. A very rare bird. I shot one bird in Murree about 5,500 feet eleva- tion in 1899, and took an egg that must, I think, belong to this bird near the same place as the bird was shot ; it was in nest of the Ashy Drongo ; this egg was quite fresh while Drorigo's eggs were hard set. 1141. Pal^ornis schisticeps. — The Slaty-headed Paroquet. Very common. I saw numerous nest holes at Murree and Dungagali but all contained young ones. 1175. Scops spilocephalus. — The Spotted Himalayan Scops Owl. U 662 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Rare. I have only come across this bird once here; this year obtained a nest with eggs shooting hen bird. This was near Changlagali. 1186. Glaucidium brodiei. — The Collared Pigmy Owlet. Birds common at Murree and more so at Dungagali, but I have only once this year obtained the eggs here. They hide their nest holes most carefully. This nest had 5 eggs. I have never previously taken more than 4 eggs. No. 1198. Neophron percnopterus. — The Egyptian Vulture. Birds common, but I have only seen one nest. This was taken on 11th May 1904 and contained 1 egg. a beautiful dark-coloured one. The nest was on a ledge of rock in an almost inaccessible precipice. The birds continued to occupy the nest, but did not lay again. 1206. Aquila hastata. — The Small Indian Spotted Eagle. I was luckv enough to find one nest of this bird about 3 miles from Dungagali. The nest was placed high up in a tree growing on the face of a nasty precipice. Men only climbed up with the assistance of ropes. The nest contained 1 incubated egg and was taken on 7th June 1904. I shot the hen bird off the nest. 1210, Ictinaetus malayensis. — The Black Eagle. A nest with one much incubated egg near Changlagali on 4th May 1904. The nest was one of the nastiest to get at I have ever seen. It was high up on a fir tree on the face of a very bad precipice. The bird sat until the man was quite near the nest and then swooped down at him till shot at. The pair continued near the nest the rest of the season, but did not lay again. The egg is a very handsome one, smeared with grey and dark purple ; the markings are nowhere in blotches, but smeared, running round axis of egg, I do not think they lay more than one egg. 1217. Spilornis cheela. — The Crested Serpent-Eagle. I obtained one nest with the hen bird on 6th May 1904 ; it was so much incubated it unfortunately broke in cleaning. The nest was high up in a fir tree. The single egg was a long narrow oval much pointed at small end. Ground colour greyish- white with a dull dingy cap of pale brown ; it was without exception the dingiest eagle or allied egg I have ever seen. 1229. Milvus govinda. — The Common Pariah Kite. Common. I saw several nests at Murree and Dungagali, but did not trouble to take them down. Z < CO < I EL i en a: gj 3 O CO d 6 < a) -1 to c6 O I H U. O H CO ui z Pu BIRDS NESTING IN THE MORREE HILLS. 663 1230. Milvus melanotis. — The Large Indian Kite. I saw very few birds at Murree, none at Changla or Dungagalis. I obtained one nest at Murree in 1899 ; it was high up in a tall fir tree and contained three eggs. 1260. Falco subbuteo.— The Hobby. A rare bird only found near top of Miranjani. I saw one nest building, but when visited about 14 days later was found deserted. Major Buchanan obtained eggs there some years ago. 1265. Tinnunculus alatjdarius. — The Kestrel. Common. I obtained a nest at Murree with 4 fresh eggs, and one this year at Dungagali with 5 eggs. I saw other pairs, but failed to locate nests, as they were in almost impossible places. 1283. Sphentocercus sphenurus. — The Kokla Green Pigeon. Common. Numerous eggs at Murree and Dungagali. 1305. Turtur ferrago. — The Indian Turtle Dove. Common everywhere. I saw and obtained numerous eggs at Murree and Dungagali. 1334. Pucrasia macrolopha. — The Koklas or Pukras Pheasant. Common at Dunga and Changla Galis, none at Murree. I saw several nests with 5 to 7 eggs. The photo was taken of one about t has been iemo^ed. (Original.) partially formed. The subsequent building up of the cell being accomplished as necessitated by the growth of the larva. The changes to pupa and imago take place after the cell bas been entirely closed. Perhaps the commonest of Indian Social wasps is the yellow Polistes hebraeus (Fig. 73). Every one knows the beautifully constructed papery nests of this insect. This wasp is particularly addicted to buildings and will •attach its nests to rafters, door frames, in fact woodwork of any 19 FiG. 73. — Polhtes hebraeus. A common Indian Social Wasp. (Dehra Dun.) 678 JO URN A L, BOMB A Y NA TURAL HISTOR Y SOCIETY, Vol. XV h description or to almost any convenient spot from its own point of view. The nest is unenclosed in any envelope ; the hexagonal cells form an irre- gular comb or mass which is attached by a stalk near its centre, or more correctly the nest is constructed from a central basal attach- ment, the cells being so placed that their mouths look down- ward s. Fig. 7 4 FlG. 74.— Nest of Polistet hebraeus, with a wasp clinging shows a partially to it. (Debra Dun.) (Original.) . . • ,u v • i '± formed nest ot this insect with a wasp clinging to it. Vespa velutina, the Indian hornet, builds nests of several feet in length which are inhabited by a very large number of individuals. Fig. 72 shows a fine nest of this species. The outer envelope is par- tially removed to show the forma- tion of the stories of the comb. The Indian hornet is very fierce when roused and will follow its enemy for miles even through F]G 7-__Vespa orientalis CUnifced dense jungle. Its sting in the hot Provinces.) weather is dangerous and may have fatal results in a similar manner to that of Apis dorsata. Vespa magnified, is the common wasp of the Himalayas from Simla to Darjiling extending into the hills of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim. Vespa orientalis, shown in Fig. 75, is to be found in the Punjab and United Provinces. Fam. XII. Fossoria— Sand Wasps. Smooth bodied Insects, often with long legs ; they are very like wasps, from which they may be distinguished by having their antennre curled instead of elbowed ; the front wings are not longitudinally folded. In INSECT LIFE IN INDIA. 679 habits they resemble solitary wasps, constructing either cells of clay or burrows in the ground or tunnels in the wood and stems of plants ; others form no special receptacle for their young, being either parasitic or semi-parasitic or making use of the abodes of other Insects, holes, etc. The habits of these Insects are carnivorous, the cells, burrows, &c, formed being filled with Insect stores to serve as food for the next generation. These Insects exhibit a wonderful industry and skill in the preparation and stocking of their cells and a remarkable variety in their habits, more especially marvellous when it is remembered that they never see their progeny and thus the young can have learnt nothing from their parents. Over 2,000 years ago these Insects attracted attention and Aristotle made some ob- servations on them, A curious Chinese tradition supposes that the Insects forming and storing the cells are males and that having buried the caterpillar it addressed a spell to it enjoining it to come out as a wasp similar to itself. This tradition, ancient as it may be, is by no means confined to China. Many instances of similar belief may be found in India at the present day. The ScoliidcB are parasitic Fossoria and are large powerful hairy insects with thick legs ; their colour is usually black with bands' or spots of red and yellow ; the hind body is elongate and has only a very short pedicel. Little is known about the habits of these insects in India. It is not improbable that, as with their European confreres, they are parasitic upon the larva* of Lamellicorn beetles; these latter larva? live in the soil or in Fig. 76.— Scolia proeer. (India and Burma.) accumulations of debris and the female Scolia enters the ground and, first stinging the grub, lays an egg in it. The Scolia grub feeds upon its host on hatch- ing out, the latter remaining alive for a considerable time. Scolia pra- cer (Fig. 76) is a common Indian insect. 680 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. The Sphegidce form their nests in burrows or construct mud cells. Sphex lobatus (Fig. 77) is an Indian insect which provisions its nest with Orthoptera. Rothney noted that a large field cricket (Brachytriqies aehoe- iinusl) was made use of. Peloptmus (Sce- liphron) madraspatanus is common in N.-W. India and is often known as the ' mud-dauber' (Fig. 78). It builds its cells all over the house but most often in the in habited rooms and is quite FlG- T^-Sphex lobatus. (India.) fearless. The cells are 4 to 6 in number and Fig. 78. — F el o p ee u s (Scelit>liron~) madras- are usually provisioned with spiders, about a score vatanus. The mud- . . m, -..„ ,. , , dauber (N.-W. India.) or so m number. Ine eclitice is disguised when •completed so as to make it look like a daub of mud. A tnpulex compre s s a, another Indian species, Fig. 79, makes use of cockroaches as provisions for its young. It does not Fig. 79.— AmpiSex compressa. (India and Burma.) construct any Special cell but makes use of holes, &c. Fam. XIII. For micidse— Ants. The antennae are elboweJ and trochanters undivided. The ants can be distinguished from other Hymenoptera by the fact that they have a constriction in the stalk which joins the abdomen to the thorax. The individuals of each species are usually of three kinds, males, females and workers, the latter which are the most usually noticeable of the three are wingless, but the males and females are winged, though the females soon lose their alar appendages. They are social Insects living in commu- nities of various members, the majority being workers. INSECT LIFE IN INDIA. G8I The larvae are helpless maggots, fed and tended by the workers or by the females. The pupae are enclosed in silken cocoons, these being the popularly called ' ant's eggs ' which may be seen in fine weather exposed on the top of the nest. Ants build nests which consist of passages and chambers dug out in earth and rotten wood, stumps of trees, etc., or they may build in the crowns of trees or bushes amongst the leaves which they fasten together. The burrowing ones generally pile up the earth they dig out in hillocks an 1 mounds above the level of the surface of the ground. The two most important sub-families of the ants are the Formicides, which have only one knot in their peduncle, the abdo- men being usually not furnished with a sting (Fig. 80), and the Myrmicides with two well-marked knots in the peduncle, the abdomen being usually furnished with a sting. An example of the Formicides is the large vicious red ant, (Ecophylla smaragdina (Fig. 81), of India. This ant in- habits trees, making a nest of the leaves which are fastened together. Mr. E. E. Green has recorded a peculiar habit of this ant. The adult has no material to enable Fig. 81. — (Ecophylla smaragdina. The red ant of . , India. Worker using a larva for spinning. lt to fasten tlle leaves (After Sharp.) (India.) together, but the larva possesses glands which secrete a sticky substance. Several ants hold the leaves together whilst others, each holding a grub between its mandibles, use it to serve as an animated gum bottle to stick the edges of the leaves B Fig. 80.— Abdomens of ants. A. Formicides with one joint, b, to peduncle. B. Myrmi- cides, with two joints £», e, to ped- uncle. together. Fig. 8 1 shows an ant holding a larva in this manner. 682 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Another species is the large black ant, Camponotus compressus (Fig. 82), which constructs its nest in the ground. This ant attacks other ants and is also to be found in attendance sucking up the sweet escrotions of blights (Aphidce) and scale insects (Coccidoe). Although plentiful where it occurs it is but locally Fig. 82.— Camponotus compretsus. (India.) distributed throughout the country. Amongst the Myrmicides may be noticed a large fierce insectivorous iint, Sima rufonigra, called the sepoy-ant (Fig. 83) in Madras from its colouration, it having a red thorax and black head and body. It makes its nests in dead wood and is often found in old FlG. 83 — Sima rufonigra. The sepoy-ant. QCoimbatore.) Ion gicorn beetle bor- ings in sandalwood in Ooimbatore and Mysore. Its sting is exceedingly painful. It is equally common in the north of India. Bingham ^writes as follows on this ant : — ' S. rufonigra makes its nests in the dead wood of trees, and very often, in Burma at least, in the clefts of the beams and posts of the wooden rest-houses scattered over the country. Person- ally, I opened and examined only one nest, and that was in a hollow in a. Pyinkado tree. The hollow was low down in the tree, and the entrance or entrances, for there were several, were quite at the base of the tree.' This ant at times fights most fiercely with the red ant ( (Ecophylla) described above. The common red ant of the plains of India, Solenopsis geminata, (Fig. 84) lives in large colonies in nests in the ground, under stones, &g. It constructs par- tially covered ways across roads and is often to be seen carrying off dead insects. It has been re- ported as attacking potatoes and 1 & l FIG. 84. — Solenopsis gem%nata, (India.) may do damage in nurseries. * Bingham. Blanf . Faun. Br. Ind., Hymenoptera, Vol. 11. 109. INSECT LIFE IN INDIA. G83 Another example of this group is one of the granary ants Holco- myrmex scabriceps (Fig. 85) which builds its nests in the ground and stores up grass and other seeds. Quite large heaps of grain are collect- ed by these Insects, these heaps being Fig. So.-Holcomyrmez scabriceps either used as food as they are or A granary ant. (Pun- allowed to ferment, the ants feeding iab) upon the sugar contained in the fer- menting mass. This ant is distributed irregularly throughout India from the Punjab to Cochin, but has not been recorded from Ceylon, Assam or Burma. The sub-family Dorylinse with large yellow-winged males and small 'flattened yellow workers are carnivorous hunting ants as also are the Ponerince. The only exception to the carnivorous rule in the two sub-families is the ant Dorylus orientalis which has been reported as attacking potatoes and cornflour plants at Fio. 8$.—Dorylus orientalis. a vegetable- the Botanical Gardens in Cal- eating ant. 8 and 3 forms- ,, t-i i i i (Botanical Gardens, Calcutta.) Ksutta. M. Forel, who has ' J identified the ant on several occasions, writes that it appears almost incredible that this ant should be the only vegetarian in the two sub-families. Fig. 86 shows the $ and $ forms. Some ants are in the habit of keeping Aphidce in their nests, which they use much as we use cows, sucking up the sugary secretions emitted by the blight. It is a common observation that when rose bushes and fruit trees are seen to bear blight upon their branches a procession of files of ants will be found crawling up the bushes or trees, their object being to suck up the sugary sap given out by the blight. Useful Hymenoptera. The Hymenoptera include several families containing species of direct benefit to man since they parasitise, and therefore tend to keep in check, various injurious pests both in the field and forest. It must however be borne in mind that the good is in some cases almost counter- G84 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI. balanced by the fact that the same families contain Insects which are- parasitic upon, and therefore lessen the numbers of, our useful Insect friends. In spite of this, however, in the case of serious increases in the numbers of an Insect pest such as a plague of caterpillars, or abnormal increases in plant lice (Aphidce) and scale Insects (Coccidce), &c, man is often deeply indebted to his hymenopterous allies. In this respect the ChalcididoB undoubtedly stand out prominently ; it has already been as- certained that the family contains species of undeniable importance and the further study of the group in India will well repay the trouble ex- pended upon it. We have seen (in Chapter V) that members of the family attack such different pests as the sugarcane borer (Child simplex), the tea scale bug (Chionaspis thece), the so-called cheroot weevil (Lasio- derma testaceum) and tea and sal leaf defoliating caterpillars. Other species have been found parasitic upon blue pine (Polygraphias, Pityogenes,) and deodar (Scolytus) pests. It has also been discovered, however, that it contains members which are parasitic upon beneficial Insects as, e.g., Peri- lampus considered to be parasitic upon some dipterous friends. Nest to the Chalcididce we may mention the Ichneumonidce, which are par excellence a parasitic group, more especially affecting the caterpillars of Lepidoptera. This family likewise is not entirely a beneficial one since it commits a considerable amount of injury amongst silkworms reared by man for their products, and this injury at times involves heavy pecuniary loss. Defoliating pests of all kinds are kept in check however, such as the Lymantrias of the tea and sal tree by Chalcis eup>loear Acronycta ancedina of the horse chestnut by Ophion aureolatus ; Hyblcea puera the common teak defoliator by species of Glypta, Pimpla, &c. ; defoliating Satumiidae by Pimpla punctata? ; the wheat and rice weevil by Pteromalus oryzce, &c. Although essentially a Lepi- dopterous larva-parasiting group, the Ichneumonidce do not, however, confine themselves to caterpillars. The genera of magnificent Insects known as Thalessa and Rhyssa attack wood-feeding grubs and are in consequence of considerable importance in the forest and orchard on this account. We have seen that a species of Rhyssa is parasitic upon the fine sirex wood-borer of Spruce (Sirex imperialis). Little is at present known about the parasitic family Proctotrypidoi which contains how- ever the important Insect Platygaster oryzce which is parasitic on the rice fly pest ( Cecidomyia oryzce) or of the Braconidce which greatly resemble the true Ichneumonidce. Both these families will certainly INSECT LIFE IN INDIA. 685^ yield surprising instances of their value to man when they have been studied. In addition to the groups of Insects of direct value to man as indis- pensable allies, the Hymenoptera includes others whose usefulness comes from quite a different cause ; these groups minister to his physical wants, providing him with certain products such as honey und wax, suitable as articles of food and commerce. The family Apidce contains the greater number of these Insects such as Apis dorsata and indica considered above. The Apidce play yet another important part in nature. The Insects largely depend upon the nectar of flowers and pollen for their food supplies and to obtain it visit, and often enter, the corollas of flowers. In this way they distribute the pollen, by serving as carrier, from plant to plant and consequently play a great part in the fertilization of the flowers and the ultimate fructification of the plant. The great usefulness of bees and many other Insects in this respect is by no means adequately recognised. The Diploptera (wasps) and the Fossoria (sand-wasps) also attack caterpillars and other Insects, paralysing them and subsequently laying their eggs in the body and they may therefore be termed useful insects. The sand-wasps also attack grasshoppers, laying their eggs in Insects of this nature of several times their own bulk. For instance Sphex lobatus attacks the large cricket Brachytrupes achoetinus which has already been shown to be a pest in India. Little is known about the usefulness or otherwise of the Scoliidcc in India, but in Madagascar a species lays its eggs in the rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes) which attacks palms in the island. It may turn out that a species infests and keeps in check the Oryctes in India which is a serious pest to date and cocoanut palms in Bengal, Madras and Bombay. Our knowledge of the habits of the Formicidce in India is not as yet sufficiently extensive to enable any definite remarks to be made upon their usefulness to man or otherwise. The bamboo-ant, (Ecopftylla smaragdina, feeds largely upon caterpillars, and so is possibly of some use in keeping down defoliating pests. From the above remarks it may be said that, taken as a whole, the Order Hymenoptera must be considered as one of considerable usefulness- to man. (To be continued.) 20 686 BIRDS OF SEISTAN, BEING A LIST OF THE BIRDS SHOT OR SEEN IN SEISTAN BY MEMBERS OF THE SEISTAN ARBITRATION MISSION, 1903-0). By J. W. Nicol Gumming, Superintendent, Seistan Arbitration Commission. 1. The Raven. (1) Corvus corax. I saw tb.ree specimens of a large Raven at Kubak on the 25th September 1904, and a pair near Hurmak on the 18th May 1905, which I believe belonged -to this species. 2. The Carrion-Crow. (3) Corvus corone. (Persian Kolagh.) This is a common bird in Seistan during the winter and is frequently seen near dwellings. I shot a specimen on the 20th March 1905. 3. The Rook. (5) Corvus frugilegus. Is seen in large flocks in fields during the winter. 4. The Hooded Crow. (6) Corvus comix. This Grey Crow is found mostly in the tamarisk jungles of Seistan in twos and threes ; but at times, during the winter, large flocks are to be seen in the open fields. 5. The Magpie. (10) Pica rustica, (Persian, Duzd, i.e., a thief.) Not very numerous in Seistan. It is occasionally seen either singly or in pairs in, or near, the tall tamarisk jungles with which the country abounds. 6. The Common Babbler, (105) Aryya caudata. (Biluchi, Pinkulag ; Persian, Susu.) Very common in the tamarisk jungles, where, however, it is extremely shy. A specimen I shot on 25th April 1905, at Kuhak, measured 9-25 in length. Breeds in the country. 7. The White-eared Bdlbul. (285) Molpastes leucotis. (Persian, Bulbul.) During my visits to Nasratabad, the capital of Seistan, in January and April 1905, 1 saw several birds which appeared to belong to this species ; but I was unfortunately unable to secure a single specimen. 8. The Wall-Creeper. (348) Tichodroma muraria. I have seen only two of this pretty crimson-winged Wall-Creepers while on the Seistan Arbitration Mission, i.e., at Nad Ali on 7th March 1903, and again at Peshawaran, 12 miles north of Seistan, on the 20th December 1904, when I managed to shoot the latter, a female. 9. The Grey-backed Warbt^er. (?-59) Aedon familiaris. (Biluchi, Surkhdumak.) Very common. I shot a specimen (length 6*5) at Kuhak, Seistan, on the 22nd April 1905, on the banks of the Rud-i-Seistan, while 5 eggs with a live bird (length 6*0) were brought to me on 11th May 1905. BIRDS OF SEIS TA N. 687 10. The Desekt Tree-Warbleb. (397) Hypolais obsoleta. (Biluchi, Gaz burruk.) I have frequently seen this bird in the low bushes on the " dasht " near the Rud-i-Seistan and shot a male specimen on the 20th March, and another on the 27th April 1905, near Kuhak. The measurements of the latter are as follows :— length 5*0 ; wing 2*37 ; tail 2-12 ; tarsus -75; bill from gape *62 ; middle toe and claw '43 ; distance from tip of first primary to tip of wing T25 ; distance from tip of secondaries to tip of primaries 5. 11. The Eastern Orphean Warbler. (399) Sylvia jerdoni. (Biluchi, Gaz burruk.) This bird is fairly common in the tamarisk jungles fringing the Helmand and its branches. I shot a male specimen on the banks of the Rud-i-Seistan, near Kuhak, on 21st March 1905. 12. The Streaked Wren-Warbler. (462) Prinia lepida. Fairly common in the tamarisk jungles. I found a nest with 4 eggs at Kuhak on 29th March 1904, and shot a specimen at Kuhak on the 1st October 1904. 13. The Rufous Shrike. (480) Lanius 2ihcenicuroides, (Biluchi, Dik.) I noticed several of this species on the banks of the Rud-i-Seistan on 22nd April 1905, when I secured a specimen (length 7*25). 14. The Common Indian Starling. (532) Sturnus menzbieri. I have on more than one occasion seen flocks of starlings in ISeistan, which, I believe, belonged to this species ; but not having secured any specimens I can- not be certain about it. 15. The Common Pied Bosh-Chat or White-winged Black Robin. (G08) Pratincola caprata. A pair of live birds was brought to me with their nest and two fresh eggs, at Kuhak, on the 7th May 1905. The female was not grey, as stated at page 60 of Vol. II of the Fauna of British India, nor dusky brown as stated by Lieut. H. E. Barnes at page 199 of his " Birds of Bombay " ; but its entire upper surface (excluding rump), head, neck, upper breast, tail and wings were a rich brown. The rump was rufous, chin whitish, and bill, legs and feet nearly black. Prior to this I had seen a solitary male at Kuhak on the 23rd April 1905. 16. Hume's Chat. (617) Saxicola albinigra. A couple of these birds was to be seen in the Mission Camp at Kuhak for several days during March 1905. They were first noticed by me on the 12th of March, and were usually to be seen perched on buildings and walls. I avoided shooting them in the hope that they had come to breed, but after some time they disappeared. 17. The White-headed Chat. (619) Saxicola capistrata. I have seen only one of these birds in Seistan, which I shot, at Kaod, on the -26th March 1903. G88 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 18. The Isabelline Chat. (625) Saxicola isabellina. This Chat was fairly common in Seistan during the spring of 1905. Speci- mens were obtained by me close to the Rud-i-Seistan, at Kuhak, on the 31st March and 3rd April. Two of these measured 6"5" and 6'75" in length. 19. The Desert Chat. (626) Saxicola deserti. A specimen was secured by the Mission Taxidermist, at Khwaja Ahmed, in January 1905. 20. The Black Bird. Tardus merula. While at Nasratabad, on 23rd January 1905, I saw a bird from a distance, in the moat round the city fort, which very much resembled the black bird. It disappeared before I could get a near view of it. 21. The Tree-Sparrow. (779) Passer montanus. Though ordinarily known as the Tree Sparrow, this species was to be found in every building in the Mission Camp, at Kuhak, in April 1905. I did not notice any in the month following, when they appear to have entirely deserted these buildings. 22. The Swallow. (813) Eirundo rustica. Common in Seistan during spring and summer. The first bird to arrive in the Mission Camp, in 1905, was on the 14th March. In 1904 they began laying during the last week in March, making the usual cup-shaped mud nest in any building to which they had access. I came across no nests in 1905. This was probably due to the uncertain state of the weather, a reversion to winter having set in during the last week of March which caused most of the birds to disappear, at any rate from the buildings which they had begun to take posses- sion of. 23. The Masked Wagtail. (829) Mot acillaper sonata. I have seen only one specimen of this bird, which I shot on the banks of the Helmand opposite the Band-i-Seistan, near Kuhak, near some grazing camels, on the 28th April 1905. It measured 737 in length. I have no reason to think it uncommon in Seistan, which abounds in Wagtails. 24. The Grey Wagtail. (832) Motacilla melanope. 25. The Grey-headed Wagtail. (833) Motacilla borealis. 26. The Black-headed Wagtail. (836) Motacilla fetdeggi. The three preceding varieties of Wagtails are very common in Seistan. On 23rd April 1905, I noticed quite a large number of the three varieties in among a flock of sheep which were grazing off the grass-covered banks of the Rud-i-Seistan. They were attracted by the numerous insects which were being disturbed by the sheep, and kept up with them partly by walking and partly by flying. These birds were by no means shy, and allowed me to approach within a few feet, so that I had a good opportunity of examining them closely. 27. The Desert-Lark. (854) Alamon desertorum. Found throughout the year on the gravel-strewn " dashts" of Seistan where it breeds, a young bird having been brought to me, at Kuhak on the 13th May 1904. This species is usually seen singly or in pairs, except in September, when BIRDS OF SEISTAK. C8y I have seen as many as six together, presumably a whole family. I shot speci- mens on 21st September 1904 and 5th May 1905. The latter measured 9-G5 inches in length. 28. The Crested Lark. (874) Gahrita cristata. (Biluchi, Chagok ; Persian, Karnalak.) Most abundant about the grass-covered banks of the Helmand and its branches, where it breeds from March to June, nests having been seen by me on the 27th March 1904,20th April 1905, 29th April 1903, and on 16th May and 13th June 1904. About September they leave the grassy banks of the rivers and spread all over the " dasht". A specimen I shot on the 20th April 1905 measured 7*4 in length. On 23rd March 19051 winged, but unfortunately lost, a crested lark with two conspicuous white feathers in its tail, presumably a freak of nature. 29. The Desert Finch-Lark. (878) Ammomanes phcenicuroides. (Biluchi, Dasht-i-Chagok.) Fairly common on the "dasht " near Kuhak, where I frequently came across small flocks of them during March and early in April 1905. On 24th April 1905 I saw them in pairs near Kuhak, when I managed to secure a specimen. The same day I saw a bird carrying off some material for its nest. Later on, during May and June, I saw solitary birds, on several occasions, along the Nushki Trade Route on the return of the Mission to Quetta. Owing to its colour, this bird is not very readily noticeable. 30. The European Roller. (1024). Corracias garrula. (Biluchi, Sabzkarask.) A live specimen was brought to me at Ivhwaja Amad in April 1903, and on the 21th April 1905 I found the country swarming with them, when I shot a specimen, length 13 inches. These birds were passing through and travelling in a northerly direction. 31. The Blue-cheeked Bef-eater. (1028) Merops persicus. (Biluchi, Kurru.) Very numerous in Seistan during the summer. They arrive in the country from a westerly direction in April — the earliest arrivals in 1905 being on the 17th of that month, and leave about October. I shot a specimen, at Kuhak, on the 22nd April 1905 (length 12*25) and found a pair boring their nest in a low vertical sandy .cliff facing west, on 7th May 1905, near Khwaja Ahmad. I was given to understand by the Biluchis of the country that they usually breed in the banks of the Rud-i-Seistan, where they are to be found perching on the swaying branches of the overhanging tamarisk and tall grasses which grow so luxuriantly thereon. 32. The Common Kingfisher. (1035) Alcedo ispida. This little Kingfisher is common all over Seistan and appears to be a per- manent resident. 690 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 33. The European Hoopoe. (1066) Upupa epops. (Biluchi, Murgh-i-Suleman.) I have seen several Hoopoes during the stay of the Mission in Seistan, hang- ing about holes in walls during the summer months and believe they belonged to this species. I regret not having shot any specimens. 34. The Sykes's Nightjar. (1089) Caprimulgus mahrattensis. (Biluchi, Shapkor.) I have come across only this one species of Night Jar in Seistan and that Very numerous during the summer months, i.«., from April to September, when it is to be seen all over the country flying about at dusk. It usually breeds on the gravel-strewn " dasht", laying no more than two eggs on the bare ground. These are glossy, of a light-grey colour and blotched with pail purplish grey. Owing to its colour it is extremely difficult to distinguish the bird when on the ground, even during the day, and when seated on eggs it keeps so still that it, at times, barely escapes being trod upon. I saw a couple pairing at dusk on the 4th May 1905 and had previously taken their eggs at Kuhak on the following dates : — On 24th May 1903 2 eggs. On 19th April 1904 2 do. On 28th do 1 egg. On 2nd June 1904 ,. 2 eggs. On two occasions, i.e., on 21st and 23rd May 1904, reports were brought to me by different parties that the eggs of this species had been seen-, but on proceed- ing to the localities where they had been seen, no trace either of the eggs or the bird could be found. I had no reason to believe that either party was trying to deceive me, as it meant loss of reward to the informers if no eggs were forth- coming. The absence of both eggs and bird in both instances, therefore, tends to the conclusion that this bird is in the habit of carrying its eggs about from place to place when necessary. No regard appears to be shown as to suitability of site, as two eggs I found were laid between two parallel camel tracks only a few feet apart. A young bird was also brought to me on ihe 28th June 1904. The cry of the bird very much resembles that of a frog and is to be distinctly heard all over the " dasht", after sunset, when the bird can be very easily located. 35. The Kock Horned Owl. (1168) Bubo bengalensis. (Biluchi, Boom.) A badly injured live young bird not quite fully fledged and with wing and tail-feathers mostly plucked was brought to me at Knhak, from Shaharistan, on the 6th May 1905. I concluded it belonged to this species, not only from its large size and the colouration of such of the feathers as it possessed, but chiefly from the fact that its last toe-joints were naked. It had no "horn tufts "; but these may have been plucked by the Seistani children into whose hands the unfortunate bird fell, if they had had time to develop. BIRDS OF SEISTAN. 691 36. Hutton's Owlet. (1182) Athene bactriana. I have seen only one of these birds in Seistan, which I shot, near Kuhak, on the 21st October 1904, on a high bluff near the Rud-i- Seistan. 37. The Egyptian Vulture, or Large White Scavenger Vulture. (1198) Neophron percnopterus. I have occasionally seen tbis species not only by itself near Kuhak and elsewhere in Seistan, but also in company with other laiger vultures which, I regret to say, I did not identify at the time. 38. Pallas's Fishing-Eagle, or the Ringed-tailed Sea Eagle. (1223) Haliaetus leucoryphus. On 12th January 19u5 I saw a pair of birds, on the high bluffs bordering on the Hamun-i-Sabari, between the Farrah Rud and Kuh-i-Gach, which very closely resembled this species. 39. The Black Kite. (1231) Milvus migrans. I have seen several kites in Seistan which very closely resembled this species,, but never secured a specimeD. 40. The Common Buzzard, (\2i\~) Buteo desertorum. A specimen was shot at Reg Mori on 27th February 1904. 41. The Indian Blue Rock- Pigeon. (1292) Columba intermedia. (Biluchi, Kapoth ; Persian, Kaftar.) Several Blue Rock Pigeons were shot by Major H. F. Walters off the high cliffs near Puzak, on 3rd February 1904 ; but there appears to be some un- certainty as to whether they belonged to this species or to the European variety (C. lima). I, however, subsequently, shot a specimen (a female) of C. intermedia at Kuhak on the 22nd April 1905, measuring 13'37 in length. 42. The Blue Rock-Pigeon (1293) Columba Uvia. See foregoing. 43. The Eastern: Stock-Pigeon. (1295) Columba eversmanni. ( Biluchi, Kapoth or Chah-i-Kapoth ; Persian, Kaftar.) The only specimen I ever saw in Seistan was shot by myself at Kuhak on 28th April i905. It measured 11"12 inches in length. 44. The Indian Ring-Dove. (1310) Turtur risorius. (Biluchi, Jungli kapoth.) A live, but very badly injured and plucked, specimen was brought to me at Kuhak on the 7th May 1905. I have myself seen very few doves in Seistan. 45. The Large or Black-bellied Sand-Grouse. (1316) Pterocles arenarius. (Biluchi, Jhugor ?) I have seen and heard large numbers of Grouse in the distance, near Kuhak,. but never shot any. I am informed, however, that the Imperial Sand Grouse is procurable in Seistan. 46. The Spotted Sand-Grouse. (1322). Pteroclurus senegallus. (Biluchi, Kuttu.) See foregoing. I am informed by those who have shot Grouse in Seistan that they comprise only two varieties, i.e., the Black-bellied and the Spotted Sand Grouse, the latter being the more numerous. £92 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NA TUBAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 47. The Common or Grey Quail. (1355) Coturnix communis. (Biluchi, Karrak.) This appears to be the only Quail found in Seistan. At any rate it was the only variety shot by the officers of the Mission. It was fairly numerous among cultivation during the autumn of 1903 and spring of 1904. The largest bag which fell to one gun was 12 brace. During the severe and prolonged winter of 1904-05 it was very scarce. Nests were obtained on the following dates : — 22nd March 1904, at Zahidan (1 fresh egg). 30th March 1904, at Kuhak ( do. ). 25th April 1904, at Kila-i-Konah (10 eggs in one nest). 48. The Seesee. (1371) Ammoperdix bonhami. This bird appears to be rather scarce in Seistan, a few only having been seen on the mud bluffs at the edge of the"dasht" near Kuhak. The only specimen shot on this Mission was at lower Khwaja Ali on the Helmand on Yth February 1903, while I saw a few birds at Peshawaran, 12 miles north of Seistan, on 20th December 1904. 43. The Black Partridge or Common Francolin. (1372) Francol'mm vulgaris. (Biluchi, Port.) An extremely common bird throughout Seistan. It affords splendid sport, the largest bags which fell to two guns* in one day being 28 brace on 14th October 1904, and 22| brace on 23rd November 1904, at Milak. The extensive tamarisk jungles which cover the banks of the numerous streams in Seistan provide ample protection against the extermination of this bird by the people of the country, who have no respect for the breeding season. The plan usually adopted by the Seistani for its destruction is ingenious, if primitive. When out shikaring, he usually carries about with him, in addition to his muzzle-loader and pumpkin flasks containing powder and shot, a large square piece of khaki- coloured cloth, with a hole cut out in the centre some 5" or 6" in diameter. This cloth he usually carries stretched out before him as a screen, two tamarisk boughs tied in the centre in the form of an x being used for the purpose. On observing his quarry, he rests the screen on the ground and fires from behind it through the opening. Numerous birds are also captured by means of traps of various patterns, in making which the Biluchi, especially, is very clever, the material used being tamarisk boughs or twigs, sheep's horns and home-made twine. The Black Partridge is a permanent resident in the country and breeds from April to June, eggs having been brought to me at Kuhak on the following 21st April 1904 (9 fresh). 23rd May 1904 (5 fresh). 4th June 1904 (4 fresh). 6th June 1904 (10 highly incubated). The eggs obtained on the 6th June 1904 I had placed under a fowl and they were hatched on the 9th June. » Major T. W. Irvine, I.M.8., and Captain H. C. Bell. BIRDS OF S EJS TA 2V. G93 50. The Little Ckake. (1392) Porzana parva. I expect this bird must be numerous in the dense reeds and rushes forming the Naizars. I have, however, seen only one specimen (a female), which was brought to me on the 6th September 1004. 51. The Purple Moorhen. (1404) Porphyrio poliocepkalus. (Persian, Bistuni.) Numerous in the dense reeds and rushes of the Naizars, where the water is shallow, but it is very rarely seen. It is a permanent resident in Seistan. On 13th June 1904, Lala Thakurdass, Irrigation Surveyor attached to the Mission, sent me a young live bird, about six weeks old. He also obtained two full- grown live birds at Koh-i-Khwaja in January 1905, which took very kindly to captivity and stalked about freely with some poultry kept by the Mission boatmen. 52. The Coot. (1405) Fulica atra. (Persian, Chor.) Very numerous both in the reeds and rushes of the Naizars and on the open stretches of water forming the Hamuns. It is a good swimmer and diver, and is to be seen, at times, in large flocks congregating with duck of all sorts. The Coot is a permanent resident and breeds in the Naizars. Lala Thakurdass, Irrigation Surveyor, on 14th March 1904 found several of their nests near Adimi, and brought in three. Two of these contained nine eggs each, and the other eight. Some of the eggs were fairly well incubated, while the others were fresh. The nests, which were huge masses of dry rushes, were not found floating on the surface of the water, but were supported about 2 feet above the surface by the dense reeds in which they were placed and which grew there in water about 7 feet deep. 53. The Demoiselle Crane. (1411) Anthropoides virgo. A specimen of this Crane, the only one secured by this Mission that I am aware of, was shot by Colonel A. H. McMahon, C.S.I., C.I.E , on the banks of the Helmand at lower Khwaja Ali, on 7th February 1903. A flight of these cranes was, however, subsequently seen by me, passing over Mission camp at Kuhak, on 30th March 1905. 54. The Houbara. (1415) Honiara macqueeni. (Persian, Thukdar and Thukdarri ; Biluchi, Charz and Charras ; Pashtu, Sara and S;ire ; Hindustani, Tiloor.) This Bustard is fairly plentiful in Seistan during the spring, being found on the dasht salt-covered plains and sand hills near cultivation. Pour birds were trapped by Seistanis near Ziarat-i-Bibi Dost between Zahidan and Nasratabad and brought into camp at Kuhak on 18th March 1905. Several were subse- quently seen about Sabzkim, Zahidan and elsewhere. The Biluch Nomad, who professes to know something about the nidification of birds, state that this Bustard breeds in Seistan about the middle of May, when the crops are being cut. This may be correct as regards Seistan, but it does not correspond with the only find of this bird's eggs that I know of. When I was in Fao, on the Shatel Arab in 1884, the Sheikh of Koweit sent in 8 eggs of this Bustard on 21 694 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. the 8th of March. Every effort was made by me and others to procure the eggs of this Bustard in Seistan, but without success. 55. The Great Stone-Plover. (1410) Esacus recurvirostris. Two slightly incubated eggs, corresponding in colour and markings to eggs I have in my collection and measuring 2*06 by P5, were found at Kuhak by some camel men not far from the Rud-i-Seistan, and brought to me on 5th June 1904. This is a little later than finds recorded in India, where according to Blanford, the Great Stone Plover lays between February and May, though I myself once discovered two highly incubated eggs us late as 3rd June on the seaborder, at Karachi, in 1887. This, however, was due to my unwittingly having destroyed a down-covered bird, which J came across at dusk, on the 28th April 1887. Keeping a regular look out for the parent birds, I found that they did not desert the locality, and that, having been deprived of their only offspring — there was only one — they laid again. 56. The Cream-coloured Courser. (1423) Cursorius gallicus. This Plover is to be found all along the Helmand and its numerous branches. I saw a small covey between Lower Khwaja Ali and Landi Barechi on the 10th February 1903 and two live birds were sent to Colonel A. H. McMahon, C.S.I., C.I.E.,at Nad Ali, on the 5th March 1903. I have also seen them in Seistan in April, so that they must breed in the country. 57. The Lapwing or Peewit. (1436) Vanellus vulgaris. Procurable in Seistan, though I have not myself shot any specimen. 58. TnE White-tailed Lapwing. (1438) Chettusia leucura. The only specimen I have seen in Seistan was one shot and sent me by Mr. E. A. McManus, of the Indian Government Telegraph Department, from Nasratabad, on the 6th May 1905. It was a male and measured 1P25" in length. 59. The Golden Plover. (1440) Gharadriw pluvialis. This bird has been seen by some of the officers of the Mission in Seistan, but it does not appear to be very common. 60. The Little Kinged Plover. (1447) sEgialitis dubia. This Little Plover is rather plentiful along the banks of the rivers and streams. I shot a specimen (length 6") on 1st April and a second on 9th May 1905 near Kuhak and have seen others during the summer, when I feel sure the bird must breed in Seistan. 61. The Black-winged Stilt. (1451) Himantopus candidus. A solitary female I shot near Khwaja Ahmad on 24th April 1905, measured 14". I subsequently, i.e., on 13th May 1905, received two birds shot by Mr. McManus, of the Telegraph Department at Nasratabad. 62. The Curlew. (1454) Numenius arquuta. Very common along the shores of the Hamuns during the winter. I have not seen any during the summer months and so am unable to say whether this species stays to breed in Seistan or not. BIRDS OF SEISTAN. 695 (33. The Black-tailed Godwit. (1456) Limosa belgica. On the 6th May 1905 Mr. E. A. McManus, of the Government of India Telegraph Department, managed to secure for me a specimen of this bird at Nasratabad out of a flock of some 20. It measured 18'25" in length. 64. The Wood on Spotted Sandpiper. (1461) Totanus glareola. Numerous in Seistan during May. I shot a specimen (length 8*37") on 5th May 1905 near Khwaja Ahmad, while Mr. E. A. McManus, of the Telegraph Department, sent me two specimens from Nasratabad on the 7th idem. 65. TnE Redshank. (1464) Totanus calidris. Obtainable in Seistan ; but I never obtained a single specimen. "It is very wary and may be recognised by its loud call and by the white on its wings" {Blanford). 66. The Woodcock. (1482). Scolopax rusticula. One or two birds only have been seen in Seistan by members of this Mission. According to the late Sir Oliver St. John, " Rose gardens are the favourite haunts of the Woodcock in Persia." 67. The Common Snipe, Full or Fantail Snipe. (1484) Gallinago ccelestis. Numerous in Seistan from September to end of April, when they are to be seen settling with G. stenura in large flocks in amongst the dense reeds of the Naizars, where they are very difficult to get at. They afford very poor sport in consequence. The largest bag obtained on the Mission was 18^ •couples on Cth January 1905. 68. The Pintail Snipe. (1485) Gallinago stenura. The remarks under G. ccelestis apply to this species also, as they are always found together during the winter. 69. The Jack Snipe. (1487) Gallinago gallinula. Said to be moderately numerous in Seistan. 70. The Great Black-headed Gull. (1489) Larus ichthya'etus. Fairly common in Seistau. A live bird was captured by some men of the Irrigation Establishment on 2nd April 1904. 