DA ee 8D) haa yyy th st -\ 4 Nuys) wh Y y i a sats mi Shy 3 it OTL iy Phe ; Re ee aa on sf H } i aha) NEN it Nivel at iy i RE UNHtnetitn ag Aaaey Lb Pe AT US tS aM Wire Sy Ap ‘ a AENEAN ‘why i Wy ji Pah MAA 4 nt! PIRES Aa ety Riel Yr as ' A ATS aR He I eat aah Sd dle Wey a Haw indid i Pi any vag hs . ys 7 nit 1 x oa Oye ae fiat Ta Dele) bes be Ky : ne rE 3 , ; j JP i See f Ge MEhie bev bnap ae oSu (Suda ai $s ans t y ’ if as ale Ff Te 8 ut ) - fay aA Mee Min | Pe ee ee ¢ HN ARO hate Palas ? Aipsiyt Bane i Un nA ta) " { ACH ne Wie teehee rae i Ru j ey ALY Sunn Fann: b My Pei i IK AMPs a ; pA RM rennige eM i u Fi) atk Hayat d pith iad Ee oy as a, Hie He ey a ateont Pa Tehaniey ee ea ae Pio Fahy jit Oey f He i cg DL Ean Pes On A rio hi lh i 0 ii piv HATES TUG Ae Oe Ie be Ad VD fi ea i ae a * i ey o si,” | hi w oo e } ~ Ls J tll li on ENC & E> Ms og Se : ig Ee Sl, oe ss wee \* - tp * sll i. " ~ iL” ons Z RAN , “a, oO ‘4 A i i : a ll, C ‘| So % i i ey, ill Ls | c 4. “eas 7 “oy £ Wil ma. Sasi > os “Yn, ee 1B fe) er ose d JE Ageia, ; he he eae S + Se” =, B WE ON Gs eel [se aad] c ee 3) & a, oy XS A x oY, eS Me) a. rqcaaneee: FESOLIN ER te Pencarian faerie ey tel Win iH Cs co, — ce

Tesy 1), LSHlaveireies SUIS ae one ee een ee ara teevie eee ARR Ary A PopuLarR TREATISE ON THE ComMMON INDIAN SNAKES. Part XIII. Anerstrodon himalayanus and Psammody- nastes pulverulentus. (With Plate XIII, Diagram and Map.) By Major F. Wall, 1.M.s., C.M.z.s. (Continued HOM AC O92 OV Ole CTR) Meriter er enemys asee ae eee On THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE INDIAN HEDGEHOGS. By R. WRAVoOWoNCOI F228) yh 5. era. cise eval Sa hepa eee SAS ee THE Morus or INpiA. Supplementary paper to the Volumes in the ‘‘ Fauna of British India.’”’ Series IV, Part I. By Sir+ George F.Hampson, Bart., F.2.S., F.E.S. ...... ORCHIDS OF THE BomBay PRESIDENCY. Part X. (With Plate X.) By G. A. Gammie, F.L.S.. (Continued from jDaSe: G20 Ore WONG D-GD-O) ores naccrancs Boon dueascon eres: THE BUTTERFLIES OF Kumaun. Part 1. (With a Map.) vane D aia Oo LOM, WeC.Se ia ark e accede ai Sacoenaninennsttainge DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN Micro-LepmpopTerRA. XI. By H. AIG plete en AVNER Se EZ Sh. sac mative steloigaietre s abe tehanets ate On THE BirpS oF KoHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY, NORTHERN: [npr Part I By Capt: ©) Hi. ©: Wahiitelnea cli pa ee ecco cent ey a mere ca Phun ee ile See Teasl Gatling al, A Tamarix Association. By William Burns, B. sc. (Hdin.) yF NOTE ON THE CIRCULATION OF Calycopteris floribunda. By John, AVENE ec OR Oe nee erin vee aerate ho nuRUe Re, Mine Rear ee PAGE ee) es) iv CONTENTS. Reviews.—“‘ The Fauna of India,” (Dermaptera). By IME, SB Giese os eee tan crepe ees al a ‘Indian Insect Life,’ a Mammal of the Insects of the Plains (Tropical India)...... ‘‘ Insect Intruders in Indian Homes.” By HE. PoStebbimgienin estes. bois s. sete eee “Transactions of the Bombay Medical Con- EEE SSO OO GENE da crckte: hie oles bigaieaina tints eee MiscELLANEOUS NOoTES.— I. The call of the Sloth-Bear. By F. Dewar, LE CAS a aa eG COS TOSCO ER SICRC DERCIEACEE TS COTO DSCC .S 4 0/6 II. Distribution of the Sloth-Bear or Indian Bear (Melursus ursinus). By Lt.-Col. MAY Tb. Menton: bs. 6csk ses eee III. The Baluchistan Bear. By Lt.-Col. L. L. Penton scjnccisinls ined ge ut ieee eS ee. eee IV. A Record Panther. By N. B. Kinnear, -t2: V. Jackal hunting with Wild Dogs. By Major BL W eBerbhone ieee... «se nktve ones eee VI. The Rudimentary Clavicles of a Panther. By Major tel WVesBerthon 2 02.0.-..eeeee eee VII. Sloth-Bear calling her young when attacked. By WitGave ie oes. cas. conaes) ease eee Wille Birds feedime tthem Youngs By Ga seme Rercnvyaleneserec: Shove delun ceca athe ee IX. Nidification of the Sarus Crane. By Capt. ZA. CEL? Miossens. i a0ses ascetic X. The Food ofthe Rufous-backed Shrike (Lanius erythronotus). By Major H. A. Ff. Magrath. XI. Occurrence of the Bronze-capped Teal (Hunetta falcata) near Roorkee. By Lieut. Be H.. Kellys Ries ick.eee ese eae eee X11. Woodcock (Scolopaw rusticola) in Kanara. By Ti Re Belly os. .6c eae Rt ala eee 213° XIII. XIV. xe: XOWAle xe Vee 2 WAM XXII. XXIII. LORI. XXV. XXVI. CONTENTS. Occurrence of the Hastern Solitary Snipe (G. solitaria) at Haka, Chin Hills. By FY. E. W. Venning eC i eC Ct aca Doves nesting on the ground. By Lt.-Col. L. L. Fenton i i eC i i Cry Occurrence of the Lesser Flamingo (Pheni- conaias minor) in Kathiawar. By Lt.-Col. L. lL. Fenton. i i Ck i cy Breeding of the Great Stone Plover (Hsacus recurvirostris). By H. R. 8. Hasted Two Birds’ Nests from Tibet. By Capt. F. M. Bailey Bird Notes from a homeward bound steamer in November. By Major H. A. F. Magrath. The Smew (Mergus albellus). By Lieut. R. Francis Roller catching its prey in the water. By Major H. Delmé Radcliffe Shrikes’ Larders. By Capt. J. R. J. Tyrrell, LMS. , eee eee eee eee eee eee tee eee eee ees eee ees eee ese aas Occurrence of the Lesser Florican or Likh (Sypheotis aurita) out of season. By Capt. dy dis dia liaimmelly USE Acaoc seco ouueby sgussoued Shrikes’ Larders. By Major H. A. F. Magrath A Snake flirtation. By Coleridge Beadon... The Food of Crocodiles. By Capt. H. W. IMGYEHN, IR, 5cocodasoncebsoonoecdoun obo Sdécosees Remarks on the Varieties and Distribution of the Common Green Whipsnake (Dryophis mycterizans). By Major F. Wall, LM.s., (QuINIVASSo Gaobioe nca500 000000000000 00000000000000000C iw) bo Ns) vi CONTENTS XXVII. Note on the Breeding of Hehis carinata. By Lt.-Col. W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S., M.D., DS Oeics ee ak Ce ere mine ote i:hes See XXVIII. Notes on the viviparus habit of Jerdon’s Pit Viper (Lachesis. jerdonv) and observations on the foetal tooth inthe unborn embryo. By Major EEaWealliicwis)y CNC ZS. seee nee OXX. Sarge Mahseer: — By IN By Kinnear =. eee XXX. Entomological Notes :— By H. Maxwell-Lefroy, T. V. Ram Krishna Aayar and El. E. Mann yy) 2y2)- ces eeeeeee XXXI. The Distinctions between Terias silhetana and Terias hecabe. By Lt.-Col. N. Manders, RL A.MiC...5 or pa tine cece nee one eRe eee XXXIT. A Giant Sunflower (Hehanthus annuus, Limm>)) By. Sa Veiled eens eee teaeee XXXII. Scientific Nomenclature. By F. EH. W. V CUMING Ce cece ot caauwe ns ens eee XXXIV. The preservation of Natural History Speci- mens. By Gordon Dalgleish =: )-27--eesse PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING of Members of the Bombay Natural History Society held on 3rd February 1910... PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING of Members of the Bombay Natural History Society held on 7th April 1910 ...... No. 2. THE GAME BIRDS OF Inp1a, Burma AND CreyLon. Part II. The Eastern Solitary Snipe and the Wood Snipe. (With Plates IT and Il.) By EH. C. Stuart Baker, F.LS., F.Z.80,°M.BsOLUs ous sa eee ee ae eeeeene E eee eee eee THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. Part VIL By ‘Ty Re Bell, 16) a eee eee eee PAGE 230 259 279 CONTENTS. A COLLECTION OF THE OPHIADIA FROM THE CHIN HILLS. (With notes on the same by Major F. Wall, 1™.s., CHILLS) Tey 1h ld. Wie Wier Mc88 2co 50 ose cooticouccdoe A NEW TROPIDONOTUS FROM THE CHIN Hitis. (Tropidonotus venningt, sp. n.) By Major F. Wall, 1.M.S., C.M.Z.S. ... THe PatmMs or British INDIA AND CEYLON, INDIGENOUS AND InTRopUCED. Part Il. (With Plates I, (11, IV amma, WV) Teyp 1, IBanneIe, Silo Séc cso ce bodceocaonccaowerb och THE BUTTERFLIES OF Kumaun. Part I]. By F. Hannyng- WON, JaCHS: “eo geisttess pape CHOS SEEN OSCE SOR Bat SonerE ECC oM aMancnnecn & A FurtTHer List or Birrps ON THE BuHaAmo DISTRICT, Upper Burma. By Major H. H. Harington (92nd [PAD on | OPIS) oan aoe res ches cake: a2 ays eA ENR Beene ee ee A lLisr or THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE PaLNr HILLs. By Capt. W. H. Evans, Rk. E. (With a Note on Migration, loyy: diy ited Ne(0)) SAME anaes cot okheesenptonsapnns THE NaruraL History or Bompay Mauaria. (With Plates Tand II.) By Charles A. Bentley, M.B., c.m. (Hdin.), [D)KIEI IP IOAN Co'nusle (Orta 3) hehe meres ononme cebu So nabens cocobe ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO CERTAIN LOCAL BUTTERFLY Misisee by Captain We Elo iivams, RBar sco cllin- A PRELIMINARY LisT OF THE FISHES OF TIRHOOT, BENGAL. lBhy (Grarooin Denker ies) ny Sebee obs scsoscetone shpeeccueonsouscnon DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MicRO-LEPIDOPTERA. Part XII. Divgullli pee Ml evacickemByAla sb R Sa EZ.Sc. be ecta tte i: /aveaee. se oats: NOTES RELATING TO THE DISTRIBUTION, HABiTs AND NIDIFICA- TION OF Certhia himalayana, Vigors (THE HIMALAYAN TREE-CREEPER), IN AND AROUND SIMLA AND THE ADJA- CENT RanGes. By P. T. L. Dodsworth, F.z.s. .. PLANTS OF THE PunJas. Anmandalle, 22) eer iene PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING held on 19th January 1911, Ond February 1911, 9th March 1911, and 11th April 110) Ih ieee eae RPM eRNP OS riers GbE sae NGUbIGpORES 500 35° 1173 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. VOLUDREE ===. Pace Apam, J. B. Mercer, F.C.H.; Tapir (Tapirus indicus) near houses Seollies Thane? Notes on Tigers 515 A variety of the Pea-Fowl.. 520 Fishing in Burma .. 56 OAH Atyar, T. V. RAMAKRSIHNA ; Life History of a Lemaneria on Castor (Orgyia postica, Wilk.); Breeding notes on Eumenes conica ie) 243 AnpEerson, Dr. Knup; New Indian Bats . so JOO AnpvrEweEs, H. Lestiz; King Crows and Butterflies bo SiO) ; Food- plants of Atella phalantha .. 870 ANNANDALE, Dr. N.; New Volumes of the Fauna 533 ; Note , on the rate of growth of Barnacles in Indian Seas .. 1170 Baxsr, EH. C. Srvart, F.L.S., eZee MB .OLU. =) The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon .. ne be 1 The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part II. (With Plates II and TIT) .. 259 ? The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part III. The Common or Fantail Snipe, Radde’s Snipe, the the Pintail Snipe and Swinhoe’s Snipe. (With Plates A, B, C and MHDS ZL, IB) 6 Great Snipe, D The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. (With Plate IV) >) Great Snipe (Gallinago major) near Bangalore Baxer, Major H. R.; cWersute of Nilgiri Woodcock Bainey, Capt. F.M.; Two Birds’ Nests from Tibet - ; Notes on Game Animals Occurrence of the from near Gyantze and in the Chumbi Valley. (With a Plate) Battantine, W. J. H.; Vita- lity of a Tiger Bamber, Lt.-Col. C. J., F.L. S., I.M.S.; Plants of whe ‘Shrine jab. A iprigs Descriptive Key to the Flora of the Punjab, North-West Frontier Pro- vince and Kashmir. Part VI. ; Plants of the Punjab Plants of the Punjab Bannerman, Lt.-Col. W.B., M.D., D.Sc.; Note on the Breeding of Echis carinata. . Rae: piper) Note on Dr. Bentley’s paper “The Natural History of Malaria” .. ve Pace 901 468: 800 XOX: LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. PAGE BEapon, CoLERIDGE; A Snake Flirtation .. fe 50 8) 2pks Bett, T.R., 1.F.S.; Woodcock (Scolopar rusticola) in Kanara ae ne ey aly) —— + Lhe Com-= mon Butterflies of the Plains of India a He to ay) ; The Com- mon Butterflies of the Plains of India. Part IX (With Plates D' and D*) .. 5 US Bentiey, Cuas. A., M.B.C. M. (Edinb.),D.H.P.,D.T.M.&H, (Camb.); The Natural His- tory of Bombay Malaria. (With Plates I § 11) and Capt. J. Tavior, I.M.8.; A new method of making permanent preparations of Mosquitoes .. ue .. 883 BrertHon, Major H. W.; Jackal hunting with Wild Dogs .. a 8: a5 lS) Co Ne) bo The Rudimentary Clavicles of a Panther. a 216 Buatrer, E., 8. Ts ; Lhe Palms of Birtish finda andl Ceylon, indigenous and introduced. 33 - ; The Palms of British India and Ceylon, indigenous and introduced. Part Il, With Plates II, ITI, IV and V) ave .. O47 ; The Palms of British India and Ceylon, indigenous and introduced. Part II. (With Plates VI, WAGE VAGUE IO Xe Gah” XE and Map B) .. ay 54 67 ; The Palms of British India and Ceylon, indigenous and introduced, Part IV. Weth Plates XII, ATT, XIV, XV, XVI and X VIL) in os BOD, ie Bie ie eR eAr ie Cae Case of Snake-bite from Himalayan Viper oe Brooxst, A. T.; An Albino Hoope (Upupa indica) Burns, Wittiam, B.Sc.; A. Tamarix Association -—; A Study of Seashore Vegetation Pace 981 Cuipper, H. M.; The Food of , a Bull-Frog .. : CoLteMAN, Lestiz C, M. A. Ph, D.; A new adie Gas hopper injurious to Agricul- ture (Colemania sphenarioides Bol.) .. ————-——; Ferocity of Female Mantis ———+— —— ; A Common Blis- ter Beetle (Cantharis rouxt, Cart.) as a Nuisance to man. Comper, E.; Butterflies of the Konkan ; Cooxt, E. Bernarp; The Bronze-backed Tree-snake (Dendrelaphis tristis) at Bina, CoPe.& D’Aprev, EH. A., F.Z.S.; Note on Blyth’s Baza (Baza jerdont) Ws ie - ; Nest- ing habits of the Common Pariah Kite (Milvus govinda). ; Ex- tention of the habitat of Lycodon fasciatus we — =) ihe occurrence of the Giant Water-Bug (Belostoma indica) in the Eastern Himalayas.. 879 alas 883 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. XXi D Asreu, EH. A., F.Z.S.; The Himalayan Greenfinch (Hy- pacanthis spinotdes) .. DateLeIsH, Gorpon ; The Pre- servation of Natural History Specimens ——;A prelimi- nary list of the Fishes of Tirhoot, Bengal es —_—_ ——--—_—— _; Roller cat- ching its prey in the water. Dewar, F., 1.0.8. ; The Call of the Sloth-Bear te DopswortH, P. T. L., F.Z:S. ; Notes relating to the Distri- bution, Habits and Nidifica- tion of Certhia himalayana, Vigors, in and around Simla and the adjacent Ranges .. Intelligence displayed by Short-billed Minivets (Per- crocotus brevirostris) when their nests are in danger The Himalayan Greenfinch. PAGE 249 463 y 5 Food of Crocodiles .. Protection of Wild Birds m India and traffic in Plumage. Epirors; A Survey of the Mammalian Fauna of India, Burma and Ceylon .. Kvans, Capt. W.H., R.E. ; A list of the Butterflies of the Palni Hills with a note on Migration by J. Evershed. 9 Additions and corrections to certain local Butterfly Lists. Evans, T. M.; Notes on the colour of the Common Keel- back .. 1105 - UIs7 380 425 1164 Pace EversHep, J.; Note on the Migration of Butterflies .. 380 Fenpatu, C. K.; Porcupines (Hystirix leucura) found in the hills af Ae .. 848 ————-——.—; Do Smews (Mergus albellus) go in pairs ? = 857 Fenton, L. L., Lt.-Col. ; Dis- tribution of the Sloth-Bear or Indian Bear (Melursus ursinus) os ae 5 als} - 5 Bae Baluchistan Bear .. Bis nee -; Doves nesting on the ground ng AD) - ; Occur- rence of the Lesser Flamingo (Pheniconais minor) in Kathiawar .. ie SE eal 37 he Kathiawar Lion. (With an Illustration) .. se oe Cal Old wounds in Tiger and Pan- ther .. oe : . 1148 Fiscuer, C.K. C.; Pairing of the Spider (Nephile macu- lata) .. ae Se so OAS ——_——_—_—— ; Further Note on the Spider (Nephile maculata) oe ; Observa- tions on the Spider (Galeodes indicus) a ae .. 886 ; Further note on the Spider (Nepizle maculata, Fabr.) .. oo Stoll! —— ; The Court- ship of Whip Scorpions .. 888 —_-—__——_——; Galls of Paracopium cingalense, Walk. on Clerodendron phlomidis, IbpTana, 6 6 Be a a LUGS, XxX Fooxs, Lieut.-Col. H., I.M.S. ; European Bustard (Otis tarda) in Northern India Forsytu, Captain H.W., R.E.; The food of Crocodiles —____, W.; Vitality of a wonnded Tig er ; The number of Cubs in a Tiger s litter Foster, Capt. R. T. ; The Call of the Sloth-Bear Francis, Lieut. RK. ; The Sniew ; The Broad- snouted Mugger in the Indus FRASER, Capt. F. C., 1.M.S.; Biological note on Aphneus hypargyrus. (With a Plate). 3 Notes on Calotis in Sind ? An Ant-granary ,. Furton, Major H.; Hat wicke’s Hedgehog (Br wmaceus collaris) at Fatehgarh ; The Spot- ted wing (Psaroglossa spilop- CCH) mee ain bp nee — ; The Food of Dragon-flies Gammniz, G. A., F.L.S.; Orchids of the Bombay Presidency. Part X. (With Plate X)... ; Orchids of the Bombay POuve Part XI : Gave, W.; Sloth Beer valle her Sans when attacked .. GuosH, C. C.; Entomological notes (Croce filipennis). (With a Plate) Gray, CHas.; bur Food of Sam- GREEN, J. ieee Vanessa indica Larva of PAGE LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Green, EK. Ernest; Remark- able resemblance between a Cicadid and an Aretud Moth mimitic Hampson, Sir Guo. F., Bart., ¥.Z.S., F.E.S ; The Moths of India. Series IV, Part 1. The Moths of India. Series Vee Bacula. 5 The Moths of India. Series IV, Part III : Hannyneton, F., 1.C.8.; The Butterflies of _Kumaon. (With a Map) ; The Butterflies of Kumaon. Part Il a ; The Ad- dendum notes on life-history of Vanessa indica and V. kash- MANCNSUS Butterflies of Kumaon. ; Notes life-history of Papilio ravana, Moore Harinetron, Major H. H.; A further List of Birds of athe Bhamo District, Upper Burma on ; The Indian White-eye (Zosterops palpebrosa) ; Some Maymyo Birds Hastrep, H. kh. S.; Breeding of the great Stone-plover (Esacus recurvirostiis) Hatt, Prorressorn V. N.; A note on the Structure of the Giant Creeper (Calycop- teris floribunda), (With a Plate). oe PaGE 83 634 . 1046 130 875 857 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. PAGE Heartu, R. H.; Panther found away from its usual haunts. Homes, W. M. Logan; Notes on Ducks at Kohat .. . 1156 513 Inetis, C. M.; Notes on the Spotted Munia (Uroloncha punctulata) and the Indian Red Munia (Sporeginthus amandava) 517 K., R.; An abnormal Chinkara head. (With an illustration). Ketty, Lieut. E. H., R.E.; Occurrence of the Bronze- capped Teal (Hunetta fal- cata) near Roorkee .. = Kinnear, N. B.; A Record Panther og a See malle! ; Large Mahseer one mF: ob Bee ; The Shoot- ing Season, 1908-1909 ; Pied In- perial Pigeon and Sheldrake in Arracan | —— sGatevart Indian Fin-Whale near Rat- nagiri Lampton, Capt. G. C.; Wood- cock shootingin the Nilghiris of te linown Capi i. Hey LIMES: ; Hyena with deformed feet. . ——- ; Mosqui- toes and Fish . 1165 Lusuineton, P.M.,1.F.S.;The oceurrence of Atella alcippe, Cramer, in North Malabar. . 847 869 MacratuH, Major H. A. F. ; In- troduction to Lieut. C.H.I. Whitehead on the birds of Kohat and the Valley, Northern India Kurruin 169 Xxill PAGE Maeratu, Major H.A.F.; The food of the Rufous-backed Shrike (Lanius erythronotus) 218 —_— —_—__—1____—1—_; Bird notes from a homeward . bound steamerin November. 222 —_—__—__—__--—__; Shri- kes Larders .. on ah EN Manvers, Lt.-Col. N., F.Z.8., F.E.S.; The distinctions between Terias silhetana and T. hecabe 245 ae Argynnis hyperbius var. castetsi, an appeal 866 Mann, H.H.; Entomological notes from a recent tour 244 a Note on the Bugs (Aspongopus janus) 1166 Maxwett-Lerroy, H.; Ento- mological Notes :— (a). What is a Cuckoo- Spit ? sg ae (6). Idiocerus and _ its broods . 235 (c). The eggs of Jettigo- niella e250 (d). What do Dragon-flies eat? 236 (ce). Whatisaspecies?.. 238 (f). “Indian Insect Life.” 239 (g). The “ Coleopterorum Catalogus” .. 239 (4). Genera Insectorum.. 241 Meyrick, EH., B.A., FE.R.S., F.Z.8.; Descriptions of Indian Micro-Lepidoptera. XI 143 Descriptions of Indian Micro-Lepidoptera. Part ROT oe are 435 Scientific Nomenclature 534 XXIV PAGE Minyrion, .Hi, BA.) ERS: F.Z.8.; Descriptions of Indian Micro-Lepidoptera. Part XIII i? Mittarp, W.S.; The varieties of Hibiscus cultivated in gardens MircuHe.t, F. J.; The ea of Dragon-flies .. d v0 ; Little Bus- tard (Otis tetrav)in Kashmir ——_——, J.C. H.; Food of the Hoolock or White-browed Gibbon Mossz, Capt. A. H., I. ge , Nidi- fication of the Saris Chane. A. W.; Occur- rence of the Lesser Flamingo (Pheniconaias minor) in Ka- thiawar A. H.; Ducks in Okhamandal The Food of a Mantis .. Osmaston, B. B.; The Himala- yan Greonanch (fh ee spinoides) : cis Peru, Capt. H. D.; Some Butterflies taken at Fateh- garh .. PERCIVAL, G. s. date aN S. B.: Birds feeding he young. . PERSHOUSE, STANLEY; Nidi- fication of the Sarus Crane (Grus antig eee) 5 Purnston, G. H.; The Daren Goose (Anser e aii opus) near Fyzabad : 5 PotrincerR, J. A.; Abnormal number of young in a Mar- chor.) ae Primrose, Anex. M.; Baza (Baza jerdoni). . Blyth 706 . 1150 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Ravcuirre, H. Detme’, R.W.F.; Roller catching its prey in the water REINHOLD, Capt. C. H. LM. - Another fatal case of vanes rine Poisoning j Rue’-Puitrezr, G. W. V. F.E.S.; Notes on some Butterflies from the Indian Region Ryan, G. M., FZ. So . Cuneee growth of the Palme Palm (Borassus flabellifer Linn.) . de, Savitz, L. H.; merged Note on sub- Tree-stumps dlis- covered in Bombay Harbour (With an illustration) : Sepewick, L. J, LCs; A second taist of Mosses trom Western India Seton-Karr, H. W.; | Sambar and Tiger SHEVADE, S. V.; A pian Sune flower (Eee aNNUUS) .. Srimonps, Capt. M. H.; Second occurrence of the European Great Bustard (Otis tarda) in India ae Magis dy eles isGeenne Landria (D. trigonatus) Sreinuorr, F,. G.; Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) on the Mekran Coast .. and Tuomas, OLDFIELD, F.R.S.; A new Murine Genus and Spe- cies from Sind, with diag- noses of three other new genera based on previously known species of Mus TRENCH, C.G.C., 1.C.8.; Hawk- Moth and Spider TYRRELL, Captain J.-.R. I.M.S., Shrikes Larders der PAGE 524 753 889 894 - dlos 996 876 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. TYRRELL, Captain J.R. J., I.M.S., Occurrence of the Lesser Florican or Likh (Sy- pheotis aurita) out of season. VENNING, Capt. F. EH. W.; Occurrence of the Hastern Solitary Snipe (Gallinago soli- taria) at Haka, Chin Hills. . A collection of the Ophidia from the Chin Hills, with notes by Major F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. Further notes on Snakes from the Chin Hills, with note by Major F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. Watt, Major F., 1.M.S., C.M. Z.S.; A popular treatise on the common Indian Snakes. Part XI. (With Plate ALTIT* and Diagram) Notes on the Viviparous habit of Jerdon’s Pit-Viper (Lachesis jerdoni) and obser- vations on the foetal tooth in the unborn embryo Remarks on the varieties and distribution of the Common Green Whipsnake (Dryophis mycterizans) .. Notes on a collection of the Ophidia from the Chin Hills. > A new species of Tropidono- PAGE bo bo “I “J “I (=) bo (Ju) py tus (Tropidonotus venning?) from the Chin Hills. . Occurrence of the Ermine (Putorius erminea) in Chitral. ce ai ; The importance of correctly identifying Poisonous Snakes A fatal case Poisoning of Viperine ai Tae > Varieties of common green Whipsnake (Dryophis mycte- rzans ) A popular treatise on the common Indian Snakes. Part SDV, (alia 200 ID grams I and II and Map) Notes on Snakes from the Chin Hills Notes on a brood of young Sea-snake (Distera spiralis, Shaw) A popular treatise on the Common Indian Snakes. Part XV. (With Plate XV. 2 Diagrams and Map) Remarks on the Snake Col- lection in the Quetta Mu- seum 9 Anew Snake (Simotes jug- landifer) hitherto unrecog- nised as a distinct species. . Wuistter, H.; The Rufous- backed Sparrow (Passer pyr- rhonotus, Blyth) XXV Pace 345 514 603 858 953, . 1033 1162 ae A ee ae “ (Wall) Plate XIII, issued in Part II. XXVi WHITEHEAD, Capt. C. H. T.; On the Birds of Kohat and the Kurram Valley, Northern India, With an Introduction by Major H. A. F. Mag- rath On the Birds of Kohat and the Kurram Valley, Nor- thern India. Part IL On the Birdsof Kohat and Kurram Valley, Northern India Major J. H.; Fishing in Burma Wuymrper, S.L.; A pecedine eround of the Tbis-Bill (Lh- dorhynchus strutherst) PAGE 169 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS, —___-____ _______; Birds nest- ing in the Nila Valley (Garhwal) Wienattz, Lt. J. D. ee - The Lesser White- peated or Dwarf Goose on Kabul River Wroveuton, R.C., F.Z.8.; On the nomenclature of the Indian Hedgehogs . ae - ; “The Pale Weasel” of Blanford’s “Mammalia” and a new Himalayan Vole - ; Ona small collection of Rodents from Lower Sind 5 ——; Ori- ental Flying Squirrels of the ““Pteromys” group. . PaGE . 1157 80 930 . 1000 . 1012 i S ln On Mie VAN ten S: WVWOLLUORNE Sz. To face page No. 1. The Woodcock (Scolopax rusticula). Plate I a By We Ie Group of Palms in Peradeniya Gardens, Ceylon. Platel.. Lh nO Map showing the limits of the Region of Palms. MapA .. Wavy The Common Indian Snakes (Psammodynastes pulverulentus, Ancistio- don lamalayanus). Plate XIII Ms aA pis yer ee) Ge The Common Snakes of India. Diagrams and Map wy haraaet ed Distribution of Psammodynastes pulverulentus within Indian limits. Map the ee ener ehO Orchids of the Torebar Pr sence (Goxsintin we PED. Plate X. 126 The Butterflies of Kumaon. Map BF ty: ae Hee lio® ; No. 2. ~The Wood-snipe (Gallinago nemoricola). Plate Il .. ar ee AO) The Eastern Solitary Snipe (Gallinago solitaria). Plate III 55 | GO) The Palms of British India and Ceylon (Phenix sylvestris.) Plate ll.. 350 op 35 pe Group of Wild Date Palms.— 75+ (P. sylvestris). Plate I .. 352 9) - ae (P. zeylanica). PlateIV .. 396 os 33 (P. rupicola). Plate V 356 The Natural History of Bombay Malaria— Heads and legs of Bombay Anopheles Mosquitoes. PlateI.. 400 Larvee of Bombay Anopheles Mosquitoes. Plate IT .. 406 Life History of Aphneus hypargyrus. Plate A Bit a5 OS) Croce filipennis. Plate 530 No. 3. Map of the Migration Routes of the Fantail Snipe (Gallinago celestis). MapA .. te bo a as 50 OO Heads of Snipe for comparison of bills ( Gallina go stenura, G. celestis, G. nemoricola, G'. solitaria). Plate A Be es ee OOO Under Wings of Fantail Snipe, Pintail Snipe, Wood Snipe, Eastern Solitary Snipe. Plate B .. ‘ 572 Map of the Migration Routes of the Pintail Snipe (Caren go stenur 2) MapB .. a a ie abe te ei OSA. Tails of Snipe (Gallinago megala, G. stenura, G. celestis, G. nemoricola, G. solttaria, G'. gallinula). Plate C .. Ws Sc .. 594 XXVIII LIST OF PLATES. To face page The Common Indian Snakes (Tropidonotus stolatus, Psammophis con- danarus). Plate XIV ms ‘e Diagram 1 .. 2) ” ” ” Pon Map showing Distribution of Psammophis condanarus The Palms of British India and Ceylon :— Pheni« humilis: P. h. var. pedunculata, Plate VI Phenix paludosa. Plate VII Phenix dactylifera. Plate VIII Phenix reclinata. Plate IX Chamerops humilis. Plate X A—Trachycarpus martiana. B—T. excelsa. “Pues XI Map of the Distribution of Chamerops hunulis and Mh pine thebarca The Kathiawar Lion (Felis ea ees The Structure of the Giant Creeper (Calycopteris floribunda). Plate An abnormal Oona need (Grate lens) Text figure No, 4, The Painted Snipe (Rostratula capensis). Plate 1V Common Indian Snakes (Bungarus fasciatus). Diagram 1 . 37 79 39 79 Maps s Dinodon rufozonatus and Lycodon fasciatus. Diagram II The Bharal (Ovis nahura) Moths of India. Plate F Common Butterflies of the Plains of India. Plates Dl 9? vy) 09 o D5 ERRATA AND ADDENDA. VOLUME XIX. Page 30, line 34, for Loranthacee read Lawrinew. Be 34, ,, 6, for it read this buttertly. Coloured Plate F, Fig. 39. The butterfly figured is Ypthima haldus, Fabricus, and not Y. philomela, Johannsen, as stated. Y. baldus is said to be found in the Himalayas from Chumba to Sikhim and Bhutan; Bengal; Central, Western and Southern India; Assam; Cachar, Burma and Tenasserim. Y. philomela has no sub-basal transverse fascia on the under- side of the forewing and the striz are not as coarse as in Y. baldus. VOLUME XX. Page 74, line 8, for 19 read 17. oe 105, ,, 20, for Cochracea read Ochracea. is 131, ,, 138, ,, lencocyma read lewcocyma. 134, No. 21, ,, J. ishana read LD. isana. 5, !30, ,, 31, ,, coalpara read goalpara. 39 love) (0, 4, anpisatis read parisatis: vA 137, ,, 73, ,, ‘Parhestina persinilis Zella’s’ read < P. persiemilis zella.’ ih 139, lLne 1, ,, yerburi read yerburyt. . 140, ,, 13, for October read September. 142, ,, 11, ,, Abissara read Abisara. > 194, ., 41, for phoniewreides read phoiicuroides. , 249, ,, 6, for medicine read medium. oo) | MPEG MOS ig liars wh oP) 29 » 202, ,, 38, for Gunnomys read Gunomys. Peo le Palearnis read Ralcornis. (a) 200 ZOON a LO suetcica mead suecica: 6 5) 20, 35, ,, coramandus read coromandus, , 206, ,, 32, ,, sparsersides read sparveroides. 9 Dg gg BD, JP losllomantive. 6 5c. in India read it is the ‘‘Common Purslane”’ of England and is often cultivated as a vegetable in Kurope and Asia. Plate Page 487, line 9? Cover DS bo — ee i) “I GC) Co) Gy CH Cd tS “ = line 99 59 73 ERRATA. x 4, from the bottom add 74 before Telchinia. 4, from the bottom for Velchinis read Telchinia. 30, add 75 before Inbythea. 25, 5 10. ey Sua iscra, 29, last line, add “The food plants of the larva are Linbelia robusta, Roxb., a large clim- ber in the moist forests of the Western ghats in Bombay, and Ar- disia solanacea, Roxb., a shrub grow- ing in similar situations throughout India, in China and Malay. The two plants both belong to the bota- nical family Myrsinew.”’ XIV, after Psammophis condanarus for poisonous read O19, ol9, 519, 520, 29 7) 79 27 22, 24, 28, 32 harmless. 5, for Meyeri read Meyeri. 2 oh rhe) ,», Lbidorynchus read [bidorhynchus. 29 >i) 3? 99 7? b)p) 2? 77 39 of part IT, line 3, for [bidorynchus read Lbidorhynchus. Page 531, line 30, for viscwarus read viscivorus. 39 92 39 536, 9936, 506, 536, 2? 79 7 99 7? 99 5) ie 20, 2? 29 27, Oe 28. 34, 26, Dy 95 18, 6, 29 spekie read speket. ori read orya. Cerwoula read Kerivoula. hyperthia read hyperythra. hymalayan read hymalayana. Coocystes read Coceystes. glandarious read glandarius. Cyon read Cuon. Pterocercus read Pherocercus. Pages 625, & 633, the descriptions of the plate should be re- versed, the one on page 625 being intend- Page 752, line ed for P. condanarus and that on page 633: being that of ZT. stolatus. 6, for name read mane. BRRATA. NOOK Page 797, line 31, for clahistone read blahistons. HY 845, ,, 28. ,, vindhina read vindhiana. 885. .. 19, ,, Pericrotus read Pericrocotus. 889, title of Miscellaneous Note No. XLIV for “ Curious Growth of the Palmyra Palm, Borassus flabelliter, Linn. read Palmyra Palm (Borassus flabelliter, Linn) Curiosities of Growth.” 590, line 6, for Achridotheres read Acridotheres. ws , O90, ., 7, ,, erthrorhynchus read erythrorhynchus. 892, .. 10, for G.M. Ryan, F.z.s., read G.M. Rvan, F.L.S. 396, ., 23, for Cortunia read Coturnia. 896, ., 24. .. coromandelisa read coromandelica. 896, ,, 29, ,, Cortwniw read Coturnia. Cover of part LV, line 6, for Blandford read Blanford. Miscellaneous Note No. XXII, for juglandaper read juglandifer. Page 938, line I1, for in the day time read at night. » 900, ,, 31, for gorrula read garrula, ss Ooo I, ,, smyrnesis read sivyrnensis. » 960, ,, 42, ,, Peophron read Neophron. 5 Ol. ., 9, 5, Gypetus read, Gypaétus. 961. ., 16, ,, chryscetus read chrysaétus. 968, ., 41, ,, coramandelica read coromandelica. : 970, ,, 14, ,, Porazana read Porzana. >» 005, ,, 35, ,, Vemelta read Timelia. ,, L007, ,, 13, ,, perigrinus read peregrinus. , 1008, ,, 34, ,, Gecinius read Gecinus. , 1009, ,,. 30, ,, Mrankalina read Mranklinia. » L010, ,, 9, ,, Palwornis read Palcornis. » 1010, ,, 12, ,, Hverwtus read Mieraétus. » L010, ,, 25, ,, Milvous read Milvus. , 1010, ,, 29, ,, apicaudus read apicicaudus Pages 1012 & 1015, for “cindrella”’ read “ cinderella. Page 1015, line 6, for Pataurista read Petawrista. LOL ae An barrel read wibunnell. a 1023, ,, 4, for (moneneed) read (nom: nud: ) XXX Page 1023, line 29 1023, 1029, 1029. 1031, L031, 104.6, 1052, 1065, 1115, 1155, 1160, 1174, 1174, 1175, 1175, 1175, 1175, 1184, 1184, 1184, 1184, 1184, re) 22 ERRATA. 10, for nitidalus read nitidulus. 10, I, 31, 9, 33 9) 3) 3) ,, Fells unica read Felis unera. », Wooly read woolly. ,, Gazelle read Gazella. ,, Cervis read Cervus. ,, stohezce read stoliezce. ,, melanosplia read nelanospila. ., gaucostigna read glaucostigina. Papillionide read Papilionide. 99 10, for a read or. 27, for prosus read porosus. 30, 54, », humic read huiniae. whitheadi read whitehead. 39 ,, unicoler read wiicolor. 5, memoncola read nenoncola. » Pomatorkinus read Pomatorhinus. ,, Caccomantis read Cacomantis. ,, faleonepi read faleoner’. » fumbriatus read fimbriatus. ,, scutulatus read scutulata. 5, Galinago read Gallinago. ,, solitaria read solitarzs. BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. BUSTARDS. Will members try and send the undersigned any notes on the shooting and breeding of Bustards in India to help in the compilation of the manuscript for the series of ‘‘Game Birds of India” for the Journal? It appears that in places in which Hume recorded Bustards as plentiful they are now very rare and full information as to the diminution in numbers of these beautiful birds in India is badly wanted, I shall be glad to purchase or exchange for Skins and Hggs and would hand them over to the Society’s Museum when my articles are completed. H, ©. STUART BAKER. Ramna, P.O., Dacca, May 1910. BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. AN APPEAL. The undersigned would be very grateful to any member of our Society who would assist him to procure python’s eggs for scientific investigation. Should an opportunity present itseli—the incubating season is I believe in June and July—what I would request is that the female be left incubating, and that an ege be withdrawn from her every second day with as little disturbance as possible, and that the eggs be labelled showing date, and then transferred to spirit. As pythons are very prolific it might be possible if the dam were discovered early in incubation to obtain a complete series of eggs showing the gradual development of the embryo up to the stage of hatching. I am prepared to pay up to Rs. 30 for spirit and as a reward to the native who can be prevailed upon to carry out the above suggestion, if any member will act on my behalf, F, WALL, Magsor, 1.m.s. CHITRAL, 12th March 1910. WO'T =z C E:. “THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON,” K. C. Stuart Baker, AND “THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON,” BY HK. Briartrer, 8.J. The attention of members is drawn to the above series, the first parts of which commence in this number of the Journal, They will be accompanied by the best coloured and black and white illustrations. The articles on THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA will deal with the SwnzpEs, BustaRDS, SANDGROUSE, QUAILS, PARTRIDGES AND PHEASANTS. Tt is hoped that members will continue to try and obtain fresh members for the Society. The Entrance Fee is only Rs. 10 and the Annual Subseription isa very smali one, being only Rs. 15, and in return for this all members receive copies of the Journal free of cost and postage. W. 8. Minnarp, Honorary Secretary, 6, APOLLO STREET, BomBay Natura History Socrery. Bompay, May 1910. boeiai «come Pi P BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. | APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP: Ladies and gentlemen desirous of joining the Society are request- ed to fill in and sign this form, and to forward it to the address of ‘‘The Honorary Secretary, Bompay Naturau History Society, 6, Apollo Street, BomBay.” | NAME, ADDRESS. NAME OF PROPOSER. N.B.—The Entrance Fee is Rs. 10,and the Annual Subscription Rs. 15, which entitles the member to a copy of the Journal and all the privileges of the Society. THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CYLON. Prats I,—THe Woopncock (Scolapax rusticola ) not having arrived from England will appear in a subsequent number. EDITORS. JOURNAL OF THE BOMBAY Natural Pistory Society. Vol. XX. BOMBAY. No. 1. THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, BY H. C. Stuart Baker, F.L.8., F.Z.8., M.B.O.U. INTRODUCTION. It is now nearly 8 years since the conclusion of ‘ Indian Ducks and their Allies ’’ and the favourable reception accorded to that series has induced me to compile, and the editors of the Journal to accept, a further series of articles upon the remaining Game Birds of India. Of necessity a work of this nature must be more of a compilation than original, but at the same time every effort will be made to bring each article up-to-date and we trust that much matter which has as yet found no record will here obtain a place. In writing “ Indian Ducks”? I observed in the preface that the articles were written as much for the purpose of inducing sportsmen in the future to record their experiences and observations as with the object of putting together an epitome of what was already known. The former purpose has, I think, been fully achieved and much valu- able information upon Indian Ducks has been recorded since the articles were written. We have added no little to our knowledge of their distribution and habits and have actually obtained a record adding Bewick’s Swan to our List of Indian Birds. So with the following pages. We trust that while the compila- tions will show sportsmen and field naturalists the extent of present records it will encourage them to furnish others which will not only supplement but also correct them when necessary. 1 2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX, It will be seen that much yet remains for sportsmen and field naturalists to do. Doubtless there are yet to be obtained additions new not only to an Indian Avifauna but to science altogether by those who have the good fortune to be posted on our far North- Eastern Frontier. But novelties are not the only things to hope for and there is much about the most common of our game birds which has not yet been properly, and sufficiently worked out. It is only within the last few weeks that Mr. Ogilvie-Grant has submitted the entirely new theory that female Woodcocks enormously outnumber the males and in the same article he has knocked on the head our old ideas as to the alleged differences in plumage between the young and old birds. As regards classification that of Blanford’s Avifauna will be adopted almost as it is, but for the sake of convenience it may be necessary to: alter the sequence of the individual birds and indeed, in some eases, of the Families or Suab-Families also. The keys to the species are based as far as possible upon such characteristics as appeal to the non-scientific observer but in each case the fullest description of the adult male and female is given as also, where possible, of the young bird. Finally I may add that should these series prove as popular as did the “ Ducks” it is proposed to bring them out in book form on the same lines as that adopted for those articles, | : Part 1. Family --CHARADRIID&. In 1886 in the “ Ibis,” page 122 et seg., Seebohm thus discoursed on the position of the Snipes in the great family of “ Plovers.” “The Snipes belong to the family Charadriide, which also includes the Sandpipers, Curlews, Plovers and a few other allied genera. From all these birds they are very easily and very distinctly charac- terised. Most of the Charadriide are web-footed; they have a distinct web at the base of the toes, sometimes much more developed between the outer and the midule toe ; but the Snipes, some of the Sandpipers, and the Turnstones are exceptions to this rule, having no rudimentary web between any of the toes, which are cleft to the base. Again, most of the Charadriide have comparatively long legs and short bills; the Snipes on the ccntrary have short legs and long THE GAME BIRDS OF IND/IA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 3 bills. The only birds in this family (except the Snipes) in which the bill is as long or longer than twice the length of the tarsus, are the females of one or two species of Curlews and one or two species of Sandpiper, none of which have all the toes cleft to the base. The genus Scolopax may therefore be diagnosed as follows :— “‘Charadriide having the bill twice as long as the tarsus, and all the toes cleft to the base.” He, however, comes to the conclusion in this paper that one eannot divide the group into genera and that these species must all come under the one genus Scolopaz. He first shews that they cannot be divided by any structural diag- nosis, the two main points of which may be said to be the amount of feathering on the tibie and the number of tail feathers. He, however, points out that there are two characteristics which divide five members of the group from all others, vzz., the nature of the markings on the head and the curious silvery tips to the feathers of the tail underneath. These characteristics appear quite sufficiently satisfactory and it is upon these that most naturalists now divide the genera Scolopax and Gallinago. Subfamily—ScoLopacinz. The members of this Subfamily may be distinguished from ali other birds of the Charadriide Family by having no trace of a web between the toes and by having the bill about twice as long as the tarsus. Another striking feature of the Snipes is the curious position of the eyes which are placed very far back in the head just above the anterior edge of the ear-orifice. In this country we have three genera. Scolopaz, which contains the Woodcock only, Gallznago, containing the true Snipes, and Aostratula containing the birds generally called Painted Snipes. The genus Scolopax inclades, according to Sharpe, only two species, vic., rustecula and saturaia. The former, the common Woodcock, is migratory summering in the Himalayas and extending in the winter tothe Plains of India ; the latter is found only in Java and New Guinea and but little is known about it. Of the genus Galiinago Sharpe recognizes 20 species some of which are migratory and some are not ; of these seven species and ene doubtful sub-species (raddez) are found in India. The genus 4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Rostratula is non-migratory and contains three species of which one, the Common Painted Snipe, is found over most of India and Burmah as well as China, Japan and Africa. Blanford’s key to the genera is as follows :-— A.—Sexes similar in plumage, bill straight. (a) Tibia feathered throughout ; no longi- tudinal pale stripes ; occiput and nape transversely striped ......0+...seccesseseee Scolopac. (b) Tibia partly naked, longitudinal pale stripes on crown and scapular........ ... (@allinago. B.—Sexes different, bill curved downwards at UlPadiesdessceccians seateecsslct nor /soWleeieieoaicas ious (ii AVOSURG Ean The sportsman can always tell the Painted Snipes (Aostratula) at a glance by its bright colouration, so different in every way from an ordinary Snipe’s plumage. The Woodcock he can tell, not only by its weight and size, but by a glance at the under surface of its tail feathers and if these have silvery tips then the bird isa Woodcock. Again if the occiput and nape are found to be barred, and not streaked, in the character of their markings the bird is the same. SCOLOPAX RUSTICOLA. The Woodcock. Scolopax rusticola.—Linn., Sys. Nat., 1, p. 243 (1766); Blyth,Cat., p. 271; Jerdon, B. L., m1., p. 670; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B., xxxviz, Pt. 2, p. 70; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p.391; Brooks, J.A.8.B., x11, Pt. 2, p. 253; Hume, S.F., 11, p. 482; Anderson, thd, 11, p. 356 ; G. Austin, J.A.S.B., xiv, Pt. 2, p. 200; Fairbank, 8.F., v., p. 409 ; Butler, zbzd, p. 504 ; Hume and Davison, ébid, v1, p. 458; Ball, bid, Vil, p. 228: Laird, bid, p. 470; Hume, bid, p. 483; zd. Cat. No. 867; Bingham, 8.F., vii, p. 196 ; Scully, ebed, p. 853 ; Hume, and Marshall, Game B., 11, p. 309; Williamson, 8.F., x., p. 517 ; Barnes, B. of Bom., p. 843 ; Seebohm Charadriide, p. 502 ; Hume, S.F., x1, p. 318: Newnham, Bom. N. H.8. Journal, Vol. iv, p. 52; Osmaston, bid, Vol. x1., p. 473; Davidson, zbzd, Vol. Xu, p. 66 ; Stuart Baker, zbia, p. 500; Hvans, Ibis, 1891, p. 80; Meade-Waldo, ibid, 1893, p. 204; Schufeldt, ibid, p. 653; Davidson,.zbid, 1898, - p. 39; Finn., Indian Waders, p. 138. THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BORMA AND CEYLON. 5 Scolopax rusticula— Wharton, Ibis, 1879, p. 453 ; ad, 5.F. vin, p. 500; Legge, B. of Ceylon, p. 806; Butler, S.F. tx, p. 428; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 95; Scully, ébéd, p. 588; Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 424; Davison, S.F. x., p. 413; Oates, Birds of B. B., 1, p. 380; St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 176 ; Hume’s, Nests and Hggs, 2nd Edit., 111, p. 349 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. B. M., xxiv, p. 671; Blanford, Fauna B. L., iv, p. 283; Dresser, Pal. Birds, p. 726 ; Oates, Cat. B. Eggs of B. M., Vol. m1, p. 66; Sharpe, Hand List of B., Vol. 1, p. 166; Oates, Game B., 11, p. 428; Inglis, Bom. N.H.8. Journal, Vol. xu, p. 500; Bourdillon, ibd, Vol. Xv1, p- 10; Fulton, chid, p. 63; Rattray, ibd, p. 663; Ogilvie-Grant, Bulletin, B. O. Club, civi (1st Jan. 1910). Vernacular names.—Simtitar, Tutitar, Hin. ; Sem Kukro, Kumaun and Nepal; Chinjarole, Chamba; Daodidap gadeba, Cachari ; Stmpoo-khlaw, Khasia ; Kangtruk, Manipur ; Welate Chaka, Chitta- gong ; Bumpal or Dhdbhdé, Chitral: Gherak, Drosh; Chustruck:, Gilgit. Description.—F orehead and sinciput grey, generally with a dark mark on the forehead. Occiput and nape with three broad trans- verse bands of velvet black, divided by yellowish or rufous lines. A deep rufous brown, almost black, line running from the base of the bill to the corner of the eye ; a second similar line below eye and posterior ear coverts; ear coverts and cheeks grey, with numerous rufous-brown spots. Upper parts and wing coverts rufous grey with numerous bars of brown and rufous ; the lesser wing coverts brown and rufous only and the scapulars broadly black on the inner and white, yellowish white or pale grey on the outer webs. The primary coverts are rufous, with bars of grey, finely edged with dark brown. The primaries and outer secondaries brown, the latter notched on the outer webs with rufous, the notches being palest on the outer- most feathers. The quills are also margined with pale rufous at the tips. The inner secondaries are barred right across with alternate bands. broad of brown and narrow of rufous. Rump and upper tail coverts barred rufous and black or rufous and brown ; as a rule in the longest coverts the terminal half is almost pure rufous. Tail feathers dark brown or black, notched or barred with rufous and tipped grey above and broadly silver-grey below. Chin white or nearly so, remainder of lower parts dull greyish 6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. white, barred throughout with narrow rufescent bars which become darker and more numerous on the upper breast, often running into one another and forming dark patches. On the abdomen and flanks posteriorly, the bars are sometimes centred with a paler tint. The adult female does not differ from the male in plumage. ‘‘ The female is larger with the colours more dull” (Jerdon). ‘‘ Males have . . . . . the back more of the pale brown and grey, and the rump less red than the female ”’ (Yarrell), 2e., Yarrell makes out the female to be a more rufous bird than the male. Young birds—‘ Differ from the adult in being darker and having creamy-whitish, instead of ashy, spots at the end of the dorsal and scapular feathers ; the lower back, rump and upper tail coverts are plainly barred across with dusky brown, and the tail feathers are not largely notched with sandy brown on their margins, but have a narrow sub-terminal line of sandy buff between the ashy tip and the black of the rest of the feathers. The outer web of the primaries has a distinct series of fulvous notches.” (Sharpe). The question of the alleged differences in the young bird have been taken up lately by Ogilvie-Grant and in the B. O. C. Bulletin he thus sums up the result of his observations. ‘‘ It will thus be seen that . . Gould . . implies that the Woodcocks with tooth-like markings on the outer web of the first long flight-feathers are the young birds of the year.” “This statement has been generally accepted as correct.” “The investigations which I have undertaken during the last few years have clearly proved the entire fallacy of this theory.” He then explains how he shot many breeding birds in the Azores— an unfortunate but necesssary proceeding—and also obtained young birds of the year from Messrs. Meade- Waldo and Sir Richard Graham. Ogiivie-Grant then comments on Seebohm’s description of the differences between the young and the old bird and says that his investigations have ‘clearly proved that it is impossible to distinguish between the plumage of the male and female Woodcock, or between old and young birds of the year, when once the latter have fully developed their flight feathers.”’ Nestlings.—“* Covered with a velvety down of a rufous colour with a broad band of chestnut down the centre of the crown, and another down the centre of the back, with three broad transverse bands down the THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 7 sides of the body ; on each side of the crown and dorsal stripe a ‘broad streak of isabelline ; a black loreal line and a central streak on the forehead also black; under surface of body pale rufous, inclining to isabelline on the abdomen, and with some chestnut patches on the throat and foreneck.” (Sharpe.) Iris deep brown, almost black. Feet green-grey or livid grey, or grey lead colour, claws generally paler and more fleshy. Bull dusky, base brown, paler and tinged with purple at the base of the lower mandible “The legs and feet are pale bluish, brown or drab, or fleshy plumbeous or grey, or livid grey, or bluish fleshy grey, generally more or less shaded dusky on the joints ; and the claws are fleshy brown, pale brown, blackish brown or dusky.” ‘The bill is dusky to blackish brown at tip, the rest pale drab brown, fleshy brown with a bluish tinge or almost plumbeous ; often nearly white, or fleshy white at the base of the lower mandible.” (Hume.) Dimensions. —“ Length 13:0 to 15:0 ; wing 7:2 to 8:0; tail from vent 3:0 to 3°85 ; tarsus 1°35 to 1:57; bill from gape 2°8 to 3:3: ‘weight 7 oz. to 12°5 oz.” (Hume.) “Total length 15 ins., culmen 2°85; wing 7:5; tail 3:5; tarsus 1:55.” (Sharpe.) “ Adult female.—Total length 14 ins., culmen 3:2, wing 7:3, ‘tail 2°9, tarsus 1:4’ (Sharpe.) The Indian birds which I have examined from the Indian Museum and the B. N. H. Society’s Museum and other skins sent me from Madras and Kashmir are as follows in their dimensions :— Males.—Culmen 2:7" to 3:1"; wing 7:30" to 8:30"; tarsus 1:50" to 1:80". Females.—Culmen 2°90" to 8°25"; wing 7:20" to 8:50"; tarsus 1:40" to 1:80". The question of comparative size of the two sexes is one which has been very much discussed and the law has been laid down by various -authorities in various ways. Thus Jerdon says that the female is the larger bird of the two, Sharpe makes out that it is a much smaller bird with a longer beak. Hume sums up his opinion thus “ they show absolutely no constant difference in the size of the sexes.’ My -ewn opinions support Hume’s and I find that though the birds vary 8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY Vol. XX, enormously in size there is no difference in the ranges of size between: the sexes, One gets adult males as small as the smallest female and big females as big as the biggest males. I have made very careful inquiries amongst sportsmen and others concerning the comparative size of the sexes and have found most of” them under the impression-that one sex or the other—their ideas varied as to which it was—was much bigger than the other. This is undoubtedly due to the fact that it takes a woodcock two years to grow to its full size and the difference in dimensions between a bird of six months old and one of eighteen months is very great. Another question which has never been settled is the reason or cause of the curious grey phase of colouration so often met with in the Woodcock. The colouration of this variety looks as if it had had all the red pigment washed out of it. I have been unable to explain this myself in any way. I have proved that it is not sexual and I have also ascertained that though it is much more common in young than in old birds it is by no means confined to the former. Major Wilson, to whom I owe thanks for much information and many useful notes, once shewed me two birds shot by him on the same day in Shillong, Khasia Hills, which might have been taken for different species so un-alike were they in tone of colouration. In this case the older, heavier and bigger bird was in the grey phase and, if I remember rightly, both grey and rufous birds were females. It would appear, therefore, that in India young birds are more frequently grey than are adults but that this phase of colouration is by no means confined to such. In fact I have myself seen fully adult birds almost as grey in tone as the solitary or wood-snipe. Ogilvie-Grant (in loc. cit.) observes “‘ The Woodcock is more or less dimorphic in plumage, ‘e., two more or Jess distinct phases of plum- age are found; some birds have the general colour of the upper part greyer, while in others it is richer and more rufous. The grey phase and the rufous phase occur in both sexes alike, in fully adult birds; but as far as my experience goes, the grey phase is never found among young birds, which are always more or less. rufous. These represent what is often described by sportsmen as the smaller rufous ‘‘ species” of Woodcock.” Ogilvie-Grant in this same paper discusses an apparent disparity in numbers between female and male Woodcocks and notes that out of THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, ) 60 Woodcock shot during the breeding season in the Azores only four were females and that out of eleven young birds sent him from Cumberland only one proved on dissection to be of that sex. As, however, he himself remarks, when one goes in for shooting roding Woodcock it can hardly be expected to get many females (fortunately). As regards the young birds this may be only an exceptional case and it is hardly safe to take this as an example of the general rule. In India there appears to be no difference in the numbers of the two sexes. Unfortunately in both the Calcutta and Bombay collec- tions we have but few sexed specimens and it is to be hoped sportsmen will help in settling this question one way or the other. Yet another point about our Indian Woodcock which is unsettled is the question as to whether or not the Indian bird differs in any respect from that found in Hurope and Northern Asia. It has hitherto been considered a generally accepted fact that our Indian Woodcock is a smaller bird than the English but I cannot endorse this. My reasons are as follows. Every one who has studied migration knows that young birds are more erratic in their travels, travel] greater distances and to much more unusual districts and countries than the older birds. Now certainly all those Woodcock ob-= tained in the plains and lower hills of India and possibly all which are shot south of the Himalayas are birds which are on migration for the cold weather and those which travel furthest and are most often shot are the young birds of the year, hence because the birds we shoot are smaller than the average English bird we have come to believe, that the whole race is smaller. This idea is not, however, borne out by my researches which haye shown me that fully adult Indian birds are as big as Huropean specimens. Thus I have had two female Wood- cocks sent me (shot off the nests) which measured in wing 8°30" whereas my largest bird shot on migration is well under 8:0". Hume says that he thinks the Indian bird is smaller than the English but stultifies the value of his opinion by what he says later on, when in talking of the triangular emarginations on the primary quills of the wing, he writes, Yarrell says :—‘t These marks are indications of youth” and then Hume adds “It is a curious thing that out of 27 Indian-killed specimens now before me, these triangu- lar marks are present in every specimen, only in two or three have they disappeared from the basal half of the feather. Our Museum 2 16 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX does not contain a single Indian-killed specimen with the whole of the outer web of the first quill entirely plain.” From Hume’s own words, therefore, we assume that his opinion was formed on a series of immature birds, although his deductions are somewhat upset by Ogilvie-Grant’s recent discoveries. The only way the question can be determined is by the measure- ment of adult birds in their breeding haunts, either during, or just prior to, the breeding season. Here again the sportsman and field naturalist must come to the fore and assist the scientific man who works in the Museum. In regard to the weight there is no doubt that the majority of birds shot in India are lighter than those shot in England but the reasons which account for their being smaller would also aceount for their being lighter. Hume comments on the comparative weight of Himalayan (?) and English birds at some length but his conclusions are hardly convincing especially when one remembers, as has already been shown, that they are based on deductions made from a series of probably immature birds. He says that only 5 birds out of 53 weighed exceeded 10 oz. whilst the weight generally was between 7 and 124 oz. and he compares this record of weights with a bag made in Ireland. “Tn only 5 out of 53 birds has the weight exceeded 10 oz. and of these five the weights were :—10°5, 11:5, 12:0, 12 0, and 12°5 oz. Out of 534 couple shot . . . . in South-West Ireland, 27 weighed between 12 and 14 0z., 6 between 14 and 15, and one between lb and16 . . . . —Our 53 birds weighed, between 7 and 8 oz, fourteen, between 8 and 9 oz. eighteen, between 9 and 10 oz. sixteen, above 10 oz. five. There is an undoubted instance on record of a Woodcock in England weighing 27 oz.’ I have found it difficult to obtain weights of Indian killed-birds but the few I have obtained of fully adult birds do not seem to shew that our birds are much inferior to English, when in good condition and full sized. Thus Major Wilson writes me ‘I have only weighed one bird as it struck me as being bigger than usual, this weighed 13 oz. and was the bird I senton to you.’ Dr. Moore shot birds in Dibrugarh weighing 12, 14, and 14 oz. and Mr. Mondy sent me a bird which weighed just short of 14 oz. Any of them would have equalled good English birds and though the weights are admittedly excep- THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 11 tional for Indian birds this is only because it is also the exception to shoot any but young birds in the plains and Lower Hills of India, whilst even in the higher Hills of Southern India mature birds seem to be but seldom shot. Dr. W. Moore writes to me anent the weight of his Woodcock as follows :—‘‘ The first two I shot, both on the same day, weighed 14% ounces each, and though [ shot no heavier birds than these afterwards some ran them very close, and of 18 I weighed none were under 12 ounces except one and that was obviously a bird in very poor condition. I found Woodcock in Dibrugarh on the burnt chapries (grass lands) ear damp forest, feeding on the parched and crippled insects brought to earth by the recent fires.”’ Distribution —Outside our Indian limits Seebohm thus describes the habitat of the Woodcock. ‘‘ Our Woodcock is a semiarctic bird ranging from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In Scandanavia it breeds up to latitude 67, in West Russia to 65, but in Hast Russia and Siberia not much above 60. Its Southern breeding range ex- tends to the Azores, Canaries, Madeira, the Alps, Carpathians and Caucasus, to the Himalayas (where it breeds at an elevation of 10,000 feet) and to Mongolia and the mountains of Japan. It has not oc- ourred in Iceland or in Greenland, and once only in the Faroes ; but accidental stragglers, no doubt driven Westward by storms, principally from the Azores, have been met with on the American Continent, in Newfoundland, New Jersey and Virginia. Within Indian limits the Woodcock is a resident throughout the Himalayas where it breeds freely above 10,000 feet, and often at even lower elevations. Thence in the cold weather it migrates in considerable number to every portion of the Indian Hmpire where there are suitable hills and mountains. It has been frequently shot in Ceylon and in the Burmese Hills as far south as Tennasserim, it is found in all the Hill ranges of Southern India and is common in the Sub-Himalayan Ranges during the winter months. As might be expected, where the country is adapted to sportsmen and shooting is more or less easy the Woodcock is said to be more common than elsewhere. Thus in the Nilgiris, about Ooty, it is quite common though it is reported to be far less so in the Assamboo Hills and to be comparatively rare in the Palnis, Shevaroys, &c. That is to say where the sportsman can get at the birds in comfort, he goes 12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. out and finds them common, whereas where the cover is heavy and the ground difficult he goes out far less often and sees far fewer birds. Exactly the same conditions are found in the North-East Frontier. The Khasia Hills appear to have been forested with an especial view to provide good shooting for Woodcock and therefore tradition has long demanded that every sportsman who wishes to be known as such must pursue this bird for all he is worth. Hence it is known to be more or less common and the hardworking gunner may work up to nearly a hundred birds in a good season, indeed Major Wilson has only just missed his 200 birds in one season. Next to the Khasia Hills are the North Cachar Hills, in fact they form part of the same Range. These, however, are either very heavily forested or are covered with bamboo. The latter are seldom in India, as far as I am aware, frequented by Woodcock and the former is too heavy to allow of shooting small game with any comfort; the consequence is no one ever attempts this form of sport and the cock is said to be rare. The fact is, I think, that anywhere between Ist November and 1st March in hills over 4,000 feet elevation one should be able to find Woodeoek if sufficient time and trouble is given to the search and there are suitable places for the birds to lie up in. In the plains the matter is different and here Woodcock are only rare visitors, though chance birds are met with, generally in December and January, in many parts of the country. In Burma they seem to: descend to the lower countries, often almost to sea level as Oates says,"more frequently than they do in India. Still, even in the latter country, wherever there are hills near by cock are sure to be found at more or less frequent intervals during the cold weather. In Dibrugarh, in Lakhimpur, which is surrounded by lofty hills at no great distance, anything from five or six to a dozen are shot annually. In Cachar one or two are seen or shot each cold weather and the same in practically every district of the Assam Valley. In Dibrugarh there are a few places which are almost a certain find for an odd cock or two during December and January and Mr. F. Moore, who made a point of looking up these birds, always succeed- ed in getting from four to a dozen birds each year he was in this district. In Sylhet Cripps reported it to be so common that he had . known of as many as four brace being obtained in a single morning. THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 13 Once, however, we get any distance from Hills cock only appear as rare stragglers and in these cases it is probable that birds migrating from one range to another are, as the Irishman said of the owl, benighted by day and have to stop where they are until the suc- ceeding sunset. In this way woodcock have been shot in Guddam (Golconda), Kurrachee, Sitapur, Agra, Nynpuri, Cawnpore, Dacca, Rangoon, Tavoy, Calcutta, Madras, Kanara (away from the hills) Taipuo, Bombay and many other places. For some reason the woodeock always forms a most fascinating object of pursuit for the sportsman. It does not matter whether it is a cold, hazy morning in the Welsh coast, a sweltering day in the foot hills of the Himalayas, or a balmy day in the lovely climate of December in the Nilgiris or Khasia Hills; the owl-like flip-flap of the brown bird’s wings brings the same little thrill to the gunner and the soft thud amongst the bracken and bushes in reply toa successful shot brings a feeling of pleasure that is, for some reason, paralleled by the slaughter of no other game bird. The haunts of the woodeock are in themselves attractive and one can wander, gun in hand through sombre pine forest, sunlit copse of oak or the dense scrub of an Indian ravine always with a certainty of being interested, whatever the sport may be. There is something in ene’s surroundings which makes one take an optimistic view of life and it is not until one returns to buildings and the cook has worked his will on the results of the day’s bag that one once more remembers that ‘‘ only man is vile.’ My experience of cock shooting in India, is, unfortunately, practi- cally nil. I have shot a casual cock in the plains of Cachar and of Kamrup and more than occasionally have bagged a brace in North Cachar but I have never had the delight of a long day’s trudge through the bracken and pine forests of the Khasia Hills, in which I have now lived so many years. Perhaps the most successful of the many sportsman Shillong has harboured is Major Wilson of the 8th Gurkhas and to him my thanks are due for much information and a most interesting account of his first cock in 1908. He writes ‘‘ They generally arrive after the 15th of October, (though I see in 1890, I killed one on the 8th) and I generally begin to look for them about that date, this year without result till the 23rd. On that day, I happened to have for my morning parade “ Exercise in hill climbing,” 14. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. so took my men up the side of the big hill overhanging Shillong,. which is pretty well covered with pine forest. “On parades like this, during the shooting season I consider it legitimate to carry a gun, and to take my two spaniels ‘“ Celar ” and. ‘“‘ Audax ”’ with me. “We, that is, my following of about 100 men, my batman with the cartridge bag, the two dogs and myself, start up the hill within. half a mile of my house. A road runs zig-zag up the hill through forest anda hundred yards or so to the right of the road flows the: stream which forms part of the station water supply. We pound steadily up the hill until we have already marched about a mile and a half, up some 1,100 feet. Here I think the men may as well halt to get their wind, whilst I go down to look at the stream. ‘“‘ Celar ” and ‘* Audax’”’ go into the wood above me, and present- ly one of them gives tongue. I see nothing, but from some little: distance up the hill I hear the wings of a bird clicking against the branches of the trees as he flies, a sound I have noticed with both woodcock and pheasant at home. A second later, he gives me the type of shot I love best, coming towards me high overhead. I throw up the gun, fire, and as I lower it, see the cock crashing down through the branches. The orderly picks him up, and not having seen me shoot one for atleast seven months, asks what he is to do with it, thereby showing to how great an extent, the present system. of training the individual soldier to think for himself acts on some individuals, Not having sufficient command of his vernacular to tell him to put it ‘‘ where the monkey put the nuts,” I tell him to. bring it along. ‘On returning to my small command, who have by this had a good five minutes’ rest, the bird is duly admired, and we fall in and plod still further up the hill. On reaching the top we turn to the lett along the edge of the Government reserved forest, passing some likely looking ground, but as I should have to halt my men to try it, it is scarcely the game to do so now, so I call off the dogs, who are only too keen to work it. Along the crest of the hill for a mile or so, and then we begin to descend. Half way down, a stream runs almost parallel to, and about fifty yards from our path, and as I can keep in sight of the men, I think it quite legitimate to. work it. THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 15 “ Just at this moment, the dogs rout out a brace of Rufous-necked Partridges from amongst the bracken beside the path, and both are added to the bag. ‘The bed of the stream looks, and usually is, a grand place for a Woodcock. Here and there are swampy bits, or patches of bracken, while both banks are covered with fern and daphne, with a fairly thick pine forest over all. “The dogs hunt this valley for about six hundred yards down to the bottom, but there is no sign of anything till 1 am just coming out of the wood, when I hear a flutter to my right, and the orderly shouts he has put up a bird. “ T push my way through the grass, cobwebs and bushes, and ask if he has marked it down. ““He says he has, so we walk it up, I see a small brown shape flitting through the undergrowth, and the second cock of to-day is added to the bag ; we then come out and rejoin the sepoys on the road and march home, the result of the morning’s work being a march of seven miles up and down about 1,100 ft. over fairly rough country, with a brace of partridges and two woodcock to show at the end of it, all done within two and a half hours.’’ It will be seen from what Major Wilson writes that we do not in India get birds in the numbers they are obtained at home. In Shillong and its vicinity four or five birds in a day’s tramp must be considered fair sport and six to eight birds something quite out of the common. Major Wilson has shot eight to his own gun ina day and Mr. Faichnie, of the Postal Service, once got nine but I have heard of no bigger bag to one gun ina single day’s shooting. In the Nilgi- ris, Hume says “‘ ten or twelve birds to two guns in a morning is quite an unusually fine bag so it must not be supposed that they lie thick as a rule, and yet in particular parts of the hills five or six are sometime shot out of one tiny shola, not perhaps above thirty yards wide and not a quarter ofa mile in length.’ ‘The largest bag re- corded for India is that recorded by A. Grahame Young in Hume and Marshall’s Game Birds of India 28 years ago. this bag was made in the Tos Forests in Kullu. Hume quoting him, thus records the bag. ‘‘ The end of January is about the best time for them, The largest bag that I know of was 33 birds to two guns Letween Nuggur and Ryson; a gcod many others were missed. If the season be at 16 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. all favourable, one is pretty sure of flushing a dozen or so in the course of a day in the favourite haunts.” Hume writing of these favourite haunts thus describes them : ‘““Qover and running water are what in India the woodcock most affects ; you may find them alike in the middle of deep forest or thick Ringal jangle near the banks of some rushing hill streamlet, foaming and sparkling in its rushy bed, where save a few tiny velvety corners, there seems no single spot in the neighbourhood where they can possibly teed ; and again in clumps of low scrub in a treeless opening where some stream debouching in a clayey basin converts this into a mossy swamp, through which its movement is to be detected only at the further end where, as if ashamed of its late sluggishness, it gushes out to resume its late brawling descent. But, swamp or stream, the water must be moving to please the Woodcock; and though there are exceptions to this rule, you will generally hunt in vain mountain swamps and tarns, where there is no outlet and the water is stagnant, though all the surroundings and adjuncts be everything, apparently, the breast of woodcock can desire. Jn England we find them beside little stagnant ditches and pools in covers; but in India J have seldom so seen them, having almost always flushed them in the neighbourhood of running water.” Inthe Khasia Hills they undoubtedly generally affect places within easy reach of running water, but this is possibly because in these hills it is difficult to get away from it. They certainly some- times lie up in small. patches of swamp which are not directly con- nected with any running’ water for some distance. Thus, until this year when the whole patch was cleared, 2 woodcock could always be put up in a tiny patch of swamp not 50 yards by 20 which is at the bottom of my garden. I never allowed a gun to be fired here and the birds soon became curiously tame never rising until one was within a very few yards of where they squatted. Major Wilson has recorded a similar instance in his own compound. ‘Speaking of the little place in my garden it is a bit of rushy swamp, about twenty yards long and ten wide. On one side of it is open grass, and on the other a bank on which grow some brackens, bushes, and about a dozen pine trees. Early one morning, I let the dog into it, and a woodcock jumped up almost at once, flew over the dog, and pitched on the grass about five yards from me, where he squatted about five yards THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 17 off with his tail spread like a turkey-cock’s, awaiting developments. The dog worked up to the end of the marshy bit and knowing there was a bird there, turned and came back towards me. ‘‘When the cock thought he was too close to be pleasant, he again executed his mancuvre of flying over the dog, and I distinctly saw him use his beak to lever himseli, as it were, into the air. This time he pitched where I could not see him, and when he rose again he evidently meant going, so I let fly and very nearly bagged an old native woman in the next compound as well.” In connection with this little piece of swamp the same writer has commented on the regularity with which woodcock return year after year to the same piece of ground. ‘I soon discovered that to find woodeock with any certainty a good spaniel was required, as well as an intimate knowledge of the ground, for one woodcock succeeds another in a favourite spot, just as one trout succeeds another behind a big stone in a burn at home, and in Shillong the places the cock mostly frequent are few and tar between, “This peculiarity of the bird I learnt betore ever I came out to this country, and it was well expressed a few days before I left home by an old retainer of ours, who said; ‘ Now, Mr. A., I may be deid and gone afore ye come back, but ye’ll mind the holly bush on the bre abuve the kirk-yard. When the snaw’s on the ground, it aye hauds a woodcock, and a eraand ane. ” Many a woodeoek J shot there asa boy, and no doubt many a one has been shot there since. So it isin Shillong. Hach year the cock arrive, their instinct brings them into the haunts their ancestors frequented, though, alas, these haunts are getting fewer and fewer as the station extends. “The unwillingness of the ‘cock to leave a favourite spot, so long as any cover at all remains, is shewn by the fact that both last season and the season before, I got an occasional bird within thirty yards of my house, fifteen from a much-used foot-path, and about fifty from some stables. This was a cosy little bit of covert in the old days, before the ground was so much built over. “ There is a drain and slightly marshy bit of ground in the midst of our Regimental lines where the ‘cock feed at night still, although the barracks have been inhabited for close on forty years.” In England, of course, cock shooting is indulged in under very different circumstances and with very different results and I was ! V 3 18 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. fortunate enough on one occasion in Wales to participate in a shoot in which three guns got 49 couple of cock in a very few hours. We had been shooting three days a week over the rough country all round the South Coast obtaining small, mixed bags of pheasant, partridge, hare, &c., anything from ten to thirty brace a day but never, as far as I remember, had a cock shown itself. On the day in question, a crisp November morning in 1894, we start our morn- ing trudge with a beat through some bracken bordered by a tiny copse of oak and serub on the crest and with a ditch and some swampy ground at the foot of the hill. As we enter the bracken a hare breaks and is neatly turned over in the open by H, the gun on my left hand. The report, however, puts up a small covey of partridge, out of shot, who sweep over the little copse and pitch in a field just over the covert. Finishing the bracken without further result we turn round and beat the far side of the hill for the par- tridge. I, as right-hand man, taking the deep bracken lying just inside the oak trees. We have only gone some hundred yards when we walk into the birds, which have scattered a little, and four are added to our bag. I have one shot and a miss at the partridge but as I fire I catch a glimpse of what [am sure is a woodcock get up and flit through the trees to my right, but on saying so I am merely laughed at for my pains, as the cock are not supposed to be in. J, however, insist on beating back through the spinney on my own account and hardly have I got well inside when two cock are up and off before fam ready for them. Within five paces, howeyer, another gets up and falls to my shot and as he falls another rises and is missed. Before I can load the spaniels have another bird in the air and before I have walked the spinney through five birds have been dropped and at least as many more missed. After this the- other guns come up and after inspecting my bag it is at once decid- ed that a large flight must have just come in and that the original day’s shoot should be abandoned for the purpose of hunting up the most likely places for the cock. Their favourite haunts along these Coasts are the numerous small copses and spinneys which nestle in between the hills, sometimes running a little way up the sides, often surrounded with a fringe of light scrub or gorse and nearly always with a tiny stream trickling down the centre and losing itself in a swamp at the foot. We soon THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 19 come to one of these littie woods and arrange to work it from the bottom upwards, one gun taking the centre and the other two the edges. As the guest I am given the best place in the centre but before we get into the wood itself two cock are put up from the bracken at the edge of the swamp and are downed with a pretty right and left by my host. No more birds are seen until we are well inside the cover when a single bird gets up from the mossy bed of the tiny stream just in front of me and is promptly bowled over. A second gets up within a few yards but I miss badly and the bird jinks away to my right and I hear the bang, bang of H., gun num- ber three, a good shot who has doubtless accounted for him. For some time I get no more shots only putting up one bird which flops out of my sight before I have time to take a snapshot at him. The birds seem to be lying up in the holly bushes and gorse on the edge of the copse and both my neighbours are get- tmg repeated shots and soon one of them missing a double shot, turns a cock my way and he comes towards me in and out of the trees with his curious owl-like flight and though he escapes my first barre] the second brings him down almost on my head. I then get a pheasant and miss another cock but finish up the beat with a nice right and left at a pair of wood-pigeon. Counting our bag we find that B, our host, has six cock, a pheasant and a rabbit, H. two pheasant and four cock and myself a pheasant, two pigeon and two cock. Our next beat isa narrow strip composed of scrub and holly bushes intermixed with a few bigger trees fringing a ditch of running water which here and there widens out into small patches of bracken covered swamp. This is too narrow for three guns, so B. goes ahead and stands at the end, whilst we beat up to him. A start is made by H. with a right and left at pheasant and we then walk half way through before we get another shot and we begin to think the birds are not so thick after all. Here however from a dense patch of holly bushes the dogs put up four cock together and we have the pleasure of accounting for all four though, to level matters, we each miss a comparatively easy shot immediately after. Yet again we have four birds in the air at the same time but we only drop three, two are picked up at once and whilst hunting round for the third another bird gets up between H. and myself and flies straight towards me; neither can shoot until he 20 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. gets almost up to me when he rises and tries to dodge back but is bowled over with a lucky shot just in time. So on through the strip with constant shots all throughits length — and, curiously enough, in this bit of cover we keep putting up the birds three and four almost together with intervals in. which we put up none at all. The taller trees are scanty and the bracken very withered so the cock are all hiding under the many clumps of holly bushes and brambles at the very edge of the swampy pieces. The shooting is easy in the comparative absence of the taller trees and we find when we get through our beat that H. has nine birds to my ten and that our host has beaten us both with 12 cock and a pheasant, We do not have such luck, however, with our next beat whichis a pine wood with very little under-growth and no water. Here we put up three or four cock only and get but one, though we add a couple of rabbits and one more pheasant to the general stock. Leaving this wood we work through a scarp facing the sea and covered with bracken, gorse and brambles whilst every few yards a cheerful little cascade goes tumbling down into the sea below us. Both rabbits and cock are very numerous here, but the walking is terrible and, having but one arm both to shoot and climb with, I frighten a great many more birds and rabbits than I kill, indeed I emerge the other end of the scarp with but one cock and two rabbits, a result exactly doubled both by H. and B., the latter adding a brace of partridge out of a covey put up on the fields above him by some labourers. Yet another scarp succeeds this one, but the walking is better and out of the 7 birds collected here J claim three having only missed one. This beat: brings us up to the farm where we have lunch, a Welsh lunch ot cold birds, apple tart and Devonshire cream washed down with draught beer. Half an hour more for a smoke and our host makes us turn out again to take full advantage of a day’s shooting of a kind that does not come too often. Walking down the lane a small boy says he has seen a cock pitch in some brambles by a pond in the field to our right and, sure enough, the dogs turn him out and B. adds him to the fast-swelling bag. From here we make for three small spinnies divided from\one another by about a hundred yards or so and themselves covering only two or three acres each, Our host and B, each take one corner and send me on ahead to shoot the gaps’ and very pretty shooting I get! They have THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA. AND CEYLON. ©— 23 hardly g a few seconds after a cock comes flitting towards me out of the last few trees and as he passes [ bowl him over: a little fluff of feathers rise rot into the first spinney before a couple of shots are’ heard and into the air, a soft thud on the grass and before we can pick him-up a second bird is dropped almost on the top of the first and no sooner are my cartridges home than a third follows. Then I have two long shots and misses and whilst reloading another passes over me before I can shoot. Both B. and H. are in sight now and [ prepare to move on to the next gap but as I. turn round a cock flies almost into me and, giving him w little law, he toe finds his way to grass. The second. gap. is a repetition of the first but here I put in six misses to three kills as the birds do not fly so kindly for me. The last spinney is best of all; the, birds seem determined to favour me and I get two shots to every one by the two guns inside and when they come out I am able to shew them 13 birds, of which 6 have been the result of the last spinney, besides a wood-pigeon and a pheasant. The others be- tween them haye 15 cock, two rabbits and a brace of pheasants so we have every reason to be jubilant. We have now 88 cock, au bag never beaten here before but we are not yet finished. Another long pine wood with bracken and hazel on the outskirts only gives usa single bird but a hazel copse a few yards further on gives us three more and but for my bad shooting should have given us five. Then we pick up two odd birds, one from a_ holly hedge near a pool and another from a bracken patch bordering some turnips. By this time it is getting late and the birds are now. in the open feeding and H, gets one as it flaps overhead, making its way from one feeding ground to another, Only a few minutes more of day-light remain and we hurry for the last beat on our way home. Here we find that there are still lots of birds but it is getting too dark for good shooting and we miss more than we hit so that only three more birds are brought to book. We have now 98 birds and our host insists-on our trying to make up the hundred, but three or four more misses in the gloaming at silent things, more like bats than birds, and one bird lost in the dark are the only:.results, so we have to be content with making the biggest bag of cock recorded in my hest’s shooting experience. A tramp of two miles to the carts in the fast gathering dark and then home after a long twenty miles trudge and:the best days small game shooting I ever hope to have, 22 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX Contrasting well with Major Wilson’s account of shooting in the Khasi Hills and with ordinary cock shooting at home is the account given by Tickell of cock shooting in Nepal which is quoted by Hume. ‘“ Woodcock-shooting in Nepal] is laborious work from the steepness of the hills and the spongy nature of the ground which the bird frequents. We found them on light rich mould, thickly matted with grasses, ferns, and other weeds, and everywhere furrowed by little rills of water trickling through the tangle, or here and there stagnating in little pools or ‘bog-holes’ concealed under a layer ot vegetation, which formed tolerable pitfalls to the unwary intruder, receiving him sometimes up to the hip. The jungle on these hills is pretty thick, but not lofty, consisting mostly of briars and thicket ; and it would have been impossible to get a fair shot within it, were it not that some of the largest rills (perhaps a yard broad) bordered with mossy turf, formed narrow vistas through the tangle, up and down which the birds when flushed would fly, giving some chance to a snap shot. We had no dogs, a luxury known to very few Indian sportsman, but employed beaters to find the game. I had never even seen cock-shooting in England, and my first day’s experience of it in Nepal surprised me nota little. I wasa good snipe shot in those days, and, imagining from the general resemblance of the two birds that a Woodcock must fly like a Snipe, I was much taken aback, when hailed to ‘ look out,’ at perceiving what appeared like a large bat coming with a wavering, flagging flight along the Jittle lane-like opening in the wood where I was posted ; but in an instant, ere I had made up my mind to fire; the apparition made a dart to one side, topped the bordering thicket, and seemed to fall like a stone into the covert beyond. These sudden jerks and zigzags, in the midst of its otherwise dilatory flight, are terribly puzzling to a novice. The bird alights also in the same fashion, dropping at once down as if it had flown against a wall. They were not numerous in Nepal, and two couple bagged to one gun during the afternoon was considered very fair sport. We found them only onthe low spurs bordering the open valley of Kathmandu, on its northern side—on such slopes as were of the description above given, looking more like-the copses and hazel woods of England than the forests of India.” Tickell’s remarks on the birds flight are very good and to the point. At home the bird is a strong, good flier and the curious inde- THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 23 imite manner it has of flying is often far more puzzling to a beginner than the flights of swifter straighter-going birds. Its very haunts, of course, add to the difficulties of shooting as in addition to its natur- ally zigzag flight it is constantly twisting and dodging to escape obstructions, then too the light is often not of the best and the extreme silence of its rise and flight is in itself disconcerting. There is no warning whirr of wings or ‘“ pench ”’ as of a snipe rising, the first thing is you see it, perhaps only as it flits behind some impossible jungle, barely giving time for a hasty snap shot. In India the Woodcock seems to be of a far more tame and confid- ing nature than it is in Europe and this also affects the flight as the bird makes no effort to get away at any pace when it is flushed. Hume writes :—‘‘ When migrating they are said to fly strongly and well, but when flushed, the flight is at first slow, uncertain and Owl- like, and ceases suddenly, the bird dropping instantaneously behind some bush. I have never had any sport with Woodcock in Northern India. I have often shot them, rarely more than three in a day ; but they gave no sort of sport. They fluttered up flushed by the dogs or some beater within twenty yards, and were knocked over by a snap shot as they hung wavering on first rising. One shot them because they were so good to eat ; in every other respect they were not worth shooting. They don’t seem to fly a bit as Woodcock do in covers at home, where even a good shot is at times baulked ; but, like Snipe, and almost every living thing domiciled in this ‘‘elime of the sun,” they seem to have become listless and sluggish, ”’ The manner in which Woodcock are said to perform surgical operations on their own wounds has often been alluded and is a com- mon belief with gamekeepers and others, indeed many sportsmen whom I have met are quite convinced that the apparent attention which has been paid toa wound is the intelligent work of the bird itself. Thus Major Wilson writes me :—‘‘On_ two occasions I have noticed instances of the so-called wonderful way the Woodcock has of doctoring itself. One day I wounded a bird, saw it go off badly hit but failed to pick it up. A fortnight or so later I flushed a bird in exactly the same place and got it. It seemed in very poor con- dition and on examining it, I found it had what looked like a re- gular splint on one of its legs formed of a tiny piece of stick most -carefully bound round with feathers. The other case was one of a 24 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. bird which had evidently escaped froma snare. A great patch of skin had been torn off just above the wing and this was covered with a poultice of feathers beautifully attached to the feathers grow— ing in the bird’s body.” Of course, these works of art are the result of accident, not design,. and are caused by the birds lying in muddy places. The wounded part, in most places wet with blood already, naturally gets covered with mud or clay to which feathers, tiny sticks and grass adhere and make, what Major Wilson terms, a poultice and doubtless this may be in some instances as effectual asa splint or poultice made by de- sien. I once shot an ow! with a badly smashed thigh, how caused I do not know, but it had been lying in muddy grass-land and the breast, next the wounded leg and the whole thigh itself had become densely matted with feathers, chips of grass, mud and blood which formed a perfect plaster of Paris splint and in addition to this, in lying down the bird had had the wounded leg forced up against the breast where the foot had stuck to the feathers and mud so that it might have been said that net only had the bird arranged a splint for itself but had also put its foot into-a sling to prevent its moving about. The Woodcock is generally considered rather a stupid bird and an easy prey to trappers and snarers who take full advantage of his weak intellect. . They are said to be regular trapped in the Nilghiris and parts of the Himalayas and certainly inthe Khasia Hills snares are to be found set in almost every place known to be haunted by Woodcock. In Latham’s Synopsis, Vol. ILI, p, 130, there is a very quaint description of the Woodeock. Amongst other things Latham notes that ‘‘they are stupid birds and often taken in nets placed at the openings where they come out of the woods and return to them in the evenings, which thev do in particular paths ; they are also caught in springes placed on the ground, or near it, sometimes by the legs, at other times by the neck : for as these birds will not walk over the least obstacle which projects in their way, it is usual to place a range of stones and in the ayenues between to set springes, by which means many are often taken.” The Woodcock isa very silent bird and but little is on record. about its voice. The male is said to havea hoarse, grating note: THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 25: called “a bleat,” “a croak,’’ ‘‘a jarring chuckle” by various writers, Mr, Osmaston speaks of the noise made by a female W ood- cock disturbed in its brooding as being ‘‘a continuous sort of grating purring noise.”” Hume says that as far as his own experience goes the Woodcock is mute in the cold weather, but he quotes Mr. Wilson as writing of them in their summer haunts: ‘“ At this season they are seen towards dusk, about the open glades and borders of the forests on the higher ridges, flying rather high in the air in various directions and uttering a loud wailing cry.’ Hume also quotes ‘‘ European authors ” to the effect that the Woodcock has ‘‘ a very peculiar call-note, first one or two snorts, 2 hollow coarse, somewhat lengthened nasal sound, followed by # short fine sharp sort of whistle, which when one is accustomed to it, may be heard to a considerable distance. ’’ The diet of the Woodcock ranges over rather a wide limit. Tickell says it will swallow a lob worm whole, I have found tiny snails and water shells in its stomach and on another occasion a_ bird I examined had been feeding entirely on some small white worms, of a very wiry hard consistency. It feeds on grubs, beetles, insects of ulmost any sort and will also swallow spawn of frogs. It is almost entirely a nocturnal bird, even more nocturnal than crepuscular, feeding after dark or only a very short time before nightfall. In the: day it lies up and sleeps, and at this time is usually found in a dry spot though near water. Breeding Habits and Nidification—There are two points in con- nection with the breeding of the Woodcock which call for remark -: first is the curious manner of flight during the breeding season, some- what analogous to the drumming of snipes; and, secondly, the. habit the Woodcock has of carrying its young from one place to: another. As regards the roding of the Woodcock, as its habit of flight during the breeding season is called, this is described by Seebohm. as follows :—‘* The Woodcock does not drum like the snipe but during the breeding season like that bird, the male forgets for a time his skulking habits and flies backwards and forwards, uttering a peculiar note, which, though unquestionably proceeding from the throat, must be regarded as analogous to the drumming of the snipe. This peculiar habit of the Woodcock is described as réding and is 4 26 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. ‘indulged in early in the morning and late inthe evening, in the pairing season, sometimes before it reaches its breeding grounds, but more often after its arrival there. This réding continues for about a quarter of an hour, during which his peculiar notes are uttered, sometimes singly and sometimes one following the other.” Dresser quoting Ekstro6m gives in greater detail the manner in which the W oodeock rédes. He writes :—‘‘ During the first days of spring the Woodcock commences roding the instant the sun has sunk below the horizon, but at a more advanced period somewhat before its final disappearance and continues until nightfall, In the morning it begins roding whilst it is still quite dark, and ceases previous to its being ful] daylight. When he rédes there is always an interval between each tour and retour, which is more observable in the evening, when it goes and returns there several times. The first time it always flies high and generally with rapidity, the second its flight is but little above the tree tops, and commonly slower, the third time still nearer the ground and yet more leisurely.” Oates who quotes both these authors adds * when flying about in this extra- ordinary manner the plumage is puffed out and the flight is rather slow.” Oates’ remarks agree well with what was told me by a game- Keeper in Wales, who said that he had observed Woodcock just before they left in March réding outside some of the spinnies | have mentioned in my account of a day’s shooting in Wales. This man informed me that just at dusk the cock came out of the cover and sailed slowly backwards and forwards a few times in front of it. At first the flights were high, but gradually the birds got lower and lower until reaching the level of the scrub they again disappeared into it. Hach flight was said to be in the shape of a long arc, the highest points being reached at the end and commencement of it, whilst in length they were anything from 50 yards to 200 or more. The bird was described as flying slowly with plumage puffed out, head thrown far back and bill somewhat pointed upwards. I did not inquire how many times the flights were repeated, but the impres- sion I obtained was that they were numerous and lasted for some time. In this country Mr, F. Wilson, whose note I have already quoted, seems to be the only writer who has recorded anything in regard to THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 27 ‘these nuptial flights. Mr. J. Lindsay Smith has, however, written me an interesting letter on the Woodcock and its habits on Dunga- gali, and he says in this that he has often observed them rdding ; and that whilst thus engaged this bird utters ‘‘a rather harsh croak alternately with a sharp whistle or squeak, something like that of-a cat but very much stronger.” The habit the Woodcock has of carrying its young from one place to another is very well known, but there are not many descriptions on record of how the carrying is done. Davidson saw the bird in the act of carrying its young in Kashmir, but has unfortunately left but little on record about it. He observes :— “On the 28th May I found a pair with small young ones and dis- tinctly saw one of the old birds carrying a young one between its feet or legs. It flew only some 50 yards, but though I followed at once, | not only tailed to find the young bird, but could not even put up the old one again, and on returning could not find the young one that I had previously noticed on the ground.” Littledale also records having seen the same occurrence. He writes, “‘to my delight up flew a Woodcock about five yards from my feet. She had a young one—the men said two young ones, but J could not see two distinctly myself—in her claws pressed close under her ; and she flew slowly and heavily for about ten yards, then rested above a bramble which the young one seemed to catch hold of with its claws, or become entangled in. The old bird flut- tered for quite half a minute over it, before she could pull the little one clear and fly a few yards further down, when she alighted but rose again, when I sent a man to try to catch the young one,”’ A friend in Scotland to whom I wrote to obtain information on this poimt informs me that he has only once certainly seen the Wood- cock carry its young, though he believes that on two or three occa- sions when he has disturbed cock in spring they carried away a young one with them. On the occasion he refers to as having distinctly seen what happened he writes ¢n enisiola ;—‘‘ We came on this bird very suddenly and she rose almost at my feet and made off with a young one held tightly up against her breast, and, I think, held on either side by her claws. As she left three young ones behind her when she first flew away, I at once hid myself and awaited to see what further she would do, In a few minutes back came the old 28 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX.. lady and dropped on the ground close to the nest and after scuffling: about a bit she grasped one of the young ones on either side and picked it up. As she rose I could see that her extended legs held the young one low down on either side, but she at once drew up her legs close to her body and then appeared to be holding it between her breast and thighs, this of course owing to the contracted position of her legs. Once started she flew quite easily to some distance, but seemed to find it rather difficult to get a comfortable hold of the young ones at first. She removed all four a distance of nearly 50 yards within about a quarter of an hour,” It is not definitely known whether both parents diene, in the labour of removal, but it is probable that such is the case. Indeed, from Davidson’s note given above, it would appear rather as if whilst he was following one of the parent birds, the other had carried oft the remaining youngster. It is possible that the removals are not always due to the birds being disturbed, and it may be that they are undertaken also for the purpose of getting to fresh feeding grounds. On several occasions young Woodcocks known to be in one place have been found removed to some distance, although, as far as was known, no disturb- ing element had approached the original nest site. The Woodcock breeds very freely throughout the Himalayas at 10,000 feet upwards and probably also very much lower dewn. Whether its breeding range extends to the Hast as far as the more lofty ranges of the Naga Hills and Manipur is very doubtful, and there is nothing to show ‘Leatb it breeds in any of the Burmese Hill Ranges. Abinonel so many Oologists have taken its eggs in this country,. there is curiously little on record about its nidifications therein. Hume when he wrote the ‘ Game Birds’ remarked on this, and noted that of the many who had taken the nests, the only account he possessed was that given him by Anderson, which he quotes as follows :— “On the 30th June, I turned my face towards the snows in another direction, determined to consider my expedition a failure so: long as the discovery of the breeding haunts of the Woodcock, which was one of its chief objects, still remained unachieved. After two days’ stiff marching I pitched camp at a place called Kemo, at THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 29 -an elevation of some 10,000 feet over and against Namick, which is celebrated for its salt springs.” ‘¢ We were following up a huge wounded Presbytis schistaceus through a dense undergrowth of ringals, when a Woodcock rose close to us, dropping again almost immediately, disappearing in the cover. A diligent search revealed the long-looked-for prize, four eggs, which were deposited in a slight depression in the damp soil, and embedded amongst a lot of wet leaves, the thin ends pointing inwards and downwards into the grounds.” “The eggs found (I could see they were hard-set), I told Triphook ‘| had no intention of leaving the place without bagging the bird. lt was raining heavily and bitterly cold with the thermometer down to 40°; but fortunately for us, before we had time to make our- selves comfortable under an adjoining tree, the bird flew back in a -sort of semicircle, alighted, and ran on to her nest. No sooner down ‘than she was off again, frightened, as I subsequently learnt, by one of our dogs, but which at first thought alarmed me not a little as I thought she was removing her eggs. After having satisfied myself ‘that my suspicions were unfounded, it was decided, as I had done my duty in finding the nest, shooting the bird should devolve on Triphook, and right well he did it, considering all the disadvantages which militate against having a snap-shot in dense cover and a ithick mist. I never do anything but miss on such critical ocea- ‘sions ; at any rate, | would rather some one else made a mull ot it than myself.” ‘““The eggs were a most beautiful set . . . they are far darker and redder than the usual run of W oodcocks’ eggs, all four resembling the second figure in Hewetson’s work, and in the character of their markings they are not walzke richly coloured specimens of some Terns’ Lem eS, : Osmaston has an interesting account of the finding of a nest in the Tons Valley, especially interesting as in the case there was no attempt to carry off the young ; the mother, when disturbed, attempting to divert attention by feigning being crippled. He says that aiter finding the mother and tiny young, only a day or two old, the former ‘all the time I had been inspecting her brood had been going through the strangest of antics with outspread wings and tail, and making a continual sort of grating, purring noise. She allowed me 30 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, to approach within a few feet, and then, with an apparent effort half fluttered, half ran away.” Rattray took a large number of nests of the Woodcock in Changla Gali, Danga Gali and other places near Murree. In our Journal (in loc. sit.) he records :—“ This bird breeds freely round Changla Gali from about 8,500 feet upwards. I saw some 8 or 10 pairs, and found some 5 nests, each containing the usual four eggs. The nests were all in thick forests and genera!ly under a shrub like Rue. The nest is a typical one. I hope next year to get a good photo of a sitting bird and settle the question I lately ventilated in “‘The Field ”” as to birds sitting with eyes closed and bill resting on the ground.” The typical nest referred to is that shown by Rattray in the beautiful photograph which accompanies his article. This shows a nest formed by a depression in a mass of leaves and rubbish lying on the ground under a thickly foliaged bush. In India the Woodcock seems seldom to breed before May and generally not before the end of that month. Osmaston found young birds on the 17th June inthe Tons Valley. Davidson says :—‘‘ On the 24th and 25th May we obtained two clutches of its eggs, consisting of four slightly incubated and three fresh eggs, and on the 28th May I found a pair with small young ones.” This was in Kashmir near Ganjadgir, and I have eggs in mv own collection taken by Rattray at Danga Gali as late asthe 14th July. Lindsay Smith records hard set eggs as late as the end of August, and he twice came on nests and egos, broken by cattle, at the end of July. In Europe they seem to breed a great deal earlier than in India. Many seem to commence breeding operations in March, and I have Huropean eggs taken in March, April and May, my latest date being that of a clutch taken in Germany on the 25th May. They are, however, sometimes much later than this. Davidson writing to me on the 6th August says that as he is writing there isa Woodcock sitting on four eggs in his own preserves, and he adds that this is the third sitting, the bird having hatched off two previously. Hewetson says that the “ Woodcock lays its eggs amongst the dry grass or dead leaves which form the surface of the woods and planta- tions which it frequents. It is an early breeder, frequently having young ones in the middle of April.” Yarrell describes the nest as being “all in dry warm situations THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, jl amongst dead grass and leaves without any attempt at concealment. The nest was wholly composed of dead leaves, chiefly of the common fern, loosely laid together and without any lining.” ‘Tt would, however, be more proper to say beds than nests ; for, like those of the Plover, they are merely slight hollows, formed by the nestling of the birds in dry soft spots or on the fallen leaves.” Seebohm (Hggs of British Birds) merely says that the nest is: placed on the ground and is little more than a hollow scratched in the earth and lined with a few leaves and a little dry grass. The eggs appear to be always four in number, and I have no in- formation as to any full clutch numbering less. Typically the eggs are far more tern like in character than like snipes’ eggs as one: would have expected. As a rule they are broad ovals, distinctly pointed at one end and sometimes slightly ‘ peg top” in shape, but never the actual peg top of the true snipes’ eggs. The texture of the eggs is fine and smooth and often has a considerable gloss, which is more or less permanent, as [ have eggs in my collection more than 20 years old which still show a fine glossy surface. Hume thus describes his eggs :—‘‘ The ground colour varies from pale yellowish white, through various shades of buff and buffy stone colour to a reddish café-au-lait. The markings never very densely set and at times very sparse, consist of different shades of brown, brownish- yellow and brownish-red on the one hand, and greys, from sepia to purple on the other. The former eccur in moderate sized blotches, spots and specks as primary markings. Often these are more: numerous in a cap or zone about the large end. Occasionally not a single blotch or spot is one-tenth of an inch in diameter. and nine. out of ten are little more than specks, but in other eges many of the blotches, especially about the large end, are a quarter of an inch and upwards in length. The greys, pinkish, lavender, sepia occur as small clouds, spots and smears, secondary not surface looking mark- ings rarely either large or thickly set, except when amongst the blotches of a zone or cap, when the eggs exhibit such.”’ “ A large series, chiefly Northern European, vary from 1:5 to 1:8 in length and from 1:3 to 1-5 in breadth. I have no Himalayan eggs, but I suspect that like the birds they would average smaller than European specimens.” 32. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, My eggs which contain series from Scotland, England, Germany and India agree well with Hume’s description except one elutch from Germany which has a red café-au-lait ground with dense blotches and smears of rich vandyke brown and a few subsidiary blotches and smears of deep-lavender. My Indian eggs average 1:6" 1°32" as against an average of 1-70" x 1:34" in English and Scotch eges, and 1:69" x 1:32" for German . eggs. My biggest egg is one from Germany, measuring 1°86" x 1:54", my smallest is from Scotland and measures 1°59" x 1:26". It will be seen that the measurements of mye o to} eggs do not bear out Hume’s opinions as to Indian birds being smaller than Huropean, but rather endorses my view that Indian birds average small, because they are immature. Seebohm gives the size of the Woodcock’s eggs as being 1-8" to 1:6" in length and 1:4" to 1°3" in breadth. Dresser gives the average size as being 1°75" « 1:32". Tue Piare.—-This is an excellent one. This bird in the back- ground is supposed to represent the grey phase of colouration, but, though this is well shown in regard to the scapulars and back, yet many birds will be found far more grey than this specimen on the lower parts and wing quills also. As regards the bird in the fore- ground all that need be said is that the white round the eye is far too conspicuous and the bill is not a normal colour. It is true that in a tew birds the tint of the bill may be as depicted, but, as a rule, there is always a more flesh or horn-coloured tinge about it. It must be remembered that the range of variation in the depth of colouration of the Woodcock is yery great, and though the plate is a very fine example of one shade, many birds will be found to be paler, especially on the lower parts, whilst some again may be obtained even darker than this bird. In life the eye of the Woodcock seems even larger, darker and more lustrous than it is shown to be in the plate. (Lo be continued.) 33 THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, INDIGENOUS AND INTRODUCED. BY HK, Buarrsr, 8. J. (With Plate I and Map A). INTRODUCTION, It was a favourite idea of the late Dr. Scheffer, formerly Director of the Botanic Gardens of Buitenzorg, to illustrate by means of photography the palms of the Malay Archi- pelago and many others from various parts of the world which grow so luxuriously in the famous Gardens of Java. His premature death (1880), however, prevented him from giving life to his idea and from finishing the promising series of illustrations which he had started in the ‘“‘ Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg.”’ Pro- fessor Beccari was kind enough to undertake the publication of some of Dr. Scheffer’s notes and plates, enriched by his own valuable observations. Itis to be regretted that, after the appearance of the “« Reliquie Schefferiane,” nobody felt inclined to continue the work, as there is scarcely a better way of conveying correct notions regard- ing the habit of palms than by means of photographic illustrations. Hven the most elaborate description and detailed analysis will never, in that respect, come up to a tolerably good photograph. It is for this reason that we intend.to publish a series of articles on Indian palms, indigenous as weil as introduced, and to illustrate them by as many photographs as we are able to procure. Weare sorry not to be ina position to give much fresh information with regard to the morpho- logical characters of most palms, as the leisure required for such observations was not at our disposal. We have, however, tried to make the descriptions as complete as possible by carefully comparing and, where practicable, verifying the descriptions and illustrations as given by various authors. In many cases, where we found a good de- scription of a species we have not hesitated to adopt it almost word for word, supposing that everybody will understand that in a condensed, technieal description of a plant not much originality can be expected, especially if a uniform plan has once been adopted. In this we are only following in the footsteps of systematic botanists, ~ D) 34. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX With regard to the classification of the palms we shall follow the arrangement laid down by Professor Drude in the “ Natiirliche Pflanzenfamilien” ; in minor points only we found it convenient to introduce a few changes. We have chosen Professor Drude’s system of classification in preference to the one adopted in Sir J. Hooker’s “Flora of ‘British India” for entirely practical reasons. As we include in our description a great number of exotic species, the plan given by Professor Drude seemed to simplify matters considerably. In order to give the series not only scientific interest but also practical value, we shall add to the description of the species an account of their economic uses and, besides, a few notes on their cultivation. We cannot lay claim to the practical ex- perience of a gardener and have, therefore, to rely in this matter on the remarks scattered in various books on gardening. As many of the palms described below have been introduced into Huropean Conservatories, we hope that some hints on palm-growing in Hurope will be welcome. In order to avoid, on the one hand, too frequent references to authorities in the text, and on the other to indicate the books where those desirous of further information may easily find it, we shall give alist of the literature on palms at the end of the introductory chapter, Later on all the references to botanical authors will be given in their usual abbreviated form. In the interest of those who are not fami- liar with the ways of botanists, we shall add a list of the authors with the abbreviations commonly used in botanical works. Weare fully aware of many imperfections regarding the treatment of our subject. Those who have ever made, or tried to make, a special study of palms will realise the many difficulties that lie in the way of such ‘an undertaking. We shall always be very thankful for any suggestions or corrections. Our sincere thanks are due to Captain Gage, the Director of the Botanical Survey of India, and Mr. H. F. MacMillan, the Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Peradeniya, who have supplied us with a considerable number of photographs which otherwise we should not have been able to secure. To Mr. MacMillan we are, moreover, indebted for his valuable suggestions. We owe another set of photographs to the kindness of Mr. Phipson, the former Honorary Secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society, to the Rev. Max Prats I. Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Group oF PALMS IN PERADENIYA GARDENS, CEYLON. THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 3D Maier, S. J.,and to Mr. Roscoe Allen. Mr. Lock, the Assistant Direcior of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Peradeniya, obliged us by putting the library and herbarium of the Gardens at our disposal. Lastly, we would express our thanks to Mr. Millard, the Honorary Secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society. Without his practical and untiring interest in the subject we should never have been able to start this series. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE EXPLORATION OF THE INDIAN PALM-FLORA. Alexander von Humboldt! wrote in the year 1849 : ‘ It is remark- able that of this majestic form of plants (palms) up to the time of the death of Linnzus only 15 species were described. The Peruvian travellers Ruiz and Payon? added to these 8 more species. Bonpland? and I, in passing over a more extensive range of country from 12° 8. Lat. to 21° N. Lat., described 20 new species of palms, and dis- tinguished asmany more, but without being able to obtain complete specimens of their flowers, At the present time, 44 years after my return from Mexico, there are from the Old and New World, inelud- ing the Hast Indian species brought by Griffith, above 440 regular- ly deseribed species, The “ Enumeratio Plantarum ” of my friend Kunth, published in 1841, had already 356 species.’ It is evident from this account, that the progress made in the exploration of the palm- flora in general was a very slow one, and it cannot be expected that the knowledge of the Indian palms was much advanced at that time. In Rheede’s ‘“‘ Hortus Malabaricus,” which was finished in 1703, only those palms are described which have been cultivated in India from time immemorial (Areca catechu, Phoenix sylvestris, Borassus flabellifer, Cocos nucifera,: etc.) Roxburgh’s ‘‘ Plants of the Coas’ -of Goromandel” (1795—-1816) contains only a few species, whilst poms racemic 1A. v. Humboldt, Aspects of Naturein Different Lands ana Different Climates, Vol. II 126. London, 1850. (Translated from the German.) 2 Hipolito Ruiz Lopez, born in 1754, was in charge of the Botanic Garden of Madrid, -and died in Madrid in 1815. He and Joseph Pavon undertook (1779-1788) a scientific tom through Peru, Chili, and the neighbouring Spanish Provinces. In a shipwreck they lost the greatest part of their botanical collections, The results of their travels were published in the “ Flora Peruviana et Chilensis,” Madrid, 1798-1802, and the ‘* Systema vegetabilium flor Peruvians et Chilensis.” Madrid, 1798, 3 Humboldt, in company with Bonpland, travelled in Spanish America between 1799 -and 1804. 36 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. XX. his ‘Flora Indica ’’?, which appeared 17 years after his death (in 1832) brings the number of palms up to 41. At about the same time Wallich’s ‘‘ Plante Asiatice Rariores ” (between 1830 and 1832) was published by the East India Company. Though valuable in other respects, the work did not add much to our knowledge of Indian palms. It was not until Griffith with his untiring energy and enormous knowledge began his botanical investigations, that the palms of India became better known. As Assistant Surgeon he accompanied Wallich to Assam ; he explored the tracks near the Mishmi Mountains between Sudiya and Ava; made a journey from Assam to Ava, and down the Irrawadi to Rangoon; traversed 400 miles oi the Bhutan country ; joined the Army of the Indus ina scientific capacity ; went from Kabul to Khurasan and succumbed finally 10 the fatigue and sick- nesses due to exposure during his long and restless journeys (1845). The various papers, including many on palms which he communicat- ed to the Caleutta Journal of Natural History ’’ and to the Linnean Society of London, and his other publications, are models of scientific research. His drawings, microscopic analyses and descriptions of plants are evidence of astonishing industry and profound knowledge. For the fruits of these labours we are indebted to J. McClelland, who published in Calcutta, between 1847 and 1854, five volumes with a 4to volume of illustrations : ‘‘ Posthumous papers bequeathed to the H. H. I. C., and printed by order of the Government of Bengal ; being journals of travels by the late William Griffith, Hsq., arranged by John McClelland, M.D.” The most important amongst these is the volume entitled : ‘‘ Palms of British Hast India ”’ (1850). The author’s preface furnishes some information regarding the scope and origin of the book. ‘‘The present attempt,’ says Griffith, ‘‘ will be found to include all the Palms of British Hast India that I have met with myself, or of which I have heen able to procure such knowledge, as I considered sufficient for their determina - tion. | wish it merely to be viewed as a slight sketch to be filled up hereafter, This subject, so far as regards systematic botany, is one of considerable interest, and in order to meet the convenience of the Indian public, I have written the descriptions in English, in pre- ference to the common language of Botanists. This seemed to me ths more proper, because Hnglish is the language through which THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 37 scientific knowledge is communicated in this country, more especially in the Medical and other Colleges, from which all that is to be expected in the dissemination of this science among the natives of India must at present be derived . . , The determination of the species having been difficult, indeed nearly insuperably so to me, in reference to the means possessed in India, the numerous names new to science proposed in this work, must be taken with some qualification, I shall never regret to see any of these names cancelled in favour of others justly prior, that is to say, prior by definition, and by publication. However imperfect the definition may be ; and it must be contessed, that most of those of palms are necessarily imperfect, still it bears evidence of a wish on the part of an author to do his duty by the science, for which, moreover, he thus endeavours to show a proper respect. But I would not be disposed to waive my right, in favour of mere MSS, names originating in indolence, and too often fostered by a courtesy of a very mischievous nature, inasmuch as the practice is directly opposed to proper observation and due discrimination. Such names are, in fact, only weak and temporary usurpations of authority.” The materials from which the work has been prepared were an extensive collection of palms made by Griffith himself and his friends in various parts of India, more especially at Malacca, and in Assam, and of a few found in the Botanic Gardens of Calcutta. To these we must add the species figured in Roxburgh’s national collection of drawings and most of those described in his ‘‘ Flora Indica.” The species of Buchanan Hamilton, amounting to nine in number, Griffith has not been able to determine, in default either of manuscripts, specimens, or drawings. For the rest, Griffith has been much assisted, as he says himself, by Martius’ great work on palms, so far as regards the sections, and from Mohl’s contribution to it he derived most of what relates to structure. It was Griffith, on the other hand, that enabled Martius to describe in his 3rd volume a considerable number of Indian species, as only a few months before his death he had sent his whole collection of palms to Martius, who at that time was engaged in finishing his monumental ‘“ Historia Naturalis Palmarum.”’ During the lifetime of Griffith and especially in the second half of the 19th century, valuable work has been done in the exploration of the palm-flora by many botanists in various parts of India. We 38 JOURNAL,BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. mention only Anderson, Thwaites, Scheffer, Kurz, Brandis, Trimen, Beccari, and especially J. D. Hooker, who in the VIth Volume of his ‘‘ Flora of British India ” (1894) gives a concise account of all the palms which had previously been found in India and to which he himself and Beccari were able to add some new species, Lately, Prof. Beccari has enriched the literature on palms by his magnificent monograph on the genus Calamus, and we can only hope that he will be able to continue and finish his great undertaking to describe and illustrate the Asiatic palms. ' Jn spite of all the labour spent by many scientific men in the study of Indian palms, there still remains much to be done. 1787. Nuttall (Nutt.), 1785-1859. Orbigny (D’Orb.), 1802-1857. Otto (O. & Dietr,), 1783-1856. Pancher (Panch.) Pavon (Pav,) 1754-1840. Persoon (Pers.), 1770-1836. Plumier (Plum.), 1646-1796. Poiret (Poir.), 1745-1834, Reichenbach fil. (Rehbch. f.) Reinwardt (Reinw.), 1773-1854. Richard (Rich. ), 1754-1824. Rodriguez (B. Rodr.) Roemer (Roem. & Schult.), 1765-1819. Rollisson (Rollis,), 1792-1875. Roxburgh (Roxb.), 1759-1815, Royle, 1799-1855. Rumphius (Rumph.), 1627-1702, Scheffer (Scheff.), 1545-1880. Schlechtendal (Schlchdl.), 1794-1866. Schultes (Roem. & Schult.) 1773-1831. Seemann (Seem.), 1825-1871. Siebold (Sieb.), 1796-1866, Smith (Sm.), 1785-1816. Solander (Soland.), 1736-1782. Sprengel (Spreng,or Sprgl,). 1766-1833. Spruce. Steudel (Steud. ), 1784-1256. THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 57 Swartz (Sw.), 1760-1818. Wallace. Wallich (Wall,), 1787-1854. Walpers (Walp), 1816-1853. Walter (Walt.) 1740-1821. Wendland ( Wend.) Wight, 1796-1872, Tejsman (Tejsm.) Thunberg(Thbg. or Thunb.),1743-1822 Thwaites (Thwait.), — 1882, Tournefort (Tourn.), 1656-1708, Trimen, : = Wildenow (W.), 1765-1812. Vahl, 1749-1804. Wurmb, Van Houtte, 1810-1876, Wuerttemberg (Prinz G. v. Wuertt.). Veitch (J. Veitch), + 1869. Verschaffelt, (Versch, ), 1825-1886. Zippelius (Zipp.), 1796-1828. Zollinger (Zoll, ), 1818-1859. LITERATURE, Anderson, T., in Journal Linn, Soc., vol. xi. (On Indian Palms). Andes, L. E., Vegetable fats and oils. (Translated by Ch. Salter). London, 1897. Ascherson in Verbandl. Ges, Erdk. Berlin vy. (On Hyphene). Baker, J,G. Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles, London, 1877. Baillon, Monographie des Palmiers. Paris, 1895, Baron, R. Notes onthe Economic Plants of Madagascar, Kew Bull. of Miscell. Inf. 1890, Beccari, Malesia, vol. i and ili,, Genova, 1877-1899. Le specie d. Palme raccolte alla Nuova Guinea, Le palme incluse nel genere Cocos. Estratto della Malpighia anno I. fase, 8. Illustrazione di aleume palne viventi nel Giardino Botanico di Buitenzorg. Reliquice Schefferiane, 1885. Palme nuove Papuane, Estratto dalla publicazione U. Martelli “ Webbia’”’ Firenze, 1905. Be Le Palme delle Isole Fill (Philippine.) Systematic enumeration of the species of Calamus and Demonrops, (Rec. Bot, Survey, India, II, n. 3.) Asiatic Palms. Lepidocaryee, part I. The species of Calamus. Calcutta, 1908. 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S., L’ Amérique Cenirale, Recherches sur sa Flore, etc. Kopen- hagen, 1865, Oliver, Flora of Tropical Africa, vol, VIII, London. Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique méridionale ; Palme (Palmetum Or- bignianum) by Martius, vol, VII, part 3, 1839. Pechuel-Loesche, Loango-Expedition, ILI. Pfitzer, Fruechte, Keimung und Jugendzustende der Palmen. Berichte der deutsch, Bot Gesellsch. 1885. Pierre, L., Flore foréstiere de la Cochinchine, Paris 1880-1882. Poeppig, HE. F., Nova genera ac species plantarum, quas in regno Chilensi, Peruviano et in terra Amazonica annis, 1827-1832 legit Edwardus Pceppig et cum Stephano Endlicher descripsit iconibusque illustravit. Leipzig, 1835-1845. Prain, D., Bengal plants, Calcutta, 1903. Reinwardt, C. G.C., Ueber den Character der Vegetation auf den Inseln des indischen Archipels, Berlin, 1828. Reisseck, S., Die Palmen, Vienna, 1861. Rheede, H. Van, Hortus Malabaricus, Amstelod. 1678-1703, Rodrigues, J. Barbosa, Palmz Mattogrossenses nove vel minus cognite. Rio de Jan., 1898. Rodrigues, J. B., Palme nove Paraguayenses. Rio de Jan,, 1899. Rodrigues, J. B., Sertum Palmarum Brasiliensium, Relation des Palmiers nouveaux du Brésil, 2 vols. Paris, 1903. Rolf, R. A., Onthe Flora of the Philippine Islands andits probable de- rivation, Journ, Linn. Soc. Bot. V. Roxburgh, W., Plants of the coast of Coromandel. London, 1795-1819. Roxburgh, W., Flora Indica, or description of Indian Plants. Calcutta, 1832. Royle, J. F., Essays on the productive resources of India, London, 1849. Royle, J. F., The fibrous plants of India, London, 1845, Rumph, G. E., Herbarium: Amboinense (edited by Burmann). Amsterdam, 1741-1755. ; Safford, W. E,, Extracts from the note-book of a naturalist on the Island of Guam, The Plant World, vol. 4, 5,6, Washington, 1902-1904. Safford, W. E., The useful plants of the Island of Guam, Contributed from the U. S. Nat. Herb, vol, 1X, Washington, 1905. Salomon, C., Die Palmen nebst ihren Gattungen und Arten. 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BY Masor F. WALL, 1tm.s. PnateE XIII. (¢ Aneistrodon himalayanus and Psammodynastes pulverulentus) not having arrived from England, will be published in the next number of the Journal. Epirors. ae | | eran oS QO A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. ILLUSTRATED BY COLOURED PLATES AND DIAGRAMS. BY Masor F. Watt, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. Part XIIT with Plate XIILT and Diagram. ( Continued from page 792 of Volume XIX ), The vipers constitute a family (Veperide@) characterised by the shape of the maxilla or upper jawbone which as shown in a previous paper (Vol. XvI., p. 535) consists of a vertical column bearing a pair of tubular fangs. In all other snakes the long axis of the maxilla is placed horizontally. The fangs of vipers are relatively much longer than in poisonous colubrines. They are also more curved, and slender, and the seam on their anterior faces—which marks the junction of the circum- flexed walls that form the poison canal—is far less obvious than in poisonous colubrines. The family Veperedce is divided into two subfamilies on the pre- sence or absence of a cavity placed between the eye and the nostril, and known as the loreal pit. The pit bearers are called pit vipers, and are classed together under the name Crotaline, the pitless vipers under the name Viperine. ANCISTRODON HIMALAYANUS., This viper belongs to one of the four genera into which the sub- family Crotaline is divided. The genus is characterised by the possession of large shields of ithe colubrine type on the top of the head, and the absence of a rattle at the end of the tail. Lt contains eleven Species, seven of which are American, three Asian, and one European. Ffistory,—It was first described by Dr. Giinther in 1864, Nomenclature-—(a) Scientific—The generic name trom the Greek “agkistron” a hook, and“ odous” a tooth was introduced by de Beauvois in 1799. From the derivation, and the fact that the godfather of the genus spelt the name agkistrodon, it seems 2 pity that the word has been 4 66 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, altered to its present rendering which was introduced by Baird in 1864. (b) English.—The brown Himalayan viper is probably the best name for it. The only other brown viper in this mountainous region is Lachests monticola which occurring only in the Eastern Himalayas, and extending to the Malayan subregion may be designated the brown, or spotted Himalo-Malayan viper. (c) Vernacular.—The only native name I know for it is “ pohur ” which is what the Kashmiris call it. General characters.—The body is rather stout, and heavy for the length of the snake, and round in section. Anteriorly it attenuates so as to make the neck very apparent, behind the broadly expanded angles of the jaws. Posteriorly it suddenly reduces in girth at the anus, so that the termination of the body, and commencement of the tail are far more cbvious than in colubrine, and other snakes. The head is rather elongate and remarkably flat above, and especially so on the snout, this being due to the marked ridge (canthus rostralzs) proceeding forwards from the eye-brow. The muzzle is rather narrow in front, the head broadest midway between the eyes and the neck. The nostril is rather small, and placed near the middle ofa shield which is usually quite divided below, and frequently above the nasal aperture. The eye is rather large with an iris beautifully specked with gold, and a vertical pupil. The commissure of the mouth shows an exaggerated curve opposite the fang. The tail is about one-seventh the total length of the snake and ends in an elongate terminal shield. The scales on the upper parts are lustre- less, and strongly ridged, the shields beneath smooth, and highly polished. ; Identijfication.—It is a very easy snake to recognise. ‘To begin with the association of a loreal pit, with large shields on the head pro- claims the genus, and there are only three species within Indian limits, viz., himalayanus, hypnale, and millard:. Both the last have a more or less well marked boss on the top of the snout—which is absent in the foremost—and inhabit Hills South of Bombay, or Ceylon. Dimensions.—The largest measurement I know of is that recorded by Stoliczka, viz. 34 inches, I have never seen one more than 254 inches and I should say that average adults vary from about eigh- teen inches to two feet. A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 67 Haunts.—The brown Himalayan viper favours an altitude be- tween about 7,000 to 10,000 feet though it wanders higher. Within these limits it is a very common snake, perhaps the most common in the Western Himalayas, but Hast of Nepal is decidedly uncommon. Mr. G. A. Millar writing to me in 1900, told me that during a 13 years’ residence in Darjeeling he had only once had this snake brought to him, though he was interested in the collection of snakes now preserved in the museum of St. Joseph’s College, and did much to make it what it is. I know of no other authentic record of this viper from this part of the Himalayas (7. ¢, Hast of Nepal). Above 10,000 feet the snake becomes increasingly scarcer with the altitude. I found it at about 12,000 feet in Kashmir, and a'specimen in the Indian Museum was captured at the foot of the Dharmsala glacier at an elevation of 16,000 feet. This is by far the highest altitude I know of for any snake. The only other proximate elevations known to me are 14,000 feet where the snake discovered by Lieut. F. M. Bailey, inhabiting hot springs in Thibet was cap- tured, which I described in this Journal as Tropidonotus bailey, and 12,500 feet the elevation at which Dr. H. Gadow encountered a rattlesnake in Mexico (Crotalus triseriatus). I think it is essentially a forest lover, being rarely found away from the protection offered by vegetation. In Kashmir I had no difficulty in finding specimens whenever I instituted a search for them. It very frequently found refuge beneath fallen timbers, so that I had rarely to turn over more than half a dozen logs before flushing one, and I have found two beneath different parts of the same bole. Of course it finds abundant refuge in other situations such as clefts in rocks, or beneath boulders where it is more difficult to dislodge. In Kumaon it frequently takes up quarters in the walls of terraced fields, or gardens where it is a source of special danger to the inquisitive house dog, that will thrust its nose into any cranny where it has discerned a movement. In camp it is by no means an infrequent visitor to one’s tent, a fact which places most people on their guard who know Kashmir, and indulge in the gipsy life which is so attractive in that State. flabits.—1 encountered many in Kashmir when not searching for them. Ona warm summer’s day it is frequently to be seen coiled up, and basking in lazy en joyment in the sun. Usually it selects a spot within easy reach of cover, to which it withdraws ina leisurely 68 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, fashion when disturbed. In cold or inclemert weather it retires to any convenient quarter. Its movements are never what I would call really active, in fact compared with other non-viperine snakes it is a sluggard and it does not appear capable of hurrying itself under any amount of stimulation. It probably passes a long term of hibernation each year, coming forth like other snakes of temperate climes in the spring and retiring in the late autumn. In spite of this it manages to fatten itself amply, for in the autumn months, its organs are packed with fat to a degree that has made me suspect a gravid condition, but subsequent investiga- tion has frequently proved such a specimen a male. This snake in common with many other will often when provoked fatten itself, or crouch on the ground ina remarkab’e manner, The flattening is most evident in the hinder yart of the body, but what object the snake has in behaving so it is difficult to guess at. Mr. Gleadow has remarked on this peculiarity in this Journal (Vol. xu, p. 577). Disposition—The brown Himalayan viper is a lethargic individual, slow to anger, but if sufficiently provoked will bite. It would appear to avoid a disagreeable situation whenever possible rather than pro- voke an encounter. ‘The specimens I removed into the open and played with, would pass by a stick, or other offending object pushed in their way again and again as if unconscious of the offence offered. If rapped cn the tail they shook that appendage with vigour in acknowledgment of the insult, without turning to avenge it. If cover was within easy reach they always strived to get there, rather than show fight, but if baulked, or if severely struck they would coil themselves up, erect the head, quiver the tongue and vibrate the tail tip, and on further provocation would frequently strike out fiercely. I think it probable that they rarely inflict a bite uniess trodden upon. Food.—Stoliczka* says that it feeds principally on mice, but although my observations were made for the most part in the same part of the Himalayas as his, I never found anything in the stomachs of those captured in Kashmir except the little skink Lygosoma himalayanus. This beautiful little lizard with its cherry-red waistcoat, is extremely common in Kashmir, where one rarely turns over a stone, without * Jourl, As. Soc., Bengal, Vol, XXXIX,, p. 226. A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 569 finding one quartered in company with an equally common black scorpion. So many of my brown Himalayan vipers had recently fed on this lizard, that it is evident, that they must contribute largely to checking their numbers. I have found as many as three Lygosoma in the stomach of a single Ancistrodon. In other parts of the Himalayas- I have usually found this same lizard taken, but in Kumaon I have on four occasions known mice devoured. Breeding.— I do not know the exact mating season, but it is pro- bably in the spring—April or May. The period of gestation is also not known. Like most other vipers this species is viviparous in habit, and the young are launched forth probably in August and September. Several specimens I had in July were gravid and contained immature embryos. These were seen to be coiled spirally, in a bath of transpa- rent fluid, which occupied the upper part of the yolk. The investing membrane covering this ovai shaped bath was transparent, so that the contained foetus could be seen clearly in every detail, before the ege investment was ruptured. The embryos I unravelled in July were about two or three inches in length. What the length of the embryo at birth is I cannot exactly state, but it is probably about 5 inches. The species is not very prolific, only from 5 to 7 embryos having been observed in a single brood. Poison,—Nothing is known about the qualities of the poison and I have never been able to hear of a casualty in the human subject, except that of a cooly employed by Mr. P. W. Mackinnon near Mussoorie who was scratched in the thumb when attempting to capture one. The fact that the injury sustained was very slight and superficial and no ill effects of any sort were evoked makes it fairly certain that no venom had been injected in this case. A dog bitten on the nose this year at Binsar (Kumaon) suffered considerably. ‘The whole muzzle swelled, and the animal was very distressed and affected constitutionally. The wound was not incised, but permanganate of potash was applied locally. One may assume that this reagent had little if any effect in neutralising any poison injected below the surface skin, After one day’s serious illness, the dog improved, and in two more days was quite well again, There were no hemorrhages reported. I did not see the dog, but the snake was referred to me and I learnt the details of the casualty later. Tt would seem from this case that the poison is not very virulent, 70 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, and it is probable that in the human subject a fatality is unlikely to occur, but it seems strange that we should know so little about the effects of the bite of so common a snake. There must be abund- ant casualties every year in the Himalayas, but so long as people before whom these cases are brought, refrain from publishing details, and omit to refer the offender to some authority for identification, our ignorance of the poison effects will remain what it is.* Distribution.—The Himalayas, probably as far as the Indus in the West and the Brahmaputra in the East. The Khasi Hills in Assam is also reported as a habitat, as far as I am aware on the sole authority of Jerdon. I think we should await confirmation of this before accepting it. Itis a very easy matter for even the most careful collectors to mix specimens. In at least one instance, v2z., Dinodon seplentrionalis, Jerdon was in doubt as to whether the locality was the Himalayas or Khasi Hills in Assam. I have also shown reason to doubt? the Himalayas as the habitat of the specimens of Tracheschium monticola in the British Museum collected by Jerdon, this snake being otherwise only known from the Khasi and neighbouring Assam Hills, and it seems to me possible that in the case of Anczstrodon himalayanus Jerdon’s specimens in the British Museum may have come from the Himalayas. Lepidosis.— Rostral.—About as high as broad; in contact with six shields, the anterior nasal sutures being much the longest. /nternasals. —A pair ; the suture between them as long or nearly as long as that between the prefrontal fellows, as long or rather shorter than the internaso-prefrontal sutures. Prefrontals—A pair; the suture between them subequal to the prefronto-frontal sutures; in contact with internasal, supraloreal, uppermost preeocular, supraocular, and frontal. #'rontal.—Touches six shields (exclusive of the small scales so often interpolated at the angles of the head shields) ; the fronto- supraccular sutures longest. Supraoculars.—Length and breadth subequal to that of the frontal, Masal.— Usually incompletely divided by a suture from the nostril to first labial, which, however may be absent ; sometimes an additional suture passes from the nostril to the internasal; in contact with the 1st only of the supralabial series. Supraloreal.One, in contact with the internasal, Loreal. *This was written before Colonel Fenton’s notes which appeared in our last Jourl., p. 1004. t Bomb. Nat. His, Jourl., Vol. XIX., footnote, page 343. Ee ‘eEpuy Jo sayvug uoummo09 oy LZ ‘(2 X) sujuernteatnd soysvud pommesg i aN Bas i: ” * e Le 1G B = Re / AN in SS os 205 YsIW YEN Avqwmog “usnor A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON NO ANS SNAKES. EXPLANATION OF DIAGRAM, ANCISTRODON HIMALAYANUS and PSA M- MODYN Su, a tons IL ino: JAY! ASTHS PULVERULENTUS. Anterior Sublinguals. Frontal. Internasals, Loreals. Mental. Median Sublinguals. Nasals. Parietals. Postoculars. Preoculars. Preefrontals, Posterior Sublinguals. Rostral. Supraccular, Supraloreal. Sublingual. Temporals. Supralabials, Infralabials. A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 71 One deeply grooved, and forming the anterior boundary of the loreal pit. Preoculars.—Three, the two lowest ‘diverging forwards, and forming the upper and lower boundaries of the loreal pit. Post- oculars.—Usually two (sometimes three), the lower larger, and some- what crescentic. YTemporals.—Two, the lower very large and in contact with the 3rd, 4th and 5th supralabials normally (where the supralabials are 8, it touches the 4th, 5th and 6th). Supralabeals.— Usually 7, the 2nd touching the eye (sometimes 8 with the 8rd touch- ing the eye) ; the penultimate a very large and high shield. Infra- labials——F our, the 4th largest, and in contact with 3 or 4 scales behind. Sublinguals—A single pair. Costals——Two headslengths behind head, 21 usually (rarely 23), midbody 21 (rarely 23), two headslengths before the anus 17 ; all the rows strongly keeled except the last for a variable distance anteriorly ; apical facets present in pairs. Ventrals.— i44to 166. Anal,—Entire. Subcandals.—34 to 52, divided. Abnormalities. —Small scales are often intercalated between the head shields. Rarely some of the anterior subcaudals are entire, I have never seen a specimen with the scale rows 23 in midbody, but Boulenger mentions such. Colour.—Very variable. Specimens occur of a nearly uniform hight brown, of various tints to blackish-brown. Usually the snake is more or less conspicuously marked with a coarse mottling or blotching, darker than the ground colour, and irregularly distributed. Sometimes more or less obvious short crossbars are apparent, and very frequently a light vertebral line bordered with dark zigzag or sinuous stripes laterally. The flanks are beautifully dappled with various shades of dark brown, and there are often some white mot- tlings at the side of the neck. The head is often darker than the back, and shows dark marks on the enlarged shields. A conspicuous oblique dark streak bordered with white, runs from the eye to the gape. ‘The lips are enamel-white or pale pink, and so is the chin and throat, and many of the labial sutures pigmented. The underparts ave very finely powdered with various tones of brown, sepia, rufous, plumbeous or dirty white. The tail is usually reddish towards the tip. Dentition and jaws—Mazxilla—Upper half hollowed out into a cup, the external and posterior walls of which are deficient. This cup to which the prefrontal bone provides a roof, forms a spherical cham- ber—the loreal pit. Below the bone supports two canaliculate fangs. 72 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. Palatine.—Very short, about one quarter the pterygoid in length, highly compressed; not extending forwards as far as the maxille ; a short edentulous space in front, and a longer space behind ; supports 3 or 4 subequal well developed teeth. Pterygotd.—Highly com- pressed; from 6 to 9 subequal well developed teeth anteriorly ; more than half its length edentulous behind. Mandibular.—Dentary bone about half the length of the articular; supports 11 teeth, gradually reducing in length behind. The family Colubride according to the present accepted scheme of classification is divided into three large groups or ‘ Series ”’ based upon the absence, presence, and situation of grooved or tubular teeth (fangs). The aglypha (Greek “a” without and “ glypho” I carve) are characterised by the absence of “carved” or grooved teeth. The opzsthoglypha (Greek “ opisthe ’’ behind), has grooved fangs fixed in the posterior extremity of the maxilla or upper jaw, and the pro- teroglypha (Greek ‘‘proteros”’ before), has tubular fangs situated in the front of the maxilla. The fact that the fangs in the opzsthoglypha are grooved, and those in the proteroglypha tubular has never yet been actually stated in works on ophiology,and in perusing the standard work on the subject, v7z,, the Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum by Mr. Boulenger one must of a necessity be misled, for the author re- peatedly, if not invariably, speaks of grooved fangs in describing the dentition of the proteroglypha. Asa matter of fact all the fangs in the snakes of this series are tubular, though there is always a very obvious seam on the anterior face of the fang where the circumflexed walls have united. The subject of this paper belongs to the opistho- elyphous series of colubrines, as will be seen on referring to the figure of the maxillary dentition. (See page 79). This series is divided into three sub-families Homalopsine., Depsado- morphine and Elachistodontine, the species of which are all harmless to men. Psammodynastes is one of the 69 genera into which the second of these sub-families is further divided. PSAMMODYNASTES PULVERULENTUS. The Mock Viper. History.—tThis snake was first described by Boie in 1827, and for many years was classified as a Psammophis. In 1858 Giinther A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 73 removed it from this genus on account of its corporeal habit which is much shorter, and stouter than that characteristic of Psammophis, and introduced the present generic name. There is no doubt that the two genera are very distinct, for though the maxillary dentition is very similar in both, I notice that there is a short edentulous gap between the 4th tooth, and the succeeding enlarged pair in Psammophis which does not occur in Psammodynastes. Of much greater significance how- ever are the differences in shape of the premacxillary, nasal, and frontal bones especially the last. Further the palatine bone in Psammopiis is unusually short, not extending as far as the 4th maxillary tooth whereas in Psammodynastes it extends forwards to the 2nd tooth. The genus Psammodynastes has but two species, one peculiar to the Malayan sub-region, vic., pictus, the other also a Malayan snake whose range of distribution extends through a considerable area of our Indian Dominions, viz., pulverulentus. Nomenclature—(a) Seientific—The generic name is from the Greek ““psammos”’ sand, and “‘ dunastes’’ a ruler. The specific title is from the Latin, meaning dusty. (6) English—The mock viper seems to me the most appropriate name for it, for it bears a very marked superficial resemblance to a viper, a fact remarked upon by most previous writers, Its similarity to the Himalayan pit viper Ancistrodon himaiayanus is especially striking, as will be seen from our Plate, and I know of no more remarkable resemblance between any two snakes of different families, or even genera, The short and rather stout body, contracted tail, flattened head, swollen lips, large eye with vertical pupil, lustreless dorsal scales, and highly polished ventral plates are all very characteristic viperine traits, but the resemblances do not stop here, for its attitude of menace 1s very like that of vipers, added to which it is viviparous in habit, (c) Vernacular—I know of none. General characters—The head is flattened on the top, and rather almond-shaped, the snout narrowed in front, and rather short, and the neck very obviously constricted. The ridge from the eye to the snout (canthus rostralis) is very marked, separating the face from the crown. The upper lip is rather swollen giving a forbidding expression. to the facies. The nostril is placed ina single shield, and the eye which is large has a vertically elliptic pupil, and an iris specked with gold, The body is rather stout, and short, and markedly compressed. 10 74 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. (Mr. Boulenger says it is cylindrical but this is a mistake.) The tail is short being about one-fifth to one-sixth the total length of the snake. The scales on the back are lustreless and smooth, those on the underparts highly polished. Identification.—As far as I am aware it is the only Indian snake that has three pairs of sublingual shields, separated by a longitudinal furrow (the mental groove), but it will be wiser to take in conjunction with this the costal rows which are 19 in midbody. Another unusual feature in lepidosis that I should mention here is that the suture which the lower temporal makes with the penultimate supralabial is decidedly shorter than that made with the antepenultimate. In almost all other snakes where the temporal touches two supralabials the anterior suture is much shorter than the posterior. Dimensions. —Adults usually range between about 1 foot 3, and 1 foot 9 inches. The largest specimen I] have measured was a @ which was 2 feet and # of an inch long. Flaunts.—It is eminently a forest lover. I have always met with it in jungle, or quite close to jungle, and its sombre colouration must offer it considerable protection in the gloom of such an environ- ment. The area of its distributionsis one remarkable for the abun- dance of its forests, and the dearth of anything approaching desert tracts, so that its scientific name ‘“ lord of the sands” is un- fortunate. 1 have had several specimens sent to me from tea estates in the Hastern Himalayas and Assam where again there is abundance of cover and shade. Nicholson* mentions having taken one whilst swimming in the Rangoon lake. This was probably an accidental circumstance for it shows no special predilection for an aquatic environment, though like other land snakes it can evidently swim with ease when occasion demands it. Jt is a much commoner snake in the Hills than in the Plains, and favours especially altitudes be- tween about 3,000 and 6,000 feet. Inthe Khasi Hills within these limits I found it quite a common snake, and in the Eastern Himalayas below Darjeeling I have had enough specimens sent me to show that it is to be considered one of the common snakes in this locality. Below 3,000 feet in the same vicinity it is decidedly less common, and Stoliczkat even records it asa rare snake there. It occurs in the * Indian Snakes, p, 131. + Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, Vol. XL., p. 422, A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 75 Plains in Upper Assam and in Burma, but I would call it, an un- common speeies at this level. In Burma Evans and I only got 4 specimens out of a total of considerably over 600 nearly all of which were collected in the Plains. In Assam I got only 5 in the Plains out of a total of 615 specimens. ° Habits —Though a vertical pupil is usually associated with a nocturnal habit, this snake appears to me to be more frequently abroad in the day time than at night, in fact most of my specimens, if not all, have been encountered during the day. It isa lively little creature exhibiting much activity when disturbed, and I have usually found it difficult to capture for two reasons, firstly owing to the agility with which it disappears into cover which is always adjacent, and secondly owing to the caution necessary in dealing with a snake that cannot be distinguished from a viper with any degree of cer- tainty till after capture. I have liberated specimens in the open, on a road or in my verandah and it makes strenuous efforts to escape, even indulging in a series of leaps in order to evade recapture. A hatchling of 42 inches that I had in captivity managed to scale, and cling to the face of the glass bottle in which it was incarcerated, the diameter of its prison being about 4 inches, a truly marvellous feat showing that its scansorial powers are little if at all inferior to that of the deftest climbing snakes, but in nature | have never noticed any inclination for it to climb into bushes or trees. Disposition.—The mock viper is a plucisy, and vicious snake. Those Ihave met with have usually menaced if they have not actually struck at me. One I had in captivity for some time invariably prepared to strike at me, adopting a truly viperine pose with head erect and the forebody retracted into sigmoid curves. Those J have flushed in their native haunts have usually struck viciously at me, and more than one trustworthy informant who has sent mea live specimen appears to have met with a similar experience. Blanford* mentions encoun- tering one in Sikkim that nearly bit him. Even the little hatchling Thad in captivity struck out fiercely at me. On the other hand I have had two specimens that refused to strike under severe pro- vocation, though they posed as if intending to do so. Food.—Its staple diet is of a reptilian order, frogs and lizards being equally favoured. On four occasions I have found frogs in the * Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1871, p, 373. 76 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. stomach, once in a diminutive specimen only 74 inches long. The lizards I have known taken are Ptyctolema gularis once, a Calotes once in Shillong which was almost for certain jerdonz as the scales were of a vivid green colour, and skinks of the genus Lygosoma on three occasions, two of these being L. indica. The sexes—My notes show that the sexes are evenly balaneed, and with the exception of one unusually large @ my measurements seem to indicate a similar degree of growth between them. Males as a rule have rather longer tails. Breeding.—1 have had opportunities of chronicling but few breed- ing events, so that I cannot speak with any great certainty of this important function. In the hills the mating season would appear to be in summer, probably about August since I have had two speci- mens with impregnated ovarian follicles in September in the Khasi Hills (Shillong) and one in the same month in the Hastern Himalayas (Pashok). As regards the Plains I can vaguely suggest that matrimo- nial intercourse probably occurs in the winter months—December to February—at least so it would appear. The period of gestation is not known, but probably exceeds four months, since the young are discharged alive. The gravid Q I kept in Dibrugarh appeared obviously in this state two months before I killed her and eviscerated her unborn progeny. In the Plains the young are born in June and July, for I captured a hatchling 4% inches long in Rangoon in June and the almost mature embryos of my captive Dibrugarh specimen just alluded to were expected in July. The young at birth measure from about 44 to 54 inches. The species is not very prolific from an ophidian standpoint. J have on two occasions found 10 eggs in the oviducts, once 8, and m my Dibrugarh specimen there were 3 embryos, and 8 non-fertile egos. The rate of growth is somewhat difficult to calculate from my records, but it appears to me that the young double their length in the first year, add some 4to 6 inches in the second, and at the beginning of their third year appear to be sexually mature since my smallest gravid @ measured 1 foot 32 inches. These deductions are in consonance with my observations on other snakes. Distribution.—The Eastern Himalayas probably as far West as the Western limit of Nepal, the Assam Hills and Plains, the Burmese Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Map. 80 es 90 “95 Tae fea 100 DISTRIBUTION OF Psammodynastes pulverulentus WITHIN INDIAN LIMITS. 1, Butal; Nepal (@.M.). 2 Pashok (F.W.). 3 ‘Timdharia (F.W.). 4 Buxa Dooars (F.W.). 5 Dejao, N. Lakhimpur (F.W,). 6 Dibrugarh (F_W.). @ Sadiya (E.W.). 8 Jaipur (F.W.). 9 Sibsagar (1.M.). 10 Shillong (#.W.). 11 Cherrapunji (1.M.). 12 Samaguting (1.M.). 13 N. Cachar (1.M.). 14 Chittagong (1.M.). 15 Kindat(F.W.). 16 Katha (F.W.). 17 Wumbezat (Wall and Evans). 18 Pegu (1.M.and Theobold)?. 19 Rangoon (Nicholson, Wall and Evans). 20 Moulmein (J.M. and F.W.). 21 Tavoy (1.M.). 22 King’s Isle, Mergui (1.M.). 23 Tounggyi,S. Shan States (B.M.). 1M. implies Indian Museum, B.M. British Museum, and F.W, the Writer. if K Lien any A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES, 7 Hills and Plains, Indo-China, Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, and the whole Malayan Archipelago to Formosa. The precise localities from which it has been collected within Indian limits are shewn in the accompanying map. Tn the Indian Museum there is a specimen said to be from the Central Provinces of India, but as this seems to me most unlikely it is best to await confirmation of this locality, which is so far removed from its certain area of distribution, before accepting it. Lepidosis.—Rostral.—Touches 6 shields, the rostro-nasal sutures _ longest. Internasals—Two, the suture between them 3 to # that between the prefrontal fellows, about # the internaso-pretfronta] suture. Preefrontals—Two, the suture between them equal to or rather greater than the prefronto-frontal suture ; in contact with internasal, nasal, loreal, upper preocular, supraocular, and frontal. Frontal.—Touches 6 shields, the supraocular suture about three times the length of the parietals, and more than twice that of the prefron- tals. Supraoculars.— Length subequal to frontal, breadth about twice that of the frontal along an imaginary lime connecting the centres of the eyes. Nasals.—Single; in contact with the Ist only of the supralabial series. Loreal—One, rather longer than high, Preoculars.—One or two (rarely three), Postocular.—Two (rarely three). Temporais.—Two anterior, in contact with the 6th and 7th supralabials, making a longer suture with the 6th than with the 7th. Supralabeals.— Hight, the 3rd, 4th and 5th touching the eye ; the 6th and ¢th subequal, and largest. Infralabéals—Four, the 4th largest and in contact with two scales behind ; the first three touch the anterior and the 4th only the posterior sublinguals. Sublinguals.—Three pairs. Costals.—Two headslengths behind the head 17, midbody 17, two headslengths before the anus 15; the row absorbed is the 4th above the ventrals ; no keels; no apical pits. Ventrals 146 t0175. Anal— entire, Subcaudals-—45 to 68 divided. Colour.—Theobald speaking of this snake says : “ This species is somewhat variable in colour and markings.” I would go further, and say it is very variable, as much soas any snake I know. Some specimens are extremely dark, almost black, others very light, the prevailing hue being a pale ochraceous, but these extremes cannot be considered colour varieties for they are completely connected by transitional forms. Moreover one of the embryos I extracted from 78 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. my gravid 9 was of the light type and the two others of the dark. It must not be understood that in either case the snake is uniformly coloured for this is not so. It is always more or less obviously finely speckled or streaked with hues darker than the ground colour, There is very usually a series of large, oval, rufous or brown spots on each side of the spine, most noticeable anteriorly, and specially in the dark specimens. Sometimes these spots are confluent to form crossbars over the back. In many specimens there is a more or less distinct dark longitudinal band on the back involving the median five rows and half the sixth row above the ventrals, and a similar dark band in the flanks involving the lower half of the fourth, the third and the second, and upper half of the ultimate row. The flanks are often ornamented with white streaks anteriorly which are more or less hidden until the reptile dilates itself, and below these is usually a series of bright ochra- ceous, yellow streaks or spots, sometimes confluent into a band which are very conspicuous and ornamental. The head is usually streaked longitudinally on the top, and the upper lip is adorned with a white, black-edged mystaceous band. The belly is whitish or yellowish streaked, and finely specked with bright ochraceous-yellow anteriorly and with darker shades of brown further back. Abnormatlities.—I have seen the Ist supralabial divided into two superimposed parts once, and a similar condition of the loreal twice, Three pre and three postoculars less rarely occur. Boulenger says the scale rows are rarely 19. Dentition.*—Mazaillary.—The first 8 (rarely 2) teeth are small but progressively increase in size, and are succeeded without any edentulous gap by two large subequal fang-like, but solid teeth fully twice as long as any of the preceding. Behind these is a short toothless gap, and then a series of 5 (rarely 6) small subequal * Boulenger’s description “ Maxillary teeth 9 to 11, third or third and fourth much enlarged fang-like, followed by a short interspace, last enlarged and grooved, anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged’ is not very accurate, and it is therefore not surprising that as recently as 1905, the snake was redescribed by Mr, Rosen (Ann, and Mag, Nat. Hist. Vol. 15, p. 176), asthe typeofanew genus under the name Anisodon lilljeborgi, It will be seen however that the characters of the dentition as shown by him, prefectly agree with that given by me from my three skulls, and Mr. Boulenger’s remarks on Mr, Rosen’s paper above alluded to showing that A, lil/jeborgi is in reality P. pulverulentus are undoubtedly correct, A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON [NDIAN SNAKES. 73 teeth followed by two large, subequal grooved fangs fully twice as long as the immediately preceding teeth. MAL. mand. Maxilla and mandible of Psam: pulverulentus (x 3.) Palatme.—8 to 11 small and subequal. Pterygoid.—21 to 23 small and subequal. Mandibular.—The first 2 or 3 teeth are small, progressively increas- ing in size, and succeeded without any gap by two large, subequal teeth fully twice as large as any of the preceding. Behind these isa short edentulous gap, followed by a series of from 13 to 15 small, subequal teeth. (To be continued.) 80 ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE INDIAN HEDGEHOGS. BY R. C. Wroveuton, F.Z.8. Recently in naming some hedgehogs presented to the National Collection, by Major Dunn, R.A.M.C., from Multan, I had occasion te go through the whole of the materia! available for examination in the Collection of the Natural History Museum, South Kensington. This material is far too incomplete to admit of any revision of the Genus. My study of the literature, however, has shown many points on which the nomenclature adopted by Blanford in his Fauna requires correc- tion, and these I think it well to place on record. First, however, I would call the attention of members to a few points on which information is specially required. Two species (spatangus and grayz) were described by Bennett from the “ Himalayas” in 1832, and in 1843 Gray founded mentalzs on a specimen from the same locality. In the latter case there is reason to believe that the label-locality was wrong ; was it so also in the former case? Is any species of hedgehog found in the Himalayas ? Two species of hedgehog, with the middle upper existing premolar (the 5th tooth from the back, the 6th from the front) showing a tendency to disappear, are found one in the north (Kach, Rajputana and Lower Sind), the other in the south (Madras). Is it a fact that in the southern species the zygomatic arch is always imperfect ? Is no species of hedgehog found in the Dekhan, 2, e., between Rajputana and the Madras Presidency ? * What exactly is H. collaris? Specimens of varying ages from the type locality, 2. e., Doab (this apparently means the area between the rivers Jumna and Ganges) can alone satisfactorily settle this question. The following are the corrections in the nomenclature of Blanford’s “Mammalia ”’ which seem to be required. A a gn RP eS ad a ee * Tt is hoped that members wil! respond to Mr. Wroughton’s appeal and send specimens of Hedgehogs to ow Museum, Hedgehogs may be easily captured alive and probably a small reward offered to cultivators for live specimens would result in many being obtained. ‘They can then be forwarded alive and this Society would convert them into specimens thus saving members the trouble of skinning them,—LHps, THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE INDIAN HEDGEHOGS. 81 “104. ERINACEUS COLLARIS ”— Type—A coloured plate without description. Date—1830. Locality—Doab. Synonymy.—Royle, (Ill. Ind. Zool.) in 1839, gave the name of . indicus to the Delhi Hedgehog but without description. Bennett in 1832 described spatangus and gray? from the “ Himalayas” (Types B. M. Nos. 55, 12, 24, 34 and 55, 12, 24, 82). It must be left till further material is available for examination to decide whether these names should remain, as Blanford has placed them as synonyms of collars. The name blanjordz must be removed from the synonymy of collarzs for reasons given below under jerdoni. “105. ERINACEUS MEGALOTIS ’— Types—B. M. Nos. 79, 11, 21, 515 and 516 (skulls only). Date—1845, Locality— Kandahar. A well marked species, easily recognizable by its pale head and throat and dark underparts. “106. ERINACEUS JERDONI ”— Co-Type—B. M. Nos. 87, 4, 2, 1. Date—1878. Locality—Rohri, Sind. This name must give place to blanford?, which wag described at the same time, but on an earlier page. Anderson stated that the type of blanfordi(B.M. Nos. 87, 4, 2, 2) also from Rohri, Sind, had no bald area on the crown, this was an error. Comparison of the types shows that they are one species and blanjordi as the older name must be used, with jerdon? as a synonym. “HRINACEUS MACRACANTHUS ”— Co-Type—B.M. Nos. 74, 11, 21, 25. Date—1876 (Hast Persia by Blanford, p. 27). Locality—S. H, Persia. A large species, with a bald area running backwards over the crown of the head, as in blanfordi ; spines long, with four alternate, dusky and white rings, 5mm. broad, and a long (10mm.) black point. - Colouring somewhat in megalotis but the pale area extending back- wards at least on to the chest. Hindfoot about 40mm. Blanford ll 82 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. records it from Beluchistan and the Natural History Museum has a specimen collected at Kandahar by Colonel Swinhoe in 1881. Od, TDN ACIDS) Je CAN UIs) Type—? Date—1872. Locality—Kach. This name must give place to mcropus, which was described by Blyth in 1546 on a specimen (B.M. Nos. 79, 11, 21, 517, skull only) collected by Capt. Hutton at Bhawalpur. The .zygomatic arch is complete. The name micropus, therefore, must stand for this species, with pictus as a synonym. Synonymy.—In 1845 Gray in his Catalogue named a specimen, labelled ‘‘ Himalaya ’’ (B. M. Nos. 42, 4, 12, 16) purchased from a dealer, mentalzs, but gave no description. There seems great pro- bability, however, that the specimen was from Nasirabad., “108. ERINACEUS MICROPUS ”— As micropus applies to a northern form, it cannot be used for the Madras Hedgehog, which was described by Horsfield in 1851 ona specimen (B.M. Nos. 79, 11, 21, 467) collected by Sir Walter Elliot under the name of nudiventris. This latter name must therefore stand for this ‘‘ South-Indian Hedgehog.” Thus corrected, the list of the Indian Hedge hogs is as follows :— 1. Hrinaceus collaris, Gray and Hardwicke = indicus, Royle (nomen nudum) = spatangus et gray?, Bennett. Evinaceus megalotis, Blyth. Qs bo Erinaceus blanford:, Anderson = jerdoni, Anderson. 4, Lrinaceus macracanthus, Blanford. 5. Erinaceus micropus, Blyth = pictus, Stoliezka = mentalis, Gray (nomen nudum). 6. Hrinaceus nudiventris, Horsfield. THE MOTHS OF INDIA, Prates Ff. and G., referred to in this paper, will appear im a subsequent number. Kbps. 83 THE MOTHS OF INDIA. SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN «THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.” SERIES IV, PART I. By Sir Georce F. Hampson, BaARrv., F.ZS., F.E.S. (With Plates F. and G.) BOMBYCID. The genera Bombyx and Musiilia have the frenulum aborted and minute, the other genera have it fully developed. 41. GUNDA Sikkima insert, No. 43, Bombyx LUGUBRIS which has precedence, 45a. MUSTILIA PHHOPERA, n. sp. (Plate F., f. 1). Head, thorax and abdomen rufous, the shaft of antenne and a band between their basis white. Forewing rufous with a greyish tinge, the apical area from middle of costa to termen at vein 3 chocolate brown tinged with - grey towards costa ; antemedial line brown, excurved below costa and oblique below submedian fold ;a rather diffused medial line excurved in cell and below submedian fold ; postmedial line excurved below costa, then waved, incurved to vein 2, then excurved; cilia pale yellow. Hindwing pale greyish rufous, the terminal area broadly chocolate brown from vein 6 to tornus; two oblique the underside greyish with the costal area suffused with rufous; two obliquely minutely waved lines from middle of costa to tornus ; cilia pale yellow ; curved postmedial brown lines. Habitat.—AssaM, Khasis (Badgley). Exp. @ 54, 970 mill. Type in B, M. Larva.—Draws inits head when alarmed nearly to a level with its shoulders, its body wide and flattened at the shoulders, narrowing and cylindri- cal at extremity, the anterior segments protrusible ; a horn on anal segment ; 16 feet, naked, leathery brown, darker on dorsum with a dark olive spade- shaped patch towards extremity ; lateral patches of yellow, the whole body dotted with green; five small grey patches dotted with black on back, two yellow lines on the neck and two yellow spots on the spade-shaped patch ; the ventral surface with a yellow patch on each segment, legs pink ; prolegs with bright yellow dot on outer side. Food plant : Camellia caudata. Cocoon.—Strong, silky, dull brown, pointed at one endand truncate at the other (Badgley), 47a. ANDRACA ALBILUNATA, n,sp. (Plate F., f.2). Forewing with the termen strongly excised below apex, angled outwards at vein 4, then strongly crenulate ; hindwing with the termen slightly excised below apex and strongly crenulate from vein 4 to tornus, the inner margin not excised, Head, thorax and abdomen dark red-brown mixed with grey, the tarsi with the 84. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. terminal joint blackish. Forewing dark red-brown mixed with grey ;a deeper red-brown antemedial band defined by greyish on inner side and with slightly waved edges, oblique from costa to submedian fold; an indistinct brown discoidal bar with grey line in centre ; a waved brownish medial line and waved grey postmedial line with somewhat deeper brown band between them ; small obliquely placed subapical white lunules below veins 7 and 6 witha reddish tinge beyond them. Hindwing red-brown with a greyish tinge ;, a small brown discoidal spot and chocolate brown spots on inner margin before and beyond middle with greyish marks beyond them ; cilia with whitish tips in the indentations, underside of forewing chocolate brown, the costa grey to postmedial line with brown spot beyond middle; hindwing grey with brown discoidal spot, two waved brown postmedial lines with the area between them tinged with red-brown and a diffused red-brown patch at tornus, Habitat Assam, Khasis (Badgley). Exp. @40, 946 mill. Type in B, M. Larva—Turns its head down and humps its shoulders in repose ; gregarious, long, cylindrical ; pairs of horns on 3rd and 5th somites and a single horn on anal somite ; 16 feet ; pubescent; dull black dusted with grey ; dorsal line pale yellow ; subdorsal and lateral lines orange; two ventral yellow lines; broad yellow patches between the prolegs ; head black; horns dusky with orange bases and whitish at tips. Food plant : Cudranus javanicus. Cocoon.—Strong, silky, blunt in front, pointed behind with long ligaments at each end and a hollowed out boat-shaped projection on dorsum (Badgley). HUPTEROTID. 65a. APONA KHASIANA, Swinh., A. M,N. H. (7), xx, p. 75 (1907). Head, thorax and abdomen rufous ; antennze with the shaft white, the branches brown, Forewing pale rufous, the basal area, the area beyond the medial line and the terminal area rather deeper rufous ; an obliquely curved antemedial line with a faint line beyond it, somewhat angled outwards below costa and bent outwards below submedian fold a black discoidal point ; a nearly straight and somewhat oblique medial line followed by a waved line; two waved postmedial lines; an incurved subterminal line followed by an indistinct line with greyish patches beyond it at apex and middle, excurved to vein 6, incurved at middle, then waved. Hindwing pale rufous, the basal inner area and terminal area rather deeper rufous ; a diffused oblique rufous antemedial band, two oblique waved medial lines and a minutely waved postmedial line; the underside with the lines more distinct, the antemedial line double, three waved lines on medial area, the postmedial line excurved to vein 5 and with maculate band beyond it except at middle, Habitat. Assam, Khasis. Eup. g 98, @ 110 mill. 70. EUPTEROTE MOLLIFERA,, insert (syn.) Mupterote pulchra, Swinh., A. M,N. H.(7), XVIII, p. 404 (1906). 86a. SANGATISSA ARCTIADES, n. sp. (Plate F., f. 30). Antenne of both sexes bipectinate with moderate branches. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 85 Head and thorax fulvous ; antenne with the shaft whitish, the branches brown ; pectus, legs, and abdomen greyish tinged with fulvous. Forewing pale cinnamon brown, the veins, discal and submedian folds streaked with white. Hindwing white tinged with brown, thinly scaled. Habitat,—Assam, Khasis (Badgley). Ezp.36-46 mill. Type in B. M. Larva.—Feeds at night and rests during day in a company on underside of leaf, the head and tail curved under in repose ; cylindrical ; hair soft, thick with scattered long hairs; dull brown with the long hairs grey ; ventral surface dull red ; head black. Food plant: Vitisadnata. Cocoon.—Silken mixed with hairs, slight, oval, in a cluster, grey-brown. Pupa.—Short, blunt at both ends, a tuft of fine hooks at tail by which it is fastened to cocoon ; shining bright brown. (Badgley). SPHINGIDA. ACHERONTIANZ. Genus PENTATEUCHA. Type. Pentateucha, Swinh., A. M. N.H. (8), 1, p. 61 (1908)........0. 22.06 curiosa. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, slender, reaching about to middle of frons, the 2nd joint fringed with long hair in front, the 3rd short ; frons with tuft of hai ; antenne of female ciliated ; thorax clothed with long rough spatulate hair ; tibiz fringed with long hair, the hind tibie with two pairs of spurs, the fore tarsi with three large curved claws on Ist joint; abdomen clothed with long rough hair ; frenulum present, Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved, crenulate, vein 3 from well before angle of cell; 5 from middle of discocellulars ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8, 9 stalked ; 10, 11 from cell, Hindwing with vein 3 from well before angle of cell ; 5 from well above angle ; 6, 7 from upper angle ; 8 approximated to 7 beyond the cell. Wl@, PENTATEUCHA CURIOSA, Swinh., A, M, N. H. (8), 1, p. 62 (1908) @elate Er. ft. 118). Q. Head and thorax clothed with deep red-brown hair tipped with white ; pectus and legs rufous, the tarsi blackish ; abdomen blackish mixed with grey- white forming obscure segmental bands, the anal tuft and ventral surface rufous. Forewing clothed with dark red-brown hairy scales mixed with white, some rufous at base of inner area; faint traces of a dark antemedial line; an oblique elliptical white discoidal spot ; postmedial line with oblique dark bar from costa, then very indistinct, excurved to vein 3, then incurved ; sub- terminal line indistinct, double, oblique, waved, bent inwards to costa, where there is a white mark on it, a dentate line beyond it arising from apex, white and prominent from apex to vein 6, then indistinct and forming white points on the veins ; cilia rufous with whitish points at the veins, Hindwing bright rufous, the inner area whitish to near tornus, where there is a dark patch with whitish bar beyond it; an indistinct diffused pale postmedial line; cilia with some white scales at tips. Underside of both wings, rufous ; forewing with indistinct pale discoidal spot, obliquely curved postmedial band and 86 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. prominent dentate white band from apex to above vein 6 ; hindwing suffused with white to beyond middle and tornus, an oblique slightly waved medial rufous line and indistinct postmedial line bent outwards to just above tornus, the terminal area irrorated with whitish. Habitat. Assam, Khasis. Exp. 104 mill. AMBULICIN &. 91d. Marumpa Microra, Hmpsn., Nov. Zool, xiv., p. 327 (1907). (Plate F., if 1D) Fore tibia with long curved claw at extremity. &. Head and thorax red-brown, the head rather paler, except the palpi ; antenne whitish ; abdomen red-brown, Forewing grey-brown suffused with purplish rufous and with slight dark irroration ; a black and rufous subbasal spot on vein 1; an oblique brown medial line diffused on outer side ; post- medial area somewhat greyer; an indistinct slightly curved subterminal line with two conjoined red-brown spots on it at inner margin ; a small dark brown spot on termen below apex defined by a grey lunule on inner side and with a very indistinct triangular brown shade below it from termen to the subtermi- nal line ; cilia dark brown. Hindwing purplish red-brown with indistinct darker shade on termen near tornus; cilia dark brown with slight whitish tips towards tornus ; the underside rather redder with indistinct medial] line and curved postmedial line. Habitat.—Manpras, Godavery District ; CeyLton, Kandy, Hap. 44 mill, 91e. MarumpBa poLiotis, Hmpsn., Nov. Zool., xiv., p. 327 (1907). (Plate Eto): Fore tibia with large curved claw at extremity. @. Head and thorax grey white, the head and tegule tinged with rufous ; metathorax with two slight tufts of blackish scales ; tarsi rmged with black ; abdomen grey-white dorsally suffused with rufous except at base and with fine black dorsal line expanding into a small spot on penultimate segment, Forewing grey suffused with reddish brown and irrorated with black, the basal and terminal areas browner. and the postmedial area whiter ; some blackish suffusion before the whitish antemedial line which is defined by blackish on outer side, oblique from costa to median nervure, angled inwards in submedian fold, then excurved and angled inwards to inner margin ; a dark medial line excurved from costa to median nervure, then incurved to near antemedial line; a small pale rufous discoidal spot, slightly defined by blackish ; postmedial line dark, excurved from costa to vein 5, then incurved and sinuous ; subter- minal line indistinctly double, excurved below costa, then oblique, dentate and with small somewhat dentate black marks on its outer edge, the mark below costa extending as a streak to termen and the mark at vein 4 larger ; slight black marks on termenat the extremities of the veins. Hindwing grey suffused with brown ; postmedial line excurved and indistinct from costa to vein 4, then incurved and with whitish patch beyond it in submedian inter- space, ending at tornus; the underside whitish irrorated with fuscous, the THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 87 postmedial line fine, a curved dentate subterminal line with slight brownish band beyond it becoming terminal below vein 4. Habitat.—GangjaM. EHxp.54 mill. MACROGLOSSIN &. 118. AMPELOPHAGA OBLIQUIFASCIA, n. sp. (Plate F., f. 13). Q. Head and thorax grey slightly mixed with red-brown, the vertex of 2 head and dorsum of thorax red-brown ; palpi with white line on jst joint at side, the 2nd joint red-brown at side ; pectus ventrally orange-red ; tibi and tarsi grey-white ; abdomen grey with broad diffused dorsal deep red-brown bands, the ventral surface fiery red with segmental brown lines. Forewing purplish grey tinged in parts with red-brown ; subbasal diffused red-brown marks in cell and on vein 1 ; three rather indistinct and diffused curved waved antemedial brown lines ; a slight discoidal point ; a rather broad black-brown band from middle of costa to termen at yein 4, expanding somewhat at costa and into a large triangular patch on termen extending almost to tornus ; post- medial line slight and dentate from costa to the oblique band, then oblique more strongly dentate with some fulvous yellow on its outer side, with a waved line before it from vein 2 to inner margin and two waved lines beyond it from the band to inner margin ; subterminal line double, brownish and slightly waved from costa to vein 5, indistinct except toward costa where it is filled in with yellowish ; a wedge-shaped brown mark on termen below apex ; cilia black-brown. Hindwing dark-brown tinged with red, the inner area greyish ; cilia rufous, whitish at tips. Underside of forewing fiery red with the termen grey, some dark brown suffusion in and below eell, six indistinct waved lines on postmedial area, a pale yellow subapical lunule and two wedge-shaped postmedial marks below veins 3 and 2; hindwing fiery red, the inner area greyish, the terminal area brownish, three indistinct minutely waved red post- medial lines. Habitat.—AssaM, Khisis (Badgley). Hap. 80 mill. Type in B.M. Larva.—Tapering to head, the thoracic somites very protrusible ; head small ; green with pale dots ; subdorsal line white shading off to oblique yellow lateral stripes tinged with pink above; spiracles small, pale brown; horn brown ; purple ; feet maroon with a yellow mark above each. Pupates in leaves spun together. Pupa.—Long with two horns on head and three at tail, the posterior third of tail much smaller than the anterior part which forms a prominent ring ; dark brown with paler marks (Badgley). Genus LEPCHINA. Type. Lepchina, Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1904, p. 76... -2+..02c+seseceoeee+++ LTIGENS, Differs from Acosmeryx in the eyes being small, overhung by lashes; the terminal segment of antenne nob filiform; the tibial spines shorter; the Ist segment of mid-tarsi without elongate spines. Forewing with the termen 88 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. produced to points at and below apex and excuryed at middle. Hindwing with the termen sinuous. 