71. The Slender-billed Gull. (1493) Lams gelastes. (Biluch, Kothar). On 26th April 1905. I shot two females (length of both 17-0") near Kuhak, out of a small flock which flew overhead. No fuss, beyond a low guttural croak, was made by the others as these two fell out. Only one of them circled round once and then flew off after the remainder. No cry of distress was uttered by any one of them over their lost comrades. They had presumably not yet begun to pair off. The description of both specimens tally with that given by Blanford in Vol. IV of the "Fauna of British India," except as regards the colour of the bill, legs and feet, which are not deep red. In the case of (I) the bill is a pale livid and the legs and feet a pale orange, and in the case of (2) the bill is a very dark livid and the legs and feet orange. These specimens, however, are females, which may account for the slight dif- ference here noticed. 696 JOURNAL, BOMB AY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 72. The Caspian Tern. (1498) Hydroprogne caspia. (Biluchi, Kothar). Common in Seiatan. On 20th April 1905 I shot one out of a couple I came across. It measured 19*25" in length. The other beyond circling round and hovering over the body of its mate as it floated down stream, made no fuss, not even a single cry or distress, as did the mate of the Gull-billed Tern I shot on 22nd April 1905. 73. The Gull-billed Tern. (1499) Sterna anglica. (Biluchi, Kothar.) Common in Seistan. I noticed them flying in pairs on 22nd April 1905. when I shot one which measured 14*75". Its mate hung about a long while expressing its genuine distress in loud cries. 74. The Black-bellied Tern. (1504) Sterna melanogaster. (Biluchi, Kothar.) I have seen only a few of this species in Seistan. They do not appear to be as common here as in India. 75. The Common Tern. (1506) Sterna fluvialilis. (Biluchi, Kothar). Common in Seistan. A specimen I shot at Kuhak, on the 28th April 1905, measured 13 9" in length. 76. The Little Tern. (1510) Sterna minuta. (Biluchi, Kothar). Common in Seistan. Usually seen hovering over and darting into the shal- low margins of flowing streams and standing water, where little fishes congre- gate in large numbers. Found them flying in pairs on 5th May 1905, when I shot a specimen measuring 8 5" in length. 77. The Eastern White Pelican. (1520) Pelecanus roseus. A live specimen was brought to Colonel A. H. McMahon, C.S I., C.I.E., at Nat Ali, on the 6th March 1903. I also saw two large Pelicans in the distance on the Hamun-i-Sabari, on 12th January 1905, but could not say for certain whether they belonged to this species or P. nnocratalus. 78. The White or Roseate Pelican. (1521) Pelecamis onocratalus. See foregoing. 79. The Large Cormorant. (1526) Phalacrocorax carlo. On 29th October 1904 I saw two flights of Cormorants going down the Rud-i- Seistan and several more at other times, but did not secure any specimens. 80. The Little Cormorant. (1528) Phalacrocorax javanicus. See foregoing. 81. The Common or Blue Heron. (1555) Ardea chierea. Common in Seistan. I shot two specimens, at Kuhak, on the 3rd October 1903. 82. The Little Bittern. (1570) Ardetta minuta. A specimen shot by Major T. W. Irvine, I M.S., and now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, belongs, I believe, to this species. 83. The Bittern. (1574) Botaurus ttelkms. A fine specimen of this Bittern was shot on the Farrah Rud in December 1904. BIRDS OF SEISTAN. 697 81. The Common Flamingo. (1575) Phnnicopterus roseus. Several flights of this Flamingo have been seen from time to time, but none so far as I know, has been shot by members of this Mission. A flock I saw on 28th April 1905 flew over tho Mission Camp, Kuhak, travelling north in the •direction of the Hamuns. 85. The Lesser Flamingo. (157G) Phcenicopterus minor. Only one specimen of this small Flamingo has been secured on this Mission. It was shot by Khan Bahadur Mir Shams ;Shah on the Farrah Kud in December 1904. 8;5. The Mute Swan. (1577) Cygnug olor. This Swan is undoubtedly to be found on the Hamuns of Seistan though no specimens have been secured. ;j7. The Whoopek. (1578) Cygnus muncus. A fine specimen of this Swan was brought into the Mission Camp on the Farrah Rud on the 13th January 1905. It was shot by a Sayad (fowler) on the Hamun-i-Sabari, where it appears to be fairly numerous. Many of their young are said ta have been caught on the Hamuns, so that this Swan may be considered a permanent resident in Seistan. 88. The Grey Lag Goose. (1579) Anser ferus. Common in Seistan. I obtained a specimen near the Hamun-i-Sabari on 27th December J 904, and another was sent to me from Kila-i-Nao during March 1905. 89. The Sheldrake. (1587) Tadoma comuia. This is a permanent resident in Seistan and rather numerous during the winter. On "22nd April 1904 the Irrigation Camp came across a large number of very young ducklings of this species between Chah Muhammad Raza and Sehkoha, in small bushes at the foot of the high " dasht," on a dry portion of the Hamun. Near by were some low reeds, while the water of the Hamun itself was some 300 yards off. There were several full-grown Sheldrakes, each followed by a brood of some 15 or 16 ducklings. Eleven of these ducklings were captured and sent to me, and a few of them lived till they were full grown. On 24th June 1904 one of these flew away, and I was ■compelled to clip the wings of the remainder. 90. The Mallard. (1592) Anas boscas. Numerous on the Hamuns, several birds having been shot by members of this Mission. Appear to arrive late in the autumn and to leave in March. 91. The Gadwall. (1595) Chaulelasmus streperus. Appear to arrive late in the autumn and to leave in March. Not common in Seistan. 92. The Common Teal. (1597) Neituan crecca. A remarkably common bird in Seistan and appears to breed in the country between the 1st and 10th April 1905. Captain R. C. Bell, while out inspecting his camels, saw thousands of this species all over 008 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY , Vol XVI. the country between Kuhak, Zahidan and Lutak. Every piece of water- he came to was literally covered with them, and out of a bag of 50 birds shot by him, the greater number consisted of the common Teal,, a small number only comprising some Bed-crested Pochaid, Gr.dwalls and Shovellers. 93. The Wigeox. (1509) JIareca penelope. Specimens were obtained during the winter by the members of the Mission. 04. TnE Pintail. (1600) Dajila acuta. Obtainable in Seistan, specimens having been obtained by members of this^ Mission. Appear to arrive late in autumn and to leave again in March. 95. The Shoveller. (1602) Spatula chjpeata. Numerous on the Hamuns during the winter and is perhaps a permanent resident, breeding doubtless in the Naizars. 96. The Marbled Duck. (1608; Marmaronetta anguslirostris. (Biluohi, Mow.) Another common duck in Seistan, like the Common Teal. Within a radium of 4 miles round Kuhak, Major T. W. Irvine, I. M.S., and Captain B. C. Bell, between 7th and 23rd April 1904, shot no less than 80 of this species aione^ It is a permanent resident and begins to breed at the end of April. I shot a pair on the 22nd April 1005 near Kuhak, and found on examination that the female would have laid in about a week's time, while on 5th May of the same year a female with nest and 16 eggs, all more or less fresh, was sent to me by Lala Thakurdass, Irrigation Supervisor, from near old Shaharistan. Ducklings were also brought to me on the following dates : — 1st June 1004 1. 14th „ „ 2. 6th July 1001 5, nearly full grown. 8th „ ,, several do. I also shot a full-grown bird on the Bud-i-Seistan on 3rd October 1904. A pair I shot at Kuhak, on 22nd April 1905, measured— male 18*5, female 17*0. 07. The Red-crested Pochard. (1604) Netta rufina. Numerous on the Hamuns during the winter, and probably remains on and breeds, during the summer, in the Naizar. 98. The Pochard or Dun-bird. (1605) Kyrocaferina. Common during the winter, when several specimens were shot by members of this Mission. This bird also doubtless stays on and breeds in the Naizars during the summer. 99. The White-eye Duck. (1606) Nyrocaferruginea. Common during the winter. 100. The Tufted Duck. (1600) Nyrocafuligula. Specimens were obtained during the winter. BIRDS OF SE1STAN. 699 101. Tiie Goi.den-Eye. (1610) Clangula glaticion. A rare bird in Seistan, only two specimens having been shot by members of this Mission. This was during January 1905, when the cold was unusually severe. 102. The "White-headed or Stiff-tailed Duck. (1611) Erismatura leucocephala. Very common on the Hamuns during the winter, when several specimens were shot by members of the Mission. Perhaps breeds in Seistan. 108. The Great-crested Grebe. (1615) Podicipes cridatus. Fairly common during the winter on the Seistan Hamuns. On 4th February 1904 I saw several specimens, near Puzak, in the deep open patches of water. It is a good diver and very vary. Its upright bifid crest shows very con- spicuously even at a distance. 104. The Indian Little Greee, or Babchick. (1617) Podieipes alb'qiennis. A young bird was brought to me at Kuhak on the 7th July 1904, so that this species is not only obtainable in Seistan but breeds here. 700 ■ THE MOTHS OF INDIA. SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN < THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA. ' SERIES III. PART III, By Sir George Hampson, Bart., e.z.s., f.e.s. {Continued from page 461 of this Volume.') Sub-family Agrotin^e. Genus Feltia. Type. Feltia, Wlk., IX , 203 (1856) ducens. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, not reaching vertex of head, the second joint fringed with long hair in front ; frons with slight ridge- like vertical prominence ; antenna? of male serrate and fasciculate in Indian species ; tibiea strongly spined, the mid and hind tibiaj with tufts of hair on outer side from base. Forewing rather short and broad, the apex rounded ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing, with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3'4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocelulars ; 6-7 from upper angle ; male with the claspers simple, hooked. I628e. Feltia duo-signa, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B.M., IV., p. 350, pi. OS, f. lu (1903). 702 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI, Caradrina, Ochs. Schmett. Eur., TV., p. 80 (1816), non. descr. ; Treit. Schmett. Eur., V. (1), p. 246 (1825) glareosa. Noctua, Treit. Schmett. Eur., V., p. 206 (1825), nee. Linn... ravida. Diarsia, Hiibn. Verz., p. 222 (1827) dahli. Megasema,H\\bn.Yevz.,p.222 (1827) triangulum. Ochropleura, Hiibn. Verz., p. 223 (1827) muniva. Eur/raphe, Hiibn. Verz., p. 224 (1827) sigtia. Ogygia, Hiibn. Verz., p. 224(1827) flammatra. Cbersotis, Boisd. Ind. Meth., p. 103 (1810) rectagula. Spalotis, Boisd. Ind. Meth., p. 106 (1840) augur. Dichargyris, Led. Noct. Eur., p. 206 (1867) melanura. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, the second joint broadly scaled in front, the third with small tuft of hair ; eyes smooth, large, round ; frons smooth ; antennae of male typically ciliated ; head and thorax clothed with hair and scales and with crests on vertex of bead and pro-and meta- thorax ; fore tibia; finely spined a; sides ; mid and hind tibia; spined ; abdo- men dorsally rather flattened, clothed with rough hair towards base, and with lateral tufts towards extremity. Forewing rather narrow, the apex rectangular ; veins 3 and 5 from close to angle of cell : 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10- anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with vein& 3-4 from angle of cell : 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6*7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base. Sect. I. Antennas of male bipectinate with short branches, the apical part ciliated. Agrotis ypsilon £ \. 1623. Agkotis ypsilon, insert (syns.) Noctua robusta, Blanch. Gay's Chile,, p. 75, pi. 6, f. 9 (1852). Agrotis bipars, Wlk. X., 334 (1856); Agrotis J'rirola, Wllgrn. Wien. Ent. Mon.r IV., p. 160(1860). Agrotis aureolum, Schaus, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, VI., p. 107 (1898). Section II. Antenna; of male ciliated. A. (Diarsia) Palpi with the hair on 2nd joint produced to a point at extremity. a. Hindwing orange. a1. Hindwing with blackish discoidal lunule orlona. b\ Hindwing without blackish discoidal lunule pronuba. b. Hindwing not orange. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 703- a1. Tegulee pale at base, with prominent black patch at tips. a2. Forewing with the orbicular Y-shaped open above. a3. Forewing with prominent pale costal fascia from base to postmedial line, with fine streaks on it defining the veins stent si, bs~. Forewing without prominent pale costal fascia. a4. Forewing with black bar from costa before subterminal line c. nigrum. hl. Forewing withont black bar from costa before subterminal line deraiofa. b'1 . Forewing with the orbicular elliptical or round flammatra. ft1. Teguke concolorous or with narrow dark termi- nal band, a'-. Forewing with distinct black bar or spots on costal area before subterminal line. a". Forewing with the costal area reddish or ochreous to the postmedial line. ax. Forewing with the antemedial line angled inwards on vein 1 rencdh. bx . Forewing with the antemedial line not angled inwards on vein 1 consangvinea, 6s. Forewing with the costal area concolorous. a*. Forewing with the antemedial line out- wardly oblique from below costa to vein 1 triangulum. b*. Forewing with the antemedial line inward- ly oblique from bslow costa to vein 1... junctura. h- . Forewing without black bar or spots before subterminal line. a'. Forewing with the costal area whitish to the postmedial line plecta. b" . Forewing with the costal area concolorous. o4. Forewing with black bars from costa at subbasal and antemedial lines albipennis. &4. Forewing without black bars from costa at subbasal and antemedial lines. a5. Forewing without black patch below the cell beyond subbasal line. a". Forewing with the antemedial line oblique, slightly waved. 704 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. a1. Forewing with medial shade. a8. Forewing with the inner area concolorous. a9. Hindwing whitish towards base, mandarinella. b9. Hindwing uniform fuscous brown. a1". Forewing without olive- yellow shade from costa beyond middle. «". Forewing with the ground-colour grey., mveisparsa, b -. Forewing suffused with rufous or purplish ... dahli. b'". Forewing with olive-yellow shade on costal area from middle to subter- minal line including the reniform rubecilia. uH. Forewing with the inner area suffused with blackish basistriga. b~ . Forewing without medial shade. a8. Forewing with the veins not streaked with grey. «°. Forewing not suffused with purple flavirena. b°. Forewing suffused with purple. a10' Forewing with white annuli to the stigmata .. tincta. bl". Forewing without white annuli to the stigmata ... ceradiohles. b*. Forewing with the veins streaked with grey griseivena. Z>°. Forewing with the antemedial line excurved from costa to median nervure, then incurved cervina, b'\ Forewing with black patch below the cell beyond subbasal line . poliofjramma. 1653a. Agrotis orbona, Hiifn. Berl. Mag. hi, p. S04 (1767). Nuctua subsequa, Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 79 (1776); Hiibn. Eur. Schmett. Xoct., f. 106. „ consequu, Hiibn. Eur. Schmett. Noct., f. 105 (1827). Agrotis xanncta, Ramb. Ann. Soc. Ent Fr., 1871, p. 315. Head and thorax pale rufous to grey tinged with rufous ; abdomen pale- brown, Ihe anal tuft and ventral surface tinged with rufous. Forewing pale THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 705 rufous to grey, tinged with olive or dark-brown or irrorated with black ; an indistinct, double, curved subbasal line from costa to subinedian fold, with more prominent striga at costa ; a similar antemedial line extending to inner margin ; orbicular and reniform with pale outlines, the former round or oblique and open above ; the postmedial line indistinct, double, waved, with more prominent strire at costa, oblique to vein 4 and slightly incurved at discal fold, incurved below vein 4 ; the subterminal line indistinct, double, grey, slightly defined by dark suffusion on inner side and by a prominent double dentate black mark below costa, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal series of black points, Hindwing orange ; some brownish suffusion at base ; a black discoidal lunule ; a subterminal black band with waved edges, broad towards costa, narrowing towards tornus ; the underside with the costal area red suffused with white. ab. 1 consequa. Fore wing darker. Habitat. — Europe ; Armenia ; Asia Minor ; Syria ; W. Turkistan • Kashmir, Dana ; Punjab, Sultanpur. Exp. 40-40 mill. Larca. Greyish ochreous or fuscous ; dorsal line broad, ochreous yellow, with fine black edges ; a subdorsal series of dark fuscous oblong marks with a yellowish-grey line below them ; lateral line pale ; subspiracular line broad, pale ochreous with dark edges ; head pale fuscous with dark markings. Food plants, grasses, Ranunculus, Primula, etc. 1653. Agrotis pronuba. 1651. Agrotis stentsi, Led. Verb. Zool-bot Ges. Wien. 1853, p. 367, pi. 4, f. 4. Ochropleura triangularis, Moore, P.Z.S., 1807, p. 55 Habitat. — Siberia ; Turkistan ; Tibet ; Amurl^nd ; Japan ; Kashmir : Punjab ; Sikhim. 1747. Agrotis onigrum. 1651a. Agrotis deraiota. Amathes c-nigrum, Hmpsn. Ill, Het. B. M., ix., p. 94, pi. 176, f. 4 (Larva), nee Linn. 1650. Agrotis flammatra, insert (syns) Agrotis deleta, Koll. Ins. Pers.r p. 53 (1848) ; Agrotis bimaculata, Mill. Cat. Rais. L', Suppl., p. 15 (1875). 1648«. Agrotis rexalis, Moore, P.Z.S., 1867, p. 55, Ochropleura subjmrpurea, Leech. Tran.=. Ent. Sec. 1 900, p. 35. Head and thorax dark-brown mixed with rufous and the scales tipped with blue-grey ; the tegula? sometimes olive-ochreous except at tips ; the meta- thorax with rufous crest ; abdomen fuscous brown, the anal tuft tipped with ochreous. Forewing dark-brown suffused with purple-grey ; the costal area ochreous or rufous to the postmedial line ; a double subbasal line from costa to submedian fold, in which there is a short black streak ; the antemedial line double, waved, excurved above inner margin and with oblique black streak before it in cell ; claviform with its extremity slightly defined by black ; orbicular and reniform defined by black, the former rounded or diamond-shaped, open above, 706 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. the cell before and between the stigmata suffused with black ; the postmedial line indistinct, double, minutely dentate, and produced to points on the veins, bent outward, below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; the subterminal line indistinct, defined on inner side by an oblique black bar from costa, angled •outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing dark fuscous brown, with fine ochreous line at base of cilia ; the underside irrorated with grey. Habitat. — W. China, Omei-shan. Wa-ssu-kou ; Punjab, Simla, Dalhousie. Exp. 52-69 mill. 1648. Agkotis consanguinea, Moore, P.Z.S., 1881, p. 333. Head and thorax dark brown mixed with reddish brown, some of the scales tipped with grey ; tegulse sometimes ochreous except at tips ; abdomen grey brown, the anal tuft tinged with ochreous. Forewing dark brown with a greyish gloss ; the costal area ochreous or tinged with rufous to the postmedial line ; the sub-basal line represented by a black point below costa and a curved line between cell and vein 1, followed by a blackish patch with black point above it in cell ; the antemedial line double, oblique, minutely waved ; claviform with its extremity defined by black ; orbicular and reniform defined by black and their centres by brown, the former round, or somewhat oblique elliptical, the latter with some rufous on its upper part, the cell before and between them black ; the postmedial line double, dentate and produced to points on the veins slightly bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; the subterminal line defined on inner side by an oblique black bar from costa slightly angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle. Hindwing pale fuscous brown ; the cilia grey with a brown line through them ; the underside pale, the costal area thickly irrorated with fuscous, the terminal area suffused with fuscous. Habitat. — Kashmir, Dras, Scinde Valley ; Punjab, Simla, Dalhousie, Thun- diani, Mjurree, Dharms/da : Tibet, Yatung. Exp. 42-50 mill. 1648&. Ageotis Triangulum, Hi'ifn. Berl. Mag. III., p. 306 (1776). Noctua sigma. Esp. Schmett. IV., pi. 186, ff. 1*3 (1796) ; Hiibri. Samml Eur. Schmett. Noct. f. 497. Head and tegular except tips brownish white ; palpi blackish at sides except at tips ; extremities of tegulas and thorax red-brown ; tarsi fuscous with pale rings ; abdomen ochreous irrorated with dark brown, the anal tuft and ventral surface rufous. Forewing pale greyish brown suffused with red-brown ; the sub-basal line pale, with black spots on its inner side below costa and cell, a black patch beyond it below the cell with a point in cell above its extremity ; the antemedial line double, the outer blackish and strong from costa to submedian fold, slightly angled outwards below costa, then oblique and slightly incurved to above inner margin, where it is angled outwards ; claviform with its upper edge defined by black ; orbicular and reniform with greyish annuli defined by black, the former oblique v-shaped, open above, the latter constricted at middle, the cell before and between them black-brown ; the postmedial THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 707 line double, minutely dentate and produced to points on the veins and with black strigaon its inner edge at costa, bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then oblique ; the subterminal line greyish, slightly defined by brown on inner side and by an oblique black bar from costa, angled outward at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal series of dark points. Hindwing brown ; the cilia ochreous ; the underside pale irrorated with brown, a small dark discoidal spot and curved postmedial line. Habitat. — Europe ; Armenia ; Kashmir. Eorp. 26-48 mill. Larva. Ochreous or brown speckled with black ; dorsal line pale ; a subdorsal series of oblique dark marks on somites 4-11, darker and confluent on 11 and followed by a pale bar ; subspiracular line pale ochreous ; head pale brown with blackish markings. Food plants Rumex, Stellaria, Salix, etc. 1649. Agrotis junctura. 1631. Agrotis plecta insert (syns.) Agrotis unimacula. Stand. Stett. Ent. Zeit, 1859, p. 21. Agrotis anderssoni, Lampa, Tidskr 1885, p. 54 ; Agrotis glanamacuta Grass. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 321. 1639. Agrotis albipennis. 1639a. Agbotis mandarinella, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. VI. B. M. p. 418, pi. 70, f. 25. Graphipliora mandarina, Leech. Trans. Ent. Soc 1900, p. 42 (nee p. 36). Head and thorax bright rufous slightly mixed with grey ; palpi rufous and blackish, pale at tips ; tibire and tarsi blackish mixed with white ; abdomen grey-brown, the anal tuft and ventral surface reddish ochreous. Forewing bright rufous suffused with purplish ; a double black sub-basal line from costa to submedian fold, excurved below costa and with a point beyond it in cell ; a double waved antemedial line, angled outwards below costa and more strongly above "inner margin ; claviform small, slightly defined by ochreous and brown ; orbicular and reniform with rufous centres and ochreous annuli defined by rufous, the former small, round ; the postmedial line dentata and produced to points on the veins, bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; the subterminal line pale, defined on inner side towards costa by a dark shade with pale points on it, slightly angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal series of black points- Hindwing pale fuscous brown ; the cilia pale purplish red, the costal area irrorated with black, a small discoidal lunule and sinuous postmedial line. Habitat. — W. China, Pu-tsu-fang, Nitou ; Tibet, Yatung. Exp. 36 mill. 1643. Agrotis niveisparsa. 1635. Agrotis dahli, Hiibn. Eur. Schmett. Noct. ff. 465, 466 (1827). „ descripta, Hmpsn. Moths. Ind. ii. p. 184. (nee Brem.) Graphipliora canescens, Butl. 111. Het. B. M. ii. p. 28. pi. 30, f. 1 (1878). Orthosia erubescens, Butl. A. M. N. H. (5) v. p. 224 (1880). Cerastis mbdolens, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881 p. 181 {$). Chera efflorescens, Hmpsn. III. Het. B. M. viii, p. 78, pi. 145, f. 7 (1891). 708 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Chera erubescens, Hmpsn. 111. Het B. M. viii, p. 78., pi. 145, f. 14. (1891). 1635a. Agrotis rubicilia, Moore, P.Z.S., 1867, p. 55. Graphiphora mgrogigna, Moore, P.Z.S., 1881, p. 352 pi. 38. f. 4. Head and thorax olive-yellow and rufous to bright lufous, ; palpi except -at tips and hair on pectus purplish red, tibia? and tarsi blackish ; abdomen greyish or ochreous, the anal tuft and ventral surface rufous. Forewing pale rufous suffused with yellow except the terminal area from apex to middle of inner margin, or purplish with some olive suffusion from middle of costa to subter- minal line and extending to lower angle of cell ; an indistinct, waved, double sub-basal line from costal to submedian fold ; a double, waved antemedial line ; claviform represented by a fuscous point at its extremity ; orbicular and reniform indistinctly defined by brown, the former round ; an indistinct waved medial line, angled outwards to lower angle of cell ; the postmedial line double, dentate and produced to points on the veins, bent outwards below costa, slightly incurved at discal fold and incurved below vein 4 ; the subterminal line greyish, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal series of points. Hindwing fuscous brown ; the cilia purplish red : the underside pale reddish, the costal area deeper red, and the costal and terminal areas irrorated with brown, a slight discoidal spot and sinuous post- medial line. Habitat.— J \v.\s ; W. China ; Kashmir, Narsundah ; Punjab Sultanpur, Dalhousie, Dharmsala ; Sikhim. Exp. 32-40 mill. 1635&. Agrotis basistriga, Moore, P.Z.S., 1867, p. 54 ; Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. P.M. IV., p. 427, pi. 71 f. 4. Head and thorax purplish grey suffused with deep red-brown, or entirely red-brown ; palpi deep red-brown, pale at tips ; tibia? and tarsi blackish irrorated with white ; abdomen pale red-brown, the anal tuft and ventral surface purplish red. Forewing deep rufous and olive fuscous, more or less completely suffused with purple-grey, some dark suffusion above basal part of vein 1 and on medial part of inner margin ; a double waved sub-basal line from costa to vein 1 with a dark point in the cell beyond it ; a double, waved, antemedial line strongly angled outwards above inner margin ; claviform small, defined by brown ; orbicular and reniform defined by brown, and with their centres defined by brown ; an indistinct waved medial line angled outwards on median nervure ; a double postmedial line, dentate and produced to points on the veins, bent outwards below costa, slightly angled inwards at discal fold, incurved below vein 4 ; a double subterminal line, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle, and with some olive-brown suffusion before it at costa, some pale points on costa towards apex ; a terminal series of dark points. Hindwing yellowish white, the terminal area suffused with fuscous or fuscous brown ; cilia pale purplish red ; the underside paler, the costal area suffused with purplish red ; a dark discoidal lunule and sinuous postmedial line. Habitat. — W. China ; Punjab, Dharmsala ; Tibet, Yatung ; Sikhim. Exp„ 38—42 mill. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 709 1635c. Agrotis elavirena, Moore ; P.Z.S., 1881, p. 352, pi. 38, f. 4. Graphiphora vulpina, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 118 (1882). 9 . Head and teguhe red-brown, the latter with dark patches irrorated with white ; thorax purple-brown, the scales tipped with white ; pectus, legs, and abdomen grey-brown. Forewing red-brown with slight white irroration at base, below costa, and on the veins ; subbasal line obsolete ; antemedial line indistinct, waved ; claviform represented by a dark point at its extremity ; orbicular indis- tinctly defined by brown, round ; reniform ocbreous whitish defined by brown ; postmedial line indistinct, minutely waved, bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then oblique ; traces of some subterminal points ; a fine pale line at base of cilia. Hindwing fuscous brown, the cilia pale purplish ; the underside pale, the costal area and termen tinged with pink, a dark discoidal lunule and indistinct curved postmedial line. Hob. — Sikhim. Exp. 46 mill. 1635rf. Agrotis tinota, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1900, p. 41, Hmpsn Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. IV., p. 429, pi. 71, f. 7. 9. Head and thorax purple brown ; palpi deep red-brown, pale at tips ; frons and shoulders suffused with grey ; tibia? and tarsi fuscous, the spurs with pale rings ; abdomen fuscous-brown, the dorsal tuft and ventral surface rufous. Forewing red-brown suffused with purplish grey, except the end of cell and area from it to costa at subtermedial line ; faint traces of a subbasal line ; an indistinct double antemedial line filled in with grey, angled outwards below costa, on median nervure, and on vein 1, and inwards in cell and submedian fold ; claviform with its extremity slightly defined by rufous ; orbicular and reniform irrorated with grey and with grey annuli slightly defined by blackish, the former rounded, its lower extremity produced to a point, sometimes connected with the reniform ; the postmedial line very indistinct, double, even bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved, bent outwards to inner margin; the subterminal line indistinct, greyish, slightly defined by rufous on inner side, angled outwards at vein 7, and excurved at middle ; traces of a terminal series of black points. Hindwing fuscous-brown ; the cilia purplish- red ; the underside pale purplish-red, the costal area irrorated with fuscous- brown, a small discoidal spot and sinuous postmedial line. Hab.—W. China, Omei Shan ; Punjab, Simla. Exp. 36-40, mill. 1636. Agrotis cerastioides. 1644. Agrotis griseivena. 1638. Agrotis cervina. 1638a. Agrotis poliogkamma, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal., B. M. IV., p. 438, pi. 71, f. 16 (1903). 9. Head and thorax black-brown, mixed with grey and palebrown ; tegulse with black medial line and black at tips ; tarsi tinged with white ; abdomen ochreous mixed with dark brown. Forewing dark brown, irrorated with grey, thickly on basal and terminal areas; the veins streaked with grey ; the subbasal line represented by black striae from costa and median nervure, defined by 23 710 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. grey oa outer side and with black patch beyond it below the cell ; the ante- medial line angled outwards Ik low costa, oblique to vein 1, then strongly angled out .vards above inner margin, defined by grey on inner side ; claviform defined by black ; acute at extremity, and with an oblique ochreous white fascia from it to postnedial line; orbicular and reniform with grey annul, defined by black, their centres irro rated with grey, the former oblique, open above, the latter angled inwards on median nervure ; tbe postmedial line defined by grey on outer side, minu'ely dentate, bent outwards below costa, very slightly angled inwards in discal fold and oblique below vein 4 ; the subterminal line grey, defined by a series of dentate black marks on inner side, slightly angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal series of small black lunules ; cilia intersected with grey. Hindwing fuscous brown, with fine dirk terminal line ; the cilia whitish with brown line at base ; the underside grey, thickly irroratcd with dark brown, a sinuous postmedial line. Hob. — Kashmir ; Barra Larcha, Gooais Valley. Exp. 36 m.ll. B [Agrotis) Palpi with the 2nd joint evenly fringed with hair in front. a. Hindwing white, the termen tinged with fuscous. a1 Forewing with black fascia in cell between the stigmata. a2 Forewing with the antemedial line dentate towards costa dispilata. b- Forewing with the antemedial line waved towards costa sicca. b1 Forewing without black fascia in cell between the stigmata putris. b. Hindwing white at base, the terminal half suffused with fuscous ravida. 1642. AGROTIS DISPII.ATA. 1641. Agrotis sicca, Guen. Noct. i., p. 135(1852), Hmpsn., Cat. Lep Phal. B. M. I V., p. 45 1 , pi. 7 1 , f . 30. Axylia renalis, Moore. P. Z. S., 1881, p. ?4l. 1640. Agrotis putrid, insert (Syn.) Noctua subcorlicalis, Hiifn. Berl. Mag. iii, p. 308 (1767). 1645. Agroiis ravida, insert (Syn.) Agrotis nipona, Feld. Keis. Nov., pi. 110, f. '20 ('874). Graphiphora caliginea, Butl., A. M. N. H. (5) i, p. 165 ('878), and Agrotis glis, Ohribt. Kom. Mem. iii, p .61, pi. 3., f. 10 (1887). Genus Episilia. Type. Episilia, Hiibn., Verz., p. 210 (1827) lutens. Pachobia, Guen. Noct. i., p. 341 (1852) tecta. Cyrebia, Guen Noct. ii.,p. 195 (1852) luperinoides. Pm/'hara, Wlk. xi.. 607 (1857) interclma. Oxira, Wlk. xxxii., 656 (1865) ... ochructa. Choephora, Grote. Trans Am. Ent. Soc. ii., p. 19'.) (I8ii8)... fungorum. Raddea, Al >h. Hor. l-'nt. Soc. Ross, xxvi., p. 45'» (1892).... digna. Ammagrolis, Staud. Iris, viii., p. 358 (181J5) swum. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 711 Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, clothed with long hair ; frons smooth ; head and thorax clothed with long ha;r ; fore tibiae spined at sides ; mid and hind tibiae spined Forewing with veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from Id anastomnsii g with 8 to form the areole ; 1 1 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3 4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsoles- cent from middle of discocellulars ; 6 7 from upper angle. Sect. I., Ox ra. Antennae of male bipectionate with moderate branches, the apical part serrate. A. Forewing with the cell black between the stigmata. a Forewing with large black patch beyond the cell... postfusca. b. Forewing without black patch beyond the cell ochmcen nb. ruplistriga. B. Forewing with the cell not black between the srigmata. a. Forewing with distinct pale subterminal line ochracea. b. Forewing with the subterminal line indistinct, dark olitascens. 1627a. Episilia postfosca. Episilia ochracea. $ 1. fi 1621. Episilia ochracka, insert (/Jyn.) Mythimna deparca, But], A.M.N. H. (5) VI., p. 358 (1879). Agrotis stictica, Pouj. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (0) vii,, p. lxviii (1887). 1625. EPISILfA OL1VASCKNS. Sect. II. (Pachnobia). Antennae of male serrate and fasciculate. A. Forewing with the costal area pale to postmedial line retracla. B. Forewing with the costal area concolorous a. Forewing with the ce'l dark rufous tenuis b. Forewing with the cell concolorous „ . Lomcclroma 1634a.— Episilia retracta, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. IV ; p. 489, pi. 73, f. 7 (1903). $. Head and tegulae rufous, the latter with some grey near base and grey tips ; thorax olive-brown ; pectus*, legs, and abdrmen rufous. Forewing dark olive brown, thickly irrorated with blue-grey; the costal area pale rufous irrorated with grey ; the cell black-brown ; traces of an antemedial line from •submedian fold to inner margin ; claviform a narrow pale rufous streak ■ orbicular and reniform pale rufou« defined by whitish and confluent with costal area, the former very narrow and oblique, the latter narrow and angled inwards on median nervure to middle of c?ll ; the postmedial line double, minutely waved, filled in with grey, bent outwards below costa to long beyond cell excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; a curved dark subterminal line ; cilia brown. 712 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY , Vol. XVI. Hindwing brown, tinged with fuscous on costal and terminal areas ; cilia pale brown. Habitat.— Sikhim. Exp. 30 mill. 1634. Episilia tenuis. 1634 b.— Episilia homochroma, Hmpsn. Cat. .Lep. Phal. B.M. IV., p. 493, pi. 73, f. 14(1903). £ . Head and thorax deep rufous ; antenna? whitish ; abdomen fuscous, the ventral surface dark brown. Forewing deep chocolate-red suffused with silvery blue ; an indistinct double, curved, sub-basal line from costa to sub- median fold ; an indistinct double, waved, antemedial line, oblique from costa to above inner margin where it is angled outwards ; orbicular and reniform with silvery blue annuli defined by brown, the former oblique elliptical, open above ; the postmedial line double, minutely waved, bent outwards below costa, slightly incurved at discal fold, incurved below vein 4 : cilia purplish red. Hindwing ochreous white more or less suffused with fuscous brown ; cilia purplish red ; the underside suffused with purplish red and irrorated with fuscous, a small discoidal spot and postmedial line slightly angled at vein 6. Habitat.— Tibet, Yatung. Exp. 30—34 mill. Sect. III. (Episilia). Antennae of male ciliated. A. Forewing rufous isochroma. B. Forewing brownish grey ., monogramma. 1634c. Episilia isochroma, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. IV., p. 502, pi- 73, f. 20 (1903). Head and thorax rufous ; abdomen greyish ochreous, the anal tuft and ventral surface rufous. Forewing ferruginous red, with a few silvery-blue scales on inner and terminal areas ; obicular represented by an obscure dark point, the reniform by a slight lunule ; faint traces of a postmedial line bent outwards below costa, incurved at discal fold and below vein 4 ; traces of a subterminal line angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle. Hindwing ochreous white ; the costal area slightly tinged with fuscous and the terminal area in female ; cilia pale rufous ; the underside with slight discoidal point and traces of postmedial line. Habitat —Tibet, Yatung. Exp. $ 28, $ 30 mill. 1634rf. Episilia monogramma, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. IV., p. 509, pi. 73, f. 27 (1903). Head and thorax grey pencilled with brown, sometimes suffused with fuscous; abdomen brownish grey. Forewing brownish grey, thickly irrorated with black ; a waved sub-basal line from costa to submedian fold •, an oblique waved antemedial line ; orbicular and reniform greyish, with pale annuli defined by blackish, the former elliptical ; a waved diffused medial shade, angled outward to lower angle of cell ; the postmedial line strongly dentate, bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; an indistinct dentate subterminal line angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing grey suffused with fuscous brown ; cilia THE MOTHS OF INDIA, in whitish, sometimes with a brown line through them ; the underside whitish, the costal area irrorated with brown, a dark discoidal spot and diffused curved postmedial line. Habitat. — Kashmir, Kuijar, Barra Larcha. Exp. ?A — 42 mill. Genus Lycophotia. Type. Lycopliotia, Hiibn. Verz., p. 215 (1827) porphyria. Hapalia, Hixbn. Verz., p. 220(1827) pracox. Peridroma, Hiibn. Verz., p. 227 (1827) margaritosa. Scotophila, Steph. 111., Brit. Ent. Haust III, p. 18 (1829) ... porphyria. Actehia, Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust, III, p. 20 (1829) pracox. Tlarus, Boisd. Ind. Moth., p. 76 (1829) porphyria. Neuria, Guen. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. X., p. 241 (1841) non descr. elegans. Phlebosis, Christ. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1887, p. 164 petersi. Setaqrotis, Smith, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 38, p. 59 (1894) planifrom. Hynernaznia, Hmpsn. Moths. Ind. II, p. 194 (1894) denticulata. Praina, Schaus, J. N. Y., Ent. Soc. VI, p. 114 (1893) radiata. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint broadly scaled and with pointed tuft of hair at extremity, the 3rd joint somewhat porrect ; frons smooth ; eyes large, round ; thorax typically with divided ridge-like dorsal crest ; tibia? spined ; abdomen cylindrical, dorsally clothed with rough hair at base. Forewing usually narrow and elongate, the teimen obliquely curved ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastom- osing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3-4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6*7 shortly stalked. Sect. I. Antennas of male strongly serrate and fasciculate. 1629. Lycophotia sichima. Lycophotia sichima. $ \. Sect. II. Antennae of male ciliated. A. (Peridroma?) Pro-and metathorax with divided crests. 1665. Lycophatia denticulata. B. (Hapalia. \ Pro-and metathorax with slight spreading crests. a. Hindwing white, the terminal area suffused with brown conformis. b. Hindwing wholly tinged with brown photophila. Lycophotia confokmis. Lycophotia photophila, Guen, Noct 1, p. 45 (1852). Agrotis sollers, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1877, p. 179. Christ Hor. Ent. Soc. Koss xii., pi, 6, f. 19. 1632. 1630. 714 JUUltNAL,BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI Ajrotis ignipeta, Oberth, Et. Ent. 1, p. 45, pi. 4, f. 4 (1876). Spcelotis undidans, Moore A. M. N. H. (5) 1, p. 233 ; id. 2nd Yarcand Mission, pi. 1, f. 10. Agrotu obscurior, Staud. Stett, Ent. Zeit 1889. p. 27. „ Candida, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit 1889, p. 27. „ obumbrata, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit 1889, p. 28. Habitat. — Algeria ; Syria ; W. Tukkistan ; E. Turkistan ;S. Afghanistan; Scinde, Karachi. Genus Richia. Type. Bichia. Grote, Can. Ent. xix., p. 44 (1887) ........ chortalis. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi oblique, the 2nd joint fringed with hair in front, the 3rd moderate : frons smoo h, eyes large, rounded, antennae of male rainitely serrate and fasciculate, head and thorax clothed with hair and scales, the prothorax with sharp ridge-'ike crest, the metathorax with slight crest, tibiae strongly spined ; abdomen smoothly soiled. Forewing with veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 0 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 4 from cell. H ndwing with veins 3*4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6'7 shortly stalked or from angle. A. Hindwing uniformly suffused with fuscous. u. Forewing with the subterminal line almost straight, curvipltna. b. Forewing with the subterminal line excurved below costa and at middle .. xestiodes. B. Hindwing ochreous, tinged with fuscous towards termen. fuscisignata. 1G37. Richia curviplena. 1637a. Richia xestiodes, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. IV ; p. 596, pi. 76, ,.14(1903). Head and thorax pale rufous, the scales tipped with grey ; palpi dark rufous. paler at tips ; abdomen ochre- ous, dorsally tinged with fuscous, the anal tuft ful- Richia curviplena, $ \. v o u s yellow. Forewing ochieous with a violaceous tinge and irrorated with rufous ; a rufous subbasal line from costa to submedian fold ; an oblique antemedial line, slightly incurved to costa and excurved above inner margin •, claviform defined by rufous above and at extremity ; orbicular and reniform large, defined by rufous, the former elliptical, the cell before and between them suffused with rufous ; a waved medial shade from lower angle of cell to inner margin ; a waved postmedial line excurved below costa, incurved in discal and submedian folds ; the Bub- terminal line broadly d 'fined by rufous on inner side and slightly on outer, excurved below costa and at middle ; a fine waved terminal line. Hindwing TIIE MOTHS OF INDfA. 715 ochreous, suffused with fuscous ; the underside ochreous, the costal and terminal areas irrorated with brown, a dark postmedial lire. Habitat.— Kashmir, Goorais Valley, txp. 3S mill. 1637b. Uichia fuscisignata, Hmpsn. Oat. Lsp. Phal. B. M. IV, p. 597, pi. 76, f. 15 (1905). 9. Head and thorax pale rufous mixed with ochrecus ; palpi darker rufous except at tips; abdomen ochreous, the ventral surface tirged with rufous. Forewing pale ochreous suffused with rufous ; traces of a whiti&h sulbasal line from costa to submedian fold ; an oblique whitish antemedial line with brownish lin9 on its innyf sid? ; orbicular and reniform defined by fine whitish lines, the former oblique elliptical, the latter with blackish marks in its upper and lower extremities ; postmedial line whitish, defined by a fine brown line en inner Bide and sfc'o ujsr linj on out3r ; subterminal lino whitish, defined by brown suffusion on its inner side, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal series of small brown lunules. Hindwing and undersides ochreous yellow. Habitat. — Kashmir, Goorais Valley. Exp. 42 mill. Genus Pakaxkstia. Type. ParaxeMia. Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. IV., p. 001 (1903). flavicaudata. Proboscis fully developed; palpi with the 2nd joint upturned, reaching vertex Paraxestia flavicaudata. $ \. of head, fringed with hair in front, and behind at base, the 3rd joint long, naked, porrect, frons smooth; eyes large, overhung by long cilia ; antennae of mab ciliated ; head and thorax clothed with long hair, without crests; fore tibiae without spines ; mid and hind tibiae strongly spined • abdomen dorsally clothed with long hair at base, the claspers of male large. Forewing with the apex somewhat produced, the termen crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areoh ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with the ciiia crenulate ; veins 3*4 from jngle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6'7 from upper angle. 1670. Pakaxestia flavicaudata. Genus Mythimna. Type. Hythimna, Ochs. Schmett. Eur., iv., p. 70 (1816) non descr. ; Treit. Schmett. Eur., v (1), p. 77 (1*25^ oxalina. Orthopia Ochs. Schmett. Eur., iv , p. 79 (1816) non descr.; Treit. Schmett. Eur., v., (I) p. 2^0(1825) ccccimacula. Cera'tis, Ochs. Schmett. Eur., iv., p. 84 (1816) non descr.; Treit. Schmett. Eur., v. (2), p. 395 (1825) .. rubricosa. 716 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Mesogona, Boisd. Ind. Meth., p. 144 (1840) acetosellce. Ammoconia, Led. Noct. Eur., p. 97 (1857) ccecimacula. Pseudoglaia, Grote, Can. Ent., viii., p. 18 (!876) tceduta. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned and fringed with long Mythimna Indiana. £ \. hair in front ; f rons smooth ; eyes large, rounded ; antennae of male typically ciliated ; head and thorax clothed with rough hair only ; fore tibia? fringed with hair ; mid and hind tibiae spined. Forewing with veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with the termen crenulate and slightly excised at discal fold ; veins 3*4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; G-7 shortly stalked. 1G69. Mytbimna Indiana, Guen, Noct. i, p. 302 (1852). Tiracola polacea, Butl. 111. Het. B. M., vii., p. 54., pi. 127, f. 5 (1889). Genus Tricheurois. Type. Tricheurois, Hmpsn. A. M. N. H. (7), xv, p. 451 (19o5) . nigrocuprea. Proboscis fully daveloped ; palpi upturned, fringed with hair in front ; frons obliquely rounded ; eyes large, round, hairy ; head and thorax clothed with hair only and without distinct crests ; mid and hind tibiae spined, abdomen with some rough hair at base. Forewing with veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3'4 from angle of cell ; 5 ot soles- cent from middle of discocellulars ; 6'7 shortly stalked ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 1680. Tricheukois nigrocuprea. Tricheurois nigrocuprea. £ 1. Genus Niurois. Neurois, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Fhal B. M. IV., p. 610 (1903) . Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, not reaching vertex of head and clothed with rough hair ; frons obliquely rounded, with slight roughened _ Type, niaroviridis. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 717 prominence at extremity ; eyes large, ronnded ; antennas of male ciliated ; head and thorax clothed with scales mixed with a few hairs, the metathorax with distinct crest ; fore tibia? fringed with hair ; mid and hind tibiae with a few spines ; abdomen clothed with rough hair and with lateral tufts towards extremity. Forewing with veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 34 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from below angle of discocellulars ; 67 shortly stalked. A. Forewing silvery white thickly irrorated with bronze green, the terminal area brown nigroviridis. B. Forewing sap-green suffused with black and marked with pale-brown ,., atrovirens. C. Forewing black-brown renalba. 1G67. Neurois nigroviridis. 1666. Neurois atrovirens. 1668. Neurois renalba. Genus Eurois Type. Eurois, Hiibn. Verz., p 217 fl827) prasina. Aplecta, Guen. Aun. Soc. Ent. Fr. vii„ p. 217 (1845) prasina. Matuta, Grote, Can. Ent. vi., p. 116 (1874) tenebrifera. Adelphagrotis, Smith, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 38, p. 38 (1890) stellaris. Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint broadly fringed with hair in front, the 3rd short, porrect, with some hair in front ; eyes large rounded ; frons smooth ; antennas of male typically ciliated ; head and thorax clothed with hair and scales and with spreading crests on pro-and meta-thorax ; fore tibiae fringed with hair ; mid and hind tibiae Bpined. Forewing rather broad, the apex rectangular ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3*4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6*7 from upper angle. if* Eurois virens. $ \. 1785. Eurois virens. Genus Epilecta. Type. Epilecta, Hiibn. Verz., p. 220 (1827) li?iogrisea. Hiria, Dup. Cat. Meth., p. 145 (1844) nee Hyriaham. Moll. 1819 , Unogrisea. 24 718 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi with the 2nd joint oblique, moderately scaled in front and with slight pointed tuft at extremity, the 3rd joint long naked, and porrect ; frons smooth, with ridges of scales above and between antenna? ; eyes large, rounded ; antennae of male ciliated ; head and thorax clothed with scales, prothorax with spreading crest, a double dorsal ridge-like crest ; mid and hind tibial spined ; abdomen dorsally flattened. Forewing nar- row, the apex rectangular ; veins 3 and f> from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper an;de ; 0 from 1 0 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; U from cell. Hind- win^ with veins 3'4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from the middle of discocel- luiars ; 6*7 from upper angls ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 165-'. Epilecta accipiter. Epilecta accipiter. g {. Oenus Triph^ena. Type. Triphrrna. Hiibn. Verz., p. 221 (1827) - inferjecta. Lampra, 11 iibn. Verz., p. 221 (1*27) fimbria. Euschesi*, Hiibn. Verz , p. 221 (1827) janthina. Abagrotis, Smith, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 38, p. 4 (1890) err.dica. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi oblique, the 2nd joint fringed with long hair produced to a point at extremity, the 3rd joint short, porrect, and slightly fringed with hair below ; frons smooth ; eyes large, rounded ; head and thorax clothed m ith hair and scales, the pro-and meta-ihorax w ith slight spreading crests ; antenna; of male typically ciliated ; tibiae fringed with hair, the mid and hind tibiae spined ; abdomen dorsally flattened and fringed with hair at sides Forewing with the margins subparallel, the apex rounded : veins 3 and 5 from close to angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing wiih 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3*4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6'7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 1662. Tkiphtkna semiuerbida. Genus Protagrotis. Type. Protagrotis, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M , IV, p. 655 (1903).. viralis. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi with the 2nd joint oblique and moderately fringed with hair, the 3rd porrect ; frons smooth ; eyes large, rounded ; antennae of male with long bristles and cilia in Indian species : head and thoiax clothed with hair only and without crests ; fore tibiae fringed with hair ; mid tibiae without spiaei ; hiud tibiae with one spine between medial and terminal spura ; THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 719 abdomen with some rough hair at base of dorsum. Forewing moderately broad, the apex not produced ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwirg with veins 3 '4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6 7 shortly stalked or from cell; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 1599. Pkotagkotis cupkea. Protagrolis cuprea {'lobe continued.) 720 FURTHER NOTES ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE LUCKNOW DISTRICT. By G-. W. V. de IIhe-Phiupe. In 1902, after some three years and a half of collecting and observation in the district, I compiled a local list, which appeared in Vol. XIV. (pp. 481 et seq.) of the Journal of the Society. A transfer from Lucknow put an end, for the time being, to butterfly work there ; but the chances of service took me back for some months in 11)03-04, and gave me a few further opportunities of adding to my collection of the district Lepidoptera. Pressure of official work limited tbese opportunities to occasional excursions in the near neigh- bourhood ; but I was able to add a few new names to my local list and to make some additional notes. These I give as a supplement to the original article. Furlough home has been answerable for the delay in writing them. NYMPHALID^E. SATYRIN.E, 8. Mycalesis ulasius — Fabr, This species was even more common during the rains of 1903 than I had ever known it before ; but continued very local. Curiously, spots I had known as certain finds in previous years were now absolutely blank ; while in others I had more than once previously unsuccessfully searched, a specimen or two could invariably be routed out. Nymfhalin^e. 20. Junonia atlitks — Linn. I took two or three of this species in Lucknow in July and August 1903, and it can now be given a place in the local list with certainty. 23 (a). Neptis eurymene — Butler. I had an opportunity of examining a Neptis taken in Lucknow in September or October 1902, which was of this species. Its occurrence in the district is justified by its distribution, but it is probably very rare. LYC^ENID^. 52 (a). Iraota Maecenas — Fabr. One male was taken in March. It is a much smaller insect than usual (being barely 1*2 inches in expanse) and the brilliant metallic scales so distinctive of the species are very few and scattered. It is thus, in appearance, somewhat different from others of the species .mostly from the Himalayas) in my collec- tion ; but a careful examination removes all doubt of its identity. It is appa- rently very rare in the district ; and, like many other Lycenidas, probably appears only as a spring brood. 55. Aphn^eus elima — Moore. 61. Kapala melampus — Cram. I found considerable numbers of these species in May and early June, attracted by the scented flowers of a Mimusops elengi, a somewhat uncommon tree in the Lucknow District. Elsewhere they were as rarely met with as ever. Males predominated, and all the insects were dead and badly broken — being apparently the survivors of the spring broods. BUTTERFLIES OF LUCKNOW DISTRICT. 721 PAPILIONED.E. PiERINjE. 74. Appias paulina — Cram. Another specimen — a male — of this rare species was taken in the Secunderabagh gardens in September. 74 (a). Appias hippoides — Moore. New to the Lncknow list. It is rare, only a single female — taken in September — being recorded in four years. 78 (a). Leptosia xiphia— Fabr. — Taken for the first time in August 1903 at the height of the rains. It is apparently not very rare, but is extremely local, which probably accounts for an earlier capture not having been recorded. All I took were found in a very limited piece of damp, heavily overgrown ground, in a corner of the Secunderabagh gardens. The species was only on the wing a very short time — about a fortnight — and then disappeared altogether. Papilionin^e. 79. Papilio aristolochi.e — Fabr. I discovered numbers of eggs, larvae in all stages of growth and pupa;, of this common papilio on Various kinds of Aristolochia throughout July, August and September. Owing to frequent absences from Lucknow I was unfortunately unable to carry out any systematic course of breeding ; it should not, however, be difficult to work out the life his- tory of the species. 83. Papilio nomius — Esper. I saw or took quite a number of these insects in July and August. Though never common, it may be considered regular, and my original note on the species thus needs some modification so far as its occur- rence in the Lucknow District is concerned. HESPERID^. 84. Badamia exclamationis — Fabr. I found the eggs and larva? of this species on the Bignonia gracilis, and the imago could generally be found round the plants. For reasons already given, I was, much to my regret, not able to do any breeding. 92. Udaspes folus — Cram. I took one more specimen in September. It is a rare insect in the district. I have also to add three new " Skippers " to the Lucknow list. All are apparently rare, as only single specimens of each were taken in four years. 94. Sakangesa dasahara — Moore. One taken in October. 95. Padraona gola — Moore. A single male in September 1903. On getting the new species, I captured and examined all others of the genus I saw, in the hope of finding some more of P. gola ; but I never a^ain took anything but P. dara. 96. Parnara komara — Moore (?). This was the only Parnara I ever took in Lucknow, and I have not been able to classify it to my satisfaction. It does not fully agree with any of those described by Watson in his " Hesperidaj Indicaa " ; nor could I identify it with any of the species represented in the Calcutta Museum collection. The discal series of spots on the forewing are 722 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. arranged exactly as in P. colaca, Moore, but it lacks the spot inside the cell ; the upper side of the hind wing is also unmarked. It appears rrore nearly allied to P. kwnara, Moore (which I have doubtfully named it), but differs from Watson's description of the species in having three distinct discal spots on the underside of the hindwing, one just beyond the cell, and the other two between the fh'st and second and second and third median nervules. The specimen was a male taken in September. 723 AN APPEAL FOR LIZARDS By F. Gleadow, I.F.S. It was pointed out to me lately that the Society's collection of lizards is small and dwindling. In fact, lizards do not keep for ever, (witness one I was expected to mime, Ugh!) and unless new specimens are sent in, a museum soon begins to deteriorate. Below will be found a catalogue of our collection, followed by a list of desiderata. It will be observed, by those gifted with sufficient perspicuity, that the latter list is the longer of the two. I, therefore, venture to ask the charitable and benevolent in all parts of India to collect and forward lizards of all kinds except those known to be very common. Persons who may not have been born lizard -catchers may feel diffident of success, but they have only to try and see that there is interest and some fun in this mild form of shikar. Lizards are not all taken with the same bait. A charge of small shot, a smart terrier, a fishing rod with a running noose at the end, will take the lizard if he will not take them. They may be caught by hand, chased with a stick in the hot weather (Professor Mugwump's cure for obesity), or dug out of the ground. The latter method is excellent in sandy country ; the burrows are not deep (except some of the Agam/dce). and if a twig is inserted in advance, the hide is not obliterated by fallen sand. Fingers should not be stuck up these holes, for they sometimes contain venomous snakes. It is rather fun seeing half a dozen native boys trying to catch a lively Eremias or Calotes. Many kinds live under dead bark or stones and are easily caught. Above all, do not flurry the CI ameleons. A Chameleon can move his legs at the rate of one every 5 seconds, but he regards it as most indecent and undignified if he has to take more than a step every 25 seconds. So spare his feelings. He will open his mouth, but you can put your finger in and he will merely wonder when you are going to take it out again. When the lizards have been caught, they may either be forwarded alive to the Honorary Secretary of our Society or killed by drowning, when after a small incLion lengthways has Le3n made in the abdomen, they should be placed in some weak spirit and water, and forwarded by post. 724 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. CATALOGUE OF LIZARDS in the collection of the Bombay Natural History Society, 26th May 1 Do. grandis Acantbosaura armata Do. lamnidentata Do. minor Do. major Japalura variegata ... Do. plauidorsata Salea horsfieldii Calotes various ... CharaBia blanfordiana Agatna various Phrynocephalas various ... Varanus flavescens ... Do. nebulosus %... Do. salvator Tachydromus seslineatus... Cabrita jerdonii Opbiops various ICretnias guttulata ... Do. brevirostris Do. fasciata ... Mabuia various (brahminy lizards) Lygosoma various ... Ablepharus brandtii Do. grayanus Ristella various Tropidophorus berdmorii ... Eumeccs scutatus ... Do. schneideri Do. blythianus Scincus arenarius Ophiomorus blanfordii Chalcides pentadactylus ... Sepophis punctatus Chalcidoseps thwaitesii Acontias various Dibamus novaa-guineaa Ceylon. Tinnevelly. Grafs, 4,300 ft. Assam, Sadiya. Ceylon. Andamans and Nicobars. Bengal. Pegu ? Malaysia. Malaysia, Siam. Pegu, Teuasserim. Sikhim and Kbasi Hills. Sutlej Valley. Sikhim, E. Bengal. Khasi Hills. S. India. All parts. S. W. Bengal. High Rocks. Himalayas. Deserts, Rocks. Persia to Indus. N. India, Burma. Bengal, Burma. Bengal, Burma, Cejlon. Assam, Burma. Godavari Valley. All parts. Sind. Gulf, Punjab. Persia, Baluchistan. All parts, -4-0. Punjab, Sind, Baluchistan. Cutch. Sind. Hills, S.India. Pegu, Tenasserim. Sind, Cutch. Baluchistan. Amritsar. ^ind. Baluchistan, Persian Coast. Sandy banks of Kuddle. Golconda H., Gorge H. Ceylon. Do. Nicobars. Small specimens required which can be kept in spirits. — Hon. Sees. 727 A NEW MOUSE-HARE OF THE GENUS OCHOTONA. As the result of " a large and valuable series of Ochotona from Kashmir, recently sent home by Colonel A. E. Ward," Mr. J. Lewis Bonhote was induced " to take up and study the whole genus, so far as the Palaearctic Eegion is concerned," and the results are published in the P. Z. S. 1904, Vol. II., p. 205, including the description of a new species collected by Colonel Ward. For the convenience of Members we quote below the full description of this new species, of which Colonel Ward has contributed several specimens to our collection. Ochotona W.vrdi, Bonhote. Ochotona icarcli, Bonhote, Abstr. P. Z. S. 1904, No. 10, p. 13, Nov. 22. In the summer pelage, worn from June to September, the whole of the head, shoulders, and fore-part of the body (excepting a small patch behind the ears, which is white) is bright chestnut (cinamon- rufous, Ridgw.), becoming more vinaceous on the throat. The remainder of the upper parts is dark greyish rufous, each hair being black at its base with a light sub-terminal ambula- tion, the tips being either dark or rufous. This latter colour encroaches greatly on the light portion often to its total exclusion, especially on the sides of the body. The underparts are white lightly washed with pale buff. The feet are of the same colour. Ears moderate in size, very scantily clothed with hair. In the winter pelage this animal is of a uniform dark iron-grey all over, with the exception of the light patches behind the ear, which are white as in summer. Underparts dull white. Slight traces of rufous are generally to be found at the base of the shoulders, on the crown of the head, and along the flanks. The young resemble the adults in winter, but are slightly browner in general colour and have the rufous on the head and shoulders more marked. The skull is very similar to that of the type of 0. roylei, as figured in the original description, and does not show any great features of note. The com- bined foramen, while having the narrow anterior third and the slight constriction typical of the rufescens group, shows a tendency for the constriction to become less marked, but it can nevertheless bt clearly made out in every example. Dimensions of type in flesh. Head and body 187 mm. ; hind foot 25 ; ear 22-5. Skull. — Greatest length 44 mm. ; basal length 37 ; palatal length 17 ; length ■of foramen 12 ; Zygomatic breadth 21 ; interorbital breadth 5 ; breadth of brain-case 17 ; length of molar series 9. Habitat.— Talien, Kashmir, 11,000 feet. Type (in Coll. Brit. Mus.). A. E. W. No. 56. Ad. $. Collected on the 8th August, 1903. In external appearance this species most nearly resembles O. roylei; the latter, however, is much darker and lacks the conspicuous white patches behind the ears. {From the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1904, Vol, II., Part II.) 728 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI, {From the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1905, Vol. I, Part I.) DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF BIRDS OBTAINED DURING THE RECENT EXPEDITION TO LHASSA BY HENRY E. DRESSER, M.B.O.U., F.Z.S. [Received January 17, 1905.] * (Plates IV and V.) Col. Waddell, C.B., who has recently returned from India, having been one of the officers on the Tibet Expedition, when there made a collection of birds,, most of which, he tells me, he Was able to identify by my '• Manual of Palasarctic Birds". Some, however, he failed to recognize, and these he kept by him, and has sent them on to me for identification, requesting me to describe any that are new. The rest, however, were with his baggage, and were unfortunately lost on the return march from Lhassa. Amongst the birds which were fortunately saved I find the following to be undescribed, viz. : — Babax waddelli. sp. n. (Plate IV.) Adult male. (Tsangpo Valley, Tibet, 25th September 1904). — Upper parts dull ashy grey, each feather with a broad central blackish stripe, the rump slightly less striped than the rest of the upper parts ; wing blackish brown. most of the feathers externally margined with ashy grey ; tail blackish brown, much graduated ; under parts similar to the upper parts, but somewhat paler and more narrowly striped ; bill and legs plumbeous, iris dull orange. Total length about 12-60 inches, culmen 1*40, wing 5"10, tail G-50, tarsus 1*70. The nearest ally to this species appears to be Babax lanceolatus, from which,, however, it differs considerably, being larger (wing 5'10 against 3'75, tail 6'50 against 5-0), and, as will be seen by the above description, it differs considerably both in colour and markings. It is, Col. Waddell says, " called by the Tibetans ' Teh-Teh* in imitation of its call. It frequents poplar and older thickets remote from villages. It was gregarious, going about in parties of 8 to 10 indi- viduals, but was not so active and secretive in its movements as the Garrulax, alongside of which it was met with." Garrulax tibetanus, sp. n. (Plate V, Fig. 2.) Adult male. (Tsangpo Valley, Tibet, 25th September 1904). — Upper parts dark brown with a tinge of olivaceous, the crown slightly darker ; lores and a patch through the eye with the ear-coverts blackish chocolate ; quills blackish, externally margined with slate or dark lavender-grey ; wing-coverts like the back ; tail graduated, blackish brown broadly tipped with white ; * The9e Plates have not been reproduced but will be found in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. I, Part 1, 190 o. NEW BIRDS FROM TIBET. 729 underparts rather paler than the upper parts ; a broad white stripe below the eye, and a few white feathers above the eye indicating a stripe ; under tail- coverts and lower flanks chestnut-red. Bill and legs dark plumbeous, iris dull crimson. Total length about 10'50 inches, culmen 0'90, wing 4'50, tail 6-40, tarsus 1'50. From its nearest ally Garula sannio, this species differs in having the upper parts much darker and mofe uniform in colour, the crown not chestnut-brown, the under parts darker, without any white or ochraceous on the belly, and ia the tail having a broad white terminal band. Colonel Waddell informs me that " it is called by the Tibetans ' Jomo,' or the Lady ; it is found in the same poplar and older thickets as the Babax, but also comes up quite close to the villages. It has the characteristic habits of a Babbler in a marked degree, roves about in parties of eight or more individuals, chatters more noisily uttering its fluty call of Whoh-hee, Whoh-he• ••• ••• ••• •• Tail-flukes along the curve Expanse of tail Beak from groove which separates the forehead Ft. In. Genital groove } , , ,, Anus } cIose to§ethei ■ Length of mouth from gape Greatest breadth 5 10 2 8 1 8 3 10 4 3 1 2 1 0 1 0£ 1 6 0 H 0 H 0 Ok 0 10* 0 11 0 11* 3 1 0 8* 0 7* 0 94 „ height , „ circumference Smallest circumference, at root of tail Height of dorsal fin , Length of dorsal fin at base Lower jaw about half an inch longer than upper. Colour dark plumbeous, paler about the sides, reddish ashy below. A dark blue band running from the eye to the front of the adipose elevation on both sides, one inch broad at the eye, tapering to a quarter of an inch at the front. Genital and anal regions fleshy pink. Jellyfish in stomach. Teeth fi and ft = 49 and 50. Ribs 12 pairs, of which the first four pairs are two-headed. One ossified presternum and two mesosterna ; xiphisternum membranous. Vertebrae : C. 7, D. 12, L. 10, Ca. 23 = 58. Pterygoids not in contact. Larger Specimen. Ft. In. Length from the tip of snout to the median cleft on the L t.11.1" I 111 K L'^ • • • • • ■ i* • ■•• ••• « • • • • * O O From tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin 3 0 „ ,, pectoral fin 1 8 „ „ genitals 3 9* jf jy till Ho ••• ■■• •■* ••• ••• rx 4 Anterior margin of pectoral fin along the curve 1 3 1 H 1 3 1 7* 0 5 0 5 0 u 0 11 1 Qi 1 o* 3 01 "2 0 10 0 u 1 0 (J 10* 0 H 732 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Anterior margin of dorsal ... Tail-flukes along the curve Expanse of tail Beak from groove which separates the forehead. Genital groove Anal opening Gape of mouth Greatest breadth ,, height „ circumference Smallest circumference Height of dorsal fin ... Length of dorsal fin at base ... Greatest circumference ... Smallest circumference Lower jaw about half an inch longer than upper. Colour blue-black, paler at the sides ; beneath fleshy grey. Lower jaw dull grey ; a dark blue band, same as the smaller specimen, but less clear. Genital and anal regions fleshy pink. Teeth || and |f=55 and 53. Vertebrae: C. 7, D. 12, L. 16, Ca. 23=58. Ribs 12, of which five are two-headed. Pterygoids not in contact. The following are the particulars of the 1904 specimen supplied to me from the Trevandrum Museum : — Extreme length From tip of beak to origin of dorsal fin „ flipper .. „ „ anal opening Length of flipper round the outer curve „ dorsal fin Expanse of tail-flukes Greatest height including dorsal fin Height of body Greatest girth Smallest girth Lower jaw somewhat protruding. Colour. — Upper surface, flippers, and sides of tail glistening dark brown abruptly passing into dull silvery grey (paling into light sea-green after skin- ning) on the sides ; facial region paler; underside dull pearly white, extending to a little behind the anal opening ; orbits in a dark brown oval blotch, which gradually fuses into a tapering band running above and parallel to the basi- rostral groove and uniting at the angle of the (V-shaped) prenarial adipose Ft. In. 6 1 o 7-1 ' 2 1 5 4 3 1 2 1 1 1 ** 1 H 1 0 3 3 0 9 DOLPHINS FROM TRAVANCORE. 733 elevation, from which four dark faint lines diverge towards the forehead ; ihe inner enclosing a pale lappet-shaped zone which includes the narial aperture, and the outer becoming obsolete halfway up. Eyes dark reddish brown. Lower jow lighter than upper. Lips dull whitish. Fins falcate. Length of skull 16-3 inches ; breadth 7'6 inches. Symphysis much shorter than one-fourth total length of mandible. Teeth §f and || = 54 and 53. Simple, conical, and pointed, more or less compressed towards the root ; anteroposterior diameter 6*5 mm. Two teeth in the premasillas, and the first two mandibular ones, which were concealed in the gum, much smaller (diameter 2 mm.). In spite of its being a somewhat immature specimen apparently referable to the genus Tursiops, which it resembles in many respects, the pterygoids are widely separated in the middle line, with the posterior border divergent. Vertebras : C. 7, D. 13, L. 15, Ca. 25 = 60. The atlas and axis only fused together. Kibs 13, the first four two-headed. Other characters as in T.fergusoni. From the general characters of the specimen, the number and size of the teeth, the vertebral formula, and the relative shortness of the mandibular symphysis, I cannot but conclude that its reference to Tursiops is correct. It is true that in the divergence of the pterygoids it differs from the typical T. tursio ; but since the same feature occurs in the specimen identified with T. catalania, this affords no grounds for generic separation. In the following table are given the dental and vertebral formulas of the Dolphins assigned to the genus Tursiops, inclusive of the present specimens: — 1. Tursiops tursio (Fabricius). Teeth If = 44. Vertebras : C. 7, D. 13, L. 17, Ca. 27 = 04. Pterygoids in contact. 2. Tursiops abusalam (PiiippeU). Teeth \ § = 52. Vertebras : C. 7, D. 12, L. 16, Ca. 20 = 01. Pterygoids (?) in contact. 3. Tursiops sp. (Trevandrum, 1904.) Teeth f^ and ^ = 54 and 53. Vertebras : C. 7, D. 13, L. 15, Ca. 25 = 00. Pterygoids divergent. 4. Tursiops fergusoni , Lydekker. Teeth fi and || = 50 and 51. Vertebras : C. 7, D. 13, L. 17, Ca. 24 = 61. Pterygoids divergent. 26 734 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. 5. Turstops catalania (Gray). Teeth || = 50. Vertebrae : C. 7, D. 12, L. 15, Ca. 24 = 58. Pterygoids divergent (?). 6. Tur stops paruimanus Liitken. Teeth \% = 49. Vertebrae=62. 7. Tursiops gilli Dall. Teeth ff and |£ = 44 and 45. Vertebrae (?) 8. Tursiops sp. (Trevandrum, 1903.) Teeth }£ and |f = 55 and 53, or (in young) §± and || = 49 and 50. Vertebrae : C. 7, D. 12, L. 16. Ca. 23 = 58. Pterygoids divergent. In this table No. 3 is the specimen figured in Plate XIII, Fig. 2, and No. 8- the one shown in Plate XIII, Fig. 1. As regards the former, it will be seen that, both in respect of the dental and the vertebral formula, it comes nearer to T. abusalam of the Red Sea than to any of the others ; and indeed it would take very little (the loss of one tooth a- side, which occurs in one instance, the transference of a dorsal vertebra to the lumbar series, and the addition of a caudal vertebra) to make the two identical in these respects. On the other hand, T. abusalam is said to have the ptery- goids in contact, or, at all events, it is not stated to differ in this respect from T. twsio, but I do not attach much importance to this. The colouring of the type, and apparently only known, specimen of T. abu~ salam is given as follows in the original description : — " Upper surface of the head and body, the tail and fins, dark sea-green. Mar- gin of the upper lip, and entire undersurface of the body to the anus whitish flesh-colour ; belly with small, irregularly distributed, dark green spots. Iris dark green." With the exception that there appears to be no white margin to the upper lip in the Indian specimen, this description accords well with the general colour of the former (especially when dried). On the other hand, the Indian spe- cimen shows no spots on the belly (which may be a character of immaturity), and the iris is described as brown instead of green. In point of size (that is to say, in being smaller than T. tursio) the two agree sufficiently well : and in both there is the same marked projection of the lower in front of the upper jaw. The more pronounced elevation of the region of the below-hole in the type of T. abusalam* may probably be explained by the greater age of the specimen. On the whole, I am inclined to regard the specimen under consideration as being the immature form of T. abusalam, but it may be that the absence of spotting on the belly is distinctive of the Indian form at all ages, although I do not think this probable. * See True, Bull. U. B. Nat. Mus. No. 3(5, pi. ix, (lb8i».). DOLPHINS FROM TRAVANCORE. 735 With regard to the two specimens from Trevandrum, figured in the " Journal of the Bombay Society" as T. fergmoni and T. catatonia, I am inclined to- think that the former is the immature form of the latter*, despite the difference in the number of the dorso-lumbar vertebra;'}". Now, if colour be worth any- thing in this matter (and if it be not, we have practically nothing to go upon), the type of fergusoni cannot be identical with the specimen here referred to abusalam, as both are immature specimens. Moreover, the speci- mens described as fergusoni and catatonia differ from abusalam (type and young) by the general colour of the upper-parts being dark slaty instead of greenish (when the skin is dry) and in the orange tinge of the under-parts. Accordingly, if both the former belong to catatonia (and I have practically no doubt as to the correctness of the identification of the adult), that species would appear to be distinct from abusalam. In addition to the difference of colour, it would seem to have fewer teeth and one caudal vertebra less. Turning now to the specimen represented in Plate XIII, Fig. 1., it might appear at first that this is the adult of the one figured in Fig. 2 of the same Plate, if we could assume the disappearance of the light under-parts with age. In the first place, there is, however, no evidence that such a change takes place in this group of Dolphins ; in the second place, the specimen in Fig. 1 was accompanied by a younger example which had the same coloration ; and, in the third place, the adults of both T. abusalam and T. catatonia have light under-parts, as is also the case with T. tursio. Accordingly, it would appear that the Dolphin shown in Fig. 1 of the Plate, which is certainly a Tursiops, is distinct from these three species. Now the only member of the genus, which is wholly black, with the under-parts somewhat lightened, is T. gilli, of the Pacific coast of North America, described on the evidence of the skull, and only known in the flesh by " momen- tary observations, " taken by Scammon. If this evidence be trustworthy, I cannot separate the Trevandrum specimen from T. gilli , so far as colour is concerned. As regards the number of the teeth, tbis is less in the type mandible of gilli which is immature, and also in an aged skull ; and it is possible that in the one case the full number may not have appeared, and that in the other some may have been lost. In any case, the difference is not very great or important. That a North-Pacific Dolphin should be met with on the coasts of India is little, if at all, more improbable than the occurrence there of an Australian form {T. catatonia'). Accordingly (till evidence to the contrary be forthcoming) I propose to regard the specimen represented in Plate XIII, Fig. 1 as T. gilli. If I am right in the foregoing identifications (and the difficulty of the subject is so great that every determination must be regarded as more or less pro- * I had not the figure of T. fargusoni when describing T. catatonia. f Differences in the number of dorso-lumbar vertebra in several species of Dolphin are- noticed in Mr. True's memoir. 730 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. visional), we shall have the following external characters of the definable spesies of Tursiops: — 1. Tursiops tursio. European Seas.0 Size large : 9 ft. G in. Upper surface blackish. Under-parts white and unspotted. 2. Tursiops cibusalani. Red Sea and Indian Ocean. Size smaller : 7 ft. 2§- in. (type), 6 ft. 11 in. (India). Upper surface dark greenish. Under-parts whitish and spotted with green in adult ; whitish in young. 3. Tursiops catatonia. N. Australia to Indian Ocean. Syn. T. fcrgusoni. Size about the same as last : 7 ft. 8 in. (type), 7 ft. 4* in. (India). Upper surface dark slate. Under-parts yellowisht, flecked with lead-colour. 4. Turs;ops gilli. N. Pacific to Indian Ocean. Size, Indian specimen, 6 ft. 8 in. Whole surface blackish, tending to lighten slightly on the under- parts, with a tinge of reddish in Indian specimens. Whether or no I am right in any or all these identifications, the colored figures of the Trevandrum specimens cannot fail to be of gi'eat value in future researches on the subject ; and I venture to hope that the authorities of the Trevandrum Museum will continue their excellent practice of sketching and preserving every Dolphin that may come to band. *Till farther evidence, I should doubt the occurrence of this species in the Indian Ocean. t Tn the type the under-pavts are said to be whitish; if the orange tint of the Trevan- drum specimens is a specific character, then the name T. fergusoni will be available for the Indian form. 737 (From the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, No. XCII1, September 1905.) ON A REMARKABLE NEW SQUIRREL FROM BURMA. By Oldfield Thomas. The British Museum owes to the kindness of Captain H. H. Harington, of the 90th Punjabis, two specimens, from the Upper Chindwin River, of a very remarkable squirrel, quite unlike anything we have seen before. I would propose to call it Sciurus Haringtoni , sp. n. A pale creamy-buff species with a buffy belly and a whitish tail. Size medium. Fur of back rather over 20 mm. in length. General colour of upper surface " cream-buff " along the dorsal area, the buff fading out on the sides, which are dull whitish. Individually the hairs of the back are whitish grey basally, with a broad cream-buff subterminal band and a minute black point. Head creamy whitish, with a slight buffy suffusion on the crown ; the cheeks dull white. Ears whitish, both outside and in. Under surface, from chin to anus, bright sharply contrasted ocbraceous buff (in the type ; the second specimen nearer tawny ochraceous). Lateral line of demarcation very sharply marked in both specimens, and in the type emphasized by a blackish line which runs from the middle of the front of the forearm, across the shoulders, down the sides and legs to the back of the heel. Fore limbs on outer side above this line of demarcation creamy-whitish, like the flanks ; beyond it, including the hands and the whole of the inner aspect, ochraceous buffy like the belly, or slightly paler. Back of upper part of hind leg whitish like body ; inner side, ankles, and feet buffy like belly, rather paler on the digits. Tail above and below creamy-buff proximally (the extreme tips of the hairs blackish), lightening to white terminally. Skull of the general proportions of that of S. Finlaysoni, ery throws, &c., but there is only one upper premolar in the single specimen of which the skull has been preserved. This has the milk-premolar still in place, and the large per- manent premolar just coming up below it, but no trace of the small ps, which usually at this stage is readily discernible. Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) : — Head and body 250 mm. ; tail 265 ; hind foot (s. u.) 54 ; ear 22. Skull : zygomatic breadth 32 ; back of postorbital process to tip of nasals 32*5 ; nasals 16*4 x 7*2 ; interorbital breadth 18 ; palate length 23 ; length of upper tooth-series 10. Hah. — Upper Chindwin River, Burma. Type from Moungkan ; a second specimen from Homalin. About 25° N., 95° E. Type. — Immature male. B. M. No. 5. 8. 11. 1. Collected 14th December, 1904, and presented by Captain H. H. Harington. 738 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. This very peculiar squirrel is so entirely unlike any known species that I do not know with what to compare it. Its pale creamy-buff colour and whitish tail are quite unique, while no other Oriental squirrel of its size is without the small upper premolar. This latter character also indicates that Sciurus Haringtoni is not merely a partially albinistic variation of some known species, an explanation which its pale colour might at first sight suggest. Captain Harington is to be congratulated on the discovery of so striking a new form. « > X o > 6 o CO +j CO CCS CCi c c o OQ 3 o DC UJ UJ Q UJ CO Z> o 0 s 111 2' 1 H O ""' Z < Q Z UJ I I- 739 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. No. I.— THE INDIAN CHEVROTAIN OR MOUSE-DEER ( TRA G UL US ME MINNA ). ( With a Photograph and Map.) I send you herewith a photograph of the Indian Mouse-deer or Chevrotain, Jouroal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. XVI. KEY MAP OF THE INDIAN RECION. 08 72 76 80 84. 88 92 96 100 32 28 KARACHI QUETTA SRINAG 32 MtfiltmisHilte V , V. tlv the red shows the probable distribution of the "Mouse Deer" (Traoulus meminna) ACCORDINO TO BlANFORD. the mountains of Western China. As forming a connecting link between these localities, its occurrence in the Shan States is of interest. E. COMBER, F.Z.S., Hon. Sec., Ornithological Section, Bo. Nat. Hist. Socy. Bombay, 20 X _l o > 6 o W h < z d m X D O O < h z a z < o o < j 00 (0 z 00 _l < MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 743 been seen by the State shikaris. I hope to verify this statement by personal observation during the summer. J. MANNERS SMITH, Major. Khatmandu, Nepal, 14th June 1905. No. VI— WILD BOAR WITHOUT TESTES. Can you give me any information or explanation on a curious subject. We were pigsticking at Vinghool near Ahmedabad on Thursday, 15th June 1905, and killed a very good boar. His measurements were, height from heel to wither 29|". Tushes 2£" outside and huge upper tushes. His generative organs were perfect, except thsre was no sign of testes, or mark or scar where they had been. We cut him open but were unable to find anything at all. The shikaris told me that boars sometimes lost them fighting but there was no scar. I am also inclined to think that he had not the same fighting pluck as a good boar of his size should have, as he had two opportunities of doing very serious damage but entirely neglected them. H, E. MEDLICOTT, Lieut., R.F.A., Hony. Secy., Ahmedabad Tent Club. Ahmedabad, June \lth, 1905. No. VII.— NOTE ON THE BREEDING OF THE KRAIT (BUNGARUS CCERULEUS). On the morning of the 24th May 1905 while the Public Works coolies were engaged in digging out the old masonry work of the boiler-house behind the Plague Laboratory, they came on a live snake. The snake crawled away, but was at once caught and proved to be a krait, probably one which had escaped from its cage in the Laboratory some time before. Four eggs were found in the earth beside the snake, and later on, while digging further another one was found. Next morning, a sixth egg was unearthed, which being cracked, ws.s opened by me and found to contain an embryo coiled up in a spiral form. It measured about six inches long, and had a reddish appearance reminding one of an earth worm. No scales are to be seen and the head appears dispropor- tionately large. With a magnifying glass, however, the scales appear as circular bosses separated from one another by a space about as broad as their own diameter. One of the eggs was placed in a hole dug in the boiler house, and covered over with earth to see if it would hatch out. It was examined, from time to time, but the shell gradually shrivelled, and the whole became converted into a hard solid lump. Two of the eggs were put in the cage where the kraits are kept and covered with the sand in the bottom of the cage, but they also have shrivelled up. 744 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Vol. XVI. The krait an hour after capture became sick, and vomited half a dozen newly born rats. W. B. BANNERMAN, Lt.-Uol., I. M.S. Plaooe Rfsearch Laboratory, Farel, Bombay, 27th June 19U5. No. VIII.— ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHITRAL. Referring to my notes on the birds of Chitral which appeared in No. 1 of this Volume, p. 44-64, I have now to make the following corrections and additions : — For (Glfl) Pratincola maura, the Indian Bush-chat, read (608) Pratincola capata, the Common Pied Bush-Chat. Add (610) Pratincola maura, the Indian Bush-Chafe. I obtained one male only of this species in the Golan Valley in May at 6,000 feet. Add (638) Ckimarrhornis leucocephalus , the White-capped Red-start. Common in summer from elevations of 7,000 feet to 12,000 feet along the banks of streams and rivers. Add (716) Tharrhileusatrigularis, the Black-throated Accentor. Only two specimens were obtained in the Bimboret Nallah at 7,000 feet on 27th March. Add (757) Propasser grandis, the Red-mantled Rose-Finch. Fairly common on the wooded ridges from 7,000 feet to 9,000 feet during the end of April and the beginning of May. Add (8C0) Emberiza luteola, the Red-headed Bunting. Arrives on its northward migration towards the end of March. H. T.FULTON, Capt. Fategarh, July 1905. No. IX— NOTE ON A CURIOCSLY MALFORMED HEAD OF HIMALAYAN IBEX (LA PR A SlBIUICA). {With an Illustration.) The h^ad was found by one of my assistants, Mr. Waller Senior, in the bottom of a nullah in Lahaul, about 1892. The animal had evidently died on the higher ground and its body had been brought down among a lot of aval inche debris. On examining it will be seen that the abnorma1 growth of t\i right horn has absolutely closed the jaws. Q he jaw bone has got fractured a1; the back, b t when first brought in, the teeth were absolutely tightly closed. The young animal must have had a hit on the horn which started the crooked growth and as it grew, it gradually closed the jaws, till fii ally the beast died of starvation. W hat is so remarkable is that the creature livtd till the jaws were close shut. The growth of such a horn mu=>t be a slow one so that for MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 745 some years the animal must have be«n able to support life with the very smallest motion of the jaws. It will be aeen that the lower jaw where it rests on the horn is slightly worn away. There is a further abnormal growth in the shape of the remains of a small additional horn attached to the left horn. Possibly this grew on account of the disturbance to the system caused, by the accident to the right horn. I am glad that the curiosity will find a safe abiding place in the Society's collection. ST. GEORGE GORE, Col., R.E. London, 7th June, 1905. No. X— A POSSIBLE CASE OF HYBftID BREEDING OP SHRTKES. Yesterday I disturbed a Lonius erythronotus (The Rufous -backed Shrike) from its ngst, which appeared tome at the time to be far more like that of L. rittatus (The Bay-backed Shrike). I climbed to it. and whilst at the nest thb bird returned and also a Laniux vittatus (The Bay-backed Shrike .both 746 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVI. coming on to the tree in which I was, and loudly proclaiming their excitement. The nest contained only three eggs all of which were well-set. I have no means of measuring these eggs at the house where I am staying for the present, but hope to send you dimensions later. They appear to me to be somewhat larger than all the eggs of L. vittatus I have seen. ARUNDEL BEGBIE, Major, lGth Rajputs. Cawnpore, 16th July 1905. No. XI.— THE EGG-LAYING OF EUDYNAM1S HONORATA . (THE INDIAN KOEL). I have never found more than two eggs, or young, of the Eudynamis honorata in any one nest until this year, when that number has twice been exceeded. The first occasion — 30th May — I took four of these eggs and two of Corvus splendens (The Indian House-Crow) from the nest of the latter made in quite a young mango tree at the roadside close to the Native Infantry Hospital, Cawnpore. The next instance struck me as being so extraordinary that I write this note to find out if it is so or not. On the 12th July, in a mango tree right out in the country — some ten miles from Cawnpore, my climber in my presence, took from the nest of Corvus splendens (The Indian House-Crow) one fresh egg belonging to the crow and no less than eight eggs of the Koel. These were considerably varied in size, shape and colour, three were fresh, and five set in varying degree. The crow was on the nest when my man climbed up, and while he was at it the male Koel appeared on the scene and flew round and round him at very close quarters, evidently in great excitement. In this connection I may add that my servants on whom I can depend, inform- ed me on one occasion this year that they had seen a Koel slip into a crow's nest in a tall Millingtonia tree near my well, and throw out a crow's egg which they showed me in the shape of a shell-sprinkled patch on the ground. ARUNDEL BEGBIE, Major, 16th Rajputs. Cawnpore, 16th July 1905. [This was probably an instance of several koels laying in the same crow's nest. — Ed.] No. XII.