116a. LrpcHINA TRIDENS, Obuth. Bull. Soc. Ent, Fr. 1904, p. 76. @. Head and thorax violaceous grey ; abdomen brown ; ventral surface reddish. Forewing violaceous grey with velvety brown lines and patches; the basal area with three lines followed by a postmedial triangular patch touching a discoidal point with its inner edge and extending from costa to termen and inner margin ; the apical area with some streaks and marks. Hindwing brown with darker medial and terminal shades. Underside ferruginous red ; fore- wing with the basal half blackish, two greyish costal patches, a sinuous terminal violet grey patch on both wings with medial whitish mark on forewing ; two double brown lines on hindwing with greyish costal patch beyond them. Habitat.—Sixktm. Ezp. about 64 mill. This species is unknown to me. 181. MACROGLOSSA GYRANS. Larva.—Velvety black with green and pink lateral stripes faintly striated with black; spiracular stripe interrapted, similar in colour ; the spiracles pink with white centres; head glabrous, green or pale red ; thoracic plate horny ; horn black. Pupa.—Ochreous with black spots at sides. 5, (W. H. Campbell.) 198. MAcROGLOSSA RECTIFASCIA. Larva.—Pale yellow with faint blue transverse lines ; dorsal line very dark blue edged with pale blue from 3rd to anal somite ; lateral line similar, arising from two large black spots on 2nd somite and terminating just before two large black spots on anal somite ; below this is a series of black specks; a broad sublateral black band spotted with pale blue ; head prominent, dull green ; legs black ; claspers spotted with black ; horn pale blue with a black ring at base. Food plant : Photinia Lindleyana. 5. (W.H. Campbell.) PERGESINA. 137e. RHAGASTIS LEUCOCRASPIS, n. sp. (Plate F., f. 25). Q. Head grey; palpi whitish at sides; tegule and patagia chocolate brown with grey-white stripe on outer edge; vertex of thorax grey-brown ; pectus and legs pale grey tinged with rufous; abdomen with the 1st three segments chocolate brown, the rest of dorsum greyish tinged with fulvous, the sides whitish, the ventral surface tinged with rufous, Forewing purplish grey suffused in parts with rufous; a subbasal rufous shade on costal area, the base of inner margin chocolate brown ; two obliquely curved antemedial brown lines, widely separated at costa, approximated at vein 1 where they terminate ; an oblique rufous shade from costa at antemedial line to medial line at vein 3 ; medial line double, waved, obliquely curved from costa to vein 2, then slightly excurved ; postmedial line obliquely curved, dentate, at veins 43 produced to points and with slight fulvyous marks on it; a triangular chocolate brown patch on costa just before apex, the faint waved subterminal line arising from it ; the apex slightly tinged with white ; cilia dark-brown. Hindwing black- brown, the inner margin, terminal area in submedian interspace and termen THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 89 towards tornus whitish ; cilia grey with a brown line through them, Under- side of forewing reddish fulvous, the disk fuscous, a fuscous striga from costa towards apex, subterminal! line oblique from costa near apex to below vein 7, then dentate, the area beyond it grey ; hindwing reddish fulvous, the inner area and termen greyish, an indistinct curved minutely waved postmedial line. : Habitat.—U.P. Assam, Dibrugarh (E. C. Ward). Exp. 96 mill. Type in B. M. NoTODONTIDA, 911 b. Dupusa syNopia, Swinh,, A. M. N. H. (7), XIX, p. 205 (1907). Q@. Antenne bipectinate with long branches, the apical part serrate. Head and thorax rufous mixed with some ochreous scales ; antennz black; upper part of frons and vertex of head tinged with fuscous ; thoracic crest with some long spatulate black scales ; pectus and legs with fuscous mixed, the mid and hind tibie with small tufts of ochreous hair at extremity ; tarsi black- ish, fulvous at extemities ; abdomen rufous and ochreous, with broad diffused Jateral fuscous bands, the anal tuft with some spatalate black hairs. Forewing ochreous suffused with rufous and slightly irrorated with brown, the veins blackish; a black point below base of cell ; an oblique blackish subbasal dif- fused line from costa to submedian fold, with ochreous bar beyond it from costa to costal nervure ; antemedial line indistinct, dark, defined by ochreous on inner side, waved, angled outwards on median nervure, crossed by a faint diffused oblique dark fascia from submedian fold to above inner margin near base, a broad diffused oblique blackish fascia from costa beyond it to termen between vein 3 and submedian fold ; postmedial line double filled in with ochreous, waved, oblique from vein 7 to submedian fold, then excurved, a silvery white wedge-shaped mark from its inner edge to beyond it below vein 4; a rather diffused dark subterminal line arising at vein 7, oblique to vein 4, excurved to vein 3, then somewhat oblique ; a series of lunules before termen defined by blackish on inner side and with slight double lines on inner side cilia with a series of blackish lunules. Hindwing ochreous almost wholly suffused with fuscous leaving some ochreous at base of inner margin and at tornus ; a terminal series of dark lunules; cilia pale rafous with series of blackish lunules; the underside ochreous tinged with rufous and slightly irrorated with fuscous, a black discoidal spot, curved waved postmedial line and subterminal series of black lunules, Habitat.—AssaM, Khésis. Exp. 118 mill. 215 a. RacHia NopDYNA, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7), XIX, p. 206 (1907). @. Head and thorax pale and dark brown ; antenne and tegule blackish ; metathorax with blackish dorsal fascia ; pectus and legs with fuscous mixed ; abdomen fuscous brown, the sides pale towards base. Forewing purplish brown suffused with fuscous ; antemedial line very indistinct, extremely oblique from costa to vein 2 well beyond middle, then very oblique and defined by a pale fascia above to vein 1 and angled outwards above inner margin ; an oblique black streak above middle of inner margin; a slight pale streak 1 90 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. in lower end of cell; a slight dark streak beyond the cellabove vein 4; post- medial line very indistinct, angled outwards below costa, oblique to anteme- dial line at vein 2 where it is angled outwards, then oblique and represented by slight black strize defined by ochreous on outer side; a slight ochreous subterminal line, dentate and defined by black towards costa, below vein 4 very oblique and strongly defined by black on inner side ; a fine black termi- nal line, Hindwing white tinged with brown, the veins brown, the costal and inner areas sufiused with brown; a diffused brown subterminal line with whitish line on outer edge, the brown line faint to vein 3, then strong blackish and with small black lunule above it at vein1; termen black brown ; a fine black terminal line ; cilia brown. Habitai.—AssaM, Khiasis. Eap. 76 mill. 220 a. PHALERA GONIOPHORA, 0. sp. Head and tegule reddish ochreous, the latter with whitish line near tips ; palpi, lower part of frons, antennee and thorax rufous; patagia silvery grey ; pectus and legs whitish mixed with brown, the tarsi banded with white; abdomen with the basal half reddish ochreous, the terminal half brown banded with whitish, the ventral surface whitish, Forewing silvery grey suffused and irrorated with red-brown ; a waved subbasal line from costa to vein 1 ; ante- medial line double, with dark points on the veins, somewhat incurved in subme- dian interspace ; three indistinct waved lines on medial area, with dark points on the veins ; apical patch yellowish white suffused with reddish ochreous except at margins and with three dark striz from costa, ending at vein 5 and with its outer edge angled at veins 7 and 6, the double, nearly erect postmedial line arising from it and with a series of dark points beyond it ; subterminal line oblique from the apical patch to vein 2 and with some dark points beyond it ; a crenulate brown terminai line intersecting the cilia which are reddish ochre- ous. Hindwing red-brown tinged with greyish ; cilia yellowish white inter- sected with rufous. Underside whitish, the forewing suffused with brown except on apical area; the hindwing with diffused brown medial band from costa to vein 2. ; Habitat.—Pongap, Dehra Dun ; Assam, Khasis (Badgley), Exp. 66 mill. Type in B, M. Larva—Gregarious; cylindrical; hairy, the hair growing in rings on each segment ; black with brown rings interrupted dorsally ; eight white dorsal and lateral lines, one ventral line and short lines between the feet ; hairs pale brown, nearly white at tips; feet brown; head large. Food plant : Quercus serrata. 7, 8, 10, (Badgley), 221c, PHALERA OCHROPIS, un. sp. (Plate F., f. 8). Antenne of male bipectinate, the apex serrate ; forewing with vein 5 from middle of discocellulars, 6 from upper angle, 6. Head and thorax deep rufous mixed with some ochreous; pectus, legs and abdomen pale ochreous, Forewing pale ochreous, thickly irrorated with deep rufous ; a strong black fascia below the cell from base to antemedial line ; THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 91 subbasal line represented by an oblique black striga from costa ; antemedial line indistinct, diffused, double filled in with whitish and oblique from costa to median nervure, then black defined on inner side by whitish, oblique, dentate, a black streak beyond it in lower part of cell; reniform with whitish annulus above and below, interrupted at middle; posimedial line black defined by whitish on outer side, bent outwards below costa, then oblique, dentate, ablack streak. from it to subterminal line above vein 3, a shorter streak above vein 6 and slight streak above 7; subterminal line represented by a series of oblique whitish striz defined on outer side by black from beiow costa to vein 2, angled inwards in discal fold ; the terminal area with whitish patches below apex and at middle, a terminal series of blackish points ; cilia rufous with whitish streaks. Hindwing ochreous white suffused with brown, cilia pale ; the underside ochreous white, the costal area irrorated with rufous. Habitat.— CEYLON, Haputale (Alston). Hazp, 52 mill. Type in B. M. 937 b. PYDNA BRUNNEA, Swinh., A. M.N. H. (7), XIX, p. 206 (1907), @. Head and thorax ochreous mixed with dull red-brown ; abdomen ochre- ous suffused with reddish brown, the extremity and ventral surface slightly irrorated with brown. Forewimg ochreous suffused with dull red-brown except on costal area aud below basal half of cell and irrorated witha few black scales ; claviform represented by a slight blackish streak ; a slight pale streak in lower end of cell before the small ochreous-defined discoidal spot ; postmedial line with small blackish spot on costa, bent outwards below costa, then represented by a double series of points, oblique below vein 4, a diffused ochreous mark beyond it on costa and a difiused patch on tornal area; cilia fuscous brown. Hindwing uniform dark brown; the underside ochreous tinged with brown except on cosial area, a black discoidal spot and rather diffused oblique post- medial line dentate towards costa. Habitat. Assam, Khasis; Cryton, Maskeliya, Hap. 60 mill. 260a. STAUROPUS INCLUSA, N. sp. Antenne of male serrate and fasciculate, of female ciliated. Head and thorax dark red-brown mixed with white ; abdomen grey suffus- ed with rufous. Forewing whitish irrorated with dark red-brown, the inner half of basal area and the terminal area suffused with red-brown ; a brown streak below base of cell ; subbasal line represented by an oblique brown striga from costa ; antemedial line strong, brown, inwardly oblique from costa to median nervure, then nearly erect and slightly angled inwards on vein 1; a slight brown discoidal bar ; postmedial line brown arising from costa just beyond antemedial line, oblique to vein 6, then inwardly oblique, dentate and joining the antimedial line at inner margin ; an indistinct pale waved subter- minal line with a dark mark before it on costa and lunulate patches from vein 3 to inner margin; a series of indistinct pale lunules just before termen, Hindwing greyish suffused with red-brown; an indistinct curved medial line ; cilia whitish at tips. Habitat Assam, Khasis (Badgley). Exp. g 48, 9 52 mill. Type in B, M. 92 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX, Larva.—Gregarious ; cylindrical, with a small dorsal hump towards extre- mity, short scattered hairs ; yellow with black dorsal line ; two lateral lines ; stigmata ringed with black and with black striz near them ; ventral surface black with broad yellow ventral stripe and yellow lines between the feet, which are black ; head large, red: Food plant: Quereus griffithi. 4. 5. Cocoon.—On or underground ; strong pudding-dish shaped, formed of earth lined with silk. Pupa.—Somewhat pointed at ends, short, red-brown with black spiracles (Badgley). 260 6. STAUROPUS DILUTA, n. sp, Antenne of male bipectinate with short fasciculate branches, of female ciliated. Head, thorax and abdomen rufous mixed with grey. Forewing grey suffused and irrorated with rufous ; traces of a waved subbasal line, oblique towards costa ; traces of a waved antemedial line, double towards costa ; a slight whit- ish point on upper part of cell towards extremity ; postmedial line rufous, minutely dentate, bent outwards below costa, incurved at discal fold and strongly below vein 4, subterminal line indistinct, pale, defined by brownish suffusion on postmedial area, incurved between veins 7 and 4 and below vein 3; a series of brown strie before termen defined on inner side by slight pale lunules ; a terminal series of slight brown striz, Hindwing whitish suffused with red-brown ; cilia white at tips; the underside whitish tinged with red- brown. Habitat—_W. CHINA, Omei Shan; Assan, Khasis (Badgley). Hzp. 42-62 mill. Type in B. M. Larva.—Solitary ; tapering to both ends ; bright green with a fine red line and white band at sides; head white with black and red lines and yellow cheeks ; fore feet tipped with pink. Cocoon.—An oval hoilow below the ground with slight papery lining. Pupa.—Purplish black, roughened, the extremity paler with slight anal projection. Food plant : [lex exsalca. 7. (Badgley). 282 6. CHADISRA SEMIFERREA, n. sp. (Plate F., f. 35). @. Head and thorax grey mixed with rufous ; palpi black at sides; tarsi black ringed with grey ;abdomen grey tinged with brown, the basal crest mixed with rufous. Forewing grey irrorated with rufous and fuscous, and with deep ferruginous suffusion from near base to middle except on inner obsolete on costal half, blackish from submedian fold to inner margin to area ; antemedial line obsolete on costal half, blackish from submedian fold to inner margin to which it is bent inwards; a blackish medial line, rather oblique from costa to vein 2, then strongly bent inwards and erect to inner margin; a deep rufous discoidal bar with some white above it and on outer edge ; postmedial line formed of black strie slightly defined by white on outer side, oblique from costa to vein 6 and incurved below vein 2; a dark patch on postmedial part of costa with some whitish points on costa and two slight dark streaks above veins 7. 6. before the white subterminal line which is THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 93 incurved below costa and vein 2 and minutely dentate between those points, a series of small black spots defined by white on inner side before termen ; a fine black terminal line. Hindwing grey suffused with brown, a rather darker terminal line ; the underside rufous, the inner area pale. Habitat.—CtyLon, Trincomali (Green). zp. 50 mill. Type in B. M. 293b. NOTODONTA COLLARIS, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7), XIV., p. 132 (1904). -- 6. Palpi, frons, antennze and thorax red-brown; vertex of head and teluge white, the latter with black tips; tarsi with pale rings; abdomen red-brown with dark dorsal patch at extremity. Forewing pale, almost entirely suffused with red brown, leaving the submedian interspace and the area below costa towards apex paler; the costal area to beyond middle, the cell, and area from below end of cell to near termen below vein 4 and the terminal area below apex suffused with fuscous; a white point at base of median nervure; two fine brown streaks in basal half of submedian fold; traces of an irregular brown antimedial line ; some dark points in end of cell and a slight discoidal bar ; traces of an oblique dentate postmedial line ; the apical half of terminal area with dark streaks in the interspaces and short oblique streaks below extremities of veins 4and3. Hindwing red-brown. Habitat.— Assam, Khiasis. Eup. 48 mill. AIGERIADA. Genus SPHECOSESIA, nov, Type.—S. pedunculata. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, fringed with long hair in front at base, the 2nd joint reaching to about vertex of head, the 3rd moderate ; anten- nz of male minutely serrate and fasciculate, strongly dilated beyond middle ; legs without tufts of hairs on the joints; abdomen strongly pedunculate at base and narrowing to extremity. Forewing with vein 2 present; 7°8 stalked, Hindwing with the discocellulars erect ; veins 3°4 stalked. 362a. SPHECOSESIA PEDUNCULATA, n. sp. (Plate F., f. 14). @. Head and thorax dark brown mixed with rufous ; palpi yellow suffused with rufous ; frons with lateral white lines; basal joint of antennze white in front ; coxe whitish ; tibise with whitish bands at middle and extremity, the tarsi whitish at base ; abdomen dark reddish brown with white segmental lines on the dilated part, the extremity rufous, the ventral surface with rufous segmental lines. Wings hyaline, the veins and margins dark brown. Habitat.—SikHIM (Bingham). Fap. 28 mill. Type in B. M. 367a. ANGERIA CYANOPASTA, n. sp. (Pl. F., f. 20). Antenne with long cilia. @- Head, thorax and abdomen black irrorated with silvery blue scales ; neck with orange ring. Forewing black shot with purple,and irrorated with me- tallic blue green scales ; an orange streak above inner margin before middle, a wedge-shaped patch in end of cell and an elliptical patch beyond the cell between veins 8 and 3 with slight dark streak on the veins, Hindwing hyaline, the veins and margins black-brown ; an oblique discoidal bar. Underside of 94 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, forewing mostly orange to beyond middle, apatch beyond cell and maculate terminal band from apex to vein 2; hindwing with some orange scales on the veins. Habitat.—QUETTA (Nurse). Hap. 26 mill, 368a. /ANGERIA PYRODISCA, 0. sp. (Plate F., f. 26). Antennz of male strorgly ciliated. &. Palpi orange, yellow in front and with a few black scales at sides; frons yellow, white at sides; antennz black above, orange below ; vertex of head and thorax blue-black mixed with some orange and with fine orange streak on dorsum and upper edge of patagia ; pectus mostly yellow; legs red-brown banded with yellow ; abdomen blue-black with narrow yellow segmental lines, the anal tuft red-brown and yellowish, the ventral surface with broader yellow bands, Forewing hyaline, the veins and margins narrowly brown with some yellowish scales; a slight firey red mark near base; a narrow fiery red band on outer edge of the black discoidal line and a streak above vein 9 ; cilia brown. Hindwing hyaline, the veins and margins narrowly black ; cilia brown. @. Antenne fulvous above beyond middle; abdomen with the yellow bands broad at sides, the anal tuft with much more yellow, the ventral surface yellow with reddish orange bands, Habitat—Burma, Maymyo (Barrow). E£ap. & 28, 932 mill. Type in B, M. 383b, LEPIDOPODA ANDREPICLERA, n. sp. (Plate F., ff.15 @, 27 @). @. Head and thorax black-brown ; palpi in front, sides of frons and neck white ; pro- and metathorax, pectus, and legs with some whitish scales ; hind tibie bluish silvery at base and with white medial band, the base of tarsus white ; abdomen black suffused with brilliant blue. Forewing hyaline, a costal fascia, discoidal bar, veins, margius and a series of streaks in interspaces of terminal area, blue-black. Hindwing hyaline, the veins and margins black. Q. Head and thorax with golden yellow replacing the white except at sides of frons ; legs golden yellow ; hind tibize with black band, the tarsus black except 1st joint. Forewing with the interspaces sufiused with golden yellow, the discoidal bar yellow. Habitat,—CnyLon, Kandy (Green). Exp. ¢ 28, 9 52 mill. Type in B. M. Genus SCOLIOMIMA. Type Scoliomima, Butl., Trans, Ent. Soc., 1885, p. 371 .......-eeee-ne-e see: venees insignis. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, reaching vertex of head, the 1st and 2nd joints clothed with long rough hair, the 3rd moderate; antennex of male bipectinate with short branches to apex ; tibize clothed with long rough hair ; mid tarsus with the 1st joint clothed with short hair, hind tarsus with it clothed with very long hair; abdomen clothed with rough hair towards extremity. Forewing with veins 2°3 from near angle of cell; 4:5 from above angle ; 6 from below upper angle; 7°8 stalked ; 9-10-11 from cell. Hindwing with vein 2 from before angle of cell; 3-5 from angle, 4 absent ; 6 from THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 95 below upper angle becoming coincident with 5 before termen or separate ;7 from angle. 395a. SCOLIOMIMA INSIGNIS, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc, 1855, p. 371, pl. X., f. 10. @. Head, thorax and abdomen black, shot with bluish; palpi with the 2nd joint golden yellow ; frons white at sides ; teguiz golden yellow ; metathorax with some fulvous hairs ; mid tibiz with some bluish white hairs at base and” on outer side at middle, and extremity ; tarsi with the -terminal joints yellow ; abdomen with dorsal yellow band on 4th segment, narrowing at middie, some yellow hair in anal tuft ventrally. Forewing cupreous brown, the costal and inner margins black ; a hyaline streak below base of cell. Hindwing cupreous brown; the inner margin and cilia towards tornus black with a green- ish tinge ; a hyaline streak below base of cell and a triangular patch on inner area from near base to termen. The type from Borneo has a golden-yellow patch on metathorax and sub- dorsal yellow patches on Ist segment of abdomen ; wings, darker. Habitat. —Mapras, Palni Hills (W. H. Campbell) ; Borneo. £xp. 52-54 mill. SYNTOMIDZ. 442. SYNTOMIS PASSALIS. Larva.—Fuscous black clothed with tufts of close downy hairs (W. H. Campbell). ZYGENIDA. CHALCOSIAN Ai. 528a. SORITIA VIRIDIBASALIS, Dudgeon, J. Bomb. Soc., XVI., p. 399 (1905). $- Head and thorax fuscous brown ; tegule crimson ; Ist joint of palpi and pectus yellowish white, abdomen pale blue, the first three segments fuscous brown, the ventral surface yellowish white, Forewing dark brown, the basal two- thirds suffused with green, the veins of terminal area defined by blue-green; a narrow oblique pale yellow postmedial band from costa above end of cell to tornus. Hindwing fuscous brown. Underside of forewing fuscous brown, the band broader with a curved pale blue subapical band beyond it ; hindwing with the cell, a streak on each side of vein 1,c¢.,and four subterminal lunules pale blue. Haditat.—TeEnassertm, Daunat Range. Exp, 36 mill. This species is un- known to me. 597. Heterusia drataraja is the male of 571. CHaLcosta DISTINCTA and insert (syn.) Hterusia osseata, Wlk., XX XI, 120 (1864). 590a. Isbarta cyanescens is the male of 591, IsBARTA BINGHAM. PSYCHIDA. CCETICIN A. 617a. CLANIA DESTRUCTOR, Dudgeon, J, Bomb. Soc., XVI, p. 401 (1905). Forewing with veins 4°5 stalked to near termen, ihe veinlets between vein 1 and inner margin slight ; hindwing with veins 4-5 strongly stalked ; vein 8 §6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. anastomosing with the cell towards extremity, then again with vein 7, the veinlets between it and costa slight. Head, thorax and abdomen reddish brown mixed with greyish and dark brown ; tarsi whitish. Forewing red-brown mixed with greyish, the veins streaked with blackish ; an elleptical whitish mark below veins 4°5 and a small triangular mark on termen below vein 7. Hindwing reddish brown mixed with greyish, the veins blackish. Habiiat.—S1kuM ; BHUTAN ; AssaM, Chittagong; Borneo, Kuching. Lap. 30 mill. Larva.—Food piant : Tea, the larva case formed of twigs of the plant placed longitudinally. 618a. CLANIA MONOCHROMA, 0. sp. @. Head, thorax and abdomen dark brown with some greyish hair ; wings uniform dark brown. Forewing with three veinlets between vein 1 and inner margin. Hindwing with veins 4:5 stalked ; 7 connected with 8 by é1 oblique bar near end of cell ; 8 without veinlets to costa. Larva.—Case covered with white silk to which are attached excreta and a few pieces of bark and twigs, Habitat.—CEYLON, Kandy (Green). Exp. 32 mill. Type in B. M. 618 a. CLANIA ANTRAML, Nn. Sp. @- Forewing with veins 4:5 from cell ; hindwing with vein 6 absent, 8 not sending branches to costa. Head, thorax and abdomen greyish fuscous. Forewing ochreous thickly irrorated with fuscous, very thickly on terminal half. Hindwing fuscous brown, the inner area paler. Habitat—Cacuar, Kuttal (C. B. Antram), ap. 24 mill. Typein B, M. Larva.—Case covered with fragments of dry leaves ; Food plant: Tea. 620 a. AMATISSA ALBITARSIA, n. Sp. &. Fore tarsus with the terminal joint moderate ; fore and hindwings with veins 4°5 stalked ; uniform reddish brown ; the fore tarsi whitish, Havitat.—Cryton, Hatiyantota (Green). Exp. 22 mill, Type in B. M. ; CHALIANA, 633. MANATHA SCOTOPEPLA, 0. Sp. é@. Forewing with veins 45 from cell, 11 connected at a point with 12. Uniform fuscous brown ; the tarsi pure white. Habitat.—CacHar, Kuttal (C. B. Antram), Ezp. 14 mill. Type in B, M. Larva.—Case covered with scales of bark ; Food plant ; Tea. 544 a, MAHASENA TAPROBANA, D. Sp. Forewing with veins 8°9 very shortly stalked. 6. Uniform red-brown with some greyish hair mixed. Habitat—CrYLON, Peradeniya (Green). Exp, 22 mill. Type in B. M, Larva.—Case covered with short pieces of stick somewhat spirally attached. 645 6. MAWASENA THEIVORA, Dudgeon, J. Bomb. Soc,, XVI., p. 400 (1905). Fore and hindwings with veins 4°5 from a point. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 97 &. Uniform fuscous brown, the tarsi whitish, Hatliiat—Sixuim. Exp, 30-34 mill. Larva.—Food plant: Tea, the larva-case formed of fragments and whole leaves attached to a rather soft case, 645 a. MAHASENA POLIOTRICHA, N. sp. Forewing with veins 4°5 from angle of cell. @. Head and thorax clothed with long silky whitish grey hair mixed with some fuscous; abdomen fuscous, the ventral surface whitish grey ; wings ereyish fuscous, the cilia white. Habitat.—PonJAB, Kangra Valley, 4,500’ (Dudgeon). Hep. 34 mill. Type in B.M, Larva.—Case formed by short pieces of the stems of grasses arranged in a whorl with three or four twists. It has a Hymenopterous parasite of the genus Chalcis. ARBELID ZA, 679 6. ARBELA CAMPBELL, 0. sp. (PI. F., f. 7). é&- Head, thorax and abdomen dark brown mixed with grey ; antennz with the branches rufous. Forewing grey thickly irrorated and striated with dark brown, the veins and submedian fold streaked with white ; some white at base of inner margin ; antemedial line formed of white strive, from subcostal nervure to inner margin ; two white discoidal striz and a striga below extremity of cell ; postmedial striez between veins 6 and 3, and yein 2 and inner margin ; a curved subterminal series of striz placed somewhat in echelon: terminal oblique striz from just above vein 3 to tornus; cilia white, tinged with brown at base and with dark line at middle. Hindwing white suffused and irrorated with brown; cilia brownish at base, white at tips; the underside white striated with brown forming ill-defined lines, a terminal series of small brown spots. Habitat—M avras, Horsleyhonda (Campbell). Ep. 36 mill. The larva tunnels in the stem of Ochna squarrosa (W. H. Campbell), 670 6, ARBELA THEIVORA, n. sp. (PI. G., f, 1). @. Head and thorax dark brown mixed with grey ; abdomen fuscous mixed with grey, the basal crest blackish ; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen whiter. Forewing dark brown slightly irrorated with grey; the costal area, cell and vein 1 tinged with rufous; a faint blackish discoidal spot; the terminal area with faint dark striations, Hindwing fuscous brown slightly irrorated with grey, the cilia whitish at tips, @. Much greyer; forewing with numerous dark reticulate striations. HAabitat,—AssaM, Sylhet, Gazipur (Antram). zp. g 18,9 22 mill. Type in B, M,. Larva.—Bores in the bark of Tea and the smaller branches of the Mango, ‘feeding under a web, 676 c¢; ARBELA MINIMA, n. sp. (Pl. F., f. 24). 13 98 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. @. Head and thorax red-brown mixed with some white ; pectus and legs mostly white ; abdomen red-brown, the tuft of long hair on basal segment white with some spatulate brown scales, the ventral surface white, Forewing fulvous yellow very thickly irrorated with red-brown, the basal half and costal area with fulvous yellow spots defined by blackish ; a round blackish discoidal spot with a fulvous yellow spot beyond it ; cilia with a dark line through them and whitish patches above and below middle and at tornus, Hindwing golden brown ; cilia white at tips, the inner margin fringed with long white hair, Habitat,—CryLon, Galle (Bainbrigge-Fletcher). Exp. 18 mill. Type in BM, HEPIALID”. 678 a. PALPIPHORUS PELLICIA, Swinh., A.M.N.H.(7), X, p. 152 (1905). Head and thorax red-brown ; abdomen fuscous brown. Forewing red-brown with slight greyish irroration ; a white point with some dark scales round it in middle of cell and a smaller point rather nearer base below the cell ; traces of oblique medial, postmedial and subterminal series of brown spots defined at sides by slight whitish striz, Hindwing brown with a purplish tinge; a whitish patch on termen and cilia above middle, Habitat— Assam, Khdsis, Emap. @ 24, Q 28 mill, DREPANIDA. 732. DREPANA SPECULARIS, insert (syn) Platyptery@ obtruncata, Warr., Nov. Zool,, VII, p. 118 (1900). The locality Bahia isa mistake. 735. DREPANA SADANA, insert (syn) Tridrepana ade/pha, Swinh., A.M.N.H (COD), WIL, [Ds BAD snonscseaccoucnascccoane » cosca39 with strie of raised scales on it and_ ill-defined fuscous subterminal line. Hindwing hyaline except inner and termina] areas; an antemedial patch of scales from middle of cell to inner area; a discoidal lunule; the terminal band with its inner edge angled inwards above veins 5 and 2 and with a diffused fuscous subterminal line on it. Habitat.—Cry.on, Habarama (Mackwood). Hap. 48 mill. Type in B. M. 1125. CIsPrA PUNCTIFASCIA. In.the typical form from N. India the orange band of forewing extends to the costa and inner margin. Subsp.1. Forewing with the orange band extending from upper angle of cell to vein 1 only. Rabitat.—Cryion, low country, N, Central Province (Pole), Anaradpura, Kandy (Green). Subsp. 2. Larger and darker: abdomen with the dorsal and lateral black spots much more developed ; hindwing with the curved medial band much more developed, the terminal area tinged with rufous, leaving yellow streaks en the veins. Habitat.—Crytion, Hill country, Maskeliya (Pole, de Mowbray), Exp. @ 62. @ 76 mill , ARCTIADA. Nonna. 1529a, CELAMA LEUCOSCoPULA, Hmpsn., A. M. N. H.(7), XIX, p. 227 (1907). (Plate G., f. 2.) Head, thorax and abdomen white, slightly tinged with pale rufous ; anal tuft pure white, Forewing white, tinged in parts with pale brown; antemedial line black, strong, angled outwards in cell, then oblique, with brownish suffusion before it ; medial and postmedial oblique elliptical patches from costa ; post- medial line very ill-defined, bent outwards below costa, then oblique ; traces of a sinuous subterminal line. Hindwing white, slightly tinged with brown and with faint discoidal spot. | Hubitat.—Cryton, Ambalangoda, Peradeniya, Matale, Pattalam, Hambantota. Exp. 12 mill. 1530d. CrLAMA MEsOTHERMA, Hmpsn., A. M,N. H. (8), TV, p. 349 (1909). (Plate G., £: 3). THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 115 jfead, thorax and abdomen white, tinged with rufous ; palpi with the scales fringing the joints tipped with black ; tibiz and tarsi ringed with blackish. forewing white, irrorated with rufous and some fuscous ; a subbasal black point on costa ; antemedial line brown defined on inner side by white, angled outward below costa, then oblique ; medial area sufiused with rufous, - the tufts of scales at middle and upper angle of cell daik with oblique ellip- tical brownish stigmata above them from costa ; postmedial line blackish and somewhat punctiform, defined on outer side by white, slightly bent outwards below costa, oblique to vein 4, then incurved and again excurved above inner margin ; subterminal line white, defined on inner side by blackish scales with rufous suffusion before them, angled outwards at vein 7, excurved at middle, and ending at tornus ; a punctiform dark terminal line ; cilia white, mixed with some rufous and fuscous. Hindwing white, tinged with ochreous brown, especially towards termen ; cilia white, faintly tinged with brown ; the underside white, the costal area irrorated with brown. Habitat —CryLon, Rambakkhana, Colombo ; Borneo, Sarawak, Sandakan. Exp. 14 mill. 1520e. CELAMA ruFIMIxTA, Hmpsn., A, M.N.H. (8), IV, p. 350 (1969). (Plate G.,f.4). Head and thorax white ; palpi rufous; antenne tinged with rufous ; thorax with some rufous behind tegule ; taisi rufous 1inged with white ; abdomen white, tinged with rufous. Forewing white, with some blackish irroration on basa] area and before postmedial line ; antemedial, medial and postmedial rufous patches on costa ; the terminal area suffused with rufous except at apex ; antemedial line white, defined on inner side by rufous and on outer by black from cell to inner margin, excurved in submedian inter- space ; large tufts of rufous and white scales in middle and end of cell ; an indistinct oblique waved line from lower angle of cell to inner margin ; post- medial line white, defined on inner side by brown, slightly bent outwards below costa and incurved below vein 4, subterminal line white, slightly defined on inner side by black scales, excurved below costa, at middle and above inner margin. Hindwing white, the terminal area tinged with brown ; the underside with the costal area irrrorated with brown, a dark discoidal striga. Habitat— Cryton, Yatiyantota, Matale, Wattegama. Exp. 18 mill. 1530f. CELAMA DENTILINEA, Hmpsn., A, M.N. H. (8), IV, p. 350 (1909). (Plate G.f.5), Q. Head, thorax and abdomen white, tinged with ochreous brown ; fore tibiz and the tarsi fuscous brown ringed with ochreous white. Forewing white, tinged with ochreous brown and slightly wrorated with fuscous ; ante- medial line blackish defined on inner side by white, curved, angled outwards in submedian fold; the tufts of scales at middle and upper angle of cell dark, with oblique elliptical brownish sticmata above them from costa ; a wayed dark line from lower angle of cell to inner margin ; postmedial line 116 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. blackish, punctiform, oblique from costa to vein 6, then inwardly oblique : terminal area suffused with ochreous brown, the’ subterminal line white 2 strongly and evenly dentate ; a brown terminal line ; cilia-white, tinged with ochreous brown. Hindwing white, the costal area‘ tinged with ochreous brown. na Hahbitat.—CrYLon, Exp. 18 mill. 1534. RASELIA NEGRITA, insert (syn.) 1407a. Gadleridia fuscizonea. 1539. RaseLrIA PALLIDICEPS, Hmpsn., A.M. N, Be XIX, p. 229 (1907). (Plate G.f.6). &@. Head and tegule ochreous white ; palpi and lower part cf frons black: brown ; thorax grey mixed with pieouse ; abdomen grey. Forewing grey thickly irrorated with fuscous brown, the terminal half slightly paler; a dark slightly curved medial line ; a black discoidal bar,:the postmedial line conjoined to its upper and lower extremities and excurved beyond cell, an ill- defined line from costa beyond it, joining the subterminal line at vein 4 and with a dark striga from costa between them ; the subterminal line ill-defined, slightly angled outwards at vein 7 and inwards at vein2. Hindwing: ey thickly irrorated with fuscous ; cilia with a fine pale line at base. Hubitat—CrYton. Exp. 14 mill, 15436. Zia Ecrrocta, Hmpsn., M.N. H. (7), XIX, p. 229 (1907), (Plate G. £.7). | oe d. Head and thorax white ; legs blackish, the tarsi ringed with» white : abdomen white, tinged with fuscous. Forewing pure white ; a’ small black spot on costa near base ; a medial triangular black patch from’ ‘conte to” origin of vein 2, its outer edge excised in cell ; two small discoidal tufts of raised scales with a few dark scales round ther ; postmedial line ‘plack; with ‘small tufts of raised metallic scales on it, epliade and obsolescent from costa to vein 6, slightly incurved at discal fold and strongly below vein 4, the area beyond it 1ufous except at apex ; subterminal line represented by a dark point on costa, then on the rufous area white defined on inner side by black from below apex to vein 3, excurved below vein 7 and at middle, and below vein 2 angled inwards to near postmedial line ; cilia rufous, -jntersected with white. Hindwing white, the terminal area slightly tinged with brown oi apex to vein 3. ab. 1. Forewing with the postmedial line more angled inwards below vein 4 and with large black patches beyond it on inner area and at middle, the latter connected with the termen below apex by an oblique black fascia. Habitat.—Ceyton, Haputale, Maskeliya, Kap, 20- 24 mill. LITHOSIAN A. cath) eas 13402, ILEMA aTrirROoNs, Hmpsn., A. M,N. H. (7), XIX, Pe abr “(yor (Plate G., f. 8.) é- Eiaadl tegule, patagia, pectus and legs fulvous yellow ; palpi: frong and forelegs in front fuscous; dorsum of thorax and base of abdomen grey THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 117 white, the rest of abdomen yellow. Forewing yellow with a whitish suffu- sion. Hindwing whitish yellow. Habitat—Nicopars. Exp. 26 mill, 1336c. HALoNe FLAVINIGRA, Hmpsn,, A. M, N. H. (7), XIX., p. 232 (1907), (Plate G., f. 9.) - &. Head, thorax and abdomen fuscous, the vertex of head, base of shaft of antenne, and tegule yellow. Forewing orange yellow ; a black patch at base with irregular oblique outer edge ; a postmedial black band angled inwards below cell and with rather dentate edges; some diffused fuscous before termen, Hindwing pale fuscous, Habitat.—S8, Inpia, Palni Hills, 6,000’, Exp, 20 mill. 14026. Hucoa crassa, W1k., Journ, Linn. Soc, Zool., VI, p. 114 (1862); Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., IL, p. 547, Plate 34, f. 28. Tospitis indeclaratana, Wlk., XXVIII, 427 (1863). Tospitis inconspicua, Wlk., XXVIII, 430 (1863). a. Head and tegule pale yellow ; palpi and lower part of frons blackish : thorax brown ; abdomen yellowish. Forewing yellowish, thickly irrorated and suffused with reddish brown ; a rather darker patch at base of costa; a minute black point at lower angle of cell ; faint traces of an oblique band from costa near apex. Hindwing pale yellow. @. Hindwing pale brown, the cilia pale yellow. ab. 1. inconspicua. Frons blackish ; forewing with the patch on base of costa more prominent ; the oblique postmedial band more prominent. Habitat —Assam, Kha4sis ; BorNeEo, Sarawak. ap. 20-22 mill, 1424). MetrocHrista oceLLaTa, Hmpsn,, A. M.N.H.(7), XIX, p. 234 (1907). (Plate F., f. 32.) ¢. Head and thorax orange-yellow; patagia and prothorax with black spots, tibiz banded with black, last joint of tarsi black ; abdomen greyish ochreous, the ventral surface blackish. Forewing orange yellow ; small black spots at base of costa and cell; fuscous spots below costa and cell and above vein 1 before the antemedial line which is interrupted at submedian fold and angled inwards above inner margin ; a large annulus at end of cell; postmedial line strongly bent outwards below costa, then highly and irregularly dentaie, strongly incurved below vein 4 and conjoined to antemedial line above and below submedian fold; a subterminal series of small spots onthe veins, Hindwing yellow. Habitat—-Cryton, Ohiya, Exp. 40 mill, 1461d. AsuRA PHANTASMA, Hmpsn,, A, M,N. H. (7), XIX, p, 233 (1907). (Plate G., f. 10.) ¢@. Whitish ochreous ; antenne and forelegs in front fuscous. Forewing with the base of costa black ; a small black spot in base of cell ; an indistinct antemedial series of spots strongly excurved in cell and less so below it, some. times almost conjoined into a line ; a medial line oblique from costa to sub- costal neryure, then excurved, often almost obsolete ; a small discoidal spot; 118 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, a postmedial series of points, sometimes almost obsolete, those on veins 6 and 4 nearer termen ; one or two points on termen sometimes present. Hindwing pale ochreous, the apex sometimes faintly tinged with fuscous, Habitat,—ANDaMANS, Exp. 18 mill, . 1462a. AsuRA ToxopEs, Hmpsn., A. M. N.H.(7), XIX., p. 233 (1907). (Plate Get 11) 6 Head and thorax pale ochreous slightly mixed with fuscous ; antennz and extremities of tibiae fuscous ; abdomen ochreous white, Forewing pale ochreous, the costal edge blackish on basal and terminal areas ; a black point in base of cell ; some fuscous in submedian fold ; a highly curved antemedial line; a medial line angled inwards in cell; postmedial line confluent at costa and inner margin with the medial line with which it formsa bow-shaped mark, very oblique from costa to vein 6 and from vein 4 to inner margin; a very irregular subterminal line, angled outwards at veins 6 and 4: a fine black terminal line, Hindwing pale semi-hyaline ochreous. Habitat,—ANDAMANS, ap. 24 mill. 1481a¢. ASURA FULVIMARGINATA, Hmpsn., A. M. N. H. (8), IV, p. 357 (1909), (Plate G,,f. 12.) . Head, tegule and patagia orange yellow ; the vertex of head with slight dark streak ; antennz brown ; thorax and abdomen pale brown, the hind tibize and tarsi yellowish. Forewing pale red-brown, the costal and inner margins reddish yellow, Hindwing pale semi-hyaline red-brown. Habitat —Manpras, Horsleykonda. Hxp.26 mill, 1485a. NEASURA TAPROBANA, Hmpsn., A, M. N. H. (7) XIX, p. 232 (1907). (Plate G., f. 13.) &. Ochreous yellow ; antennzat tips, forelegs in front and extremities of mid and hind tibiz fuscous. Forewing with black point in base of cell; the costa fuscous to the curved diffused antemedial line ; a blackish discoidal point on some fuscous suffusion ; postmedial line very diffused and ill-defined, waved, emiiting streaks inwards on the veins and outwards on veins 7°6°4. Hindwing, with slight fuscous suffusion below apex. Habitat,+Cryton, Maskeliya. #mxp. 24 mill, ARCTIANA, 1175a. DIACRISIA ALBICORNIS, Q. Head and thorax dull brown; antennx black; pectus, legs, except femora above, and ventral] surface of abdomen brown. Forewing uniform dull brown, Hindwing brown, suffused with scarlet ; a black discoidal spot ; Underside brown, suffused with scarlet ; forewing with slight discoidal lunule ; hindwing with black discoidal spot. Habitat.—Cryton, Haldamulla (Mackwood). £xp. 50 mill. Genus PREPARCTIA. Preparctia, Hmpsn., Cat, Lep. Phal. B. M. III, p. 219 (1901) Type miréjfica. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect, extending about the length of THE MOTHS OF INDIA. : 119 ‘head ; antennz of female serrate ; tibiz with the spurs moderate. Forewing with vein 3 from before angle of cell; 45 from angle; 6 from upper angle ; 78°9°10 stalked ; 11 from cell, Hindwing with veins 3 and 5 from close to angle of cell ; 6°7 from upper angle ; 8 from middle of cell, 1243a. PREPARCTIA HANNYNGTONI, n. sp, {Plate F., f. 34.). Q. Head black ; tegule yellow ; thorax black with white streaks at sides and small crimson spots behind tegule ; coxe crimson, the femora and base of hind tibiz above with crimson streaks ; abdomen crimson with dorsal series of black bars, the ventral surface black with series of slight crimson bars. Fore- wing black ; a subbasal creamy white striga from costa and antemedial bar both connected with a streak on median nervure from base to origin of vein 2, dilated and enclosing a slight black streak below the antemedial bar and met ab origin of vein 2 by a down curved streak from base in submedian inter- space ; a creamy white striga from middle of costa ; a curved band from costa ‘beyond middle to lower angle of cell where it is produced outwards to a point, the band giving off an oblique bar from its outer edge below costa ; postme- dial Ime creamy white, excurved from costa to vein 4, then oblique and slightly sinuous ; a narrow creamy white subterminal band, excurved from costa to vein 5, slightly incurved at vein 3, and at submedian fold, forming a wedge-shaped patch connected with the postmedial line; the cilia and the inner margin narrowly creamy white. Hindwing crimson , an oblique black band from costa before middle to vein 1; a large discoidal lunule and spot above it on costa ; postmedial band black, obliquely curved from below costa where it arises, to vein 1 where it terminates in a quadrate patch connected with the medial band, with which it is also connected by a wedge-shaped patch at vein 2; subterminal band black, curved, from costa to submedian fold, dilated at discal fold and vein 2 ; a triangular patch above tornus; a fine black terminal line from apex to vein 2; cilia yellow; the underside with the costal area yellow. Aabitat.—KyMaon, Niti Pass, 10,000’ (Hannyngton), Exp.58 mill. Type in BLM, 12796. UTETHEISA PULCHELLOIDES, Hmpsn,, A. M,N, H. (7), XIX, p. 239 (1907). (Plate G., £. 19). Differs from U. pulchella in the antennz of male being serrate instead of ciliated and in the hindwing having a fold and tuft on inner area. Tt varies much in the same way as U, pulchella but never seems to lose the black spots of forewing which usually has the ground colour rather white ; in Specimens from the New Hebrides and Solomons the black terminal band on hindwing is largely developed. It appears to be confined to Oceanic and other Islands and to N, Australia. Habitat —SnycuELLes ; CARGADOS CaREJozZ ; COETIVY ; AMIRANTES ; CHAGOS Is.; Cayton, Kandy, PeraGenyia, Hambantota, Trincomali ; Cocos Krn1ina Is ; Curistmas Is,; Sincarorr; Formosa; Loo-Cuoo Is.; NEw GUINEA; N. AUSTRALIA; QUEENSLAND ;'Soromon Is,; GrngeRT Is,; MARgHaLL Ia; ELuice Ts, Eup, 34-44 mill. 120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX- Nocrvuipz, AGROTIN A. For Ala Staud.1882 Nec. Lock. Crust. 1877 insert ANARTOMORPHA, Alph. Rom. Mem. vi., p. 39 (1892) aod =e Rabati ase nee .. Type potanini.- 1669). ANARTOMORPHA FLAVESCENS, Hmpsn., P. Z.S. 1906, p. 486, Plate DOsebaae 6. Head and thorax clothed with black, brown and grey scales and hair ; palpi whitish banded with brown; lower part of frons whitish ; fore tibie and tarsi with white rings; abdomen ochreous white, irrorated with fuscous.. Forewing black-brown, suffused with greyish ; subbasal line indistinctly double filled in with grey, angled inwards in cell and extending to vein 1 ; antemedial. line indistinctly double filled in with grey, oblique from costa to submedian fold, then erect ; clavitorm moderate, defined by black; orbicular and reniform with brown centres and ‘slight whitish annuli defined by black, the former oblique elliptical, the latter angled inwards on median nervure and touching the former; an indistinct dentate whitish mark below end of cell on vein 2 ; postmedial line double filled in with greyish, bent outwards below costa, oblique to vein 5 where it is angled, then inwardly oblique and minutely waved ; subterminal line whitish, slightly defined by black on outer side, angled outwards at vein 7 and to termen at veins 4°3, incurved at discal and submedian folds ; a terminal series of slight black lunules ; cilia whitish and brown with a blackish line through them, Hindwing white, strongly tinged with ochreous ; the basal area suffused with fuscous ; a black discoidal lunule ;- a terminal fuscous band, rather broad at costa, narrowing to a point at tornus ;. some black striz on termen; cilia pure white, the underside ochreous white, the costal area slightly irrorated with fuscous, a slight discoidal lunule and diffused subterminal bands, ~ Habitat.—Sixuim, Tungu. Lerp. 28 mill. 19484. IsocHLora METAPHA:A, Hmpsn., P. Z.. 1906, p. 488, Plate 36, f. 2. &. Head and thorax emerald green ; palpi and sides of frons purplish red ; antenns fulvous ; pectus and legs greyish ochreous, the front of pectus and fore and mid legs in front purplish red ; abdomen pale ochreous, the ventral: surface suffused with purplish red, the anal tuft fulvous, Forewing emerald green, the costal edge white ; cilia white at tips. Hindwing ochreous white, uniformly suffused with pale brown ; cilia yellowish white. The underside of forewing pale purplish red, the termen greenish ; hindwing brownish white,,. the costal area tinged with purplish red. Habiiat.—Sixuim. Hap, 42 mill, 16336. Kuxoa conrusa, Alph, Hor. Ent. Soc., Ross., XVIL., p. 61, Plate 2,. f. AT (1882) ; Staud, Cat. Lep. Pal., p. 136. Head, thorax and abdomen grey, mixed with brown and fuscous ; palpi: blackish at sides ; tarsi blackish with grey rings. Forewing grey, suffused in. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 121 part with brown and irrorated with fuscous ; sub-basal line represented by double black striz from costa and cell; antemedial line double, oblique, slightly waved, and angled inwards on median neryure; claviform slightly defined by black scales ; orbicular and reniform with white annuli defined by black, the former round ; postmedial line indistinctly double, slightly bent- outwards below costa, then minutely waved, incuived below vein 4, some grey points beyond it on costa; subterminal line indistinct, whitish, defined on inner side by a blackish bar from costa and blackish dentate maiks at middle, slightly angled outwards at vein 7; a terminal series of black points ; cilia grey with a fuscous line at base. Hindwing grey, uniformly tinged wiih fus- cous brown ; cilia white ; the underside white, slightly irrorated with brown, a small discoidal spot and indistinct curved postmedia! line. . Habitat—_W. Tourkistan; EH. Turxistan ; Monconia; Sikuim. Exp. 36 mill, 16276. HprIsinia CLAVATA, Hmpsn., A. M.N.H, (7), XIX, p. 244 (1907). (Plate G., f. 20). Antenne of male bipectinate with moderate branches; the apical part serrate. &. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark reddish brown mixed with grey ; tarsi with pale rings. Forewing grey tinged with red-brown, the medial area red- brown except towards costa and inner margin ; sub-basal line represented by a black striga from costa ; a strong sinuous black streak below base of cell with yellow streak above it to the claviform, which has a yellowish annulus defined by black and intersects the oblique sinuous antemedial line ; orbicular and reniform grey with brownish centres and defined by black, the former oblique elliptical, open above, the latter a narrow lunule very strongly angled on median neryure to below orbicular, some blackish in cell before and between them ; postmedial line strongly bent cutwards below costa, then dentate, strongly incurved below vein 4 ; subterminal line very indistinct, greyish, slightly angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle, the veins beyond it with slight dark streaks ; a terminal series of slight brown lunules; cilia with fine brown line near base. Hindwing grey suffused and irrorated with brown, a dark terminal line : the underside with dark discoidal lunule and diffused curved postmedial line. , Habitat.—Punsas, Kulu. Exp. 30 mill.’ 1634@. HPmsILIA ARENACEA, Hmpsn,, A. M. N. H, (7), XIX., p. 245 (1907) . (Plate G., f, 21). Antenne of male serrate and fasciculate. ¢@- Head and thorax pale brownish ochreous, tarsi fuscous with pale rings ; abdomen pale ochreous, dorsally irrorated with fuscous, Forewing pale brown- ish ochreous, slightly irrorated with fuscous; a double wayed sub-basal line from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial line indistinctly. double, oblique, strongly waved, interrupted ; orbicular and reniform with slight yellowish annuli_ in- completely defined by fuscous, the former round, the latter large ; postmedial line double at costa,then indistinct, t outward below costa, then dentate and 16 122 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. produced to a series of black points on the veins, oblique below vein 4, some pale points beyond it on costa; subterminal line ochreous white, sligktly defined by fuscous on inner side at costa, then by shght dentate marks, angled outwards at vein 7 and slightly excurved at middle ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing whitish suffused with pale brown ; cilia yellowish white ; the under- Side white, the costal area tinged with ochreous, a small discoidal spot and punctiform postmedial line. Habitat, BELOOCHISTAN, Quetta, Hp. 46 mill. 1632a, LycorHoTIA POLIOCHROA, Hmpsn., P. Z.8., 1906, p, 489. Plate 36, Hf, 16-17, Antenne of male strongly serrate and fasciculate, é@. Head and thorax grey-white mixed with some brown and fuscous ; abdo- men ochreous white. Forewing grey and white tinged with ochreous and slightly irrorated with brown ; sub-basal line represented by black strize from costa and cell ; antemedial line single, black defined by whitish on inner side, interrupted at the veins, erect from costa to vein 1, and angled outwards above inner margin ; claviform moderate, defined by black ; orbicular and reniform defined py rather diffused black, with its inner edge produced inwards as a streak to antemedial line ; traces of a diffused media! line touching orbicular and clavi- form ; postmedial line single, black slightly defined by whitish on outer side, bent outwards below costa, then dentate and produced to short streaks on the veins, confluent with outer edge of reniform, oblique below vein 4 ; faint traces of a whitish subterminal line slightly defined by fuscous on inner side, excurved at vein 7 and middle ; a terminal series of slight black lunules ; cilia ochreous white with two slight dark lines through them. Hindwing white tinged with pale brown, the cilia pure white ; the underside white with slight discoidal spot and indistinct postmedial line from costa to vein 4. 2. Wing aborted, small, the forewing elongate, narrow, the termen, rounded, the hindwing triangular ; forewing with the lines browner, the antemedial line excurved below cell and above inner margin ; claviform absent ; orbicular reduced to a point, the reniform a slight lunule well separated from post- medial line; the subterminal line more distinct and dentate. Hindwing whiter, Habitat—Tiset, Kamba Jong; S1kuim, Teesta Valley, Lhanak Valley. Exp. & 36, 9 12 mill. 16326. LYCoPHOTIA POLIADES, Hmpsn,, A. M. N. H.(7), XIX., p. 248 ia (Plate G., £, 22), Antenne of male ciliated ; pro-and meta-thorax with spreading crests, Head and thorax white with a few fuscous hairs; tarsi banded with black; abdo- men white with tufts of long ochreous hairs from lateral stigmata. Forewing grey-white slightly tinged with pale rufous in parts and irrorated with fuscous, the veins with dark streaks ; a slight black streak below base of cell ; sub-basal line represented by black striz from costa and cell; antemedial line represent- ed by a black point on’costa ; claviform defined by a few black scales ; orbicular THE MOTHS. OF INDIA. 123 wepresented by a short black streak defined by white, the reniform by an undefined white lunule with fuscous spot at lower angle of cell ; medial and postmedial black points on costa with some slight white points beyond them ; subterminal line indistinct, whitish defined on inner side by slight dentate rufous marks, angled outward at vein 7 and inwards at discal fold ; a terminal i series of slight black lunules. Hindwing pure white. Habitat.—BELOOCcHISTAN, Quetta. Hp, 36 mill. Genus METALEPSIS, Type Met alepsis, Grote, Check, List. Noct., p. 25 (1875) ............e cornuta. Spinipaipa, Alph. Hor. Ent. Soc., Ross., xxvi, p. 444 (1892) ...... maculata. Proboscis well developed ; palpi oblique, fringed with long hair in front and with some spinous hair mixed ; frons smooth ; eyes rounded, strongly ciliated ; antennz of male typically pectinated with rather short branches ; frons and vertex of head with tufts of hair; thorax clothed with hair ; tegule forming a dorsal ridge, pro-and meta-thorax with crests; tibie strongly spined ; abdomen fringed with long hair at sides, Forewing rather narrow, the apex produced ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ;9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ;11 from cell, Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 shortly stalked; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only, Sect. (Spinipalpa) Antenne of male ciliated. 1624a@. MeTALEPSIS MACULATA. Spinipalpa maculata, Alph. Hor.*Ent. Soc., Ross., XXVI, p. 445 (1892) ; id. Bom. Mem., IX, p. 12, plate 1, f.1; Staud. Cat, Lep. Pal, 154, Metalepsis aletes, Hmpsn., P. Z, S., 1906, p. 488, plate 36, f. 6. ¢@- Head and thorax pale rufous with afew black hairs; patagia with a white fascia edged on each side by black ; pectus, legsand abdomen brownish grey, the anal tuft ochreous. Forewing pale rufous, the veins streaked with white and defined on each side by grey ; a slight black streak below base of costa ; a black streak below base of cell and another above basal half of inner margin ; two black streaks in cell, the upper interrupted beyond middle, the lower not reaching lower angle ; an obliquely curved postmedial series of wedge-shaped black streaks in the interspaces from above veins 7 to above 1, the streak above vein 5 displaced inwards and the streak above vein 1 longer ; a terminal series of wedge-shaped black streaks in the interspaces. Hindwing pale brownish grey. Habitat.—Tiper ; Srkum. Exp, 30 mill. Genus UFEUS, Type Ujeus, Grote, Bull, Buff. Soc. Nat. Stile ds yo, ADIL (GUST) ssoncce Fenenoee satyrica Proboscis fully developed, palpi short, porrect, clothed with long rough hair ; frons smooth ; eyes large, overhung by cilia ; antenne of male ciliated ; 124 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, head and thorax clothed with rough hair; mid and hind tibie spined ; abdomen dorsally flattened, the anal tuft large, Forewing rather narrow, the apex rounded ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle or from areole ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell, 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle or shortly stalked. 1654a, Ureus CARNEA, Hmpsn., A. M.N.H. (7), XIX, p. 249 (1907). (Plate G., f. 23.) @. Head and thorax pale flesh colour mixed with brown; abdomen pale grey-brown. Forewing pale flesh pink slightly irrorated with fuscous, the medial area (except towards costa) and a patch on costa beyond postmedial line suffused with fuscous ; sub-basal line represented by double strize from costa and cell; antemedial line rather indistinct, waved, incurved to costa and angled inwards on vein 1 ; claviform minute, defined by blackish ; orbicular and reniform pale pinkish defined by fuscous, the former rather oblique elliptical, the latter with some brownish in centre and angled inwards on median nervure ; traces of a waved medial line ; postmedial line imdistinct, bent outwards below costa, then minutely waved, incurved below vein 4, some pale points beyond it on costa ; a subterminal series of small dentate black marks, angled outwards at vein 7, then oblique ; a terminal series of minute dark points; a fine pale line at base of cilia. Hindwing ochreous suffused with brown ; the underside whitish tinged with flesh colour and irrorated with brown, a small discoidal spot and indistinct sinuous postmedial line, Habitat,—Kasumir, Narkundah, zp. 44 mill. Genus ANYTUS. Type Anytus, Grote, Bull. Buff, Soc, Nat. Sci., 1, p. 144 (1873)........ eokeee privata Fishia; Grote, Canleol: nity Xe pale (UGIdd)menenesiseeance es -eeene ee seeeeeeenee enthea Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, reaching vertex of head, the 2nd joint fringed with hair in front; frons smooth, rounded; eyes large, overhung by long cilia ; antenne of male typically ciliated ; head and thorax clothed with hair and scales, the pro-thorax with spreading crest, the meta- thorax with ridge-like crest ; tibize fringed with hair, the mid and hind tibix spined ; abdomen with slight dorsal crests and rough hair towards base- Forewing with the apex rectangular, the termen crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3-4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars; 6:7 from upper angle or shortly stalked ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 16546, ANyTUS LEUCOcyMA, Hmpsn., A. M, N, H. (7), xtx, p. 250 (1907.) (Plate G.,, f. 24.) Q. Head and thorax red-brown mixed with fuscous ; frons with lateral black bars ; tegule with slight medial black line ; abdomen grey-brown. Forewing red-brown irrorated with grey and black on basal half, the veins streaked with THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 125 black ; a sinuous black streak below base of cell ; subbasal line absent ; ante- medial line represented by two black striz from costa, then yery indistinct, strongly dentate, oblique ; claviform narrow, defined by black and with biackish streak from it to postmedial line ; orbicular defined by black, oblique wedge- shaped ; reniform indistinctly defined by black and with slight whitish lunule | on its outer edge, its lower extremity produced ; postmedial line double at costa, bent outwards below costa, then dentate and produced to streaks on the veins, oblique to vein 5, then inwardly oblique and angled inwards in sub- median fold, some white points beyond it on costa; subterminal line white, waved, angled outwards at vein 7 and to termen at veins 4:3, with black streaks beyond it in the interspaces ;a fine waved black terminal line; cilia greyish and fuscous intersected with white. Hindwing whitish tinged with brown, the veins and terminal area suffused with brown; traces of a waved white subterminal line ; cilia white with a slight dark line through them; the underside white irrorated with fuscous, a discoidal spot, slight waved post- medial line and traces of subterminal line. Habitat—KasuMir, Nubra, Exp. 50 mill, (Lo be continued.) 126 ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. BY G. A. GAMMIE, F.L.S. ACRE ING OV Teri ear AUTEN) (Continued from page 626 of Volume XIX.) 91. SACCOLABIUM. Epiphytes. Leaves two-ranked, leathery, keeled, peduncles from lateral axils ; flowers small, in spzkes, sepals and petals adnate to the base of the column, spreading, subsimilar, free ; Izp sessile at the base of the column, spurred, lateral and midlobes small, spur neither septate within nor with calli, column short, broad, truncate, rarely beaked, foot 0, anther one-celled, pollinia 2, bipartite. * Stems long and stout, erect, leaves rigidly leathery, jlowers corymbose, sepals and— petals with transverse red bands ............ 1. S. wightianum. *# Stems very short, leaves few, lax and leathery, flowers racemose. Sepals and petals greenish, midlobe and spur of Iép white tinged with pink ............... 2. 8. viridiflorum. Sepals and petals yellow, each with a purple spot in the centre, 2p white, tinged with DMais Seanngios cdosoduen condcocnondabosses aoadenqes Coa [Sh se0E NGI TTA. 1, SaccoLaBium wicHT1anumM, Hook., f. Fl, Br. Ind., VI., p. 72 S. premorsum, Fook, f. Fl. Br, Ind., VI., p. 62; 8S. papillosuns, Dalz. and Gibs. p. 264 ; Acampe Wightiana, Lindl., T. Cooke, Fl. of Bombay, If., p. 709 ; Ai rides preemorsum, Grahk. Cat., p. 204. Stems 12 to 18 inches long, stout, clothed with the sheaths of fallen leayes. Leaves strap-shaped, 4 to 8 inches long, irregularly 2-lobed at the apex. Peduncles stout, green, 14 inch long, bracts brown, very broadly ovate. Flowers, each about 3 inch in diameter, crowded, subcorymbose, fragrant, texture thick, sepals subequal, ovate-oblong obtuse, slightly keeled on back towards apex, yellow mottled with brown on the outer surface, the inner surface yellow with irregular, reddish brown, transverse bands, petals similar in coloration but smaller and narrower, being oblanceolate, lip small, very fleshy, white, dotted and streaked with pink, spur very Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Plate X. Benjamin del. : ; J.Green Chromo. SACCOLABIUM WIGHTIANUM, Hook. (Life Size) ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 127 short, obtuse, szde lobes shallow, rounded, disk with crisp, white hairs,. midlohe ovate, margins crenulate. Flowers appear from April onwards throughout the rains. Distribution —Western Ghats and Konkan to Ceylon. This is one of the’ commonest orchids of the Konkan, always easily recognized by its stiff erect growth and red banded flowers. Piatt X.—Saccolabium Wightianum, fook. #— Part of plant (life size), a. pollinia x 3. 6. a flower seen from the front x 2, « a root. d. two fruits (natural size). 2. SAacCcoLABIUM VIRIDIFLORUM, Lendl., Fl. Br. Ind. VI, p.63; Sarcochilus viridiflorus, 7. Cooke, Fl. of Bombay, II, p. 697; Dalz. and Gibs, p. 265. A small epiphyte, voots long. Leaves flaccid, strap-shaped, up to 3% inches long by ¢ inch broad, usually in single pairs on each plant, base narrowed, apex retuse. tacemes up to 24 inches long, from lower axils, usually two on each plant, rachis stiffly erect, many Howered, Flowers } inch in diameter, sepals and petals greenish white, latera! sepals obovate obtuse, dorsal similar but more pointed, petals as large as and similar to the sepals, (7p with a very broadly conical, short, blunt spur, lateral lobes small, triangular, terminal spreading fan-shaped. margzns crenulated with a triangular projection on the centre, column green, pollinia 2, lobed, caudicle long, gland large. Flowers during the rains. Distribution.—Forests of the Konkan and Western Ghats and moist parts of the Western Peninsula generally. 3. SACCOLABIUM MACULATUM, Hook., f. Fl. Br. Ind. VI, p. 64; Sarcochilus maculatus, Benth, T. Cooke, Fl. of Bombay, IT, p. 698 ; Micropera maculata, Dalz. and Gibs. p. 263. Almost stemless. eaves up to 6 inches long, linear or cuneately- oblong, obliquely 2-lobed at apex. Racemes almost twice as long as: the leaves, rachis erect, stout, laxly many flowered, bracts short, broad. Flowers 4 inch in diameter, subsessile, sepa/s and petals similar, obovate, each yellow with a central purple spot, l%p white and pink,. spur short, obtuse, villous within, side lobes small, erect, triangular, medlobe very leathery, described by Dalzell as being like a side saddle,. margis membraneous, 3-lobed at the apex. Flowers appear in May. Distribution—Moist forests of the Western Ghats, Peninsula and Konkan. 128 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. 22. SARCANTHUS. Epiphyte, stems pendulous, elongate, leafy. Leaves fleshy. Flowers small, in racemes shorter than the leaves, bracts small, sepals subequal, petals rather smaller than the sepals, lp adnate to the foot of the column, spur conical, with the cavity divided by a vertical septum and witha dorsal 2-lobed callus, lateral lobes small, midlobe small, incurved, column short, anther beaked, poliinca 2, bipartite, caudccle slender, gland small. 1, SARCANTHUS PENINSULARIS, Dalz. Fl. Br. Ind. VI, p. 67; Dalz. and Gibs. p. 264; T, Cooke, Fl. of Bombay, II, p. 706, (by erroy peduncularis). Stem as thick as a duck’s quill, flexuous, green, invested by the leaf sheaths, up to a foot in length. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long by $ inch broad, fleshy, curved, linear—lanceolate acuminate, narrowed at the base. Racemes about 14 inch long, leaf opposed, flowers deflexed, scattered, 4 inch in diameter, bracts minute, rachis slender, pedicels very short, sepals and petals spreading, yellow with intramarginal red bands, lateral sepals elliptic obtuse, dorsal a little longer and narrower than these, petals subequal to the lateral sepals, spathulate, lip with violet lateral lobes and a pink, incurved, acute midlobe, spur conical, septate, dorsal callus small, ; Flowers during the rains. Distribution,—This species only occurs in North Kanara within our area, from thence it extends southwards to Travancore and Ceylon, 23. CLEISOSTOMA. This differs from Sarcanthus only in the spwr not being septate and from Saccolabium in having a dorsal scale or callus within ie spur beneath the column. ™ 1. CLEISOSTOMA (sp. nov. ? ). Stem about 3 inches long, as thick as a goose quill. Leaves sheath- ing, greenish brown, coriaceous, keeled, imear-oblong emarginate, up to 14 inches in length. Inflorescence shortly racemose, peduncle slender, stitfly erect, bearing pink flowers, each 3 inch in diameter, in clusters of 6 towards the apex; sepals broadly ovate, semi-patent, broader than the petals, Ip, base spurred, continuous with the column, spur obtuse, incurved, with two callé at its mouth, blade 3-lobed, lateral lobes shallow, pointing forwards, médlobe broadly triangular obtuse, colwmn short, broad, foot 0, anther 1, pollinca 2, each bilobed. a ee ee ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 129 The above is the description, written at the time of collection, of an orchid found on the Divimona Ghat in North Kanara, before 1902, when my specimens and drawings were destroyed by fire. The plants flowered at the beginning of the rains. I lost these some years ago and have nevei had an opportunity of collecting them again. Dr. Cooke, in his “ Flora of Bombay ” does not include this genus in his account of Orchidacex. I have never been able to identify the plant with any that are described or figured so that it is probably new. 24. DIPLOCENTRUM. Hpiphyte with a short, leafy stem. eaves few, two-ranked, linear, fleshy, unequally 2-lobed at apex. In florescence a pendulous raceme, branched near the base. Flowers small, rather crowded, bracts minute, pedicels and ovary short, sepals spreading, connivent at base, lateral talcate, larger than the dorsal, all obtuse, petals shorter and narrower than the dorsal sepal, acute, lp thick entire, fixed on the base of the column, with two short blunt spurs, column short, thick and blunt, 2-auricled, anther 2-celled, poldinia 2, ovoid, furrowed or bipartite, attached by a broad strap to a broad gland. 1. DreLocentrum coneestuM, Wight. Fl. Br. Ind., VI., p. 78 ; T. Cooke, Fl. of Bombay, IT, p. 704. Leaves in 2 or 3 pairs, recurved, about 3 inches Jong. Peduneles stout, simple or with a few branches near the base. Flowers crowded, especially so towards the tips of the spikes, each about 4+ inch in diameter, bracts minute, triangular-ovate, pedicels very short, sepals ereenish brown, tinged with pink, lateral faleately oblong obtuse, dorsal elliptic oblong, petals also greenish brown, tinged with pink, lip pink suffused with brown, about 2 inch long, fleshy, oblong obtuse, column white, auricles pink. Flowers appear during the commencement of the rainy season, Distribution —-On trees in the forests of North Kanara and also recorded from the Iyemally Hiils in Travancore by R, Wight, who figured it in his Icones, Plate 1682. It is a mean looking plant rising so little above the moss in which it grows that it usually remains unnoticed, In Poona, where some plants were kept alive for a few years the spikes became very short indeed. (To be continued.) 17 THE BUTTERFLIES OF KUMAUN, BY F, Hannyneton, I.C.8. (With « Map.) INTRODUCTION. The Kumaun Division, comprising the Districts of Almora, Naini Tal and Garhwal, is bounded on the north by Tibet, on the south by the Pilibhit, Bareilly, Moradabad and Bijnor Districts, on the east by Nepal, and on the west by the Native State of Tehri Garhwal and the Dehra Dun and Bijnor Districts. For entomological purposes it may be roughly divided into 3 areas :— (1) ‘Tropical from 1,000-2,000 ft. above sea-level. (2) Sub-Tropical and Temperate from 2,000-9,000 ft. above sea-level, comprising the greater part of Kumaun and consisting of a series of ranges and peaks intersected by deep valleys. (3) Alpine and Sub-Alpine from 9,000 ft. up to the snow- line. The first region with a pureiy artificial boundary on the south abounds with forms to be met with in the plains together with a fair number of endemic forms; the second contains by far the larger number of species herein enumerated while the third is the home of the paleearctic forms dependent for their food-supply on the shrubs and grasses between the tree-limit and the region of perpetual snow. While containing so far as I have been able to determine, no species of butterily peculiar to itself, Kuumaun forms a most interesting connecting link from an entomological point of view between the Sikkim forms on the one hand and the purely N. W. Himalayan forms on the other. Of the three districts, Garhwal has been far less thoroughly worked than Naini Tal or Almora and parts of it are still more or less a terra incognita to the naturalist. The only previous list of the butterflies of this region extant to my knowledge is the one compiled by Doherty in 1886 and published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume LV, part 2. This list is probably inaccessible to the majority of readers of this Journal: it includes a number of species now generally recognised as local races of more ‘NOVNOY AO SAITAIALLAG AY, Aq Ree ee WYOOIHLYN, LN] p VA 27¥L WIE Y sie [4 TL INIV. SOR TYMOHT yesv sign, Mere? 1 LUM IIL YS? /si@HWHOL? > Ww VON y ce HAV IMHS OF, No 4 WLNyoY INMOOGSNY 7° ‘yoav20G" THE BUTTERFLIES OF KUMAUN. 131 widely distributed forms and more than one species of whose occur- rence in Kumaon I am still doubtful, while it omits a fair number of forms which have since been found commonly in the district. Seeing that this list, which enumerates 271 species, was the result of a stay ot less than six months in Kumaun with only two trips into the interior, one of which Doherty himself confesses to have been a failure, degenerate entomologists of the present day cannot but admire the author’s wonderful energy and accuracy of observation. Treating of the question of local distribution, Doherty remarks that the Kali Valley—the Eastern boundary of Kumaun—“ forms a ‘* genuine zoological boundary. *« Among the species that seem to extend no further west are :— * Papilio paris, Melanitis zitentus, Elymnias lencocyma (= malelas), * Symbrenthia hypselis, Neptis vikast, Euthalia appiades and E. “lubentena und such genera and sub-genera as Dyetis, Rohana, “© Dichorrhagia, Moduza, Haridra, Zemeros, Chersonesia, Chliaria, “« Remelana and Cheritra.”’ The danger of hasty generalisation of this nature is well borne out by the present list, nearly all the genera enumerated above being represented in West Kumaun and in some cases by more than one species, while at least two of the species—S. hypselzs and E. lubentina— are to be met with in the extreme west. The fact is that it is almost impossible to lay down hard and fast geographical boundaries when dealing with Himalayan species. Kumaun is a “ debateable area’ between the south-east and south- west monsoon currents and receives rain from both, When the south- east or Bay current is stronger than that from the Arabian Sea, strag- glers from Sikkim like Arhopala centaurus or Euthalia lepidea may be found as far west as Naini Tal at all events, while conversely, a strong Arabian Sea current will bring in stragglers from the N. W. Himalayan area like Nytha parisatis and Erebia hyagriva. Leaving aside the chief factor which is, of course, the presence of the food-plant which supports the larva, the distribution of Himalayan species will, I think, be found to depend chiefly upon the relative strength or weakness of these two currents and as this is a variable phenomenon, it is next to impossible to lay down specific geographical bouncaries ; this too probably accounts for the fact that Kumaun con- tains no species peculiar to itself, 132 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. In compiling the present list I have had constant access to the fine collection of Mr. Peake at Jeolikote which includes a most represen- tative Kumaun collection made by the late Mr. Vanrenen of Binsar throughout a number of years, I have also embodied my own two years’ experience, though I have been compelled through force of circumstances to depend very largely on native agency for the collec- tion of specimens. The total number of separate forms recorded is d71. Thanks to Mr, P. Mackinnon’s generous help in identification of doubtful species, I hope that the list will be found fairly complete and, if it should prove of assistance to future workers over the same ground, its purpose will have been served. I have marked with an asterisk any form that has not come under my personal observation. In classification and nomenelature I have, where possible, followed Bingham, whose firm stand against the ultrasectionist tendencies of some latter-day entomologists entitles him to the gratitude of posterity. That he did not live to complete his work is nothing short of a calamity. A word as to seasons and localities. As in most parts of India, the greatest number of varieties are on the wing just after the rains in September and October, but the early summer (March and April) is only slightly less prolific in species of interest to the collector. Taking the whole year round, the wooded ravines at from 2,000-5,000 feet elevation will be found the best hunting grounds, especially in the dry months. At high elevations above 12,000 feet, the season is late and short, beginning in July and ending in September, the rarer forms not appearing till August. The commoner varieties will, however, be found encroaching on the snow line even as early as May. Butterflies are so easily influenced by vicissitudes of season that it is not surprising to find many species common in one year, and scarcely visible in the next. For instance, a very dry season like 1907 re- sulted in a “ miraculous draught ” of Dophla patala around Naini Tal in May 1908, while in 1909 this butterfly did not appear till June and was comparatively rare in all its favourite haunts. Not only so, but the early rains in July caused the few that were on the wing to disappear with disconcerting suddenness. As a rule, however, the converse holds good and heavy rains result in great abundance of in- THE BUTTERFLIES OF KUMAUN. 133 dividuals not only on the cessation of the monsoon, in September, but in the following March and April. This is doubtless to be explained by the abundance of food-plants for the larve ; the exceptions will only be in the case of larve like Dophla patala which feed on oaks and hardy trees but little affected by drought. Forest fires, too, must destroy myriads of larve in a dry year. Famity -NYMPHALID 4. Sub-family—DANAIN#&. 1. Danais limniace, Cramer.—Common, April-October. 2,000 to 5,000 ft. 2. Danais aglea melanoides, Cram. ( Parantica melanoides, Moore ).— Common in April and May and from July to October at from 3,000 to 5,000 ft. 3. Danais sePtentrionis, Lutler.—Commen. May and September. 1-5,000 ft. 4. Danais tytia, Gray.—Fairly common in wooded nullahs in April and May and again in September and October at 3-5,000 ft. 5. Danais melanea, Cramer.-- Rare in the Tarai in January. 6. Danais Plezippus, Linn.—Common everywhere up to 5,000 ft. 7. Danais chrysippus, Linn.— Common everywhere up to 5,000 ft. The Euplaine are only represented in Kumaun by three species, two endemic and the third a rare visitor from Nepal. 8. Euploea core, Cram.—Very common at 2-5,000 ft. especially in July and October. 9. *Buploea sPlondens, Butler (rogenhoferi, Felder),—Recorded by Bingham from Eastern Kumaun. I have not met with it from this locality into which it appears to come as a rare strageler from Nepal. 10. Euploea muleiber, Bingham (midamus, Linn,).—Rare at Nalena, at 3=4,000 ft. in April and May. Common in Kali and Sarju Valleys in August. SATYRINZE. The Satyrinw are well represented throughont Kumaun, fifty-two forms being recorded. 11. Mycalesis sanatana, Moore.—Rare at Binsar and Askot, 6-8,000 ft. in May and October. The wet-season form (gopa) may be looked for in August at 6,000 ft. at Ramgarh, Takula, etc. 12, Myecalesis perseus, Fabr—Common, 1-6,000 ft. in March, April, May and October. The wet-season form (J. blasius) occurs plentifully at Ranibagh and elsewhere from July to September, 13. Mycalesis mineus, Linn.—With its dry-season form (ofrea) occurs in the same localities as M/. perseus, but is not so common. 134 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. 14. Mycalesis visala, Moore.—Common in the Tarai in October. I have not come across the wet-season form which is almost indistinguishable from the wet-season form of J/. mineus (vide Bingham, Vol. I, p. 0). 15, Myealesis malsara lepeha, Moore.—Common from March to October at 3-5,000 ft. in shady ravines, It has been usual hitherto to regard Jf. lepcha as the dry form of J/. malsara. Bingham, however, classes both forms as a race of Af. malsara. 16. Mycalesis nicotia, Hewitson—And its dry season form (J. langi, de Niceville) occur sparingly at 2-5,000 ft. 17. Mycalesis heri, J/vore.—Doherty took a dry-season form at Jhulaghat 2,000 ft, and 2 wet-season specimens at Kapkot and Baghrighat 3-7,000 ft. J.S. B. 1886, p. 115. I have never come across it, 18. Orsotriaena meda, Fabr.—A single male from Kichha on the Southern border in September, 19. Lethe europa, /abr.—Rare at Ranibagh, 2,000 ft. in December. 20. Lethe rohria, Fabr. (lu. dyria, Felder).—Common. April to October at 2-7,000 ft. 21. Lethe ihsana, (lL. hyrania), Kollar.—Common throughout Kumaun at 7,000 ft., June to October.—The darker dinarhas form occurs from Binsar eastwards. 22, Lethe confusa, Aurivillus (L. rohria, Fabricius)—Common from June to October at 2-7,000 ft. 23. Lethe verma, Koilar.—Not uncommon at Binsar and Naini Tal, 6-8,000 ft. in August and September. 24. Lethe sidenis, Hewitson.—I am doubtful whether this is not really the dry season form of Z. vaivarta as described by Doherty (J.A.S,B. 1886, p. 115). Both forms are to be found throughout Kumaun at about 7,000 f£t., but L, vaivarta is only on the, wing during the rains, It seems questionable whether the latter is even a local race. . 25. Lethe vaivarta, Doherty—Dhakuri, Khati 7-11,000 ft. (Doherty). Fairly common at about 7,000 ft. from July to September. 26. Lethe nicetas, Hewitson.—Common at 3-6,000 ft, from June to October. 27. Lethe maitriya, de Nicéville.—Not common at 6-10,000 ft. in May and October in higher river valleys. 28. Lethe kansa, Moore-——Common on Cheena, Naini Tal at 5,000 ft. and less so at Nalena, 4,500 ft. in April and May, Apparently not recorded before so far west. The underside is much paler than in specimens from Sikkim and Assam and the three white subapical spots on the upperside of the fore- wing are more prominent, thus approaching ZL. sinoriz. The specimen from Nepal in the British Museum exhibits the transition to the Kumaun form, THE BUTTERFLIES OF KUMAUN, 135 29. Lethe (Zophoessa) jalaurida, de Nicéville—Dhakuri, Khati, Pindari Valley, 7-11,000 ft. (Doherty), Evidently rare outside the Pindari Valley I have only received specimens from that locality, and it is not in the Vanrenen collection. 30. Lethe (Zophoessa) baladeva, JJoore—Common in Pindari Valley, - 7-9,000 ft, in May and August, Flies fast and is difficult to capture owing to its habit of settling in clumps of bamboo on which its larva doubtless feeds. 31. Lethe (Zophoess2) coalpara, J/oore.—Habitat recorded by Bingham as the Himalayas from Simla to Sikkim, I have only received specimens in Kumaun from the Sarju Valley 4,000 ft, in September, 52. Lethe (Zophoessa) Yama, Moore-—Not uncommon at Naini Tal and Binsar at 7,000 ft, in May and June. 33. Lethe (Neope) Pulaha, JJ/oore—Rare at Binsar and on the Eastern border in September. 34, Orinoma damaris, Gray.—Decidedly rare at Nalena and at the third mile on the Ratighat Road below Naini Tal in September at about 4,000 ft, 35. Rhaphicera moorei, Builer— Not uncommon in the Pindari and other interior valleys at 7-11,000 ft, in August and September. De Nicéville records Rhaphicera satricus, Doubleday, as occurring ‘‘ in the wooded hills beyond Almora in Kumaun” (ede Atkinson). It isnot in the Vanrenen collection and #2. moorei occurs considerably to the East of Almora. Though there is no reason why it should not stray over the Eastern border, I hesitate to include it in the absence of recent evidence. 36. Satyrus (Amecera) schakra, Aollar-Common in May to October on stony ground at from 4,500 to 11,000 ft. 37. Nytha (Hipparchia) parisatis, Aol/ar—Rare in the extreme west of Garhwal on the borders of Tehri in September, 38. “Maniola davendra, J/oore.— (vide Bingham, Vol. I, p.119. “Re- corded also by Felder from Kumaun.’’) 39, Maniola pulehella, Melder.—To be found at and above 12,000 ft. in inner ranges in August, 40. Aulocera brahminus, Blanchard —Not uncommon at the same altitude and season as the foregoing, 41, Aulocera swaha, Kollar Very common from August to October at 6,000-10,000 ft. The commonest butterfly on the wing in Naini Tal in September. 42, Aulocera padma, Kollar, Occurs sparingly from May to October ta 5,000 to 8,000 ft, at Binsar and on the inner ranges, A rare visitor on Cheena in May, June and July. 136 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. 43, Aulocera saraswati, Kollar—Rare in August and September on the grassy Slopes between 6,000 and 10,000 ft. frequented by its congener, 4, swaha. 44. * Finejs pumilis, Felder.—“ One male, Chinese Tibet 17,000 ft (Doherty). Probably very rare on the Kumaun side of the Passes. 45. Ypthima philomeia indecora, JJoore.—Common in the valleys up to 6,000 ft. from June to October. 46. Ypthima baldus, Fabr.—This, the Y. philomela of de Nicéville, is fairly common from June onwards up to 5,000 ft. Its dry season form (Y. marshalli, Butier) is common at Haldwani from December to March, 47, Ypthima sakra, Moore —Common at 2,000-7,000 ft. May to October, 42. Ypthima nareda, Kollar.—Common at 2,000-7,000 ft, April to October, especially in the vicinity of Naini Tal in August, 49. Ypthimaavanta, Moore (— Y. singala, Felder)—Wet-season form common at 2-6,000 ft. from June to August and dry-season form common in Tarai in cold weather, 50. Ypthima huebneri, Airby.—With its dry-season form (Y, howra) common at same times and places as the last. 51. Ypthima asterope, Klug.—Rare in the low river valleys at about 3,000 ft. from August to October, 52." Brebla kalinda, Moore.—Has been taken at 10,000 ft. in the interior of Garhwal, I have not come across it. 53. Hrebia nirmala, Moore—-Very common from May to September at 4000-8 000 ft., sometimes swarming at Naini Tal in damp, cloudy weather. 54. Erebia annada, Moore——Common in May and again in August to October at Naini Tal and hills from 6-8,000 ft, The wet-season form (£ hybrida) is almost indistinguishable from EF, nérmala. 05. Hrebia scanda, Kollar.—Fairly common between 7 and 11,000 ft, May and October, 56. Brebia (Ypthima) hyagriva, /oore—Common during the rains at 3-7,000 ft. 57. Melanitis ismene, Cramer.—_Common up to 7,000 ft, May to November. 58, Moelanitis bela, JJoore—Not common in the river valleys from 2-4,000 ft. August to October, 59.* Melanitis zitenius, Merbst.—Rare in the Kali Valley in the extreme Hast in August. 60. Blymaias undularis, Drury.—The males are common at 2-5,000 ft. July to Octcber in shady ravines. The females do not appear till September and are comparatively scarce. THE BUTTERFLIES OF KUMAUN. 137 61. Elymnias malelas, Hewitson (= EH, leucocyma, de N.)—Fairly com- mon, August to October, in river valleys bordering on Nepal. 62." Blymnias (Dyctis) patna, Westwood.—* Two males at Junction of Kali and Gori Rivers” (Doherty). Sub-family—NYMPHALIN &. 63, Charaxes marmax Cunawara), Westwood—Rare in Kali Valley in the extreme Hast in August and September, 64. Charaxes pclyxena homana, Butler—Rare at Kapkot on the Sarju and in Kali and Gori Valleys in August. 65. Cnarazes fabius, Pabr.—Fairly common in river valleys debouching on the plains up to 2,000 ft. in July and August, 66. HEulepisathamas, Drury.-Common up to 3,000 ft. from July to October on outer hills, 67, Hulepis eudamipbus, Dowbleday.—Rare in low river valleys, Septem- ber to November, 68. HulePis dolon, Westwood.—Has been taken at Kilberry near Naini Tal in September. Very rare, 69, Apatura ambica, Kollar. —Occurs sparingly in cuter ranges up to 5,000 ft. from April to October, 70. *Apatura arpisatis, Westwood.—‘ One male seen at Jhulaghat.” (On the extreme eastern border) Doherty. It 1s evidently a rare visitor on the extreme east and I have not heard of its being actually taken in Kumaun up to date, 71. Dilipa morgiana, Westwood,—Very rare in Kumaun. A single male was brought to me from the Pindari Valley by a native catcher in August. tis said to occur at Bhim Tal. 72. Hestina nama, Doubleday.—Rare at Binsarin June and on eastern border in the rains. 73, FPerhestina persinilis zellas, Butler—Common at Nalena, 4,500 ft. from June to October and more sparingly up to 7,000 ft. 74. Buripus consimilis, Westwood,—Rare along outer ranges up to 3,000 ft. in April, July and August, 75. Sephisa dichroa, Kollar—Common at Takula, Binsar, Naini Tal, etc., 6-8,000 ft, in May and October, 76. Sephisa chandra, ./oore.—Rare in eastern valleys at 4,000 ft. in May. 7. Dichorragia nesimachus, Boisduval. Rare in river valleys on extreme East and at Binsar and Nalena at about 4,000 ft. in April and August. 78. Stibochiana nicaea, Gray.—Occurs sparingly in ravines at 4,000-7,000 ft, in May, June and July. 18 138 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. 79. Dophla patals, Hollar—Common at Naini Tal and Bhowali, 4-8,000 ft.in May and June. The larva may be found on oak trees (Quercus incana) in May. 80. *Buthalialopidea, Butler—A single male was taken by Mr, de Rhé Philippe in April 1902 at Ranibagh, 2,000 ft. (vide Volume XIV, No, 3, page 595, of the Society’s Journal.) 81. Buthalia appiades, Weénctriés.—Not common in river valleys on the extreme East. 82. Bathalia lubentina, Cramer.—Scarce near Nalena, at 4,000 tt, in October and November and in Kali Valley in August, 83. Buthaliagaruda, JMJoore.—Fairly common in April and again in October in valleys at 2-4,000 ft. throrghout Kumaun. 84, Buthalia (Symphaedra) nais, Forster.—Has been taken at Haldwani 1,000 ft, and Bhim Tal 3,000 ft,in March, but is only a rare visitor along the outer ranges, 85, Moduza procris, Cram.—Rare at Haldwani in Tarai from October to January. Its occurrence so far north is unusual. Bingham gives its habitat as Peninsular India, 86. *Liminitis daraza, Doubleday.—Recorded by Atkinson from Kumaun (de Nicéville, Volume II, page 158.) I have never met with it, 87. Auzakia (Liminitis) damava, JJoore,—Common in shady ravines at 4,000 to 8,000 £t. April, May and again from August to October. 88, Pantoporia cama, JMoore—Common, April to October at 2,060-5,900 ft. near streams, 89. Pantoporia selenophora, Kollar.—Not common at 6,000 fi. in April and May. 3 90. FPantoporia zeroca, i/oore.—Rare at Nalena 4,500 ft. and Binsar, 8,000 ft. in May and June; 91. Pantororia opalina, Kol/lar—Common from April to October in wooded nullahs at 3,090-7,000 ft. 92. Athyma perius, Zinn—Common in April and October in the same localities as the last-named. 93. Athymaasura, Moore. Rare at Binsar 8,000 ft, in August. 94. Nevptis eurynome, Westwood—Common all over Kumaun from 2- 7,000 ft, This form includes N, astola, emodes, varmona and eurymene as recorded from Kumaun by Doherty, 95. WNeptis columella, Cram.—Not common at Haldwani and Ranibagh in December and January. 96. Noptis mahendra, JMoore.—Common from May to October at 6-9,000 ft. THE BUTTERFLIES OF KUMAUN, 139 97, Neptis yerburii. Butler (—N. nandina, J/oore)—Common in April and May at 3-6000 ft, 98, Neptis soma, Woore (—N. susruta, Joore)—Common in the rains at 2-5,000 ft, 99, Neptis sankara, Ko//ar (—N.amba, Joore).—Common from April to July at 4-9,000 ft. 100. Neptis narayana, Woore.—Very rare at from 5-6,500 ft, in May. 101. Noestis vikasi pseudovilasi, Moore-—Not common in wonded ravines at 3,000 ft. in Angust and September, Doherty found it rare at Kapkot, 4,000 ft, 102 WNeptis zaida, Doubleday. Not uncommon at Nalena, 4,500 ft., in June and July. 103, MNeptis radha, Voore—Not common at Nalena, 4,500 ft., in May and at Bageshwar 3,200 ft. in October, 104 WNeptisananta, MooreFairly common 3,000 ft. in August and September, 105. Neptis viraja, Moore.—Not uncommon at Nalena, 4,500 ft. in June. 106. Rahinda hordonia, Stol/.—Common in April and May at 3,006-5,000 fc. near wooded streams. 107. Cyrestis thyodamas, Botsduva’—Common everywhere up to 8,000 it. April to October, The pale yellow form appears to be peculiar to higher elevations in the dry season, in Kumaun at all events. 108. Chersonesia risa, Doubleduy.—One male, Kapkot, Sarju Valley, 5,700 ft. in May. Doherty took it at 2-3,000 ft, in the Kali Valley in August, 109. Junonia iphita, Cam.—Common everywhere up to 7,000 ft. 110. Junonia lemonias, Linn.—Common everywhere up to 7,000 ft. Ill. Junonia orithya, Linz—Common on open hill-sides up to 9,000 ft. 112. Junonia hierta, “abr.—Not quite so common and confined to open hill-sides. 113, Junonia almana, Linn.—Common in river valleys up to 4,000 ft. Its wet-season form (asterie) is very common at Ranibagh in the rains. 114. Junonia atlites, Johannsen.—Rare in the Tarai in January and February. 115. Vanessa cardui, Linn—Common from June to October‘at 6-10,000 ft. 116. Vanessa indica, Herbst—Very common, 3,000-11,000 ft. March te November. 117, Vanessa Eashmirensis, Kollar.—Very common 2-18,000 ft, March to October. J have a curiously melanized specimen taken on Cheena in May. 140 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. 118. Vanessa rizana.—Occurs in inner ranges above 10,000 ft. in July and August. 119. “Vanessa ladakensis, Moore‘ Near Kalapani, Nepalese Tibet, 14,000 ft.” (Doherty). 120, Vanessa xanthemelaena, Venis—Common on Cheena, Binsar, and Dhakuri from March to May and again in October at 8,000 to 11,000 ft. The life-history of this butterfly as described by de Nicéville (Vol. II, p. ) is very strange. It is certainly double-brooded but Ido not believe that the second brood “ disappears” from June till the following March as I have it from the Pindari Valley in October, It seems more probable that it passes the winter as an imago like so many of ils congeners, emerging early in the following spring and producing a second brood in September. I obtained the larve from Binsar early in October, but they unfortunately died before pupat- ing. 121, Vanessa canace, Johannsen—Common in May and June and again in September and October at 5,601) to 10,000 ft. 122. Vanessa ¢. album, Zinx—Not uncommon in the Pindari Valley at 8,000-12,000 ft. in May and August, 123. Symbrenthia lucina, Cram. (—S. hippoclus, de N.) Common in April, May, August, September and October in wooded nuillahs from 3,000-6,000 ft, 124. Symbrenthia hypselis, Godur?.—Not uncommon throughout Kumaun in April and May and again in September, October at 2,000-6,000 ft. often along with the last-named. 125, Symbrenthia brabira, Ji/oore.— Doherty separates the wet and dry- season forms of this species (as hysudra and S, asthala). It is fairly common in the inner valleys at 7-9,000 ft. in May and August. 126, Hypolimnas bolina, Linn.—This fine butterfly appears on the wing in July, and may be found from the piains up to 8,000 ft. till December. 127. Hypolimnas misippus, Linn—Not so common and confined to the outer ranges up to 4,000 ft. in April and again from August to November, 128. Kallima inachus, Bo/sdwval—Common in nullahs from 2,000 to 6,000 ft. April to October, 129, *Cethosia cyane, Drury.—Though recorded from Kumaun, I have not yet come across any specimens. It doubtless occurs on the Hastern border as it is common in Sikkim. 130. Atella Paalantha, Drury.—Very common from June to December up to 7,000 ft, 131. Issoria sinha, Kollar.—Rare at Nalena 4,500 ft. in May and again in September, THE BUTTERFLIES OF KUMAUN, 141 132, Cubhaerymanthis, Drwry.Common in May, June and October in valleys up to 4,500 ft, 133, Argynnis jainadeva, Moore-—Rare in minor ranges above 9,000 ft., July to October, 134. Argynnis kamala, Moore,—Fairly common on the inner ranges, 8,000—10,000 ft., May to September, i35. Argynnis childreni, Gray—Common from June to October at 5,000-10,000 ft. Most of the specimens from Naini Tal are true childreni. The sukantala type occurs further west, 136. Argynnis hyPerbius, Johunssen—Common up to 7,000 ft. in April and May and from July to October. 137. “Argynnis gemmata, Sutier—Recorded by Bingham from Kumaun, I have not come across it in any local collection. 138. Argynnis lathonia issaea, Doubleday.—Very common, April to October, 5,000-10,000 ft. 139. “Argynnis clara, Blanchard.—Very local in interior of Tehri Garh- wal in August in high river valleys. 140. Melitaea sindura, J/oore—Rare at 12,000 ft., June to August, 141, Ergelis ariadze, Johanssen—Not uncommon at 2,000-5,000 ft. in September and October. 142. Ergolismerione, Cram.—Common up to 6,009 ft. May to Decem- ber, Its conspicuous larva makes little attempt at concealment on the leaves of the Castor Oil plant on the underside of which it pupates, The butterfly is mimicked by the Q of Apatura parisatis and is undoubtedly protected, though I am unable to determine precisely what form the protection takes. 143, Psoudergolis wedah, Kollar—Common up to 8,006 ft. March to October, ACRAINA, 144, FPareba vesta, MPubr.—Very common in the rains at 3-6,000 ft. in the neighbourhood of its food-plant, Behmeria salicifolia. 145, Telchinia violae, /ulr—aA single male taken at Bhim Tal, 3,000 ft. in October, It probably occurs sparingly in the Tarai as it is common in Oudh in the Rains, LIBYTHAINA. 146. Libythea celtis lepita, Moore—Very common, May to October, at 4,000 to 7,000 ft. 147. Libythea myrrha, Godart.—Very common, May to October especi- ally at 4,000 ft, in August after heavy rain, 142 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIE7Y, Vol. XX, Famity—NEMEOBIDZ, 148. Dodona durga, Kollar.—Very common, May to October especially at Ramgarh, 6,000 ft. 149. Dodona dipoesa, Hewitson.—Common at 4-7,000 ft. 150. Dodona eugenes, Bates.—Fairly common, March to October at 3,000-7,000 ft. 151, Dodona ouida, J/oore-—Rare and local on Binsar and Cheena at 7,000 ft. in May and October, 152. Abisara fylla, Doubleday.—Not common at 4,000 to 8,000 ft., Nalena, Binsar, Naini Tal, etc., in April and again in September. 153, Abissara echerius, Sfol/ (— Abisara suffusa, Moore)—Common from July to October at 2-4,000 ft. in river valleys. 154. Zemeros flegyas, Cram.—Common from March to October at 3,000 to 5,000 ft. in valleys near water. (To be continued.) 143 DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDGPTERA. BY Ay MEYRICK. BUA. H-RS., F.Z.8. XI. CicoPpHORIDA, Macrobathra equestris, D. sp. @. 18mm, Head and thorax dark bronzy-fuscous, Palpi dark fuscous, rather obscurely lined with ochreous-whitish. Antennz white spotted with blackish. Abdomen dark fuscous, segmental margins mixed with ochreous- whitish. Forewings elongate-lanceolate ; fuscous, towards base dark fuscous ; a broad transverse yellow fascia extending from + to middle, edged with a few biack scales: cilia brownish. Hindwings dark grey ; cilia fuscous, Khasis, in April; one specimen, Inevery respect a characteristic member of this distinct genus, which is largely developed in Ausiralia, but has not hitherto been recorded elsewhere. Borkhausenia pseudospretetla, Stt. Newera Eliya, Ceylon ; Khasis ; in April, May, and September. A domestic pest. Borkhausenia obolwa, n. sp. Q. 13h-14 mm. Head and thorax fuscous, slightly whitish-sprinkled. Palpi yellow-whitish, second joint externally suffused with dark fuscous irroration except more or less beneath and at apex, Antennz fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen extreme- ly obliquely rounded ; fuscous, faintly purplish-tinged, irrorated with dark fuscous ; a small pale greyish-ochreous spot close above tornus: cilia grey, some- what sprinkled with whitish. Hindwings and cilia grey. Nilgiris, 3,500 feet (Andrewes), N. Coorg (Newcome) ; in May and Septem- ber ; three specimens. Anchonoma, n, g, Head with loosely appressed scales; ocelli absent; tongue developed. Antennx }, in @ moderately tasciculate-ciliated (13), basal joint moderately elongate, without pecten, Labial palpi long, recurved, second joint thickened with dense somewhat rough scales beneath, terminal joint as long as second, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue, Posterior tibiz clothed with rough hairs above, Forewings with 2 and 4 long stalked, 3 absent, 5 closely approximated at base, 8 and 9 out of 7, 7 to apex, li from middle. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia }; 3 and 4 stalked, 5-7 tolerably parallel. Belongs to the group of Eulechria, but specially distinguished by the peculiar nervation of forewings. 144 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, Aichonoma xeraula, 1. sp. 69. 21-28 mm, Head and thorax whitish-ochreous or pale greyish- ochreous, mixed with dark fuscous. Paipi whitish-ochreous, second and terminal joints variably sprinkled or suffused with dark fuscous except towards apex. Abdomen pale ochreous, sides tinged with fuscous. Forewings elon- gate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, oblique ; lower margin of cell sinuate and somewhat ridged beneath towards base, especiaily in @. aspace above this tending to be thinly scaled ; pale greyish-ochreous, suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous ; a small spot of dark fuscous suffusion on base of costa ; stigmata cloudy, dark fuscous, first discal somewhat elongate, plical hardly beyond it, second discal approximated, in middle of wing; a cloudy pale subterminal line, sharply indented beneath costa, edged posteriorly with dark fuscous suffusion: cilia pale greyish-ochre- ous, with broad somewhat interrupted antemedian shade of dark fuscous suffusion. Hindwings light grey, paler and somewhat ochreous-tinged ante- viorly ; cilia grey-whitish, with grey subbasal line. Khasis, in September ; also from W. China; four specimens. Superficially very like Borkhausenia pscudospretella, and might be overlooked accordingly, though structurally very distinct, Nephogenes fugax, n. sp. GQ. 21-22 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax grey. Abdomen brownish-ochreous, segmental margins pale greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; light grey, slightly brownish-tinged, irregularly sprinkled or irrorated with dark fuscous, sometimes forming lines on veins towards costa posteriorly ; a spot of blackish irroration on base of costa ; stigmata blackish, plical rather beyond first discal ; a subterminal bent series of dots of black irroration close to termen and posterior part of costa: cilia light greyish, towards base sprinkled with dark fuscous. Hindwings light grey ; cilia ochre- ous-grey- whitish. f Palni Hills, 6,000 feet (Campbell) ; three specimens, The genus Nephogenes is of some extent in Australia ; this is the first species recorded elsewhere, but seems normal in every way. I have howevera nearly allied species (un- described) from Celebes. Hypercallia pyrarcha, n. sp. S@. 17-18 mm. Head yellow, a line on crown and spots on side of face and collar orange-reddish. Palpi pale yellow, second joint except towards apex ferruginous-orange sprinkled with fuscous, terminal joint with median band of orange and dark fuscous scales. Antenne pale yellowish, suffused with ervey towards apex, ciliations, in ¢ 3. Thorax yellow, irregularly streaked with orange-red. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate-oblong, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, somewhat oblique ; yellow, reticulated with orange-red ; basal third of costa orange-red with three oblique dark fuscous streaks; two fascie of dark purplish-grey suffusion, first median, dilated towards dorsum so as to reach } and coalesce posteriorly with second, second DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 145 broad, terminal, united with first by bar beneath costa so as to enclose in disc an orange-red roundish patch containing a yellow spot marked with a dark fuscous dot: cilia pale yellowish, with partial interrupted grey subbasal shade, at apex and towards torus suffused with dark purple-grey. Hindwings erey, lighter anteriorly ; cilia yellow-whitish, with pale greyish subbasal shade. Khasis, in July ; two specimens. Therapnis, n. g. Head with appressed scales ; ocelli present ; tongue developed. Antenne é, in @ serrulate, minutely ciliated (3), basal joint moderately elongate, without pecten, Labial palpi long, recurved, second joint thickened with appressed scales, terminal joint shorter than second, slender, acute, Maxillary palpi short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibie clothed with rough hairs above. Forewings with 2 from angle, 7 to costa, 8 absent, 11 from middle. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia + ; 4 absent, 5-7 tolerably parallel. Apparently allied to Sphyrelata. Therapnis parorma, 0. sp. & 12-13 mm., 9 14-16 mm. Head, antenne, and thorax dark fuscous Palpi dark fuscous, slightly whitish-sprinkled, apex of joints whitish, Abdomen fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex rounded- obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; dark fuscous, base of scales ochreous- whitish ; a curved blackish transverse line at 3, followed by more or less whitish-ochreous suffusion often marked or tinged with reddish-ochreous, in @ expanded into a broad fascia not quite reaching costa ; stigmata larce, blackish, sometimes edged with whitish-ochreous or yellowish, plical rather beyond first discal, usually an additional smaller spot between and above discal, in ¢ obliterated with reddish-ochreous and merged in the pale costal patch following ; a blackish interrupted line rising from costa at 3, sinuate downwards and running to near apex, thence very near termen to dorsum before tornus, on costa preceded by a suffused whitish-ochreous patch, larger in ¢, and preceded in discal angulation by a smaller spot of whitish-ochreous or reddish- ochreous suffusion : cilia light fuscous, basal half sprinkled with dark fuscous or blackish. Hindwings rather dark grey: cilia grey. Kegalle, Madulsima, Haputale, Kalutara, Matale, Ceylon (Alston, Pole Vaughan) ; from May to August, six specimens, Erotis, n. g. Head smull, with appressed scales; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antenne 3, in @ serrulate, simple, basal joint moderate, with pecten of short scales. Labial palpi long, recurved, widely diverging, second joint reaching base of antenne, somewhat expanded towards apex with rather rough scales, terminal joint shorter than second, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Thorax rather swollen, Anterior tibie dilated with rough scales ; posterior tibiz clothed with rough hairs above. Forewings with 2 from about 3, 3 from angle, 4 absent, 5 rather approximated to 3,7 and 19 146 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 9 from near 7, 19 remote, rising from 3 of cell, 11 from #, Hindwings +, elongate-ovate, cilia +; 4 absent, 5 somewhat approximated to 3, 6 and 7 tolerably parallel. A peculiar genus, of which the position must at present be considered quite doubtful, It can be regarded as an aberrant genus of Oecophoride, but it is possible that it should form a new family ; the small head and swollen thorax, widely divergent palpi, and peculiar position of veins 10 and J1 of forewings are discordant characters which cause it to stand isolated. Erotis phosphora, ni. sp. 6. 13-20mm. Head, palpi, and antenne ochreous-whitish. Thorax rose-pink spotted with dark grey irroration. Abdomen dark grey, sides and apex ochreous-whitish, basal segment suffused with pink. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen strongly rounded, oblique ; rose-pink, irregularly strewn throughout with small spots of dark grey irroration ; a Streak of dark grey suffusion along costa from before middle to ?; somewhat larger dark grey spots in disc at 3 and }, and on dorsum at 4: cilia rose-pink, with two lines of black points, basal third barred with dark grey irroration. Hindwings grey, thinly scaled and subhyaline in disc and towards base ; cilia light grey. Matale, Kegalle, Maskeliya, Kalutara, Ceylon (Alston, Pole); in July, November, and December ; four specimens. Macrosaces, Meyr. The generic definition may be extended in the following points: labial palpi with second joint sometimes expanded towards apex, terminal sometimes longer than second ; forewings with 3 sometimes present, stalked with 2 or separate ; hindwings seldom with 5 absent, Macrosaces negatella, Walls. (Gelechiu negutella, Walk, Cat. XXIX, 631.) &@@. 11-16 mm. Variable in depth of colouring, but always recognisable by the transverse blackish blotch on costa at 4, reaching 3 across wing. Hind- wings varying from pale, to dark grey. Maskeliya, Pattipola, Ceylon (Pole, de Mowbray, Fletcher) ; from Septem- ber to May. Macrosaces amphiterma, n. sp. GQ. 10-14mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, irrorated with grey. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint considerably expanded with scales toward apex, sprinkled with dark fuscous, with a dark fuscous subapical band, terminal joint longer than second, with two dark fuscous bands. Antennz whitish-ochreous ringed with fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish- ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; 3 absent ; whitish-ochreous, variably irro- rated with fuscous, with some scattered blacksscales ; a small blackish spot at base beneath costa, with a raised blackish tuft of scales beyond this; a somewhat oblique-transverse line of raised blackish scales at 2, edged posteriorly DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 147 with whitish-ochreous, on costa expanded into a triangular spot, in middle with a slight angular projection posteriorly ; second discal stigma raised, blackish, more or less distinctly edged with whitish-ochreous or yellowish, and a similar dot beneath and rather beyond it ; an indistinct cloudy waved whitish-ochreous line from 2 of costa to dorsum before tornus, more or less edged anteriorly with dark fuscous irroration, its central third strongly curved outwards ; a waved line of dark fuscous irroration running round posterior part of costa and : termen: cilia whitish-ochreous mixed with fuscous and sprinkled with dark fuscous. Hindwings and cilia grey. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole) ; in January and February, five specimens. Macrosaces pendula, n. sp. @. 10-13 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous irrorated with fuscous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint moderately thickened, dark fuscous except apex, terminal joint as long as second, with dark fuscous band below middle, Antenne whitish-ochreous ringed with fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; 3 absent ; whitish-ochreous more or less irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous; a blackish subcostal tuft towards base; a rather oblique transverse gently curved blackish line at 2, tufted beneath costa and above dorsum, edged posteriorly with whitish-ochreous, expanded into a triangular blackish spot on costa and slightly sinuate near dorsum ; second discal stigma raised, blackish, and a similar dot beneath and somewhat beyond it; an indistinct line of dark fuscous irroration or suffusion from 2 of costa to dorsum before tornus, acutely angulated in middle ; some indistinct dots of dark fuscous suffusion on posterior part of costa and termen ; cilia pale fuscous, sprinkled with ochreous-whitish points and a few dark fuscous scales. Hind- wings and cilia grey or pale grey. Khasis ; in October, five specimens. Very similar to amphiterma, but with the lines differently formed, and readily distinguished by the different marking and structure of palpi. Macrosaces icteropa, n. sp. 6. 11-14 mm. Head ochreous-yellow. Palpi light yellowish, second joint moderately thickened, somewhat sprinkled with dark fuscous except towards apex, terminal joint as long as second, with a dark fuscous ring near base, Antenne pale yellowish ringed with dark fuscous. Thorax ochreous- yellowish sprinkled with fuscous. Abdomen rather dark fuscous, anal tuft pale ochreous mixed with fuscous, Forewings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse; termen very obliquely rounded ; 3 absent ; light ochreous- yellowish densely irrorated with dark fuscous; a blackish subcostal tuft towards base ; stigmata raised, black, plical obliquely before first discal, these two with a spot on costa and a mark on dorsum appearing to forma rather curved oblique line interrupted in disc, an additional dot beneath and rather beyond second discal; a very indistinct transyerse line of darker irroration from a black dot on costa at 2, acutely angulated in middle: cilia fuscous 148 JOURNAL,BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX suffused with whitish-ochreous at base, with three indistinct darker lines. Hindwings and cilia dark grey. Khasis ; in August and September, six specimens. Nearly allied to the two preceding, but the markings of the palpi are different from either ; also characterised by the yellow head, dark general colouring, and discal interrup- tion of first transverse line. Macrosaces tucubrata, 0. sp. &Q. 2-10mm, Head and thorax whitish-ochreous irrorated with grey and fuscous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint moderately thickened, irrorated with dark fuscous except at apex, with a blackish subapical ring, terminal joint as long as second, witha black band below middle. Antenne whitish-ochreous ringed with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish- ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; 3 absent; dark fuscous, base of scales whitish-ochreous ; a small blackish spot at base beneath costa, and a black scaletuft beyond it edged posteriorly with whitish-ochreous ; a nearly straight direct transverse raised black line at 2, somewhat enlarged on costa, slightly sinuate above and below middle, strongly edged posteriorly with whitish- ochreous or yellowish ; second discal stigma raised, black, strongly edged with whitish-ochreous or yellowish, and a similar spot beneath it, their pale margins usually confluent ; a whitish-ochreous spot on costa at 3, whence proceeds a very indistinct whitish-ochreous angulated transverse line, preceded by some blackish irroration ; a cloudy waved line of blackish irroration along posterior part of costa and termen: cilia fuscous, sometimes mixed with dark fuscous, sprinkled with whitish-ochreous points, sometimes faintly barred with whitish- ochreous suffusion. Hindwings in ¢ grey or rather dark grey, in Q blackish grey ; cilia grey. Maskeliya, Peradeniya, Matale, Ceylon (Pole, Green ); in July, August, December, and January ; five specimens. Macrosaces glebaria, 0. sp. &@@. 11-14 mm. Head ochreous-yellowish, crown irrorated with dark fuscous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint moderately thickened, dark fuscous except apex, terminal joint as long as second, with blackish subbasal ring. Antenne whitish-ochreous, ringed or suffused with dark fuscous, Thorax dark fuscous, Abdomen ochreous-yellowish suffusedly banded with fuscous, Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; 2 and 3 short-stalked ; dark fuscous, more or less sprinkled with whitish-ochreous ; a small black spot at base beneath costa, and pne on dorsum near base; a black subcostal tuft towards base ; stigmata moderately large, raised, black, plical slightly before first discal, these two together with costal and dorsal black spots tending to form an interrupted rather bent transverse line, second discal sometimes pale-edged, with an additional spot beneath it ; a pale ochreous-yellowish subtriangular blotch on costa about 2, whence proceeds a very indistinct whitish-ochreous angulated DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 149 line to dorsum before tornus: cilia fuscous somewhat mixed with dark fuscous, base suffused with whitish-ochreous. Hindwings in @ light fuscous, in @ rather dark fuscous ; cilia light fuscous. N. Coorg, 3,590 feet (Newcome) ; in June, October, and November, four specimens, Macrosaces hemilyca, u. sp. @@. 11-18 mm. Head and thorax rather dark fuscous, somewhat sprin- kled with whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish-ochreous sprinkled with blackish, second joint moderately thickened, terminal joint as long as second, with two broad blackish bands occupying nearly all of it. Antenne whitish-ochreous moxe or less suffused with fuscous, and ringed with dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, ter- men yery obliquely rounded ; 3 separate or short stalked with 2; dark fuscous base of scales whitish-ochreous ; a blackish subcostal tuft near base ; a cloudy blackish raised rather curved direct transverse shade at 2 edged posteriorly more or less widely with whitish-ochreous suffusion ; second discal stigma raised, cloudy, blackish, with an additional less marked dot below it ; a rather large spot of whitish-ochreous suffusion on costa about 3, whence an indistinct angulated cloudy whitish-ochreous line runs to dorsum before tornus, edged anteriorly with blackish irroration : cilia fuscous mixed with darker, sometimes sprinkled with whitish-ochreous points, base whitish-ochreous. Hindwings rather dark fuscous, anterior half sometimes pale whitish-ochreous ; cilia fuscous. Palnis, 6,000 feet (Campbell) ; four specimens. ‘The variation in the colour of hindwings is singular; it is not sexual, as the specimens include male and female of each form ; and as the two forms agree in other respects, especially in the characteristic markings of the palpi, and are from the same locality, it is improbable that they are specifically distinct. J regard the form with the basa half of hindwings pale as being the type, and think the other form with hindwings wholly dark deserves a varietal name ; J therefore name it var. ecliptica, Macrosaces orphania, n. sp. @ 15-16 mm. Head pale ochreous, crown irrorated with dark fuscous, Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint moderately thickened, irrorated with dark fuscous except at apex, terminal joint as long as second, with dark fus- cous subbasal and subapical rings, Antenne whitish-ochreous ringed with dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous, base of scales whitish-ochreous. Abdomen pale ochreous mixed with fuscous. Forewing elongate, narrow, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; 2 and 3 short-stalked; whitish-ochreous more or less densely irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous, sometimes suffused with fuscous: a dark fuscous subcostal tuft towards base; a rather curved cloudy dark fuscous transverse raised line at 2, indistinctly edged with whitish-ochreous posteriorly nearly straight from below costa to below middle; second discal stigma 150 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. blackish, raised, obscurely pale-edged, and a similar spot beneath and hardly beyond it ; a faint cloudy line of darker irroration from 2 of costa to dorsum before tornus, posteriorly faintly pale-edged, angulated in middle and indented above this: cilia fuscous, with pale base and darker subbasal shade. Hind- wings and cilia grey. @. 15mm. Palpi with second joint dark fuscous except apex, dark rings of termina! joint broader, Forewings with ground colour dark fuscous, markings blackish, first line posteriorly edged with whitish-ochreous. Hind- wings becoming dark grey posteriorly. Palnis, 6,000 feet (Campbell) ; five specimens. Immediately distinguished from hemilyca by the absence of the pale blotch on costa posteriorly ; the distinct dilation of the forewings is also a special characteristic. Macrosaces crocozona, 0, sp. &¢. 9-10mm, Head, thorax and abdomen dark grey, Palpi dark grey anterior edge and apex of joints yellowish. Antenne dark grey, obscurely dotted with pale yellowish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; 3 present, separate ; ashy-grey irrorated witb blackish ; a short yellow subcostal dash towards base ; three ochreous-yellow direct transverse fasciz, first at 3, moderately broad, usually narrowed on costa, posterior edge rather prominent in middle, second narrow, enclosing raised black second discal stigma and a similar dot beneath it, and reaching dorsum, but not costa, third narrow, running from about 3 of costa to tornus, sometimes somewhat dilated in disc: cilia grey, sprinkled with black on basal half. Hindwings with 5 absent ; grey ; cilia grey. Khasis, from July to October ; five specimens. This species differs from all the rest in the absence of vein 5 of hindwings, but, though very distinct, it is at the same time so obviously allied that generic separation is not called for. Eutorna, Meyr, ; A distinct genus, hitherto. represented by ten Australian and two New Zea- land species, with which the following species has close affinity, Eutorna insidiosa, n. sp. &@. 10-13 mm, Head and thorax ochreous, face whitish-ochreous, Palpi pale ochreous, scales of second joint loosely expanded above towards apex. Antenne whitish-ochreous, dotted with dark grey, Abdomen grey, segmental margins suffused with ochreous-whitish, Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly slightly arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; deep ochreous; costal edge blackish towards base ; a broad ferruginous-brown streak beneath fold from base to tornus, suffused beneath and posteriorly, edged above with some black scales and then with whitish suffusion ; a triangular patch of ferruginous-brown suffusion extending on costa from 2 to near apex and reaching half across wing, edged anteriorly by a very oblique ochreous-whitish streak preceded towards costa by some blackish irroration, and enclosing a shorter similar streak from costa at 2, second discal stigma round, black, edged with ochreous- DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA., 151 whitish ; some blackish scales along termen : cilia ochreous-whitish, with two suffused brown shades. Hindwings rather dark grey ; cilia grey. Khasis, from August to October ; ten specimens. Pseudodoxia melanema, nN. sp. AQ. 12-13 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen dark purplish- fuscous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, ter- men very obliquely rounded ; dark purplish-fuscous : cilia rather dark fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous ; cilia rather dark fuscous, Khasis, in July and August ; six specimens, Pseudodoxia placida, n, sp. fQ. 13-16 mm. Head and thorax light fuscous, forehead sometimes tinged with whitish-ochreous. Palpi fuscous, apex of joints more or less tinged with whitish-ochreous. Antenne fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft, ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex tolerably pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded; light fuscous sprinkled with darker, sometimes suffused with darker along costa ; stigmata blackish, plical beneath first discal; sometimes some indistinct dark fuscous marginal dots round apex: cilia fuscous, sprinkled with whitish points, base paler. Hindwings grey ; cilia rather light grey, base pale ochreous. Madulsima, Ceylon (Vaughan) ; from April to June, ten specimens, Pseudodowia triastis, 0. sp. @. 