— BREEDING SEASONS OF BIG GAME. The Brown Bear (ursuj arctus). In No. 2, Vol. XVI, of the Journal, page 384, (Miscellaneous Note XXI,) Major Burton, with reference to bears, puts the question, " But could they have been born during hibernation ?." With reference to the Russian brown bear, at any rate, I can answer, Yes ! MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 747 Some years ago, in Russia I obtained three little bears not more than two or three days old. I have not here a note of the exact date, but I believe it to have been the 11th of January, and in any case it was during the first half of the month. We turned the mother out of her " Berloga,"— she was very unwilling to leave — and there lay three little cubs, which I took but failed to rear. I understood from the peasants that winter was the usual breeding season. D. B. THOMSON, Major, I.A. London, 11th July 1905. (Retired). No. XIII —FOOD OF PREDACEOUS FLIES. I send a box with several large flies and shall be glad if you can tell me what they are ? Last night after heavy rain there was a large flight of flying ants at about 9-30 p.m. After the swarm appeared we heard a loud humming noise and went out into the verandah to see what it was and found these flies in swarms. We at first thought from the noise, until we caught some, that it was bees swarming, although it was so late at night. We found these flies were hunting the flying ants, regularly hawking at them in the air. When a fly seized an ant it proceeded to devour the soft hind quarters. This swarm was noted all over our quarters : every house our Officers were present in at that time reported them. We none of us have ever come across a case like this during our service in the country, and would be obliged if you could give us any information on the subject. K. E. NANGLE, Captain, Tarbund, Secunderaijad, 96th Berar Infantry. 18th July 1905. No. XIV.— NOTES ON BIRDS' NESTING ROUND QUETTA. My lines are now cast in Quetta, which, from a birds' nesting view, suits me. I have been enabled to add several new species to my collection, amongst which are some not mentioned by Oates in his " Nests and Eggs." Before proceeding further, I must acknowledge the great assistance I have obtained from the " Notes on Birds near Quetta," contributed to our Journal, Vol. XIV, by Captain T. E. Marshall, R.A. For the benefit of any of our readers, who may not know, I would explain that Quetta is situated in Baluchistan, on the N.-W. Frontier and not far from the Afghan border. The country is excessively bare, consisting of considerable sized valleys, over which rugged hills keep watch. Here and there a few oases and green places occur, where some trees may grow, but the general aspect is barren with next to no vegetation, save scrub. Quetta itself lies some 5,500 feet above sea level, while the surrounding hills maybe anything from 7 to 11,000 feet. 748 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. The winter is very severe, snow lying on all the hills and falling in Quetta. It also freezes hard. Spring and autumn are delightful. The summer is cool compared with India, but the sun strikes one as uncommonly hot. Spring is the breeding season. In a spot such as this, with so varied a climate, it can be readily understood that nearly all the birds are migratory. Some come here to b-eed, others to winter. As I did not arrive here till the end of March, the commencement of the season, I was considerably handicapped both by having to settle in and to learn the country and haunts of the birds. I hope next year to be in a better position to do more. Coccothraustes humii (Hume's Hawfinch). I have found this bird very common since I have been here, but I cannot say whetlier it winters. The first nest I found was on the "24th April 1905. It was placed in the stoutish fork of a small tree agiinst a small ston?, which had somehow got wedged in, and was about 10 feet from the ground. The exterior of the nest consisted of bents, grass, small twigs and sticks, rather flimsy, the interior being lined with cotton, wool hair, etc., welded together, a'most to the consis- tency of felt, forming a compact, deepish cup. It contained 5 fresh eggs of a very light Cambridge blue, thinly speckled or spotted with blackish end dark brown spots. When fi'3-h, the yolK can be seen distinctly through the shell, which gives the eggs an opalescent tinge. When blown the blue is deeper. After this I found several more nests similarly situated usually in roadside trees, where they are easily seen, no attempt being made at concealment. 1 he nests are rarely placed beyond hand reach. Five seems to be the complement . though on one occasion I obtained six eggs from one nest. The bird I eing so common here, it seems curious that it has never been found nesting before, or rather reported Galerita cristata (The Crested Labk). Very plentiful here. On the "26th April 1005, 1 found my first nest, after this I came on many. The birds seem tc coop out a hollow first;, which they afterwards line with roots, grass, hair, etcv the situation selected is very similar to those of all larks, viz., in a tussock of grass, at the foot of a shrub, etc. In order to deceive one and lure one away from their nests, they sometimes feign being wounded and flutter on the ground before one. Four is the complement of eggs though I have taken five in one clutch. SMi.cola uabel'ina (The Isabelline Chat). Plentiful and most obtrusive round Quetta in the spring. This pretty little bird forces itself on one's notice by its autics when love-making. The male becomes ecstatic. He rises in the air a short distance, droops his wings, arches his back, spreads his tail, dis- playing a large white patch over the rump and then flutters slowly to the ground, uttering a most peculiar love song and alighting on a si*e usually raised above its surroundings. I spent many an hour watching them before meeting with success. They nest down, what look like, rat-hole3, there is nothing to MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 74'J indicate which hole may contain a nest, consequently they are difficult to find unless while actually building, as they seem uncommonly wary and possessed of much patience, that is no matter how long you may wait, they will not enter their homes. However on the 7th May I found two nests. One contained young which I did not open, as it was useless. The other contained 5 hard set light blue eggs, which have made bad specimens. In the one I did not open, I got 5 hard set eggs on the 2nd June, from this I infer they have two or more broods a year, utilizing the same nests. On digging up one or two nests, I found that off the main channel, there were 3 or 4 passages, at the end of one would be the nest placed in an enlarged chamber ; whether the male uses the others I do not know. They do not appear to object to lodgers, as out of one of the side passages I turned out two toads and a dung beetle ! The nest is a pad of hair, wool, cotton, feathers and any soft material, in the middle of which is a depression for the eggs. The nest contains very much the same material as that of the tit. I hope next year to meet with considerable success as the bird is so numerous. Hirundo rustica (The Swallow). Very common in spring and summer. Builds freely in houses, mostly those of natives, who do not like them being molested. I got two nests on 6th and 23rd May 1905, with 4 fresh eggs each. M&rops apiastcv (The European Bee Eater). I noticed these birds first in April haunting the railway line and sitting along the telegraph wires. Provided they remained, I was sure they would breed. At this time I noticed several holes which looked much like those they nest in. The first nest I opened on the 1 0th May : as it only contained two fresh eggs, I waited till the 14th idem, when I obtained 5, each containing 6 eggs, some fresh, others in different stages of incubation. On the 15th I took two more, one with 6 incubated and the ether 2 fresh eggs. After this I did not trouble about them. The nest holes were excavated in steep perpendicular banks, the passage being opened up into a chamber at the end, in which were strewn countless remains of beetles and winged insects on which the eggs were laid or rather embedded. I took out hands full of this debris. One fact I noted was that, in every instance but one, the nest faced to the east, although equally suitable banks facing west were available. I think this may be to ensure coolness. The sun becomes peculiarly hot here during the day, and towards the afternoon when it is declining to the west, it is well nigh unbearable. I can think of no other reason. The best method to dig out the nests is to place a thin cane in the passage : this indicates the line to be followed, which it is very necessary to know as they are from 5 to fi feet in depth. In nearly every instance the female was on the nest, but I always let them out. In one instance I caught one which was buried in the passage : she had evidently been trying to escape. After examination I let her go. Hypolais rama (Sykes' Tree-Warbler). Mr. Doig found this bird breed- ing in Sind, so it is not surprising to find it here. It seems common in the 28 730 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. spring, showing ;i partiality for the shade and coolness of lucerne fields. Uc the liJth May I came on several nearly completed nests, and on the 14th took some 14 containing 4 fresh eggs each, except in one or two instances when there were 5. The breeding ground was a field of lucerne hedged round by thick rose bushes, in the forks of which the nests were situated and although well concealed by the thick foliage, by parting this the nests are easily seen. These .ire compact cup-shaped little structures, consisting of sticks, grass, roots and fibres, warmly lined with wool, hair and such like soft material, while a few contained feathers. I found most of the nests in the rose hedges on the northern and Fouthern borders ; this, I think, is due to the fact that the eastern and western run parallel and close to a railway and road respectively and are consequently more liable to disturbance. After this haul I took no more. Snxicola picata (The Pied Chat). Fairly common I only succeeded in finding two or three nests late in May and early in June with young. The nesting sites and nests are very similar to those selected by the Indian Black and Brown-backed Kobins (Thamnobia fulicata and cambaiensis) , viz., in holes in walls, under the eaves of houses and among rafters. I thought I was sure to come on many, so did not bother about them. I shall pay them more atten- tion next year. Pratincola caprata (The Common Pied Bush-Chat) is quite common, but as I have obtained their eggs in India, I have not troubled over them, although I have come on a nest or two. Anthus similis (The Bkown Bock-Pipit). This bird seems common at the foot of the hills round Quetta. On the 13th July I found two nests, one situated in a small bush, well built and concealed, very lark-like, which con- tained 3 eggs just hatching, the other was rather untidy, built under a projecting rock, with no cover. This was being built, so I hoped to get a good clutch. On visiting it a week later, to my disappointment I found it deserted. I hope to do better next year. Lanius erythronotus (The Rufous-backed Shrike) is common and breeds freely, but as I have their eggs, I have not troubled over them. Passer montanus (The Tree-Sparrow). Common and breeds. Habits similar to those of the common sparrow. About the middle of May I noticed large flights of the Rose-coloured Starling {Pastor roseus), better known as the ' Jowari Bird,' winging then- way West, morning and afternoon ; during the day they appeared to rest. J never saw one flight going East. I have seen a few stragglers about lately, but I am watching curiously to see whether they will return to India by this route, and when. R. M. BETHAM, Major, The 101st Grenadiers. Quetta ,>rd August 1905. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 751 No. XV —WILD DOGS HUNTING. I shot a wild dog {Cyon dukhunenais) the other day. I had just before shot a black bear and was waiting on a ridge for another small ravine to be beaten up to me, when I heard a pack of dogs on the ridge of the nala behind me giving tongue — a sort of yapping bark. J cannot say that they were in full cry, but they were evidently hunting, probaby after " Thar " (The Himalayan Goat-antelope or Serow) or " Kakar " (The rib-faced or barking Deer), marks of which I had seen on that hill the day before. As regards the question of the wild dog giving tongue when hunting (see page 145, "Fauna of British India," Mammalia) I should say they might ' open ' when they first strike a trail to collect the pack and thereafter run 'mute' till in view. I certainly should not have seen the dogs unless I had heard them two or three times, as my back was turned and my attention in another direction, and it was the second or third time they gave tongue before I saw where they were working through the bamboo jungle and trees on the opposite hill. J. MANNERS SMITH, Major. Nepal, July 28th, 1905. No. XVI— FOOD OF THE "MUSKRAT " OR THE GREY SHREW (CROCIDURA CCERULEA). Lately we have been troubled by having our young guinea pig sucklings eaten by rats. By careful watching the depredator has been found to be the " Heavenly Shrew,'' hitherto considered a harmless insect feeder. The method of procedure was for the shrew to get under the cage and to attack the young ones through the meshes of the wire-netting bottom. In this way the legs were eaten off and even the inside cleaned out of the little beast, sometimes little being left but the skin. A shrew has twice been caught in the act, and we have lost between 20 and 30 guinea pigs in this way lately. The available literature on the subject certifies to the fact that the usual food of the muskrat is cockroaches and other insects, but a few instances of other victuals being eaten are recorded. Thus Sterndale in the Mammalia of India quotes a correspondent of The Asian from Ceylon who gives an account of a Muskrat attacking a large frog, and holding on to it in spite of interference. He also quotes McMaster as certifying that these shrews eat bread, and as having disturbed one evidently eating part of a large scorpion. Blanford ('' Fauna of British Iadia, " Mammalia) says that " the food of this shrew consists mainly of insects, but meat is occasionally eaten by it." He also adds that it has been accused of eating rice and pulse, but experiments by Anderson disprove this. Notes on thepfood of the Muskrat will be found in our Journal. Vol. X, p. 330, and Vol. XIII, p. fi99. 752 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. The first note is by Mr. Wasey from Marmagao, describing th? capture of a bull-frog. He notices the eagerness of the shrew to recapture the frog when separated, and the ultimate removal of its dead victim. The second note is written by Major Frail, I.M S., and describes the finding of a toad, under the steps of the Residency at Baroda, in the grip of a muskrat. The shrew had it between the eyes and was holding on like a bull-terrier. The remains of other toads were found in the same place. It would appear therefore that occasionally the shrew departs from his diet of insects, and takes to flesh eating. W. B. BANNERMAN, Lt.-Col., I.M.S. Plague Research Laboratory, Par el, 7 th August, 1905. No. XVII— DOUBLE-HEADED SNAKES. With reference to a note on Double Headed Snakes contributed by me to this Journal (Vol. XVI, p. 387), I have just acquired a very interesting paper on this subject which appeared in the Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters (Vol. XIII, Part II, 1901) by Mr. R. H. Johnson. The writer gives skiagrams of 13 specimens collected from various museums in America, and refers to 17 other instances of this abnormality culled from literature dating as far back as 1640. As the magazine in which this appears probably does not come under the notice of the majority of our readers, a few excerpts from this very complete paper will doubtless prove interesting. In all the 30 cases the cephalic extremity was reduplicated, and in 3 of these the caudal end was also bifurcate. Three examples occurred in individuals of the same brood recorded by Mitchill in 1826, and 2 of these were reduplicated posteriorly. The vertebral division, judging from the skiagrams, is always considerably more extensive than is indicated by the cutaneous attachment, and this was the case in the Fyzabad specimen I recorded. In 3 of the 13 specimens the skulls were confluent posteriorly, and in the rest the heads and necks were distinct Separate heads and necks are also the rule in the other cases cited, but figures cannot be quoted owing to some of the descriptions being insufficient. In 2 of the 3 examples with confluent skulls, the apposed parietal shields are blended into one, but in the third this point is not manifest. In 3 of the 13 specimens the skulls are malformed, the lower jaw or eyes or both being deficient. In 2 of the 13 there is an angular vertebral projection as in the Fyzabad specimen, but the skiagrams show that this projection does not occur at the exact site of the vertebral blending, but at some little distance behind The most extensive reduplication of .the 13 shows 67 cervical vertebra) on unc side and 72 on the other, but the specimen recorded by Redi in 1684 is MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 753 bifid to the middle of the back, and in this there are two oesophagi, lungs, stomachs, hearts, and livers. The most remarkable specimen, however, is that recorded by YYyman in 1863 ia which both cephalic and caudal extremities are double, and there are two vertebral columns provided each with their distinct sets of ribs and organs. Only 4 of the 13 specimens Mr. Johnson examined are recorded as embryos or young. F. WALL, CM Z.S., Captain, I. M. S. Mussoorie, 21st August, 1905. No. XVIII —ACCIDENT TO THE YOUNG OF THE INDIAN CLIFF-SWALLOW (HIKONDO FLUVICULA). I see in the last issue of the Society's Journal a note by Major Begbie stating his discovery of dead young birds in the nests of Hirundo fiuvicola (The Indian Cliff-Swallow). It may be of interest to him and to others to know that I found the same thing on the Nerbudda River on April 9th, this year. The dead birds were fully fledged or nearly so, and consisted of bones and feathers. I saw no maggots as Major Begbie did, but very likely they had been eaten in the same way. I saw 15 or 20 young birds in this state in the whole colony of 80 to 100 nests. MARTIN YOUNG, M.B.O.U. (1st York and Lane. Regiment). Mhow, C. I., 20th August, 1905. No. XIX.- LADY AMHERST'S PHEASANT IN BURMA— A CORRECTION. Since writing my note on the occurrence of Lady Amherst's Pheasant (Chrysolophus amherslice) in Burma that appeared on p. 512 of this Volume, Mr. E. W. Oates has drawn my attention to a pre vious record of it that he referred to in the appendix to the second part of his " Manual of the Game Birds of India. " Therein he wrote, p. 497 : " Quite recently a male specimen of this species was obtained on the Burmo-Chinese frontier by one of the officers attached to the Boundary Delimitation Commission. This bird was forwarded to Mr. Rowland Ward, who sent it to the Museum of Natural History for inspection, and thus it came to my knowledge. I understand that it was shot on the frontier either in the Myitkyina or the Bhamo District." Although this somewhat indefinite record was sufficient to establish this pheasant as an " Indian " bird, the detailed record of the specimen obtained by Lieutenant Van Someren is none the less interesting. E. COMBER, F.Z.S. Bombay, Uh September, 1905. 754 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. No. XX.-SHOOTING NOTES FROM THE CENTRAL PROVINCES. I send you the following extracts from my diary kept while shooting in the Central Provinces during last April and May. 1. While strolling in the jungle about sunset I was attracted bv monkeys •' swearing. " On going towards the sound I came on an old monkey (Langoor) just killed by a panther. The panther slipped into a nullah before I could get a shot. An old Korkoo shikari told me he had seen a panther catch a monkey in a tree, the panther holding on to the branches by one fore paw as he did so, and then hauling the monkey up. The monkeys which had attracted my attention to the panther, left off swearing when I came up and went quietly away. 2. While walking down the bank of a stream one evening looking for tiger pugs I noticed the smell of a dead animal close to me. Following up the smell I came on a tiger cub which had apparently been dead three or four days. It seemed to be about five months old. The body was hidden in long grass and covered with loose grass which looked as if it had been cut with a sharp implement. I then wandered down the stream, and within about sixty yards came on the perfectly fresh marks of a tigress (by the pugs) ; she had apparently only moved off while we were looking at the dead cub. The tracks were still wet where she had gone out of the stream. The bodv of the cub was too decomposed to see if it had been injured. 3. Some four miles from the place referred to above, I came on a regular tiger lair with the hair of a black bear spread all over the place. The bear had evidently found a meal for a tiger or tigers. 4. A large tigress and cubs lived near this place at the time of my visit. I tied up for them, and had a buffalo killed one night. On our way to the kill early next morning we tracked the tigress on a jungle road for a long way, then lost the tracks for a hundred yards or so and came on them again. Looking round where the tracks left the road we saw a large stag sambhur (in velvet) lying dead under a mhowra tree, and evidently freshly killed. The tigress had apparently seen the sambhur from the road feeding on the fallen herries, had turned off to kill him and then gone on without eating any of the flesh. Pro- bably she had previously killed my bu£alo. There were several marks on (me hind leg about the hock where she had apparently first caught the sambhur with teeth and claws but the leg was not broken ; there were also the usual teeth marks on the neck. The tigress was a large one, she measured eight feet nine inches round the curves and sixteen inches round the forearm. This may prove of interest in connection with the notes lrom Burma on tigt rs ham- stringing their prey before killing which appeared in the last volume of the Society's Journal. 5. 1 came across a panther one evening, but could not get a shot. We tied up a buffalo that night and he killed it. I had intended sitting up for him behind a screen of bushes and grass, but circumstances prevented me. The night I should have sat up, a large male tiger carried off the panthers kill MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 755 about three hundred yards and ate it. Another night the same tiger carried off and ate a buffalo which I had tied up for him the night before, but which unfortunately had fallen over its rope and strangled itself. I found the buffalo in the morning just dead and absolutely untouched by any animal, nor could we see any tracks of an animal near it. We covered the carcase with grass for the day and uncovered it in the evening. The tiger came that ni^ht, broke a very strong rope, dragged the buffilo away about a hundred and fifty yards, and ate a good deal of it. The panther left the jungle after the big tiger came. At any rate we could find no trace of him. F. W. CATON JONES, Lieut.- Col., E.A M.C. Nasirabad, Rajputana, August 21st, 1905. No. XXI.— NOTES FROM NEPAL. (1) On the 3rd of August this year a tigress, which was born here in June 1895 and had been kept with another tiger of the same litter, gave birth to 4 cubs. The tiger resented the appearance of his family and devoured one of the cubs, but was then separated and placed in another den. Since then the tigress and three remaining cubs have done well. This is the first time this pair of tigers have bred here. (2) A pair of ostriches belonging to His Excellency Sir Chandra Samsher Jang, G. S. S. I., Prime Minister of Nepal, have also this year reared a brood. Ostriches have been kept in Nepal for a number of years past, but though eggs have been freely laid, no further progress in propagating the species has resulted. His Excellency, however, took a personal interest in the matter and caused a large bed of sand to be made in the enclosure in which the birds are kept. The female began to lay in February and on the 25th the tenth egg was left to see if they would sit ; nine more eggs were laid, and the male bird took over the duty of incubation, the female keeping on the alert as if on guard. Three eggs were hatched on the 2nd of May, four on the 3rd, and three on the 5th of May. Unfortunately a heavy storm accompanied by furious rain drowned or other- wise did to death 3 of the chicks The rest have thrived splendidly and are ii:>w strong healthy birds well over 3 feet high. The ostriches are fed on pieces of cabbage chopped up, gram, wheat and rice, and are given plenty of sand which they swallow freely with their food. It is a peculiar habit in these birds that as soon the parents discharge any droppings, the young birds run up and swallow them. (3) In June a young Magpie Rubin (Copsychus saularis), one of two we were bringing up by hand, was kil'ed in a strange way. The two little birds were sitting out on a patch of grass in the open, having been let out of their cage to feed, when a swallow made a sudden swoop and struck one of them a fierce blow on the head, from which it succumbed shortly after. J. MANNERS SMITH, Major. Khatmandu, Nepal, 1st September, 1905. 756 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY , Vol. XVI. No. XXI F.— TIGERS HAMSTRINGING THEIR PREY BEFOKE KILLING. With regard to Mr. G. W. Allan's note and query on the above subject, in Vol XVI, No. 3 of our Journal, I may state that I have myself noticed and have also been told by herdsmen, that when attacking a camel, a tiger invariably hamstrings it first by seizing its hind legs. As soon as the animal is down, however, he makes for its throat and kills it in the usual way, before drinking its blood. This practice first came to my notice in the Danta State, North Guzerat. I have seen the remains of a good many cows and buffaloes killed by tigers in the same district, but it is only in the case of camels that I have found hamstringing resorted to, for the simple reason, I imagine, that the hitter's throat is difficult to reach, when it is standing up, probably grazing. L. L. FEN TON, Lieut-Colonel. Kashmir, 2nd September, 1905. No. XXIII— CURIOUS END OF A DRAGONFLY. A few days ago my attention having been drawn, by my dog, to a large dragonfly struggling on the ground in front of my tent, I went to examine it, thinking my dog must h;ive in some way or other injured it, but I was surprised to find, on close examination, that it was in the clutches of a hoi net which had hold of the upper part of its body and seemed to be stinging it all over the latter as fast as it was able to do so. The dragonfly was quite powerless in the hands of its enemy and could only flutter on the ground. On my touching the hornet several times with a small piece of stick, it very reluctantly left its prey and flew right away. The dragonfly was, however, quite done for and unable to fly away or even move from where it was lying. I left it where it was, to see if the hornet would return. This it did in a few minutes and at once alighted on the dragonfly. Having evidently satisfied itself that it was quite crippled, it deliberately set to work to cut up the body with its sharp nippers. In less than a minute it had amputated about 1^ inches of the tail-end of the body, with which it flew off, but where, I was unable to ascertain. It returned again, and while engaged in amputating another part of the unfortunate dragonfly's body I captured it and placed it in a box with the now defunct dragonfly for future examination. I am aware that hornets are very fond of carrion, but had no idea before that they preyed upon insects of any kind. How the hornet had captured the dragonfly I have no idea, but quite possibly on the wing or when seated. L. L. FENTON, Ltkut.-Colonel. Kashmir, 2nd September, 1905. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 757 No. XXIV —TIGERS HAMSTRINGING THEIR PREY BEFORE KILLING. During the hot and cold seasons of 1004-05 I know of half a dozen domestic buffaloes used in timber work being hamstrung. Since the animals were in no case killed, I put this down to panthers, but after seeing Mr. 0. W. Allan's note on this subject on page 499 of the last number of the Journal, I have now no doubt that tigers were the cause : as the herder was generally near and drove the buffaloes to shelter. S. B. BATES, P.Z.S., &c. Mansi, Kalha District, U. Burma, 30th August 1905. No. XXV— A CONGREGATION OF BRAHMINY KITES (HALTASTUR INDUS). Mr. Donald's note in the August issue (No. 3 of Vol. XVI) of the Journal on " A Congregation of Harriers " reminds me of a somewhat similar occurrence which I witnessed on the Pikkili Hills in the Salem District last April. My camp was pitched about 100 yards from the village of Pikkili close to a clump of large tamarind trees and three or four more of the same trees stood together in the middle of the village. On the evening of my arrival just after sunset, I noticed a number of Brahminy Kites flying towards the village and settling on the higher branches of both clumps of trees, and as more were coming in a continuous stream from the same direction, I began to count them. I counted over 300 but they were now arriving so rapidly it was impossible to continue. In about half an hour they had apparently all arrived and in that time at least 300 more must have come. They were quite silent but very restless until it was quite dark. A good many birds were in immature plumage but no other variety of Kite was present. A couple of Jungle Crows (Corvus macrorhynclms) were nesting in one of the trees and the anxiety they displayed when a Kite approached them was very amusing, but they successfully defended from intrusion a space of a dozen yards or so from the nest. I remained on the spot for three days and the same thing occurred every evening. They had all disappeared before sunrise, but I was never early enough to see them go. I could not ascertain from the villagers, who were a particu- larly apathetic lot, how long before the kites had first arrived, but the state of the ground below did not suggest a very long period and in all probability the crows were the first tenants of the trees. At any rate the fact is perhaps worth recording that over 600 Brahminy Kites were in the habit of roosting on the same spot night after night. R, FOULKES. (Madras Survey). COIMBATORE, 19//i September 1905. 29 758 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIbTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV 1. No. XXVI- THE FOOD OF KINGFISHERS. Is it usual for Kingfishers to eat Frogs ? Some time ago I saw one of the larger Kingfishers dive into a stagnant pool and bring up a large frog with which he retired to a neighbouring bough and apparently enjoyed. S. B. BATES, f.z.s., &c. Mansi. Kalha District, W. Burma, '60th August 1905. [Kingfishers in this country appear to be almost as omnivorous as toads, and " Eha" on page 46 of his " Common Birds of Bombay" mentions how this white- breasted Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) feeds on frogs, water insects, crabs. &C, and even swallows small birds when kept in an aviary. We have cer- tainly seen them dive on to dry land and capture lizards {Calotes versicolor'), EDITORS.] No. XXVII— FOOD OF SNAKES IN CAPTIVITY. On the 9th July last a phoorsa (Echis carinata) kept in captivity in our Museum swallowed another phoorsa which was in the same cage. The vic- tim was only slightly smaller than the other viper and the following day as the meal was apparently too large it was disgorged. It is sometimes difficult to obtain sufficient proper food (mice, &c.,) for such small vipers and the canna- bilism was probably therefore induced by extreme hunger. About the same date two pythons (Python molurus), a ' ghorpad' or Indian Monitor {Varanus bcnyu'ensis) and four large bull frogs (Rang, tigrina) were occupants of another cage in the museum and had been living together in peace for some months. As the pythons appeared to be hungry, two rats were introduced. The ' ghor- pad ' at once seized one rat, shaking it and killing it with the intention of swal- lowing it. One of the pythons then seized the ' ghorpad ' and commenced to crush it. It was considered necessary then to intervene and the lizard was released from the python's coils. The python then moved round the cage and on one of the large frogs making a jump it was seized and crushed. When it was dead but still in the python's coils, the ' ghorpad ' seized hold of one of the frog's hind legs and commenced to swallow that. The python then lost all patience and crushed the lizard, swallowed it, the frog and the rat, and after- wards proceeded to kill and swallow another frog. Whilst trying to crush the lizard and the frog, the python managed to get its own head and neck within its own coils and very nearly killed itself, since it apparently did not like loosening its coils until the 'ghorpad 'was dead. However ultimately the python was able to free its own neck and the result was only the above diminution of the ' happy family'. W. S. MILLARD, Honorary Secretary, 6, Apollo Street. Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay, 2hth September 1905. 759 PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING HELD ON 31st AUGUST 1905. A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took place at the Society's rooms on the 31st August 1905, Col. H. D, Olivier, It. E., presiding. NEW MEMBERS. The election of the following 21 new members since the last meeting was duly announced : — Lieut. B. D. 0. Hill (Dehra Dun) ; Mr. W. G. Barnett (Kirkee) ; Lieut.-Col. W. B. Mullins (Dehra Ismail Khan) ; Lieut. W. R. B. Douglas, R.I M. (Bom- bay) ; the Hon'ble R. Bruce (Poona) ; Mr. C. V. Narasiah (Coimbatore) ; Mr. H. F. Arbuthnot, I.F.S. (Ooimbatore) ; Lieut. M. E. Yeatman (Karachi) ; the Mess President, 29th Lancers (Sirur, Poona Dist.) ; Capt. H. M. C. Orr (Tri- mulgherry) ; Mr. E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. (Marlborough College, Wilts) ; .Major F. J. Dewes, I.M.S. (Taunggyi, U. Burma) ; Mr. S. E. F. Jenkins, I.F.S. (Loilem, U. Burma); Major W. E. Venour (Rawal Pindi); Major G. W. Rawlins (Poona) ; Mr. L.Graham, I.C.S. (Dharwar) ; Mr. M. Webb, I.C.S. (Dharwar) ; Mr. Wm. Vaughan (Ceylon) ; Major J. Jackson, I.M.S. (Poona); Capt. H. W. Berthon (Sawant Wadi) and Capt. R. B. B. Foster, I.M.S. (Secunderabad;. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM. Mr. W. S. Millard, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the following contributions since the lust meeting :■ — Contributions. Descriptions. Contributors. 1 Crow's nest made of wire Ccrvus splendens Mr F E. Otto. and metal. 1 Sea Snake • ■a • • • Ilydrvs jjlaturus Mr, F. C. Annesley. 1 Snake • »■ • • • Lycodon, aulieus Hon. A. E. Hill-Trevor. 1 Snake and 9 bi rds i number Mr. S. St. C. Lightfoot. Some Snakes and i Mr. P. H. Clutter buck of Insects itom Lakh m- 1. F. S., F. Z. S. pur, Assam. 1 Large Fungus Botelvs genus Col. K.R.Kirtikar, I.M.S. 1 Lizard ... •»• ... Eubleptiaris *p. Mr. S. W. Coxon. H Sea Snakes • •• ... Ili/drxs jjlaturus "" 1 Sea Snake • •• ... Ilydropliis ctrrnlescens 2 Sea Snakes ■•• ■■ . Hydrophis fasciatis... 3 Sea Snakes • *. Hydrophis gracilis ... 1 Sea Snake • •• ... Hydrophis cantoris i 1 Sea Snake . . ... tnhydrina valakadien j ii Sea Snakes • ■• ... Distira jerdonii VCapt. F. Wall, I. M. S. 5 Sea Snakes ■ •• ••« Distira cyanon.nct a ... 4 Sea Snakes • • • ... Distira irnqmansit ... 1 Sea Snake * • • ... Distira Gillespice ... i 1 Sea Snake • •• ... Distira viperiua i 1 Sea Snake • • • -. t 1 1 Sea Snake "■ ... Enhydrh eurtus J 7G0 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Contributions. Descriptions. Contributors. 1 4 1 Sea Snake Skin (11 feet 8 in.). Ants Nests from Khan- dalla Head of Tibetan Gazelle from Umballa. Pheasant- tailed Jacana. Python molurus Pheidole syhcsii Gaxclla }ictieaudata Ifydrophatianvs chirr uryus Mr. H. Devlin. Mr. W. S. Millard. 1 Lt. R. G. Beatty. 3 2 1 Eggs of the Grey Wag- tail. Eggs of the Eastern Meadow Bunting. Eggs of the Indian Tur- tle Dove. Himalayan Snow-cock. Motacilla mclanope ... Emleriza stracheyi ... Turtur ferrago Tetrogallus hhnalaytnds • •• • • • • t • Col. A. E.Ward - 1 Snow Partridge Lerwa nivleola ... Mr. E. M. Rennell. 1 1 2 5 4 i 13*? Snake ■»• Bandicoot-rat Bine-breasted Quails ... E^gs of the Jackdaw ... Eggs of the Indian Bush- chat. Fish Terns Eggs from the Persian Gulf. Coluber helena Ntsocia bandicota ... Exacalfactoria chinensis Corvus monedula Pratincola viaura ... Siluroid sp, ... ... Capt. J. Oxlev, I.M.S Capt. W.G Liston, I.M.S. Major J. Elgee. j- Col. A. E. Ward. Mr. J. Mason Lt L F Philbrick RIM Minor contributions from Col. W. B. Ferris, Mr. E. W. Trotter, Mr. G. Nelmes, Mr. R. R. Wright, Col. W. B. Bannerman, T.M.S., and Mr. Sunderrao Dinanath Navalkar. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Trevandrum Museum Report for 1903-4 ; Lepidoptera Indie a by Moore, Vol. VI, Part LXXI , from H. H. the Maharaja of Mysore ; Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum No. 50 (the Birds of North and Middle America, Part III) and Aquila (A Magyar Ornithological Kospont folyoirata), from the Smith- sonian Institution ; Nature-History Museum by Nasarvanji Jivanji Readymoney, from the Author ; Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. I, Nos, 1 and 2, 1905 ; and Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. LXXIII, Part II, 1904, in exchange ; A Note upon the " Bee-Hole " Borer of Teak in Burma, by E. P. Stebbing, F. L. S., from the Author, PAPERS READ. The following papers were then read : — 1. Some Bombay Orthoptera (Ear- wigs, Cockroaches, Locusts, Grasshoppers, Mantises and Crickets), by L. C. H. Young, B. A., F.E.S., F.Z.S. 2. Notes on Rhinoceroses in Burma, by Vety.- Major G, H. Evans. 3. The Culicid Fauna of the Aden Hinterland, their haunts and habits, by Lt. W. S. Patton, I.M.S. 4. Descriptions of Indian PROCEEDINGS. 7G1 Micro-Lepidoptera, by E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. 5. The Mangrove of the Bombay Presidency and its biology, by the Revd. E. Blatter, S.J. 6. Albinism in the Blackbuck, by Major C. J. Robertson Milne, I.M.S. 7. Note on the Breeding of the Krait, by Col. W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S. 8. Food of the ' Muskrat; by Col. W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S. A vote of thanks was passed to the authors of the various papers, and the meeting then terminated. PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING HELD ON THE 5th OCTOBER 1905. A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took place at the Society's Rooms on the 5th October 1905, Lieut-Colonel W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S., presiding, NEW MEMBERS. The election of the following nine new members, since the last meeting was duly announced : — Mr. J. R. Spence (Bombay) ; Capt. R. B. B. Foster, I.M.S. (Secunderabad) ; Lieut. 0. Harris, R.H.A. (Rawalpindi) ; Col. G. F, N. Tinley (Meerut) ; Mr. W. Harvey Jones (Bombay) ; Capt. G. H. Stewart, I.M.S. (Falam, Chin Hills, Burma) ; Mr. J. T. Fry (Parel) ; and Major C. R. Hoskyn, R.E. (Bombay). CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM. Mr. W. S. Millard, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the following contributions since the last meeting : — Contribution. Description. Contributor. 1 Barn Owl , 1 Montagu's Harrier 1 Common Indian Swift. ... 1 Purple Hun-bird ... 1 Glossy Ibis- , 1 Great Eastern Horseshoe- bat. r A collection of Estuary-^ Fish from Alibas*. St"ix Jiammea Circus cineraeeus Cyptel us ojfi nu Ariohnrchthra axiatica .. Plegadu falcint llus lihinohiphus luectus 1 Latet calcarifir I Polynemus plebins I Polynemus tetradactylus 1 Serranus gilb>rti 1 Chrysnphry* datnia .. .. 1 Plotosus camus / Teludei aoonthropteryii. 1 Enc/raulis taty / Batraehus gani/ene / Hemirhamphus georgit .. 1 Ejunla brevirostris 1 Terapon jarbua I Platycephalic-* scaber . .. i Gobioidvs sp 7 Sillaga sihama I Artusfalcarii/s 1 Belone strongylura Mr. H. M. Whittell. Mr. H. A. Huagrath. Major J. Manners Smith. V Mr. W. I.F.8. A. Wallinger, 762 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI. Contribution. Description. Contributor. A collection of Estuary Fish from Alibag. i I 1 Snake from Dthala, Aden- Hinterland, n. sp. 1 Brown Tree-Snake (alive). 4 Persian long-tailed Field Mice. 1 Snake (alive) 1 Blue-breasted Quail I Snake juv (alive) 1 Pit-viper from Kasauli ... 3 Eggs of the Large Egret... 3 Sggs of the Smaller Egret 3 Eggs of the Battle Egret... 1 Hodgson's Grandala 1 Red-headed Laughing Thrash. 1 Snake juv , 1 Snake juv 1 Bandicoot-rat / Clwpea Hie J Coilia dux Slimier i ... 1 Etraulis mystax 1 Lvjanus johnnii 1 Trichiurus savala 1 Scicena xina 1 Ptdynem s huptadaetylux. 1 Mngil ceur 2 Seiceria carutta 1 SeatopJtagu.i argus 1 Trachanntus russellii 1 Caatuty< LIST OF MEMBERS. Life Members. Aga Khan, H.H. Aga Sultan Mahomed Shaha ... Bombay. Austria, H. I. H. the Archduke Franz Ferdinand.. Europe. Baker, E. C. Stuart ( f.z.s., m.b.o.tj.) ... Dibrugarh, Assam. Baroda, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Sayaji Rao, Gaekwar of (g.c.s.i.) ... ... ... Baroda. Barton, E. L. ,. ... ... ... Europe. Bates, S. B. (f.z.s.) ... ... ... Mansi, Banmauk, Burma. Beale, H. F. ... ... ... ... Poona. Bell, H. F. E. (i.c.s.) ... ... ... Mundla, C.P. Bhownagar, H. H. Bhaosingji Takht Singji, the Maharaja of (c.s.i.) ... ... ... Bhownagar. Bhurie Singh, Mean Saheb (c.i.e.) ... ... Chamba. Bikaneer, H. H. Major Sir Gunga Singji, G.C.S.I., Maharaja of ... ... ... ... Bikaneer. Burder, H. C. ... ... ... ... Europe. Caccia, A. M. (i.f.s.) ... ... ... Jubbulpore, C.P. Cama, Dr. Maneckji D. ... ... ... Bombay. Cama, K. R. ... ... ... ... Bombay. Campbell, Lt. D. ... ... ... ... Europe. Cassamalli Jairajbhoy Peerbhoy ... ... Bombay. Clarke, L. 0. (i.c.s.) ... ... ... Mymensing,Bengal. Coltart, Dr. H. N. ... ... ... Dibrugarh, Assamt Coooh Behar, H. H. Sir Nripendra Narayen Bhup Bahadoor, g.c.i.e., Maharaja of ... ... Cooch Behar. Coode, J. M. ... ... ... ... Rangoon. Cursetji, Khan Bahadoor C. M. ... ...Bombay. Cutch, H. H. Sir Shri Kengurji Sawai Bahadoor, g.c.i.e., Rao Saheb of ... ... ... Cutch. Dawson, W. H. (i.c.s.) ... ... ... Europe. Dhunjibhoy Bomanji ... ... ... Bombay. Drake-Brockman, Major H. E. (i.m.s.) ... ... Bombay. Dwarkadas, Naranji ... ... ... Bombay. Foulkes, Capt. T. H. (i.m.s.) ... ... ... Chingleput Madras. Fulton, Capt. H. T. ... ... ... Fategarh. Gammie, Professor G. A. ... ... ... Poona. Goculdas, Nurrotum Morarji ... ... Bombay. Gwalior, H. H. Col. Sir Madho Rao Scindia, G.c.s.i., g.c.V.o., the Maharaja of ... ... Gwalior, C. I. LIST OF MEMBERS. Hi Habibuddin, S. (n.c.s.) ... ... ... Hanumkonda, Hy- derabad, Deccan. Hide, P. ••• ... ... ... ... Rajkote. Hill, Lieut. R. D. A. ... ... ... Dehra Dun, U. P. Holkar, H. H. the Maharaja Tukuji Rao ... Indore. Hyam, Judah ... ... ... ... Pusa, Bengal. Ichalkaranji, The Hon'ble Meherban Narayenrao Govind, alias Babasaheb Ghorpade, Chief of .., Kolhapur. Inglis, C. M. ... ... ... ... Darbbanga. Inverarity, J. D. (b.a., ll.b.) ... ... ... Bombay. Jamkhandi, Shrimant Parashram Ramchandra P;»twardhan, The Chief of ... ...Kolhapur. Janjira, H. H. Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan, Nawab of ... Janjira. Kagal, Meherban Piraji Rao Bapoo Saheb Ghote, Chief of ... ... ... ... Kagal, S. M. C. Khan, Muncherji Frnmji ... ... ... Coloinbo. Kolhapur, H. H. Sir Shahu Chhatrapati, The Maharaja of, g.c.s.i., G.c.v.o. ... ... Kolhapur. Kotah, H. H. Sir Umed Sing Bahadoor, k.c.s.i., the Maharaja of ... ... ., ...Kotah. Lamb, R. A. (i.c.s., c.i.e.) ... ... ... Calcutta. Lees, D. H. ... ... ... ... Tezpur, Assam. Long, G. R, (i.f.s.) ' ... ... ... Minbu, Burma. MacDonald, Dr. D. ... ... ... Europe. Manders, Major N. (r.a.m.c.) ... ... ... Mauritius. Mandlik, Narayan Vishvanath ... ... Bombay. Marshall, Arch. McL. ... ... ... Europe. Marshall, J. McL. ... ... ... Europe. Martin, Lieut.-Col. Gerald ... ... ... Europe. Masani, A. M., Curator, Baroda State Museum ... Baroda. Millard, W. S. ... ... ... ... Bombay. Mills, J. D. ... ... ... ... Europe. Miraj, Shrimant Gungadharrao Gane3h, alias Baba- sahib Patwardhan, Chief of ... ... Miraj. Muspratt, E. ... ... ... ... Europe. Mysore, H. H. Krishna Raj Woodayar Bahadoor, the Maharaja of ... ... ... ... Mysore. Navanagar, H. H. Maharaja Shri Jaswat Singji, the Jam Sahib of ... ... ... Rajkote. Nurse, Major C. G. (F.B.s.) ... ... ... Europe. Olivier, Lieut.-Col. H. D. (r.b., f.z.s.)... ... Bombay. iv LIST OF MEMBERS. Partridge, Henry ... Pestonji Jivanji (n.c.s.) • *• ... Pyinmana, Burma. ... Hyderabad, Dec- Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw Petit, Dhunjibhoy Bomanji ... Petit, Jehangir Bomanji Phipson, H. M. (c.m.z.s.) Poncins, Baron Edmond de ... • • • • *• • • • • ♦• • •• can. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Europe. Ravenshaw, Lieut.-Col. C. W. Roberts, Capt. M. B. Ross, Major Tyrell • •• '• • • • •• ... Europe. ... Lansdowne. ... (Jhakrata. Seton-Karr, H. W.... Spooner, T. J. (c.e.) Standen, B. (i.c.s.) Swayne, Herbert C. » • • • • ■ • • • e • • ... London. ... Gadag, S. M. R. ... Betul, C. P. ... Europe. Tata, Dorabji J. ... Tejpal, Govcrdhundas Goculdas Tilly, T. H. ■ •« • • • • •• ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Mingm, Burma. Travancore, H.H. Sultan Rama Raja Bahadoor, G.c.s.i., G.c.I.S., Maharaja of ... ... Trivandrum. Ulwar, H. H. Jey Singh Bahadoor, the Maharaja of Ulwar. Unwalla, J. N. ... ... ... ... Bhownagar, Viccaji, Framji R. ... Whitworth, G. C. (i.c.s.) Wroughton, R. C. ... ... Bombay. ... Europe. ... Europe. Yerbury, Col. J. W. ... ... ... Europe. Honorary Corresponding Members. Forel, Professeur Auguste Heeckerenez, Le Baron Von ... Kerkhoven, E. J. ... Gates, E. W. Members. Abdy, Major A. J. (r.a.) Abercrombie, A. Aberholser, H. C. ... • • • • » f ... Europe. ... Java. ... 