17-21 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint suffused with dark fuscous except apex, terminal joint sometimes with some dark fuscous scales towards base. Antenne whitish-ochreous tinged with fuscous. Thorax whitish-ochreous suffused anteriorly with fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous, Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; whitish-ochreous, sometimes tinged with fuscous, more or less irregularly and suffusedly irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous ; stigmata rather large, blackish-fuscous, plical beneath first discal; some more or less marked large cloudy blackish-fuscous dots round posterior part of costa and upper part of termen: cilia whitish-ochreous more or less suffused with light fuscous. Hindwings grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous more or less suffused with grey. Q. Head and thorax usually suffused with fuscous. Palpi with terminal joint more or less irrorated with dark fuscous except towards apex. Forewings usually almost wholly suffused with light fuscous and irrorated with dark fuscous ; markings asin @, Hindwings and cilia grey, Madulsima, Maskeliya, Patipola, Ceylon (Vaughan, Pole, Alston); from December to June ; twenty-five specimens. There is considerable variability in the development of the dark suffusion, and the sexes are normally dissimi- lar, the 9 being so much darker, but the darkest @ is hardly distinguishable from the lightest @. Nearly all my examples are from Madulsima, where Mr. Vaughan takes the species in plenty. P. placida, which occurs with it, issmaller, and can always be distinguished by the pointed forewings. 152. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCJETY, Vol, XX, Pseudodoxia pinarodes, n. sp. @. 14-16 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous or pale greyish-ochreous. Palpi dark fuscous, terminal joint ochreous-whitish towards apex. Antennz whitish-ochreous, more or less suffused with fuscous. Abdomen whitish- ochreous sprinkled with fuscous, Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; pale greyish-ochreous, sprinkled with fuscous and dark fuscous, especially towards costa and posteriorly ; stigmata large, blackish, plical beneath first discal ; sometimes some cloudy dark fuscous dots round posterior part of costa and upper part of termen : cilia pale greyish-ochreous, sometimes mixed with fuscous, Hindwings varying from pale fuscous to grey ; cilia pale greyish-ochreous, sometimes with suffu- sed fuscous subbasal shade, Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole); in January, ten specimens. Smaller than P. triastis, with the forewings shorter and broader, and costa somewhat more arched, Pseudodoxia eryptias, n. sp. & 2. 14-16 mm. Head and thorax grey. Palpi whitish-ochreous suffusedly irrorated with dark grey except at apex of joints, Antenne dark grey, Abdomen dark grey, sides of anal segment suffused with ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; grey, irrorated with dark grey ; second discai stigma sometimes perceptible, dark grey: cilia grey, sometimes mixed with darker, sprinkled with pale points. Hindwings and cilia in @ grey,in Q dark grey. Madulsima, Ceylon (Vaughan, Green) ; in May and June, five specimens, Pseudodoxia agorwa, n, sp. @.14mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint blackish-grey except apex. Antenne pale greyish-ochreous becoming grey towards base. Thorax grey suffused with blackish anteriorly. Abdcemen whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, very narrow, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; grey, sometimes slightly whitish-sprinkled, or posteriorly sprinkled with fuscous ; base of costa suffused with blackish ; stigmata rather large, black, plical rather before first discal; sometimes some cloudy blackish marginal dots round apex : cilia pale grey, sprinkled with darker and whitish points, Hindwings grey, rather thinly scaled in disc and towards base ; cilia pale grey. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole) ; in February, two specimens. Allied to seposi tella, but distinguished by the small size and very narrow forewings. Pseudodoxia picrophea, n, sp. 6@.17-21mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous, irrorated with whitish, Palpi whitish, suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous except towards apex of joints, Antenne fuscous, Abdomen whitish-ochreous irrorated with grey. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; fuscous, more or less irregularly sprinkled with on (Se) DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 1 darker, sometimes finely irrorated with whitish ; stigmata large, dark fuscous, plical rather before first discal ; some cloudy dark fuscous marginal dots round apex: cilia pale fuscous, more or less mixed with darker, and irrorated with pale points. Hindwings grey ; cilia pale greyish-ochreous, with faint fuscous| subbasal shade, Hakgala, Ceylon (Green) ; in March and April, three specimens. Larva feeding ina portable case on lichens growing on trunks and rocks (Green) ; case 27-31 mm. long, formed of silk covered with fragments of lichen, acutely tapering posteriorly, anterior half ;overed by an ovate hood, 10-12 mm. broad, extending as a ragged edge to below middle. The hood in this species is larger and more extensive than in seposétella, in which it does not reach mid- dle of case, and much more so than in limulus and cretata, in which the hood bears only a small proportion to the length of the long slender acute posterior portion, Pseudodoxia sepositella, Walk. I was in error in referring limulus Durr. to this species as a synonym ; the two names indicate two very closely allied but distinct species ; my previous note referred to the true limulus. P. sepositella is larger (18-21 mm.), grey or dark grey, without dark irroration but often scmewhat whitish-sprinkled, with a black spot beneath costa near base, stigmata large, black, plical rather before first discal, with faint pale nearly straight subterminal line indented in middle, and black marginal dots ; head pale ochreous-yellowish, thorax grey suffused with blackish anteriorly. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole); in January, February, and July, seven speci- mens. Larva feeding like limulus ; case intermediate in character between those of timulus and picrophea, Pseudodoxia ichnea, n, sp. Q.16-17mm. Head and thorax pale greyish-ochreous with some scattered dark fuscous scales. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint irrorated with dark fuscous except base and apex, Antenne pale greyish-ochreous. Abdomen grey, anal segment ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate,narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; light fuscous sprinkled with dark fuscous ; stigmata moderate, blackish-fuscous, plical obli- quely before first discal ; a series of large cloudy blackish-fuscous dots round termen and posterior part of costa: cilia fuscous irrorated with pale greyish- ochreous. Hindwings dark grey ; cilia light greyish-ochreous, Peradeniya, Ceylon (Green); in February, two specimens, Larva feeding in the same way as the two preceding species (Green); case generally similar to that of picrophea but smaller (length 20-23 mm., breadth of hood 8-9 mm.), hood extended as a diminishing wing to well below middle of case. Psaltica, Meyr. The generic characters, originally drawn from a single specimen, require to be amended in the following particulars: Antenne in ¢ 1, in @ shorter; forewings with 2 from 4, 3 from angle. The genus is structurally near 20 ; 154 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Pseudodoxia, from which it is distinguished by vein 7 of forewings running to termen, Psaltica monochorda, Meyr. OG. 12-16 mm. Head light yellowish, sometimes tinged with brownish. Palpi pale yellowish, second joint varying from brownish to dark fuscous. Forewings with anterior half brown or dark brown, white median line variable, nearly straight or rather curved, often followed by a fascia of pale yellowish, suffusion, discal black dot usually on posterior edge of this fascia, but some- times within it if broad, apical area beyond this more or less suffused with brown, Hindwings varyise from pale to dark grey. Maskeliya, Madulsima, Peradeniya, Ceylon (Pole) ; from August to May, sixteen specimens, A variable species ; the above notes are supplementary to the original description, Psaltica toxophanes, n. sp. d. 13 mm. Head, antenne, and thorax fuscous, crown suffused with ochreous-yellowish, Palpi dark fuscous, terminal joint whitish-ochreous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft ochreous-yellowish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; glossy ochreous-fuscous, with a faint purplish tinge; an incurved pale ochreous-yellowish fascia at 3, anterior edge sharply defined, posterior suffus- ed : cilia fuscous, Hindwings grey ; cilia pale fuscous tinged with yellowish. Khasis ; in July, one specimen. Much blunter-winged than the preceding, without white line or black dot. Psaltica xanthochra, n. sp. @. 10 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax yellow-ochreous. Antenne greyish. Abdomen grey, anal tuft ochreous-yellowish. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; glossy ochreous- brown, with a faint lilac tinge ; a straight whitish line crossing wing at 3, carrying the small black second discal stigma on its posterior edge, followed by a fascia of deep yellow suffusion, becoming much broader towards costa, apical area beyond this tinged with deep yellow: cilia ochreous-yellow Hindwings rather dark grey ; cilia light grey tinged with yellowish. Puttalam, Ceylon (Pole) ; two specimens, Distinguished from P. mono- chorda by the smaller size, deep yellow suffusion, more obtuse forewings, and black discal dot resting on white line instead of beyond it. Eupselia, Meyr. A genus of about fourteen Australian species, hitherto not found elsewhere. It is allied to Psaliica, but differs by the shorter antenne, which are not lengthened or thickened in @, and coincidence of veins 7 and 8 of forewings (7 to costa, 8 absent), ‘The following species agrees well in character with the typical Australian forms. EHupselia isacta, n. sp. 6 Q. 13-14mm, Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-yellow, sides of face and shoulders ferruginous, Antenne whitish-ochreous. Abdomen ochreous- DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 155 yellowish tinged with grey. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; ochreous-yellow ; base of costa ferruginous, edge sometimes dark fuscous ; a dark brown transverse median fascia, anterior edge suffused into ground colour, posterior sharply limited by a white line ; more or less brownish suffusion towards termen : cilia ochreous- yellow, towards tornus tinged with brownish. Hindwings fuscous or dark fuscous ; cilia light greyish-ochreous, more or less tinged with fuscous. Cuddapah, 4,000 feet (Campbell) ; N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; in June, five specimens. Leptosaces, Meyr. This genus, founded on a New Zealand species, differs from Cryptolechia by the costal termination of vein 7 of forewings. Whilst maintaining it for pre- sent convenience, I think that it may, however, be ultimately merged in Cryptolechia, Leptosaces phebas, Meyr. (Eulechria phebas, Meyr. Journal, Bombay Natural History Society, XVII, 742,) Described from females only, but having obtained both sexes commonly, I find that the species is referable here, the antennein ¢ being only minutely ciliated. Khasis ; from May to October, Leptosaces anticentra, n. sp. 6 Q- lk-f[4 mm. Head and thorax deep ochreous-yellow, shoulders suffused with dark fuscous, Palpi ochreous-yellow, somewhat sprinkled with dark fuscous. Antenne pale yellowish, suftusedly ringed with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Forewings elon- gate, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen slightly rounded, very oblique ; deep ochreous-yellow, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; base of costa suffused with dark fuscous ; stigmata dark fuscous, plical rather beyond first discal, second discal merged in a narrow dark fuscous fascia running from a triangular costal spot at 2 to tornus, where it unites with a dark fuscous terminal fascia, which is rather broad on costa and irregularly attenuated downwards : cilia ochreous-yellow, with dark grey patches above apex and on tornus, Hindwings grey, darker in Q ; cilia pale grey, with darker subbasal shade, Khasis ; in May, four specimens, Very like facunda, but larger and more strongly marked, and easily recognised by the position of the plical stigma which is obliquely beyond first discal instead of before it, Leptosaces facunda, n. sp. é 2. 11-12mm. Head, palpi, and thorax deep ochreous-yellow, shoul- ders dark fuscous. Antenne light yellowish, ringed in @ with grey. in 9 with dark fuscous except towards base. Abdomen grey, anal tuft ochreous- yellowish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; deep ochreous-yellow ; a streak of 156 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. XX, rather dark fuscous suffusion along basal third of costa ; stigmata blackish, plical rather before first discal, an additional dot beneath second discal ; a spot of rather dark fuscous suffusion on middle of costa, reaching second dis- cal stigma ; a moderately broad rather dark fuscous terminal fascia, rather prominent in disc so as to touch second discal stigma and dot beneath it : cilia ochreous-yellow, on tornus fuscous, Hindwings grey ; cilia whitish-yellowish, tinged with grey towards base, Khasis ; in June, four specimens, Leptosaces matea, 0, sp. & Q. 15-17 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, Palpi ochreous- whitish, second joint brownish or fuscous except apex, Antenne whitish- ochreous, dotted with fuscous except towards base, Abdomen whitish-ochre- ous tinged with grey, Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; whitish-ochreous: cilia con- colorous, Hindwings grey ; cilia ochreous-whitish tinged with grey towards base. Cuddapah, 4,000 feet (Campbell) ; three specimens, Periacma, Meyr. The original diagnosis should be corrected or extended in the following particulars. Antenne 4 to nearly 1, in @ simple, rather thick. Labial palpi in @ with basal joint somewhat lengthened, second joint greatly elongate, moderately stout, smooth-scaled, pointed, terminal joint absent, in Q with second joint normal, long, terminal as long as second or shorter, slender, acute, Forewings with 2 and 3 sometimes stalked, 7 to apex or sometimes termen. Having now plenty of material for dissection, I find that the @ palpi are really two-jointed, the greatly elongate joint, which I supposed to be the terminal, being really the second, whilst the terminal is wholly absent ; when the palpus is denuded, there appears to be not even a rudiment of it. The long second joint, though somewhat pointed, is not slender, and acute like the true terminal. As further evidence that it is really the terminal joint which is absent, it may be noticed that in such species as scrupulosa and metrica, where the second joint in the Q bears a black subapical ring, this same ring will be found inthe @ beneath the apex of the elongate joint, clearly indi- cating its homology. This curious palpus, which is unique and cannot be mistaken for that of any other Lepidoptera, is alike in all the nineteen de- scribed species, and forms the distinguishing mark of the genus. Besides the three species previously described, Phwosaces torrida, Meyr. is properly referable here. Periacma contraria, 0. sp. 6 15mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax whitish-ochreous, Abdomen pale grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous, Forewings elongate, costa géntly arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded; 7 to termen ; whitish-ochreous, anteriorly tinged with yellow-ochreous, with a few scattered DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 157 blackish specks ; a small spot of fuscous suffusion on base of costa ; discal stig- mata moderate, black, plical absent, but an additional dot beneath second discal ; several minute blackish dots on posterior part of costa and termen : cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings whitish-grey ; cilia ochreous-whitish. Nilgiris, 6,000 feet (Andrewes) ;in May, two specimens. Periacma scrupulosa, n. sp. ; Q & 16-18 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, Palpi ochreous-whitish, sprinkled with black except apex of second and base and apex of terminal joint, second joint with blackish subapical ring, Antenne ochreous-whitish, ringed with dark fuscous. Thorax whitish-ochreous sprinkled with blackish. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, dorsally suffused with grey, Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; 7 to apex ; pale greyish-ochreous, sprinkled with fuscous and blackish; a blackish doton base of costa, one in middle of base, and one beyond and between these ; stigmata cloudy blackish, plical rather beyond first discal ; cloudy blackish costal dots on veins 8-12: cilia pale fuscous irrorated with whitish-ochreous, aleng costa and on basal third along termen whitish- ochreous barred with blackish. Hindwings light grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous with faint greyish subbasal shade, Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole) ; in January, three specimens. Periacma metrica, a, sp. 62 16-19 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, shoulders blackish, Palpi ochreous-whitish, somewhat sprinkled with blackish, second joint with black subapical ring, Antenne whitish-ochreous, sometimes tinged with fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with grey, Forewings elon- gate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; 7 to apex; pale greyish-ochreous, sprinkled with blackish ; a black dot on base of costa, one in middle of base, and one beyond and between these ; stigmata black, plical slightly beyond first discal; a more or less developed longitudinal streak of blackish irroration above middle, hardly traceable anteriorly, usually distinct from above second discal stigma to beneath costa before apex, where it forms a cloudy blackish spect; a series of blackish dots round posterior half of costa and termen: cilia pale fuscous irorated with whitish-ochreous, basal third more or less spotted with blackish on costa with two entire blackish bars before apex. Hindwings pale grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous, Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole) ;in January, April, May, August and October ; ten specimens, Closely allied and very similar to the preceding species, but differs by the distinctly broader fore and hind wings, the forewings somewhat dilated posteriorly, the presence of the dark streak or at least spot beneath costa posteriorly, and the antenne not ringed with dark fuscous. Periacma limosa, n. sp. 3 2 14-20 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax light brownish-ochreous, Abdomen grey, anal tuft pale ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arch- 158 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vo). XX. ed, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; 7 to apex ; light ochreous, suffusedly irrorated with brownish or fuscous ; stigmata large, cloudy, indistinct, fuscous, plical hardly beyond first discal; sometimes an indistinct cloudy spot of fuscous suffusion towards apex: cilia light brownish-ochreous, sometimes with indications of fuscous spots. faint darker shades. Maskeliya, Kegalle, Polgahawela, Puttalam, Trincomali, Ceylon (Pole, Alston, Green) ; in May, and from October to December, twelve specimens, Periacma byrsodes, 1. sp. & 20 mm. Head pale greyish-ochreous. Palpi pale greyish-ochreous, irro- rated with blackish. Antenne and thorax pale greyish-ochreous irrorated with fuscous. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous, irrorated with grey. Fore- wings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen somewhat sinuate, rather oblique ; 7 to apex ; fuscous sprinkled with pale ochreous and blackish ; stigmata large, cloudy, very indistinct, formed of dark fuscous irro- ration, plical hardly beyond first discal, from second discal a streak of rather dark fuscous suffusion runs to submedian fold before tornus; a dark fuscous terminal line: cilia whitish-ochreous, with traces of an interrupted fuscous median shade. Hindwings grey ; cilia as in forewings. Hakeala, Ceylon (Green) ; in May, one specimen. Periacma pentachora, u. sp. @ 16-20 mm, Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish-ochreous, shoulders dark fuscous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, basal joint and base of second irrorated with dark fuscous, second joint with a dark fuscous subapical dot. Antenne whitish-ochreous more or less suffused with fuscous, becoming dark fuscous towards base. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, oblique ; 7 to apex; whitish-ochreous, suffused with pale yellow-ochreous towards margins ; a moderate blackish spot on base of costa; stigmata blackish, plical slightly beyond first discal, another dot between and above discal, and a fifth near beneath second discal ; suffused dark fuscous spots on costa at 3, 3,:towards apex, and on tornus, variable in development and sometimes in part almost obsolete: cilia whitish- ochreous. Hindwings whitish-ochreous tinged with grey; cilia whitish- ochreous. Palni Hills (Campbell) ; two specimens. Periacma turbulenta, n. sp. & 2 18-21 mm. Head and'thorax light ochreous-yellowish, thorax anteriorly more or less widely suffused with dark fuscous, Palpi pale ochreous-yellowish, second joint sprinkled with fuscous. Antenne whitish-ochreous, more or less suffused with fuscous, Abdomen light grey, anal tuft light ochreous- yellowish. Forewings elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, oblique ; 7 to apex; light ochreous-yellow- ish, irregularly sprinkled with brownish ; a broad streak of darker brown irroration or suffusion along costa from base to 4, including a dark, fuscous Hindwings grey ; cilia light grey, with two on =) DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MiCRkO-LEPIDOPTERA, 1 patch on base of costa; stigmata dark, fuscous, plical rather beyond first discal, discal connected by a pale yellowish streak, second large ; a more or less developed triangular patch of dark fuscous suffusion on tornus, extend- ing along termen to apex, its angle touching second discal stigma: cilia light ochreous-yellowish, on costa and at apex barred with dark brown suffu- sion, on termen sometimes with interrupted brownish antemedian shade. Hindwings light grey, in ¢ more or less suffused with whitish-ochreous ; cilia whitish-ochreous, with two more or less indistinct grey shades, Khasis ; in September and October, seven specimens. Periacma ceroplasta, n. sp. AQ 18-24 mm. Head and thorax light ochreous-yellowish, shoulders suf- fused with dark fuscous, Palpiin ¢ whitish-ochreous witha few fuscous scales -in Q with rough expanded hairs towards apex of second joint above, light ochreous-yellowish sprinkled with dark fuscous. Antennz whitish- ochreous obscurely ringed with dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous tinged with grey. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, oblique; 7 to termen ; light ochreous-yellowish, usually with some scattered fuscous or dark fuscous seales ; a broad undefined costal streak of fuscous irroration from base to middle ; sometimes some fuscous suffusion towards middle of dorsum ; stigmata black, plical obliquely beyond first discal, an additional dot close beneath second discal and sometimes connected with it; a patch of dark fuscous suffusion on costa at 2; amore or less developed terminal fascia of fuscous or dark fuscous suffusion, triangularly dilated beneath so as to touch dot beneath second discal stigma: cilia light ochreous-yellowish, with more or less developed subbasal series of fuscous spots, above apex and at tornus with patches of dark fuscous suffusion. Hindwings light fuscous, more or less suffused with whitish-ochreous; cilia whitish-ochreous, with faint greyish subbasal shade. Palni Hills, 6,000 feet (Campbell) ; four specimens, Periacma chelonias, n. sp, 3. 14-19 mm. Head and thorax deep ochreous-yellow, sides of crown and shoulders variably suffused with dark purplish-fuscous. Palpi ochreous- yellow, second joint with dark fuscous almost apical band, in Q with scales somewhat expanded above towards apex, terminal joint in Q 4. Antenne whitish-ochreous more or less suffused with fuscous. Abdomen grey. Fore- wings elongate, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen faintly sinuate, oblique, more so in Q ; deep ochreous-yellow, sometimes tinged with brownish: or sprinkled with dark fuscous; markings dark purplish- fuscous ; a thick streak along costa from base to beyond middle ; stigmata well-marked, plical hardly beyond first discal, these two often included in a rather broad transverse fascia of dark suffusion ; a variable spot on costa at 3 often connected with second discal stigma; a moderate terminal fascia, tri- angularly dilated beneath so as to touch second discal stigma; cilia ochreous- 160 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. yellow with dark fuscous patches above apex and on tornus, Hindwings grey ; cilia light grey, becoming pale yellowish on upper part of termen. Maskeliya, Peradeniya, Ceylon (Pole, Green, de Mowbray); from February to October, eleven specimens. The short terminal joint of palpiin Q is a special character. Ihavea large Q specimen, in which the whole forewing is suffused with rather dark fuscous, except a yellow streak on costa posteriorly, the cilia yellow as usual ; it is probably a variety of this species ; in colouring it recalls melicrossa, but is not so dark, and differs in palpi and form of wing. Periacma melicrossa, 0. sp. GQ. 14-16 mm. Head ochreous-yellow. Palpi ochreous-yellow, second joint with dark fuscous subapical ring, in 9 with scales somewhat expanded above towards apex. Antenne pale yellowish, suffusedly dotted with fuscous. Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous, anal tuftin @ mixed witb pale yellowish. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, oblique ; 7 to just below apex; dark fuscous, in @ somewhat suffused with ochreous except towards costa and posteriorly, with a spot of yellow suffusion on costa beyond middle, stigmata perceptible, darker fuscous, in Q all these absent except afew yellowish scales on costa beyond middle; adeep yellow mark long costa towards apex: cilia ochreous-yellow, with a bar above apex and tornal patch blackish-grey. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey, with darker subbasal shade, Coorg, 3,590 feet (Newcome) ; from May to August, five specimens. Periacma laganopa, 0. sp. &@.16-19mm. Head and palpi ochreous-yellow. Antenne fuscous, be- neath pale yellowish. Thorax ochreous-fuscous, Abdomen grey, anal tuft yellow-ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, oblique ; 7 to termen ; light yellow-brownish ; stigmata dark fuscous, plical slightly beyond first discal ; a suffused fuscous wedgeshaped mark from tornus touching second discal: cilia brownish-yellowish, on tornus sometimes with a brown patch. Hindwings rather thinly scaled, grey ; cilia greyish-yellowish. oe Khasis ; in June and July, three specimens, Periacmia haliphea, 0. sp. GQ. 14-16 mm, Head deep ochreous-yellow. Palpi ochreous-yellow, in @ more or less tinged with whitish. Antenne dark grey. Thorax lilac-fuscous. Abdomen dark grey, anal tuft ochreous-yellowish. Forewing elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, oblique ; 7 to termen ; lilac-fuscous. second discal stigma sometimes obscurely darker : cilia ochreous-yellowish, towards apex and tornus suffused with brownish, Hindwings rather dark grey ; cilia ochreous-yellowish. Khbasis ; from July to September, eleven specimens. Periacmia isomora, 0. sp. g. 22 mm, Head deep ochreous-yellow, Palpi ochreous-yellow, second joint with black subapical ring, Antenne dark grey. Thorax and abdomen DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 161 dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, oblique ; 7 to just below apex ; dark fuscous ; second discal stigma and a suffused streak connecting it with tornus very obscurely darker : cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia fuscous, with darker sub- basal shade. Khasis ; in May, one specimen. Periacma conophanta, n. sp. 3 @.14-16 mm. Head, palpi, antennz, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous ; lower part of face and base of palpi in ¢ suffused with whitish-ochreous, tip of palpi in Q whitish ; anal tuft mixed with whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, oblique; 7 to apex; dark purplish-fuscous ; stigmata obscurely darker, plical rather beyond first discal ; a small triangular ochreous-whitish spot on costa about #: cilia dark fuscous, Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia fuscous. Madulsima, Peradeniya, Maturatta, Ceylon (Green, Pole); Khasis; from March to September, ten specimens. Periacma iodesma, un. sp. 6 2.17-19 mm. Head and thorax orange. Palpi orange, second joint in @ with dark fuscous streak anteriorly except towards base. Antenne grey, beneath whitish-ochreous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft pale ochreous-yellowish. Fore- wings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; 7 to apex ; orange ; markings dark purplish-fuscous ; a dot on base of costa an irregular spot on base of dorsum; a streak along fold from near base to middle of wing, sometimes connected with preceding ; a rather elongate mark above this, representing first discal stigma ; a rather narrow fascia from costa beyond middle to dorsum before tornus, where it unites with a similar more irregular-edged fascia running round apex and termen cilia orange, becoming paler towards tips, beneath tornus grey, Hindwings grey ; cilia pale yellowish, with indistinct grey subbasal shade. Khasis ; in May and June, twenty specimens. Closely allied to orthiodes, but the latter species is smaller and paler, and entirely without the dark fus- cous streak on palpi of @. Before recognising its distinctness I sent specimens of the present species under the name of orthiodes to some of my corre- spondents, who are hereby requested to correct the error; the type of orthéodes is from Burma, and still unique. Mesoihyrsa, n. g. Head with appressed scales, side-tufts loosely spreading ; ocelli presont ; tongue developed, Antennz 3,in @ rather stout, simple, basal joint moder ate, without pecten. Labial palpi very long, recurved, second joint very long, densely scaled, with rough expanded hairs above towards apex, terminal joint in ¢ short. obtuse, flattened and somewhat concave internally, in @ z, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi short, filiform, appressed to tongue, Posterior tibie clothed with long hairs above, Forewings with 2 from towards 21 162 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HiSTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. angle, 8 and 9 out of 7, 7to termen, 11 from middle. Hindwings 1, elongate- ovate, cilia +; 3 and 4 connate, 5—7 tolerably parallel. In palpi and general characters intermediate between Periacma and Crypto- lechia, but dittering from both in 9 of forewings rising out of 7. Mesothyrsa cwolopis, 0. sp. &Q. 18-18 mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous-yellowish, sides of crown - somewhat mixed with fuscous, shoulders suffused with dark fuscous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, in @ with apex of second joint and most of terminal except apex suffused with dark fuscous, in Q with a few dark fuscous scales. Antenne pale yellowish. Abdomen whitish-yellowish, more or less sprinkled with grey. Forewings-elongate, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, ter- men sinuate, oblique ; light ochreous-yellowish ; markings purplish-grey mixed with blackish-grey, variable in development ; a spot extending along basal fifth of costa ; stigmata irregular, large or small, plical beneath first discal, sometimes cloudy grey fasciz extending from both discal stigmata to dorsum, second also connected with a blackish spot on costa at 2 ; a cloudy fascia along termen, sometimes connected with both extremities of the preceding fascia: cilia light ochreous-yellow, with grey spots above apex and on tornus. Hind- wings whitish-ochreous, more or less suffused with light grey on margins ; cilia whitish-ochreous. Palni Hills, 6,000 feet (Campbell) ; four specimens, The single 9 example shows less grey colouring than any of the ¢@. Cryptolechia, Zell. The genera Homosaces, Phwosaces, and Prosarotra are structurally, but ap- parently not naturally, separable from Cryptolechia, and I have therefore in- cluded all together ; the same differences of neuration and palpi occur also in. Periacma. Cryptolechia micracma, n, sp. @@. 12-13 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-yellow. Palpi ochreous- yellowish, second joint rough-scaled above towards apex, apex dark fuscous, terminal joint in ¢ very short, in 9 3. Antenne pale yellowish ringed with fuscous, Abdomen whitish-yellowish, in Q dorsally suffused with grey. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex tolerably pointed, more so in Q, termen nearly straight, in @ rather strongly, in Q very oblique; 7 to apex ; deep ochreous-yellow, irregularly sprinkled with dark fuscous ; stigmata dark fuscous, plical nearly beneath first discal; a suffused dark fuscous spot on costa at 2; an irregular terminal fascia of dark fuscous suffusion or irroration, projecting beneath so as to touch second discal stigma: cilia ochreous-yellow. Hindwings in @ pale yellowish, in @ light grey ; cilia pale yellowish. Ceylon (probably low country) ; Khasis ; in July, three specimens. Cryptolechia vespertina, n. sp. &@@. 17-20 mm. Head, palpi, antennz 3, and thorax dark fuscous, sides of crown pale ochreous. Abdomen pale ochreous, dorsally tinged with grey. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 163 oblique ; 7 to apex ; dark purplish-fuscous, sprinkled with blackish ; stigmata large, cloudy, blackish, plical rather obliquely beyond first discal, second discal transverse ; sometimes a suffused whitish-ochreous spot on costa at 2: cilia dark purplish-fuscous, with an interrupted whitish-ochreous basal line. Hind- wings in ¢ whitish-ochreous more or less suffused with grey towards termen, in 9 grey, paler towards base and suffused with whitish-ochreous along costa anteriorly ; cilia whitish-ochreous with grey subbasal shade. Khasis ; in September, eight specimens. Cryptolechia wraria, 0. Sp. &Q. 9-11 mm. Head dark fuscous, face pale ochreous, sides of crown mixed with yellow-ochreous. Palpi pale ochreous, externally dark fuscous except towards apex of second joint. Antenne dark fuscous, beneath pale ochreous. Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous, Forewings elongate, rather dilated posteriorly, costa anteriorly slightly arched, posteriorly rather bent, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, rather oblique ; 7 to termen ; dark pur- plish-fuscous, sprinkled with blackish ; some ochreous-yellow scales towards costa anteriorly ; a more or less developed rather broad undefined median fascia of ochreous-yellow irroration, broader towards costa ; some irregular scattered ochreous-yellow scales posteriorly : cilia dark fuscous, with more or less developed basal series of small ochreous-yellow spots. Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous, Khasis ; from July to October, five specimens. Crypitvlechia arvalis, 0. sp. 6 2. 15-17 mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous-yellowish, longitudinally streaked with ferruginous suffusion, Palpi whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with ferruginous and dark fuscous, second joint with scales roughly expanded towards apex above, terminal'joint with a blackish submedian ring, Antenne pale yellowish, indistinctly dotted with fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft pale yellowish. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex tolerably pointed, termen slightly sinuate, oblique ; 7 to termen ; ferruginous more or less sprinkled with black, costa and all veins marked with suffused pale ochreous-yellowish streaks: cilia light ochreous-yellowish, on basal half and on tornus throughout barred with ferruginous suffusion sprinkled with black. Hindwings dark grey ; cilia light grey, becoming whitish-ochreous round apex. Karwar (Maxwell) ; Coorg, 3,506 feet (Newcome); in July and December, seven specimens. Cryptolechia iridias, n. sp. 6. i7-21mm. Head golden ochreous, face and sides of crown more or less suffused with dark purple-bronzy. Palpi ochreous-yellow, second joint more or less bronzy towards base, Antenne light ochreous, cowards base suffused with dark purplish-fuscous. Thorax yellow-ochreous, suffused anteriorly with dark purplish-fuscous, Abdomen light ochreous. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen 164 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, nearly straight, rather oblique ; 7 to apex ; pale yellow-ochreous, more or less sprinkled with dark brownish, especially on apical third ; base of costa suffused with dark fuscous ; stigmata dark fuscous, plical rather obliquely beyond first discal : cilia pale yellow-ochreous, Hindwings pale shining ochreous, tinged with fuscous posteriorly ; cilia pale yellow-ochreous. Khasis,in July and August ; four specimens, Cryptolechia tyrochyta, n. sp. &. 19-20mm. Head, antenne and thorax light yellow-ochreous, Palpi ochreous-yellowish, second joint with scales roughly expanded above towards apex, irrorated or suffused with rather dark fuscous except towards apex. Abdomen grey, anal tuft ochreous-yellowish. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; 7 to apex ; light yellow-ochreous ; first discal stigma absent or represented by two or three blackish scales, second more or less well-marked, blackish ; in one specimen a few dark fuscous scales on tornus: cilia light yellow- ochreous, Hindwings grey ; cilia ochreous-yellowish. Cuddapak, 4,000 feet (Campbell) ; three specimens. Cryptolechia aganopis, Meyr. G. 15-19 mm,, 9 19-26 mm. Forewing with 7 to apex (not termen as stated) ; varying from pale brownish-ochreous to light brown ; plical stigma in & hardly beyond first discal, in @ obliquely beyond first discal, sometimes obsolete. Hindwings fuscous or pale fuscous, Maskeliya, Madulsima, Kandy, Puttalam, Trincomali, Ceylon ; from May to February. Cry ptolechia orthotoma, Meyr. G. 14-17 mm., Q 15-21 mm. Forewings varying from pale-ochreous to light fuscous ; stigmata smallerin @. Maskeliya, Peradeniya, Matale, Galle, Ceylon; from February to August, and in November Cryptolechia dochea, n. sp. &@Q. 14-20mm. Head, antenne and thorax whitish-ochreous, variably tinged with grey. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint with scales roughly expanded above towards apex, sprinkled with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; 7 to apex ; pale greyish-ochreous, sometimes tinged with brownish, more or less sprinkled with dark fuscous ; stigmata blackish, ; discal well-marked, plical obliquely beyond first discal, sometimes little » marked ; a terminal series of small dark fuscous dots: cilia pale greyish- ochreous, with two more or less indicated fuscous lines. Hindwings light grey ; cilia pale greyish-ochreous, with one or two grey shades, Maskeliya, Madulsima, Maturatta, Hakgala, Rambukkhana, Polgahawela, | Patipola, Ceylon (Green, Alston, Vaughan) ; in May, June, and from Septem- ber to February, seventeen specimens, Smaller than aganopis, and recognis- DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 165 able by the different colouring and terminal dots. This is the species erroneously identified by me as fetraspilella, Walk., which latter is, I believe, really a Xyloryctid, and probably supersedes Odites tsocentra, Meyr., though from the difficulty of properly examining the type I cannot positively identify it at present, Cryptolechia temperata, n. sp. Q. 20-24 mm. Head cchreous-yellow. Palpi pale ochreous-yellowish, smooth-sealed. Antenne pale yellowish, Thorax ochreous-yellowish, more or less suffused with light brownish, Abdomen light ochreous-yellowish. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, rather oblique; 7 to apex , ochreous-yellow, towards dorsum, more or less tinged with brownish ; stigmata brownish, first discal and plical minute, indistinct, plical obliquely beyond first discal, second discal larger and darker : cilia ochreous-yellow, Hindwings light grey, more or less tinged with pale ochreous ; cilia pale ochreous -yellowish. Simla ;in July and August, four specimens. Oryptolechia costemaculella, Christ. (Depressaria costemaculella, Christ, Bull. Mosc. 1882, 18, Snell. Tijd. v., Ent. xxvii, 158, pl. 8,5.) Sikkim ; Darjeeling ;in July. Described from Eastern Siberia ; it is a species of distinct appearance, allied to the following, with which it entirely agrees in structure, having the palpi smooth-scaled, and vein 7 of forewings to apex ; it is therefore no Depressaria. Cryptolechia eoa, n. sp. Q@. 24mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, collar tinged with grey, Palpi ochreous-whitish, smooth-scaled, basal third and a subapical ring of second joint, and apical 2 of terminal joint blackish, Antennz greyish, mixed with blackish towards base, Abdomen pale ochreous, sprinkled with dark fuscous. Forewings sub-oblong, slightly dilated :posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, little oblique; 2 and 3 closely appreximated at base; light greyish-ochreous, almost wholly suffused with light rose-pink except in middle of disc and a narrow more whitish-ochreous terminal fascia ; some irregular scattered minute dots and strigule of blackish seales ; a narrow blackish basal fascia ; two or three blackish dots or marks on costa anteriorly ; a small black costal spot at 2 ; first discal stigma small, black- ish ; a moderate black fascia-form bar from costa beyond middle, extended so as to enclose in its apex second discal stigma, which is white, and witha triangular projection of grey suffusion mixed with black from middle of its posterior margin ; two blackish spots on costa beyond this, united beneath costa ; a series of blackish marks round apex and termen: cilia -whitish-ochre- ous, Hindwings light greyish-ochreous, more greyish posteriorly ; three or four grey marks on upper part of termen ; cilia whitish-ochreous. Khasis ; in October, one specimen. This distinct species, though structur- ally in all respects a true Cryptolechia, not improbably indicates the origin of Depressaria from that genus, 166 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Depressaria, Haw. The only species yet known to me from India are the two following, both from the Himalayan region ; the other species attributed to the genus by Stainton and others are not correctly referred. Depressaria cyclas, n. sp. @. 19-20 mm. Head and thorax pale brownish-ochreous, patagia dark fuscous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint irrorated with dark fuscous, terminal joint with dark fuscous median band, Antenne pale ochreous infuscated above, especially towards base. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, irrorated with grey. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; 2and 3 stalked ; pale brownish-ochreous, with irregularly scattered small dots and strigule of black scales; an oblique black subdorsal dash at base; costa irregularly spotted with blackish throughout, spots rather larger posteriorly ; discal stigmata round, black, an additional black dot obliquely before and above first discal ; an irregular dark fuscous blotch lying between and above discal stigmata, touching second but not first ; a spot of dark fuscous suffusion beneath costa at 3; a terminal series of black dots: cilia whitish-ochreous, on basal half obscurely barred with greyish. Hindwings light grey, paler towards base ; three or four blackish-grey marks on upper part of termen ; cilia pale grey. Dalhousie, Kashmir; in May, two specimens. Most like the Huropean petasitis. Depressaria taciturna, n, sp. O@. 24-25 mm. Head and thorax light brownish. Palpi brownish sprinkled with whitish, basal # of second joint, and basal and supramedian bands of terminal joint dark fuscous, sometimes almost wholly suffused with dark fuscous except apex of terminal joint, Antenne fuscous, Abdomen light greyish-ochreous more or less suffusedly irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; 2 rather widely remote ; brownish, sprinkled with darker, costal and terminal areas sprinkled with fuscous-whitish ; two indistinctly indicated oblique darker streaks from costatowards base, apex of second more or less marked with dark fuscous ; first discal stigma indicated by an oblique dark fuscous mark,sometimes followed by some fuscous- whitish scales, second by a fuscous-whitish dot, edged with some darker scales ; these are connected by an indistinct streak of darker suffusion, extending more or less beyond second ; a more or less developed sometimes interrupted similar streak along posterior half of submedian fold ; a somewhat darker curved subterminal line, on which the veins are indicated by scattered dark fuscous scales ; a series of cloudy dots of dark fuscous irroration round apex and termen: cilia light brownish sprinkled with darker, towards tips sprinkled with whitish, Huind- wings pale fuscous, darker posteriorly ; cilia pale fuscous, with darker subbasal line. Simla ; in August, three specimens. Perhaps nearest venejiceila, DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 167 Tonica, Walk. This generic name supersedes Binsitta, Walk. Tonica niviferana, Walk. Peradeniya, Ceylon ; Karwar, Bombay, Calcutta, Sikkim, The pupa of this and the next species stands erect on its tail, and imitates the head of a small snake (Maxwell). Tonica teratella, Walk. (Tonica terasella (prav. form.), Walk., Cat, XXITX,, 788.) Karwar (Maxwell) ; Sikkim ; in July. Also from Borneo, Tonica zizyphi, Staint. (Depressaria sizyphi, Staint, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond, (ns.), V., 115 ; D. angusta Wals., Moore, Lep, Ceyl. ILI., 508, pl. 209, 5.) Maskeliya, Kegalle, Puttalam, Ceylon ; Palni Hills ; in October, Stainton’s type was from Calcutta ; it was bred from Zizyphus jujuba. Protonostoma, n. g. Head with appressed hairs: ocelli present; tongue developed. Antenne 3, in @ serrate, minutely ciliated, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi very long, recurved, second joint with dense appressed scales, terminal joint shorter than second, moderate, acute. Maxillary palpi short, distinct, porrected. Posterior tibiz shortly rough-scaled above, Forewings with 2 from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen, 11 from middle. Hindwings 1, ovate, cilia +; 3 and 4 connate, 5-7 parallel. Tconsider this genus must approach very near the primitive form of the (Ecophoride, from which the whole of the remainder could theoretically be derived. It has also marked affinity with the Plutellidw, and indicates their probable origin from that family. The labial palpi, neuration, and superficial characters are of clear Gicophorid type, On the other hand the maxillary palpi are distinctly of Plutellid type,and I have not observed any similar in the Oecophoride ; the shortness of the cilia of hindwings, and apparent absence of jong hairs on posterior tibiz (these last are more or less damaged, and the structure is not quite clear) are also Plutellid characters, Superficially the species is very similar to Hypercallia pyrarcha described above. If the genus is regarded as primitive, then it might have given tise through Cryptolechia to the Depressariad subfamily, and through Hypercallia to the Oecophorid sub-= family. This solution would apparently satisfy all conditions of the problem known to me at present, Protonostoma ethopa, n. sp. 6. 13-14 mm. Head ochreous-yellowish, crown dark fuscous except on sides. Labial palpi yellow, second joint mixed with orange and more or less irrorated with dark fuscous, terminal joint dark fuscous except apex. Maxillary palpi pale yellowish, apex black. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous with a yellow spot on each side posteriorly, patagia sometimes mixed with or- ange. Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath whitish-yellow. Forewings suboblong, moderately broad, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly round- 168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX, ed, little oblique ; dark fuscous ; an irregular patch of yellow reticulated with ferruginous-orange in disc anteriorly ; oblique yellow marks edged with fer- ruginous-orange on costa at 4 and 2; a patch of suffused ferruginous-orange reticulation in disc beyond middle, touching second costal mark ; a submarginal series of more or less marked spots of ferruginous-orange suffusion running from second costal mark round apex and upper part of termen: cilia dark fuscous, with yellow patches above and below apex. Hindwings dark fuscous ; cilia dark fuscous, with more or less pale yellowish suffusion towards middle of termen. Khasis ; in April and September, three specimens, [ To be continued. | 169 [Reprinted with corrections from the “ Ibis” of 1909 by permission. | ON THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY, NORTHERN INDIA. BY Ligvut, C. H. T. WHITEHEAD, Indian Army. With an Introduction by Masor H. A.F. Macraru, Indian Army. I.— INTRODUCTION, By Major H. A, F. Macratu, Contrasted with a district of the Punjab, which I had just left, the variety of the surrounding bird-life was one of the first impressions received on my arrival at Kohat in December 1904, and it struck me that, as I was likely to be quartered there for some time, a list of the birds of the district might be usefully attempted. I had already made notes on a few of the commoner species, when Thad the good fortune to discover in Mr. C. H. T. Whitehead, 56th Rifles, who had just rejoined his regiment at Kohat,a keen naturalist, anxious to start work at once on the ornithology of the district. We at once agreed to work to- gether, and in spite of military duties which permitted of little leisure for the pursuit of hobbies, we had, by the end of February 1906, acquired at first hand a fair working knowledge of the local avifauna. In March 1906 my regiment moved to the Samana, a ridge 6,500 feet above sea-leveland 30 miles due west of Kohat Station. This ridge forms the northern boundary of the Miranzai Valley, and overlooks on the north the Khanki Valley and Tirah, the land of the Afridis. Here a few interesting additions were made to our list—such as Pica rustica, Accentor rufilatus, Accentor himalayanus, Fringillauda sordida, and Suya crinigera. Meanwhile, Whitehead was doing good work below, and during the manceuvres secured, amongst other birds, an example of Fringilla celebs, a species new to India, In the end of April 1906 I proceeded home on furlough and, as the sequel will shew, the production of the List was then left entirely in Whitehead’s hands. An interesting discovery made by him shortly after my departure was a nesting colony of Aédon familiaris in the vicinity of the station. Taking two months’ leave in June 1906, he paid a visit to the Kurram Valley lying to the N.-W. of Kohat,and followed to their breeding-grounds at the head of the valley many of the birds that winter in the plains around Kohat. During these two months he explored the Safed Koh Range very thoroughly, considering the short time at his disposal, ascending the two peaks of Sikaram (15,600 ft.) and Bodin (14,000 ft.), and by dint of real hard work, aided by much enthusiasm, added a great deal to our knowledge of the distribution and nesting-habits of many Oriental and Palearctic species, discovering for the first time the nests and getting the eggs of Sazicola capistrata and Phylloscopus subviridis, besides obtaining some interesting mammals, His most important discovery, however, wasa new 22 170 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, race of Anorthura procured at 10,000 feet on the Safed Koh. To this kird he has very generously done me the honour of giving my name, an honour quite undeserved, which has made me insist on the trivial name of “ Whitehead’s Wren” for that species. With the kind assistance of Dr, Bowdler Sharpe and Mr. Charles Chubb I was enabled to work out, at the British Museum, the skins procured by White= head on this trip, in addition to those previously collected in Kohat. During my absence on leave my regiment had marched in course of relief to Bannu, the district which borders the Kohat District to the south. My official connexion with Kohai was, therefore, much to my regret (especially as I could no longer pursue my ornithological studies there) severed, Passing through Kohat Station on my return from leave, Whitehead met me with the interesting news that he had a few days previously shot a Waxwing (A mpelis garrulus), another new bird for India. In April 1907, availing myself of three months’ privilege leave aiid White- head at the same time obtaining a year’s furlough, we decided to take a trip together to the Kurram Valley before he went home, in order to add, if possible, to the knowledge gained in the previous year. We met at Thall on the 15th of April and there awaited the sanction of the Political Agent of the Kurram Valley to our proposed expedition in the territory under his ad- ministration. The number of the smaller Passerine birds migrating up the valley at the time was very great, and we had plenty to interest us in this unusual leave-resort. The officer commanding the Post, Lieut. Wolley, with his wonted hospitality, invited us to consider ourselves honorary members of his little mess, which privilege we were only too glad to avail ourselves of. In due course the Political Officer’s permit arrived, but it was so hampered by restrictions that we had to abandon our original intention of working slowly up the valley and proceed direct to Parachinar, the headquarters of the Agency, which is situated about 13 miles from the head of the valley. Here the officers of the Kurram. Militia very kindly allowed us to make use of their exceedingly comfortable mess, and most hospitably entertained us during our stay. After obtaining permission to move up to Peiwar, 10 miles further up the valley, we left Parachinar on the 21st of April. The Political Agent was so solicitous for our safety that he insisted on our taking an armed tribal escort of six men with us. We did not require their military assistance, but found them useful to look for nests, climb trees, and carry our guns and lunch- baskets. Making the little rest-house at Peiwar our headquarters, we daily explored the surrounding Ilex jungle and visited several times the pine-clad hills on the Afghan border. In an Ilex, Whitehead was fortunate in coming across a nest, with eggs, of Magithaliscus leucogenys. This bird is an early breeder, and six other nests that we found contaimed young, We had not been at Peiwar many days when rumours reached us from Parachinar that the Turis (the tribe inhabiting the Valley), who had been listening to wondrous tales of the spread of plague in Peshawar, poured into their ears by Kabuli THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY, 171 traders and others passing up the valley from India to Afghanistan, had become highly suspicious of our movements and credited us with all sorts of nefarious deeds. We were supposed to be agents of the Government sent up to poison their-water-supply and to spread the plague. We were said to stalk abroad at night catching and inoculating rats, in order to disseminate the . pestilence. Colour was lent to this ingenuous theory by the fact that we had trapped a few Mole-rats, Gerbilles, and Dormice. Curiously enough we could see no signs of hostility in the villagers themselves, in fact we found them invariably friendly, and our tribal escort seemed to know nothing of these rumours, We were now anxious to shift camp and to move up the slopes of Sikaram, as the snow, under the influence of the summer sun, was gradually receding, But,in face of the rumours related above, the Political Agent did not think it advisable for us to do so, and even considered that our presence at Peiwar might lead to some act of violence towards us, and be the cause of administrative complications in the valley, We were, therefore, asked to return to Parachinar, where a meeting was called of the leading Maliks, on the result of which our fate with respect to being allowed to continue collect= ing would depend. Unfortunately and much to our chagrin the verdict of the “ Jirga ”’ was against us, and the Political Agent called on us and informed us that, owing to the popular excitement, it would be quite unsafe for us to go in to camp and that we could only work in the immediate vicinity of Parachinar, Our expedition thus came to an untimely end, and, as there was nothing more to be done in the bird-line at Farachinar, we returned to Thall, whence a few days later Whitehead took his departure for England, and I to places where ignorance and superstition would cease from troubling. I may mention that soon after we arrived in Parachinar from Peiwar news was brought in by a native officer of the local militia, who had been on leave to his village, that we had left Peiwar just in time, Had we remained another night, we were, like the Babes in the Wood, to have been foully murdered. All arrangements had been made, assassins hired, and our pleasant little camp was to have been converted into a shamble! This was a most amusing yarn which tickled us immensely! Gladly would we have accepted these small risks if only we had been allowed to continue our expedition, A glance at the accompanying map* will give a good idea of the geography of this portion of the N..W. Frontier of India: Situated between the 52nd and 35th parallels of latitude and the 69th and the 72nd meridians of longitude it is in shape somewhat like a pipe, the District of Kohat forming the bow! and the Kurram Valley the stem and mouthpiece, Its northern boundary proceeding from east to west, consists of the bare and rocky hills lying between it and the Peshawar District, the Samana Range (barren hills, inhabited by independent Orakzai and Afridi tribes) and the Safed-Koh Range. This rugged barrier of hills is on the east as low as 3,000 feet above sea-level, * This Map (Plate III) has not been reproduced.—Eds. 172 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, but gradually increases in height westward till it culminates in the imposing snowclad ramparts of the Safed-Koh Range, the highest peak of which, Sikaram (15,600 feet), lies at its western extremity. To the west it is bounded by Afghanistan and Waziristan, to the south by the districts of Bannu and Mian wali, and to the east by the R. Indus. The general aspect of Kohat is a confused mass of low bare rocky hiils, nullahs, and ravines, intersected by two main depressions running parallel and with a general trend from west to east. These depressions are formed, in the first case, by the Miranzai and Kohat Valleys running in prolongation of each other, and in the second by the Teri Valley. Two alluvial plains are also noticeable, namely, that around and east of Kohat Station, and the oasis of Lachi. The Kurram is a long valley, averaging some 2 miles in width at its lower end and broadening into a stoney plain 8 or 10 miles wide at its upper extremity and rising in the 70 miles from Thall 4,000 feet. Down its centre rushes, over a bed of stones and boulders, the river that gives its name to the valley, which rises in Afghanistan some 20 miles beyond the valley-head. Consisting, as the district does, for the most part of desert, the flora, compared with that of the Himalayas, is not luxurious. Coarse grass, Olives, thorn- scrub, and Dwarf Palms sparsely cover the hills, and in parts of the Miranzai Valley and around Thall the two latter form thick scrub-jungle. Ilex-Oaks, where their branches are not ruthlessly lopped and the trees are permitted to grow attain a considerable size on the Samana, and here and there on this hill some fine Ash-trees flourish. In the Safed-Koh Range, however, forests of Fir, Pine, and Cedar clothe the mountain-sides from about 8,000 to 12,000 feet, and cover the top of the spur over which the Peiwar Pass runs. Below, these forests are gradually replaced by Ilex trees which again, as one descends to the low foot-hills, are replaced by dense Ilex-scrub, Where water is easily brought on tothe land, as is the case in the plains around Kohat and Lachi and in the Kurram, Hangu, and Teri Valleys, green oases of cultivation relieve the general barrenness. A feature of the cultiya- tion around Kohat and in the Miranzai Valley consists of the beautiful orchards of Mulberry, Peach, Plum, Fig, and Vine which abound, and are supple- mented, in the stonier parts, by groves of wild Olive-trees, The crops consist mainly of wheat ; but Indian corn, barley, millet, cotton, and sugarcane are also grown, and around Bangu, Thall, and in the Kurram Valley, rice. Immediately south of the station of Kohat the Government grass- farm, possesses many attractions for birds on migration, and, after irrigation, is not a bad place to observe Waders: even Duck and Snipe have been shot on it. The climate is very dry, As regards temperature: in the plains of Kohat the winter might be compared to that of the south of France, but the summer is decidedly hotter and probably most nearly approximates to that of Egypt. Inthe Kurram Valley temperatures are much lower, and the climate of Upper Kurram must be somewhat similar, both in summer and in winter, to that of Northern Germany. THE BIRDS GF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 173 Ornithologically speaking, this corner of the Palearctic Region*™ has hitherto been little worked. With the exception of the two papers by Colonel R. H. Rattray published in the “Journal” of the Bombay Natural History Society, “ Notes on Nests taken from March to June at Kohat and Mussoorie, North-Western Provinces” (vol. x, p. 628), and “Birds collected and Observed at Thall” (vol. xii. p. 337), and a few observations by Major Wardlaw-Ramsay and others mentioned in the “Fauna of British India,” I know of no contribution to its ornithology}. Neither Hume nor Jerdon, Oates nor Blanford, nor others of India’s many excellent ornithologists, appear to have visited it, And yet it is an important locality, lying as it does in the extreme north-west of the Peninsula on one of the great migration- highways into India, and at a point on that highway where it converges to its narrowest limits. The pre-eminently Palearctic character of the avifauna is most striking. Especially is this noticeable in the forms breeding in the Upper Kurram, very few of the many subtropical species inhabiting the Western Himalayas being found there, From the description of the Country and from its geographical position the predominance of such groups as the Accipitrines, Motaciilide, Fringilline, Emberizinz, and of the desert-forms will not be considered surprising. Although undoubtedly well represented on migration, the Ducks, Waders, and shore-birds are difficult of observation in Kohat. With the exception of the grass-farm, the tank at Dhand-Id1-Khel, and some marshy tracts round Thall and Lachi, this district is singularly devoid of the moist places beloved of Wildfowl and Waders, no streams of any size flowing through it, Matters improve in this respect on arriving at the Kurram Valley. The river here being taken off for rice-cultivation in places along its banks, marshy spots have formed, and in the month of February, March and April, September and October, numbers of Wild-fowl and Waders, using * Dresser in the preface to his “ Manual of Palearctic Birds” does net clearly define the Palearctic boundary in this locality, and by omitting all reference to the plains of India would seem toimply that Kohat belongs to the Indian Subregion. On the other hand, Blanford in his “ Distribution of Vertebrate Animals in India” assigns the plains of the Punjab to the Palearctic Region. Professor Newton, however, in his article on “ Birds” in the ‘Encyclopedia Britannica,’ remarks that if Baluchistan is to be excluded from the Palxarctic Region, “then tbe line of demarcation must run inland and so continue between that land aud Afghanistan til/ ascending the right bank of the Indus it turns the shoulder of the Great Snowy range,” The italics are mine, and 1 take this to mean that the line of demarcation strikes the Indus at a point in prolongation eastward of the Boundary-}ine between Afghanistan and Baluchistan, 7.e., somewhere in the vicinity of Dera Ghazi Khan. If this is the correct interpretation of Newton’s views then the ornithology of N. W. India strongly supports them. } There is only one allusion to Kohat itself in the “ Fauna of British India,” and that is in connection with the occurrence there of the Red-wing (Turdus iliacus), recorded by Jerdon on hearsay from Blyth, on hearsay from Trotter. After more than two years’ careful observation we failed to come across this bird, and I think we may safely say that it is not “a recular winter visitant,” if it occurs at all, 174 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. this river-route on migration, are induced to halt on their way, affording good sport to “ Sahibs”? and Turi villagers. The importance of this river as a migration-route is illustrated lower down, where it debouches into the sandy plains of Bannu, outside of the area which we are now considering. Here vast quantities of Wild fowl, Waders, and Gulls, on migration to their far-off northern homes from the lower reaches of the Inds and the Manchar Lake in Sind, are to be observed, in the months of February and March, asleep or preening their feathers on the mudbanks in mid-river. The majority of these birds undoubtedly keep to the river-route, there being no other impor- tant water-way lying near their line of migration, and must therefore, of necessity, pass up the Kurram Valley, It may be wondered at that the River Indus, bordering Kohat, has not been mentioned as suited to the observation of Water-fowl. But in this portion of its course that great river is confined between hills, and flows over a rocky bed, consequently here it affords no feeding.grounds or resting-places for such birds, Whitehead came down it in a boat at a time of year whenhe might have expected to find birds, but his journey proved disappointing. On the whole, then, Kohat and Kurram must be looked on as a profitable locality to the Indian ornithologist. The straggling of Western Palearctic forms, not as yet recorded within Indian limits, into this area is probably of commoner occurrence than might be supposed, and, were it possible for a winter to be spent in collecting in the Upper’ Kurram, yet new species to the Indian list would doubtless be forth- coming, The task we set ourselves in our late trip, so unfortunately inter- rupted, still remains to be done, and most assuredly new breeding species to India await the discoverer. It was at first intended to publish two separate papers, one on the birds of Kohat and another on those of the Kurram Valley, but Mr. Whitehead has decided, wisely as I think, to combine them. The two localities are contiguous, and the latter is, as-1 mentioned before, the breeding-ground of many species that winter in the plains.- Of the total number of 340 species which the list contains, 321 were found in Kohat, the remaining 19 were met with only in the Kurram Valley. Considered together, therefore, the single paper will be found to be of greater scientific value than if the two districts had been separately treated, and Mr. Whitehead deserves much credit for the excellent piece of work which he has accomplished. IT,.— PREFACE. By C, H. T. WHITEHEAD. Major Magrath does not take any credit for his own work. Before I even started he had made a fair list of the birds of Kohat, and it was his enthv- siasm that infected me, All that I have done is to somewhat amplify this list and add a little to the notes. The paper should have been written by him, but he insisted on my doing so, and has now most kindly gone carefully through it, making many necessary corrections and alterations and entirely al an THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY, a rewriting the account of the Bulbuls of the genus Molpastes, the hybrid forms of which he was the first to observe in Kohat, Much interesting information was kindly contributed by Mr. D. Donald, C.1.E., the Political Officer and Commandant of the Border Military Police and Samana Rifles, which his long residence in Kohat (some 18 years), his frequent tours in the district, the interest he takes in birds generally, and in the Accipitrines in particular, and his great reputation as a falconer, render of especial value. Specimens of most of the Passerine and of a large number of the remaining birds included in this paper were shot and carefully compared with Oates and Blanford’s excellent descriptions, measurements and points of difference if any, being always recorded, but only inthe case of their not corresponding or of their being of special interest were skins made, for time did not permit of more. These skins are now in the British Museum and are those referred toin the paper. Amongst them will be found melanistic varieties of several species (Lanius lahtora, Passer domesticus, Anthus similis, A. spipoletta), which, except in the case of the Shrike, were shot out of flocks of similarly coloured birds. Taken asa whole, however, the birds of the District are characterized by their pale colouring, which is what one would expect from the desert nature of the country. Many more birds appear to halt in Kohat in the spring migration, which - continues from February till well into June, than in the autumn. This is probably due to the configuration of the locality. The main Kohat Valley at its junction with the Indus is comparatively broad but narrows considerably towards the Kurram River, with which it is connected by the Ishkalai, an insignificant stream flowing in at Thall, The latter stream is probably easily missed by the hosts of migrants passing down the Kurram River in autumn. Major Magrath writes that they migrate down this river in the Bannu District in great numbers in August, September, and the first half of October, In square brackets are added notes on those species met with by Major Magrath in Bannu, but not found by us in Kohat or in the Kurram Valley, as most of them are likely to occur within our limits. The Bannu District, however, exhibits a great contrast to Kohat, consisting as it does for the most part of a broad, well-watered, highly cultivated plain with a good deal of marsh-land., In the following notes, wherever the expression “we” is used it refers, of course, to Major Magrath and myself, as we worked together. The word “ plains” is used, as it usually is in India, to denote the low country—i.e., in this case, below about 3,000 feet—as opposed to the main hill-ranges, and not merely the flat country, the greater part of Kohat being a maze of low hills and ravines. Similarly the word ‘“‘ desert” is used in its wider sense to include stony and not necessarily level wastes which cover such a large part of the District (there is very little sandy desert). The nomenclature followed is that adopted by Oates and Blanford in the 76 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. ‘Fauna of British India, Birds, and the numbers placed in brackets before the scientific names are those used in that work. The following is a list of the papers chiefly referred to, all contributed to the ‘ Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society’ :— Ratrray, Colonel R. H.—Birds Collected and Observed at Thall. xii. pp. 337 to 348 (1899). MarsHALL, Capt. T, E.—Notes on the Birds near Quetta: Part I. xiv. pp. 601 to 602 (1902) ; Part II. xv. pp. 44 to 64 (1903), Fuiron, Capt. H. T., D.S.O.—Notes on the Birds of Chitral. xvi. pp. 44 to 64 and p, 744 (1904). Ratrray, Colonel R,H.—Birds’ nesting in the Murree Hills and Galis. xvi, pp. 421 to 428 and pp. 657 to 663 (1905), Cumminc, J. W. N.—Birds of Seistan. xvi. pp. $86 to 699 (1905). Warp, Colonel A, E.—Birds of the Provinces of Kashmir and Jammu and Adjacent Districts. xvil. pp. 108 to 113, pp. 479 to 485 (1906), pp. 726 to 729, pp. 948 to 949 (1907) ; xvii, pp. 461 to 464 (1908). To obviate the inconvenience of looking up these papers I have added references, and where possible the gist of the note. Attention is also drawn to Capt. Perreaus. ‘‘ Notes on the Bird of Chitral” xix (4) pp. 901-922 February 1910. It supplements Capt: FULTON’s paper, My best thanks are due to Dr. Bowdler Sharpe and Mr. Charles Chubb for much assistance in the identification of my skins, and to the former for very kindly going through my notes and putting them into correct form in spite of a great press of other work. Also to Dr, Hartert for going through the series of Wagtail and Pipit-skins. Lastly, to Dr. Sclater, F.R.S., for most kindly looking through the proofs and seeing the paper through the press. I1J.— List or Brrps AND REMARKS, By Lieut. C. H. T. WHITEHEAD. [1.] Corvus corax. The Raven. Ratiray, J. B.N. H.S. xi. p. 337 (common round Thall) ; Marshall, op. cit. xiv. p. 681 (the small race very common and resident at Quetta); Cumming, op. cit. xvi. p. 686 (rare in Seistan) ; Ward, op. cit, xvii, p. 108. Ravens of all sizes are very common in the cold weather, especially round human habitations, the majority leaving in April or early in May, but I have counted over 80 roosting together as late as the 18th of May near Kohat, A few, however, mostly smaller birds, are resident all the year round, [3.] CoRVUS CORONE, The Carrion-Crow. Cumming, J. B.N.H.S. xvi. p. 686 (common in winter in Seistan, and often seen about houses) ; Ward, op. cit, xvii, p. 108 (resident in Kashmir, nesting between 8,000 and 10,000 ft.). 505, @ ad, Kurram Valley, 5,800 ft,, 19th April, I am not sure whether this species occurs in the plains or not, Major Magrath has found it fairly common in winter ia Bannu, so it probably does. THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. WAG In the Upper Kurram Valley it nests freely in April from 5,000 ft, upwards; a Chinar (Plane-tree) near a village being usually selected as a nesting site. Like the Raven, the Carrion-Crow is not a dweller in the wilds in these parts, but prefers the neighbourhood of mankind, [4.] Corvus MACRORHYNCHUS, The Jungle-Crow, Rattray, J. B. N. H.8. xii. p, 337 (Thall : very common); Fulton, op. cit, xvi. p. 45 (Lower Chitral: very common); Rattray, t.c.p. 421 (very com- mon up to 9,300 ft,: Murree Hills ); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 108, Abundant in the plains from November till mid-April (last seen on the 28th), partially taking the place of C, splendens. In summer it retires to the Tlex-and Fir-clad slopes of the higher ranges, nesting freely on the Safed Koh, [5.] Corvus rruGiLecus, The Rook, Marshall, J. B. N. H.S, xiv. p. 601 (once seen in January near Quetta) ; Cumming, op. cit. xvi. p. 686 (common in Seistan in winter) ; Ward, op, cit. xy. p. 108 (occurs in winter along the R, Jhelum), 641, @juv. Samana, 6,500 ft., bth March. 744, 745. Q ; 746 @ juv. Kohat, 1,760 ft,, 25th March, Visits the district in large flocks in winter, arriving in November and re- maining as late as the middle of April. The birds, however, staying on through March appear to be almost all young which have not entirely shed the face-feathers and nasal bristles, Oates, in the ‘ Fauna of India,’ writes: “ About January or when the young bird is about nine months old the nasal bristles are cast, and by March the front part of the head has become entirely denuded of feathers,”’ Were, neither are entirely lost till April. The above-mentioned examples represent the ordinary type found here in March, [6.] Corvus sHaRPIT.,” Sharpe’s Hooded Crow. Corvus sharpiz, Oates, F. B, I., Birds, i, p, 20 ; Cumming, J, B, N. H.S xvi. p. 686 (common in Tamarisk-jungle of Seistan) ; Ward, op. cit, xvii. p, 109 (a ‘rare visitor to Kashmir). We have not observed the Hcodie in Kohat, but Mr. Donald, the Political Officer, tells me that he has met with one or two almost every year, generally about the grass-farm, This Crow is a common winter visitor to the Peshawar and Bannu Districts, which are better suited to its habits, From the latter Major Magrath has sent a typical specimen of the race Corvus cornig sharpii to the British Museum, [7.] Corvus sPLENDENS. The House-Crow. Rattray, J. B.N, H.8, xn. p, 337 (not common at Thall); Ward, op. cit. Xvu, p. 109 (common in the low country), A resident and extremely common im summer, In mild winters numbers remain, but in severe weather it almost entirely disappears, C, macrorhynchus taking its place as the common cook-house scavenger. [9.] Corvus monepULA. The Jackdaw. 35 178 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 387 (rare in Thall) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 109 A yather rare winter visitor from December tll March, occurring with large flocks of Rooks, Major Magrath noted immense flocks coming into the station on five consecutive evenings, just before the cold wave in January 1905. Similar flocks, but mixed with Rooks, roosted in cantonments for a few nights in February 1908, [10.] Pica rustica. The Magpie. Marshall, J.B, N. B.S. xiv. p. 601 (common round Quetta); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 46 (very common in Upper Chitral) ; Cumming,t, c. p. 686 (scarce in Seistan: 1,700 ft.); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p.1U9 (common in Ladak and: Baltistan ), 651. Marai, 2,900 ft., 9th March. 773. Q ad. Raisan, 2,100 ft, 1st April. A resident, but somewhat rare in Kohat, being more often seen in Samilzai than elsewhere ; a few pairs also occur on the Samana, where Major Magrath found a nest in April built in an Hex, just above the tennis-court, In the Upper Kurram Valley it is very common, especially near Peiwar, and occurs up to the tree-limit. The nest is usually placed in an Ilex, and is of the normal type, though often within six or seven feet of the ground, The above examples appear to be typical P. rustica. [i6.] Denprocirra RurA. The Indian Tree-Pie. Rattray, J. B. N, H.S, xii, p. 337 (Thall: a few seen) ; Ward. op. cit, xviie p. )09. é70. 4 ad. Rnuisan, 2,300 ft., 12th March. 709. @ ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft,, 19th Maren. A common winter visitor to Kohat, arriving early in September and leaving about mid-April. A few pairs, however remain to nest, Mr. Donald, the i: - Political Officer, having several times observed ycung birds in July in the ~ Miranzai Valley barely able to fly. [24.] GaRRuLus LANCEOLATUS, The Black-throated Jay. Rattray. J. B.N. A. S, xii, p. 207 (Thall: common on the hills); Fulton, op. cit, xvi. p. 46 (Lower Chitral: very common fiom 5,000 to 10,000 ft.) ; Rattray, t. c. p. 421 (very common round Murree); Ward, op. cit. xvi, p. 109. Rare in the plains. During the cold spell in November and December, 1905, a few individuals occurred about the grass-farms and the orchards of Kohat. A resident on the Samana Range above 5,000 ft., but not common. Fairly plentiful in the Ilex scrub in the Kurram Valley, occurring up to 8,000 ft. Generally goes abont in parties of four or five, out of the breeding- season, but sometimes collects into big flocks. Major Magrath observed one of about forty individuals near Peiwar (/,000 tt.) in April 1907, Very shy and difficult to observe, [28.] NocirraGa Mouripuncrata. ‘The Larger-spotted Nuteracker. — Fulton, J. B.N, H,S. xvi, p. 45 (only got one specimen, no others seen) ; | ] | | THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY, 179 Ward, op. cit, xvii. p. 109, xviii, p.451 (common: young hatch out in April ; probably two broods). Occurs sparingly amongst the conifers of the Safed Koh, but is more often heard than seen. Its cry resembles the syllables “Ld@ck-hack” rapidly repeated, hence its Pushtu name “ Khakarra.” [30.] Pyrruocorax autpinus, The Yellow-billed Chough, Marshall, J. B, N. H. S. xiv, p. 605 (occurs at 10,000 ft., near Quetta) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi, p. 46 (Chitral : very common from 5,V0u ft. to 16,000 ft., according to season) ; Ward, op. cit, xvil. p. 19 (occurs from 5,500 ft. in winter upwards, often caught in traps set round carrion for foxes), Not common, but fairly well distributed in summer along the upper slopes of the Safed Koh above tree-limit, By the end of June the birds had collected into small flocks, [51] Parus aTricers. The Indian Grey Tit. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xiv. p. 601 (winter visitor to Quetta: seen at Ziarat, 8,000 ft., in May) ; Fulton, op, cit, xvi. p. 46 (Chitral : very common) ; Rattray. t. ¢. p. 421 (very common up to 6,500 ft.: Murree) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p, 109, 327, @ juv. Safed Koh, 7,500 ft., 16th July. A very common winter visitor to the District from mid September till about the third week in April, A resident on the Samana above 5,000 ft. Nests in the Ilex-scrub of the Upper Kurram in fair numbers, ANTHOSCOPUS CoRONATUS, The Turkestan Penduline Tit. Hartert, Pal. Vogel, i. p. 392. Tachi, 1,500 ft., 25th March; @ @ ad., Kohat, 1,760 ft., 7th—8th April ; é ad., Kohat, 1,760 ft., 18th March, Major Magrath first observed a party of these Tits on a Peach-tree in his garden in April 1405, Since then we have met with the bird regularly from mid-March till mid April in parties of from two or three to forty or more, chiefly frequenting Shisham trees, but also orchards and Camel-thorn scrub. The call-note resembles that of Zosterops palpebrosa and is constantly uttered, Mr, T. R. Beil, I.F.S., was the first to discover this speciesin India, He met with parties of it in February 1904 in the tamarisk-acacia scrub-jungle near Sukkur, Sind, and procured several examples (vide J. B. N. HS. xvii, p. 244), [87.] AicrrHaLiscus LeucoGENYs, The White-cheeked Tit, Fulton, J.B. N. H.S, xvi. p. 46 (resident and very common from 6,000 to 12,000 ft. in Lower Chitral) ; Ward, op. cit, xvii, p, 109. 933, gad, Safed Koh, 1,800 ft,, 20th July. 391, 9 ad, Samana, 5,000 ft., 5th November. A resident in the Upper Kurram Valley and on the Samana, being largely reinforced on the latter in winter: and at that season some descend to the lower scrub covered hills occurring as far south as the Mianwali District, and down to 2,500 ft., where I have met with parties as late as the 9th of April. Breeds freely in the Hex-scrub near Peiwar from 6,000 to 8,000 ft, Nesting operations must commence towards the end of March, as a nest found on the 180 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, ist of May contained fully fledged young. The nest is usually placed near the top of an Ilex-bush from three to seven feet above the ground, It is egg- shaped and rather like that of the British Long-tailed Tit, but a good deal smaller and not quite so neat. It is made of moss and cobwebs outside, lined with a little grass, with a thick inner lining of feathers, The opening is usually near the top, but is sometimes nearer the centre. We came across seven nests altogether, the first six containing young, and the seventh a nearly fresh clutch of five eggs, these are pure white, three having a very faint zone of spots round the large end, the remainder being unmarked, and averaging °58” x 39”. The clutch appears to vary from five to eight. The young closely resemble their parents, but the colours are duller, and the black of the chin and throat is replaced by a few indistinct dusky streaks, Capt. Keen also observed a pair of these Tits with a newly fledged family on the Samana, In habits this species closely resembles the Long-tailed Tit, going about in parties of eight or nine in scrub-jungle continually uttering its call-note, which may be rendered by the syllables “ prit-t-t,* and often in company with Parus atriceps. [44.] LopHoPHANES MELANOLOPHUS. The Crested Black Tit. Fulton, J. B.N. H.S.xvi. p. 46 (abundant in Chitral from 5,000 to 12,000 ft.); Rattray, t. c, p. 422 (common in the Murree Hills); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 110 (common in Kashmir), Very common on the Safed Koh from 6,500 ft. to tree-limit. An early breeder. Major Magrath found a nest containing young on the 25th of April. It has a great variety of notes, [91.] TROCHALOPTERUM SIMILE. The Western Variegated Laughing-Thrush. Fulton, J. B. N. H. S. xvi. p. 47 (resident and very common up to €,000 ft. in Lower Chitral) ; Rattray, t.c, p. 422 (very common round Murree, up to 10,000 ft.) ; Ward, op. cit, xvii, p, 422, 417. Ad, Samana, 5,600 ft., 19th December. A resident, but rare, Altogether I met with about a dozew individuals in one wooded nullah on the northern slope of the Samana, but nowhere else, It isa great skulker ; ils loud whistling notes, however, proclaim its presence, Usually found creeping about the densest part of the undergrowth. [99.] TrocHALOPTERUM LiNEatUM. The Himalayan Streaked Laughing- Thrush, Rattray, J.B, N. H.S8. xii. p. 337 (common in winter: Thall); Marshall, op. cit. xiv, p. 602 (common at 4,000 ft, in February : Quetta); Fulton, op. cit. Xvi, p, 47 (abundant in Chitral); Rattray, t. c. p. 422 (commonest bird in Murree Hills); Ward, op, cit. xvil. p. 110, 130, gad. Marai, 3,00 ft., 25th February, 579. Sex? Kohat, 1,760 ft,, 13th February. Gi Qa y 1st March, — 653, Q ad. Hangu, 2,700 ft., 8th March, THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 181 Abundant and resident on the Samana, many birds wintering in the Miranzai and Samilzai Valleys, and, in the winter of 1907/1908, and again in 1909 quite a number visited the orchards around Kohat, staying till April. Occurs also in the Kurram Valley up to 7,000 ft., but not so commonly. [105,.] Arcya caupara, The Common Babbler, Rattray, J. B. N, H.S. xii, p. 357 (abundant at Thall); Cumming, op, cit. xvi. p. 686 (very common in Seistan) ; Ward, op, cit. xvii. p. 110 (found in the outer ranges), A resident and yery common, especially in scrub-jungle, only occasionally, visiting gardens. Does not ascend the hills to any height, its place being taken by Crateropus canorus, Breeds in April and May. [104.] Araya cArLir, The Striated Babbler, Major Magrath obtained an example of this species last March in a reed-bed in Bannu, [110,] Crarerorus canorus, The Jungle Babbler. Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 110 (chiefly confined to Jammu), 639. g@ ad. Hangu, 7,700 ft,, 3rd March, 666, g@ ad, Marai, 3,000 ft., 10th March, A resident, taking the place of Argya caudata from the foot of the hills where the two occur together, up to 4,000 feet in winter and 6,000 feet in summer, Fairly common, too, in the Miranzai Valley in winter, wherever there is plenty of scrub-jungle, Not observed in the Kurram Valley. [139,] Pycroruis sinensis. The Yellow-eyed Babbler, Major Magrath has met with parties of this Babbler in the sugar-cane fields and reed-beds of Bannu, An example shot by him is now in the National Collection. [147.] MyropHoNevus TEMMINCKI. The Himalayan Whistling-Thrush, Rattray, J.B. N.H.S, xii. p. 338 (common in winter: Thall); Marshall, op. cit, xiv. p. 02 (Quetta: 7,000 ft. in May); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 47 (common in Lower Chitral) ; Rattray, t. ¢. p. 422 (common in Murree Hills); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 110. A fairly common winter visitor from mid-September till mid-April, rather rare round Kohat, but common in the Miranzai and Samulzai Valleys on the Samana and occurring as far south as the Mianwali District, A resident in the Kurram Valley, nesting between 6,000 and 8,000 feet, Usually found about clifis and groves near water, but sometimes in very dry shadeless spots some distance from water. [191.] Larvivora pruNNEA. The Indian Blue-Chat. Rattray, J. B, N. H.S, xvi. p. 423 (common at Murree) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 110 (nests in Kashmir up to 8,000 ft.), Occurs in summer along the lower slopes of the Safed Koh between 6,500 and 8,000 ft., but is not common except in one or two secluded glens, Very shy, has a rich but quite short song, 182 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, [226,] Zosrerops PALPEBROSA, The Indian White-eye, 774, @ ad. WKachai, 2,700 ft., 1st April. A cold weather visitor to the District, the first parties arriving in August, but it does not become common till October, it leaves toward the middle of April, Possibly a resident on the Samana: a party of eight or nine stayed there during the winter of 1906-07, in spite of frequent heavy snow-storms ; a large number arrived early in April, though whether only on migration or not I cannot say, as I left shortly afterwards, Not observed in the Kurram Valley. [269,| Hypsrperes psarompes. The Himalayan Black Bulbul. Fulton, J.B N. H.8. xvi. p 47 (common in summer); Rattray, t. ¢. p. 424 (common round Murree) ; Ward, op. cit. xvil, p. 111 (common in Kashmir), 583. 9 ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 15th February. Ga0fKa) ade ry Ist March. In 1907 several parties of this species visited the district early in February, staying till the end of March. They were always to be found about the same spot never wandering far away. Berries of the Boquain tree (Persian lilac) seemed to form their staple food. [283.] Mo.pasres INTERMEDIUS.* The Punjab Red-vented Bulbul Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 111 (found in Pooneh and Jammu), 634. 9 ad. Kohat, 1,700 ft., 1st March. 733, @ ad. ie % 23rd March. 786. @ ad. is “5 4th April. A resident and not uncommon in the gardens and orchards around Kohat, though seldom seen elsewhere in the District. This species, as Major Magrath has pointed out, probably interbreeds with MW. lewcoyenys, as they are so often seen together, and birds intermediate in colouring are so common (vide next note). Mr, Donald, the Political Officer, states that on two separate occasions he has met with the present species in Kohat paired with a yellow-vented Bulbui and at the same nest. Further, that it is well known amongst local gardeners that the red and yellow-vented Bulbuls do interbreed, their progeny being known as “ Neemchi,” /.¢., half-breeds. M. intermedius is the common resident Bulbul of the Peshawar district north of Kohat. List of hybrids between JZ, intermedius and I, leucogenys. Ear-coverts. Under tail-coverts. 590. @ ad, Kohat, 1,760 ft.,16th Feb, dingy white. yellow. 564. Ad. 4 6th ,, Ms orange, 631. 9 ad. a lst Mar. dark brown, red. 635. 9 ad. ¥ A HNL 5 mi pale buff, 689. Q ad. é 4 16th ,, dirty white. yellow with orange tips. 700. @ ad. i M4 idthigers white. orange. * For Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe’s opinion on the series of Bulbul ( Molpastes intermedius, Leucogenys, leucotis and magrathi) we collected, see the * Ibis,” April 1909, p, 302. THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAIM VALLEY. 133 710. Q ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 1yth Feb. dark brown. dull crimson, 735. Q ad. 2, . 24th ,, 53 i WS a ? “ ‘ 28th ,, dusky white. orange. 785. 9 ad. 5 uM 4th Apr. dul! white. lemon-yellow. 790. & ad. 4 i Sth ,, a brownish-orange, fob fg ad. 0 3 Dla 6 KS orange-yellow. (A truly wonderful series, but the birds must be hybrids.—?.B.8.) These remarks are by Dr. Sharpe, and from them it will be seen that the series ranges from an almost pure M/, intermedius to a nearly pure M, lewcogenys. No two examples are alike,some being more like “ intermedius,’ others more like “ leweogenys” or “ leucotis.” [284.] Morpastes revcogenys. The White-cheeked Bulbul. Fulton, J. B. N H.S. xvi. p. 47 (Chitral: summer visitor from March to October ; very common up to 7,000 feet); Ward, op. cit, vil, ops LI (very. -common in Kashmir). 591. @ ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft.,16th Feb. Very grey on the breast, but with pale yellow under tail coverts. 724. & ad, ¥ , 2Ist Mar. ” ” 767, Q ad, i % BSS ay More typical. 779. @ ad. 2s a 2nd Apr. 5 ” 780, Ad. _ 5p » ” 9 789, Q ad. i 4p 5th Apr. os ” ioe ad: mn i 56 9 ” [I do not call these birds true P. leucogenys, as they are so much darker on the head, which is nearly blackish, and have not the olive onthe back. They illustrate how variable is the coloration of this species in Kohat. In spite of its abundance it is difficult to procure an example true to type. Most of the ‘birds seen have the breast mottled, i.e, instead of having the black of the upper breast clearly defined from the light colour of the lower parts, it graduates into it, frequently combined with a mottled back and sullied cheek- patches and a blackish head with or without a supercilium, R. B.8.} Major Magrath, who has specially studied the Bulbuls in Banna, kindly contributes the following note on the present species :— “Dr, Bowdler Sharpe is, I believe, inclined to the view that this Bulbul differs generically from Molpastes, With this I can hardly agree. Seen in its natural state, the bird is a true Molpastes. In habits and notes it differs little from the next species, with which it mixes freely, and from which it is anything but easy to distinguish when in a tree. It seems likely that the two species interbreed, but I have had no opportunity of observing a fertile cross, although I have seen wild birds which looked very like hybrids between the two species, The diet of the present species is perhaps more insectivorous than that of the next, It is much addicted to the habit of fly-catching in- the -eyenings and is often seen on the ground feeding on ants and grubs under trees, Itislessofa garden bird than the next species, Its staple food in 1484 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. these parts is the berries of the Ber (Zizyphus vulgaris) and Boquain (Melia azedarach) trees, Numbers of this species are caught in Bannu in winter and! hawked about the bazaars, perched on pieces of stick, to which they are attached by a long string tied round the body. Although I have examined! several of these captives and bought many in order to release them, in no case- have Iseen among them a bird of the next species, which is also so common at Bannu, I attribute the ease with which the present species is caught to its greater fearlessness and to its partiality for the grubs of the white ant, with which the traps are usually baited: this attraction the birds are simply unable to resist.” This Bulbul is resident in Kohat, and breeds freely in the Station and in the orchards round about. {285.] Morpastes Levcoris, The White eared Bulbul. Rattray, J. B.N, H.S, xii, p. 338 (common in February and March, a few pairs staying to breed) ; Marshall, op. cit. xiv. p. 602 (a few cccur in March © and April) ; Cumming, op, cit. xvi, p. 686 (Seistan: saw several which appeared to be of this species, but failed to secure any). In July 1905 Major Magrath found a pair of Bulbuls nesting in his garden which he took to be of the present species. At that time he concluded that this bird in summer replaced the last as the breeding species in Kohat and was: unaware, as we subsequently discovered (vide note on the last species), that M. leucogenys bred commonly in and around Kohat Unfortunately we did not critically study the Bulbulsat that time, and not having since spent a “hot- weather” in Kohat we have not had an opportunity of collecting any examples: of the present species, According to Major Magrath, the note of this bird is well represented by the following words repeated rapidly : “ Quick—a drink with you ?” MOonpastes MAGRATHI, Magyrath’s Bulbul.. Whitehead, Bull, B. O. C. xxi. p. 48 (1908), In February 1907 Major Magrath sent a skin of a Bulbul obtained in the Bannu District to Dr, Bowdler Sharpe. The latter and other eminent ornithologists who examined it, finding that there was nothing exactly like it in the National Collection, were of opinion that it belonged to a new species. This opinion was further strengthened by the arrival of three more specimens ~ collected by Major Magrath in the same locality. These all agreed more or less with the first example sent, except that the black of the breast in one was clearly defined from the whitish lower parts, instead of graduating into them as in the other specimens, Ata meeting of the British Ornithologists’ Club held on the 15th of January, 1905, I exhibited these specimens and described the bird as a new species, naming it as above in honour of its dis- coverer. Major Magrath’s specimens differ from the hybrid forms already described in being closely allied to 17. leucotis and not to M, leucogenys. lt is difficult to aseribe them to a hybrid form, as in the case of the Kohat birds, because THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 185: JI. intermedius does not, Major Magrath assures me, occur in Bannu, and JI. leucogenys there is always more or less true to type, Dr, Sharpe also con- curs in this]. [320] SITTA KASIIMIRENSIS, Brooks’s Nuthatch, Fulton, J. B. N. A. 8. xvi. p. 48 (Chitral : very common from 6,000 to 11,000 ft. ; Ward, op. cit. xvi, p. 1 !1 (obtained in April in Kashmir), Fairly common on the Peiwar Spur of the Safed Koh andin the adjoining nullahs from 7,500 to 10,000 ft. [823.] Srirra Leucopsis, The White-cheeked Nuthatch. Fulton, J.B N. H. 8. xvi, p. 48 (Chitral : very common from 7,000 to 12,000 ft.) ; Rattray, t. ¢.p. 424 (fairly common above 8,000 ft,: Murree Hill) ; Ward, op. cit, xvi, p, 111 (fairly common). This is the common Nuthatch of the Safed Koh, from 8,000 ft, to tree-limit. Tis curious call-note, resembling the word “ pain” (pronounced like the French word for “ bread’), may be heard all day long, [327,] Dicrurvs ater, The Black Drongo, or King Crow. Rattray, J. B, N. H.S, xii, p. 338 summer visitor to Thall ; Fulton, op, cit. xvi p. 48 (Chitral : common in summer up to 5,500 ft.); Ward op. cit, xvii. p. [IT (Kashniir : occurs up to 7,000 ft.), One of our commonest summer visitors from the plains up to 8,500 feet in the Kurram Valley, the first birds arriving in the middle of March and the species becoming common a fortnight later, It disappears towards the end of October Probably, however, the Drongo we observed above 7,000 feet on the Safed Koh belonged to the allied species D. longicaudatus, the differences not being very marked and the latter being a common bird in the Murree Hills Unfortunately no examples were procured. [341.] CERTHIA HIMALAYANA, The Himalayan Tree-Creeper, Fulton, J. B.N. H.S, xvi, p, 48 (shot in August); Rattray, t. ¢. p, 424 ‘Murree Hills : very common) ; Ward, op, cit. xvil. p. 111 (abundant up to 10,000 ft.). 623. Q ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 29th February, 690. 9 ad. Dy ‘ 16th March. A common cold-weather visitor to the District from September till April, occurring on the Samana up to 6,000 feet, It does not by any means restrict itself to trees: I have often noticed it climbing up walis, Breeds in fair numbers on the Safed Koh, from 7,000 to 9,000 feet. The eall-note is 2 faint squeak, rarely heard in winter, In summer its loud but rather monotonous song is constantly uttered. [348.] Tictoproma muraria, The Wall-Creeper, Marshall, J. B,.N. H.S. xiv. p. 662 (Quetta : occurs in winter from 1,000 feet upwards) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi, p. 48 (Chitral : common from October till April) ; Ward, op.cit, xvii, p, 111 (winter visitor, sometimes assuming black throat-feathers.) 40, Ad.? Khushalgarh, 1,200 ft., 16th December. 24 186 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX, 315, @ jav. Safed Koh, 15,000 ft,, 12th July. A winter visitor to the District from October till mid-March ; common on the Samana, but iessso elsewhere, Generally found singly or in pairs about -cliits, but occasionally some distance from rocks on earth-banks, An example shot on the 15th of March had the black feathers on the throat -and breast well developed, On the 12th of July, 1906, I came across a newly-fledged family at 15,000 feet on the Safed Koh, in the shale screes, and shot one specimen. The wing-and tail-feathers were only partially grown, the bill was quite soft and very short, and bits of down were still adhering toitsplumage, It would there- fore appear that the Wall-Creeper nests within Indian limits. When touring through the Kaghan Valley, Hazara District, this year (10th of July, 1908) my shikari minutely described to me a bird that he had seen that day, which could scarcely be anything else but a Wall-Creeper, Mr. 8. L. Whymper also informed me in a letter (I have not got this by me, ‘but,so far as I remember, it was to the following effect) that a friend of his had actually found a Wall-Creeper nesting somewhere on the North-West Fron- tier, but had been unable to get at the nest. ANORTHURA MAGRATHI, Whitehead’s Wren. Whitehead, Bull. B. O. C, xxi, p. 19 (1908). 343, @. Safed Koh, 12,500 ft., 6th August. 344, ? Safed Koh, 8,500 ft., th August. Bill blackish, base and gape yellow ; torsus brownish flesh-coloured ; iris ‘brown, This appears to be a well-marked race of A. neglecta, difiering from it in ‘being almost uniform in colouring above, the barring being scarcely perceptible, and in having the throat ashy grey, In summer itis found fairly commonly -on the Safed Koh, from 8,000 feet upwards, chiefly in the juniper-scrub, I have met with it on the very summit of the range, picking about amongst the rocks. ; In habits and song it closely resembles A. parvula and A, neglecta. [358.] Recuius cristarus. The Golderest. Ward, J. B.N, H.S. xvii. p. 111, and xviii, p. 461 (not common ; eggs taken in May, June, and July in the Liddar Valley, Kashmir), Fairly numerous in summer amongst the firs and deodars of the Safed Koh from 8,000 to 11,000 feet, [359.] AupON PAMILIARIS, The Grey-backed Warbler, Rattray, J. B. N, H.S, xii. pp. 225, 339 and 579 (fairly common at Thall ; found several nests); Watson, op. cit. xv. p. 144 (occurs at Chaman, near Quetta, in August and September); Cumming, op, cit. xvi, p. 686 (very common in Seistan in summer), 246, Q ad. WKohat, 1,760 ft., 6th May. Fairly common up to 3,500 feet, from April till September,in dry scrub- jungle ; round Thall it is particularly common, In the breeding-season the THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 187 male may often be seen perched on the top of a bush. pouring forth its sweet gong. In many of its habits it resembles the Indian Robin (Thamnobia cam- bayensis), especially in the way it flirts and spreads its tail, and also in its tame and confiding habits. If the intruder happens to approach the nest, the pair will follow him about uttering their alarm-cry—wutch, wutch. If the nest be found they get terribly excited, and will sometimes remain hovering in the air within a few feet, Of five nests found, three were placed in thorn-bushes close to the ground, the other two on the ground under low shrubs. They were cup-shaped and loosely constructed of coarse grass and roots. I looked jn vain for the bit of serpent-skin which Mr, Dresser, in the ‘ Manual of Palearctic Birds,’ states is always found in the nest of this species. The specific title ( familiaris) is very appropriate, but the trivial name (Grey- backed) seems to be only misleading, for the back is fulvous-brown, the most moticeable feature being the bright red, white-tipped tail which the bird is so fond of displaying. [362,] LocusTELLA STRAMINEA, The Turkestan Grasshopper-Warbler. 742. Q@ ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 25th March, 749. Sex ? 26th March. 776. g ad. 2nd April. Passes through the District in fair numbers from the third week in March till the middle of May. Not observed in autumn, It is chiefly found on the -erass-farms and in young crops, occasionally in gardens. It is not such a skulker as one would expect ; there is no difficulty in flushing it, but it is not easy to observe or to shoot, except on the wing. 3” 99 ” ” [363,] AcRocSPHALUS sTeNToREUS. The Indian Great Reed-Warbler. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 112 (breeds in Kashmir in June). Common on migration from the end of March till well into June, and again in August and September ; possibly a few stay to nest in Kohat, IT found a small colony nesting in a reed-bed near Dandar, (4,700 ft.), in the Kurram Valley, on the 9th of July, [366.] AcROCEPHALUS DUMETORUM. Blyth’s Reed-Warbler, Ward, J, B. N. H.S, xvii. p. 112 (summer visitor to the Valley of Kashmir). 203, 2 ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 13th April, 231, @ ad, . 5 29th April. 247, @ ad. ae Ss 6th May. 360. Juv. a 30th August. Like the last species, this Warbler passes through in great force in April, May, and early June, returning in August and September. Not often found in reed-beds, preferring shady gardens and orchards, The sweet rambling song may often be heard issuing from the midst of a thick mulberry-tree. Probably breeds in the Upper Kurram Valley. The upper plumage of this species is distinctly tinged with olivaceous. Mr. Oates does not mention this in the ‘ Fauna of British India, ’ [357.] AcRocEPHALUS AGRIcoLA. The Paddyfield Reed-Warbler. 188 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. Ward, J, B. N. H._ S, xvii. p. 112 (nest not found). 729. @ ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 23rd March. Our commonest Reed-Warbler on migration, passing through from the third week in March till about the end of May and returning in August, September, and October, Seldom found far away from reed- beds or irrigated crops. Occurs with the last species on migration in the Kurram Valley, and perhaps breeds there, Both Davidson (‘The Ibis, 1898, p. 9} and Lieut. Wilson. (J. B. N, H. S, xii. p. 635) found it nesting in Kashmir, [374.] Orrnotromus surortus. The Indian Tailor-bird. Ward, J. B. N, H.S. xvii. p. 112 (occurs in Jammu, but is rare), 751, Q Kohat, 1,700 ft,, 27th March, A resident, common in gardens and orchards around Kohat. Not observed! in the Kurram Valley. [377.] LuscrnroLa MELANOPOGON, The Moustached Sedge-Warbler. 162. @ ad. Kohat, 1,850 ft., 19th March, 696. Q ad, Lachi, 1,540 ft,, 17th March, A winter visitor in small numbers, largely reinforced in February and March. I have searched for it in May in the plains without success, but, on the other hand, I shot an example at Dandar (4,700 ft.) in the Kurram Valley on the 20th of April and saw others but found none there in July, The wing and wing-muscles, however, are so feeble that it can scarcely go very far away to breed, Has a pleasing song which is often uttered, even in winter, [381.] Crsticona curstrans. The Rufous Fantail-Warbler. @, Q ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., Lith January. Abundant in summer wherever there is cultivation, The majority leave in autumn, but a few stay through the winter, and are then more often found in and around reed-beds than elsewhere, In the Kurram Valley we observed it as high as Parachinar (5,700 ft.) [384.] FRANKLINIA BUCHANANI, The Rufous-fronted Wren-Warbler. 121. gad. Jabba, 2,400 ft., 18th February, 781, @ ad, Kohat, 1,760 ft., 3rd April, A common resident in the scrub-jungle of the District, but does not ascend! the hills, usually occurring in small parties or pairs, It is always on the move, either creeping about in bushes or running mouse-like along the ground from one bush to another. In spring the air resounds with its cheery little song, [394.] Hypovais RAMA, Sykes’s Tree-Warbler. Marshall, J. B. N. H. S, xiv. p. 602 (summer visitor, nesting in May = Quetta) ; Bentham, op. cit. xvi, p. 749 (nests freely in rose-hedges : Quetta). 546. @ ad. Thall, 2,500 ft., 11th May. 759. gf ad, Kohat, 1,760 ft., 29th March, Occurs sparingly on migration, [396 | Hyponats canicata, The Booted Tree-Warbler, Ward, J. B. N. H.S, xvii. p. 112 (passes through Baltistan, but rare) THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY, 189 229. @ ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 25th April, 1996. 551. @ ad. Thall, 2,500 ft., 15th May 1907. Passes through in fair umber in April and May, returning in August. Usually found in dry scrub, In appearance very like Phylloscopus tristis, but not quite so active, This species probably breeds within our limits. [Major Magrath procured an example of the rare Hypolais obsoleta at Bannu on the 8th September 1907, It was creeping about in grass with others,] [398.] SyLvIA CINEREA. The Common Whitethroat. Ward, J. B.N.H.S. xvii. p. 112. 357, @ ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 30th August, 358. ¢@ ad. of i i. Not common. Only a few observed during the autumn migration at the end of August and beginning of September 1906. [399.] Sytvra JERDONI, The Hastern Orphean Warbler, Marshall, J, B, N. H. 8S. xiv. p. 602 (common in Apri] and May: Quetta) ; Cumming, op. cit, xvi. p. 687 (common in the Tamarisks: Seistan) ; Betham, t.c. p.83i (nests freely in April and May above 7,000 ft.: Queita) ; Ward, op. cit, xvii. p. 112 (recorded at Gilgit on migration). 49), 9.ad. Thall, 2,500 ft,, 14th April. A summer visitor, and not common. Has a very fine song. We found several pairs in the scrub round Thall in April. On picking up the above- example, I noticed some cobwebs in the bill, and on looking round found a nest in a thick bush close by. It was composed of roots, bits of green plants, and a lot of cobwebs, and had not been completed. [400.] Synvia NANA. The Desert-Warbler, Waison, J.B. N, H.S. xv. p. 145 (occurs near Chaman), 452. Sex? ad. Lachi, 1,500 ft., 24th February. This example was shot creeping about in a thorn-bush in the desert. Only one other was seen, and that was in a similar spot, the following year, [401.] Syivra atraaa, Hume’s Lesser Whitethroat, Marshall, J, B. N. H. S, xiv. p. 602 (believes that this sp. is fairly commor ‘at 8,000 ft. in May) ; Fulton, op, cit xvi. p. 48 (shot three in May between 5,000 and 7,000 ft.) ; Ward, op, cit, xvii, p. 112, and xviii. p, 461 (eggs taken in May and July at 8,000 ft.) 232, 9 ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 29th April, Passes through Kohat and the Kurram Valley in spring and autumn, but is not common, In spring I have generally observed it in Shisham trees (Dalbergia sissco) in company with the next species, These trees are then in flower and attract much insect-life, Birds shot in them generally have their heads covered with pollen. A beautiful songster, [402.] Synvia arrrnis. The Indian Lesser Whitethroat. Rattray, J.B.N. H. S. xii, p, 338 (winter visitor, not common: Thall) ; Betham, op. cit. xvi. p, 831 (a few pairs nest round Quetta); Ward, op, cit, Xvi, p. 112 (common in summer in Kashmir), 190 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. 41, Sex? Khushalgarh, 1,200 ft., 16th December. 101. @. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 5th February, Passes through in large numbers inspring and autumn, a few staying for winter, Breeds freely in the Kurram Valley in Ilex-scrub and low bushes from 6,000 to 8,000 feet. Like the last species it has a pleasing and remarkably loud song, often uttering it onthe wing. Much more confiding in summer than at other seasons. [403.] SyLVIA MINUSGULA. The Small Whitethroat. Marshall, J. B. N. HS. xiv. p. 602 (small flocks on migration in April), 521. Q ad. Peiwar, 6,500 ft., 22nd April, Probably not uncommon, but owing to its close resemblance to the last species must have often been overlooked. Altogether I shot some half dozen specimens around Kohat in the cold weather. It appears to breed,in company with the last species, in the Kurram Valley, this example having been secured. in a locality where many of the latter were then nesting. [407.] PHYLLOSCOPUS TRISTIS, The Brown Willow-Warbler. Marshall, J. B. N. H. 8. xiv. p. 602 (shot one in February); Ward, op. cit.. xvii. p. 112 (eggs taken in Ladakh), 56. @ ad. Kohat, 1760 ft., 21st December, 116, @ ad. = im 1ith February. Extremely common up to about 5,000 feet from early September till about the middle of May. Found everywhere, in gardens, groves, scrub-jungle, and desert ; also on stony hill-sides where there is vegetation, in bare stubbles, and: standing crops. It frequents more especially the neighbourhood of water,. reed-beds, water-plains. and irrigaticn cuts, An expert flycatcher and very active, Except in spring, it is very silent, [408.] PHYLLoscopus INDICUS. The Olivaccous Willow-Warbler, Ward, J. B. N.H.S. xvii. ps112 (eggs taken in August in Ladakh, 11,500 ft.) 185. @ ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 5th April. Passes through Kohat in small numbers on migration in March and April. I only once observed it on the return migration, v7z.,a solitary example on the’ 16th of September. Nests freely in parts of the Safed Koh Range. Differs in habits from otter Willow-Waiblers in being rather a skulker, as it is usually found hopping and creeping unthatch-hke about in the undergrowth. Tts loud call-note of ** Tack” often indicates its whereabouts. [411.] PHyLLoscopus NeaLectus. The Plain Brown Willow- Warbler. Ward, J. B. N, H. 8, xviil. p. 461 (eggs taken and parents secured at Kargill in May and June), 706. Q ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 18th March. This species is so difficult to distinguish from P. ¢ristis until actually examined in the hand, that it is impossible to say whether it is fairly common or merely a straggler. The above-mentioned example was the only one secured, It was busily fly-catching in a willow just like P, éristés. [415.] PHyLLoscurus PRoREGULUs, Pallas’s Willow-Warbler. THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY, 191: Rattray, J. B. N. H.S, xvi. p, 424 (nests freely in the Galis); Ward, op. cit, xvii. p, 112 (common in Kashmir). 664, 9 ad. Marai, 3,000 ft., 9th March. 667. Q ad. Kachai, 2,700 ft., 10th March. Not common, I have met with it in spring at the foot of the hills and in. summer on the Safed Koh at 8,500 feet, Its song is very characteristic, Call note “ tchit”’. [416.] PayLLoscorus subviripis, Brooks’s Willow- Warbler, 102, gad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., Sth February. 113, 9 ad, a bs 10th February. 276. Sex? Samona, 6,500 ft., 12th April. 319, 9 ad. Safed Koh, 8,800 ft., 13th July. Fairly common in the District from October to April, Generally found solitary or in pairs in scrub and wild olive-groyes, more rarely in orchards and gardens, Occurs on the Samana in large numbers on migration, Nests freely on the lower slopes of the Safed Koh from 7,000 to 9,400 ft. A nest found on the 13th of July, 1906, evidently an old one re-lined, was placed in the bank of a nullah under cover of asmall bush, I+ was of the usual Willow-Warbler type and contained four fresh eggs (this was the full clutch, the female haying no eggs in the oviduct). They were white, thickly spotted with dark red, and averaged "55 x 4 inch, In summer this Warbler frequently utters a oud monosyllabic call-note, not unlike that of the next species but not so loud, In winter this is only occasionally heard, {418.] PayLioscopus HUMII. Hume’s Willow- Warbler, Fulton, J.B. N. H.S. xvi. p. 48 (only two obtained in Chitral) ; Rattray, t,¢,.p.424 (very common in the Murree Hills); Ward, op. cit, xvii. p, 113: (breeds in Kashmir). 48, Ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 23rd December, edad. ,, a 31st December, 119 & 120, @ ad, Kohat, 1,760 ft., 16th February, 154. Ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 18th March. Abundant in the cold weather in Kohat from September till the end of April, frequenting gardens, orchards and groves—usually singly, It has a loud call-note resembling the syllable “pehwey.”’ which is constantly uttered. Occurs on the Samana on migration, and nests in Jarge numbers on the Safed Koh from 7,000 to 11,000 feet, Its curious song, which may be rendered “pi-pi-piaz-z”” (this being repeated with variations), is first heard in March, whlist still in its winter-quarters, and is continued throughout the summer being usually uttered from the midst of a thick tree, [421.] AcANTHOPNEUSTE NITIDUs, The Green Willow-Warbler, Ward, J. B. N. H. 8, xvii, p. 113. 766, Ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft,, 31st March. omg ad. 5; : 2nd April, 192 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX, Passes through Kohat and the Kurram Valley in large numbers from the last week in March till the end of May, returning in September, when com- paratively few are seen, This is the last Willow- Warbler to leave, and I have met with it at Kohat up tiil the 28th of May. Major Magrath says that this species is extremely common in Bannu in September and October, Its rela- tive scarcity at that season in Kohat, together with that of many other species, may perhaps be accounted for by its following the Kurram River down through the Bannu District instead of turning off at Thall up the Ishkalai, an insignificant stream which connects the Miranzai and Kurram Valleys. [424.] ACANTHOPNEUSTE MAGNIROSTRIS, The Large-billed Willow-Warbler. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xvi. p. 425 (fairly common in the Galis) ; Ward, op. cit. xvil, p. 113 (apparently rare). T have only met with this species on the lower slopes of the Safed Koh, where its nests in small numbers between 7,000 and 8,000 feet. The call-note is loud and characteristic, resembling the syllables “dirtee,” Song monotonous and poor, [428.] ACANTHOPNEUSTE OCCIPITALIS, The Large-crowned Willow-Warbler. Ratiray, J. B, N, H.S, xvi. p. 425 (very common round Murree) ; Ward, op. eit, xvii, p. 113 (nests from 7,000 to 8,000 ft. in Kashmir), 535, @ ad. Kurram Valley, 6,800 ft., 25th April. Occurs sparingly in the Kohat orchards in April and May, but not observed in autumn. Abundant, however, on the Safed Koh Range in summer from 6,000 to 10,000 feet, being quiet the commonest Willow-Warbler there, Its loud monotonous song may be heard from dawn to dusk all the summer through, [434,| CryproLoPHA XANTHOsCHISTA, Hodgson’s Grey-headed Flycatcher- ‘Warbler. Rattray, J. B. N, H.S. xvi. p. 426 (rare in Murree Hills, one nest found) Ward, op. cit, xvi, p: 113, 624, Q ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 29th February. 629. Gad. (testes big). Kohat, 1,850 ft., Ist March. 665, @ ad, Marai, 3,000 ft., 9th March, A fairly common winter-visitor to the district, arriving about the third week in October and ieaving early in April, This species and Suya erinigera are the only Warblers found on the Samana above 5,000 feet all through the winter ; it is difficult to understand how they manage to pick up a living, the hill-side being often covered with snow for days together. Frequents scrub-jungle, gardens, and orchards, going about in small parties and often uttering its pretty little song even in mid-winter. [445.] Scorocerca 1Nqureva, The Streaked Serub- Warbler. Rattray, J.B. N. H.S. xii. p. 338 (Thall: common); Watson, op. cit, xv p. 145 (very common round Chaman, near Quetta). 436. @Q ad. Banda 1,900 ft., 27th January. 608. & (testes very big.) Lachi, 1,540 ft., 25th February. THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 193 A common resident among scrub on dry stony hill-sides, but not seen above 3,900 feet, nor far from the foot of the hills, The specific name is very appropriate : it is never still, but is always flitting or running mouse-like about from bush to bush, only pausing occasionally to sing a few notes of its cheery little song. [456.] CETTIA ORIENTALIS, The Eastern Bush-Warbler. 167, @ ad, Lachi, 1,540 ft,, 27th March, 701. @ ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 17th March, 732. @ ad, a i 23rd March, 724, 9 ad. Chillibagh, 2,100 ft., 24th March. Bill dark brown, lower mandible flesh-coloured, gape yellowish; tarsus flesh-coloured ; iris brown. Passes through Kohat in fair numbers in March, frequenting reed-beds, gardens, and generally thick cover near water. A great skulkev, usualiy occurring singly. My attention was first drawn to this species by a loud note, resembling the syllable “ chey,” proceeding from the midst of a tamarisk. After much peering, I made out a small brown bird vigorously flirting its tail and evidently much resenting my presence, It was in this way that I always met with it, [458.] Suya crinicera. The Brown Hill-Warbler. Rattray, J. BLN. H.S. xvi. p. 426 (nests freely in Murree Hills); Ward, op. cit, xvi, p, 113 (common in Kashmir), 6.3. Q ad. Marai, 4,000 ft., 9th March. 677. @ ad. Thall, 2,500 ft., 4th March. A resident on the Samana and fairly common, In winter it descends to the Miranzai Valley, occurring commonly in the scrub jungle near the foot of the hills, also in the low hills of S, Kohat, We did not meet with it in the Kurram Valley, though I shot one at the entrance near Thall. [462.] Printa Lepripa. The Streaked Wren-Warbler. Cumming, J. B. N. H.S. xvi. p. 687 (fairly common amongst the Tamarisks : Seistan, 1,700 ft.) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii, p. 114 (occurs in outer hills, but not in Kashmir proper). 617. @ (testes very big). Lachi, 1,540 ft., 26th February, 697. Q ad. Lachi, 1,510 ft., 17th March. 698. @ ad. 9% of e A resident in the plains, and not uncommon about reed-beds and tamarisk- scrub, being particularly abundant in the Lachi Plain. Nesting operations are begun in March, and from then till May its curious reeling song is constantly to be heard. [463.] PRINIA FLAVIVENTRIS, Major Magrath has found this species common in the reed-beds of Bannu, the adjoining District on the south, and has forwarded examples to the British Museum. 25 194 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. [466.] Prixra inornata, The Indian Wren-Warbler. Rattray, J. B.N. H.S, xii. p. 337 (Thall: occurs in the reeds) ; Ward, op. cit » Xvi. p. 113. 683, Ad. Thall, 2,500 ft., 14th March. 750. @ ad. Kohat, 1,600 ft,, 26th March, Resident but rather rare, except along the banks of the Kurram River. In Bannu, however, where the country is more suited to its habits, Major Magrath has found it extremely common, [469.] Lanrus tanrora, The Indian Grey Shrike. Rattray, J. B.N, H.S, xu. p. 338 (Thall: an uncommon summer “isto : Marshall, op, cit. xiv. p. 602 (in April near Quetta) ; Ward; op. cit, xvii. p. 479 (occurs in Jammu), 567, @ ad. Kohat 1,760 ft., 6th February. 658, @ ad, Hangu, 2,650 ft., 8th March, A resident, chiefly found in the desert, but not commonly, more numerous in winter than summer, Major Magrath found a nest containing four slightly incubated eggs on the 12th of May near Thall. Not met with above 3,500 feet in the Kurram Valley. [473.] Lanrus virrarus. The Bay-backed Shrike, Rattray, J. B. N. H.S xii. p. 338 (very common and resident at Thal) ; z Marshall, op. cit, xiv. p. 602 (Quetta ; an uncommon summer visitor) ; Fulton, op. cit, xvi, p, 48 (Chitral : common in summer up to 6,000 ft), 520, @ ad. Kurram Valley, 6,500 ft., 23rd April. Fairly common from the last week in March (single birds noted on 1st and 2nd March) till September in Kohat and the Kurram Valley. I noted it in Lahore, some 200 miles S.