'Java. ... Europe. ... South Africa* ... Europe. ... Washington, U. S. A. ... Bombay. Acworth, E. C. B. ... ... Aga Khan, His Highness Aga Sultan Mahomed Shaha (Life Member) ... ... ... Bombay. LIST OF MEMBERS. Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, The Secretary Ainslie, Major 0. (r.e.) Aiuslie, Capt. H. P. Ainsworth, Capt. H. (i.m.s.) ... Aitchinson, W. (i.F.s.) Aitken, Major A. E . . . Aitken, E. H. Alderson, M. J. Alexander, Major J. D. (r.a.m.c.) Alexander, R. A. Allan, C. W. (b.f.s.) Allen, C. E. (t.f.s.) Allen, P. It. Allison, F. W. (i.c.s.) Almon, W. ... Alston, G. C. Ameerudin Tyabjee... ... Calcutta. ... Rawal Pindi. ... Vizianagram. ... Shahapur, Punjab, ... Waltair. ... Hongkong. ... Karachi. ... Ceylon. ... Pachmarhi, C. P. ... Honinelongyee, Papan, Burma. ... Pegu. ... Tharra waddy, Lower Burma. ... Waltair, Madras Presidency. ... Rajkote. ... Europe. ... Ceylon. ... Bombay. American Museum of Natural History, Secretary... New York. Anderson, Lt.-Col. A. V. (i.m.s.) Anderson, C. W. B. Anderson, J. C. Anderson, John S. ... Anderson, Lieut. R. H. Andrewes, A. Leslie Annesley, F. C. Anthony, H. B. (i.f.s.) Antram, C. B. Arbuthnot, A. D. S. (r.e.) ... Arbuthnot, H. F. (i.f.s.) Armstrong, S. Armstrong, Capt. W. McG. ... Arnould, F. G. Arthur, Mrs. S. R. ... Ashe, R. W. D. (i.c.s.) Atlay,, Jb . ... •«« ... Austria, H.I.H. the Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Life Member) ... ... ... ... Europe. ... Europe. ... Port Blair. ... Europe. ... Maripupam, Kolar, Mysore. ... Nowshera. ... Guind,P.O.Nilgiris. ... Bombay. ... Rangoon. ... Cachar. ... Bombay. ... Coimbatore. ... Rirkee. ... Europe. ... Kawant, Rajputana. ... Europe. .... Ongole, Madras Presidency. ... Mogok, U. Burma. Bach, Dr. C. Bagnall, R. Bagnall, Major T. N. Bagshawe, L. ,., ... Bombay. ... Jullundur. ... Ootacamundj ... Bombay, VI LIST OF MEMBERS. Bagshawe, L. V. ... Bailey, Lt. F. M. ... Bail ward, Lt.-Col. A. 0. (i.A..) Bainbridge, Surgeon-Genl. G. (i.m.s.) ... Baker, B. C. Stuart (f.z.s.) (Life Member) Baker, Capt. H. N. Baker, L. G. t.. ... ... Balding, C. J. Baldrey, Vet.-Capt. F. S. H. ... Banks, Lieut.-Col. S. (i.m.s.) ... Bannerman, Lt.-Col. W. B. (i.M.S.) Baput, S. K. ... Barker, P. W. Barlow-Poole, B. H. (i.f.s.) ... Barnard, J. T. 0. Barnard, R. C. H. ... Barnes, Capt. E. Barnett, W. G. Baroda, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Sayaji Gaekwar of (g.c.s.i.) (Life Member) ... Barr, A. D. St. C. ... ... Barrow, Col. H. J. Waller (r.a.m.c.) Barry, Major T. D. Collis (i.m.s.) Bartlett, Major C. R. (r.a.m.c, f.z.s.)... Barton, E. L. (Life Member) ... Barton, Major F. J. H. Batchelor, Hon'ble Mr. Justice S. L. (i.c.s.) Bate, Lieut. R. E. ... Bates, S. B. (f.z.s.) (Life Member) Battie, J. S. (i.f.s.) ... Battye, Capfc. W. R. (i.m.s.) ... Baumbach, R. Bayley, V. B. F. ... Beadnell, 0. B. Beadon, C. Beadon, Lieut. W. ... Beale, H. F. (Life Member) ... Beaumont, T. L. F. Beddek, Capt. E. E. Beechey, A. St. V. (i.f.s.) ... Kindat, Upper Burma. ... Umbala. ... Europe. ... Europe. ... Dibrugarh. ... Singapore. ... Subathu. ... Calcutta. ... Lahore. ... Europe. ... Europe. ... Dhulia. ... Neschindipur, E. B. Ry. . ... Anantapur, Madras Presidency. ... Kamaing, Upper Burma. ... Poona. ... Dhar, C. I. ... Kirkee. Rao ... Baroda. ... Amraoti, Berar. ... Mean Mir. ... Bombay. ... Europe. ... Europe. ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Multan. ... Mansi, Baumank, Katha, U p p e r Burma. ... Vellore. ... Meshed, via Quetta. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Vellore, Madras Presidency. ... 0 or g aum, S. India. ... Nowshera. ... Poona. ... Karachi. ... Mauritius. ... Khandwa, C.P. LIST OF MEMBERS, Vll Beg, Mirza Nazir ... Begbie, Major A. S. Belcham, G. H. Bell, Dr. A. H. ... Bell, E. N. (i.c.s.) ... BeJ], H. F. E. (i.c.s.) (Life Member) Bell, R. D. (i.c.s.) ... Bell, T. R. D. (i.f.s.) Bell, W. M. Bennett, Douglas ... Benson, Miss A. M. (m.t>.) Benson, J. J. B. (c.E.) Benson, W. A. (c.E.) Bernhardt, K. Berry, R. (c.E.) Berthon, Capt. H. W. Betham, J. A. Betham, Major R. M. Betham, W. Gr. (i.f.s.) Betts, Capt. A. J. V. (i.m.s.) ... Beyts, C. A. (i.c.s.)... Bhandarkar, Shivram V. (b.a., ll.b.) ... Bhatavadekar, Sir Bhalchandra Krishna Bhownagar, H. H. the Maharaja Bhaosingji Takht Singji of (o.s.i.) (Life Member) Bhurie Singh, Mean Saheb (c.i.e.) (Life Member)... Bickei, F. W. Bicknell, H. Biggs, Major H. V. (r.e.) Bignell, R. Bikaneer, H.H. Major the Maharaja Sir Gunga Singji Bahadoor of (g.C.S.i., g.C.i.E.) (Life Member) Bingham, Col. C. T. (f.z.s.) ... Birdwood, H. M. (c.s.i.) Biscoe, W. Fraser (r.F.s.) Blanford, H. R. (i.f.s.) Blasoheck, Hans Blathwayt, C. H. ( i.c.s. ) Blatter, Revd. E. (s.j.) Bogle, Lt. J. S. ... ... ... ... Bomanji, K. R. (i.c.s.) Bombay Government, The Chief Secretary, Sepa- rate Department ... Bonig, M. C. C. (b.f.s.) Bosanquet, E. M. (B.A.) Nander, Hyderabad (Deccan). Cawnpore. Ratnagiri. Birsa, Punjab. Pagan, U. Burma. Mundla, C. P. Bhusawai. Karachi. Bombay. Bombay. Bombay. Ahmednagar. Europe. Karachi. Belgaum. Songad, Kathiawar. Purnea, Bengal. Quetta. Ahmednagar. Deesa. Jacobabad, Sind. Bombay. Bombay. Bhownagar. Chamba. Bombay. Bombay. Murree. Europe . Bikanir. Europe. Europe. Indore, C. I. Pyinmana, Uppei Burma. Bombay. Hyderabad, Sind. Bombay. Bunji, Gilgit. Bijapur. Bombay. Port Blair. Quetta. nn LIST OF MEMBERS, • • » • •• Bourdillon, T. F. (i.f.s., f.l.s.) Bourke, Lt.-Col. G. D. (r.a.m.0.) Bowen, J. C. G. Boyd, C. C. (i.c.s.)... Brand, J. Branson, R, M. Brendon, B. A. (i.c.s.) Brendon, 0. R. Bright, Geo. E. (c.e.) Brodie, D. Brodie, Lient. L. 0. Brodie, N. S. (i.c.s.) Brook-Fox, E. ( c.e. ) Brooke, R. H. Broughton, Capt. T. D. (r.e.)... Brown, Capt. H. R. (i.m.s.) ... Browne, Major S. D. (r.h.a.) Bruce, The Hon'ble R. Brudenell Bruce, Lieut. H. R. Buchanan, Major K. J. Bulkley, H. Bulkley, W.W Burder, H. C. (Life Member) ... Burke, R. C. Burke, W. S. Burkill, I. H. (m.a.) Burn, J. G. (i.c.s.) ... Burn-Murdoch, Lieut.- Col. J. (r.e.) ... Burness, T. Burnett, R. H. Burns, C. L. Burton, Major R. G. ...» Burton, Capt. Richard W. Busch, H. F. Butler, A. L. Butler, Lieut. H. M. Cabell, W. H. L. (i.c.s.) Caccia, A. M. (i.f.s.) (Life Member) Cadell, P. R. (i.c.s.) Calcutta, Hon. Secretary, Zoological Gardens Calder. H. Caleb, Dr. CO Cama, K. R. (Life Member) ... ... Quiloe. ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Karwar. ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Europe. ... Europe. .,, Bombay. ... Yercaud, Salem District. ... South Africa. ... Guntur, K i s t n a District. ... Europe. .„. Europe. ... Alderney. ... Europe. ... Mhow, C. I. ... Poona. ... South Africa. ... Banu, Punjab. ... Thana. ... Muttra. ... Europe. ... Sangli, S. M. C. ... Calcutta. ... Calcutta. . , . Na r a s a r a m p e t, Vizagapatam District. ... Dharwar. ... Dibrugarh, Assam. ... Sholapur. ... Bombay. ... Poona. ... Aurungabad. ... Bombay. ... Europe. ... Santa Cruz. ... Rangoon. ... Jubbulpore, C. V, ... Bombay. ... Calcutta. ... Rangoon. ... Lahore. ... Bombay. LIST OF .MEMBERS. \X Gama, Dr. Maneckjee D. (Life Member)... Cameron, A. C. Cameron, H. S. Cameron, W. L. (c.i.) Campbell, Lieut. D. (Life Member) Campbell, Capt. J. ... Campbell, R. H. (i.c.s.) Campbell, Revd. W. Howard Capper, Capt. A S. Capper, Col. W. Cardozo, C. H. ... Carr, R. C. C. (i.C.S.) Carruthers, Lt.-Col. H. St. C. Carter, Lt. R. M. (i.M.s.) Cassamali Jairajbhoy Feerbhoy (Life Member) Central Research Institute, The Director Chaldecott, Lt. W. H. (r.e.) ... Chalmers, fi. Chanter, F. W. (c.B.) Chapman, J. A. Chapman, Major L, P. (r.e.) Chapman, Capt. P. F. (i.m.s.) Chapman, W. H. Chester, Col. W. L., r.a.m.c. ... Chico, J. R. (c.E.) ... Chitty, The Hon'ble Mr. Justice C. W. Cholmondeley, E. C. Christie, Lt.-Col. J. H. Christy, Dr. C. Chuckerbutty, A. W. G. (i.c.s.) Clark, J. (i.c.s.) Clark, W. H. Clarke, Capt. F. Stanley Clarke, Capt. G. Clarke, L. 0. (i.c.s.) (Life Member) Clarke, Robt. L. H. (i.c.s.) ... Clarkson, Lt.-Col. J. W. (i.m.s.) Clifford, Lt. R. Clutterbuck, P. H. (i.F.s., r.z.s.) Coates, Lt. E. G. Coates, Lt. Victor ... Cobbe, Capt. C. C. ... Coen, W. W. Coggan, R. T. Coghill, Capt. N. S. (i.a.) ... Bombay. ... Poona. ... Ceylon. ... Europe. ... Europe. ... Simla. ... Waltair, Vizagapa- tam Dist. ... Jamalamadugo,Cud- dapah District. ... Deolali. ... Simla. ... Calicut, Malabar. ... Chittoor, N. Arcot. ... Madras. ... Nasirabad. ... Bombay. ... Kasauli, Punjab. ... Kirkee. ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Insein, Burma. ... Bombay. ... Amraoti, Berar. ... Karachi. ... Cherat, Punjab. ... Baroda. ... Lahore. ... Indore. ... Kasauli. ... Europe. ... Alibag. ... Motihari, Bengal. ... Kamptee, C. P. ... Europe. ... Cannanore. ... Mymensingh, Ben- gal. ... Sultanpur. ... Europe. ... Dehra Ghazi Khan. ... Kheri, Oudh. ... Muttra. ... Jhansi, ... Waltair. ... Hubli, S. M. Ry. ... Calcutta. ... Radhanpur. LIST OF MEMBERS. Cogill, Dr. H. (m.r.o.s., l.r.c.p.) Cole, Lt. A. G. M. Coleman, G„ B. ... ... ,,.. Ooliie, It. A. ... ... ... ... Collings, F. W. Colombo, The Librarian, Colombo Museum Colston, Captain H. K. Coltart, Dr. H. N. (Life Member) Comber, Edward (f.z.s.) Oonduitt, W. A. (c.e.) Conley, Andrew Connor, Capt. F. P. (f.r.c.s., i.m.s.) ... Constable, F. A. Cooch Behar, H.H. Col. the Maharaja Sir Nri- pendra Narayen Bhup Bahadoor of (c.c.i.e.) (Life Member) Coode, J. M. (Life Member) ... Cook, Goo. Cooke, E. B. Cooke, J. V. Cooper, C. F. Cooper, R. W. Coppinger, Lt. W. V. (i.m.s.) Corbett, Capt. W. F. Cordue, Major W. G. R. (r.e.) Cosserat, L. (c.e.) ... Coventry, B. 0. (i.f.s.) Coventry, E. M. (i.f.s.) Covernton, Professor A. L. ... Covernton, J. G. Cowio, Rev. A. G. G. Cox, Major P. Z. (f.z.s., f.r.g.s., c.i.e.) Cox, S. (i.f.s.) Coxon, S. W. (i.c.s.) Craddock, W. H. (i.f.s.) Crawford, The Hon. Mr. Leslie Crawford, W. M. (i.c.s.) Creaghe, P. F. S. ... Crerar, J. (i.c.s.) ... Crofts, Lt.-Col. A. M. (i.m.s.) Crommelin, C. A. R. Crum, W. E. Crump, L. C. (i.C.s.) Cubitt, G. E. S. (i.f.s.) Aden. Mhow, C. L Bombay. Dibrugarh, Assam?. Gangaw, Pakokku,. U. Burma. Colombo. Indore, C I. Samastipur, T. S. By. Bombay. Bombay. Narkanda, Simla District. Manipur, Assam. New York, U.S.A. Cooch Behar. Rangoon. Myitkyina, Burma. Bina, G. I. P. Ry. Europe. Mergui, Burma. Karachi. Chittagong. Europe. Europe. Baroda. Lahore. Naggar Kulu, Kangra District. Bombay. Ahmedabad. Cawnpore. Bushire. Chatrapur. Damoh, C. P. Rangoon. Bombay. Sambalpur, Bengal, Kirkee. Larkhana, Sind. Peshawar. Bombay. Bombay. Dharwar. Kindat, Burma, LIST OF MEMBERS. XI Ouffe, T. W. dimming, J. W. N. Gumming, W. D. .., Cumming, Major W. H. (r.g.a.) Gurran, G. F. Currimbhoy Ebrahim, Sir Currey, E. S. Currey, Lieut. V. F. Cursetji, Khan Bahadur C. M. (Life Member) Cutch, H.H. Shri Kengurji Sawai Bahadoor, Rao Saheb of (g.c.i.e.) (Life Member) ... Bombay. ... Quetta. ... Fao, Persian Gulf. ... Europe. ... Tarekere P. O., Kadur Distiict. ... Bombay. ... Europe. ... Bellary. ... Bombay, the ... Bhuj, Cutch. Dadachunji, R. K. ... Daintrey, W. M. Dalgliesh, G. Dallaporta, J. N. Dalrymple-Hay, Mrs. L. Dames, Felix L. Daniell, Col. A. C. (r.a.) Danson, J. W. W. Darjeeling, The Vice-President, Natural Museum Davidson, C. J. Davidson, H. M. M. Davidson, J. (i.c.s.) Davidson, Norman ... Davis, Major R. E. S. (i.m.s.) , Davys, Capt. G. Irvine (i.m.s.) Dawson, G. B. ... ... ... Dawson, H. F. Dawson, W. H. (i.c.s.) (Life Member) ... Deakin, Mrs. M. E. Deane, Dr. A. H. ... Deane, H. H. (c.e.) DeSouza, A. B. De Carteret, St. G. De Courcy, Hon'ble M. W. R. DeWinton, T. W. (c.e.) Delme-Radcliffe, Lieut. A. ... Delme-Radcliffe, Major H. ... Delme-Radcliffe, Capt. S. Dempster, F. E. (c.i.e.) Dempster, Lieut. G. H. Des Vceux, Capt. H. Dewar, D. (i.o.s.) ... ... Bombay. ... New York. ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Nellore. ... Europe. ... Bangalore. ... Europe. History ... Darjeeling. ... Tokio, Japan. ... Behali P. 0., Dar- - rang, Assam. ... Europe. ... Quilon, S. I. Ry. ... Rangoon. ... Amritsar. ... Rangoon. .-.. Madanapalle, Ma- dras Presy. ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Larkhana, Sind. ... Banda, U. P. ... Umballa. ... Belgaum. ... Karachi. ... Agra. ... Jhansi. ... Calcutta. ... Mhow, C. I. ... Europe. ... Lahore. xn LIST OF MEMBERS. Dewes, Major F. J. (i.m.s.) ... Dbar, H. H. the Raja of Dhunjibhoy Bomanji (Life Member) Dick, Lt.-Col. A. R. Dickinson, W. L. ... Dickson, Capt. J. H. Dimmock, Lt.-Col. H. P. (m.d., i.m.s.) . Dixon, R. M. (b.a.)... Dodd, Lt.-Col. J. R. (r,a.m.c.) Donaghey, J. O'B. ... Donald, C. H. ... ... Donovan, Major C. (i.m.s.) ... Douglas, D. Douglas, S. M. (b.a.) Douglas, Lt. W. R. B. (e.i.m.) Drake-Brockman, C. B. (d.s.p.) Drake- Brockman, Major D. H. Drake-Brockman, Maj. H. E. (i.m.s.) (Life Member).. Drake-Brockman, Capt. V. G. (i.m.s.) Dreckmann, Rev. F. (s.J.) ... Druce, Herbert Drummond, J. R., (b.a., f.l.s.) DuBoulay, J. H. (i.c.s.) Dudgeon, G. C. (f.e.s.) Duke, Lt.-Col. J. (i.m.s.) Dumayne, F. G. Dunbar-Brander, A. (i.f.s.) ... Dunn, C. W. (i.c.s.) Dunsterville, Lt.-Col. K. S. (r.a.) Dunsterville, Major L. C. Dupuis, A. L. Dwane, E. H. Dwrie, G. A, Dyson, Major T. E. (i.m.s.) ... Eardley-Wilmot, S. (i.f.s.) ... Ede, F. J. (a.m.i.c.e.) Eden, Morton Edulji Nusserwanji, Dr. Edwards, W. N. Elgee, Major J. W. L. Eliot, Lieut. H. S. (r.a.) Eliot, Lieut. Neville (r.g.a.) ... Tunggyi, S. Shan States. Dhar, C. I. Bombay. Kohat. Nazira, Sibsagar, Assam. Quetta. Bombay. Poona. Mhow, C. I. Bangalore. Wazirabad, Punjab. Madras. Dibrugarh, Assam. Rangoon. Europe. Cuttack. Lansdown. Bombay. Bharatpur. Bombay. Europe. Europe. Bombay. Europe. Kapurthala. Calcutta. Buldana, Berar. Rangoon. Calcutta. Dera Ismail Khan. Europe. Secunderabad. Keng Tung, S. Shan States. Poona. Simla. Silchar, Cachar. Bahubor, Sibsagar, Assam. Bombay. Majulighur, Assam. Thayetmyo, Burma. Quetta. Quetta. LIST OF MEMBERS. xm Elles, Lieut. H. J. (r.e.) Elliot, Lieut. 0. Elliot, Major W. H. W. (f.l.s., I.M.S.) Elliott, A. (c.i.e.) ... Elliott, 0. F. (i.f.s.) Ellis, E. V. (B.F.S.) Ellis, R. H. (i.c.s.) ... Elmes, F. R. Elwes, H. J. (f.r.s.) Emanuel, A. E. L. (i.c.s.) English, A. E. (i.c.s.) ... , Enthoven, R. E. (i.c.s.) Evans, Vety .-Major G. H. (f.l.s.) Evans, Lt. W. fl. (r.e,) ... Roorkee. ... Rangoon. ... Simla. ... Europe. ... Mombassa, East Africa. ... Toungoo, L. Burma. ... Chittor, N. Arcot. ... Lakhimpur, Assam. ... Europe. ... Sholapur. ... Bassein, Burma. ... Europe. ,.. Rangoon. ... Jubbulpore, C. P. Fagan, Capt. E. A. ... Fagan, H. R. Falkiner, Dr. J. M. ... Farrel, R. C. (i.f.s.)... Farrington, H. A. (i.f.s.) Fayrer, Capt. F. D. S. (i.M.S.) Fearon, H. Fenton, Lt.-Col. L. L. Ferguson, H. S. (f.z.s., f.l.s.) Ferris, Lt.-Col. W. B, Few, H. W. Field, Frank Finlay, C. K. Fischer, C. E. C. (i.f.s.) Fisher, C. P. Fisher, W. F. D. (i.f.s.) Fitz-Gerald, Col. H. S. Fitz-Gibbon, P. J. ... Fletcher, F. Forbes, Capt. A. H. M. Forbes, A. W. Forbes, C. H. B. ... ... ... Forbes, Major G. F. R. Forbes, J. D. Forbes-Sempill, The Hon'ble R. A. Forel, Monsieur Auguste (Hon. Correspg. Member). Europe. Forster, T. W. (b.f.s.) ... ... ... Pyinmana, U Burma. Forsyth, Dr. W. ... ... ... ... Calcutta. 5 ... Meerut. ,.. Rangoon. ... Dibrugarh, Assam. ... Secunderabad. ... Jalpaiguri, Bengal. ... Europe. ... Coconada,Godavari District. ... Wad h wan Camp, Kathiawar. ... Europe. ... Kolhapore. ... Monywa,U. Burma. ... Gaya. ... Rangoon. ... Coimbatore. .-. ISTagpur, C. P. ... Bandra. ... Europe. ... Belgaum. ... Poona. ... Bareilly. ... Secunderabad. ... Bombay. ... Europe. ... Jubbulpore, C. P. ... Rangoon. nv LIST OF MEMBERS. Foster, Capt. R. B. B. (i.m.s.) Foster, R. Guy Foulkes, George F. F. (i.f.s.) Foulkes, Capt. H. D. Foulkes, R. Foulkes, Capt. T. H. (i.m.s.) (Life Member) Fountouklis, E. Fox, Col. H. C. (r.e.) Fraser, Capt. H. A. D. (r.e.)... Fraser, The Hon'ble Mr. S. M. (i.c.s., c.i.e.) Frenchman, Lt.-CoL E. P. (i.m.s.) Friedlander and Son, Messrs. R. Fuller, Dr. Chas. A. Fulton, Hon'ble Mr. E. M. (i.c.s., c.s.i.) Fulton, Capt. H. T. (d.s.o.) (Life Member) Fulton, Lt.-Col. R. Frv J F Fyson, Prof. P. F. Gale, Capt. E. S. ... ... ... Galloway, R. Gamble, J. S. (f.l.s.) Gammie, Prof. G. A. Garrett, H. B. G. (s.f.s.) vjaye, vv. \j. ... ... ... George, C. P. ... ... ... Gerhardt, Paul Ghosal, J. (i.c.s.) ... Gibbs, H. M. Gilbert, C. E. L. (i.f.s.) Gilbert, Reg. (f.z.s.) Gilbert-Cooper, W. J. (i.f.s.)... VTllJL, i.1. ••• ••• ... ••) Gillum, S. J. ... ... ... Gimlette, Lt.-Col. G. H. D. (c.i.e., i.m.s.) Gladstone, H. S. (f.z.s.) Glaeser, John Glascock, L. C. ... Glazebrook, N. S. ... Gleadow, F. (f.r.m.s., i.f.s.) ... Gloster, Capt. J. H. (i.m.s.) ... Godden, A. L. Godfrey, G. C. ... Secunderabad, Deccan. ... Sallebile P. 0., Kadur District. ... Coconada,Godaveri District. ... Europe. ... Russellkonda, Gan- jam District. ... Chingleput, Madras Presidency. ... Europe. ... Dharwar. ... Dehra Dun. ... Bangalore. ... Rangoon, Burma, ... Europe. ... Cawnpore. ... Bombay. ... Fategarh. ... Europe. ... Pare!, Bombay. ... Madras. ... Aijal, Lnshai Hills. ... Secunderabad, ... Europe. ... Poona. ... Moulmein, Burma. ... Secunderabad. ... Secunderabad. ... Karli, G. I. P. Ry. ... Europe. ... Satara. ... Dhulia. ... Bombay. ... Moulmein. ... Bombay. ... Bombay, ... Hyderabad, Deccan. ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Bandra. ... Amritsar Dist. ... Fezpur, Assam. ... Europe. LTST OF .MEMBERS. xv God win- Austin, H. ... • •• Gonsalves, Dr. J. F. • •• Gordon, D. M. • •• Gore, F. C. • •• Gore, Col. St. G. C. (r.e.) • •• Gossage, T. N. • ♦• Gough, Major C. ... • • • Gover, A. A. • •• Graham, Lt. B. C. ... Graham, C. E. R. (i.c.s.) Graham, D. N. Graham, J. A. Graham, L. (i.c.s.) .. Graham, Capt. R. B. Grant, C. F. (i.c.s.)... Grant, John F. Gray, Chas. Gray, P. B. Greany, Surgeon-Genl. J. P. (i.M.S.) Greaves, S. E. ... ... Green, E. Ernest (f.e.s.) Gregerson, Dr. J. D. Greig, Joseph Griffith, Capt. R. H. (r.f.a.)... Griffiths, V. M. (p.w.d.) Gronvold, H. Grubbe, Major E. A. ... Amroati, Berar. ... Bandra. ... Keng Tung, S. Shan States. ... Sibsagar, Assam. ... Eur ape. ... Maskeliya, Ceylon. ... Babugarh, U. P. ... Koraput, Vizagapa- tam District. ... Dharamsala, Pun- jab. ... Mundla, C. P. ... Bombay. ... Mercara, Coorg. ... Dharwar. ... Rangoon. ... Rangoon. ... Europe. ... Coonoor. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Ceylon. ... Jaipur, Assam* ... Cachar. ... Kirkee. ... Nasik. ... Europe. ... Europe. Habibuddin, S. (n.c.s.) Haeberle, Curt, (i.f.s.) Haigh, P. B. (i.c.s.) Hale, Major C. H. (r.a.m.c.) ... Hall, William Hamerton, Capt. A. E. (r.a.m.c.) Hamilton, J. D. (b.F.S.) Hampson, Sir George F. (Bart.) (f.l.s., f.e.s.) Hankey, A. A. Hankin, A. C. (c.l.E.) Hannyngton, W. 0. Hanson, C. 0. (i.f.s.) Harcourt, Capt. J. S. M. Hardy, A. W. Harington, Capt. H. H. Harington, Lt.-Col. V. (i.m.s.) ... Hyderabad,Deccan; ... Qtiilon. ... Karwar. ... Rangoon. ... Ahmedabad. ... Ferozepore,Punjab. ... Rangoon. ... Europe. ... Colombo. ... Hyderabad ,Deccan.- ... Shwebo, Burma. ... Europe. ... Dehra Dun, U. P. ... Talup, Assam. ... Rangoon, Burma. ... Jodhpur. xn LIST OF 31 EMBERS. Harper, E. W. (f.z.s.) Harris, Major E. W. Harris, Lt. 0. (r.h.a.) Harrison, A. J. Harrison, Capt. G. B. (i.M.S.)... Hart, E. H. .«. Harter, R. W. Harvey, Capt. W. F. (i.m.s.) Harvey, W. L. (i.c.s.) Harwood, Lieut.-Col. J. G. (r.a.m.c.) Haslope, Rev. L. M. Hasted, Capt. A. W. Hasted, H. R. G. ... Hasted, W. A. Hatch, Major A. E. Hatch, G. W. (i.c.s.) Hatchell, D. G. Hate, Vinayek N. ... Haughton, Samuel (c.c.s.) Hauxwell, T. A. (i.f.s.) Hawkins, A. B. Haydea, H. H. Hearsey, Mrs. L. D. Hearsey, T. N. (i.f.s.) ... Europe. ... Vizagapatam. ... Rawal Pindi. ... Lakhimpur, Assam. ... Madura, S. India, ... Lanowli. ... Bombay. ... Kasauli, Punjab. ... Calcutta. ... Europe, ... Poona. ,.. Kasauli. ,.. Europe. ... Tinnevelly District. ... Europe. ... Kaira. ... Europe. ,.. Bombay. ... Europe. ... Maymyo, Burma. .. Calcutta. .. Calcutta. .. Lakhimpur, Kheri, Oudh. ... Kollegal, N. Coim- batore District. Europe. Heath, R. H. (c.e.) Heeckerenz, Baron Von (Hon. Corrpg. Member)... Java. Henderson, Capt. R. R. ... ... ... Sialkot. Hendley, Lt.-Col. H. (i.m.s.)... ... ... Amritsar. Herbert, Major H. (i.m.s.) ... ... ... Bombay. Hertz, W. A. ... ... ... ... Myitkyina, U. Burma. HeseltiDe, Lt. J. E. N. ... ... ... Raniket. Heygate, Major bl. H. G. (d.S.O.) ... ... Europe. Hichens, G. W. ... ... ... ... Rangoon. Hickman, R. St. J. ... ... ... Europe. Hicks, E. ... , ... ... ... Derrang, Assam. Hide, P. (Life Member) ... ... ... Rajkote. High Range Natural History Society, The President Aneimudi, Munaar P.O. Hill, Claude H. (i.c.s., c.i.e.)... Hill, Lieut. R. D. 0. (Life Member) Hill-Trevor, Hon'ble A. E. ... Hine-Haycock, A. L. Hodgkinson, Capt. C. Hodgkinson, Col. H. Hodgson, C. P. ... Europe. ... Dehra Dun, U. P. ... Bombay. ... Colombo, Ceylon. ... Lucknow. ... Europe. ... Ootacamuud. LIST OF MEMBERS. XTU Hoghton, Major F. A. Hojel, Major J. G. (i.m.s.) ... Holbrooke, Capt. B. F. R. ... Hole, R. S. ( i.f.s.) ... Holme, H. B. (i.c.s.) Holyoak, Bernard ... Home, Lt. J. E. Hoosein Belgrami, The Hon'ble Mr. Imud-ul-Mulk Babadoor ... Hooton, Capt. A. (i.m.s.) Hope, A. J. R. Hopwood, J. C. Hornidge, S. Hoskyn, Major C. R. (r.e.) ... Hotson, J. E. B. (i.c.s.) Howell, E. B. Howlett, Col. A. (i.s.c.) Hudson, Major C. T. (i.m.s.) ... Hudson, C. VV. M. (i.c.s.) Hudson, Lt. P. Huggins, J. R. Hulbert, Major J. G. (i.m.s.) Hume, H. R. (d.s.p.) Humphrey, J. Humphrys, Lieut. F. H. Hunt, C. B. Holman... Hunt, Dr. E. H. ... Hutchinson, Lt. C. G. Hutchinson, F. G. Hutchinson, F. T. Hyde-Cates, Lt.-Col. G. E. ... Hyam, Judah (g.b.v.c, F.z.s.) (Life ... Saugor, C. P. ... Bombay. ... ... Poona. ... Jubbulpore, C. P. ... Thayetmyo, Burma. ... Bombay. ... Rawal Pindi. Syed Nawab ... Hyderabad,Deccan. ... Europe. ... Shwebo, Burma. ... Rangoon. ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Rajkote,Kathiawar. ... Nanking, China. ... Europe. ... Nasik. ... Dharwar. ... Nasirabad. ... Koraput. ... Shahjahanpur, U.P. ... Ahmedabad. ... Bombay. ... Peshawar. ... Ceylon. ... Secunderabad. ... Europe. ... Uran. ... Nasik. ... Sawantwady. Member) ... Pusa, Bengal. Iohalkaranji, The Hon'ble Narayenrao Govind, alias Babasaheb Ghorpade, Chief of (Life Member) ... Kolhapur. Ilbert, L. G. ... ... ... ... Sibsagar, Assam. Imray, Robt. S. ... ... ... ... Peermaad, Travan* core. Indore, H.H. the Maharaja Tukuji Rao, Holkar of (Life Member) ... ... ... ... Indore. Inglis, Chas. M. (Life Member) ... ... Durbhanga. Inverarity, J. D. (b.a., ll.b.) (Life Member) ... Bombay. Ireland, S. G. deC. (i.c.s.) ... ... ... Dehra Dun, U. P. I vena, J. H. (p.w.d.) ... ... ... Agra. Jackson, Mrs. F. E.... Jackson, Major J. (i.m.s.) ... Gauhati, Assam. ... Poona. xvm LIST OF MEMBERS. Jacob, W. R. Le Grand (i.f.s.) ... ... Rajabhatkhawar E. B. S. Ry. James, Major C. H. (i.m.s.) ... ... ... Patiala, Punjab. Jamkhandi, Shrimant Parashram Ramchandra Pat- wardhan, The Chief of (Life Member)... ... Kolhapore. Jamsetji, M. Doctor ... ... ... Bombay. Janjira, H. H. Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan (k.c.i.e.) Nawab of (Life Member) Jardine, A. J. A. (d.s.p.) Jardine, E. R. Jardine, M. R. Jardine, W. F. Jayakar, Lt.-Col. A. S. G. (i.m.s.) Jellett, H, H. Jencken, Lt.-Col. F. J. (r.a.m.c.) Jenkins, S. E. F. (i.f.s.) Jennings, Major W. E. (i.m.s.) Jermyn, Lt.-Col. T. Jesse, William Jevvett, Miss L. John, H. 0. (c.e.) .., Johnson, S. M. Johnstone, J. W. D. Joll, Lieut. H. H. (r.f.a.) Jones, Major F. W. C. (r.a.m.c.) Jones, Major J. Lloyd (i.m.s.) Jones, Capt. M. D. Goring ... Jones, T. M. Jones, W. Harvey ... Jowitt, John F. Joyce, S. ... ... Jukes, J. E. C. (i.c.s.) Julius, Capt. S. de V. A. ... Janjira. ... Rangoon, Burma; ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Karwar. ... Bandra. ... Khargpur, Madras Presidency. ... Deolali. ... Loilem, S. Shan States, Burma. ... Poona. ... Saugor, C. P. ... Meerut. ... Dhubri, Assam. ... Europe. ... Cawnpore. ... Gwalior, C. I. ... Ahmednagar. ... Nasirabad. ... Bombay. ... Nagpur, C. P. ... Rangoon. ... Bombay. ... Bandarwella, Ceylon. ... Bombay. ... Broach. ... Deolali. Kagal, Meherban Piraji Rao Bapu Saheb Ghote, Chief of Karachi, The Curator, Victoria Museum Kasauli, The Secretary, Kasauli Club ... Kearns, A. S. ... ... ... Keary, Lt.-Col. H. D. ... Keddie, D. L. Honinelongyee Keighly, Lt. H. D. S. Kellie, Col. R. H. ... Kelly, B. P. ... Kagal, S. M. C. ... Karachi, Sind. ... Kasauli. ... Negapatam. ... Europe. ... Papan, Burma. ... Myitkyina, Burma. ... Europe, ... Mansi, Banmant Katha, Burma. LIST OF MEMBERS. six Kelly, Capt. C. R. (r.q.a.) ... Kelsall, Capt. H. J. (r.a.) Kemball, H. V. (c.e.) Kemp, Capt. D. C. (i.m.s.) Kemp, N. W. Kendall, C. H. B. (i.c.s.) Kendall, Capt. C. J. (r.i.m.) ... Kennedy, R. M. (i.c.s.) ... Kenny, S. D. (i.f.s.) Kenyon, James Ker, L. B. ... ... ... Kergarion, Comte de Kerkhoven, E. J. (Hon. Correspg. Member) Kerr, Dr. A. F. G.... Kerr, H. R. ... Kettlewell, Lieut. H. W. Keys, H. W. (i.f.s.) Keys, Capt. W. D. A. (i.m.s.) Khan, Muncherji Frainji (Life Member) Khareghat, M. P. (i.c.s.) Kilby, R. G. (i.c.s.) Kilkelly, Major P. P. (i.m.s.) Kinloch, A. M. Kirkpatrick, TV. McColin Kirtikar, Lt.-Col. K. R. (i.m.s.) ... ■<.« Knox, Major A. R. (r.f.a.) ... Knyvett, W. A. ... ... ... .„ Kolhapur, H.H. the Maharaja Sir Shahu, Chhatra pati (g. c.s.i, g.c.v.o.) (Life Member) ... Kotah, H.H. the Maharaja Umed Sing, Bahadoor (k.c.s.1.) (Life Member) Kotewal, A. B. ... ... ... ,., Kunwar Kushal Pal Singh ... Kohat. Hongkong. Bombay. Europe. Bombay. Allahabad, U. P. Europe. Ahmedabad. Europe. Karachi. Bombay. Paris. Java. , Chiengmai, Siam. . Sinbo, Burma. . Fyzabad, Oudh. , Europe. , Bombay. , Colombo, Ceylon. . Dharwar. . Riinohi. . Alwar. . Kil-Kotagiri, Nilgiris. , Delhi. » Andheri, Tha n a District. . Jubbulpore, C. P. , Gaya, Bengal. Kolhapur. Kotah. Bombay. Rais Kotila, Agra District. Lace, John H. (i.f.s., f.l.s.) ... Lahore Zoo, The President, Committee Management Laird-MacGregor, E. G. L. (i.c.s.) Lamb, Capt. Geo. (i.m.s.) Lamb, R.A. (i.c.s., c.i.e.) (Life Member) Lamington, H. E. Lord (g.c.m.g., g.c.i.e.) Land Records and Agriculture, The Director of Lane, Capt. W. H. Lang, Capt. C. F. G. Lawrie, A. S. (p.w.d.) ... ... Rangoon. of ... Lahore. ... Karwar. ... Bombay. ... Calcutta. ... Bombay. ... Poona. ... Kalemyo,U.Burma. ... Madras. ... Tinnevelly District. XX LIST OF MEMBERS. ■ •« • •• • • • Lee, Capt. A. W. H. Lees, D. H. (Life Member) Leeson, G. W. Leete, F. A. (f.c.h., i.f.s.) Lefroy, H. M. (m.a., f.b.s., f.z.s.) Le Mesurier, H. P. (c.B.) Lennox, Lt. G. M. ,». Leslie, A. K. Leslie, Major G. A. (r.e.) Lester, Major C. D. ... Lethbridge, Capt. W. (i.M.S.)... Light, Lt.-Col. R. H. Light, Oapt. W. A. Lightfoot, S. St. 0. Lincoln, Capt. C. H. (i.m.s.) ... Lindley, E. S. (c.e.) Linnell, Fred. Liston, Capt. W. G. ( I.M.S.) ... Little, F. D. Lloyd, Col. 0. E. P. (v.c, r.a.m.c.) Loam, Mathew Lock, Capt. F. R. E. (i.s.c.) ... Lodge, G. E. Logan, A. C. (i.c.s.) Logan Home, Lt. G. R. S. ... Long, G. R. (i.f.s.) (Life Member) Long, H. W. (r.a.m.c.) Longden, C. 0. Lory, F. B. P. (m.a.) Loudon, Major J. A. Lovegrove, W. H. (i.F.S.) Lowndes, G. R. Lowrie, A. E. (i.f.s.) Luard, E. S. Lucknow, The Curator & Sec, Provincial Lumley, Major F. D. Lumsden, 0. F. (i.c.s.) Lushington, R. H. ... ... Lyall, Lt. R. A. Lyell, Lt. A. G. Lynch, C. B. Lyon, G. R. (c.E.) ... • • • ••• • t • • •• • •• ... Lansdowne, U. P. ... Tezpur, Assam. ... Goalundo, E. B. S. Ry. ... Minbn, Burma. ... Pusa, Bengal. ... Calcutta. ... Lashio, N. Shan States. ... Bombay. ... Kirkee. ... Fort Sandeman. ... Muscat ... Europe. ... Europe. ... Taunggyi, U. Burma. ... Bombay. ... Raipur, C. P. ... Rangoon. ... Parel. ... Banmauk P. 0., Katha, U. Burma. ... Ootacamund. ... Berhampur. ... Mhow, C. I. ... Europe. ... Poona ... Deesa. ... Tunggyi, U. Burma. ... Jullundur. ... Palamcottah, Mad- ras Presidency. ... Poona. ... Aurungabad. ... Naini Tal. ... Bombay. ... Raipur, C. P. ... Europe. Museum Lucknow. ... Europe. ... Jhelum, Punjab. ... Vizagapatam. ... Europe, ... Europe, ... Europe. .». Manora, Karachi* LIST OF MEMBERS. xx i Macaulay, L. A. ... ... Macaulay, R. H. MacDonald, Dr. D. (Life Member) MacDonald, J. MacDonald, K. C. (d.s.p.) MacGregor, Lieut. R. D. (i.m.s.) MacLeod, Capt. E. C, (i.m.s.) MacMillan, D. A. ... Mackay, C. J. Mackenzie, Major A. F. Mackenzie, Colin A. Mackenzie, Kenneth ... Mackenzie, Lt. K. L. W. Mackenzie, M. D. ... Mackenzie, M. M. ... Mackie, A. W. W. (i.c.s.) Mackinnon, P. W. (f.e.s.) Mackwood, F. M. ... Maclaren, J. Malcolm (f.g.s.) Macleod, Norman A. Macleod, N. C. Macnaghten, H. W. P. Macpherson, John ... Macpherson, Col. T. R. M. Mactaggart, H. B. 00 — 7 — _. ... — Madras, The Professor of Zoology, Madras Chris .. Bombay. ... Europe. ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Pokukku, Burma. ... Bombay. ... Gauhati, Assam. ... Iveonjhar, Orissa. ... Mozufferpur. ... Poona. ... Ootacamund. ... Kurnool, Madras. ... Fyzabad. ... Hyderabad, Sind. ... $aran, Bengal. ... Belgaum. ... Mussoorie. ... Colombo. ... Calcutta. ... Europe. ... Bombay. .„. Bombay. ... Europe. ... Europe. ... Negapatam. tian College Madras, The Principal, Medical College Madras, The Principal, Presidency College Madras, The Librarian, Govt. Central Museum Magrath, Major H. A. F. Mahal uxmiwalla, CD. Mahomedbhoy Currimbhoy Ebrahim ... JAJ.UJ.jl j A« !«> ••« • * * ••• Maitland, Lt.-Ool. C. B. (i.m.s.) Major, Capt, F. F. ... Malcolm, T. Mallins, Col. C. (i.m.s.) Manders, Major N. (r.a.m.c, f.z.s., f.e.s.) Mandlik, Narayan V. (Life Member) Mann, H. H. Manners-Smith, Major J. (v.c, c.i.e.) ... Manson, Lieut. B. E. A. Manson, C, E. F. „.. ... ... Marjoribanks, G. (l.F.8.) Marryat, A. Marsden, E. Marshall, Arch. McL. (Life Member) 6 ... Madras. ,.. Madras. ... Madras. ... Madras. ... Kohat. ... Bombay, ... Bombay. ... Europe. ... Europe. ... Poona. ... Rajainundry, ... Europe. ... Mauritius. ... Bombay. ... Calcutta. ... Nepal. ... Europe. .,. Rangoon. ... Belgaum. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Europe*. ZJEli LIST OF MEMBERS. Marshall, D. Marshal], J. MoL. (Life Member) Marshall, Capt. T. E. (r.a.) ... Marten, James Martin, Lieut.-Coi. Gerald (Life Member) Martin, L. K. Masani, A. M. (Life Member) ... Masson, The Hon'ble Sir I>. P. (kt., c.i.e.) Masson, W. P. Massy, Major H. S. Maxwell, F. D. Maxwell, W. Maxwell, Lt. W. F. (r.e.) May, Lt. H. S. (r.e.) Mayer, G. A. « Mayne, Capt. H. B. (r.g.a.) ... McCarrison, D. L. (d.s.p.) ... McCormack, R. B. McDonough, A. McDougall, E. (d.s.p.) McGlashan, John (c.e.) Mcintosh, Alex, (c.e.) Mcintosh, R. (i.f.s.) ... McKay, Lt.-Col. H. K. (i.m.s.) McKearon, R. G. (m.a., i.c.s.) McKendrick, Capt. A. G. (i.m.s.) McKenna, J. (i.c.s.) McKenna, Lieut. J. C. McKenzie, Alex, McLaughlin, Lt. H. D. MoLeod, Major-Genl. D. J. S. (c.b., d.s.o.) McMahon, Col. Sir A. H. (c.i.e., c.s.l)... McMullen, Dr. G. C. McNeill, J. (t.c.s.) ... McPherson, Lieut. J. (i.m.s.)... Mead, Capt. H. R. ... Mead, P. J. (i.c.s.) ... Meade, Col. M. J. (c.i.e.) Hears, Capt. A. (i.a.) ... Pamaru, Nellore District. ... Europe. ... Europe. ... DehraDun,N.-W.P. ... Europe. ... Buldana. ... Baroda. ... Lahore. ... Darjeeling. ... Europe. ... Maubin, Burma. ... Moran P. 0., Sibsa- gar, Assam. ... Kirkee. ... Camp via B a nn u, N.- W.Frontier. ... Parlakimedi, Gan- jam District. ... Bhadarwa P. 0.? Jammu State. ... Europe. ... Cuddapah, Madras Presidency. ... Cocanada, Godavari District. ... Murree, Punjab. ... Sandoway, Burma. ... Calcutta. ... Quilon, Travancore, ... Europe. ... Calcutta. ... Rangoon. ... Kasauli, Punjab. ... Bassein, Burma. ... Manipur, Assam. ... Bombay. .., Abbottabad. ... Maymyo, Burma. ... Europe. ... Kotri, Sind. ... Poona. ... Bombay. ... Nasirabad. ... Ahmedabad. ... Baroda. ... Calcutta, LIST OF MEMBERS. ZX.IU Meinertzhagen, Lieut. R. Menon, K. G. Merewether, Major H. D. Merwanji Pallonji Talati Mess President, 29th Lancers... Mess President, 34th Battery, R. F. A. ... Mess President, 38th C. 1. Horse Bless President, 44th Merwara Infantry- Mess President, ] 10th Mahratha L. Infantry Mess President, 130th Baluchis Mess President, R.A. Mess President, South Wales Borderers Messent, P. G. (c.E.) Metcalfe, T.J Metge, Lt. R. Meyer, Major C. H. L. (i.m.s.) Meyer, Dr. F. A, ... Meyer, 0. Meyrick, E. (f.r.s.).... Millard, W. S. (F.z.s.) (Life Member) ... Miller, G. A. Millett, G. P. (i.f.s.) Mills, J. D. (Life Member) ... Milne, Major C. J. Robertson (i.m.s.) ... Miuniken, G. G. (i.f.s.) Miraj, Shrimant Gungadharrao Ganesh, alias saheb Patwardhan, Chief of (Life Member) Mitchell, J. 0. H. ... Mitchell, Dr. W. ... Moberly, Mrs. B. M. Mockler, Major G. fe\ Modi, Bomanji Edulji Moggridge, C. B. ... Molesworth, W. G. Moller, F. A. Mollison, J. Monte, Mrs. Cecilia de (l.m. & s.) Monte, Dr. D. A. de (l.m. & s.) Monteath, G. (i.c.s.) Monteath, J. (i.e. s.) Montresor, Capt. L. B. (r.F.A.) Moore, T. D. Moore, T. ... ... ... Moore, W. (f.i.c.) ... Morgan, F. E. ... Mombassa. ... Trichor, Cochin. ... Palanpur. ... China. ... Sirur, Poona Di3t. ... Europe . ... Goona, C. I. ... Ajiner. ... Poona. ... Hyderabad, Sind. ... Roorkee. ... Karachi. ... Bombay. ... Rangoon. ... Quetta. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Euroj)e, ... Bombay. ... Darjeeling. ... Europe. ... Europe. ... Lanore. ... Simla. Baba- ... Miraj. t>f Derrang, Halem P. 0., Assam. ... Europe. ... Hyderabad, Deccac« ... Deolali. ... Kaira. ... Rangoon. ... Waltair. ... Darjeeling. ... Nagpur, C P. ... Bombay. ... Bandora. ... Bombay. ... Dharwar, ... Trimulgherry. ... Bombay. ... Russelkonda, Gan- jam Districi ... Dibrugarh. ... Pamuru, Nellore District. 2317 LIST OF MEMBERS, Morgan, V. G. (i.f.s.) Morgan, W. de (c.e.) Morison, W. T. (i.c.s.) Morris, Capt. A. H. (r.a.m.c.) Morris, Capt. D. 0. Morris, G. C. Morris, Capt. G. M. Moscardi, E. H. (i.c.s.) Mosse, Lt. A. H. E. (i.s.c.) ... Mowbray, G. B. De... Mowbray, Lt. J. L. (r.f.a.) ... Moylan, W. Mud hoi, Shriinant Malojirao Rage Gh-orpade, ... Mundla, C. P, ... Europe. ... Snrat. ... Bombay. ... Amraoti, Berar. ... Ceylon. ... Secunderabad, Deccan, ... Europe. ... Aden. ... Ceylon. ... Barrackpore. ... Calcutta. Chief of Mullalay, C. (i.c.s.)... Miiller, Professor 0. V. Mullins, Lt.-Col. W. B. Mumford, E. G. (d.s.p.) Mumford, J. Mundy, N. S. Munna Lai, Dr. Murray, S. B. (p.w.d.) Muspratt, E. (d.s.p.) (Life Member) Muspratt, Major F. C. ... Mudhol, S. M. C, ... Ootacamund. ... Bombay. ... Dehra Ismail Khan, ... Maubin, Burma. ... Bombay. ... Dibru^arh, Assam. ... Ballia, N.-W.P. ... Ootacamund. ... Europe. ... Shau-h a i-K wan, N. China. Mysore, The Superintendent, Mysore Government Museum ... .. ... ... Bangalore. Mysore, H.H. the Maharaja Krishna Raj Woodayar Bahadoor of, (Life Member) ... Nagpur, The Curator, Central Museum... Nangle, H. C. Nangle, Capt. K. E. ... Nangle, Capt. M. C. Napier, A. G. F. Naranji Dwarkadas (Life Member) Narasiah, C. V. ... Mysore. ... Nagpur. ... Kayuktang, Burma, ... Secunderabad, Dec^- can. ... Bhamo, Burma. ... Jacobabady Sind. ... Bombay. ... Coimbatore, Madras Presidency. ... Bombay. ... Bhopal, C. I. Narrotumdas Morarji Goculdass (Life Member) Nasrnlla Khan; H. H. Nawab Mahomed Navanagar, H.H. Maharaja Shri Jaswat Singji, the Jam Saheb of (Life Member) ... ... Rajkote. Newill, T. N. C. ... i«« ... ... Europe. Newnham, Major A. (f.z.S.) ... ... ... Lucknow. Nicholson, E. F. ... ... ... ... Bombay, Nicholson, Capt. W. C. .„ ... ... Vizianagram, LIST OF MEMBERS. xrr • •• Nigel- Jones, M. E. ... Nisbet, J. E. S. Nisbett, Capt. W. G. North, Julian Norvill, Dr. T. H. (m.d.) Nurse, Major C. G. (f.e.s.) (Life Member) Nurse, Capt. H. H. Nuttall, W. M. Oakden, R. M. (i.c.s.) Oukes, M. L. (d.s.p.) Oates, E. W. (Hon. Correspg. Member) O'Brien, Capt. Edward Ogilvie, A. W. (i.f.s.) Ogilvie, Major E. C. (r.e.) Okeden, W. P. Oldham, Capt. L. W. S. (r.e.) Oliver, A. K. Oliver, J. W. (i.f.s.) Olivier, Lt.-Col. H.D. (r.e., f.z.s.) (Life Member)... Bombay. ... Dibrugarh, Assam. ... Pynmana, Burma. ... Rangoon, Burma. c. Calcutta. ... Lakhimpur. ... Europe. ... Aden. ... Dibrugarh, Assam. ... Ballia, U. P. ... Gonda, Oudh. ... Europe. ... Aden. ... Faknamps, Siam. ... Poona. ... Rangoon. ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Europe. ... ... Ollivant, Capt. A. H. Opiumwalla, Dorab E. Orr, Capt. H. M. C. Orr, J. P. (i.c.s.) Osborn, Lt.-Genl. W. Osmaston, B. B. (i.f.s.) Osmaston, L. S. (i.f.s.) Oxley, Lt. J. C. S. (i.m.s.) Ozzard, Major F. R. (i.m.s.) ... Packard, Capt. H. N. (r.a.)... Page, W. G. Page, W. T. (f.z.s.) Pallant, Lieut. !S. L. (r.A.M.c) Pam, Albert Panton, A. Parasu Ramdas Patro, A. (b.A.) Parrington, Lt. J. W. (r.a.) ... Parsons, H. J. Partridge, E. A. ... Partridge, Henry (Life Member) Pasco, J. Harding ... Pasteur Institute of India, The Director ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Tr imulgherry, Deccan. ... Ahmednagar. ... N a g g a r Kullu, Kangra District. ... Port Blair. ... Nasik. ... Seoni, Chappara. ... Tongshan, N. China. ... Naini Tal. ... Poona. ... Europe. ... Jubbulpore, C. P. ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Berhampur. ... Hyderabad, Sind. ... Europe. ... Secu n derabad, Deccan. ... Pyinmana, Burma. ... K u 1 1 a Kambay, Nilgiris. ... Kasauli, Punjab. xxvi LIST OF MEMBERS. Patterson, Dr. R. L. Pattern, Lt. W . S. (i.M.S.) Pa walla, Jamsetji C. Payn, Capt. W. A. ... Pearce, Capt. C. R. (i.M.S.) ... Pearless, S. H. Pearse, Lt. G. Pearson, R. S. (i.f.s.) Pechey-Phipson, Mrs. (m.d.) ... Peiniger, W. G. Peirce, H. B. Penno, Dr. F. L. (m.r.c.s, l.r.c.p.) Perreau, Capt. G. A. Perrot, Lt. H. S. (r.g.a.) Pershouse, Lt. S. ... Pestonji Jivanji (n.c.s.) (Life Member) ... Peters, Lt.-Col. C. T. Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw (Life Member) ... Petit, Dhunjibhoy Bomanji (Life Member) Petit, Jehangir Bomanji (Life Member) ... Petrie, Dr. G. F. ... Phear, G. A. (p.w.d.) Phillott, Col. D. C. ... .Phipson, H. M. (cm.z.s.) (Life Member) Pilcher, Major A. J. (r.e.) ... Pilcher, Col. J. G. (i.M.S.) ... .tile, J. ... •• ••• ••• Pinhey, Major A. F. (c.i.e.) ... Pink, M. F. L. ... ... ... Pocock, Capt. P. F. Polwhele, A. C. (c.b.) Poncins, Baron Edmond de (Life Member) Porch, Capt. C. P. ... Porteous, Lt. D. M. Pottinger, Lieut. J. A. Praed, Lt. G. A. M. Prain, Major D. (i.m.s.) Prall, Major S. E. (i.m.s.) ... Pratt, F. G. (i.c.s.)... Pre3cott, Lieut. C. W. ... Preston, F. J. Price, Sir Fred. Prichard, G. M. ... ... Prideaux, G. W. B. Priestley, Capt. C. E. N. ... Sibsagar, Assam. ... Madras. ... Bombay. ... Deolali. ... Maymyo, Burma. ... Ceylon. ... Agar, Malwa. ... Godhra. ... Nasik. ... Chiengmai, via Moulmein. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Bakloh, Punjab. ... Europe. ... MUdelburg, Trans- vaal. ... Hyderabad, D. ... Dinajpur. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Parel. ... Nagpore, C. P. ... Kerman, Persia. ... Bombay. ... Murree, Punjab. ... Europe. ... Se c u n d e r aba d, Deccan. ... Oodeypur. ... Dehra Dun. ... Aden. ... Agra. ... Europe. ... Ranikhet. ... Poona. ... Wellington. ... Dinapore. ... Europe. ... Aden. ... Godhra. ... Banu, Punjab. ... Bombay. ... Ootacamund. ... Ramtek, C. P. ... Taunggyi, Burma. ... Belgaum. LIST OF MEMBERS. xxvii • •• 900 . • •• • «• • •• • •• Primrose, Alex. M. Prior, Lt.-Col. W. Proctor, H. E. Purkis, H. V. Purshotumdas Visram Mosji ... Raby-Noble, W. Raikes, E. B., Hon'ble Mr. ... Rajkumar College, the Principal Ranger, G. 0. Rattray, Lt.-Col. R. H. Ravenshaw, Lt.-Col. C. W. (Life Member) Rawlins, Major G. W. Ready, Capt. B. T. ... Readymoney, N. J. Rebello, Revd. Joao jtees, xi. \j» ... ... ... xvoes, vv . -Ej. ... ... ... Reeve, J. L. Reeve, R. Reid, Cecil H. (i.c.s.) Reid, M. F. (c.i.e.)... Reid, W. J. (i.c.s.) ... Rendall, H. I), (i.c.s.) Rennie, Thos. (i.C.v.D.) ... ... Reynolds, L. W. (i.c.s.) Reynolds, P. (c.e.) ... Rhe-Philipe, G. W. V. de Rhenius, C. E. Rhodes, T. M. Rice, Lieut. B. A. ... Richardson, Cecil ... Richardson, Lt. G. G. Richardson, H. L. ... Richardson, Lt.-Col. W. St. John Richmond, R. D. (i.F.s.) Ritchie, Capt. C. Mel. (r.h.a.) Ritchie, F. Roberts, Lieut. A. S. B. Roberts, Major M. B. ( Life Member) ... Robertson, B. (i.c.s., c.i.e.) Robertson, Col. Sir D. (k.c.s.i.) ... Tanarhat P. O. Gauripur, Assam. ... Ranchi. ... Bombay. ... Tissa, P. 0., Churns ba State. ... Bombay. ... Behali P.O., Assam. ... Bombay. ... Rajkoto. ... Calcutta. ... Fort Munro, Dehra Gazi Khan, ... Europe. ... Poona. ... Quetta. ... Bombay. ... Margoa, Goa. ... Pegu, Burma. ... Gay a, Bengal. ... Cawnpore. ... Bombay. ... Calcutta. ... Bombay. ... Kohima, Assam. ... Rajkote. ... Rangoon. ... Indore, C. I. ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Cuddalore, S. Arcot District. ... Dilwa, P a 1 w a 9 P. 0., Gaya DisL ... Nigeria. ... Ajmer. ... Karachi. ... Bombay. ... Rawal Pindi. ... Palamcotta, Madras Presidency. ... Rawal Pindi. ... Bombay. ... Minbu, Burma. ... Chitral. ... Nagpur, C. P. .,. Europe* XSV1U LIST OF MEMBERS. Robertson, J. H. (i.c.s.) Robertson, L. (i.c.s.) Robinson, H. K. (i.f.s.) Robinson, John, J.... Rodger, A. (i.f.s.) ... Rodon, Major G. S. (f.z.s.) Rogers, C. G. (i.f.s.) Rogers, Henry (m.r.c.v.s.) Rogers, J. B. L. Rogers, Rev. K. St. A. Romilly, A. G. (o.e.) Ross, Major, Tyrell (Life Member) Routh, R. S. Row, Dr. R. (m.d.) Rowland, Dr. S. Ruddle, W. H. Russell, J. B. Russell, Hon'ble Mr. Justice L. P. Ryan, G. M. (i.f.s.)... Rylands, H. R. Ryves, A. E. Sale, Edward L. (i.c.s.) Salkeld, Lt. R. E. Salmon, Lt. W. H. B. Saone, G. Prier De Sassoon, Mrs. S. D. Saunders, Capt. F. W. (r.b.) ... Savile, L. H. Schlatter, Lt.-Col. P. (c.b.) ... Scindia, H. H. the Maharaja Madho Rao Member) Scot, J. S. (i.f.s.) ... Scotson, J. T. (i.c.s.) Scott, Edmund Scott, Capt. G. B. ... bcott, G. C ... ... ... Scott, J. (m.i.c.e.) ... Scovell, C. E. ... ... .,. Scroggie, Capt. W. R. J. (i.m.s.) Scroope, H. W. P. (i.c.s.) ... Mangalore. ... Calcutta. ... Darjeeling. ... Ceylon. ... Thayetmyo, Burma. ... Dharwar. ... Port Blair. ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Mombassa, South Africa. ... Bezwada, Madras Presidency. ... Dinaporo. ... Chittagong. ... Bombay. ... Parel. ... Secundrabad. ... Hanbalu, Mysore. ... Bombay. ... Poona. ... Bombay. ... Allahabad. ... Larkhana, Sind. ..t Mombassa, East Africa. ... Bolarum. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Rangoon. (Life ... Gwalior. ... Nandyal, Kurnool District ... Bombay. ... Ceylon. ... Multan. ... Ceylon. ... Calcutta. ... Loilem, S. Shan States. ... Fort Lockhart, Samana, N.W.F.P. ... Agartola Hill, Tippera, Bengal. LIST OF MEMBERS. XXIX Seal, Dr. C. E. B. ... Seaiy, Capt. A. E. ... Sears, R. H. (c.e.) ... ... Seervai, Dr. Rustom F. Selous, Capt. R. Service, Geo. Seton-Karr, H. W. (Life Member) Sewell, J. H. ... ... Sharp, Professor W. H. Shaw, Lt. W. S. J. Shipp, W. E. Shortland, 0. V. N. (a.m.i.c.e.) Shoubridge, H. 0. B. (c.e.) ... Shuttleworth, Capt. A. R. B. Sikes, F. ... Silvester, Dr. C. E. ... Simcox, A. H. A. (i.c.s.) Simcox, Lt. C. T. Simpson, J. Hope (i.c.s.) Simson, Lt. R. ... ... Sind Club, The Hony. Secretary Sitwell, Capt. N. S. H. (r.a.) ... Skey, Capt. F. E. G. (r.e.) ... Skipwith, Capt. J. W. (r.e.)... Slade, H. (i.f.s.) Sladen, J. (i.c.s.) Sladen, Dr. R. J. L. Slater, E. M. Slater, J. Sanders ... Smales, Chas. B. (i.f.s.) Smith, Capt. F. A. (i.m.s.) Smith, Lt. H. H. Smith, Major 0. A. Souter, C. A. (i.c.s.) Span, Capt. H. J. B. Sparke, W. Spence, J. R. ... ... Spence, L. H. (d.s.p.) Spence, R. A. Spooner, T. J. (c.e.) (Life Member) Stables, Major Alex, (r.a.m.c.) Standen, B. (i.c.s.) .«. Stanton, W. C. 7 ... Darjeoling. ... Bakloh, Punjab. ... Babnisal, via Ranigang. ... Bombay. ... Mhow, C. I. ... Bombay. ... Europe. .... Rangoon, Burma. ... Bombay. ... Rajkote. ... Bombay. ... Chakradharpur, Bengal. ... Nasik. ... Rawal Pindi. ... Europe. ... Kajaldhara P. 0.y S. Sylhet. ... Poona. ... Ranikhet. ... Naini Tal. ... Umballa. ... Karachi. ... Dum Dum. ... Jamaica. ... Kirkee. ... Maymyo, Burma. ... Bombay. ... Igatpuri. ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Katha, Upper Burma. ... Ulwar. ... Cawnpore. ... Mooltan. ... Masulipatam, Madras. ... Quetta. ... Rnngoon, Burma. ... Bombay. ... Poona. ... Bombay. ... Gadag, S. M. Ry. ... Karachi. ... Betul, C. P. ... Golakganj, E.B.Ry. XXX LIST OF MEMBERS. Staples, E. W. H. (c.b.) Stebbing, E. P. (i.f.s., f.l.s., f.b.s.) Steel, Sergeant-Instructor Ales. Steel, Lt. D. (i.m.s.) Stehelen, A. Steiner, E. Stephens, L. B. Stericker, Staff' Surgeon W. (r.n.) Stevens, Herbert ... Stewart, Capt. G. H. (i.M.s.) ... Stewart, J. Lee Stewart, R. B. (i.c.s.) Stigand, Lt. C. H. ... Stirling, G. C. B. ... *&> Stockley, Lt. J. P. .. Stoney, R. F. ... Storey, Thos. H. Story, S. S. Stowell, 0. H. String fellow, H. P. ... Strong, F. W. (i.c.s.) Stuart, Capt. A. G. ... Stuart, C. J. ... ... Stuart, G. A. D. Stuart, J. D. Stuart, Major J. R. (r.a.m.c.) Sturrock, Capt. G. 0. (r.A.) „.. Subramanian, V. (m.a.) Sulivan, Col. G. D. F. Summers, Thos. (c.e.) Surveyor, Dr. N. F. (m.d.) Swan, Capt. C. T. ... Swan, H. H. Swayne, Herbert (Life Member) Swinhoe, Col. C. Swiahoe, KG J. ... Sykes, C. M. (c.e.),.. Sykes, M. G. (i.c.s.) Symes, W. C. Symington, J. H. ... Symons, Lieut. H. (r.g.a..) Ty.gart, Major H. A. L. (d.s.o.) «. • • • •• ... Dum Dam,, ... Dehra Dun. ... Bolarum. ... Calcutta. ... Falam, Chin Hills; ... Bombay. ... Karachi. ... Europe. ... Lakhimpur, Assam. ... Falam, Chin Hills. ... Bilur, Mysore. ... Poona. ... Europe. ... Lashio, N. Shan States. ... Kherwara, R a j - putana. ... Bezwada. ... Oodeypur. ... Bombay. .., Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Shillong, Assam.- ... Calcutta. ... Nellore. ... Pollachi, Coim- batore District. ... Mandalay, Burma. ... Europe. ... Wellington. ... Denkanikota, Salem District. ... Bombay. ... Karachi. ... Bombay. ... Ootacamund. ... Europe. ... Europe. ... Europe. ... Mandalay. Burma. ... Jamnagar. ... Gudur, Madras Presidency. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Saugor, C. P, ... Meerut. LIST OF MEMBERS. xxx i Talbot, W. A. (i.f.s.) ... ... ... Belgaum. Tambe, Dr. Gopal Ramchandra, (m.a.,b.sc.,l. m.& s.) Indore, C. I. Tanner, Capt. C. 0. 0. ... ... ... Quetta. Tata, Dorabji J. (Life Member) ... ... Bombay. Taylor, James H. ... ... ... ... Europe. Tejpal, Goverdhundas Goculdas (Life Member) ... Bombay. Temulji B. Nariman, Dr. . ... ... Bombay. Tenasserim Agri-Horticultural Society, The Hono- rary Secretary of the Tbanawala, Y. D. (m.a.) Thompson, H. N. (f.z.s., i.f.s.) Thompson, R. C. (i.f.s) Thompson, R. H. E. (i.f.s.) ... Thompson, St. C. ... Thomson, Major D. B. Thorburn, F. Seymour Thornhill, Col. H. B. Thornton, H. A. (i.c.s.) Thorpe, Lt. L. L. G. (r.a.m.c.) Tibbs, Rev. P. G. ... Tilly, T. H. (Life Member) ... Tinley, Col. G. F. N. Tinne, P. (i.f.s.) Tipper, G. H. Tod, Ales. M. Todd-Naylor, H. P. (i.c.s., c.i.e.) Tomkins, Capt. E. L. (r.a.) Tomkins, S. Tooth, E. E. Toppin, Lt. S. M. (r.g.a.) Tottenham, W. F. L. (i.f.s.) ... Townsend, Major E. C. (i.s.c.) Traill, W. H. Travancore, H. H. The Maharaja Sultan Rama Raja Bahadoor (g.c.s.i., g.c.i.e.) (Life Member). Trivandrum. Travers, 0. H. ... ... ... ... Madras. Trench, G. C. (i.c.s.) ... ... ... Nagpur, C. P. Trevor, Col. F. W. (r.a.m.c.) ... ... ... Poona. Trivandrum, Hon. Sec, Government Museum and ... Moulmein. ... Bombay. ... Taunggyi, Burma. ... Bangkok, Siam. ... Dehra Dun. ... Lucknow. ... Bombay. ... Lakhimpur. ... Simla. ... Pyapan, L. Burma. ... Aden. ... Deolali. ... Mingin, Burma. ... Meerut. ... Kalimpong, L. Burma. ... Calcutta. ... Bombay. ... Meiktila, Burma. ... Europe. ... Allahabad. ... Poona. ... Abbottabad. ... Rangoon. ... Mandalay. ... Bombay. Public Gardens Trotter, E. W. Troup, N. F. T. Truninger, L. Turner, Capt. C. H.... Twaedie, Lt. J. L. Twiss, Lt. A. M. (r.b.) ... Trivandrum. ... Bangkok, Siam. ... Kousanie P. 0., Almora. .,. Calcutta. ... Mandalay. ... Omballa. ... Kirkee. XXXII LIST OF MEMBERS. Tyler, H. H. F. M. (i.c.s.) ... • •• ... Bhadrachalam, Godavari Dist. Tytler, Capt. H. C. ... • •• ... Agra. Ulwar, H.H. Maharaja Sawai Jey Singh Bahadoor (Life Member) • •• .. Rajput an a. Unwalla, J. N. (Life Member]... • •• .. Bhavnagar. Valentine, Capt. A. L. • •• ... Europe. Vanrenen, D. H. • •• ,., Lyallpur, Punjab. Vans-Agnew, Major F. (r.a.) ■ •• ... Quetta. Vaughan, J. P. (i.o.s.) « •• ,.. Hyderabad, Sind. Vaughan, W. »•• ( ... Cejdon. Venour, Major W. E. • • • .. Peshawar. Vernon, H. A. B. (i.c.s.) • •• ... Madras. Verrieres, G. C. (p.w.d.) • •• ,.. Fyzabad, Oudh. Viccaji, Framji R. (Life Member) • • j .. Bombay. Vidal, G. W. • • • 4 .. Europe. Vincent, W. H. H. (i.c.s.) ... *•• ■ .. Ranchi, Chota Nag- Vithuldas Damodhar Thakersey, The Hon'ble Mr.. pur. .. Bombay. Wadeson, Major F. W. G. ... • • • ■ .. Fort Sandeman. Wadia, Sorab P. N. • • * 1 .. Bombay. Walker, Capt. G. K. (a.v.d.)... • •• ■ .. Lahore. Walker, Capt. W. B. (r.a.) ... • • • ■ .. Bombay. Walker, J. S. E. ... • • • * .. Purnahia, B. Wall, Capt. F. (i.m.s., c.m.z.s.) • • • i .. Fyzabad. Wallace, John (c.e.) • • • .. Bombay. Wallace, ft. ... ... • • • .. Rangoon. Wallace, W. V. (i.c.s.) • • • 4 .. Myingyan, Burma. Wallinger, W. A. ... • •• 1 .. Alibag. Walsh, E. P. (i.c.s.) • •• ... Penukonda, Madras Presidency. Walter, F. (i.f.s.) ... • •• 1 .. Rangoon. Walton, Capt. H. J. (i.m.s.) ... • •• .. Europe. Wapshare, G. • • • .. Ootacamund. Ward, Col. A. E. ... • •• .. Srinagar, Kashmir. Ward, Capt. C. H. • ♦ ♦ 4 ... Malakand. Wasey, G. K. • •• i ,., Europe, Waterfield, E. H. (i.c.s.) • •• ... Dhulia. Watkius> C. R. • •• ... Pyinmana, Burma. Watson, Capt. H. D. • •• ... Dehra Dun. Watson, H. R. • •• ... Secunderabad. Watson, H. W. A. (i.f.s.) • • • ... Taungoo, Burma. Watson, Lt.-Col. J. (r.a.m.c.) • •• ... Europe. Watson, Capt. John C. • •• * .. Europe. Watson, Capt. J. W. (i.m.s.) ... • • • .. Turbat-i-Hy d e r i, Persia. LIST OF MEMBERS. xxxm Watson, L. P. ... ... ... Watson, Capt. T. E. (i.m.S.) ... Watson, A\r. M. Watts, Capt. G. A. R. Watts, Lt. N. H. L. Webb, M. (i.c.s.) ... Weldon, VV. L. Wells-Cole, Major H. Wenden, H. (c.e., c.i.e.) Westropp, A. S. A. (i.c.s.) Whately, Richard ... Whiffin, F. D Whitcombe, Capt. E. G. R. (i.m.s.) White, C. W. White, Lt. A. W. ... White, G. H, White, W. P. Whitehead, Lt. C. H. T. Whitehouse, Langford. Whiting, J. E. (c,e.) Whittall, Major F. V. Whittell, Lt. H. M. Whitworth, G. C. (i.c.s.) (Life Member)... Whymper, S. L. ... ... ... Whyte, Lt.-Col. C. W. F. ... Wickham, P. F. (c.e.) Wickwar, 0. S. .. Wiles, G. (i.c.s.) Wileman, A. E. (H. B. M. Consul) Wilkinson, Major E. (i.m.s.) ... Wilkinson, W. A. ... Williams, A. (i.c.s.) Williams, Capt. C. E. (i.m.s.) Williamson, K. B. ... Williamson, W. J. F. Willis, R. A. Willock, Lieut. A. (r.i.m.) ... Wilson, A. R. Wilson, E. Wilson, Comdr. N. F. T. (r.i.m.) Wilson, R. A. (i.c.s.) Wilson, W. G. Wintersoale, J. C. ... Witham, Dr. E. Wells (m.d.)... Witt, D. 0. (i.f.s.) ... Wolf-Murray, F. D. 0. (i.c.s.) Wood, C. W. (c.e.) ... • •• ... Cawnpore. ... Kurnool. ... Bombay. ... Lahore. ... Rangoon. ... Dharwar. ... Bombay. ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Surat. ... Phulera, R.-M. Ry. ... Rourkela, B.-N. Ry. ... Europe. ... Bombay. ... Karachi. ... Bhnsawal. ... Mimdla, C. P. ... Kohat. ... Pank, Burma. ... Bombay. ... Europe. ... Solon. ... Europe. ... Jeolikote, U. P. ... Fort Sandeman. ... Pakoku, Burma. ... Europe. ... Godhra. ... Auping, South For- mosa, China. ... Simla. ... Madras. ... Qnetta. ... Rangoon. ... Jabalpore, C. P. ... Bangkok, Siam. ... Bombay. ... Port Blair. ... Binsur, Almora. ... Dehra Dun, CJ. P. ... Bombay. ... Nagpur. ... Bombay. ... Karangan, Kedah. ... Europe. ... Bangkok, Siam. ... Europe. ... Calicut, Malabar. XXX1T LIST OF MEMBERS. Wood, Lt. H. (r.e.) Wood, R. B. (i.c.s.) Wood, S. A. (i.f.s.) Woods, Vernon (c.E.) Wooster, W. G. Worlledge, Lt. N. A. White, Major E. H. (i.M.s.) ... Wright, F. A. (c.e.) Wright, H. Wright, H. C. Wright, R. R. Wright, Dr. VV. B.... Wroughton, R. 0. (Life Member) Yates, Lieut. R. J. B. Yeatman, Lieut. M. E. Yeo, Edwin W. Yerbury, Coi. J. W. (r.a.) (Life Member) Young, E. H. Young, Major F. DeB. Young, Lt. G. G. (i.m.s.) Young, John Young, L. C. H. (b.a., f.e.s., f.z.s.) Young, Lieut. M. ... Young, Lt. M. J. D. Young, W. E. Yule, Lt. R. A. ... Amraoti, Berar. ... Kaira. ... Loilem, S. Shan States. ... Europe. ... Yawng Hvve, S. Shan States. ... Mauritius. ... Madras. ... Howrah, Bengal. ... Peradeniya, Ceylon. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Lakhimpur, Assam. ... Europe. ... Kohat. ... Karachi. ... Karachi. ... Europe. ... Ajmer. „v Poorja. ... Europe. ... Europe, ... Bombay. ... Mhow. ... Aurungabad. ... Karachi. ... Mount Abu, Rajpu- tana. XXXV o as i>0 o CO o c> CO "tf o ?» s A o o o O *0 © 1—1 O •*Ort« O <* . 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'03 a • a CS P i— ' 03 _, o 1-^ 1—1 1—1 1—1 1—1 !-* t-J 03 ^2 a ° E CD d >> J2 M ? a S-i 0 d d c- d 0 0 a 03 T3 03 _o pq is a .p 5 -a o a o n^J "^ rQ rQ r^ r^ CO a 0 O 03 rg^ a O C5 d *i— ( -d on -4~» 431 „, g 0 0 c3 03 03 P .So -d ^ 'fH O CO OOOOOO PPPPPP ■a i S rQ S 03 64-1 a t-i -L3 CO CO 03 CS w -S Xi ^2 -a 1) c5 03 03 "3 C3 rv) a a a 'a s-< H -*3 1— 1 POP 02 02 P P § p . p ^5 O a o p ^ o N ^ &S orreo SPE — ! 1 03 t3 P I*? a s? a ?•* •s •a XXXTl uj O O CO >- en O \- co I < < >- < CD O CO O to i— I CO p o OS S o o g Si • o o o o CB • CO o o o o P3 o o t- i t^ ""a ->5 _3 i— I • • • 'En 00 . co o rrj =s : _ «ipH fe^ p- ^ P-i «- . *a ° : a CO ^sS H ^H a * COP . co • o =5 o s of 8 the nber co <-, a a * » .3 £ft =3 w A o o o o • eS o o o o o o o o ■5 o o o o Ph 00 Gl o o •\ «*■ ft r* t-l 1— 1 t>. 173 A : £ i j deposit n 1st Ja • •• CO 1—1 a • 4 o GO a o . • CO vTO t-l co co Ph CO T3 a, co Pn . cs ment P kof In • • • -1-3 • • a CO a a : CO ' a i B | : 1 : O i — i co • > o o C a § 33 _^o ^"S : 0»# OS CO HNO CO OS f>» I— ( CO CO CO o? an H 9 -E? eS 03 j-i o co o R r5 & a I Oh K <1 a ^ & CQ M «?i P -** OC>« C3 J 5*5 n O ^ J5 fc-H 2 ■ • CD cS KI CO a CO a CO CO cc . *■• ttl 111 291, 402, 440 • •• •• • mm» I *J\J • • » •• t*« TOO 157, 369, 398 70, 101, 364, 427, 489 70, 101, 479 • t* •■• ••• ouu 285, 288, 684 276, 277, 402, 440 • •• ••• • •• J- * ' T 230 • ■ • ••• ••• I 1 O 147 Actinodura Actoeopyramis ... anuleata acuminata acuta ... acutangula acutangulus ... acuticauda acutipennis acutus Acymba adalia adaucta Adelphagrotis ... Adelura Adeorbis Adiantum ... Adisura admirandum ... adnata ... Adonidum Adulatrix Acdon iEdonia iEgialitis .«' ■•« *•• • • • •••/JO • •• ••• ••• »a«LUO ### ••• ... • •• *oo • •• ••• ••• ••• 4uO • » - ... ••• ••• *■"• ' »•• •*• • •• *•• 4/1 • *• •■• ••• ••• 4 1 o ••• *•• ••• ••• 40o 454 • •• • •« «r» ••• T^*^ 49,529 440,441 441, 442,455, 460,701,710, 713,714 1 79 • •• »•• «»• ••• i » -j • •• ••• ••• *•• -."o • ■• ... ••• »«• T*tO • •• ••• ••• ••• ***ju 530, 68S • •■ ••• • •• • < . OO I 56, 72, 490, 729 107,166,529,663 56,103 15, 55, 110, 208, 216, 477, 497, 644, 762 • •• ••• ••• •• • i\ •>• • « • i altkosa Alucita Alysicarpus amandava amara ... ... Amaranthacese... Amaranthus .. Amaryllidse Amathes Amatissa .., amatrix amatum .. Amaurorais .., Ambarsis... • PAG A 608 ... 16$, 186 724 ... ... 553 ... ... ItJ ... • . . 4 i>o 147-8 ■ •• ••■ iJDv • •• • -. *50 I 368,418,419 105 105,492,689 ... 188, 396 • •• *j-jIj jp)J ... 100, 396 ... 143, 145 .. 3, 61, 107 ... 219, 233 ••• ••• O *• • ••• 0*1 / ...8,109,496 729 *•* >•• 1 / O ••• ••• 4oU 481 480 ••• ••• o / o • •• ••• *j0"s ... 212,213 204 ... 204, 212 ••• ••• j uy • • • •• • iO ...50,102,489 • •• •• • I ^O ... 477, 520 ••• ••• &ZZ • »• ••• 4:0 • •• ••• OoJ • • • ••• 4 i O 71, 103 • •• « • . J 1 O • •• . * . "I t *? 479 480 705 400 ■-> • • ••• 400 19, 20 5, 6, 108, 495 INDEX, XXXIX ambigua AmblicephaluB... amboinensis amentacea ... americana amherstias ... Ammagrotis Ammania ammanicides ... Ammoconia ... Ammomanes ... Ammoperdix ... Ammophila Amoeba amoenum Amorphococcus Amorpbophallus Ampelideas ampelinus Amphipyra Amphisile Atnphissa amphitrites amphora Arnphoritis Ampulex Amsasta amurensis Anryna anaastheta auamallayana ... anamallensis ... Anarsia Anas ... ... Anastomus Anatidae . ... AnatiDas Aucara Ancistrodon ... atidamanense ... Hudamanica andamanicus ... Andana andersoni Aadrographis ... Aneilema Anerasttinaj ... angliua anguiua angustata ... PAGE ••• •*• ••• 4oy ••• ••• 335, 336 480 • • • •• • ••■ *r t 'i • •• ••• • »• jl'l 512, 530, 753 ••• ••• ••• /J.U • •• ••« ••• 4(0 • •a •«• ••• 4 i 4 • « • • ■ « • •• I ID 103,689 108,602 • •* •• • • »• *j O • •• ••• • • ■ OO I 417,418 ••• •• • •*■ OtX • •• »•• ••• tM • a* ■•• • • • 4 / 4 • •■ ■■• ••• 1 UU ••■ • •• ••• Zl o 318, 329, 331 • •• ••• •• . Z 1 1 225, 227, 233 • »• ♦♦♦ •• - 4 O & 661, 662 • •• ••• ••• OoU 203, 210 455, 494 ... ... 284, 286 110, 630 • • • ••» ••• / *j*r • •• ••* ••• I jO • •• tu ••••),',) 64, 71, 41, 498, 525, 529, 697 15, 110, 497 • •• ••• •••111 ... 18,64, 111, 470 276, 283 ••• ... 181, 536 ••• ••• *•• / ij<) • ■• ••• ••*■ Dj J. • •• ••• ••• dO& 204 235, 757 479 481 • *• ••• •• • iUO 12, 497, 696 476, 481 481 angustifolia .. angustirostris .. Anisodactyli .. annellarium ... annularis annul if era annulirostris .. anoedina anomalus Anopheles Anorthosia Anser Anseres Anserinse Antennarius .. antennata anthelminticum Antherae Antbias Anthocoma Anthogramma .. Anthracoceros .. Anthralina .. Anthropoides .. Anthus ... anticrates antigone Antllope Antiochtha Aonidia Aonidiella aonidiformis Apatura apetala ... Aphelinas Aphirlaj... Aphnasus aphylla apiasier... apicalia apicata ... apicicaudata A pi das ... Apis Apistus ... Apl aster Aplecta ... Apocynaceas Apogon Apogonithys Appias ... PAGB ... 478, 480 ... 367, 698 ... 57, 104 88, 232 • • • •• • OQ\J ••• ••• JiOi • •• *•• 2os ... 286, 684 327, 331,332 237, 270, 625 600 32, 64, 498, 697 18,64, 111 •»• ••• 64 • • • ••• OOM. 215, 287, 288 ••• ••• 476 129 ... 329, 330 ... ... 605 ... ... ... 603 . ... ... ... 72 • ... ... ••• 669 ... ... 673 ...56,72,103,490,515,750 • • • ••> «e» ••• bli 108, 515 361, 742 ••• ••• ••• ••• 5 Jo 437-8, 356 • "• ••• ••• ••• o4x • •* ••• ••• ••• rfol 81, 574 644-5, 650, 651 • ■• • •• •>• » a * - 1 .iO 125, 682, 684 76, 720 «•• ••• ••• ■ •• L i it ™ 105, 749 ••■ ••• ••• Jin, *4uO • •• ••• ••• . • . J J 4 • •• ♦•• *•• . • • 1 U 4 123,665,685 175, 665,671,673,675,685 • •• ••• *>•# ••• ooL • •• ••• ••• •• • O i • •• «■•• ■•• • •• 4 X I '•. ••• ••• ••« 4 / J 319,321,330,303 * a ■ •>• • • • O L -1 , it *\ >y • •• ••. ••• ic't 0-1 * *-X xl INDEX. approximans ... aprobola Apsarasa apus ^.. ... Aquila aquila arabica arabiensis Aracbnechthra ... Aracbnotbera ... Arachnotberinaj araiata... arborea Arboricola arbustorum Archimaga ... Arctia Arctiadse Arctinse Arctinira Arctioneura ... ArctomyB arctus ... arcuata ... arcuaturn Ardea... 15,33,34, Ardeidse Ardeola ardeola Ardetta Ardices OXCiliS .#• • • • arenarius argentata argentauris argentescens ... Argenfcifera argentisparsalis arginalia argunda argua ... Argyia Argynnis argyropastus ... ATCfoS *• • ••• arianus ariel arifoHa aristif era .. - Aristolochia ... aristolochite ... PAGE ... ... ... loo ... 583 ... ... ... uvi. 156, 662 • •a ••• lOO. 1 0 ' 172,329 626, 633, 635, 637 104,490,621,761 104 • •• ••• ••• 1 U4 • »« ••• ••• Q&u • *>o ••• ••• oyo ... •••> ••• 108 26 608, 609 203,214,215 ••• ••• ••• JUJ 204 91 3 ... ... ' • • — J o 3t".0, 397 746 • •* ••• ••• 10 • •• ••• •••J. oO 63, 110, 160, 497, 696 15,63,110 16,110,497 ,. 109 ... 17, 110, 397, 696 212,213,216 ... 181, 188,691,726 ... 100 41 o ... ... • » • r JL p 150 • a. ... a • a> ~t I * O • •• * • • ••• j['j 495,525 99, 685 574, 675 • • * •■• •«• Oj J • •* *• a ••« jit) ... 359, 762 ••a ••• «*a X.O •• • ••• ••• 'ib-i 456 • ■• «•• ■■• /-J 1 ••• aa. •«• 721 Arius ail KlIX •• • •• t armata armigera arnensis Aroa Aroidese arquata... ... Anhopala arsius ... Artaminaa Artamus Artasca- artaroides articulata articulatum Aitocarpqs arvensis Asaphis &S6l» •• • *•• *isn.c* »• • .»• asiatica... 4, asiaticum asiaticus 52, 105, AsclepiadaceiB... Asilidse Asio Asionidae askoldensis aspalathoides ... aspera ... aspersa ... ... aspersata Aspidiotua Aspidopteris ... Aspila ... assamensis assimilis assulta ASuD.Lil> ■ o a •• • asteroides asthinatica astreas ... . ... Afctur... ... Asura.-. Asystasia ... Atalantia atalantise atcbinsoni ... iA GCIIlI ••• •• a ater •• ... ••■ ••• PAGE ... 761 ... 377 ... 726 ... 445 188, 762 152, 198 * » a ••• ••• aaa ... 481' .9,496, 694 ... 78 101 101,488 200, 204 448, 450 • •• *•• •■. 1 l o . • • ••• ' I . ill' 340, 352 56, 729 • • • •• • aaa 4 * (J ••• ■•■ ••• I o ... 16, 33, 34, 110 104,490,495, 528,761 • •• ••• . a . *1 O ' 110, 390,497, 498, 526 99 • ••» • *• "I * •' • • . ••• ••> DU A *•• •• • * a a 1 . ' O ... ... 53, 106 • •■ »aa a** I'll aa • aaa .a . l/O 346,473,726 • •• ••• ..•'ill • •• a.* • * . J 4 O ...3^0,346,349,356 • *• ... aaa l I ± • •• ••• ••• 4io *• • •• • ... 1 •> 1 114,133,116 444, 445 • aa aaa ... _ ■ '< ) • ■• aaa ... 4. i i • aa a a ••• 4 / O ... ••• ••• -J 1 ■ ' ... 107,165, 494,621 152, 435 479 • a a aaa 999 • ' • i X ... ... 350, 356 **• ... aaa £0 1 • a a ••• ••• • O ... 48,100,364,486 INDEX. xli Athene ... 10o, Atlanxerus atlites ... ••• atia ... ••• Atractaspis atrata ... atresceM atricapilla atriceps atridorsalis ... atrigularis atrovirens attenuata Atys Auchnis audax augur aulicus ...181,187, aurantiaca aurautiacus auranttii auratitius aureola ... aureolatus aureolum aureus ... auriceps auricilia Auriculata aurifera aurigera aurita auritus auroviridis ... austeni... australinda australis ... autadelpha auxiliaris aversa ... Avicennia Avicula avita ... avocetta... ... axillare... axillaris Axiopana Axiopcsna axiotinus Axylia * • • • • • • * • ■ • PAGE U3, 493, 51^,529,691 576, 579, 720 ... 62, 108, 495, 693 ... ... 534 102, 489 • •• •■• ••• flOO • M ••• • • • J UtJ 46, 54, 70, 99, 421, 485 ... 406 51, 108, 744 282,717 »•• ••• ••• i01 231,244 •■■ ••• ••• Wt'U 224,233 ••• •■• ••• 702 188, 293, 313, 387, 759 m* ■•• • • • *i O 1 • •• »•• ••• DOu 314, 344 104, 491, 614 447, 448 *•• ••• • *• DO* • a* ••■ ■• • I Uj • •• •>• •••/ *j>.) 57, 660 • • • •• • ••• 4:UO 474, 477 ••• ••• ••• 14 c* ••• ••• ••■ fcOu ... 6,108,495,525 • •• »*>* ••• O Oi' • *• ■•■ •• • JoU • •• ••• !*• lOl • •• ••• • • • J. •.' ' } "•• ••• ••• f«7 «•• ••• ••■ DID ••• •«• • •» ^u% • i • •■■ « > • t DO .. 644, 645, 650, 652 397,463 ... ••• ... 566 • •• ••■ • •• 4 ,'0 480 «•• ••• • • • 4 i i • • • « • • ••• «j ' ' D • •• ••• »• ♦ • • ■•• ••- ooo 479 59, 106, 331 ••• ••■ • •• Jtiyi 383, 529 • •• ••• « • ■ 4 * o 203, 215 • •• ••• ••• 40«7 479 704, 708 105, 492 ... ... ... 105 331, 761 • •• ••• ••• 475 103,489 203 446, 448, 449 ... ... ... 726 ... ... ... 56 ... ... ... 2 • •• ... ... 336 ... ... ... 622 496, 695 ... ... ... 136 xlti INDEX. Belippa... belii belliana... bellii ... Belone ... bengalensig 186,831 bennettii berdmofei Bergia ... bergii ... Berrex ... bhaya ... Bhringa bicalcarata bicincta bicolor ... biconica bicornis bidena ... Bidens ... bidentata biddulphi bifascia... bifasciata bifasciatus bifida ... Bifrontia Bignonia Bignoniaceee bi guttata bijugata bimacula bimaculata bimaculatus bingha.mi Binna... biaotata Biophytum bipars ... biplaga bipuncta birostris bisecta ... blseriata bispecularis bispinosa bistrigata bitorquatuB bivittata bizona ... ... PAGE ••• ••• 1 33 j 136 • •• ••• • •• lO* j i UT. • •• ••• • •• ••• i *jO • • • ••• ••• •«• iDl 73, 100, 103, 106, 136, 164, , 388, 494, 530, 690, 724, 758 • •• ••• • •• ••• OOo 406,726 474 • •«, ••• • •• • •• ~ ' j- 12,109, 497,530 ••• «•• ••• •••Job ••• ••• ••• ••• lo~t • •• ••• *■ • • » • i '.' i • • # ••• ••# .• . . 1A' # • •• ••• ••• Xy lUl 349, 406, 409, 6S1 ... 456 32, 670 • • ••• •■■ 0»)i 5 ODD 4-77 tt ••* ••• ••• 71 I • • ••• ••• • • • *J U 1 • • «•• ••• • •• **o ■ a ••• • ■• *'• * ■'" • • ••• ••• *•• * Ov • • ••• ••• ••• *>o\J • « •«• ••• ••• *i t J mm ■•• *** •*• *■ * • « ••• ••• ••• I *J 1 470 • • •• ■ ••• •• • * * & 211 212 Aon • • ••• ••• •«.•»«'# ii ••• *•• •♦• '1 '' i* 58,205,207,447,448,705 • • ••• ••• .. . Oi> i • • ••• ••• 15 - j Tt>4: ,. ••• ••• ••• «vT , 216,404 • ••« ••• ••• * i * 287, 702 |# ••• ••• ••* ^WA •• ••• ••■ ••• i«? o „ ••• ••• ••• IvO 146,209 • «•• ••• •• JUJ. • ••• ••• * ■■ 441 • •■■ ••• ••• 001 • ••• ••• ••• XtO • ••*. ••> • • • X « O 448, 449, 726 230, 234 BlainTillea ... blanrifordi blanfordiana ... blandfordii blasius Blattidse Blennius blewitti Elumea blythianus Boechmeria boerhavii boholensls Boidaa Boinas boisduvali bolanica bombus Bombus Bombycia Bombycia bombylans Bombylia Bombyx bonhaiqi Bonnaya BoraginesB borealis ... Borseba boscas ... ... Boselaphus Botauras Botelns bottanensia boulboul brachelix ... brachiata ... brachycblora ... brachidactyla ... Brachypodinas ... Brachypternus Brachypteryginae Brachypteryx ... brachystria Brachytrupes ... brachyura Braconidae bracteata brahma brahmiaus Virama ... *AGE 477 100, 187, 376, 377, 397 ••• ... ... 726 724, 726 u 720 ••• ... ... 125 327, 330, 832, 333 •«• ... ... 530 ••• ... ... 471 ••• ... ... 726 ... ... ... OOo 142, 148 22 i", ?29 ... ... ... 293 ••• ... ... 292 ... ... ... 144 ... ... ... 2o ••• ... ... 135 ... ... 115, 670 ... ... ... 276 ••• ••• ... 127 132, 135 ••• ... ... 132 199, 200, 208 108, 692 ••• ... ... 478 ... 478 490, 688 ... 204 ... 64,75,111,697 ... ... ... 503 ••* ... ... 696 ... ... ... 759 ... ... 729 102, 657 359,397 ■•• ... ... 476 ••• ... ... 618 ••• ... ... 56 • •• ... ... 1C0 104,491,514 100 ... 100, 181 152,435 680, 685 ... 72,104,397,491 123, 130, C84 ... ... ... 475 ... ... ... 1 63 ... ... ... 396 106, 493,515,529 ••• • •• • •• •• INDEX. xliH bratidti Branta brasiliensis brazilienBis bretamliani brevicauda ... brevicula ... brevifolia brevipennis ... brevirami ... brevirostri8 ... brevi stigma Bridelia brochias... ••• brodei Brotis ... brugmansi ... Brugaiera brunnea ... brunneicephalus brunneiventris... brunaeum ... Bryobium Bryonia Bubo Buboninsa ... Bubulcus Bucaea buccata Buccinium Buccinulum ... Buceros Bucerotes Bucerotidse buchanani Buethneria ... Bufo bufo Bulbophyllum Bulla bullata Bungarus Buphns bupleurifolius ... Buprestidaa ... burruanica burmanicus Burmannia ... Burmanuiacefe burtoui ... PAGE 55, 726 • • • • »• ••• A 00 *.. ... ••• OOO ... ••• ... OJ. 4 • •• ••• ••• A\) 4 ••• ••• ••• ioo ... •■• 218, 238 ••• ••« •• • i«0 • •• ••• *•• 275 457,458 49, 53, 426, 726, 761 478 480 f.94 • •■ ••• ••• DDw ... •«• ••• tO*x ...644, 648, 649,651 100, 423, 661, 740 12,497 210,675 ... 563 ... ... ..,4(0 59, 106, 690 •■« • •• ••■ lOo ... 16, 110, 497, 762 .. 204 ... S88, 529 ... 219, 220 ... 227, 234 ... ... .» j ... ... 105 105 101,477,487 • •• ••• 111 300 470 ... ... 562 ... ... At)U ... 348 183,295,312,316,317, 519, 743 • •• ... OOj O* • •• •• o •• • * ' 'O M« ••• ••• loo ... «* • ••• IDD ••• ••• ••• 1UU ... 480 ... 480 ••• ••• ... ••• • •• • • • Butastur Buteo ... butleri ButorideB butua ... butyricum Byrnium Cabrita cabus CflCtiO *« . ■•■ Caccabis cachinnaus ... Cacoecia Cacogamia ... Cacomautis Cadetia caBci macula csbcus ... ... casrulea cseruleicephala cserulescens casrulens csesarea Csesulia • ... caja Cajanus calamaria calamistrata Calandrella ... calcaratus calcarifer calendulacea ... calHosa .- calidris caliginea Callacanthis ... Callialcyon callidora Calliomorpha ... Callionymus ... Calliostoma calliurus Callophis Callopistria Calodactyhes ... Cal(R3 ... ... Calonyction PAGE 107, 494, 515 107, 526, 529, 691 79,147 16, 497 • ••% • •» 140 t .*• ... OOl) ••• ••• oj? 724, 726 164 • • • ••• *••> O'.'O ... 61,108,183,663 ••• ••• J J i 1 Do • *• ... ••• DO*? .. » •• • • •* oyjj 562, 566 638, 640 715,716 ••• ••• *•• Ooo 897, 751 ... ... 51, 428 486, 759 59, 107, 165, 313, 743 204,205 • «• ■ • • •• • i- A ** «» » • ■ • ••• OO i ... 450 .. . ... ••• wO 1 .«. ... 56, 57 181,526,725 ... ... 383, 761 ... •«• •• • rk i 4 ... . • • . •* *j £i 10, 188, 695 ... . •* M* I IV • *• *•» • •• OtJ ... ••• ••• Tt'.^ .. * ... •*• 4 O ■ •• ••• ... -j 1 '> 318, 325, 326, 329, 330, 832, 333 91,232 322,331,333 187,535 ••• ... ••« *-00 725 ... 478 xlit INDEX. PAGE Calotes ... 300,308,809,870,539,546, 457,622,723,724,726, 758 106, 494 ••• ••• ... 216 | ••• •«« ••! I»0 ... 65, 69 71, 102, 502, 513, 750 3,60,107,495 ■■■ »•* ••• yi 1 calous ... Calponia calycina... Calycopteris . cambaiwisis .. eambayensis . camelodeB camdorura camiba ... Camilla ... caminodes Campanulaceaa campanulatus . campbelli campestris Camponotus Campophaga . Camptoloma . carta ... « canadensis canarescens .. Cancellaria cancellaris Cancilla Candida candide-marginata candidus... candolleana canescens Canda ... caniceps... canifrona canius ... cannabina canolus... canosparsa Canthylides cantleyi... Cantoris... capensis... cap ist rata capitatus Capitonidse Capparidese Capparis Capra ... captrata... Caprimulgi * • • •• ••• lid • • ••• »•• to <• ••• 87} 232 610 a. ■•• i , T. i % 481 , 152,198 479 .. ... ... 682 426, 487 mm • •• •*• — *- ' • • ••• ••• 2i\.o 140 i« «•• ••• Lvo ... 229, 234 86, 230 :. ... ... 4&iJ 72, 87, 714 ,, ... ... 438 109,188,295,312,496, 694 644,649,651 ... 475,707 152, 197 53,658 , ••• •• • ••• i "*' ■■■' , • • • »• • • • • 'Ox 480 58,99,106, 428,493,061 . ... ••• ••• "' ' 446 . ... ... «•• 355 724,759 . 11,109,144,490,613 50,423,687 , ... ... •«. 47» lot ... ... ••• 4/0 173,473 531,744 .. 102, 687, 744, 750 105 Caprlmulgidae ... 105 Caprimulgus ... capsularis capsulatus capucinns Caradrina ... Caranx Carapa Carbisa carbo Carcinopyga ... Cardium Carduelis cardui ... carebares Careya ... carinata carinifera Carissa... , . carmania carmanica Carnea... Carneades carpenteri Carpodocus ... Carpophaga Carpophaginas carntta Caryophyllaceee caryophylloides Caryota carystia Casarca... ... cashmirensia ... casigneta ... caspia Cassia castanea 61, 102, castaneipars ... Castanopsis ... castata castelnaui cast ut si castissima castor ... catalania ... citilla ... Catocalinae Catopsilia catopyrrlia catori ... ... catoria ... ... PAGE 105, 188, 896, 660, 690 • •• • •• •■• T / \ • •• • •• ••• OtO ■ •• ••• *a» J JD 268,291, 702 • •• ••• ••• iOd ...644, 645, 652, 653 tt« ••• ••• *iUO 74, 110, 696 214 ••• ••• •••!<(/ ••• ... 58, 653 ••• *•• ••• / o ••• •• • ••• o*iy • •• • • a ••• D • ' u 183, 222, 504, 725, 758 ... 470 • •• • • • •• • O 1U • •• • • I ••• > ' i • •• • • » • * • *- ■ > o • •• ••• ••• J. "1 1 ... ... ... 454 • •• •« • ... O-t 0 52, 53, 71, 739 • •• ••• ••« — .•a ••• • • • ~t • > . ••• ••• i 0 & ... •• a / •'« it U ...644,646, 648,649 f •■ ••• •• . KjAXJ .. . •# • ••• 2o X 498, 515 194, 453 206-7, 209 ... 12, 109, 497, 696 ... ... 166, 475 144, 146,208,277, 657 • •a> ... ••• — ■' " • •• •■• ••• 000 • •• ••• ••• l*rU 79 in ... ••• * •* 575, 576 ■ •• ••• Ml X"J. ■•• ••■ ••• v i O 730, 733, 736 ••• ••■ ••■ 10o ••• • •• ••• "*U • a. ••• •■• J-00 ... ••• •■»• loO ••• ••• •• • ■* *■ •j INDEX. x!t caudata ... caudatum ... caudatus ... causodes ... causus ... ... Caviria... Cecidomjia Cecbinina cecillei... ... Cedrus Celastrineas celata ... ... celerio ... ... centralasias Centranthermm Centrantbera... Centropus Cephalopoda ... Cepbalopyrus ... Cephaleta Cephidaa cerastioides Cerastis Ceratophyllaccaa Ceratophyllum ceratopkyllus ... Ceratophora Ceratopteria ... Cerberus Cercomela cerdaleum ... cerealalla cerebosa Ceriops Cerithium Certhia ... CerthiidEa certificata ... cervicapra Cervina Cervulus Cervus ... Ceryle Ceryse cespitis Cethosia ... ceylonensis 102, 151, ceylonica ... 196 ceylonicus ... Chsetocladium ... Chsatornis 9 210, 155, ,354, PAGE 99, 086 482 ... 360, 480 582 • •• >•• OOx ••• ... Z\} I ... 125, 684 138, 148, 149 ••• ••• *jJl J ... ••• 1 lb »• • • ♦» 4 i "i ... ... 145 ...18940,142 ... nt Jill 476 478 ... 106, 493 86, 471 ... ••• "T— O ... ... 1 — * ... ... Uo ... 704, 709 307, 707, 715 ••• ... 4H0 480 ... ... 265 ... 724, 726 »•• ... Ti-'J ••• ••• Ov / ... ... iUw *•• iTij aO it 591 ... 152, 199 644, 649, 651 94, 233 48, 424 48, 101 ... ... 4:00 ... 361, 712 290, 704, 709 • •• ••• i \ -i ... 375, 526 ... 105, 492 ... 151-2, 188 458 ... 78, 82, 574 211, 248, 427 439, 478, 724 78-9 ... ••• OOi ... 70 ChjEturinsa Chalaratona chalcides ... Cbalcididas Cbalcidoceps ... Chalcis ... chalcochlora ... Chalcophaps ... Chalcosimaa ... Chalimiastis ... Cballa chalybeata Chamoeleon chamoelia chamoenerii Chamsodon Chaptia Ckaradriidse Cbaradrius ... cbarantia ... Cbarasia ... Charaxes Cbartocerus Chaulelasmus ... cbeela Cheilantbea Chelidon Cbelidorhynx ... Cbelis Chelone Chelonia... ... Cbelonomorpha Cbenopodiacese .. cbeopis cbera Cheritra Cbersotis Cbethesia Cbibia ... chicquera Cbilo chimaera ... Ckimarrbornis ... Chimmaroge ... cbinensis ... 4, Cbiona9pisl26, 346, Chione cbirurgua ... Chloridea chlorochrisa ... cklorogaster ... PAGE • •• m%m ••• J. UO ... ... •••DUO 725, 726 123,125,684 ••• ••• •*. / <-»0 126, 684 ... ... ... 284 2,107,621 ... ... ••■ O J d III .«• ... U tJ i ••• ••« ... ijUO 280, 284, 701 181, 526, 725 • •• ••• in *Ov ... ... . . . i 4 U .. . .•• ... rf*jy 100 7,62, 109,694,724 i.i ... Oj uJ4 ... ... Ml liO • •• ••• .** 4 '..» 99, 108, 495, 760, 762 347,351,354,357,684 7, 109, 760 441, 443, 44c • •• •.. .*■ *J i ... 494, 514 sl-vi INDEX. cblorogrammata chlorolophns ... Chlorophyton ... chlorops Chloropsis chloroptera chloropus chlororhynchus chlorostigma ... Choephora Choerocampa ... Chorizagrotis ... cliortalis Chrozophora ... chrysaetus chrysaeus ... chrysalchyraa ... chrysantha ... chrysea ... ... Chryseides Chrysididse Chrysis chrysocoma Chrysolopha ... Chrysolophus ... Chrysomphalus chrysopelea chrysopoma Chrysophria ... chrysopterum ... chrysopygia ... Chrysoryctis ... chncar ... ... Cicada Cicca Ciconia... Ciconise Ciconiad• i 01 in mmm ••• uJ 102 in ••• ••• OU i ... 61, 108, 183, 663 ••i ••• in OU-L ... 558 74,159 14,110 w 14, 110 51,102,657 52, 526 300,494,761 6,15,63,110, 455,476, 495, 477, 696 632, 729 • I ■ ••• * O y I . 17,110,397 54,10,658 354, 357 ... •• • ■• ■ Oil) 107 18,75,498 Circus ... 59, 165, Cirgliesa cirrhatus Cirrhitichthys Cirrhochroa ... Cirrhopetalum... cirrhosa Cirrhospilus ... Cirsotrema Cisea Cissampelos ... Cisticola cistuloides citreoloides ... citrina... citrorrhoa Citrullus Cittocincla ... Clangula Clania ... ... Claoxylon CHthurella ' I f ' J 1 il all III Cleone Clerarclie cliffordi Cloacina Clostrydium ..-. Clotho Clupea clydonia clypeata ... clyptospira c-nigrum ... Cnoba ... coagulans Coathomyia ... Coccidaa coccinea Coccineus cocoivorus ... Coccothraustes... Coccothraustinai Cocculus Coccyges Coccystes ... cochinchinense cochinellifera ... cockerelli coctaii codlicolor PAGE 397, 494, 505, 529, 761 459 • •• ••■ in J ' ■ • 324, 331, 333 78,82 ... 562 • r • • o an •• ••• ••• ... 330, 331 ■•I • •• x Afy ... 219 • •> ••• • •• •/ •/ • •0 III |t« lit/ • ii ••• ••• Ivl 342, 356 • •• ••• ■■• OU* • •• ••• • • • X ' 'i-i ••• ••• ••• ol4 in • t i •* *t|M_r • •• *•• * • . 0«7 «7 «•• ••• * • • *i ^ J 480 ...225,226,232,233 152, 193 • •• ••• • a • 4 i «> • •■ *•• ••• ()'l.i • OB in !»• Xij) ... 145 ... 336 ... 144, 145 ... 702 ■■• ••• •• • JijLo 64, 75,498,515,698 *•- ••• in J -j ■ v 703, 705 219 • ■■ ••• ••• 1 lii ■ ■■ ••• • j Ji"ii1 ... 345, 356, 682, 684 345, 644 • •• •« a «•• J-J I ' • •• ••• ••• 1-J*> 52, 103, 748 • • • •• • ... J.U»> • •• ••• ...lii) 58, 106 106, 188,493 ... 476 ... 345 354-5, 357 • *>• ••• •• • i -J **i ••• ••■ ••» & 0*5 •»* ••• ii • •• • • !•• •« ••> ••• * • INDEX. x'tvii ccelestinus ccelestis Coelogyne eoffeas ... eognata... Coilia ... colaea ... Coldenia Colias ... collaris ... Collocalia coJlurioideB Coluber ... Colubridaa Colubrinsa Columba Columbae Columbidaa Columbinaa Combretacese conietes... ... ... comideleuca comma ... Commelina Commelinacesa conimelin folia comminuens ... communicans-daroolana PAGE • • ••• ••« at* Ot5U 11,63, 480,490, 695 • • ••• ••• 4 1 ' 'j Til >• ••• ••• •« • I -t i • ••• ••• ••• 2oO • ••• •»• ••• ■ ' ' j-» • ••■ ••• •• • ( - — • • •• • •• ••• TlO • ••• •• • ... I i 188, 210 105, 182, 621 ■ ••• ••• ••• i ' ; I . 388, 394, 539, 543, 760 • ••<> ••• ••• fcj • ' O , • •• ■ » • • « • *J J l) 2,260, 107,495,515,691 1, 60, 107 1,60,107 2, 107 644 .... ... U *J\/ ... 225, 233 206 481 ... 481 480 ... ... 145 ».. ... *t># communis 4, 61 437, 479, 480, 495, 692 comorinus ... ... 411 ccmplanatuB ... 231 Compositeae ... ... 476 eompressa ... ... 680 compressus ... ... ... ... 680 Conchidium 563 coticolor... ... ... 103, 515, 636 eondonarus ... ... ... ... 531 conducta ... 279 conferta 415, 473 confertissima ... 443 conunis... ... ... ... ... 151 confluens ••• 282 confer mia ■•« ••• ••• ••• 713 conf usa 147, 148, 207, 209- congener ... ... ... ... 223 conica ... ... ... ... ... 674 Gonicum .» 88 conicus 183, 292, 762 conjugafca 644, 647 conaanguiaea 703, 706 coaaequa ... ... .... 704, 705 Conservula conservuloides.. consignata consorta conspica conBpurcnta constantia .. constellata Contheyla continua contra ... ... Conus ... Convolvnlacese Convolvulus ... conyzoides ... Cophotia Copra Copromorpha ... Coproniorpbidaa Copsycbus Coraciadse Coracue Coraciaa coralina Coralliophyla ... corax CorcUifolia Corchorus cordifolia corniculata cornix cornuammoniB... cornuta coromanda coromandeliana coromandelianua coromandelica coromandelicua coromandus coronata coronatum corones ... coronifera correcta corticea corus coruscaua Corvidae Corvinaa Corvua PAGE ... ... ... 235 ... ... ... -J ~V F ... ... ... I \J L ... ... ...4 \)0 140,451,458 218,219,233 ... ... ... ji J ... ... ... 196 ... 224, 233 70,102 **• • •• ••• kj<) ••• ••• *«• 478 ••• ••• *•* it o 477 •i* • *• ••• 7 -4 • •• ••• Ml t*t)U •+• ••• ««• DUO ••• ••• ••• 606 102, 489, 755 67, 104 57, 104 ... 57, 104, 492, 686 ••• *- ••# -j JO • • • ••• ••• ».wi ... . 99, 686 474 ••• ••• ••• 4/4 ••• ••• ••> 473 • •• ••• ••• 653 ■ •■ ••• ••• vo§ 86,94,233 526, 667, 697 ♦« • ... ... 492 479 18, 498, 525 .. 73, 101, 49.% 525 6, 109 16,33,106,110,493,497,762 397,514 ••• ••• ••• ••• 4/0 • •• #•• ••• ••• Oa G • •• ••• ••• 353 ' 357 216,455. "•• •#*■ ••• ••• too ••• ••• mm. 78-OU' *•• ••• .»• 78-80 45-99 •• * ••• »• • •■■ .' .' 45,46,99,421,484,493,686, 746,757,75^. zlviii INDEX. corybanti8 corymbosa corythuB Cosmia ... i Cossidsa Cossus ... costalis ... Costellaria Cotesia ... Cotile ... Coturnix Couthomyia . Crambinss « crameri ... crassa ... crassirostris . Crateropodidsa Crateropodinas Crateropua Creatonotus crecca ... creninaspis crenata crenulata . crenulifera crepidatum crepusculum . oreaeriaa cretica ... Criniger crinigera Crinum cristata ... . cristatus... critica ... Crobylophora . Crocanthes ' ., Crocidura ». Crocidurse Crocodilus Crocopug Crotolaria Crotalinse Croton. crucigera cruentata cruentatus cruentua cruralis Crymodes PAGE o • ••<» «*» ••• O X */ 473,476 •• «•• ••• lo4j ioi • ■ ••• ••• •«■ *j *-■ i 191 • a a • » a a # c 9 • 1 i' I • # ••• 9« J li.Jj. J.,'*I 282,403 • a) ••■ oao *- — 1, 2uD •• ••■ •*» ••■ I — ' • • ••■ •• o OOj 1 ')o 1,66,73,108,495,525,692 ■ • *•• •*• ••• «/0 • • ••• •• a ««• 't' ' '•) urn ••• ••• ••• tvJ, ■ a ••• eoa aaa TrOO ... 109, 496 a a e ■ o a T ' • • . ' o a • ••• • a • ■ v" 80, 90, 485 202, 210, 211 ... 18,64,498,697 i* •** ••• ••• *)U• ••• aaa aa* 1*1') ■ # aaa aaa aaa lvU , 101, 426 480, 481 103, 689, 748 3,107,111,166,415,417, 494, 524, 529, 699 • aaa ••• ••■ Dili a aaa • •• aaa ')].» • *aa ••• •).'»). t)JO 360, 397, 751 • *»m ••• aaa *'>>i' 724, 725 494,514 475, 600 • ••• ••• ••• Dob ■ • •• aaa aa« ToO • * • a aaa aaa < „ -y 215, 447, 449 252 526, 529 79" ... ... ... i _j ., 275,27? Cryptogamia ... Cryptolechia ... Cryptolephis ... Cryptolapba ... CrypbtophyllaspiB Crysocolaptts ... Cuculidas CueuliriEe cucullata Cucullia Cuculliarife PAGE ... 482 ... 600 ... 477 101,426 ... 345 ... 104 58, 106 ... 106 ... 168 ... 275 275, 440 Cuculus 58, 106, 341, 356, 422, 423, 425, 428,493,661 Cncumis ... „ 476 Cucurbita ... 476 Cucurbitaeese ... 476 Cuius ... 237, 245, 627, 633, 635, 636 Cnlicicapa ... 102,154,155,427 78, 574, 575 Cupha CuphodeB cuprea cnpieipennis .. cuprina Curciligo currens cursitana eursoria Cursoriinas Cursorius uuriti ••• ••< curtus Cnrubasa curviplena curzonias Cuscuta ... ojanea cyanena ... cyanieula Cyaniria Cyanistes cyaniventris ... cyanocepbalns... cyanocincta cyanocinctua ... cyanolinea cyaaonotus Cyanopp cyanoptera cyanurus ... Cyan u 3 ... cyatliicornis ... ... ... 606 2, 719 • •• ••• a>/0 • •• ••• 4jo4 480 • ao i)i 1 OO *•• ••• J.UJL ... 455, 457 6, 109 ... 6, 109, 694 • ■• *aa •7 1 • •• ••• *>.L(J 446, 449, 450 ... ... 714 ... ... 359 478 ... 127, 170 • •• a>Oa) IO • •• ••• 5*4 ... 78, 81, 82 • •• ••• 'i I 100 72, 106, 493 «•• • #• 70«7 • •• ••• 00& *a« aaa -jO-j • •• • », J'.'- 104, 154, 176 aaa ••• 111 • •• ••• Oox 51, 102,657 • •• ••• Jo* INDEX. xlix eycloceros Cyclosia ... cyclostoma Cyclostrema ... Cycnia... cygnoides Cygnus Cylichna ... cylindracium ... Cymbidium ... Cynipidsa ... Cynoglossus ... Cynogon cyniris Cynopterus Cynthia ... Cyort Cyornis cyparissias Cyperacess Cypraca cypris Cypseli Cypselidae Cypseli naa Cypselus 58, Cyrebia cyrene Cyrestis Cythara Dafila dahli dalbergac dalbergioides ... Dalbgia dalhousiaa dalliana dalzelli daaa ... ... Danainee Danais danioconiuB ... Daphnella ... daphnelloides ... Daphnis Darapsa daretis darius ••• • • • •• •• • •• •• ■ • •• ••• • •• PACE ••• #•• • •■Old • ■ • ••• r • • Xt/O ••• • •• ••■ *— '' •«• »..obj 88) -joL • • • • •• •• • -J' ' T • •• •• • • •• O-j • •• • • • • ••'*•"< 230, 234 ••• "o ... 349 116, 217,123, 124 • •• ••• ••• it+jiJ • •• ••• ■•• 111 • • • m • • • 1 ■ 'O ••• ••• ♦• ♦ J. oo •■• ••• 7o} 82j 85 ••* ••• ••• i • ' j 71, 102,153,427,489 ... 141 ,. 473, 482 ,. 462, 472 ... 608 58, 105 58, 105 • •• ••• • •• luO 105, 492, 515, 660, 761 • •• *•• ••• ill' ... 145 574 ... 229, 234 64, 498, 698 ...140, 702, 704, 707 206,209,211 • •• ••• ••• OjIJ 104 • •• *•• «/0. Aoa ••• ••• •••QOD 152, 200 • • • •• • • • • 9 «7 ...78, 80, 82, 156 574 ».. ... ... '-'-it! ... 226, 228, 233, 234 86,220,233 ••• ••• ••• 14 J • •• •*• 4 a • i O U ... •<• 78, 81 • •• «•• ••• l«7 ■ • •• dasahara dasara Dasaratha Dasycbira dasyctriraa datina dancus dauma daura davidsoni decagyra deccanensis deceptor declarana decora decorata Decuaria decumanus defecta dejecta Deilephila delecta delicia deltaspis demersum Demodex Dendrobium Dendrocitta Dendrocopus DendrocygDa Dendrophis Dendrophleps densiflora deutata dentatrix Dentella deDticulata denticulosa dentilinea dentipes... dentiscalpium deodara deparca ... deposita Depressaria deraiota... Deroca ... descripta deserta ... deserti ... deaerticola PAGE • •• " » * ••• ■ • • * -> I ••* • •• •■• «•• T.)0 • •• #•• ••• ••• 1 Jo 126, 127, 152, 199 • •• ••• ■•■ ••• I -J I • •• ••« •■• ■•• i O I • •• •>• ••• •!• Hi 502,657 »•• »W* ••• ••• Oi)~3 • •• ••• ••• •■• lO«7 96, 232, 233 • •• ••• ••• •• • / ^4 «•• ••• ••• «•• dot • •• ••• ••• ••» 4i)l) ••• ••• ••• • •• 401 78,81,283,447,448 • •• • »• ••• 0*"O. D.'TJf 189,260,265,358 ••• ••• •*• •■• 14U *•• ••• *•• • ■• 'i/O 140,142,145,146 • •• ••• ••• tt* Jog ••• ••• ••• •«• 45 1 • •• ••• ••• ••• oUX • •• •■• ••• *•• lOl/ • •• ••• ••• • • • »)') 'i ... 417, 418, 562, 566, 568 99, 502, 503 ... ... ... 5i, 660 18, 111, 498, 525 • •» ••• «.•• ••• oUl -•• ••• ••• ••• *jUI ••• •>• ••• ••• 1 i o ••• *•• ••• .Ji-), Ait 437, 438 ■ •■ • •• ••• ••• Tl O • •* ••• •♦• JOO. 4 1 o • •• ♦• • ••• ni I''0 • •• ••• ••■ • •»_''/ • •• «•• • •■ ••« w»j • •• ••• ••• «•• -J 1 J • *• ••• ••• ••• 1 1 o • •• ••■ ••• ••> ^11 ••• ••• ••• ••• ->\ !•• •■• «•• ••• ■ >.'-> 703, 705 ••• ••• ••• ••• iy& ••»« • •• ••■ ••• 70 / • •• ••• ••■ ■•■ x4o • •• ••• ••• «•• boo • •• «•• ••• ■•* 1*C) INDEX. PARE 530, 688, G91 • •• ••• ••« • •• 4| O • •< -•• ••• «•• *1 ' 1 • ■■ •■• *•• ••• XUO • •• t.. M« JJij -'»'» 202,201,208,210 ... ... ... ... «-/-j«/ ... ... ... 330, 3«2 ... ... ... ••• OfJ\J 904. ... ... ... ... -j ' i 114 • • • •■• •• * ••■ ( V.' j „«« ••• ••• ••• O'kJ «•« ••• ■•• ••• • «u 101 ••• ••• ••• ••• t>Uo • •• ••• ••• ••* I vfl • •• ••• ••• *•. Tl3 «•• *•• ••• ••» loll 48, 100 48, 100, 364, 424, 486, 482 • •• ••• ••• *•• OOo 342, 315 *•• ••• ••• ••• O xO • • • ••• • •• ••• OOD • •• ••• ••• •■ » 4 ( O ••• ••• ••• ••• ' L U ■ •• ••• ••• ••• 4CU <(• • •• ••• ••• < " «•• ••• ••• OO. j Oo'j • ft* •• • *>«• ••• T '-"-' ■ •• ••• •■• • •• -J • > • > • •• ••• ••• ••• 't / u • •• ••• ••• ••• 0*j 401 .„« ••• ■•• * * • 1 ' ' • ■« ••* ••• ••■ llU ••• • •• ••« ••• OX L 12S 97fi • •• ••• •■« £40j 44*i desertorum JDesmcdium destructor deva diaconalis Diacrisia diadema diadematus Diagramma Diaphora Diardigallus Diarsia Diaspis ... Dibamus Dicaeidaa dicastis ... Diohargyris dichotoma Dicranura Dicruridae Diorurus Dictammus dictyoapermi dicycla ... Didymium diffusum digna ... dilatatum dileta ... Dillenia dimidia Dinodon dioica... diores ... Dioscorea Diospyros diphas ... diphtherina Diploptera diplostigma dipsacea Dipsadornorphinsa 301 Dipsadomorphus ... 170, 307, 546, 551 Dipsas ...181, 187, 183, 526, 762 Dipterygia ... 284 Dirades ... 404 discalis ... ... ... ••• 210 Discemurus »• 101 discisignata ... ... 280 Discophora 78 < HSC lijifc ••• • • • ••• • ■* »t» vO disjecta ... disjuncta .. dispersa Dispidinse dispilata dissimilis Dissura disticha... distinguenda . Distira ... distorta divergeus diversifolia dives divisa ... Dolieha rid rone Doliophis domesticu8 . donatana Donax ... Dondera Dopatrium dora ... Dorika ... dorsale ... dorsalis PA(JB ••• • •• *j-4.'. ••• ••• 94 ... 200, 201. • •« ••• Oi'J 710 • • • •• • i -i r 14, 110, 497 • •• ••• TO') 91 ^ 310, 530, 759 ... 213, 281 ... 135, 137 ••• ••■ OOo ... 223, 233 ... 285, 289 * * • ••• 'lit' 534 54, 103, 489 ... 152, 201 470 216 ••• ... 478 447 446 235 ... 197, 724 dorsata 175, 186, 665, 671,673,678,685 dorsigera 285 dorsuosum 93 Dorylns 683 dougali 110, 188 Draco ... ... 170, 181, 3 87, 724, 7^5 Dracoena ... ... ... ... 355 drancus ... 146 Drepana 195, 330 Diepanidas 195 Drillia 223, 224, 227, 233 Dromadidas 109 Dromas 109 Drymocataphus 100, 181 Drymochares 100 Dryonastes 99 Dryoplus 169, 308, 394, 529, 534, 542, 543, 547, 548 dthali 627, 637 dubia 8, 109, 496, 516, 694 ducena .. 700- Ducula 2 dukhumensis 751 QU1C1S ... ... ... ... ••• 4oZ duruerilii ... ... ... .« 724- INDEX. Dumetia d uo-signa « Dupetor dussumieri Duymeria Dycotyledones Dyctis ... dynsate . Dysodia PAGE 100 . . * •■• * • * i ' ' U 17, J 98 330, 332, 525, 721, 762 • •• • •• ••• • >■> 1 ... ••• .. . 4 ( .» • « • ••• ••• ' *■' 78,81 Ebanacese . Eboda ... ebnrneutn echeelus echinacantha echinata eckioides . Echis Echlida Eclipta Ecraulia edgarii edwardsi efflorescens egena egertoni egregia ElachistidEe Elanus ... Elapinte elata Elatineas eldii elegan3 ... elegantissima , Elegardia Eleotris Elephantopus Elephas elinja ... elisa EllampuB ellioti .... ellipscoideus elongata elongatus elpenor ... elpenorellus elphinstonii 477 • » ••• ••• ••• *'' ' >• » ••• ••• ••• oo • a ••• ••• ••• 1 "' -J ,,. ... ••• 89j 232 , 347, 356 470 183, 504, 758 205 477 762 >• . •* • «•' >.. *J 1 O , 108, 373, 525 ... ... ••! ••• t V * i*. ... **• ••• 'O ■•■ ••• ••• ••• j.uu ■ •• t.a a.» ... -1 l' »a . ... ••• • • • ' • ' ' I ) 59, 107, 165 312 »•* ••■ **• ••( «io !■■ ... ... t • • *T ( T ».. ... ••• *•• O I O 53,142,470,477,551,713 229,234 >•• ■•♦ ... •••. < * J *t • • • • •• ... Oduj 0 0& • •• ■ ••• •».. • • . 4 i t • •• • • • ••• ...OZO •*• • • • * v. •*• I-jU • •• ••• • • . en • to *•• ••• • •• •*. X \) • •• ••• •• • 0»M »•• ... o«« ••* dOO ■ >• ••• ••• ... 0/ 345, 356 • • . •• • ••. * * • J r 1 • •a ••• ••• ••• i. *I 1 *•• • •• • •• •»• 0 elpis Elusa ... elwesi ... Elvresia Elymnias Elytraria emarginata Em art; inula Emberiza Embeiizinas emeria ... Emilia ... emittens Encyrtus endekatsenia endophje endophasa eudroma energa ... engraphica Engraulis Enhydrina Enhydris Enida ... Epactris Epagoge Epatolmis Ep'iblemidaa epicharta epichrysa epicyrta Epidendrese Epilacydes Epilecta Epinephilus Epinotia Epiplemidas episi'opalis episcopus Episilia episticta Epithectia epomia epops Epunda eqnestris Equiinla Equus ... Erastria Erastriansa Erato ... • •• •d" ••• ••• C' 55, 71, 658, PAOE 80, 205- • •• ... «o/ • •• ••• i ~i •' • • • ... *j / u ... 78,79,82 • »a> *o. *t i ' */ ■■* • •• *i / *t 86, 87, 232 . 103 70, 100, 486 • »• ••• • •• • •• • •• «•• ••■ • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• 1 ' 7 744,7e;o 10? 486 477 210 126,127, 669 ... 319,321 ... ... i03 • •• ••• i4j •8, 105, 660, 690 ••• ••• all 144 331, 332,761 •»• «•• 1*>Lj 402 ... 402, 441 96, 233 lii INDEX. Eremiaa eremita ... eremitis ... Eressa Ereunotis ... ergasia Ergolis Eria ... ... Erigeron erinacea eriocarpa ... Eriocaulese Eriocaulon eriopetala ... eriopis Erismatura ... errainea erosa ... ••• Erosia ... ... erotiae ... ... erratica erubescens erumei Erycinidas Erythracea erythriaus erythrocephalum erythrocephalus erythrogaster ... erythrogastra ... erythronotus ... erythrophleps ... erythroptera ... erythropterus ... erythropygia ... erythropvgius Erythropus erythrorhynckus Erythro^piza ... erythrostoma ... erythrotus erythrouB ... erythrozona ... erythrurus Er.yx Esacas eson Estigmana ... 6SUlc& ... ... Euarctia Eablepharis ... PAGE 723,724,726 ••• ... ... 5Jo • •» ••• ... •*>"' ••• ••« ••• 1 Ol • 1 1 ••• hi Ol' ••• ... ... oil ••• ... 78, 82 ... ... ••• odd ... .•• « • • *£ I i 914 • • ■ ... . • • — 1 ' ... ••• •• • 7 I U ... ••• ••• 4oJL ••• *• • *• . to 1 644,646 ... ... ••• *r O J 9*. ... • • • '».'.' • *. ... ••• JUo .. . .». ... z v t. • •• •■■ »•. iUt ..f ... • •• Oo~r ... *•• • • • I 1 O 707, 708 • •• ••• ... no" ... »•• ... O i o • •• ... .. • 'i ' o ••• ... 61, 71 •• • ... ... i * ■— * 99,105,422 • • . ••• ... O JL .. . •• • *•» DO I 45,101.487,745,750 ... •■ . ••• jU'l • •• • *• ... IvO 330,403 . . . •■• «ii IvO • .. ... «•• I ' '1 • •• ••• . • • 4 J 4 ••• ••• 4, *J»j>_> ... ••• *• • oo ... ... ••• -J 1 • ' ... ••♦ ••• ooy ... ••• ••• i o 1 ... ••• ••■ *-UO ■*■ ... ... oox ... 183, 187, 292, 387 118, 6*94 • •• ••• ... 1 r ,4 202,211,212 • •• ... ... lill 203, 204 724, 759 Eucelis eucharis Euchelus Euchilopteron... Eucosma Euchraeoides ... Eucbrasus Eudendrobium Eudynamis Eugraphe Eulima Enlimella Eu nieces ... Eumenes Eumenidae Euphorbia Euphorbiaceas... euphorbias euphrasioides ... euphrosyne Euplexia euploca Euploca Eupodotis ... Euproctis ... Eurois europasus Eurylaami Eurylaemidaa ... eurymene Eurypteryx Euschesis Eusemia Eutasnia Eutelianaa Euthalia Euthemania ... Euxoa evelina everetti eversmanni EvolvnluB Exarni3 Excaecaria Excalfactoria ... GXC6 ISti •*. ... CaCISc. *•« ••• exclamationis ... exigna eximia ... exotica PAGE ••• .» * ... OO / ... ••» ... 7u ... ... t'Uj 2,$ 2t 86, 88, 232 ... •». ... *)OD • •• ... «•• -<•> ... ••• ••• - r» ... 502. 566 106,896,493,621,746 • • ■ .*• ... I I'J ... 96, 97, 232, 233 97,217,233 705, 706 26, 674, 675 ... ... ... 674 368, 480 480, 645 140 478 ... 228, 234 277, 278, 288 126, 684 78, 82, 574 108, 373, 575 152, 199, 201 283,442,717 ... ... ... 660 57, 104 ... ••• ... J. '14 ... ... ... i —>') • • • ••• .. ■ 1 o/i ••• ... •*• 1 iQ 436,438 ... .«■ ••• *j'"'r 440 78,80, 156 ... « • • •#. — v*r 442,454,461 ••• • •• ... (O • • • • • • ... 1 4 o •a. ••« **• ''J J .. . ••• ... 4 /o ••• ••• 454, 456 ••• ... 645, 653 ... 4,495,760, 762 ••• ••• ••• i / -* ••• . • * »»• J «' ■ * 198, 721 288,456 ■ ■ • ... •*. *-" • 343,474 INDEX. liii PAGE exprompta 78, 79 exsula ... ••• 436 extensa ... ... ... ••• ••• 204 externa • 289 exustus 107,181,188,524 Eyralpenus 205 falcariuB ... ... 761 falcata ... ... ••• ••• ••• 479 falcinellus 761 Falco ... 60, 107, 166, 396, 494, 509, 510,518,530,531,663 falcon • •• ••• • • » ' — ' 103,688 264, 267 .*» ••• «•• 182 442,700 730, 733.736 456, 698 107, 526, 529 ... 60,73,663,760 102,193,349,428,741 ...111,181,197,698 ... ... 618 61, 107, 406 99 ... ... ... «/*/ ... ... ii. iW<7 ... ... ...0«7I ... ... ... 1 oo ... ... ... 4oo ... ... ... 4/0 ... ... ... £00 ficulneua Ficus filamentosus Filices ... filifera ... fimbria ... fimbriata finlaysoni Fiorinia flagellifera flammatra flamraea flammiceps flava ... flavulis ... flavata ... flavens ... flaveolua flavescens flavia ... flavicandata flavieiliata flavicincta fiavicollis flavida ... flavidens fiavimargo flavipes ... flavipicta fiavirena flavirostris flaviventris flavopicta flavovirens Flemingia fiexuosum florca rlorescens lloribunda Flueggia fluviatilis fluvicola Fluxiua... Focillinse folliculoruov folus ... Fordoaia fortuata... Forraicida? Formicides forsteai... ... ... P.AGE • •• ••• III i/U 520, 556 • •• •• • •• • *)\>Ji • • • •• • ••• Ii-1 ••• ••• ••* JtZky ••• ••• „. 71 o ••• ••• ••• *t0 3 • •• ••• •• • i .) i ...347, 351, 354, 356 • • • ••• *• » DO 1. 702,703 1S1, 396, 397, 493, 761 200, 477 206, 208 100 • •• ••• ••• if U O 100, 103 448,449 • •• ••• •• • » • • i. 1 . O 438 152,202 ...17,100,103,489,498,515 • •• •• • ••• «•• x I>5 • •• ••• ••• • • • 4 o7 ••• *•• •«• • ••.fill) • •• ••■ ••• ••• I Jo ••• •• • ••• ••• Jo4: 704, 709 *21 100, 101 674 •■« •*• ••• AOly *jO"x •*• •*• ••• ••■ 4/5 • •• • •• •■• ••• 4o2 175,671,674 ... ... ... ... 211 ... ... ... 65, 69 ... ... ... ... 480 ... ... ... 13, 6(16 103, 512, 515, 753 86,93, 232 • ■> ••• «•• •*• 4Ui) homiais 334 ••• ••• ••• «■• i J 1 ••• ••• •■• ••• o\ I I ••■ ... ... ... I*'*! • ■• ••• ••• ... Jj-t ■•■ ••• ••• I n \ • •• ««• »«■ '••• 1 -O i ' liT INDEX. fortipes fortissima fossa ... Fossarus Fossoria fragilis... Francolinus franklini Franklinia fra tenia fraudator fraxinella frederici Fregata Fregatidae frenatus freyeri ... fringilla Fringillauda Fringillidas Fringillinse frivola ... frontalis frugalis... fragilegus fruticans fucata ... fucipkaga fucosa ... Fnlica ... Fulicariaa fulicata... fuliginosa fuliginoaus fuligula... fulva ... fulvicaudata fulvicosta falvinigra fnlvisti^ma fulvohirta fulvus ... fumea ... fumipennis Funambulus funebris f ungorum furcata... furvivestita fuse* ... PAGE • »• ... ••• l "J i ... ... ••• 284 152, 198 95,233 • •• •• • •• • A-jO 2-46 ,73,107,188, 397,495, 524, 692 104, 176 101,487 ... 78,82,141,455 94fi ... ... ... &t.\j ... ... ... ooo ... ... ... *- 1 -j ... ... ... ±o ... ... ••« 1" 297, 724 135, 136 52, 103 • » » ••• «• • J. " o 702 99, 153, 168 ■ a a • 0 a *■*• LT.U •i« ••• ••• 68(> 644 105, 182 • a a •■• a a a Tt O O ... 62, 108, 495, 693 ... ... 5, 108 102,489,750 61, 422, 428 629, 698 • •• ••• ••« -L 1 1 • a • ••• '"i J')0 • •• •*• aaa X»"'-' 152,200 • •• ••• ••« ~i I > / 204, 208 8, 106 • • • ••• •■• «lu 204 ...406,409,411, 412 • •• ••• • •• I'll) • » a •• a ••• ' I ' ' 152, 195 152, 201 102,434 luscata ... ... .a. fuscibasis fuscicanda ..... ... fnscicaudata fuscicollis fuscipennis fuseistgnata fusciventria fuscovirens fuscum fuscus ... 6, 101, fusiformia Fusua fytchii ... ... gachua ... galactina galaxia ... galbula galericulata Galerita Gallicrex gallicus galii Gallinas Gallinago gallinula Gallinula Galloperdix G alius gangane... gangetica gangeticus gangis ... gansis ... Gardenia garrula Garrulax Garrulus garnda ... Garula garzetta Gastropoda Gaviae ... Gavialis Gazalina Gazella Gecinua PAGE BOO a* * li' 0 ••• *•• J. J 4: 100,153,397 ... 110,497 208, 6C4, 675 ... 714,715 ... ... 127 ... ... 452 97,471 108, 154, £l2, 250, 427,488,496 ••■ ••• &M\ ... 107, 188 • •■ •■• ••• U4«f • *• «•• *jI-jj *jlr> • •■ «•• • • a *•> t *J *•• ••• ••• "i ~jO • •• «*■ ••• to 103, 689, 748 107, 694 139, 140 3, 61, 107 3,61, 188,490,695 496, 695 ... 6, 11,108, 495 4,107,361,495,524 ... 3, 61, 107, 524 • ■ • •• • •• * t OJL • a tea ••• t * »' ••• .*, ov(+ t Ziy • da * • . • • • -J X 1 • a* ••• ••• O J.Q • » • • • a ••• IvX 57, 104,689 99, 728 46, 421 80, 156 • •• ••• •• a i iuJ 16, 110, 497 86, 470 11, 63,109 397, 721 603,760 57, 104,176,518,659 INDEX. Gecko Geckonidse ... Gehira gelastes Gelechia Gelecbiadas ... geminata geminus gemmifera Gemmula Geniosporum ... Gennaaus ... 101, GentianacetB Genyoro^e Geocicha .. Geodorum geoffroyi georgii Georyx Geraniaceje Gerardia ghanain gibia Gigantochloa ... gigas gilberti gillespia gilli • gilvosplendens ginginianus 59, Gisekia ... giu Glabella glabra glabrum glandulifera ... glareola Glareola Glareolidae Glareolinse glareosa glaucidium glauci macula ... glaucion ... glancochlora ... glaucoplagon ... glaucoptera gleadovii glis ... glomerata gloriosa • «• •• • ••• »•« PAGE ••• ••• ••• 546 ••• «» • ••• i Ad • •• ••• • e • 0 *J '•} • •• • •• ••• i'J.I ••• ••• ••• o*/l *•• ••• ... 6u2 •»• •« • •• • 1 •'•) 281 222, 233 112,114,183,519,663 ... 478 ... 331 • •• . • • •■• lOv 8, 496 • •• ••■ .. 101 • •• • o • tit lOt ••• ••• •• • T: / 'x • •• ••* ■•• Ov / • •• ••» • • • U U ' ••• •■■ ••• J -"»'..* • • • ••• • • • i)ly 119, 398, 469 310, 759 732, 735, 736 • •• ••• •■• u X 101, 106,164,494,515 • • • »• » •• • x i 0 59, 73, 493 221,222,233 ... ... • ■ i T I O ... ... ... 4 i j ... ... . . • '£ V O ... 9, 62, 695 7, 109 6, 109 7,109 106, 164, 662 • •• *•• • • • J U f ••• ••• ••• u JJ ••• • •• ••• &oo • • ■ ••• •••-''•/ 134, 137 791 ... ... .o • I — ~ . 710 ... 520, 558 ... 147, 148 | ••• • •• Glossogyne glottis Glyphidodon ... Glyphostoma ... Glypta gmelini Gnatho?typ8is Gnorimoscbema glioma Gobinoides ... Gobius gola Gonatodes gondera ... Gonerda Gongylophis ... Goniocephalus gonograpta gopara Gorsachius «... gortys gossypiella Govauia govinda Grabhamia Gracilaria gracilis.. .101, 171, gracillima Graculus Grallse ... Gramraess gramineus... 53 1, Grammarella ... granatella granatum Grandala grandis 101, 166, grandisquarms Grangea granulata Graphipbora ... gratioliodes Graucalus grayanus grayi greeni gregaria greutzenbergi ... Grewia grifflthi gthea • • •• • « » .« 9* • • • • •• • « PAGE ••• *•• ••• 477 ... 9, 10, 396, 496 *•• ••• ••■ «j15 ••* ••• ■•• oo4 •*• ••• ••• d76 •■• •• • ••• 14t> ••• •»• ••• 592 143, 144 ... ... ... /61 ...329, 330, 332, 529 ... 721 ... 725 • •• ••■ ••• i)jj>5 • •• ••• ••• «V9 183, 762 «•• • •• ••• i at) ••• • •• •»• l*rO ••• ••• •• • *jv I 17, 183, 188 ... 146 .. 483, 592 ... 474 ...107, 165, 494, 662 243, 245 *•• • •• ••• \i 1 o 322,476,721,724, 759 • • • • •• •■ n -) O 1 • •• - 1 • •• • O jQ 5,62, 108 ... 473, 482 536, 538, 543, 551, 762 ... 611 . 224,233 224, 475 167,355,724,726, 744 • •• <).JJ ... 477 • >• ... *•• AJ.O ...701,707,709,710 ••• ••» ••• loo 101,487 ... ... 726 16,110,497 ... 78, 80, 247, 250 8,64,72 ... 140 474 103, 276, 490 • •• • • « » • » • • •■• •• • • • ••■ • • • • ■ Ivi INDEX. griseirnga griseivena griseola griseomarginata griseus ... 17, 30, grohmanni Grues Gruidae grunniena Grus guentheri guiris gularis gulgula gulnihal guttata guttatus gutticristatna ... guttulata gutturalis Guyava Gymnaspia Gymnasura Gymnema Gymnodactylus Gymnopetaluni Gymnorbis Gymnorhiza ... Gymnosporia ... Gypaetinse Gypaetus Gyps gyrans gyroides Habenaria ... Hadena Hadeninse hsematocepbala Hcematopodinsa Hsematopua ... Hiemodoraceas.. hsemorrhous .. Halcyon 7 Halcyones Vialiaetup. Haliaetus PAGE 704, 709 142 143,146 110, 359, 485, 498, 529, 724 ... . ... ... -•£ • a . ... ... AUO ... ... ... 1 Ob ••■ ... 331 *.. .108, 515 • •• 329, 725 ... ... 529 34, 73, 99, 726 • •• 72, 490 »■• ... 81 • •• ... 200 .*• ... 102 • •• ... 104 ... ... 726 • »■ ... 103 • • • ... 482 ... 348, 356 ,. 434,435 ... ... 478 • •• ... 724 ... ... 476 103, 489,515 644, 646, 647 • •• ... 474 6 •» ... 106 «• - 59, 106 • • . 106,164 133, 135,475 «•• ... 475 ... 480 «•• ... 279 • •• ... 440 104, 183,492 ••• 9, 109 ... 9,496 ... ... 480 ... 100,486 ,373, 397, 492, 511 , 621, 758 • • • ... 105 • •■ ... 494 ... 107, 494, 621, 691 Haliastnr Halictus ... Halpe hamiltoni barailtoniana ... hanipsoni bamptoni Hanipa Hantana Hapalia baplocbila hardwickii haringtoni harmonica Harpactes Harpodon Rarrisonia hastaeifolia ... bastata... Hebomoia bebrseus hector , bederacea hedrcea ... Hedryehidiura... hedya Hedystis belena ... helicbrysum ... Helicops Heliocheilus heliopa Heliopais heliopbila beliops ... helioscopiae ..•: beliota ... Heliothis Heliotropum ... Helix helvetica Hemiberlesia ... Hemicbelidon... Hemicbionaspis heurichronaa ... Hemicurus Hemicyclia Hemidactylus ... Hemigrapbis ... Hemigyfosa ... Hemiocbus «•• •■• • •• PAGE ... 107, 165, 494, 751 *•• ••• 78, 81 481, 482 ... ... 483, 558 **t ... *•• 1j 1 (r ••• ••• ••• AoO • • • •»•• ••• ol • •• .c • ••• ' o • •• ••■ ••• i X *i ... 96, 233- 358, 724 ... 737 287, 584 ... 105 ... O.J.' ... 558- ... 481 478, 662 ... 79 677, 678- ... 145 ... 47& ... ... 584 19, 20 ... 228, 234 476 ... 894, 760 187, 391, 529 ... 443, 444 593 ... ... 15& ... ... loi> ... 148, 149 140 586 • •• • •• • ■ • •• • •• • oo o ...441,443,445,451 470,471 «• ■ ••• •*■ t y t> 340 50, 427 • • • «• • ••• 0> >"r 133,138 • •• ••• ••• 4 iio • •• •*• ••• 0*i# ...296,297,724,725 • • • ••• ••• '« < i • •• ••• •»• *x I •) eov ••• •*• Ov»r INDEX. lvii Hemionltia ... hemiopta ... Hemipodii Hemirhampus... hemispila .. hemisticta Hemixus bempricbi ... Henicurus henjamense ... heptodactylus ... herbacea ... herbaceum ... herberti herchatra Hermonassa Herodiaa Herodiones Herpestes Hesperiadje hesperioides ... Hestia ... beterocampa ... Heterocrossa ... Heterodoa beterophyllura.. hexandra Heylaertsia beynei... ... Hibiscus bidda Hieraetus 59, Hierococcyx h'erta ... ... Hilarograpba ... himalayana bimalayanus ... bimalayensis ... Himantropus ... bimeroessa ... Himoaoia bindsii Hippooratia bippoides Hippoton Hiria hirta Hirundinidse .. Hirundo bt3paniolensis ... PAGE ... ... ... 482 • ■• ... ... OoD 5, 62, 108 ... 318, 761 158, 516 100 109, 497 50, 103 ... ... 86, 232 762 • • • • t • ••• i yj ** ••• im ••• 'i i "r. • to ••• • •• odd 235,236 077 ... ♦. ■ ... dH 442, 701 15, 74, 166, 497, 762 63, 110 397, 478 81,573,721 • • • •• • ••• 4 - >■ ' ••• ... 73, 82 • •• ••• »•• -jOi.) • •• •*• *#• ooJ • •■ ••• ••• OcO ... ••• ••• 4 1 o QA9 • •a ••• . . « Ot-J • •• ••• ••# Ut • •• ••• . j • 4 i 0 474 195 • •• .»• i a • I t ■ » 106, 164, 182, 494, 507 422,493, 661 • • • ••• •••Oil 609, 610 48, 150, 424 181, 360, 397 ...99, 108, 660, 760 109, 496, 694 • •• ••• -jIi'j -OO • •■ •• • ••• TOU • •• ••• ••• ' I V • •■ ••• ••• 4/1 721 139, 142 ••• ••■ ■•■ I 1 i 476, 479 .*«• ••• 00, lUo . 55, 103, 489, 512, 622, 659, 688, 749, 753 • •• ••• ... 0"3 hispida bippidus bodgsoni ... bodgsonise Hodgsoniua bodnse boggei Holcomyrmex ... hololeuca ... Holopetelea Holopya *.* holoscia bolottenia homalocephalum Homalopsidse ... Homalopsis homalaxis Homalaxis homochroma ... bomolepis bonorata Hoplodactylus ... hoplopomus Hoplopterus ... Hoppea Horaga Horornis borsfieldi bottentota Houbara howqua ... bowra ... Hoya buegelii ... Hubua ... bumifusa humii ... Huphina hyalina... byalomelaena ... hyalosticta Hyarias ... Hyblaea ... Hyblaeinaa Hyboma hybrida Hydrocbelidon... Hydropbasianus Hydropbiidse ... Hydropbila Hydrophis PAGE 476, 478 ••• ••• ••• oZJ ...103, 105, 359, 424 • •• ••• ••• Xv'O «•• ••• »•• 1(H) ••• .. 456 ••• •« • ••• J-* i ••• ••• mi Dod 448, 450 520 • •• ••• ••• vwV • •• ••• ••• 1 «/ • •• ••• ••• ''-*.! • •• ••• O J. J, i)r> 1 • •• ••• f •• < *J T • *• ••• ••• 'IOt 388, 529 • •• ••• •*• tfvi 86, 94, 233 711, 712 ■ •• ••• ••♦ ij" 106, 396, 493, 621, 746 7-^5 • •• ••• ••• i *-!*.* • •■ ••• ••• «•• Oij\J • •■ ••• ••• ••• xL'«7 • •• ••• ••• ••• i( 8 ••• ••• ••• ••• I o • •• •• ••• • • • 1 '71 100,107,112,153,181, 726 • •• ••• *•• •••1U1 329, 693 • •• ••> ••• *•» i-Vt) • •• •■• ■•• • • • -J ' ' .* • •• ••• ••* ••• xlO ••• • •• ••• ••■ o •» • •• ••• • •« *•• 10(3 ■ •. ••• ••• .i. il O ...48,52,101, 103,424,748 ••• ••• ••• ••• i J • •• • •• ••• #*• k&Q 152, 197 • ■* ••• ••• «*• T"iT. • ■• ••• ••• ••• aUO • •• ••• ••• tit DOi *■• ••• ••• • • • 4 r J • •• ••• ••■ • • • t-> oo • •• ••• ••• X -J) 1 ' ' J • •• ••• 1_. ll'J 7,109, 760 310, 534 • • • ••• • lit it" 388, 759 lviii INDEX. Hydrophylacea Hydropiper Hydroprogne .. Hydrus hycualayensie .. Hymen eria Hymenoptera ., Hypacanthus • Hypelictis Hypeninaa hyperboreua hyperbius hypericifolia .. hypermcenia .. hyperythra hyperythrus Hypbsena .. Hypocolius hypocrita Hypolais .. hypoleucus ... Hypolimnas Hypolus HypolycEena ... Hypopicus hyporhoda Hypotjenidia ... Hypothymis ... hypoxanthum Hypsa hypselosoma ... Hypsidse Hypsipetes Hypsirhina ... hyrtelii Ibibididaa Ibis icama ... Icambosidse Ichneumonidas ichthyaetus Ichthyura .. icterdideB Ictinaetus .. Idonauton ignavus ignepeta ignipicta PAGE • •• • •» ••• UTI • •• ••• ••• 4 t J ... 12,109,497,096 316, 769 57, 62 ... ... ... 563 115,117, 122 • • > •• • ••• DUO «•• ... <* * '*' '' ' • •• ••• ••• Til 63,496 574, 576 • •• ••• »•» IUU • •• ••• ••• t X D ■ a * ••• •• • i-U'J !•• *•• ••• Of)." i* • •• • •• • ozo • • ... ••• JLUu • - ••• ••• J *-' 101, 687, 749 9, 62, 109, 496, 622 >8 . ••• ••• 0 ( T • • •»• • •• 'i 0 I ■ ■ ••• ••• IO ■ • ••• ••♦ 0''jJ • • •• * •-! • J i O 5, 108 .. ••■ ...1 Uw .. ... ... 155 152,207,216 • • •■ • ••• i/0\J ,» ••• ••• *jU/ 47, 100, 424 »• ••• ••• 0\) I • ... ... O0\) 14, 110 14, 110 • •• ... .a. *JO- ■ ••• ••• ••■ Z\)0 ...116,123,128,684 4,7,11,107,496,695 ••• ... ... x ou • • • • • • ••• o ' ) ' 164,662 152, 196 • ■ * ••• ••• O J • a. ••• ••• < ■•■* 152,196 PAGE ignita 198 ignotum ... ioo Uarus 713 Iliades ... 79 ilicifolius 479,644,645,653 imbuta 211 imitata 449 immaculatus 102 imperator ... 138 imperialis ... 119, 120, 129, 213, 684 impleta 208 impressa 221 inachus 83 inbricata 188 incarnatus 470' incisa M 701 inconcisa 200* inconspicua 137, 196- indiana 716 indica 2, 104, 107, 175, 186, 204, 205, 281, 285, 287, 474, 486, 492, 501, 520,529, 621, 671, 673, 635 indicum 478, 559 indicus 7, 64, 106, 109, 164, 329, 331, 406, 409, 410, 477, 481, 490, 495, 498,559,587,622,660,725 ... ••• ... 4 i o^ 4oj Indigofera indipeunis indistans indistincta iadrani ... induB inermia ... inferens infernalis infernus infumatns ingrata ... innominata innoniinatus inornata inornatus inquiliims Insectivora insignis,.. insipida in8olata ... insolens... integri folia iutercalaris interclusa ... ... . .. b7I ... ... ... Zto ... ... ... 2.)0 ... ... . . * u *t J ...107, 165,494,757 320,831 290,402 ••• ... ••• 205 • * • ... ... i o ... ••• ••• 105 ... ... ••• 455 ••» ... ••• 6J1 ••• ••• ••• lu± ••• ... ••• ill * ... ••• ... O XI ... ••• ••• 14 J • •• ... ... 0O(| 71,143,146, 160,558 134, 136 ••• ... ... *j I u ... ••• ... I O 340, 352, 520 ... ... ... /jXO ... ••• ••• 71U INDEX. lix lntcrcostalia interflxa... interjecta intermedia HO, intermixta interpres iaterrupta interrupting iutersecta interstriata iutertexta intracta... intricata Intsia ... inusitata inusitatus involucrata involucratum ione iphita ... Ipomea ... Iraota ... Irianassa iris irregularis irritans ... irrorata ... isabella ... isabellina isabellinus ischalea... Isia islandica Ismene ... Isochlora isochroma isolepis ... Isoples ... isosceles , ispida ... , Ithagenes Ixora ... Ixulus ... PAGE *•• ••• ••• ••• *k I \J • • • ••• • ■ • in m!1 718 2,16, 60,74, 107,108,110, 290,495,497,515,691,762 , 495,622 a • • • • • * » • it* lOl • •• ••• ••• •• * -J J- I ••• «•• ••■ •••xtO • •• ••■ ••• Ki -lo ••• ••• ••• -lo, -jOD ••• ••• ••• ••• *t«J*' • •■ ••• ••• ••• ZUi ■ •• ••• •*■ #•* IOj »•• ••• ••• ••• J O i ••• ••• ••• #•• oib »•• ••• ••■ ••• r<_ 'l • •* ••• ••« ••• il i' • •a •»• ••• • •• — ' ' *' • •• •••• ••• • j • O i *' • •• ••• ••• Ml t I O "9ft »•• «•• • •• ••• ' — '-' • •• ••• •«• • •• OU«7 • •• ••• ••♦ *•• D I • •• ♦•• ••• uliij f)Ot 264, 265 402,447 * . • ••• ••« ••• IwUD 688, 743 ... ... , it, 101, 385 ... ... ... ... OOt> • .. ••• ... ... Jw'I 45", 459 »•• • •• ••• ••• O i X 442, 451, 452 >*>• ■ * 1 ••• Ml I J J • •• ••• • •• ••• lob »• • ••• ••• •■• . JL4«a • • ••• ••• ^') _•).) 105, 492, 689 361, 526, 529 >•• «•• ••• • • • o 4. 0 • •• ••• *•• • •» 1UU jacobinus Jacquemontia ... jaffra jama ... ... 106, 188, 493 478 • a* «•• 7a • •• •••Oil janthina Janthocincla jantoehir Japalura japonica Jarbua ... Jasminum jasonia ... Jatropba javanica javauicus jecoralis jebafi ... jerdoni ...100, jeyporensis johaii ... Joloncba jopbon ... Josepba jucuudum j udicata... jugger ... jujuba ... julia junceum junctura Junonia jnssicea ... Justicia Jynx kachbensis kadenii ... kaisensis kakbiensis Kallima... Ka,ndelia Kanita ... kaoutbia karschi ... kasbmirensis Ketupa ... khasiensis kieneri ... kirgbisa... kiusbiuensis Kleinella kloslowi Knoxia ... PAGE *•* ••« ••• ••• 1 01 • •• ••• ••• ■•• "" ••• ••• ••• ••• tJOU • •• ••• «•• ••• * -'O • •• ••• ••• j") *^-o 72fi •i* ••>« ••• ••• * *d v 477 •a* ••• ••• ••ail* ••• ••• ••• 78,82 • a* •»« ••• ••. lOO ...16, 18, 111, 497, 498, 525 ... 13,14,74,110,497,696 230,234° 630, 636 101,330,687,726,741,759 ••• ••• ••• ••• 7*a5 183, 187, 387, 762 ... ... ... ••• 6UO ... ... 1.9 ... ' ** ... 563 ... ... ... ••• 208 ... ... ... ... *y.i 107,510 • •• ••• ••• ••• 1*"*7 • •a ••• • • • •• • *■ * ^ 4-78 277, 703, 707 575, 576, 720 • •• ••• ••• • - a *t I O • »» *•• ••• ••• *oo 51,491 • a • • a* ... 725 • •• • •■ ... 288 • •■ • •« ... 98 • •• • •a • a* -jOO 78, 82, 157, 370, 574 ■■« aaa 644, 647 • •* • •• ... 136 «a. • ■• ... 638 • «• • a • ... 459 19 , 48, 55, 526, 659 • •• #•• 106,163 • •• a. a ... 722 *•* 164, 222, 529 • •• ■•■ ... 460 • •• • •• ... 137 86, 229, 234 • •• ••• ... 359 • •• • •• ... 476 Ix INDEX. koechlini Koinakka kolus ... kuehni ... kumara ... kundoo ... labialis ... labiata ... Labiateaa labiatua laboulbeni labrosa ... lacera ... Lachesis laciniosa lactea ... lacteata... lacteatunj lactinea... Lacydes ladacensis ladakensis Laelia ... Laeops ... laeta ... laetitia ... lafitolei... Lagenaria lagenifera lagenHiormis Lagera ... Lagoniys lagopodes Laguncularia lahtora ... laleana ... lama lamnidentata Lampides Lampra Latnpyridsa lanata ... lanceola lanceolata lanceolat/US laniota ... Laniidaa Laniinsa 181, PAGE PAGE ••• • •• ... 141 Lanius ... ...48 ,49, 101, 179 , 487, 687, • ••) ... ... 483 729 , 745, 750 • •• • •• ... 529 lanka • •• ••• • •a 78, 81,82 • •• • •• ... 146 lankana ■ •• •■• ... ... 78 • •• ... 721,722 Laridas ••• ••• ... 11, 63, 109 49, 70, 101 , 426, 488 Larinaa .. ... ••• ■•• 11, 109 Larus ... 11,. 12,63 74,109 , 496, 497, 695 larvata ... ... *■• ••• ... 638 • •• ... ... 475 Larvigora ... ••• • ■• ... 661 • •• ... ... 470 Larvivora ... *.. ••• 100, 423 • •• ... ... 479 Lasiocampidas... •*■ • •• ... 197 • •• ... ... 385 Lasioderma ... ... • •• 127, 684 ... ... ... 204 Laspeyresia ... ... ... .. 610 • •• ... ... 138 lassa ••• • •• • • • ... 455 • •• ... ... 477 latens ... ... ... ••» ... 710 534, 536, 538, 543, 761 Lates ... •• . • a • • •• 883, 761 ■■• ... ... 476 lathyrus ••• • •• • •■ 141,475 ■ >• 7, 109, 167, 168 latiaris ... •■• • •a • ■• ... 81. ••■ ... 78, 80 latifasciata #•• • •• • •• ... 223 ••• •• • ... 208 latifolia ... • •• 69,172 ,477,479 • •• ••• 211, 212 latifoliura • ■• *•• ••• ... 481 • •• *• • ... 204 Latiniargo • •• • •• • 9* ... 436 • •■ ••• ... 443 latipennis ... ... ..- ... 193 • •• ••• ••• ooy latipes ... ... • •• • ft* ... 668 • •• ••■ ... 198 latirostris ••• ... a*. 102, 489 • •• ••• ... 329 Latirus... • •• • •• ••• ... 219 • •• ••• • •■ \j& lafcreillei ... ••• • *• 143, 145 • •• ... 217, 253 lativitta ... • •• • •• 208,212 • •• «•■ ... 140 Launea • •• • •• ... ... 477 ••• ••• ... 476 lawderanus • •• ■a* • a. ... 725 • •• ... ... 277 layardi ... • •• • a. • ?• ... 406 • •• ••• ••• Zoo lazulina... rmm • •• • •• ... 78 ... ... ... 477 lebbek... ... • •• ... 172, 473 ... ... • •• 00*7 Lecanium *•• <•■ • •a ... 127 ■•• ••■ ... 475 Leea ... -•• • •• • • • ... 474 ••• ••• ... 644 leggada... • •• • •• — .# ... OOif • •• ... 101, 487 Leguminoseas • •• ..a • •• 473, 475 • •• »• ... 197 leithii ... ••• • •• • • • 188,396 • •• ••• 20, 729 lemonias • •• • •• .•a ... 578 •■■ •■• ... 726 Lemyra ... ■■• • •• ... 204 • •• ••• 78, 80 leuo ••>» • •• ■ •• ... 193 ••» ••• ... 718 Lenodora ••• a* • • •* 152,197 • •• ... ... 520 Lentibulariaceaa • •• • •• ■ ... 479 ••■ ••• 670, 675 lenticulari8 • •• • •• ■ ■■ ... 475 • •• ... ... 701 Leocyma • » • ... *• a ... 291 • •• 446, 447, 449 leopardina ... ... 127, 207, 208 •■• 4G 421, 726 lepida ... • •• • •• ... 78, 687 ' •• 152, 194, 200 Lepidactylns a* • • a. ... ... 725 *• • ••* 48, 101 Lepidoptera • •ft • •• ••• ... 117 ••• ••• ... 101 Lepidotrigla ... ...324, 329, 331,333 INDEX. Ixi lepitoides lepscha Lepterodius ... Leptophilus Leptosia ... leptostachya ... Leptothyta lepturus ,.o lepus Lepus Lerwa ... ... leschenaultii i... Lethe Letkrinus Lettsomia leucalchyma ... Leucaloa Leucarctia Leacas . . LeucaspiB leucobalia ... leucocephala ... leucocepbalus ... leucogaster leucogenys leucolopkus Leucoma luconota ... Leucopardus ... leucopsis leucorodia leucoryphus ... leacospila leucosticta leucotis -~ leucura ... ... levis lewiBi Libythea Lickenaula lichenigera lickensteini lifueusis lignaria ligneuni lilacina lile Liliaceoe Limacodida? ... limata Hmborgii 11 PAGE ♦*• ■ »* ■•• to • • • • • * ... J >) i 16,110,621 14,74 474 • •• ••» JZ* _»>-; • •■ ••• o« . O -J J • a ■ ••• ■•• *jvO • « • ••• ••• 104,514 87,89,232 100 ... ... 50-, 565 ... ... . * . 4 / .' ... ... ... Ou / 724 ■■■ ... ••• Jo± • •• ••• ••• *x£*k 286, 725 224, 233 • • • >• • ••• _'''■* 691 • •• ••• •••141 ••• ••• •• • DoO • »• o • • .*• 4 i 4 ... ... 576 ••• ••• ■ ■ ■ i ' ' ••• •«• • . • 1 o«> *•■ ••• » . . 1 .» / «•• •■• ••• 4uo 100, 332, 424 170 ••• ••• ••• w 4 454 ... ... ... 627 476 414,661 761 ... ... ... * u A 562,644,645 147,148 104 524 . 482 229, 234 • •• ••• ••• 20o m9m ... •»• ±00 • •• ••• ••• A*iO 74 4 100,486 ... 79,83,204,638 156, 573, 720 • • • ■■• •• • ** DO 144, 145 187,188,293,297,313, 396,539, 759,761 442, 713 482 • •• • •• • •• *i 0 — • •• •• • »• • *i O — • •» ••• ... 4o.j 725,726 126,152, 199,684 • •• •» ■ •■• < j4 475, 644 mabelse Mabina tnacandrcaa macariata 566, 567 724, 726 ... 217 ... 403 ... 102 macklas • ... machlolophus ... macii mackinnoni •... maclellandi macphersoni ... macqueeni macraei Macrilipes Macrobrochis ... Macrocarpa Macrochires ... Macroglossa ... Macroglos9um... macrolepidotus Macrolepis macrolopha macromera ... macrophylla ... macrophthalraus Macropi8thodon Macroplectra ... Macropteryx ... Macropygia Macrorhampus macrorhynchus. Macrosaces raacroppira macrostachyum macrostigma ... macrotis Macrotona ... macrura raacrurus, 59, 105, macularius maculata ... maculatrix maculatus maeulipinna ... maculosa maderaspatana inaderaspatensis madraspatacus madurensis ... msecenas Maanas... magica ... magna magnalia magnifica ... ... PAGE ... ... 595 , 422 101, 487, 660 ... ... 762 406 762 372, 509, 693 566 ... ... ooo ... 152,202 n« ••• o«>o 58, 105 132,135,138 132,135,138 • • ■ • B • *>■>'' ... 538 61, 663 141 474,481 ••• ••• ••• ojy • •• ••• ••• oo\J 196 397,514 107 496 45,99,421,484,757 • ■• #•• ••• ',V'*T • ■• W«-- ••• *«J ... 566 152, 220 •• • • • • ••• • » ■ * . ••• ••• •• • o *.' i • ■• •• • *• • c i 165,396,397,406,494 505,529 243, 291 436,437 51, 181, 329, 428, 724 323,331,333 203, 204 477 103, 480, 489 ... 680 151,152 ... 720 202, 204 ... 607 ... 101 152, 199 ... 678 • •• » • • • •• • •• INDEX. Ixiii tnagnirostris ... Magusa Mahasena mahrattensis ... major majus malabarica 52,101, malabaricas ... malayensis ... malcolmi mallei malleolus Malpighiacese ... MalvaeeaB malvella mandarina mandarinella ... mandellii mangifera Mangifera Mangilia mangle... manillensis Manis .. manors, Mansonia manyar..-. Maoutia ... Mareca margaretse margarias margaritifera ... Margaritifera ... margaritiferum margai'itiferus margaritosa marginalis ... marginata marginatus marginella Marietta ... marifolium marila maritima ... raarjorite ... Marmarouetta... marshallorum ... Marsilea ... Marsileacese ... Marumba masalia. PAGE 101, 425, 621 • •• ••■ *•• 4jOD ••• ... ••• T1' J 104, 514, 690 131, 149, 726 645, 652, 653 103,470,476,488,489 ... 7,109,219,495 164, 662 • • • * • • ••• *.* t ' 263, 281 342, 356 474 ... ... ... 474 ... ... ... i).'j 209, 707 704, 707 ••■ ••• ... ± uu • •• ••• ... 518 • •• ••• • . . * ' ~l ' ' 224, 225, 233 ... ... ... 644 15,110,497 218,233 • •• ••• ••• &0 I • ■ • • • » •• • J U'» ••• •• • • • • '•) oo 64, 698 .. 318, 326, 332, 333 ••• ••• ••• (>.'ll ••• ••• .. • 4 ' i i 463, 467, 526 • •• ••• • • * 40 1 467 451, 455, 467 102, 449 •*• ••• ••• loo 221,233 197 ■ •• * . . ... 1^1 • • • ••• • » . 'T i o >•• #•• do7 j Oijo 173,444 86,220,233 367, 698 , 170, 660 i * • ■■■ •• • 'i O — I.. ... ... ^ ' -j ... ... ... XO-J 446 Masicera maskelli matherana Mathilia matronula Matuta maura mauritaaica ... mauritia maxima medougalli media medicaginea ... mediopunctata megacephalus ... MegachjJe Megalaema Megalana megaloba ... Megapodiidfe ... Megapodiime ... Megarhinus megarbynchus Megusema mekranensis ... melampus Melauareas melanastra ... melanchoeta ... Melanelaps melanicterus ... Melanitis melanocephala melanocephalus Melanocorypba melauogaster. 13, melauoleucus ... melanolophus ... lnelanonotus ... nielanope melanopila nielanops nielanopsis melanoschista ... melanosoina ... melauost'ctus ... melanostomus... molanotcenia ... melanotis melanoxylon ... melanura PAC3 ... ... ... 127 340 ••• ••• ••• j i4 • •■ ■ ■• ••• ZoL ••• ... ... 212 *■» ••• ■•■•• ••• b I 7 • •• ••• ••* i ')_> 71,103 ■■■ • . • •• • u/ t 14,110 ... ••• ... 4«j o • * ♦ ••• • • ■ 00 109, 110, 497, 515, 696 165, 494, 505 17,46,183,188, 423 75,111, 397,498,525 56, 490, 622, 688, 760 102, 427 .« • ••• ••• — I ri 426 • • • ••• •• • -j(J5 *•• ••* ■ ■ • o U U .*■ ■•■ ■•• tJ Oi7 320, 332, 333 59, 663 • • • ••• ••• r i ■ • •• *•• ••« i '-'_ Ixiv INDEX. Melasina Mela^tomaceje... melaxantba melba Melicleptria ... meliorella Melipona ... mellifica Melocanna Melochia Melophus Melursus memecylon ••• memiana mendica mendicella Meniceros Menispermacese raenthrastri menzbieri ... mercurialis Meretrix Merganser Meringocera ... Meroe Meropes Meropidse Merops 30, 57, 1 merra Merrernia merula ... Merula merulina ... merulinus mesocentra Mesogona Mesophrion Mesua ... mesuaa ... ... metallanthes ... metallica metapboea Metasia ... Metiaa ... Metopidius MetopoQia ... Metopsilus metrodelta Metula , metula Micragrotis ••• ••• PAGE ... 614, 616 475 198, 207, 209 ... 58, 660 .... 441, 446 ... ... 618 175, 670, 671 175, 176, 673 474 ... 71, 103 ... ... 182 ... ... 348 * « * ■•• I O «7 ... £04, 208 670 ... 473 • ■ • r ■ ■ 2\)o 49, 483, 687 ... 480 470 Ill, 378 ... ... ... Z \o ... ••• ••• 4 j " ... ••• o/jJUo 57, 105 05, 492, 622, C89, 749 ... ••• '>- ■ ' j ."l-'l • •l ••■ ••• *I I ' ' ... ... ... 688 51, 102, 657 • • • • • • ••• «* •' 72 «*■ •»• ••• ''-it -' • » ••• •••flU • • • ••• *• • «> •> ' ' *•• ••• ••• o*x*j 341, 348, 366 ••• ... ... 596 ... ... ... uO'' 448, 450 ••• •«• ••• 454 400 • •• • • • i , 1 ' ' J ••• ••• ... 54 101. 108 591 86, 220, 233 ... ... ... *j-j ■ ' 442, 453, 454 microbulbon . microcarpa Microcichla ., Micrococeus Microlepidotus Microperdix , micropholis micvophylla . microptera micropterus i microsticta Microstylis Microtana Microtias Migop]astis migrans Millettia Millingtonia Milvus... Miniensemia Mimetjs Mimusops minima... minimus Minolia... minor .. Minous .. minuta . minutum mioides mirabilis Mirafra Miralda mitcbelli mitis Mitra ... mixta ... Mnesta ... Modesta modesta-" moorens... moesta ... mollicula mollissima Mollugo Molpastes molucca moluccensis molurus mommas Momordica PAGE 556, 567 ... 480 50, 428 ... 334 ... 330 4, 530 ... %«• ••• ••• /^** 478, 480 • •« ••• ••• ••■ XUt> 422, 428, 661 ... •■• ••• •• • ^ i o ... ... 562, 563 •*. ••• ••• ••• '«* .•• ... ••• t)i(> M V*f 203, 216 107, 691 • a. ••• »•» • • • 4 < .> ■ •• ••• ••• • • • i J " ' 59, 107, 165, 494, 662, 691 • •• ••• ••• 4o0j4oy • •• ••• ••• ••• T'J*t ••• •*• ••• •••04^ 78, 104, 132, 475 ... •»» ••• ••■ *jOU • •• ••• •*• ••• «' x 481, 697, 726 329, 331,332 482, 496, 696 19 150 ... 149, 152 ... 103, 490 ** * ■ » • 4J I O ... 133, 138 620 221, 229, 233 457 ... 230, 234 448, 450, 457 ■ ••• •■ • *j.")U i »•» .** 'ill ... 152, 199 > * - , • * . ~j • .' .' ■ ••• <•» *i' i (' . • # . ■•• 4 ( U 47, 4S6, 686 ... 138, 644 186, 519, 758, 760 440 , 476 131, 148, 149, 10, 63, 78, 110, INDEX. lxv mona ... •• Monacanthus .., monachus monarchu8 monedula moneta ... monetella mongolia .. Morgolica mongolica .. Monilifer momlis monniera monochorda Monochoria monochroum .. Monoctyledones monogramma ., monogynum .. monoicum monolitha Alonopis monosperma .. monsonia montana montanua monticola PAGE ••• ... 205 • •• ... ooX 106, 181, 188 • • • ••• k £i*j 46, 760 ••• ••• "i ' > — ' «■• ••• ').'<> 496 8, 53 • •• ••• 1 ' 'v' ■•■ *•* -'«' ••• ••• 284: 478 604 481 90 • • • • • • MV 480 • •• ••• / 1 «3 476 •*• • • • *r i t* 278 618 • « • * ■ • "i ( • I Mucuna Mugil ... Mukia ... multifasciata . multiflorum .. multigutfcata ., multilineata .. mnltimaculata multipunctata multivittata ., • •• *♦• ••• ••• ** i & ...26, 78, 207, 210, 452, 480 54, 103, 688, 750 52,99,105,181,188, 422, 534 moorea ••• 216 mooreanua 79 moorei ... ... 210 Morganella 340 morinda 120 Mormula 217,218,233 morphina 470 Motacilla ... 55,56,103,138,489, 490, 622, 688, 720 Motacillida3 55,103 Mucor 335 mucosus...l81, 298, 393. 394, 530, 541, 762 mucronata 282, 644, 646, 647, 653, 655 • •• •** ••• ••• ilO ... 762 ... 476 „. 725 ... 418 ... 207 ... 197 187, 307 ... 46 ... 205 PAGE Mumiola 218 Munia 103 muntjac 742 Murasna 381 muraria 48, 686 Murex 86,219,220,233 muricatum 478 Murraya 343, 474 Mus ... 181, 189, 255, 256, 260, 265, 358, 359, 397, 407, 762 326, 332, 333 50, 102 • •• ••• • • . 1 *- / • • • •• • i • • tO>' ■•• ••• ••• bJJ ••# •■■ •• • i UJ • •• ••• £i\. i . 4OD 407,408 ••• ••• ••• 551 ••• ••• ••» JU7 ••• *■• ••• 725 • •• ••• ••• *.*r • • • ••• #* • X ' J -t • •• ••• ••• Out 78, 82, 720 169, 394, 534, 542, 543, 545, 548 ... 47,100,181, 422 • •• ••• ••• o21 • • • ••• ••• Do J. 344,345, 350 475,725 ••• ••• ••• 539 • •• •• • ••• / t)j 442,715, 716 ••• ••• ••• »>,)0 470 237, 630, 632 •.. ... ... 2o7 muscatensis ... Muscicapidte ... nmsciformis ... Musculus ... musicus musiva raussandamica MuBtela mutabilis muticus mutilata Mutilla muttui ... ... miitus Mycalesis mycoderma mycterizans MyiophoneuB .. Myristicora ... Myrmecides myrtifoh'us mysorensis mystaceus mystax Mythimna mytilaspiformis Mytilus Myzomyia Myzorhynchus... Naia naia ... Naidaceaa Naias ... nana nanurn ... narcondami .. 171,183,186,313,529, 535, 638 • • ••' » • > •■•0t>O • i ■■• ■ • » ••• 'rul • • ••• ••■ in 4M »• ••• ••• »•! lit • • ••• ••• ••• ll>J • • ••• •• ( (it u^l' lxvi INDEX. Narosa Nassa ... ... natans ... ••• nauarcbuB .. nayaca nebnlosa ... nebulosus Nectariniidse ... Nectariniinsa ... negrita Nelsonia nemoricola ... Nemotais Neoarctia ... NeobytbiteB Neopbrou ... Neottise nepalense nepalensis Nepbantis ... Nepberonia Neptis nercidum nervosa ... ... Nesocbia Nesorbyncbus ... nessus ... ... Netta ... ... Nettitim Nettopu8 Neuria ... ... Neurois nicsea ... ... Nicsea niceta nicobarica ... nicobaricas nicobariensis ... Nicotiana nictitans ... nietneri nigra nigrescens nigribasalis nigribasis nigricans mgriceps ... nigrifasoia ... nigrifasciata ... PAGE ■>•• ••• ••• X i> t • •• *•• *li'j uOO • •• ••• ■•• Doi 86, 222, 233 ••• ••• ••• *i IX 205, 830 ••• ••• /25j 726 • « • ••• ••• 1 ' 't • •• ••• •• • 1 v't 211, 436 ... 10,101,188,724 • •• • « € «• ♦ D 1 «7 • • • • •• ■•• - ' ' 0 59, 164, 494, 515, 662, 691 • •• ••• ••• TT'^iJ • •» ••• ••• J.'".' 104, 107, 163, 517, 659, 734 • •• ••• ••• Duo 79, 82, 102 225, 227, 233 ... ... ... J4U ... ... 358, 760 6-?Q • •• • •• •»• '-' — ,' • •• ••• •*• J lU 181,498,698 ... 18,64,498,697 18, 498, 525 442, 716, 717 •■• ••• *•• !•>.' • •• *•• ••• ~ V'O • • • ••• ••• *jUO • •• •• • aaa ' *t £99 • • • ••• ••• i Uu • a* «aa aaa O « ' -J • a a ••• ••• 1 *"> 1 ... 78,82,126,127 ... 74, 135, 159, 459 140,193 152,196 211,454 100, 101 • •• aaa ••• *J I O • p. a». 0^» 100 nigrifrons nigrilabris nigrilutea nigrimentum nigripennis 322, 330, 331, 333, 436, 518, 762 PAGE .. 205 .. 724 ,. 100 ,. 100 nigripileus nigrirufa nigristriata nigrocinctus .. nigrocuprea nigrogrisea nigroraarginata nigrosigna nigroviridis .. nigrovittatus .. nigrum nil nilgiriensis nili Niltava Ninox , Nipa nipalensis nipoua , nisus ... nitida ... nitidulum niveicola niveifascia aiveiguttata niveiplaga niveisparsa ... ... ... XuZ 102, 154 447, 448 ••• ••• ••, 175 ••• ••• aaa 7J.0 ••• ••• aaa 276 • t» ••• «., 004 •**■ ••• •■ s» ••■ 708 •■ ••• »»a 4 16j 717 »•• ••- ••• •»• 330 •• • •• ••• a*. 04d »•■ ••• a. a ••» 478 77, 102 •• *•• ••• ••• o28 102,427 •• ••• ••• aaa tO ■a ••• ••• m 644 436,437 •• ••• ••• ••* 1 10 .59,73,107,165,496,511 • • ••• ••• ... 644 *. ... ... ... 6/5 526, 7C0 • • ••• ••• ••• 282 >•• ••• ••• ... 402 •• ••• ■•• ••• 278 •• ••• ••• a* a 704 Noctua 445, 455, 457, 702, 704, 706, 7]0 275,276,402, 440 ■•• ••• ••• *•• 440 • •• ••• ••• ••• 284 ••• aaa • *. ... 479 152, 435 «•• ■■• aaa aa. 4o5 ••• ••• 9m» ••■ I -j J 290, 402, 452 ... ... ... ... Do8 Noctuidse Noctuinse nocturna nodiflora Nola Nolinge ... nomiuB ... Nonagria non-naia notatus Nothris Notocelia notodela notodonta Notodontidse Notozus novsegninefB 321 600 586 102 197 149 19 726 INDEX. lxvii novemfasciatus nubigera nubilata nubra ... nuchalis ftucifraga nudicaulis nudiflora ... nudus Numenius Numida nummifer ... numraularius ... nupta ... Nyaca nyeteris... nyeteroides Nyctiebus Nyeticorax nyetina nyctopis uydia nympha Nymphalidse ... Nymphcea ... Nympboeacese Nyroca 111, oatesi ... obelisca... Oberonia obliqua ... obliqui fascia obliquilinea obliquivitta obliviosa oblongus obovata... obsoura ... obscurior oDscuripes obscurus obsoleta obsolotella obtruncata obtiisiflorum obtusirostris obumbrata occidentalia PAGE 444,445 • -. ••• •■■ Zio *•• ••• ••• «Uo • • • • #• • •• «> r>_j 46, 158, 516 ••• ... ••• 481 9, 74, 496, 694 526 -••• * * . . « • ijij a • •• ••• ••■ 1 I u • • • • •» •• • I *J*t • •■ ••• ••• -ill ••• >•• •■■ loo • •• ••• ••• bUj ••• • • • #•« lol 17, 110, 498 460, 461 457, 458 ... ••• ••• *■>'*.' • •• ••■ ... Xit-I •»« ••• ... 0 / I J • • • ••■ ». • *T I t> ■■a ••• .. . "i i O 181,367,598,529,698 • •• ••• ••• 01 J 454,456 ... ... 562, 564 206, 208, 285 152, 435 206, 208 • •• .« • .* • TCU O • •• ... ... ool ...644, 645, 652, 653 137,455,458 • •* ••• * • • i I J- • •• •■• • • • 1 O ( • •• ••• »'«", I i u ...199,444, 445,687 ... ... ... •-) i» -j ... ... ... i '*-j .. . ... ... to 1 ... ... ... OOu ... ... ••• 714 166 occipitalis occultus ocellatum ocellatus ... Ochotona ... ochracea ocbreimargo ... ochreipuncta ... ochripes oohrocoma Ochromela ocropa Ochropleura ... ocropuB ocbrota Ocbrotona Ociuebra ocis octo octopuuctata... oculata Odonaspis ... Odoaestis odoiatissima ... odoratum Odynerus CEcophylla CEcophoridaa ... CEdematopoda ... OEdicnemitlai ... (Edicnemus (Enopopelia ... CEtheria CEur officinalis Ogygia Olacine© Olax Oldenlandia ... oldenlandiaa ... oldhanri Oleaceaa oleracea olivacea olivascens Oligodon ... oligodoa ... olitorius Olivella olor ... ... Omalixis PAGE 99, 104, 425, 659, 661 345,356 ••• ... ••• *y«J • •• ••• ■•• i -'■' • •• ••• *•* ' "J i 417, 710 • •• ••• ••■ *■• *J 1 • •• ■•» ••• —" ^ *■* • •• • •• ••• i-Ul ... ... ••• O JL O 102,154 • •• «•• ••• OOi 702, 705 152, 198 • »• ... • *• uO 220, 233 • •• ••• ••• 1 *t Z «•• •■• • • » -j Q'J • •• •» • ••• liD *•• ••• ... 000 346, 347, 35G 152, 198 • •« • •• » • • 4 i O ••• ••• • *» T ji O •■■ ••• ... o7o ••• ... 681, 685 • •• «•• #•• 0 ' *o ••• ••■ ■■■ oOo ••■ ■■■ 6, 108 6, 108 ••• ... ••• 495 •■• ••• •.« 95 ••• ••• ••• 7oZ 481,644,645,650,652 ••• ••• ••• i u z ••• ••• ••• 4/4 474 ••• ••• ••• 47b 144, 146 ••• ••• ••• 725 ••• ••• ••• 477 ••• ••• ••• 47o 147, 148 ••• ••• ••• 711 ••• ••• 186, 188 ...235,236,251,298 474 •«• ••• ••• 228 ••• ••• ... 697 ••• ••• ... 94 Ixriii INDEX. omanenais ... Onagracese Onebala onocratulus opalus opercularia Ophiocephalus... ophiomachus ... Ophiomorua Ophion Ophiops Ophisaurus Ophrydeas Ophrysia Ophthalmia ophthalmotgenia Opilia opis opismathes ... Opisthognatbus opistholeuca ... Opoatega oppositifolia ... Opuntia OTcO ... ... Orbifrona orbona ... Or«hidaces9 ... Orcbidese orchioideB Oreicola Oreocincla Oreocorya Orens ... ... Orgyia orientale orieatalis 73, 136, 477,495,558, Criolidte Oriolua ornata... ornatus Orneodea Orneodidaa Orosagrotia orphcua Orthenches orthiastia Orthosia orthotoma ... Orthotonus ... • •• ••• PAGE 324, 829, 330, 333, 334 «•• ••• • •• *x i O ••• ••• ••• 5"o ••• • ■• «•• Ot/O • ■• ••• ••• Jjx *•• ••■ ••• Oox • •• ••• ••• O _jt? • •• ••• ••• I &%. 725, 726 376, 684 • •• •• • •■■ I *J * J 171,724 • • * ••■ ••• TOO • •• ••• * • • o u 1 436,439,440 ••• ••• ••• oo'O ••• «• • ••• J ' i *t ••• ••• •■ • i. 00 225, 233 ... 332 50 481 ••• •• • ti 4 1 ) • •• ••• iOI ... ... 454 704 ... 480 ••• *■• ••• 473 ••• ••• ••• 480 102, 428, 741 102, 502, 657 103,182,659 • •• ••• •••lit) • •• ••* ••• 1 Jo 479 149,167,168,224,474, 670,678, 683,725,729 49,101 49,70,101,426,488 170,181,724 • •• ••• ••• OOtU • •• •• • ... 'lOi' ••• ••• ... 583 441,452,453 • •• •• • ••• «u 0 ••• ••• •..'>!_) • c« • •• • •» •>•' L 707,715 • • • ••• «• » l)uO 101. 153, 486 ••• ••♦ Oryctes orythyia oryzte Csbeclda ... oacillans oscitana ... Osmoteron Ostracion ... Ostrcea ... oatralegia oatralegu8 oayrensia ... Otidse Otitles Otocompsa Otocorys Otogyps Ottelia Otya ovalifoliam Ovipennis Uvia ... oxalina oxiana ... Oxira oxydala Oxygrapha Oxyptilua oxytropis Pachnobia pachyBpila Padraona pagodaDformis pagodarum Pagrus ... Palasornia pallicoBta pallida ... PalinaceEe , palmarum palmata , palpebroaa Palustra palustria Panacra Pancratium PAGE « • c- ••■ • . • no • •• *»■ >•• Oil 124, 125, 684 • •• #■•• •!» TlO 497 ... ... 15, 1 15 1, 107 i . • »»• •• • OO x. ■ •> • ■• ••# TT \> J ••• ••• ••• J ••• ••• ••• 4*'o • • • • • ■ • *• 4: / o 6, 108 ... ... 6, 108 ... ... . • • j ' ' * ' 70,100,153,397,483 56, 729 164,494 • • • ••• •• • lOU •370 • • • •• • • • • t» I -J •■ • •■• •• • TI t *.:' 152,434 376 «•• • • • • •• ' I •' • • • ••• ••• O >> O • •• ••• •• • i I ' ' 97Q ... ... 587, 588 581 582 •■» ••• ••• * ' * ' 710,711 • •• Baa ••• Ol J 721 • •• » • • . • • ( -J J. • •• ••• ••• *J J *' 49,70,101,427,488 • •• ... ••• 00O 58,72,106,167,188, 493, 621, 661 143, 146 455,474,478 79 • •• •• • ••• i ' 292,406,413 476 • •• ••* • . . I 1 ' ' 100,152,423 4,04 146,147 ••• *•• ••• iOI INDEX. Ixir Paudion pandora... • pandurseforniis Pangora paniculata . pannosa Pantasia . pantherinus - Papilio... papilionarifl . Papilionidae . Papilioninaa . papuana papuanum Paracossus paracyrta paradiseus paradisi... paradoxa Paradoxurus Paragrotis paralias... ParaplaBtis Parascolopus Parasitica Paraspistes Parata ... Paraxestia pardaria pareira ... parinda ... Parinse ••• Parkia ... Parkinsonia Parlatoria parlatoris Parnara... Painopes Parridaa Parthenos particolor partita ... par us PAGE 4-94 • • . ••• ••• XOO 4U 213,214 473 218 152, 198 ... ... ... ...33. 79,721 • •• •«• • •• •*• xJo ... 573, 721 791 ., , •*■ ••• ••• * ***■ • H9 186 152,194,195 ... 602 161,126 ... 27,50,71,102,277,4 88 443, 5G5 mmm ... Ib-L 454 ... 140 ... 203,216 329 ... ... 123 600 „. 442,715 »<,. ... ^77 • •• • •-* t/O 79 99 558 173 319, 350, 356 ... ... t>Ttj ... ... 7 J l ... ... 24 109 78, 82 ..) •■• loo ... 282 46,54,70,99,729,421,422, 485 parva ... Parviflora Parviflorus parvimaTius parvula paSBalus... Passer ... 12 50, 194, 693 479,644,645,648 478 ... ... ••• ••• 734 193, 203, 215, 667 133,138 30, 54, 103, 489, 658, 688, 750 Passeres... . passerinus Pastor ... patina ... patula ... paulina Pavo Pavoncella pectinata pectinatns pectoralis pedronis Pegasus Pelecanisa Pelecanus Pelecypoda Pellorneum Pellucida Pelopacus pelopcecida peltigera . pendula .. . penelope penicillata penicillatus . pennantii pennatus . pentadactyla , Pentadactylns Pentanda Peutaphylla . Pentaptes , Pentatropis , peperida peplides... peploides Percis ... percnopterus . perdentata Perdicula Perdix ... peregrinator ., peregrinum Peregrinus perfecta pergandii ■■ Pergeea ... Pergesinas Pergularia Pericallia Pcricrocctus .. PAGE 45,99 ... 661 488, 750 >• «•• i Ci b -» 228,477,479 TO 1 * »• • •• • I -J 1 ... 8, 107,525 74, 109, 496 289 481 99, 102 341,356 • * ••• an Oul >« • •• ••• X O 13,696 ■« **• ... bo • • ... ••* 1 vll 152, 201 . ... ... 680 .. « • -> ... -j i • • ... ... i1*r ... ... 478 .. ... 64, 698 5«, 346, 356 ... 409, 410 409, 411, 413 .. 59,164,494,511 • •* ... * . » 1 b-j , 726 ... 475, 4&0 '•• .«. •. • 4 t 4 • • ... ••• -lib ... 460, 461 ... ... 140 475 ..818,325,330,332 .. 59,106,662,691 ... 4, 495, 525 108 ... 494, 510 157,309,398 101,487,509 ... 350, 356 139,141,146, 148 • •• • ••• J D\j » ••• i • t 'ill' 203,212,214 . 19, 101, 420, 489 lxx INDEX. Peridroma Perilampus Perispbena ... Peristirnia Peristeropodes... Pernambucensis Pernis Perornata perrotteti persarum persica persicus... 14, persimilis personata perstriata pestuTa petersi petiolata petiolatus Petrophila Petroscirtes Phabinsa pbajocepbala ... pbseopus ..» Phseosaces ... Phagius Phaius Phalacra Phal acrocoracida? Pbalacrocoracinse Pbalacrocorax... Pbalsena Phalana... phalantba ... pbalaritis Pbalaropua Pbaloniadse Pbaoa Pbarangitis pbaretrata pbarmaceoid.es pbaroeusis Pbasianidaa pbayrei Pbaylopi3 Pbeidole Pbeisama Pbelsuma ... Pbilampelus ... pbilarctus PAGE ... ... ... Did 127,684 ... ... •-. 613 220, 221, 233 .'. 108 94 166,494,529 205,207 211,212 217, 233 ... 98, 173, 224, 232 825, 327, 330, 832, 383, 689 79 56, 156, 688 ••• ... ••• 44d ••■ ••■ ••• 4oy * • » •• • ••• i j-*~f 117, 122 51, 102, 657 828,331,333 • •• ••• • • • J. ' ' 103,397 9, 74, 496 ... 604, 605 • •• • ■• ••• ODD 418,419 13, 110 13,110 13,74,110,497,696 208, 214 • •> ••• ••« *j i 1 *• • ••• *•• O i 9 • •• ••• •• • *> J "X 63,496 • •• •■■ ••• OoJ • »» ••» ••* -*- i l ••• ••• ••• o«/7 • •• ••• ••• 0 Jo ••• ••• ••• 47b • •• ••• ••• Vat 3,61,107,512 100, 107 ... 479 ... 760 • •• ••• ■•• J J 1 • •• ••• ••• 7 • » • ••• • * • o I ■ «> ... 627, 635 ... 104 78 305, 389, 529, 530, 541 • •• * . • ••« iol 72, 104,171,397, 491 • • ■ * . . *•» ll't 127, 684 78, 289 287 t*» ••• <>•• 7^6 • •• ••• ••• lid ... »•« ••• 480 ««• . o » 1 I''. 'Il'l 14, 110 110 310, 759 ... ... 663, 564 322, 323, 761 124, 684 330, 332 583, 586 o . . • « * *• . tc!) •* • ••»■ ••• J.U — ** ••• «•■ loD • •• ... ••• 4U9 • •* ••• ••• Oj/ • •• •» • ■tali)/ ... 616 ... 479 ... 761 703, 707 ... 602 470 ... 761 -.. 454 ... 212 ... 481 ... H.35 ... 606 >•• ••• pleurosticta Pleurotoma Pleurotomella... plicata Ploceidaa Plocemaa Ploceus Plotinas PlotOSUS' Plotns plulotina Plumbago ... plumbea plumbeola plumbicolor ... plnmbifusa Plusiansa Plutellidse pluvialis Pnoepya podana Podargi Podargidse Podicipes Podicipididse ... poecilorhyncba... poecilum ... poecilurus ... Pogostemon Poiaciana A O I 1 rl Ba „ 44, # PoHoaetus ... poliocepbalua .., poliogramma ... poliorhiza poliotis ... Polistes polyandrum Polyatithes Polycarpea Polygonaceol ... polysoni ... Polygonum Polygraphus ... Polynemus ... Polyocba Polyodonlopbis Polypodiacese... polysperma ... Pomacentrus ... Tonatia PAGE 151, 152 86, 222, 233 •»• ••• ••• Jlu ... 469,480 52, 103 ••• ••* ••• 103 103, 48t> t<« ... 15, 110 ••• ... ... 7ol ... 13,110,437, 515 • • • ••• ..._•>•! ••• •»• ••■ OliJ • •* •• • ••• 307 ■ ■■ ••• ... Jul 183, 390 ... 152, 197 ... ... ... 440 ... ... ... 608 ... ... ... 694 ... ... ••• 101 ••• ... ... 58.) ... ... a. . 1 ' ' ■ ' • •a ... ... 105 ... 18,111,498, 699 74, 41, 498, 525, 529 »• . ••• •• • X 00 •»• • • . ••• oOj .«■ •* • *• • 4 < J ••• •■• ••• Da[) 275, 276, 278, 279 ••• *•• ••• 10/ 6,108,425, 495, 661, 693 704, 709 ••• ••• ••• *j t it • •» • •* ••• I TV ... 677, 678 474, 479 867, 869 *•• ■*• ••• "i * O • •• ••• ••* *r i .' • •• ••• •*• D03 ••• *•• •■• 4/y •»• «•• 127, 684 761,762 ... ... ... 405 188,297,526 • •• ••• ... -Ioj ■•• ••* # • • *' i «' • •• •*■ *•, Ot$v" • ■• •*•• Ml tJ * ■ 2X11 INDEX. PAGE Pomatorhinus 99,153 pondiceriana 724 pondicerianus... 4,70, 101, 108, 188, 487, 495, 525 Ponerinse Pontederiaceae... populnea ... porcellus porcus porosus Porpax porphyria prophyricollis... Porphyrio porrectus Portulaca ... Portulacese Porzana postflavida postfusca Potamogeton ... Pouzolzia Pradatta prsecox praslatus praeopercularis Pragmatobia ... Praina ... prasina... prasinus Pratincola ... ... 688 481 529 141 ... 141 • • ■ ••• / w ■ * r», 563 • . • ••• i lo 454 6,108, 495, 693 ... ... loJ pratincola prejevals-ki Premna prevostiana ... Primula Prinia prinioides ... Prioneris Priatipoma Pristocersea ... Pritchardia Problepsidis ... Procarduelis ... Procellariidsa ... procer ... procera procne Proctotrypes ... Proctotrypidae... • • • ■•• •• • *x i O •« , *•■ * ■ • *r / O • • • •■ • ■ '% lil'V) • •• •• • ••■ j'lll ••• »• • •• • ill • •• ••• « • • "1 0 1 » ■ # ••• • *• 4 o \) • * • ••• ... *i*i.l) 455, 713 114 202, 203 *•• ••• ••• ••• oJLu • •• ••• ••• •»• til ... 169, 543, 547,548,550 ...50, 71,102,181,427,489, 687, 744, 750, 760 ... ... ... ... T.)l> •«• ... 162 479 • • » •• • if U / 705 101, 487, 687 474 ... ... / •' ... ... OOv ... ... Toy ... ... 355 195 • •• • •' i oJ • •• ••• J I ••• • • • b / J 452 145 124 ... 124, 684 procumbens ... procumbesis ... Prodenia ... Prometheus prominulum ... Pronomenta ... pronuba Propasser proregulus proserpina Prosopis Prosopodasis ... prostrata prostratum Protagrotis protens proxima prunosa Psaltica Psammodriidas Psammodynastea Psammophia ... Psammopteri8 Psaphara ... psaphon ... Psarisomua ... Psaroglossua ... psaroides Pseltodes Pseaes Pseudaglea Pseudochromis Psendococcus ... Psendograbhamia Pseudogyps Pseudomalascis Pseudorhombus Pbeudoscarus ... Pseudotautalus p3endot33mata pseudothyrsoidea pseudovigil ... psilotis ... Psithyrus Psittaci psittacina ... Psittacidas Psyche Ppycbidse Pterocarpus ... Pterccles 181, TAGti «•• ... 47 1 ... ... iod ... ... ZoO ... 134,137 ...86,88. 232 52, 744 424 • • • ••• • ■ • *j It • •* ••• ••• 17 Jb ... ... ... 351 • •• ••• •.a*xit7 ... ... . • • "I t J 442, 718,719 849, 350, 356 137, 146, 438 78, 146 ••• • . • •■ • O' '*r • • » *• • ■•• T| U • •• .* * .. . J.OO 188, 529, 580 ••• **• •• • t x\3 ••• .*• ••• • O mwm ••• ••• 1 (J*r • •• • • • • • • 1 \)\J 47,100, 424 329 ••• ••• •!» Ill) ••• •• * .. . Oo\j »■■ ... •• • 1 JJ i ■ •• •• . ••• *J — t > 106, 164, 494 ••• ••• ••• S4 ••• ••• •• • ooU ••• *•• ... DO J ••• ••■ ••• 11(1 • •• • •* ■■■ *it> / • •• •• • *.» • >ol **• ■• • ••• J. 4 *j *•* ... ... o I '*j *• • ••• • * ■ 1 o ~j 58, 106 ... ... ... AS ... ... 58, 106 194 193. 401 .*• ••• ••• ' J -j I ? 188,495, 514 525,691 INDEX. lxxiii Pterocleteg PteroclidiB Pteroclurus Pterognia Pteroia Pteromalua Pteromyg Pterophoridaa ... Pterophorus ... pteropus Pteruthus Ptychozocra Ptyctolsemua ... ptylorkyncha ... Ptyodactylus ... Ptyonoprogne... pacilla Pucrasia puellaris puera Puffinus pugnax 5, pulchella pulcherrima -.. pulcherrime ... pulcherrimus ... pulchra Pulex pullata pulverosa pulvemlentus ... pumila purailia punctata punctator punetatam ... punctatus punctigera punctivaga punctiveiiata ... punctulata ... punctum ... Punica puris Purpura purparatus ... purpurea ... purpurciventris purpureomaculatus pusilla ... putris ... ••• •• • *•• »•♦ «•• ••• PAGE 61, 107 137, 181, 188, 306,691 • •• ••• •• • IVJ 10m ••• • • • «>oU • •■ ••• ■•■ UO T 181, 517 ... 581 • •• >■■ ooJ ••• ... 622 ... 423 ... 724 ... 726 ... 526 ... 55, 103, 515,659 ... ... r.-. o ... ... 61, 663 ... ... ... ItD ... ... ... 684 14, 497 74, 108, 109,496, 525 ... 20,215,332,475 ... 86, 92, L'32, 281 558 • a* ••• ■•■ 5J ... ••• ••• 4 OO 264,267 • •• ••• ..._/•> • •• ••• .. • •• <>"-* \> 186,519, 758, 76a ... 89- 343, 356 ... 330 ... 482 25,289- ... 211 18, 498- ... 481 ... 475 226, 232 475, 478,644,645,652. 2S7, 248, '250 »•* ••• *• • i 1 ' ' • •• ••• - * . *J '. ' J 91,446,449,470,713- 106, 164r ••• ••• •* • Out) •■• ••• •■• Zc& • •• ■•• ••• I T '■* Ixxir INDEX. PAGE 441,443 211,212 5,62,108 5, 108 ... 78,101,487,749 292, 298, 300, 306, 758 ... 476 • •• ••• ••• • "O • »• ... *•• O.K..- 78, 720 «•• ••• IOj, •L\) j. • •« • •• ••• *j01 189, 255,256, 260, 265 701,702,710 289 96,233 701,702 ••■ •*• ••• 1 iio 563, 564 49fi 188,694 , 478 ... 61, 107, 152, 193 520 ... 86,97,232,233 97 133,135, 329 • •• ••• 78 101 717 ... 286, 70'?, 705, 710 474 • •• ••• ••• O-J 475,476 • •• • •• • •••SOI • •• • •• ••• t / o 455 2"H ••• ••• • •• — — I • t < ••• •• • JL r 1 • •» ••■ »i» l/d 711 4k* • • • • « • — O O retusa ... 230, 231, 234, 475, 480, 520, 582 Rhagastis 139, 147, 148 KhamnaceEe ... ••• 474 Rhamphoschisma 132 rheedii 565,644,645,649,650 Rhinacantbus 479 Rhinoceros ... ... 160 Raghura Ragendra Rallidaa Rallina Ltiiitui ... ... Rana ... ... Randia ... ... Bannunculus ... ?apa ... «•• Rapala ... Ratarda Raterdid® rattus ... Ratufa ... ravida ... ... reclusa recondita rectangula rectifascia reourva recurvata Recurvirostra ... recurvirostris ... Peflexa ... refalgeas regia reglstimoideB ... Registoma regulus remba retnifer ,.. ... renalba renalis repanda raparata repens ... repleta reptans repulsa ... resplendens restricta .. . reticulata retracta... .. retranens Rhinolopbus ... Rhinoplaoe Rhinoptilua Rhipidura Rhizophora 644, Rhodogastria ... Rhodomessa ... rhodophila Rhodosea Rhodosoma ... rhombeatus ... Rhomboiduthys Rhopalopsyche Rhopodytes Rhyacia Rhyacoruis rhynchias Rhynchium Rhyncolaba Rhynchosia Rhyneopinje ... Rhincops ... rhyncopa Rhyparia Rhyparioides ... Rbytidoceros ... Rhyzagrotis Khyzocarpeas ... Richia ... riciai ridibimdug riparia risorius... Rissoina Ristella rivularis rivulata robertsii robusta Rohana romalea rosea roseipennis roseopersicina ... rosetta ... PAGE" • »• •*» '?- vol •• • •• • • •• I U D • •• • • • • ••>*» "O ...102,154,427, 489 645, 647, 653, 654, 656 203,212,215 ... ... ... 75 • • • ••• •» « Ji\j*y ••• ••• ••• 41 0 ••• ••• . • . I ■> -i • • • •• • •*>• Out • • * ••• * ■ . o r> u 138, 189 ... ... ... 106 454, 460 51, 422, 428 ... •«• ... 586 • •• ••• ...lilt) 139, 147 • • • ••• •• • "1 f D 110 • ■■ »« « i* ■ 1 I '.' • • • ••• •• • . 1 ' * / • •• ft ft ft • ••_>' *t • •• ••■ i*i zuo 529, 620 455 482 442,714,715 212,213 11, 63, 497 55, 4 80 3,6<\ 107, 495, 691 ... 86, 97, 231, 233 • •• •• • ••« / -J ' ' 141, 287 • •■ •«• ••• t > •> L • •• • •» ••■ .IMP 290, 530, 702 ••• ••• ••• ( O 89, 232 142,167, 331 • •• ... ••• O^.T • •» ••• •>■ .».>'> • •• ' * ... 1*1,") roseuB, 111, 181, 330, 488, 498, 696, 697, 750 »•• ••• ••• •■■ j • ' -' ••• ••• ••• *.•)'. \)Zl • • • ••• ••■ »• . J *t ' > 11, 108, 436 rossica ... rosBii rossina ... Rostratula INDEX. Ixxv PAGB >■ «• •■ • ».'-J *.' • • •• ••• 4/4 94, 233 • • • ■ «•• i . J *> • ••« ••• 4/4 • «•• ••• iJ v • ••• ••• / 24 ... 474, 480 478, 480, 558 129,359, 727 71, 102 92, 232 476 ... 704, 708 • •• ■ •• • 1 44 >■ ••• ••• *j i (.» • ••• «•» jUu • ••• t«* «'/0 283, 473, 479 ... 140, 445 • ..1 ••• I 1 0 >« ••• ••• J II I • ••• • «• 4 I «7 ...99,502,503 107,358, 475 • ••• ••• O'/ ... 100, 397 99, 155 ...99, 108, 181 ... 162, 194 . ... ... 406 181, 498, 698 • ••• •■• 4 1 ■ ••• • » • JL 1 4 . 51,10.0, 102 489 . ... ... Ood ... ... 55 102,490,515 , ... ... boo 225 • ••• • • • D f) O 707 55, 659 • • • <•. Ill russellii 173,174,314,330, 374,535, 762 rustica, 46, 99, 103, 489, 622, 686, 688, 749 rusticula ... 10, 63, 663, 695 Rutacese 474 Ruticilla 51, 102, 489 Kuticillinas > ••• 102 Rotbora... ... rothiana rohala-cathavinea rotunda rotundifolia ... rotundum rouxii... Roxburgbiana... Roxburghii roylei rubeculoides ... rnbelliana rubens Rubiacesa rubicilia rubicundus rubida .. rubilinea rubitineta rubra rubiescens rubricosa rubripygius ... Ruellia rufa rufescens ruficandus ruficeps ruficollis ruficularis rufidorsia rufigenis rutina rufinuchalis ... rufipes rufiventris rufonigra rufuLi rufulus ... ... rufus rugosa < rugula ... ... Rumex rupestris rupistriga rutila rutilus sacer sacchare]]a Saccbarornices saga sagitta sagittata Sagmatias Salacia... ... Malarias oaJ6a e*o ... ealicifolia Salix ... Salpornis saltiana Salvadora Salvadoraceaa ... salvator Salviniaceaa sambac Sand ori cum sangaica sanguinea sanguinolenta ... sannio Sauseviera Sanura Sapindaceae Sapium sapphiropa Saptha sara ... ... Sarangesa Sarcidiornis ... Sarciophorus ... Sarcocblamys ... Sarcogramnus... sarcopis Sarcostemma ... saraata Sarothripinse ... Satara ... ... satious sattadra satura saturatus Saturniadsa PAGE 55, 498, 515 . ... i>oy ... ... ... 621 405 ••• ••« ... 334 134,186 ••• ••• ••• 457 ••• ••• ••» 458 ••• ••• ••• 5£8 ... 474 327,331,333 • •• ... ... 726 ... ... 4/5 151, 707 101, 514 • •» ••• ... 4oJ ••• •♦• ••• x 7*> 477 181,622,726 •■• ••« ••'* 4o J ••• ... ••• 477 • •• •*• ... OOq ••■ ••• *.«.« Ji\JO • •• ••• ... 5o 446,448 204,729 • •• ... ••• 4ol) • •• ••• ••• ^04 "•• ••• • »• 4 / i> . 172 ••• ••• ••• 0O8 ••• ••■ ••• 610 • •• •■• • • ■ jiU 78, 81, 721 75, 111,397, 498,526 7,109,495 ••• • •• •■• 55o 7, 109, 495 • •• m*t •■• t)UO • •• «•• •«• 4 / o 704 403, 440 • • ♦ «•• ••• JikO •-. ... ... 474 ••• ... >i. wli ••• ... ••• 5J9 425, 661 129,684 lxXVl INDEX. eatyra ... Satyridse Satyrinsa saularis saundersi savala ... Savara ... Haxatilis Saxicola Saxicolinse Scaber ... scabra ... Ecabrella scabriceps Scaaorhynchus scaeoBoma Scala Seaphopoda scapifiorura scapulosa Scatophagus Sceliphron schach... schistaceus sehisticeps Bchistosus Schiziaceaa echneideri Schoeniparus Bcholaris Bchrad ... sciasna ... Seilla ... Scincus ... Scindaspis scisstirella scitula ... Sciuridse Sciurus ... Scolia ... Scoliid© Scolopacinaa Scolopax scolopax Scolopsis Scolytua Scomber Scopelus scopinucha Scops Scorpana 50, PAGE *r* ••• • •• O mj *J »•• ••• ••• O/O 720 102, 489, 755 13, 110, 497 • •• ••• •■■ l04 • •• ••• ••# — Ut 52 102, 687, 688, 748, 750 ••• ... ••• lOJ 476, 725,761 mi ••• ••< iio 476 •is ••• ••■ boo • •• ••• • • * *' »' ... ... 607 ••• ••• Jib) 2oo .a. ••• IK OO • • • ••• * • • *i < D 1 204 • •• •• ••• i\)£ .». ••• ••• Do" • * * *•• *•• i — $ • •• ••• ■•• I ' '_> ... 68,99, 106, 661 186, 391, 529 482 726 181 520 334 762 481 726 481 233 221 405 737 679 685 109 695 108 330 684 330 329 638 661 331 ••• ••« •a* • •• 95, ••• ••• •■• ••• ... 292, 397, 406, 409, • • ••■ • * ••• ... 679, 10, ... 10, 63, 663, 6, • •• •• »•• • • • •• ••• iZi y ldl) ••• • •• ... 59, 73, 163, 493, ... ... ... OtiU. Scotia ... Scotophila scouleri Scrobigura Scropknlarinese scutatus Scutellista scutosa scutulata Scyphiphora ... scythe... Sebastiana ... sechellarum Secusio seena ... segetis ... selenampba selenopis semialata semifasciata ... semifasciatus ... semiherbida ... semihyalina ... 8emipalmatU8 ... senegalensis ... senegallus sensitivum ssparata... ... sepiaria sepiferum Sepophis septentrionalis Serelophus Serinope Serranus serraticeps ... serrator serva Sesamia Sesamitis SessiU ventres ... Setagrotis setigerus severtzovi severns sexlineatuB siamcnsis Sibiinas sibirica Sicania ... StCCtl •« • it* PAGE ... ... 454 ... ... •!• /Xu 50, 428 436, 438 • •• ••• #•• i/O 724, 726 • * • •• • ••• IaO ••• •• • .a . 4 %0 ••• ••• ••• i o • •• ••• ■•• Oil ••• ••• ••• i>~ y • •• ••• • • # *t L W ■•■ ••« ••• loo 203, 215 109, 167, 516 ... ... 454, 455 ... ... ... -iO'i ... ... ... 606 ... ... ... x f O 134, 136 • •• ••• ••• OOa ••• •• t .a. 4 1 O • •• ••• • . . *j•-> ... ... ... 603 ••• ... .. . I t) L .a. ... a*. — ''i • •• ••* ••• HI • •• •*• ••* I .' »' • ■• aaa ••• *' ' O ••• ••• ••• -'O-j •a • ••• • ••> J 1 ( »» . ••• »• • t lO »m» ■•• ... t.)«)*J • a a ••» ... " •* 166, 518, 530 • •• ••• ..a bOO ... ••• ... 180 50, 427, 530,531, 744 a*. ••• *aa 400 • •• ••« •• a I lv INDEX, lxxvii Bichima sicula ... Sida siderantba Biderarcba Biegsbackia siehi sigma ... aigna sibama sikkiuia sikkimensis silbeteasis Sillago ... Sima similare simile ... similis simillima Simoteg simplex... simula 8imulan8 simulata sincera ... sindens ... sindensis sinens ... sinensis... singalensis singbela singularis sinhala sinica ... sinuata ... sipahi •■• Sipbia ... Sires Siricidaa... SlLu> ••■ sitana ... Bitune ... Sitotroga Sitta ... Sittidaa ... siva aivalensis amaragdina Bmaragdinana BmaragdinuH emaiagditia 13 PAGE • •■- •••- •■• ••• I xo ••■ • •• •*• ••• *0 0 ... ••• ••■ *•• 4 44 • ■ • *• • ••• •••-000 614, 615 • •• ••• • •• ••• -t 4 4 • •• ••• «*# ••• It'-' ■ •* • »• • •<■ •*• i uo ••• ••• ••• ••• /U-j • •• ••• • •• •!• lOl 150,284 148, 208, 277 • *• »•• ••• • •• XtO • •a • •• ••• .«. I Ol • •• • • • • • • tH Do* • •• ••• ■■• *•• »' A 47, 99, 422 79,451,750 • s • ••• ••• ..i IUj ... 169, 186, 188, 262, 762 100, 126,346,405,480,684 • •• ••• •»• ••• OoX. ••• ••• •*• ■••'-XX • •• ••• ••■ -•• 20* • •■• ••• »•• ••• 400 • • • ••• *•• • • • O t > U • ■• ■•• ••• OlOj "ill • a* ■•■ »• • « * • -> OJ ...17,81,100,103,106,493 *•# ••• • •• ■■• 4 0 • •# ••• ••• *^S * ' *■ • •> ••• ••• ••• tcOrt ••• ••• • •• ••• /o ••• ••• *•• **• Joo 78, 276, 281, 446, 448, 701 • •• ••• ••• ••• -JlO • •* • •• ■•• ••• •■'V.I 119,129,684 *«• ••• ••• 11/ j XXJ • ■• ••• ••• .*. t <> • •• ••• ■•• ••• /-j*r ••• •»'• ••• XoO| loo • •*■ • •• ••• ••• 1 1 J J 48, 153, 424 ... ... ... ... 4o ... ... ... ... /uj ... ... ... ... XKiZ ... ... ... 681, 684 ... ... ... vol ... ... .. . "I i ' ' ... ... ... 610 Smilax... smitbii smyrnensis socialis sodalis Solanacese ... Solandri Solanum Solariella Solarium Solea ... ... Solenopsis solitaria ... sollers sondaicus ... sonnerati Sonneratia 558, Sopbaga sordida sordidescens ... Sorgbum Soritia ... soncbifolia Sowerbyana ... spadicea Sptelotis ... sparverioides ... Spatalia epatbias ... Spatula... ... spatulata ... Spatulifimbria spectabilis spectralis spergula ... Spergularlsa .., Sphegidaa sphernias Spbenocercus ... Bpbenurus ... Spbetta ... Spbex SphingonaeopBiB Spbinx sphilocephalus Spboerantbus ... spicigera spiculifera Spilantbes ... Spilarctia Bpilonota PAGE ••• ■«• ••• 4o 1 103,318,325, 332, 515 105,155,492 101, 487 ••• *>• ••« *> * J .». *••- •• • 4 » o • • • ••■ • .» X ( ' i 478, 592 >■• ••• ••• «.' J ... 92,98,231, 232 ••• » • • •■• i1*j" ••• ••• odd • • • >•• ••• Do . . . ••• Hit ill) ■•• ■•)• • • . OOO 3,107, 525 644,645,650,651,654 • •■ ••• >■• t>'' ... 55, 146,204,210 208, 210 ••• ••• ••• Via ••• •»• ••■ O.'J 477 ... 4, 107, 495, 525 ■ • ■ ••• ••• 4 0«7 422, 661 ,. 150 *•• ** • ■■■ 0*7 I 64, 515, 698 ••• ••• o4o, dob •■• ••• «•• j y *• 204,205 • •• • •• ■•« Os7 o *«• •■■ ••• 4: I O • •• ■•* • • • xix • •• ••• ••• DoU •*• ••• •»•• O" l 107, 663 107, 663 • o • •« • ••• J'u 680, 684 • ■• ••• ••• J.O.-I 135,136,138,140,147 • •• ••• ••• ooX • j • ••• ••• 4/1 • •• ••• ••• X t Jd • •• ••• ••• 'TOO ••• •• • ••• ' i I 205, 209 101,518 lxxviii INDEX. spiloptera Spilornis Spilosoma Spilota spilotella Bpilurus... spinarum spinifer ... spinifera ... spinoidefl Spiuolia spinomarginata spinosa ... Spinthuris spinula ... ... spirata Spizaatus &plendens 99, splendidus spodochtha ... Spodoptera Spoelotis Bpondias Spolseginthus ... spulatrix spurea Bqualida squalidior squalidura squalornm squamatus BquamoBUS ... Sqnatarola ... Stachyobium ... Stachyrhis Stachyotis Stachyrrhidopsis Stactocichla ... stagnatilis Btandeni standfussi 8taphylococcns Btaterias ... Stauropua Steganopodes ... Stegomyia Stelis Stellaria stellaris stellatarum stellifera PAGE 100, 324 165, 494, 662 ...204, 208,210, 212 145, 702, 714 600 • •« ••• O.J 1 j OOO • •■ ••• ■•• Oto ••• ••• ••• ooU ■•• ••• •»* 4 • »b ... ... ... 658 • » » « « • * • • ill ••• ••■ J54-5, ooo • •• ••• .♦. toU • •• •»• «■■ *wv ... 456 • •• ... ••• *y 1 O 165, 182, 517 449, 484, 493, 746, 759 • •• ... ••• OOZ • •• ••• •••QUI • •• ••• •■• Lot) 702, 714 • •• ••■ ••• 0 1 o 71, 103 171, 641 • •• ••• ••• ZZO • •* *•* • •• TUl' ••• • • » Hf 40U ... ••• ••• IUt 460 57, 659 • •■ ••• ••• >» -i «» • •• ••« ... 4Vo ••• ••• 562, 566 100 • •« ••• ••• o i *j 100 • •• ••* «*• « ' »' • •• ••• «/« x • '*) • •• ••• ... — J . •' • •• ••• 'i. II I • •• • •• ••• ijOTl ••• ••• ••• *>I*> ••• ... ••• .LOU 13, 63, 110 237,239,240 • •• ••• ••• oo7 ••• ••• • . • i U I 696, 707 132,133,135 ... ... ... *ol Stenodactylns ... Btentor stentorius stentsi stenura Sterculiaceaa ... Sterna. ... 12, 13, Sterninje stewarti Stictopterinae ... stigmata stigmatophora JStipularis - ... stipulata stoddartii Stogomyia stolatus... stolon if er Stoparola 8tracheyi straminea ... Btratiotes streperus Strepsilas Strep tocaulon ... striata ... striatura striatus strict a stridens ... Striga ... strigata strigatula ... Striges strigiliDeata ... Striglina strigosum strigulata striolatus Strix ... 72, Strobilanthes ... strobilanthi ... Strobilanthus ... Strongylura Struthisca studiosa ... Sturnia Sturnidse ... Sturninus Stumogaster ... PAGE • •• ••• •«• i — O • • • ••• •• • 4 ijO 70,101 703,705 11,496,095 474 109,110,188,497,515, 516,530,696 12, 109 55, 658 ... 440 207, 208 • •■ •• ••• 1ii>-' *•• ••• ••• lo" • •• ••• ••• •'.> Ji I *•• •«• ... i ' -j 4 ••• ••• ••• t>i>x ... 301, 302, 390, 547 ••• ... ••• DO * 102,153,427 55,359, 397, 658, 760 • •• ••« ••• HOI ••• ••• ••• 4&1 396, 529, 697 495, 622 • • • ••• •■» 4 i i ... 5, 108, 149, 489 ••• ••• ... 40t> 330, 396 476, 479 • ■• ••• <■•• O v (' ••• •■• ♦ • • 4 i o 210,215,318,829,331 ••• ••• •• • Z ± u 58,106,163 • •• • • . ••• A&i 151,196 • •• ••■ .. • 4 / o ••• •■• ••• j')6 ••• ••• 72. 176 181, 396, 397, 493, 761 ■«• ••• ••• oZZt ••• ... 352, 856 ■•■ ••• ••• oOi5 ■ •• ••• ••• i o A 614,615 • •• *•• ••• 0«tX 101,488 49, 101 49, 529 • •• ••• ••• AKrA INDEX. lxxix Sfcurnopastor ... Sturnus... ... Suastus ... puavis subarquata subbuteo ... subcaerulea subcorpulenta ... subcorticalis ... subcristatus subcurva ... subdita subdolens ... subfascia Bubfasciatus ... subgriseub subgutterosa ... sublines ... sublineatus submarginalis •.. subpunctalis ... fiubpunctatus ... subptirptirea ... subrufloollis ... snbsequa ... subspinifera ... succinctum succinea succisa ... ... Sueda ... ... suffructicosa ... miffusa ... ... sugens ... ... sulcata ... ... snma ... ... submatrana ... sumatrensis ... sundara •superciliftris ... superciliosa ... 6uprem'im suratensis Burgens Sarniculus susanuse... ... Sutbora... suturius suya swinhoei Sydiva ... sykesii ... ... PAGE ... 70 49, 101,138, 488,687 • ■• «•• ... i O ••• ••• ... i k\f 10,75,496 60, 107, 396, 496, 663 • • • » • » • • • -j L. 351, 356, 710 . . b • » » ••• t *d\9 ... 280 ■ ■• • » fc * » » i O ••• ••• •••*'' J • •»> ••• ••• — 'O • •• ••* -» 00 m. • •• •• * *•• ~i »'o • «b ••• • • •> • *' 'O • •• •■• ••* 0')'J 406 • •• ••• ••• -j •' -L • •• •«•» ••• jJ / ... 188, 526 *• » ••• •• • Oit y • •• • •• *• • 4 vl • » « • * • « » . ^1 \ ' i • * . • •• •■■ J ' / 445 •©• • •» ••• OX • •• ••■ »•• J < >> • «• ••• • • • I T I 148,145,198 • •« » * s r, o • O t > *r ..« ••• • s • 00 >•»•-■ ••« •*■ *I I '.* ••• ••% .«• 482 160, 555 4.97 5, 102, 108, 427, 4S5 87, 232 3, 60, 495 ... 204 ... 424, 661 483 101, 153, 486 101,426 276 225, 232, 233, 487, 760 sylvanus sylvatica sylvestre Sylvia sylvia ... Sylviadaa symbiotes sympiesta synsBiua Synagropa Syuaptura Syngenaspis Synstiotis Syntomidae Syntnmis Sypheotjdes Sypheotis Syr nium syrnola ... Taccaceas ... Taccocua Tacbardia Tacbomis Tachydromus ... Tadoma tseniolatus tasniopterus Tasniorhynchus Tagttes tauki Tapes Taphozons taprobane ... taprobanus Taragama tardigradus Targionia Tarsiger Tatargina ... Tathorhynchus taty taurina taxicolor tJGct n •• • •• • LC6SH* ••• ••• Telchinia Telecrates PAGB 103,182,659 477, 478 ... 48, 101, 487, 687 134,136 48,101 86, 229, 230 • •• ■•• ••• b 1 % ••* ... ... 329 ••• •*. ••• oiy ••• ■•> ... 349 ••• ••• ••• 1 • ' L ... 151, 152 ••• ... 526 73, 108, 388, 495, 526 58, 493 • •• ••• •• • - 1 0 • •• ... 481 • * » ... 481 • •• ... 106 ... ... 607 ... ... 492 *•• ... 726 • •• 526, 697 • •• ... 725 ... 170,725 287, 631,635 ... ... 477 ••• ... 5 • •• ... 470 * - • ... 170 78, 7$ , 80, 435 ... 344, 356 •• • ... 197 ... ... 181 •• • ... 344 ••• ... 428 ... ... 213 ••• ... 290 ••• ... 761 ■•• ... 329 ... ... 136 ••• ... 110 ... 107, 494 • •• ... 573 • ... 602 It xx INDEX. Telescopium ... Telmia Telustei Temenuchua ... temmincki ... temperata tenax ... ... tenebricosus ... tenehrifera tenebrosa tenera ... ... tennentii Tenthredinidss tenuifolia tenuis Tephrodornis ... tephronotus ... Teracolus Teramnus TeratolepiB Terebra Terebrantia ... Terekia Terepon teres terminalis ... terminata ... Terpsiphone terracotta terricola X GSlc* ••• ■■• lG8v^CG3 ■*■• •• • testaceum ... testaceus tetracantha ... tetradactylus ... Tetragallus Tetragoge Tetrapergia tetraspila tetrax thalia thalictroidea ... Thalpopbila Thalpophiloides Thamnobia 71, Thanatarchia ... thapsina Thaumantis these theclata ••• • •• •■■ • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• PAGE 471 ... ... 40* .... ... 761 49, 70, 101, 427, 488 ... 47, 100, 422, 496 ••• *•• -•• 44o 631, 635 ... 717 145, 283 ... 204 ... ••• I Z*X. 116,117, 121 482 ... ... 711, <12 70, 101, 487 ... ... ... ^ ■* 79, 716 ... 724 222, 233 • ■ • ••• ••• 1 aO • •• ••• • • • *± •' t> • •• •• • • o • I O 1 47fi 477 ••• »o o ••• «oy 27, 50, 71, 102, 489 448, 449 ••• ••• ••• ooD • •• ••* ••• J.'"' 198, 205 127, 684 ••• •«• ••• fcJ'* 477 ••• ••• ••• in] ... 62, 108, 526, 760 • • • ••• •• • •> *- J • a • , m* • ■ • t: • .' i • •• • •• ••• 0*0 • •• ••• ••• 1 1)8 • •» ••• • •• -1- «7 • •• *.* ••• 7uZ ••• ••• ••• Jo o t ■ • ••• ttO 502, 513, 750 ••• ••• ••• ooo 102, 489, ••■ OJ 125, 684 404 theivora... ., theobaldi . Theobroma ThereiceryBe Theretra... thermopa Thespesia Thiacidas thoracica thranilis threnodes thrincoma thura thwaitesuii thurstoni thygatrica thyia Thyotrica Thyrgorina Thyridid® tianschanicus ... tibani tibetana tibetanus tibetica tibialis Tichodroma tickelli tigrina ...208, 216, tign'pes tigris Tiliaceae Timelia Timeliinae timidus Tirnora Timyra ... tincta tinctoria ... Tinea Tineidse TinnuDculus Tinosporia Tipha tiphia tisiphona tithymali todara ... ... Toddalia. toldata tomentosa PAG^ • •• • •• »• • T ' ' '.I' • •• ••• ••• OoU • •• ••• ••• OUo 104, 491 139, 143,146, 148,149 •■ • •■• ••• OUt • •• ••• ••• oJU •• • •• • ••• i »■' *j • •• ••• «•• Oil 615 ••• • •• ••• Oo«) «•• ••• «7l) *W*>2 • •• ••• ••• Oft fll ••• ••• / -J** ••• ••• ••* ool „. 227, 233 227,233 204,210 ••• ••• ••• 1 Jo 628, 629, 633 57, 456 526,726 914 291 48, 636 ...100. 102, 153, 489 292,298,300,306,758 237,636 182, 472 ••• ••• • c • T t X ••• •• • ••• J uu 100 • • • ••• ... J . ' 441,446,450 693, 595, 596 704, 709 • •• ••• •• a *ZV> Z 617, 619 ••• *•• Ml Dli) 69,107,166,529, 663 ••• ••• ... 4/8 592, 594 100, 486 • •• ... ... 142 140 206, 208 • • • ••• ••• DOo • ■• •>• ...716 474, 477, 480, 481, 644 INDEX. lxxzi tomentosuB .. Tonza Tora , Torinia Torodora torquatus torquilla Tortricidae Tortricomorpha tortuosa Torula ... .. Totaninsa Totanas... townsendi towsendianus ••■ Toxocampa Toxorbynchites Trabala , Tractronotus ... Tragia tragocamelus .. Tragopan tranquebarica ... trail sec. i transiens translucens ... transversa travancorica ... travancoricus ... Trema Treron , Treroniaa Treroninse triangularis ... triangulum Trianthema X 1 13.S «•• ••« Tribonica tribuloides tricarinata ... Trichanata ... Tricheurois Trichiurus Trichonotus Tricborhyncnus Trichosanthes... Tricbotropis ... Tridacna tridactylus PAGE 614 • •• ••• ••• 4:0 -J 92, 231, 232 599, 600 106, 188, 493 • ■ a «.V* O ( ■ 4 y JL ... — • ••• 587 ••• ••• *•• oil • •• ••• ... ao 1 • •• ••• a o a OO i 448,450 q 9, 10, 62, 63, 188, 396, 496, 622, 695 90, 92, 323, 328, 329 90, 232 ■■■ ••• ••• «aoO • •■ •• • • •• «wu «S •«• ••• ••• Oj*/ ••• ••• ••■ i 0*j 480 »eo ••• ••• DUO ««* •• • **• 02 ■-.' • •• ••• • •• 4 J o • o • ••• ■■■ X O \j • •• ••■ • s » *J J. 1 • •• ••• ••• 44 4: 213,289,455 .*■ ••• ••• & 187, 188, 297 480,558 107 ••• ••• ••• X ... 107 * • • ••• ••• * uo 702, 703, 706 ••• ••• fl* TlD • •• •• ■ •• a UUO 589, 590 ••• «•• •■• UOo • •• ••• •• a I — 1 441,443 442, 716 762 • •• • • • • • • OoJi 241,242,250 • •• •■• ••• 4/0 86, 92, 232 398, 469 «• i ••■ ... / jO Tridax ... tridentata tried rus ... Triga ... Trigona trigonata Trigonostoma . trigonus... trilobatuna trilobitiformis. trimaculatus . Trimeresurus . trinervia Tringa ... triopus ... tripartita tripetala . Triphana tripudians tripuncta tripustulata triquetrum PAOH • •• ••• •• a 'X t t • •• ■•• •• • J • 724, 725 ■ •■ ••• *• a OjJ 670,671 ... 181,307,526,762 229, 234 • >• ••• - 1 . 4 / ' '..> • »• ••• ••• 4oX 342,346 ••• ••• «•• ••• Xo7 • •• «ae . »fc «»• XoO • •• -.. in H, 4oo 10, 63, 74, 109, 496 ••• •♦• •■• ••• li)j 213, 439 • •• aaa *o* ••• f)lo 442, 718 183,186,313,529,535, 638 • « a • •• «•« af B i \j ••• •■» • • • ••• oU(J »#a ... „«• ... 475 tristis ... 49, 70, 101, 106, 364, 427, 489 tristrialis 397 tristriata 406,410,413 trita ... ... ... ••• . 475 Tritonidea 219, 233 Triumfetta ... 474 trivergatus 164 Trochalcpterutn 47, 99, 153, 422,661,762 trochiloides trocbilus troglodytus Trogones Trogonidze Troides ... 426 ... 132 135,136 58, 105 ... 105 79, 82 Tropidonotns 183, 301, 302, 305, 389, 390, 392,529,530,541,547 »• • •»• «■ • i Zo Tropidopborus truncaturu truralis ... Trycolyga Trygon... Trymalitis tuberculata tuberculatus tuberculosis tuberosa , Tubinares Tubulifera Tupaia ... 481 56 127 • •• ••• Om X 590 ... ... i Jt ... .. . / wO ... ... 335 367, 369, 473 14,63 • •• •»• l~o Ixxxii INDEX. Tarbinella Turbo Turbonilla Turdidse ... Turdinae Turdus turklandi ... Turnera Turneracea Turnicidse ... Turnix turpia tursio ... ... Tursiops Turtur 3, 60, 73, tusalia ... ... Tylopbora Typha Typhacese Typhlopidae ... Typblops Typboniam ... typica ... --•• tytleri ... ... Udaspes uliginosa ulmifolia ... umbellata Umbelilferese ... umbratilia umbrosus ... ummera ... tincta undulana ... undulata ... undulosus unicarinalis ... unicauda ... unicolor ... unifascia uniformis tmimicula ... Unio Upeneua TJpupa ... 58, Upupas Upupidaa Uraeotyphlus ... PAGE • •■ .it ••• O.'o • • • • • fc » • • t ' '■' • •• * t e ••• *j J. O 50, 102 102 ... 50, 102, 108, 688 • •• ••■ • • • Tt • u ••• ••• ••• *r f U • •• • •• ••• O 5, 108 • • a • • • •■■ ••• 4.'.) • •« ••• (f O. oO • •• • • « • • . *- I • * 147, 148 142, 724 ••• ••• •••0(7 206, 232 •■■ ••• ••• !"•' ••• ••• ••• "loo • •• ••• ••• *t ' O • •• •• • ■•• *x i o • •• «•• 1 *"* '"' ' • •• «•• *•• oO" • •• ••• • • • T. I "5 474, 478 • •a ••■ ••• <* *' 300, 308, 309, 547, 724 INDEX. Ixxxiii .173. verticillatus ... Vespa vesta ... ••« vctala ... ••• vialis Vibrio ... vicerex Vicoa ... victrix Viduinse ... vigil ... — vignei ... villicoidea villiersii ... villosus... vinacea vinaceus ... V luCoi ••• ••* vinctalis ... vindhiana violacea violascenB vipera Vipera ... Viperidaa viperina Viperinaa viralis vireas viresceus virgatum — virgo viridanus viridibasalis viridinigra viridis ... 19, 30, 105, 451, viscivoroa Viscum— vishnu ... vitheroides vitifolia vitifoliua vitis Vitis vitta ... vittata ... vittatus ... vocula ... volucris... vorax ... PAGE 724 .. 677,678 ,.. ... «S± ... 436, 437 ».» «•• 1*5 ij »•• ••• 0t>O »•• •*• ooo *•• ••• 'x i t 438 ,,. ••• J Ud 142 376 437 • •• ••• tOu • •• •*• 4 ' »> 142 ••• ••• i o*j 477 290 ... 106, 511 716 19 • • • ••• 0\) I 314, 374, 535 ... 314, 535 • •• • •• I 0*J ... 314, 536 718 ... 104, 717 • •• ••• itO • •• •«• \i *■> ,152,199,693 ... 397, 425 • •• ••• 0*J*J • mm *•• &<*>& 452, 479, 492, 551 , 52,102 • »• • -•• »•> 4 i «/ i* ••• ••• >•• O-j J • • •• ■•• ••• J IV • •*« ••• ■!• IlO • ••• ••• » • * *I i T • ••• ••• • •• 1 "1 «J 68, 69, 474 >• ••• *VA ••• 40t • • ••■ ■•• *j.117 ZiZ 48, 78, 101, 487, 745, 746 lr ••• ••• ••• Alii • ••• ••• •••loo >• ••• ••• •*• oJ»9 73 vulcania vulcanus vulgare ... vulgaris vnlpina... Vulsus ... Vultur ... Vulturidaa waddelli walducki walga ... walkeri ... wallichii Waltheria wardi ... Websteriella Wedelia wellcomei wiBkotti... Withania Wyeomyia PAGE • •• • »• ••• 4oo ... 80 172 62, 74,79,108,335,397, 476, 692, 694 ••• ••• ••• /U«f • •• ••• * > • 0 ^ £i 4 106, 18-1 59, 106, 164 •«• ••• 7*Jts .»• ••• Hi) ••• ••• Ot>I ••• ••• loo 478 474 102, 183, 727 ... 350 ... 477 627 ••• »•• j I ± ••• ••• I/O ... 247, 250 xanthodes xanthogenys ... xanthoides Xantbolsema ... xanthomelcemua xanthorrhous ... xanthoschista ... xanthosticta ... xanthurus Xenorhynchus X6 1 IIS Ll S • • • * • * xestiodes ... xiphia Xylocopa Xylophanes Xylorycta Xyloryctidaa ... yorkii ... Yponomeuta y psilon ... ••• ... 583 • •« ... 422 • •• 459, 460 104, 188, 492 ... ... 486 ... ... 740 ... 101, 426 ... 152, 200 ... ... 138 ... 110, 497 ... • • • 0«7 «r ... ... 714 ... ... 721 116 , 668, 669 ... ... 146 ... 601, 60S ... 601, 606 142 60S 702 ixxxiv INDEX. Ypsolophus Yuhina ... zacalles Zalissa ... Zamenia zanclea Zanclides zebra ... Zebrina... Zehneria zelopa ... 186, PAGE 600, 601 ... 100 • •• ••• I? La «9fl • ■■ *•■ «•• 44U 188, 298, 393, 394, 397, 541, 762 ... 84 ... 581 ... 330 97, 233 ... ... ... T < O ... ... ... Oli) ••• ••• ... ... zena ... Zethes ... zeylanica zeylanicum zeylanicus zeylonensis zeylonica zeylonicus Zizyphus zmitampis Zonilia... Zoothera Zoateropa Zygaenidas zygopbylli PAGE ... ... loo ... ... tUu 35I,47Sy475, 490 481 • •• ••• ~i J X 104, 106, 163 104 104 • • • ••• J- y ** ••• ••• *"* 1 • •• ••• 14o 102 100,153,423 ... 193, 399 ... 139, 141 THE JOURNAL OP THE Bombay Natural History Society. EDITED BY XX. IVI . PHIPSON, C2%ff.2S.S3. AND W. S. MILLARD. -■ ^s^s^s^-s^s^s^s^r**- "VOL. ZX^TI, 3STO. 1 Date of publication, 17th December 190 A. Price to Non-Members... ... ... ... Us. 6-0 PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY- 4090-04 CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBbR. PAGE The Birds of Travancore. By H. S. Fergusson, f.l.s. With Notes on their Nidification by T. F. Bourdillon, f.l.s. Part III 1 New Species of Indian Hymenoptera. By Major C. G. Nurse, 113th Infantry, Indian Army 19 Sexual Colour-Dimorphism in Birds. By D. Dewar, i.c.s 27 Note on Sexual Dimorphism. By L. 0. H. Young, b.a 37 Note on Sexual Dimorphism. By Capt. W. G. Liston, i.m.s., m.d., F.R.S.E 39 Notes on the Birds of Chitral. By Capt. H. T. Fulton, d.s.o 44 Water-Yielding Plants found in the Thana Forests. By G. M Eyan, i.f.s., f.l.s 65 The Birds of the Madhubani Sub-Division of the Darbhanga District, Tirhut, with Notes on Species noticed elsewhere in the District. By C. M. Inglis. Part VIII 70 The Butierflies of Ceylon. By Major N. Manders, r.a.m.c, f.z.s., f.e.s ...- 7& Description of sixty-eight New Shells from the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sfa, dredged by Mr. F. W.' Townsend, of the Indo-European Telegraph Service. By James Cosmo MelviJl, m.a., f.l.s., f.z.s., and Robert Standen, Assistant Keeper, Manchester Museum, Part I. (Plates A.B) 86 List of -Indian Birds' Eggs in the Bombay Natural History Society's Collection" on 1st September 1904 99 On Some New Species of Silver-Pheasants obtained in Burma, by Capt. W. G. Nisbett, Lieut. E. Clifford, and others. By Eugene W. Oates 112 Insect Life in India and how to study it, being a Simple Ac- count of the more important Families of Insects with Examples of the Damage they do to Crops, Tea, Coffee and Indigo Concerns, Fruit and Forest Trees in India. By E. P. Stebbing, f.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s 115 The Moths of India (Supplementary Paper to the Volumes in " The Fauna of British India"). Series III, Part II. By Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., f.z.s., f.e.s. (With Plate D) 132 Miscellaneous Notes — 1. Some Notes on Birds taken at Coonoor, Nilgiris, in May 1904. By D. Dewar ... 153 2. The Occurrence of the Black-capped King-fisher (Halcyon pileata) in North Lakhimpur, Upper Assam. By H. Stevens 154 3. The Yellow-bellied Fly-catcher (jChelidorhynsc hy pose ant hum'). By H. Stevens I55 4- The Occurrence of the Red-breasted Goose (Branta ruficollis) in India. By E.C.Stuart-Baker, f.z.s 155 ~>. The Occurrence of the Masked Fin-foot (Jleliopan personata") in Lakhimpur. By E. C. Stuart Baker, f.z.s , 15g (Uoiiiinued on third page of cover.) i CONTENTS OF THIS N U M B E R—(conctt.). Miscellaneous Notes — contd. page 6. The Enemies of Butterflies. By E. H. Aitken 150 7. The Becent Plague of Locusts in Bombay. By E. H. Aitken 157 8. The Himalayan Nutcracker (Nucifraga hemispila'). B\ William Cap- per, Col., D. M. E. in India ; 15g 9. The Himalayan Nutcracker (Nucifraga hemispilay By Chas. M. lQglis 158 10. The Black Stork (Ciconia nigra). By G. H. Evans, p.l.s., Major „ 159 11. The Great White-Bellied Heron QArdea imvjnis). By G. H. Evans, F.L.S., Major '. 100 12. The Asiatic Two-Horned Rhinoceros {Rhinoceros sumatrenzisy By G. H. Evans, F.L.S., Major IgO 13. Late Stay of Snipe. By G. H. Evans, f.l.s., Major 101 14. The Ancestry of the Horse. By L. C. H. Young 102 15. Birds observed in the Nilgiris and Wynaad. By A.M. Primrose 163 16. Cassia ocoidentalig. By B. H. Barlow-Poole, i.f.s 100 17. Notes on the Nesting of some Birds in the Upper Chindwin District, Burma. ByH.H. Harrington, Captain 100 18. Notes on Burmese Reptiles. By G. H. Evans, f.l.s., Major 109 19. The Nidification of the little Blue-winged Pitta {Pitta cyanoptera) in Upper Burma. By G. H. Evans, F.l.s, Major 171 20. Vegetation in Sind. By H. M. Birdwood, c.s.l., m.a., ll.d 172 21. The Russell's Viper. By L. L. Fenton, Lt.-Col., I. A 173 22. A Cobra Feeding on Eggs. By C. P. George 174 23. Bee-Culture in India. By C. G. Nurse, Major, 113th Infantry 175. 24. AsBam Birds. By A.M. Primrose r 176 25. Breeding Seasons of Big Game. By E, Comber, F.z.s 170 26. Albinism in a Shrike. By G. C. Dudgeori, f.e.s 179 Proceedings of the Meeting held on the 16th June, 18th August, 29th September and 24th November 1904 18Q BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. The back numbers following rates : — Price to the Public. Vol. I.— No. 1 ... Rs. 2 0 i) 2 ... w 2 0 „ 3 ... „ J U >» * ••• jj 2 0 Rs. 8 Vol. II.— No. 1 ... Rs. 2 0 », * ... ,,2 0 „ 3 ... „ 2 0 .. 4 R „ 2 0 NOTICE, of the Society's Journal are still to be obtained at the Price to Members. -,Rs. 8 Rs. 1 4 » 1 4 N 1 4 II 1 4 0 — — Rs. 5 0 Rs. 1 4 »» 1 4 « 1 4 _ » 1 4 0 — — Rs. 5 0 Vol. III.— No. 1 R..Rs. 2 0 H 2 R „ 2 0 „ 3 R „ 2 0 „ 4 R „ 2 0 -Rs. 8 Vol. IV.— No. 1 R..Rb. 2 0 „ 2R „ 2 0 «j O ■•• j, *j U „ 4R „ 2 0 -Rs. 8 Vol. V.— No. l...Rs. 2 0 J; «••• j5 L U j) *>••• jj .j U ?j 4««» 9j 2* V -Rs. 8 Vol. VI.— No. I... Rs. 2 0 „ 2... ,,2 0 „ 3 R „ 2 0 „ 4 R „ 8 0 -Rs. 9 Vol. VII.— No. 1... Rs. 4 0 „ 2... ,,4 0 „ 3... ,,4 0 « *•■• j) * o „ 5... „ 2 0 Vol. VIII.— ->. 1... 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Rs. 6 0 „ 2 6 0 , >i -Rs. 12 2 -Rs. 21 0 Rs. 3 3 3 2 1 6 6 6 8 4 -Rs. 13 14 -Rs. 25 0 Rb. 3 ,, 4 r, 4 ,. 4 ,, 1 6 0 0 0 4 -Rs. 16 10 -Rs. 26 0 Rs. 4 4 4 4 1 » ,i »> 0 0 0 0 4 -Rb. 17 4 Rs. 4 4 4 4 -Rs. 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 ■Rb. 18 0 Rs. 4 4 4 4 1 -Rs. 26 0 » »» „ i) 0 0 0 0 4 -Rs. 17 4 Rs. 53 4 Total Rs. 26 0 Rs. 255 0 Rs. 4 4 4 4 1 » )5 :l ■>■> 0 0 0 0 4 -Rb. 17 4 Rb. 165 10 Apply to the HONORARY SECRETARY, Bombay Natural History Society, R. signifies " reprint " and no plates. THE JOURNAL OF THE Bombay Natural History Society. EDITED BV H. JVE . I» H I !F» S O 3V , C.IVX.Z.iS. AND "W. S. MILLARD. •vol. zxrsri, xro. 2 D^^6 of publication, 15th April 1905. Price to Non-Members ... Rs. 6-0 PEINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY. 6734-05 CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. PAGE The Moths of India (Supplementary Paper to the Volumes in " The Fauna of British India"). Series III. Part III. By Sir George Hampson, Bart., F.z.s., f.e.s 195 Description of Sixty-eight New Shells from the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend, of the Indo-European Telegraph Service, luOl — 1903. By James Cosmo Melvill, m.a., f.l.s., f.z.s., and Robert Standen, Assistant Keeper, Manchester Museum. Part II. {Plates C, D.) 217 Descriptions of Two New Snakes from Upper Burma. By G. A. Boulenger, f.r.s., v.p.z.s. {With a Plate.) 235 Some New Mosquitoes from Ceylon. By F. V. Theobald, m.a., com- municated by E. Ernest Green, f.e.s. ( With Plates A and B.) 237 Description of a New Snake from Burma (Oltgodon McDougalli). By Oapt. F. Wall, i.m.s., c.m.z.s 251 Plague, Rats and Fleas. By Capt. W. G. Lisbon, i.m.8. {With Plates A and B.) 253 A Catalogue of the Heterocera of Sikhim and Bhutan. By G. C. Dudgeon, f.e.s., with Notes by H . J. Elwes, f.b.s., &c, and Add- itions by Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., B.A., f.e s., &c. Part XVII ... 275 Notes on Snakes collected in Cannanore from 5th November 1903 to 5th August 1904. By Capt. F. Wall, i.m.s., c.m.z.s. ... 292 On Fishes from the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Oman, and Karachi, collected by Mr. F. W. Townsend. By C. Tate Regan, b.a. (With $ Plates:) 318 The Fauna and Flora of our Metallic Money. By E. Blatter, s.j. 334 Supplementary Notes on the Coccid^; of Ceylon. Part III. By E. Ernest Green, f.e.s., Entomologist to the Government of Ceylon. (With Plates H—K.) 340 Notes on Small Mammals in Kashmir and adjacent Districts. By Colonel A. E. Ward ... 358 Miscellaneous Notes — 1. Melanism in Black Buck. By J. Manners Smith, Major. (With a Photograph) gg j 2. A Bare Indian Game-Bird, the Mountain Quail (Ophrys/a superciliesa Gray). By E. Comber, F.z.s 361 S. Simotes splendidvg. By Geo. H. Evans, A. v. r> , f.l.s., Major 362 4. Note on the Digestion of Eggs by Cobras and Datoias. By W. B. Bannerman, M.D., Lt.-Col., i.m.s 363 5. Do Wild Animals ever die of Intestinal Obstruction ? By W. B. Bannerman, m.d., Lt.-Col., i.m.s 363 6. King-Crows and Mynas as Mess-Mates. By D. Dewar, I.C.S. 364 7. Occurrence of the Scaup Duck (Nyroca marvla) in Oudh. By F. Wall, Capt., i.m.s., c.m.z.s 367 &. Luminous Plants 367 {Continued on third page of cover.) CONTENTS OF THIS N U M B E R-{concld.). Miscellaneous Notes— contd. page 9. An Egg-eating Cobra. By E. Brook Fox ggg 10. Locusts. By Cecil E. C. Fischer, I.F.S 3(59 11. The Habits of the Lmf ButterEy. "By E.Ernest Green 370 12. Breeding Seasons of Big Game in India. By A. H. A. Simcox, i.c.S. ... 370 13. Notes on the "Houbara.'1 By Reginald U. Heath 372 lie. Occurrence of the Black capped King-fisher ( Halcyon pilcata) in Waltair. By P. Roscoe Allen 373 15. The Breeding of Russell's Viper QVipera rvssellii). By F. Wall, Capt., I M.S., C.M.Z.S , 374 16. The Crocodile ; its Food, and MuVcular Vitality. By A. H. A. Simcox, 1 c.s 375 17. The Urial of the Punjab and Ladak. By R. L 376 18. Abnormal Sambar Head. By J. D. Inveiarity. {With a Plate.") 378 19. The Goosander {Merganser castor). By A. M. Primrose 378 20. Trout and other Fish and Fishing in Ceylon. By R. A. G. Festing ...379 21. Big Game. By R. G. Burton, Major, 94th Russell's Infantry 384 22. Double-headed Snakes. By F. Wall, Capt., I.M.S, C.M.Z S, 386 23. Winter Plumage of the Male Bengal Florican {Sypheotis beitgalensis). By F. Wall, Capt., i.m.s., C.m.z.b 388 24. Notes on some Bangalore Snakes. By F. Wall, Capt., i.m.s., C.M.Z.S.... 389 25. Egg-eating Cobras. By F. Wall, Capt., I.M.S, C.M.Z s 395 Proceedings of the Meetings held en the 22nd December 1904 and 9th February 1905 , ■ 396 BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. NOTICE, The back numbers of the Society's Journal are still to be obtained at the following rates : — Price to the Public. Vol. I._ No. 1 ... Rs. 2 a ... mm 2 Price to Members. » * ••• » ,j o ... „ A ,. 4 » »» 2 0 0 0 0 -Rs. 8 0 Vol. II.— No. 1 ... 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AND "VV . S. MILLARD. "VOL. IXTSTI, 3STO. 3 Date of publication, 5th August 1905. Price to Non-Members ... ... ... Bs. 6-0 PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS. BOMBAY. 2319*06 CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. PAGE Description of New Species of Moths from India and Burma. By G. C, Dudgeon, f.e.s 399 " The " Common Striped Palm Squirrel. By R. C. Wroughton, f.z.s. {With a Plate.) 406 Rough Notes on Six Common Hill Orchids. By Major M. B. Roberts, 1 /3 9th Garhwal Rifles. {With 3 Plates.) 414 Birds nesting in the Murree Hills and Gullies. Part I. By Lieut-Col. R. H. Rattray. ( With Plates A and B.) 42i The Orchids of the Bombay Presidency. Part I. By G. A. Gammie, f.l.s 429 The Moths of India (Supplementary Paper to the Volumes m " The Fauna of British India"). Series HI., Part III. By Sir George Hampson, Bart., f.z.s., f.e.s 434 The Economic Uses of Shells. By E. Comber, f.z.s 462 Further Notes on the Flora of Northern Ganjam. By Cecil E. C. Fischer, i.f.s 473 A List of the Birds found in and about Madras. By D. Dewar, I.C.S <■■ 484 Miscellaneous Notes — 1. Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing. By C. W. Allan, b.f.s., Divisional Forest Officer, Pegu Division , 499 2. Nesting of the Hoopoe. By Arundel Begbie, Major (Indian Army) 501 3. Food of predaceous flies. By F. Gleadow, i.f.S 501 i. Occurrence of White's Thrush {Oreocincla varia") in Assam. By William Moore 502 5. Hereditary melanism. By W. B. Ferris, Lieut.-Col 502 6- Curious ferocity of the Indian Tree-pie (L endrocitta rufa). By Arundel Begbie, Major 502 7. Breeding seasons of Big Game — (1) The Nilgai or Blue-Bull (Bosela- phus tragocamelug). By C. W. M. Hudson, I. c.s. (2) The Persian Gazelle {Gazella subgutturosa). By J. W. Nicol Cumming, Supdt., Seistan Arbitration Mission 503 8. Strange mortality amongst Termites in Tea-Bushes. By E. Ernest Green 503 9. Size of Snakes. By L. C. H. Young , 504 10. A congregation of Harriers. By C. H. Donald -. 504 11. Size and breeding of Snakes. By John Hagenbeck •- 505 12. Tiger versus Bear. By G. K. Wasey 506 13. Plucky Pee-wite. By J. Manners-Smith, Major, v.c, c.i.B 5^7 14. Notes on the occurrence of Bonellis Eagle (Ilieraetvs fasciatus') in Cutch and on some Falcons and Hawks observed at the old Fort at Bbuj. By A. Delme Radcliffe, 105th L. Infy 507 16. Occurrence of the Black-capped Kingfisher (Halcyon pileata) in the Godavari Delta. (A Correction.) By P. Roscoc Allen 5]1 (Uontiwued on third page of cover.) CONTENTS OF THIS N U M B E R-(concld.). Miscellaneous Notes — contd. page 16. On the occurrence of the Lady Amherst's Pheasant in Burma. By E. Comber, f.z.s .., 512 17. Catastrophe amongst the young of the Indian Cliff- Swallows (Hirundo fluvicola). By Arundel Begbie, Major, Adjt., Cawnpore Vol. Rifles. . 512 18. Nest of the Brovn-backed Indian Robin {Thamnohia cambaiertsis'). By Arundel Bepbie, Major, Adjt., Cawnpore Vol. Rifles 513 19. A bold Tiger. By H. Tyler, i.e. s ... 513 20. Arrow heads in a Bison. By H. Tyler, i.e. S 513 21. Bird's nesting near Mhow, C.I. By Martin Young, m.b.o.u., let York, and Lane. Regt 514 22. A Snake's nest. By Arundel Begbie, Major 516 23. The Himalayan Nutcracker {Nueifraga hemi$2)ila'). By C. II. Donald.. 516 24. Eagles as barometers. By C. H. Donald 517 25. First record of the nidification of the Indian Hobby QFalco sevtrvs). By K. C. Macdonald (d.s.p.) » 518 26. A Woodpecker's dilemma. By G. H. Evans, Major, f.l.6 518 27. Food of Python molurus. By G. H. Evans, Major, f.l.s 519 28. Breeding of the Banded Krait QBunyarus fascatus) in Burma. By G. H. Evans, Major, F.L.S. 519 29. Fireflies. By W. S. Millard ••- 520 30. Curious accident to a Dragonfly. By W. S.Millard 521 COBBESPONDENCE — Shooting in the Bombay Presidency 521 Proceedings of the Meetings held on 16th March 1905 and 6th July 1905... 525 BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. it oti o:e . The back numbers of the Society' s Journal are still to be obtained at the following rates : — Price to the Price to Price to the Price to Pnblic. Members Public. Members. Vol. I.— Brought forward Rs. 85 0 Rs. 53 4 No. 1 ... Rs. 2 0 Rs. 1 4 Vol. IX.— » 2 ... „ 2 „ 3 ... „ 2 „ * .- ,. 2 0 0 0 » 1 „ 1 4 No. 1... Rs. 4 0 Rs. 2 8 4 4 „ 2... „ 0 0 » 2 8 8 — Rs. 8 0 Rs. 5 u 5 J O... )5 i „ 4... „ 5 0 » 3 6 Vol. II.— „ 5... „ 2 0 »» 1 4 No. 1 ... Rs. 2 0 Rs. 1 4 — Rs. 19 0 — -Rs. 12 2 ,, 2 ... „ 2 0 » 1 4 Vol.X.— „ 3 ... „ 2 0 » 1 4 No. 1... Rs. 5 0 Rs. rf 6 „ 4 R „ 2 0 » 1 4 2 . 5 o 3 fi — Rs. 8 0 Rs. 5 0 0 M n 3 6 Vol. III. — „ 4R „ 4 0 y 2 8 No. 1 R..Rs. 2 0 Rs. 1 4 „ 5... ,. 2 0 » 1 4 » 2 R „ 2 0 » 1 4 — Rs. 21 0 — ■Rs. 13 14 „ 3 R „ 2 0 » 1 4 Vol. XI.— „ 4 R „ 2 0 8 „ 1 o 4 Rs. 5 0 No. 1... 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Rs. 4 0 Rs. 2 8 No. 1... Rs. 6 0 Rs. 4 0 ,, I... ,, ± 0 » 2 8 „ 3... „ 6 0 5) 4 u I 4 0 » 2 8 -! 6 0 » 4 0 y> *••• )» 0 » 2 8 „ 4... „ 6 0 )5 4 u i> "••• n 2 0 „ 1 4 " 5... ., 2 0 )> 1 4 — Rs. rd Rs. 18 0 -Rs. 11 4 Total — Rs. 26 0 - ] Rs. 17 4 Carried forwai 85 0 Rs. 53 4 Rs. 255 0 Els. 165 10 Apply to the HONORARY SECRETARY, Bombay Natural History Society. R. signifies " reprint " and no plates. THE JOURNAL OF THE Bombay Natukal History Society. EDITED BY H. JVE . 3? H I I» S O IV , O.JVT.Z.SS., AND "W. S. JVE 1 1, T-. A R. I> . •vol- zxzvi, isro. 4=. Dafe of publication, 2nd November 1905. -."----.-------<--_---.-- ,-. _-_ -^ Price to Non-Members ... ... ... Bs. 6-0 PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY. Persons desirous of jo ning the Society should apply to the Honorary Secretary, Bombay Natural His- tory Soc>ety, 6, Apollo street, Bombay. The entrance fee is Rs. 10 and the annual subscription Ra. 15 o nly, which entuleB Members to the Journal 3893-05 CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. PAGE A Popular Treatise on tee Common Indian Snakes. Part I. By Capt. F. Wall, i.m.s., c.M.z.s. With Plate I and Diagrams I, II and III.) tf>33 Notes on Rhinoceroses in Burma, R. Sondaicus and sumatrensis. By Vety. Major a. H. Evans, f.l.s 555 The Orchids of the Bombay Presidency. Part II. By G. A. Gammie, f.l.s. {With Plate I) 562 The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India. Part I. By L. C. H. Young, b.a., f.e.s., f.z.s. {With Plate I) 570 Descriptions of Indian Micro-Lepidoptera. By E. Merrick, b.a., f.r.s., f.z.s. 580 A Visit to Narcondam. By B. B. Osmaston, i.f.s (520 The Culicid Fauna of the Aden Hinterland, their Haunts and Habits. By W. S. Patton, m.b. (Edin.), L.T., i.m.s. ( With Plates A, Bt C, and D. and a Map) G23 On the Distribution op the Varieties of Cobra {Nain tripudians) in India, By Lt.-Col. W. B. Bannerman, m.d., b.sc, i.m.s., Director, Plague Research Laboratory, and Assistant Surgeon J. P. Pocha, in charge of the Venom Department, P. R. Laboratory {With 2 Maps) - 638 The Mangrove of the Bombay Presidency, and its Biology. By E. Blatter, s.J. {With Plates A and B.) 644 Birds nesting in the Murree Hills and Gullies. Part II. By Lieut.-Col. R.H.Rattray. {With Plates C\ D and £V) 657 Insect Life in India and how to study it, BErNG a simple account OF THE MORE IMPORTANT FAMILIES OF INSECTS WITH EXAMPLES OF THE DAMAGE THEY DO TO CROPS, TEA, COFFEE AND INDIGO concerns, Fruit and Forest Trees in India. Part IV. By E. P. Stebbing, f.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s 664 Birds of Seistan, being a list of the Birds shot or seen in Seistan by Members of the Seistan Arbitration Mission, 1S03-05. By J. W. Nicol Camming, Superintendent, Seistan Arbitration Commission 688 The Moths of India (Supplementary Paper to the Volumes in " The Fauna of British India"). Series III., Part III. By Sir George Hampson, Barb., f.z.s., f.e.s 700 Further Notes on the Butterflies of the Lucknow District. By G. W. V. de Rne-Philipe 720 An Appeal for Lizards. By F. Gleadow, i.f.s , 723 A New Mouse-hare of the Genus Ochotona 727 Descriptions of three new species of Birds obtained during, the recent Expedition to Lhassa. By Henry E. Dresser, m.b.o.u., f.z.s 728 On Dolphins from Travancore. By R. Lydekker 730 On a remarkable new Squirrel from Burma. By Oldfield Thomas. 737 (Continued on third page of cover.) CONTENTS OF THIS N U M B E R—(concld.). Miscellaneous Notes — page 1. The Indian Chevrotain or Mouse-Deer (Tragulns meminna). {With a Photograph and Mip) By E. Brook Fox 739 2. Interesting Birds irorn the Shaa State*. By E. Comber, F.Z.S., Hony., Secy., Ornithological Section, Bo. Nat. Hist. Socy 739 3. The Nesting of some Birds in Burma which have not been recorded before. By H. H. Hariugton, Captain 740 4. Albinism in the Black Buck. (With an Illustration,') By C. J. Robert- son Milne, Major, I.M.S 742 5. A White Kakar or Muutjac (Cervulus inuntjac). {With an Illustra- tion.') By J. Manners Smith, Major ,..;.-, 742 d. Wild Boar without Testes. By H. E. Medlicott, Lieut., e.f.a., Hony. Secy., Ahmedabad Tent Club 743 7. Note on the Breeding of the Krait {Bungarus c&ruleus). By W. B. Bannerman, Lt.-Col.. i.M.s ...... 743 8. Additional Notes on the Birds of Chitral, By H. T. Fulton, Capt.... 743 9. Note on a curiously malformed head of Himalayan Ibex QCapra gibir/ea). {With an Illustration). By St. George Gore, Col., R. e... 744 10. A possible case of hybrid breeding of Shrikes. By Arundel Begbie, Major, loth Rajputs. 745 11. The Egg-laving of Eudj/namis honorata (The Indian Koel). By Arundel Begbie, Major, lGth Rajputs 74(J 12. Breeding Seasons of Big Game. The Brown Bear (Ursus arctus). By D.B. Thomson, Major, I. A. (Retired) ". 746 13. Food of Predaceous Flies. By K. E. Nangle, Capt., 96th Berar Infantry 747 14. Notes on Birds1 nesting round Quetta. By R. M. Betham, Major, 101st Grenadiers 747 15. Wild Dogs hunting. By J. Manners Smith, Major 751 16- Food of the " Muskrat " or the Grey Shrew {Crocidura ccerufoa). By W. B. Bannerman, Lieut.-Col., 1.11.S 751 17. Double-headed Snakes. By F. Wall, c.M.z.s., Capt., i.m.s 750 18. Accident to the yonn<.r of the Indian Cliff-Swallow (Hirundo fluvicola) By Martin Young, m.b.o.u., 1st York and Lane. Regt. 753 19. Lady Amherst's Pheasant in Barma — A Correction. By E. Comber, f.z.s 753 20. Shooting Notes from the Central Provinces. By F. W. Caton Jones, Lieut.-Col., kj .M.C , , 754 21. Notes from Nepal. By J. Manners Smith, Major 755 22. Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing. By L. L. Fenton, Lieut,-Col 75G 23. Curious end of a Dragonfly. By L. L. Fenton, Lieut.-Col 756 24. Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing. By S. B. Bate9, df.z.s.,&c 757 25. A Congregation of Brahminy Kites {Haliastur indus). By R. Foulkes, (Madras Survey) 757 26. The Food of Kingfishers. By S. B. Bates, F.Z.S., &c 758 27. Food of Snakes in captivity. By W. S. Millard, Hony. Secy., Bo. Nat. Hist. Socy 758 Proceedings of the Meetings held on 31st August and 5th October 1905 759 BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. IsTOTIOE. The back numbers of the Society's Journal are still to be obtained at the following rates : — Price to the Public. Vol. I.— No. 1 ... Rs. 2 0 „ 2 ... „ 2 0 3 ... „ 2 0 „ 4 ... „ 2 0 Vol. II.— No. 1 ... Rs. 2 0 „ 2 ... „ 2 0 „ 2 0 Rs. 8 0 Price to Members. Rs. 1 4 ,, 1 4 „ 1 4 1 4 -Rs. „ 4 R „ 2 0 Rs. 1 4 ,, 1 * ,, 1 4 ., 1 4 .Rs. 8 0 -Rs. 5 0 Vol. III. — No. 1 R..Rs. 2 0 „ 2 R „ 2 0 „ 3 R „ 2 0 „ 4 R „ 2 0 Rs. 1 4 » 1 * 1 4 1 4 ii Rs. 8 0 -Rs. 5 0 Vol. IV.— No. 1 R..Rs. 2 0 „ 2R „ 2 0 ., 3... „ 2 0 „ 4R „ 2 0 Rs. 8 Vol. V.— No. l...Rs. 2 0 „ 2... „ 2 0 „ 3... „ 2 0 „ 4... „ 2 0 Vol. VI.— No. 1... Rs. 2 0 „ 2... „ 2 0 „ 3 R „ 2 0 „ 4 R ^Ji 0 Vol. VII.— No. 1... Ra. 4 0 „ 2... „ 4 0 „ 3... „ 4 0 „ 4... „ 4 0 Vol. VIII.— No. 1... 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