-E., early in February. [476]. Lantus pryrHRoNotus. The Rufous-backed Shrike. Rattray J. B. N, H. S, xii. p. 338 (Thall ; abundant) ; Marshall, op. ‘cit, Xv1., p. 602 (Quetta : very common in summer) ; Fulton op, cit, xvi. p, 43 (com- mon in Chitral in summer up to 7,000 ft.) ; Betham, t. c. p, 750 (breeds freely); Ward, op, cit, xvii, p. 479 (widely distributed in Kashmir), A resident, and extremely common in summer everywhere up to 7,000 feet. The majority leave for warmer climes in autumn, [479,] Lanrus 1sABELLINUs. The Pale-brown Shrike, Marshall, J. B. N. H. 8. xiv. pp. 602, 606 (Quetta : a summer visitor, nesting in May between 7,000 and 9,000 feet, 109. Q ad, Kohat, 1,700 ft., 8th February. A fairly common winter visitor from October to April, Tshot an example in the Kurram Valley at 6,500 feet on the 2nd of May + possibly a few pairs nest up there, [480.] Lanius PHOENICUREIDES, The Rufous Shrike, [867.] Rarsan, 2,400 ft., 5th March. A searce winter visitor. [495.] PERICROCOTUS BREVIROSTRIS. The Short-billed Minivet, te) oO THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 1 Fulton, J, B. N. H. S, xvi. p. 49 (Chitral : summer visitor, nesting com- monly from 7,000 to 9,000 ft.) ; Rattray, t.c.p. 426 (Nests freely in Murree Hills) ; Ward, op, cit. xvii. p. 479 (breeds in Kashmir). A common winter visitor to the District from the end of September to: April. Nests freely on the Safed Koh between 6,000 and 8,000 feet. Captain Keen observed a few on the Samana all through the summer, and _ believes that they nested there. Anexample collected by Major Magrath in Bannu and now in the National Collection, is typical. [500.] PERICROCOTUS PEREGRINUS. The small Minivet. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 479, Very rare. I came across a pair in some camel-thorn scrub (Acacia modesta) three miles west of Makhud on the Indus, but unfortunately failed to secure one, Itisa bird I know well, however, having frequently met with it near Rawal Pindi (100 miles east), [518.] OrtoLus KuNDOo, The Indian Oriole, Rattray, J. B.N. HS, xii, p, 320 (common on migration) ; Marshall, op. cit '_Xiy. p. 602 (a summer visitor to Quetta) ; Watson, op. cit. xv. p. 145 (Quetta = common in gardens, mostly immature) , Fulton, op, cit, xvi, p. 49 (very com. mon in summer.in Chitral up to 8,000 ft.) ; Rattray, t. c. p, 426 (common near Murree ai 5,500 ft.) ; Ward, op. cit, xvii, p, 479 (breeds in Kashmir up to. 6,000 ft.). A large nnmber pass through Kohat in April and the beginning of May 'returningin August and September : many breed in the orchards of the Kurram | Valley ; a few also in Kohat. [528.| Pastor rRosEus. The Rosy Pastor. Rattray, J.B. N. H.S. xii, p, 338 (Thall: passing through in vast numbers) ;. Marshall, op. cit. xiv. p. 602 (common at Chaman at the end of April), Major Magrath has written the following note on this species in Kohat:— Passes through this district in vast flocks during the spring and autumn migrations, At the spring passage the birds are slaughtered in hundreds by _the natives, every man possessing a firearm turning out for the sport. They arrive about the middle of April and the rush continues till the middle of May, |The mulberries, which are ripe at this season, are eagerly devoured by them, and the ripe corn also suffers from their depredations, A few young birds _Yemainin the district throughout the hot weather, The return passage begins about the end of July, being at its height by the middle of August, and lasting into September, Very few adult birds are to be seen at this time. The | direction of the flight through the district is N-W. and S-E. for spring and | autumn migrations respectively, The vast flocks which roost in and about the- cantonments become an unmitigated nuisance while they are with us,” Since | writing the above, Major Magrath has noted the appearance of small flocks of adult birds in the middle of summer, as also have Captain Keen and I; in fact, between us we have noted them at short intervals throughout the summer, ‘and ib seems probable that some of them at least breed a good deal 196 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. nearer India than Asia Minor, Small flocks of immature birds stay with us til] November, Curiously enough, in the spring of 1907, only a few small flocks were observed passing through the Kohat district, The migration appears to have been diverted elsewhere, though whether this was due to the district being invaded at the time by vast armies of young locusts in the crawling stage, I cannot say. One would have imagined that this would have had an opposite effect. [529.] Srurnus num. The Himalayan Starling. Rattray, J.B. N.H.S. xii. p. 338; Marshall, op. cit. xiv. p. 602 (rare at Quetta, shot in March and April); Ward, op. cit, xvii. p. 479 (very common in Kashmir in summer from 5,000 to 7,000 feet). We must have overlooked this Starling. Colonel Rattray records it from — Thall as “not common, but a fair number may be seen any day during April and May...” A Starling shot by me on the 14th of April (the last date on which a Starling was seen) proved to be Sturnus menzbieri. [530.] SrurNus porPHyRoNotus. The Central Asian Starling. Watson, J. B.N. H.S8. xv. p.145 (in flocks in Chaman, near Quetta, im December); Ward, op cit. xvii. p. 479 (does not appear to breed in Kashmir); Perreau, op. cit. xviii, p. 186 (occurs in Chitral). 62, @ ad Kohat, 1,760 ft., 4th January, 688, ¢ ad Kohat, 1,760 ft., 16th March, 718, 721, @ Q ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft,, 21st March, A winter visitor, not so common as the next species, occurring singly or in flocks, oftenin company with S, menzbier?. As Dr, Sharpe has pointed out to me, both Major Magrath’s examples from Bannu and mine from Kohat show signs of the mixing of this race with some other, the head being generally marked in places with purple gloss. [532.] STURNUS MENZBIERI, The Common Indian Starling. Rattray, J. BN, H.S. xu, p. 339 (Thall; common in winter); Fulton, op. | cit. xvi. p. 49 (Chitral; common winter visitor); Cumming,t.c. p, 687 (pro- ‘bably the Starling which occurs in flocks in Seistan in winter); Ward, op. cit. XVii. p, 479 (the majority migrate through, a few nest). 63. @ ad, Kohat, 1,760 ft., 4th January. 117, @ ad. bs ‘s 13th February, 718 & 720. @, @. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 2ist March. Abundant in the cold weather, arriving about the third week in October and leaving towards the middle of April. [544.| TeMENUCHUs PAGODARUM. The Black-headed Myna. Fulton, J. B. N.H.S. xvi. p. 49 (very common in summer in Chitral ai | 5,000 ft.) ; Rattray, t. c. p. 427 (rare in the Murree Hills) ; Ward, op. cit. p, 479 (occurs in Kashmir, but is rare). | { A summer visitor to the district. I have only twice met with this species, | once onthe 25th of August, when I observed about a dozen feeding in a gar- © den in company with the Common Myna, and again a pair on the 4th of June. | THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAH VALLEY, 197 Mr, Donald, the Political Officer, however, tells me that a few pairs nest regu- larly every year near Hangu (2,700 feet), usually selecting holes in the Boquain tree (Melia azedarach) as nesting-sites, [549.| ACRIDOTHERES TRISTIS. The Common Myna. Rattray, J. B. N. H. S. xii. p. 339 (common and resident) ; Marshall, op. cit. xvi. p. 602 (a few occur in spring ); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 49 (resident in Chitral, occurring up to 8,000 ft.in summer ); Rattray, t.¢.p. 427 (common around Murree) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 479, Resident and extremely common, occurring up to 7,000 feet in the Kurram. Valley in the summer, and at Fort Lockhart (6,500 feet) all the year round, in spite of the heavy snowfall. [551.| ACRIDOTHERES GINGINGIANUS. The Grey-Bank Myna, Small flocks occur in the District in February and March, and are usually seen following cattle on the grass-farms. Major Magrath has found the bird fairly common‘in Bannu, and has sent an example to the British Museum. AMPLELIS GARRULUS. The Waxwing. Whitehead, Bull. B. O. C, xxi, p. 19. 416. Q ad. Samana, 6,500 ft., 16th December 1906. I first met with this handsome bird on the 11th of December, in a small garden near the Fort, but just as I had sighted it with my glasses, up flew a flock of Gold finches and began mobbing it, and away it went, uttering a soft whistling note, Five days later, on visting the same spot, I was lucky enough to again finda Waxwing there. It was in fine condition with four wax-like tips to the secondaries of each wing. In addition to this example, Major Magrath shot one,a male,extremely fat, in his garden in Bannu, lat. 33° (apparently the farthest southern record for this species), on the 20th of March, Colonel Ward records another secured on the 8th of the same month at 7.000 feet in Kashmir, [ To be continued. | 198 A TAMARIX ASSOCIATION. BY WitiiamM Burns, B. Sc. (Edin.). (From the Botanical Laboratory of the Agricultural College, Poona.) In the uncultivated areas along the banks of the Nerbudda near Broach run lines of tamarix. The zone occupied by this plant is comparatively narrow, but it is often possible to distinguish two regions within the zone, of apparently different ages, the older being higher up the banks. The tamarix is an orga- nism well adapted to the conditions in which it occurs. These are sandy or alluvial soil, saline water, and a lowlying but rather exposed situation. It has been supposed that tamarix is rather a salt-plant than a sand-plant. How far this is the case remains to be proved. In any case tamarix occurs where both physical and physiological drought are imminent, and all its adaptations are for resistance of drought, The roots are deep, the leaves are minute and clasping, and on these leaves are peculiar impresso-punciate glands in which salts accumulate. It is believed that the function of these deposits is to attract moisture hygroscopically from the atmosphere and pass it on to the leaf tissue. In the leaves of Tamarix articulata, according to Solereder, storage tracheids occur for the preservation of water. I was curious to know what other plants were associated with the tamarix in its peculiar zone at Broach and so, in October 1909, I collected from a small area (about 100 by 15 yards) all the plants I could find. Where the tamarix grew it was the dominant plant, but the habit of the tamarix is not such as to exclude the growth of other plants amongst it, The area I examined was of recent growth and close tothe water. The tamarix was from three to five feet high and thickly planted, yet the slenderness of its branches permitted sufficient air and light to enter for numerous subsidiary plants. In marked contrast to the tamarix in this respect was Typha angustata, of which I found one clump growing ina swampy.spot where no tamarix had rooted, This Typha formed a compact and exclusive community, growing so close and high that nothing else had a chance amongst it. Of tamarix I found three species, namely, Tamarix dioica, Tamarix articu- laia and Tamari« ericoides. These were all in flower and easily identified. — Tamaria ericoides has ten stamens, whilst the other two have five. Tamarix — dioica has unisexual flowers, whilst Tamarix articulata has hermaphrodite — flowers in interrupted spikes. Two other species are reported in Cooke’s Flora — as occurring in Sind, namely, Tamarix gallica and Tamaria stricta ; but these were not found in the Broach group, Tamarix gallica has five stamens like Tamarix articulata, but has racemose panicles. Yamariz stricta has ten stamens like Tamarix ericoides but differs in having the glands of the dis¢ passing into the bases of the staminal filaments instead of separating them. Tamariz dioica and Tamarix articulata become tree-like in habit. Tamarix A TAMARIX ASSOCIATION, 199 ericoides remains shrubby, The distribution and biology of these species will be the subject of further study. The following is a list of the plants found amongst or beside the tamarix with the exception of one or two lost in drying :— LYTHRACEE : Ammania salicifolia. CoMPOSITA : A geratun conyzoides, Eclipta alba. Spheranthus indicus, FICOIDEA : Trianthema monegyna. AMARANTACEA: Achyranthes aspera. Celosia argentea, Amarantus paniculatus, Alternanthera sessilis. GRAMINEAE 2 Chloris montana, Eragrostis pilosa. Eragrostis interrupia, Panicum colonum. Isachne australis, Andropogon halepensis. For the identification of these plants I am indebted to Messrs, Bhide, and Paranjpe, Assistant Economic Botanists, Agricultural College, Poona. The Lythracee are subdivided by Hooker into two tribes, the Ammanice and the Lythreew. The Ammaniew are a distinctly moisture loving group. Several of its members are weeds of rice fields, I have found Ammania species in damp saltish lands in the Konkan and near Baramati. The species found at Broach, Ammania salicifolia, is exceedingly widely distributed in India, being reported from practically every province. According to Solereder, the Lythracee very often have epidermal mucilage cells in the leaf, The genus Ammania possesses these and they have doubtless some biological significance. The Composite found are of wide distribution in all warm climates. Ageratum conyzoides and Eclipta alba are common weeds of fields and way- sides in India. Sphcranthus indicus is reported in rice fields, The distribution of Trianthema monogyna 1s also very wide. It is found in Malaya, Western Asia, Africa and Tropic America. The anatomy of the Ficoidea has been the subject of repeated study. The stem structure has been shown to be anomalous. Successive arcs of meristem appear in the pericycle giving rise to concentric rows of secondary vascular bundles and inter=- mediate tissue (Morot), As an adaptation to the dry regions which the members of this order inhabit, they are provided with water storing cells in the leaf epidermis. The Amarantacew cannot be said to be distinctly haloplytic or xerophytic though they can put up with fairly dry conditions. The Amarantus panicula- tus found was a single specimen, probably an escape. It was small, only about thirty centimetres high, with no fasciation. Achyranthes aspera is a well known 200 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi, XX. weed in dry places all over Tropic Asia, Africa, Australia, and America, Celosia argentea has an almost equally wide distribution and is a common field plant in India, Alternanthera sessilis isfond of damp places throughout the hotter parts of India and Ceylon. The stem structure of the Amarantacee is similar to that of the Ficocdew in having concentric rings of vascular tissue (see Solereder and others). The Graminee cited are all of very wide distribution and inhabit all sorts of situations, Dalzell and Gibson give Eragrostis interrupta as occurring in waterholes in Gujarat. The analysis of this Association brings to light one or two curious facts. The first is that, in one Association, we have, growing side by side— (1) plants of limited habitat and xerophytic or halophytic type— Tamarix species. (2) plants of general xerophytic type—Trianthema. (3) plants of the open field and of no distinct type—the grasses, com- posites, and Amarantacee other than Alternanthera. (4) plants of distinctly hygrophytic type—Ammania salicifolia, Alier- nanthera sessilis. The occurrence of a general xerophytic type along with the tamarix is to be expected. The occurrence of the plants of the open field shows that these have a long range of adaptability. The occurrence of hygrophytes points, 1 think, to an invasion of odd dampish corners by plants accustomed to these situations. A second interesting fact is that all the plants associated with the tamarix are plants of exceedingly wide distribution throughout the tropics. Wide dis- tribution of a species indicates considerable flexibility of constitution, and it is precisely such plants that one would expect to find in conditions so trying and special as those among the tamarix. A third point is the occurrence of the several Amaraniacea and of Trianthe- ma, ail with anomalous stem anatomy, I hardly think we canas yet say that this structure means any special advantage in gaining a foothold in unusual situations, ; 201 A NOTE ON THE CIRCULATION OF CALYCOPTERIS FLORIBUNDA, BY JOHN WALLACE, C.E. In the early days of the Indian police the way in which law breakers could remain in the jungle, at seasons when all springs and streams were dry, and when the village wells were watched, was very puzzling to the authorities, Travelling through jungles or over uncultivated and rocky ground in hot weather, and without drinking water, is a serious hardship, as many ashikari knows to his cost, but the mystery was cleared up when it was dis- covered that drinking water could be had from one of the largest climbing plants, the Calycopteris floribunda, that is common in many parts of India and may even be seen in and around Bombay. Examples are found on Gibbs Road, Malabar Hill, outside the Bombay Gymkhana and also on the lawn in front of the University Library, where a fine example of the plant grows upon an isolated Pepul tree. The * Ukshi, ” as the plant is called in the Thana District, is known in two forms ; as a scandent plant in the jungles where it climbs the whole of trees. turning from left to right, forming great loops and festoons and reaching long distances from one tree to another, or travelling along the ground for the same purpose, and meanwhile throwing out roots to form new plants, At times it will also send out fresh shoots from the ground which will coil so tightly around its older stems as to present the appearance of a hard twisted rope, Its other form is that of a dense shrub when isolated and cut annually for twigs and leaves, which are burnt on rice fields as manure, At the com- mencement of the hot weather its pale golden flowers form a pleasing con- trast with the surrounding foliage, The chief interest of this plant lies in its property of storing water, and in the means by which this water is raised, stored and distributed, Mr. George Ryan of the Indian Forest Service described the Ukshi in a paper read before this Society, on the 29th September 1904, and told how four pieces of stem, totalling 9 feet 8 inches in length,and of an average diameter of 34 inches, discharged when newly cut one quart of clear potable water. This water tends to rise in the stem above the incision under the influence of some unexplained force. The wood of the Ukshi is stringy, and filled with unusually large water vessels which may be seen in the cross sections exhibited. These sections when held against the light have the appearance of a delicate textile fabric sparkling with luminous points, The cutting of them presented some difficulty, as sawing produced a woolly surface, and sand-paper only filled all the pores with dust. | They were finally sawn nearly to size, fixed in a lathe, and cut with keen edged chisel which was held with a vertical edge. The upward movement of the water in the Ukshé represents a considerable force, for the surface resistance of the innumerable vessels must be yery great, even if the movement of the 26 202 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. water be very slow. The water helps to feed the plant with mineral solutions -on its way to the leaves from whose surface it escapes by evaporation at a varying rate, according to the season or time of day. Botanists seem to agree in saying that plants have no organs for absorbing water or vapour through the leaves. The movement of water must therefore be always in one direc- tion which would seem to imply the existence of some kind of valve on the surface of the leaves, which prevents a reverse movement, even when under the influence of atmospheric changes of temperature and pressure. In Bombay we learn from figures kindly furnished by Mr. N. A, Moos at the Observatory, that the mean monthly solar radiation as recorded by the black bulb thermometer in the month of January, is 133°5 degrees Fahrenheit and that the minimum ‘grass radiation thermometer at night indicated 62°5 degrees, shewing a range of 71 degrees to which plants are exposed. These are only mean figures. In © Allahabad the sun temperature rises to 163 degrees, giving in all probability a much greater range, Confined air under an increase of temperature equal to 71 degrees would increase in pressure by about 2°8 lbs. per square inch or approximately 403 lbs. per square foot. The range of barometric pressure in Bombay is small as compared with that of other countries. It occurs im two daily waves having their maxima at ten o’clock, morning and eyening, and their minima at four o’clock, morning and evening. The maximum range ais equal to a column of water 7:936 inches high, which corresponds with a pressure per square foot of 41°98 pounds. The atmospheric infinence acting on the Ukshi are thus a wave of temperature, rising from sunrise until half past two o’clock in the afternoon and falling until sunrise ; and two waves of barometric pressure of an amplitude already indicated. It is hard to believe that such forces, acting on the outside of a plant, whose juices have to be raised against gravity and friction, should have no useful influence in assisting its functions. ‘This assistance would seem to involve the existence of valves, and as this matter has been the subject of contrary opinions there is still a lack of unanimity about it. Col. Kirtikar recently examined a vertical section of a local fresh plant, and observed that it has innumerable pitted cells which Prof. Strasburger of Bonn University in 1903 found to act apparently as valves. We all know that itis not the heart alone that circulates the blood in an animal body, because the whole work, if thrown on that organ alone, would rupture it. We may with safety assume that the water column circulating through the comparatively wide vessels of the Calycopteris jlorébunda are not continuous, and it remains for us to ascertain exactly the form of interruption which supports the water column, and the extent to which the meteorological changes, above referred to, affect the circulation of the plant whose extremi- ties are open to absorption of water at the lower ends and to evaporation of moisture at the upper ends, while both extremities, owing to their conforma- tion, do not permit a reverse current. It seems asif the regularly recurrent changes of temperature and pressure represent forces sufficient to carry on the work of circulation if the organs of the plant are adapted to utilise them. Ww Ss) Oe REVIEWS. *THE FAUNA OF INDIA—DERMAPTERA. By M. Burr. This, the latest volume of the series, and the first under the editorship of Mz, A. E. Shipley, deals with the Earwigs, Dermaptera, better known as the Forficulide. The new editor writes a preface which details the new volumes in preparation which we may notice before dealing with this volume. Volumes have been sanctioned as follows :— 1. Cicindelide and Pausside, with a general introduction to Coleoptera by W. W. Fowler. 2. Orthoptera, by W. F. Kirby. 3, Dermaptera, by M. Burr. (Now issued.) 4, Butterflies Vol. ITI. 5. Curculionidae, by G. A, K. Marshall. 6. Cetoniide and Dynastide, by G, Arrow. 7. JIchneumonide, by C. Morley. 8. Longicornia, by C, J, Gahan. 9. Buprestide, by E. P. Stebbing. 10. Rhynchota, Appendix. W.L. Distant. (In the press.) 11. Blattide, by BR. Shelford. 12, Mollusca Il, by Godwin-Austen, The above volumes have been sanctioned but are not ail likely to be seen. ‘The first is apparently not commenced nor is material called for ; the second has been in preparation for years and is not likely to be prepared, although collections for it have been in England several years. The fourth, the conclud- ing volume of butterflies, Lycaenidae (part) and Hesperiid@, is in the hands of Mr, Druce and much material is available. The fifth is under way and Mr. Marshall has worked through part of the material to the great advantage of Indian collectors. Mr, Arrow has examined the material for the Cetoniide and Dynastide and Mr. Morley has been at work on the Ichnewmonide ; we have no knowledge of the Longicornia beyond the fact that one volume has appeared and that collections for the second have not yet been called for. The Bupre« stid@ are not likely to be done at present. Mr. Distant’s volume on the Rhyn- hota is almost done, owing to his untiring activity in describing species and for Mr, Shelford’s volume no collections have as yet been called for. The editor makes no mention of a volume on Microlepidoptera, for which Mr. E. Meyrick has for years been describing material in this journal, but the matter is so enormous, one volume will not suffice, The Fauna of India is of immense service to Indian workers and it behoves all workers in India to help in any way they can, In response to an appeal ane pak * The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma—Dermaptera. M. Burr, {Paylor and Francis, London.) 204 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. for beetles recently issued by this Society, much material has been received. which is being pinned, set, identified and the new material arranged for the furtherance of the future Fauna volumes. In view of the above projected volumes, we would urge that members should collect insects likely to be of value for these volumes. ‘The appeal for beetles has met with a good response ; we would appeal now for cockroaches, grasshoppers, locustids, stick insects, mantids and especially crickets. These are, with the beetles, the really important groups required now; it should be needless to say that collections of Licwnids and Hesperizds are badly wanted, bui this will appeal only to butterfly collectors, while every member can collect and send in the other groups, notably the crickets and grasshoppers, Members of this Society alone in India can help in this work and can assist in providing the material on which the volumes will be provided ; when a volume is projected, its ultimate value depends very largely on the fresh material available for examination and this can be supplied very largely by the members of this Society. Turning to the present volume, we would congratulate the author upon it ; the general introduction is extremely good, taking account of the life-history and habits ina way rare among authors of systematic works. The author describes 133 species of earwigs of Ceylon, India and Burmah, and gives a revised scheme of classification, He appeals for more material, as there are many questions unsettled, and he takes a broad view of the value of the present classification. Like other specialists he is desirous of emphasising the importance of his group and makes it an order under the term Dermapiera. The section on geographical distribution is notable and the paragraphs on determination of species form a feature of the utmost value, as former volumes have been really used only by trained entomologists very largely because the layman could not get an explanation of the terms used in the volume; Mr. Burr’s paragraphs make the volume one that can be used at once by any one who will take the trouble to master the introduction and carefully read this section, The author describes 133 species’: from India, Burmah and Ceylon. Of these, 32 are from widespread localities inthe Himalayas, Ceylon, Burmah and other subtropical areas, 30 are from Burmah alone, 18 from Ceylon alone, 25 from Himalayan localities only, 6 from Burmah and Ceylon alone, while 20 only are recorded from localities in the plains of India, ¢.¢., from tropical India as I understand it, The species recorded from tropical localities are usually also found in subtropical areas, and there is practically nothing found in tropical India which is peculiar to it in the sense that the 25 Hima- layan species are, as at present known, only Himalayan. Forjiculide are not a large part of the fauna of the tropical plains but are more abundant in species in moister hill areas. Our Forficulid fauna in the plains isa “ derived” one of recent times, not an indigenous “ original’ one, The volume is well illustrated with text diagrams and ten plates, one in colour, We trust it will stimulate workers in India to turn to the Orthoptera. REVIEWS. 205 not for collecting only but for the observation of habits, season and life- history. The Society will be glad to receive specimens, to name what they can and to collect all the material possible for future volumes of the Fauna. H. M. LEFROY. “INDIAN INSECT LIFE.” A MANUAL OF THE INSECTS OF THE PLAINS (TROPICAL INDIA). By H, Maxwe ti-Lerroy, M.A., F.ES., F.Z.S., ASSISTED BY F. M, How tert, B.A., F.E.S. Twenty-five years ago there was very little available literature on Indian Entomology and the new arrival in the country, however enthusiastic in the pursuit of insects and their ways, soon found his ardour evaporate under the continued disappointment of not being able to determine or put a name to any of his captures, At least this was true of everything except, perhaps, but- terflies, Even about these, there was only Marshall and de Nicéville’s partially completed work to be had. And this was expensive, On Beetles and Flies, on Bugs and Grasshoppers and Dragonflies, &c., there was nothing, absolutely nothing. In 1888 the Government of India authorised the compilation of “The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma” dealing, in a series of volumes, with the zoology of the countries mentioned. Up-to-date several volumes on Insects have appeared and these constitute so far the only works published dealing exclusively with Indian Entomology by means of which captures can be named. But as yet very few families of insects have been treated in those books and the field entomologist is to-day nearly as badly off as he was a quarter of a century ago. The study of Insects has been tremendously advanced in the last twenty years but nearly all the information gathered is disseminated throughout Europe in the different journals or magazines of the Zoological and Entomological Societies, Little of it is there- fere available to the working entomologist. The “ Fauna” above mentioned has as yet dealt only with the Moths, the Butterflies, the Bugs or Hemiptera and a few of the Coleoptera, none of which have been completed at the presenti hour, No attempt had been made to deal with Indian Entomology as a whole or for any considerable part thereof until Mr. Maxwell-Lefroy published his “Tndian Insect Life” last year. It is not necessary to say that the want of such a book has been felt for many years back, There was no one before with sufficient leisure or sufficient energy to write it, There have, of course, been good entomologists in this country in the past but most of them have been Government Officials who were only able to pursue the subject as a hobby in _ the intervals of their legitimate duties, Mr, Lefroy has been luckier, being an Entomologist by profession, employed by the Government of India under the title of Entomologist, Imperial Department of Agriculture for India, with a good library of reference at his disposal, a suificient staff of artists and a good 206 JOURNAL. BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. type collection of material to work on. All these are requisites not available to the ordinary individual, There is no wish or intention of detracting from the worth of the work done by him in the compilation of the book under review, but he has had exceptional opportunities, and he has produced an exceptionally able treatise, From the first page to the last “‘ Indian Insect Life ” is as perfect a work as. could be expected with the knowledge of the subject dealt with attained up to: the present day. It is replete with information imparted in a pleasant and lucid style and contains a great amount of matter which in the past has. been only available to the very few. The subject dealt with is a very large one and it is surprising how the author has managed to get all the facts and observations he has alluded to into the space he has allowed himself, The book is, naturally, largely a compilation, as can only be, but there are many original observations and notes incorporated in it and the fact that all the material has been collected in a short six years reflects infinite credit on the writer and those who have helped him. It is a book of some 800 beautifully printed pages of good stout paper, and’ 536 text-figures besides 84 full page plates of which a great number are coloured.. There is a map of India as Frontispiece showing the region dealt with which, we are informed, is the Tropical portion only or the ‘ Plains,” The cover is. pretty and original, simple but very suitable, The binding, however, is bad ; it is not strong enough and the pages break loose and come out, This is probably the result of weight and it would have been better had the book been issued in two volumes instead of one. It would have been a great deal handier also were it of smaller size notwithstanding that this would have interfered with the area of the fine plates; but the advantage gained ini convenience of handling would have perhaps more than compensated for this. The objection to reduced plates could have been got over by multiplying their number, though this would have of course increased the cost of production, The final result might, however, have been more satisfactory in that there would probably have been a greater sale for the work in the more convenient form. The wider circulation it has the better for everybody. The text-figures are uniformly good and, in the majority of cases, they represent typical insects, their eggs, larvae, cocoons, nests, &c., and should be of considerable use to those desirous of learning to distinguish between the dif- ferent forms. The plates, both coloured and uncoloured are on the whole also good ; some of them are excellent and should be a great help to the beginner. They represent insects in all stages, many of them magnified, their egos, larve, chrysalides, imagines, cocoons and foodplants ; in many cases oo? accompanied by the parasites characteristic of each. The plate of lepidopter- ous larvee (XXVIII) contains caterpillars of some common types of butterflies: and moths some of which have been apparently wrongly identified. For example, the larva No, 1 is given as that of Junonia orithya while it is evidently that of Hypolimmas bolina: both are nymphaline but differ im | REVIEWS. 20% that the’ head of the former is never horned ; the colour is also slightly different. The figure No. 6 is said to represent a sphingid moth larva but if is not true to life having no horn on the 12th segment: the eighth abdominal segment, It is evidently one of the Cherocampa ovr Theretra class by the attenuated fore-part and the thickened thoracic segments, but none of these caterpillars are without the horn on the eighth abdominal segment, Plate X is badly executed ; the wasps depicted’ are all too pale in colour, the lines are coarse and the colours are bad; the same: may be said of Plate XIII, Although the figures are enlarged, which might account for a certain amount of apparent coarseness. still they compare very unfavourably with the figures in, for example, “ Genera Insectorum,”’ Plate: XVI (upper half) is perhaps the worst of the lot; the beetles look more like hedgehogs than anything else. However it is perhaps uprfair to carp at the few bad pictures when there are so many of them, in fact the very large majority, which are so excellent. There are none that are not recognizable ata glance: for what they are intended to represent and many of them are very perfect. The coloured plates of the locusts are extremely good, The amount of information contained in the book is very great and the: whole of it is exceptionally accurate ; the arrangement of the maiter is very good and complete, The introduction is an able exposition of the whole sub-— ject treated of. General entomological questions affecting sex, duration of life,. relations to flowers as influencing cross-fertilization of plants, relations of insects to each other such as the habits of certain groups connecting them with ants, protective colouring and shape, &c., are treated of in appropriate: places throughout the book, in short well written articles full of interest, These articles add to the value of the work from all points of view; they draw attention to most that is known about the ways and habits of insects, suggest many points that require study and elucidation and impart quite a large amount of information in a very small space. Mr. Lefroy has produced a very valuable work that marks a distinct advance in Indian entomological literature. His name will be remembered for long years as the writer of the first text-book on Indian Insects, and “ Indian Insect life” will be the only source of information available to schools and colleges in this country for the next dozen years, Would that it had been published. before, May it have the sale it richly deserves. “INSECT INTRUDERS IN INDIAN HOMES.” By EH. P. STEBBING, Mr, E. P.Stebbing has written a little book entitled “Insect Intruders in: Indian Homes ” which, he informs us, in the Foreword, is “ a modest and’ altogether popular account of a few of the commoner Insect Intruders” met with in homes, gardens and jungles in this “ Land of Exile.” It is quite prettily got up, is illustrated with many illustrations of the subjects dealt with on a very broad margin of page round a somewhat meagre column of print, an: 208 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. arrangement which, however, undoubtedly adds to the fresh look of the whole. Tt rejoices ina somewhat stiff though ingenious title-page, a rather artistic reverse side to the covers, a dedication-page backed by quite a long list of authorities consulted and a page with the quotation “To the solid ground of Nature trusts the Mind that builds for eye.” There is list of Contents, a foreword and an Introduction. All this plus the three Chapters into which the real book is divided occupy 158 half-pages of large clear print, The paper is good and the binding also, The illustrations are, on the whole, good though some of them are somewhat rough and stiff. Many of them are unnecessarily repeated, They are placed so as to represent the insects alluded to on the page on which they are depicted and are easily recognisable as well-known types, The author deals only with types of “ Intruders” and abstains from mentioning scientific names, He does” this on purpose in the interests of “popularity.” We take this to be a mistake, It would have been easy to give names without in the least detract- ing from the interest of the book for the lay reader, while it would have greatly added to its value for the scientifically inclined individual. As it is, the insects alluded to represent nothing definite to either the one or the other except known by sight. We have perused the book more than once. We have given it to friends to read soas to have the opinions of people acquainted with insects only as insects ; that is in the popular way, not scientifically. They pronounced it to be pleasant chatty reading well fitted to while away an idle hour. Perhaps it is, but personally we think the grammar often faulty, the style artificial and the humour decidedly forced. In a vague way it reminds one of the writings of KHA, as if the author had tried to imitate him, But what a difference! The allusions to insects as “little chaps” and “beggars” and “he” gets monotonous and jars. We also wish the author had abstained from intro- ducing “ The Girl” who gets upon our nerves and comes as a shock each time she is mentioned. On page 44 he refers to a Megachtle—departing from his intention of avoid- ing scientific terms—which makes mud nests and provisions them with pollen. We wish he could have told us more about the insect, for a Leaf-cutter bee that ‘builds free mud cells for itself like an Odynerus or Eumenes wasp is decidedly interesting. We know Megachile bees will take possession of the mud cells of other wasps and make use of them, sometimes lining them with leaf pieces : but we were ignorant of their constructing such things independently. In fact we always considered that the Hymenopter that built a mud nest for its eggs in India could not and must necessarily be a wasp and not a bee, and this notwithstanding the example of Chalicodoma described by Fabre. Perhaps the Megachile alluded to lines natural cavities, tubular holes and so on with mud—that would be not quite so surprising for other d pide do that, What are “ Fossorial parasitic Wasps” mentioned on page 45? From the habit of storing spiders the author evidently means Fossorial Wasps ; none of REVIEWS, 209 the spider-storing ones are parasitic of course. On page 58 he mentions the Sawfly larva, figuring an ordinary moth-larva in the margin ; on the next page, by misplacement of a comma, he has made the difference of the number of legs possessed by a moth larva and that of a sawfly somewhat difficult to understand. When talking of “a silky little black beggar vividly picked out with orange and red and white spots and little stripes” on page 65, he describes it as being “ pretty well omnivorous ”’ which is another misstatement. The moth larva alluded to is that of Polytela, probably gloriosw and it feeds only upon lilies. Mantis egg-masses on page i123 are said to be “easily crumbled between the fingers”. Asa matter of fact they are exceptionally tough except when very old and weathered, The little holes are made by parasites and not by the young emerging Mantis brood ; these slip out between little edges, proceeding from the successive layers by which the mass is built up, overlying each other generally down one side, TRANSACTIONS OF THE BOMBAY MEDICAL CONGRESS, 1909. It is a matter of every day knowiedge that within the past half-century the Science of Medicine and the Art of Surgery have been well-nigh revolu- tionised by the study of one branch of Natural History, to wit, Bacteriology. A glance at these Transactions will convince the reader of a much less known fact. Medicine, especially in the Tropics, owes most of its advances during the past quarter of a century to the Science of Zoology. Year by year one disease after another has been found due to some minute animal parasite, and others, though perhaps caused by vegetable organisms, like the bacteria, owe their transmission to some specific animal host or carrier. Medical research in the tropics has therefore become largely the study of Biology or the Life History of particular parasites, or particular animals con- cerned in the transmission of disease. Omitting such obvious diseases as those due to snake poison, intestinal worms, to vermin, such as lice, “ jiggers,” itch mites, guinea-worm, etc. we find malaria, chyluria, sleeping-sickness, “ kala- azar,” the black fever of Assam, hematuria of Egypt, relapsing fever, tick fever, syphilis, yaws, Delhi boil or Aleppo . evil, miner’s anemia, the “ anemia of coolies”, which causes such havoc in Ceylon and Assam, the enlarged hyer of Japan are all now proved and universally admitted by pathologists to be directly due to animal parasites, Most pathologists believe that Elephantiasis is caused by a minute worm transmitted by the common Culex mosquito, that most cases of liver abscess and one form of dysentery are due to a specific animal parasite, an amceba. They are most certainly associated with it. Of late most protozoologists and cytologists have come to the conclusion that certain minute bodies found in the skin and throat during scarlet fever, those found in the vesicles of small-pox and cow- -pox, others found in the nerve cells during rabies and hydrophobia are minute animals, the living contagium, the exciting cause of those diseases, 27 210 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HiSTORY SOGIETY, Vol. XX. No one now disputes that Malta fever is transmitted by the goat, malaria by one family of mosquitoes, chyluria by many mosquitoes, and yellow fever by one species, sleeping-sickness by the Tse-tse fly. Evidence has been brought forward that relapsing fever and kala-azar are transmitted by some biting animal, probably the bug or the louse, Before re-infecting man many parasites require to pass through some inter- mediate animal host, the recognition and destruction of which are important matters for the medical man and sanitarian. The life history of the malarial parasite in mosquito and man must now be ‘‘ familiar to every school-boy.” The agency of rats and fleas in the transmission of plague is sadly familiar to most of us in India. Less well-known is the fact that the embryos of the guinea-worm on leaving man pass through a stage in the body of a small crustacean, Cyclops, that the Liver-Fluke which in Eastern Bengal is not uncommon in man, almost univer- sal in sheep and goats, must of necessity pass certain stages of its life in the common water snail. After this introduction we feel no need to apologise for the lay Naturalist venturing a little friendly criticism on the work of an Indian Medical Congress, From a Natural History point of view, we must confess we have found little that is new or original. As a work for reference, the volume, a portly quarto of 632 pages, is rendered almost useless by the absence of an index. This want is the more obvious,asthe sections into which the Congress was divided, were based on no recognised method of classification, pathological or otherwise. We venture to think the editor would have been well advised to have had an index drawn up rather than occupy the space devoted to an Kditor’s Pre- face “to enumerate briefly some of the principal lessons which have been gleaned from the deliberations,’ and to appraise after the manner of a Com- mander-in-Chief in despatchés, the value of different contiibutions. | The various authors might well resent as a usurpation the assumption of this role by the one official whose onerous and well-carried-out duties must of necessity haye prevented him from hearing the majority of the papers and the criticisms published and unpublished which they evoked. We doubt if many physicists will agree with the Kditor’s commendation of the evidence given in support ofa theory that Hill diarrhoea is due to diminished atmospheric pressure, In the department of Natural History a paper on Trypanosomiasis and Tse-tse Flies by Captain Greig, an observer who had lately returned after much practical research in Africa, is “mentioned in despatches” by the Editor as merely “exhaustive.” We venture to think our readers will find it the best account written of what is known on the subject at the present day. On the other hand the Editor pronounces “ important”? a paper by Dr. J. REVIEWS, 211 T, Nash on the Non-Biting Flies, in which we must confess we cannot trace one new or original observation. A good and popular account of some Indian Sand Flies is given by Mr. Howlett, who also contributes a useful table with helpful diagrams of the Blood-Sucking Flies, which has modestly concealed itself at the back of — the volume in a“ Catologue of Exhibits,” The discussion on the Treatment of Snake Bite would seem to have been a lively one, and will doubtless have an interest for the fieid naturalist, A startling line of treatment is recommended by our own valued contributor, Major F. Wall, which we would take for a slip of his facile pen but for the fact itis twice repeated. As we find no comment from the numerous keen critics present, we doubt if his advice can have been read at the meeting. He advises in all cases of colubrine and viper poisoning when the appropriate antivenene cannot be obtained, “the intravenous injection of 350 ¢.c. of a 5 per cent, solution of Permanganate of Potash’!!! As this is the equivalent of half a gallon of undiluted Condy’s Fluid, the immediate effect of which would be to coagulate all the blood with which it came in contact, it is needless to say the patient would be dead long before the injection was completed. Simond’s theory that plague is mainly transmitted by rat fleas, the truth of which he had established for most observers in 1898, but which the Indian Plagae Commission dubbed “hardly deserving of consideration,’ seems to have been generally accepted at the Congress. Long papers on water supply were contributed by Dr, Dadachanji, the scientific value of which may be judged by a single paragraph. “ The terrible scourge of cholera in London in 1854 was ‘believed to have had its origin in the upturning of the earth in which the plague-striken victims of the yea 1665 had been buried.” Truly a striking phenomenon in evolution, the Bacilus pestis of 1665 developing into the Comma vibrio of 1854!!! Lengthy papers on the sanitation of Bombay by Drs. Cursetji and Master are illumi- nated by flashes of unconscious humour and the play of a little poetic license. They tell usthe City of Bombay “in every respect the pioneer City of India “having enterprising and intelligent citizens and being ahead of most of the “other cities in adopting the latest and newest measures for its sanitary “improvement and owned extensive water-works, the largest and most costly “of their kind . . . perhaps in the whole world.” Having given us this and other original information, on the very next page they fall foul of the Municipal Executive. “ The peculiar habits and customs “of the people born of sheer ignorance and stupidity must have surely been “known to the Municipal Executive for over so many years,” and we learn that there is practically nothing good from a sanitary point of view in Bombay. The impression left upon us by the whole 160 pages devoted to Sanitation in India is that they could have been conveniently condensed into a Chapter like that on ‘ Snakes in Ireland’ —* There is no Sanitation in India.” 212 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Interesting asa psychological study may be mentioned, Dr. Kulkarni’s remarks on page 158 on the comparative value of cow-dung and bufialo-dung in the prophylaxis of ‘‘all diseases.’’ Interesting from the same point of view, and we should have thought deserving of some special award from the Congress is Sir Bhalchandra Krishna’s statement that in all cases of plague treated by him with serum “ success had been invariable.” So mote it be! Of the purely Medical and Surgical matter in this volume, we are not com- petent to offer any criticism, such would doubtless be out of place in a Journal of Natural History. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. No. I—THE CALL OF THE SLOTH-BEAR. Mr. Roscoe Allen’s interesting Note on the Call of the Sloth- Bear in the last Journal (p.745) reminds me uf an incident which may be of interest to him and to other readers of the Journal. In February 1904 I was in camp among the foot-hills of the Bara Pahar range in Sambalpur district, which was then part of the Central Provinces, but is now a district of the Orissa Division of Bengal. If had 16 kills out fora pair of man-eaters which were known as the Ambabhona Tigers. My tent was open as the weather was warm, and one night about 1 a,M.I heard a call which was quite unfamiliar. It was,as Mr. Allen describes it, a long-drawn and rather melodious note. Near my tent were sleeping my Shikari and Khalasi, both of whom had been out all day inspecting the buffaloes tied up. Ifound both asleep and did not wake them. The same call was repeated, and I located it in a steep hill north of my camp, I heard no auswering call, and went to sleep. In the morning an old Binjha!l from the village came over to tell me about it. He had been awake too, He described it as the sex-call of the she-bear and said that she evidently was calling up her mate froma great distance, three “ kos”’ at least. I wished to go out at once, but the sun was already well up and the old Binjhal said that we could safely wait till evening. His argument was “She would not have called him up froma distance, if she had not found very good feeding, They will be on this hill for two days.” In the evening I found both bears feeding on the reverse of the hill in thick jungle. The male got away wounded, but the she-bear got my second- barrel in the neck and died, after throwing herself savagely on her mate and biting him. He, when wounded, did not attack her. F, DEWAR, LCS, Camp: BaLaGuat, C.P. Tth January 1910, No. 1.—DISTRIBUTION OF THE SLOTH-BEAR OR INDIAN BEAR (WELURSUS URSINUS). It is stated in the Fauna of Britisn India—Mammulia—by Blanford, that the Sloth-bear is found to the West of India, in Kathéawar,and has occasionally been met with in Cutch, As regards Cutch, I am unable to advance anything ; but I can safely say that it is not to be met with, nor as faras Iam aware has it ever been so, in the Province of Kathiawar. It is difficult to conjecture what reason there can be for its absence, as many parts of the Gir forest are just the places, one would suppose, for holding bears. The same remark applies to 214 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. the tiger. Ihave questioned many an old inhabitant of the Gir, but not one of them ever remembered to have seen, or ever even to have heard of one in the district. This is the case also with the jungle and spur fowls, There are none in the Gir. L. L, FENTON, Lt.-Cot. SoutH Motrton, NortH Devon, ENGLAND. 8th January 1910. No. I11.—THE BALUCHISTAN BEAR, This bear is identified by Blanford in his Mammalia (Fauna of British India), as Ursus torquatus, i.e, the Himalayan Black Bear, which has the inverted white crescent or horse-shoe mark on the chest, Some years ago when shooting in the Pubb Hills on the Sind border, I was informed by a local authority that the Baluchistan bear locally known as the Mam carried no horse-shoe mark. I did not go far enough north to finda Mam, and was unable therefore to personally verify the statement. Jt is an interesting poimt on which perhaps the Superintendent of the Karachi Zoological Gardens, or a local Member of our Society may be able to throw some light? Iam told that specimens of the animals were to be seen at the Gardens a few years ago, and if it is a fact that they were not possessed of the horse-shoe marks, it would seem that they are entitled to be classed as a separate variety ? L, L. FENTON, Lr.-Cot, SourH Morton, Nort Devon, ENGLAND. 8th January 1910. [This is a poimt which perhaps the Baluchistan Natural History Society may be able to definitely settle. Eps, | No, T1V.—A RECORD PANTHER. According to a short paragraph. in the Jndian Field for March 10th,a panther measuring 9 ft, 3 in. was shot by a villager at Uttar Khasi, Tehri State, Into Rowland Ward’s Records of Big Game, the largest panther mentioned measures 8’ 6” but this animal exceeds that measurement by 9 in. If any Members should have heard or can find out further particulars about this large panther, we shall be very glad to hear from them, At the same time we should like to call attention to the fact that in all records of the measurements of tigers, panthers, etc., it should be distinctly stated what the measurements of the head and body are and how much the tail measures, also whether the head and body has been’ measured between uprights or not. The head and body measurement of a panther give a much better idea of its size than that of the total length, since there is a considerable variation in MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 215 the length of the tail. For instance, Jerdon records a panther measuring head and body 4/-9” with a tail of 2/-2” and in Shooting in Cooch Behar one is men- tioned with head and body of 4’ 9” anda tail of 2/93”. Surely from these measurements a far better idea is got of the sizes of these panthers than if they had been given as measuring 7-11” and 7-63" respectively in total length, Bompay Nar. Hist, Soc. N. B, KINNEAR, 6, APOLLO STREET, Keeper of the Museum. Bompay, April 1910. No. V.—JACKAL HUNTING WITH WILD DOGS, During March last my two shikaries while proceeding to tie up a goat asa“ kill” for panther met a small pack of wild dogs on the high road, [ had warned them to be on the look-out for the pack and take a gun with them. . The dogs sneaked into the jungle as soon as they saw the men, and the latter tied up the goat at the side of the road and climbed on to a large boulder out of sight As soon as the goat began to bleat, the pack came up and the men shot this animal (skin and skull sent) as it was about to attack the goat with another, They also wounded another one which came out on to the road about 40 yards down to have a look at the goat ; they describe the last one as yery red and big. It gotaway. I send you this skin and skull, because I think that the animal is a jackal, I have questioned the men closely, and they say there was a great variety of colouring in the 7 or 8 animals they saw. Some were quite red, unmistakably wild dogs, one was “bilkul kala,’ After they had broken up the pack by firing these two shots, they said the wild dogs were calling in the jungle in different directions, As they have been with me when I have shot wild dogs and seen and heard me decoy them into the open by imitating their whistling call, I have no doubt about their knowledge of the dogs’ call. 5 I have seen some of the same pack of wild dogs running in the very same spot a few months ago. They invariably drop excreta there; and on this occasion it showed that they had recently killed and eaten a sambhur. The jackal killed was very full, but I did not unfortunately examine the contents of its stomach. I do not doubt the following facts :— 1, The animal was a member of a pack of which some were wild dogs, 2, It came out to attack the goat with another animal. Ti is so long since I have seen a jackal at close quarters that I cannot iden- tify 16; but it appears to me to be rather too rufous in places for a jackal and not sufficiently rufous in the general colouring of the body for a wild dog ? The mask is too ‘‘ foxy” for a wild dog. The brush is also too “foxy” along the entire length. 216 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. Therefore I have come to the conclusion that it is either a hybrid or a jackal hunting with wild dogs. H, W. BERTHON, Masor. AMBOLI, SAWANTWADI, 8th April, 1910, [The skin and skull sent are undoubtedly those of a jackal, the former being rather red on the legs and underside and the latter having seven molar teeth in the lower jaw, whereas in the wild dog there are only s1x.— Eps. ]} No. VI.—THE RUDIMENTARY CLAVICLES OF A PANTHER. I send herewith a drawing to scale of the rudimentary clavicles I took out of a panther yesterday morning. The panther was 6/-6” (between uprights), a fully grown male (tail 283 inches), We could not feel the bones for some time, and when we cut them out thought they were both broken. A—boiled out into 2 separate pieces, the top piece flattish and the bottom piece roundish. No trace of a fracture. B—also consists of 2 similar pieces, but they are joined by slight gristle which can easily be broken through, and now that it is dry shows that the bones are about 1/10th of aninch apart. But, again, there is no trace of a fracture, the lower bone tapering off into a curving point and the upper one flattish like a very diminutive collar-bone. One emerged from the boiling still joined as shown. These bones do vary in curves and shape, but I have never seen a panther with such absurdly small ones. Even, if we assume that B had been broken, the two pieces are not as big as an ordinary clavicle m an old male panther. Abnormal rudimentary clavicles. It would be interesting to know if any one has ever come across similar bones? Have these bones been broken? I have never seen any like them before, The panther was about 4 years old Iestimate, from the appearance of the skull, MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 21 a1 I have taken perfectly formed rudimentary clavicles out of a three-quarters grown panther, 6 feet in length, with hollow eye-teeth, The teeth of this panther might, from their appearance, have belonged to a very old beast, but the ridge at the back of the skull does not show abnormal growth. H, W. BERTHON, Masor. AMBOLI, SAWANTWADI, 6th April 1910, [These collar bones appear to be so different to the usual ones found in panthers that we also figure below a normal pair to show the difference, —Eps, ] Normal rudimentary clavicles of a panther. No. VII.—SLOTH BEAR CALLING HER YOUNG WHEN ATTACKED. The following account of an incident which occurred in the hills of Central India the other day (written by a lady) may interest you. “When stalking over the hills the other morning my husband and J dis- covered a bear in a very deep valley, and my husband had a long shot at it, on which it leapt up with a “ whoof” and charged uphill in the direction of the firmg. He fired again, and again it charged in our direction, then the bear commenced calling and making a tremendous din and I said:—“ I believe there is acub,” and sure enough we presently heard a little answering call and away down under the trees we saw a small cub. My husband did not shoot again as he felt sorry for the cub. The old bear hesitated for a long time as to what she should do, and then, as the firing had stopped, she decided to return to her little one, and we could hear the gurgle of delight on her return. The cub then jumped up on her back and away they went into the jungle. It was all most interesting,” SECUNDERABAD, W. GAYE, 27th March 1910. 28 218 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. No, VII1.—BIRDS FEEDING THEIR YOUNG. On page 227-228 of his valuable book Birds of the Plains Mr. Dewar dis- cusses the possibility of birds storing water in their crops and subsequently bringing it up in order to feed their young, I have a small female Blue- winged Paroquet (Palaeornis columboides), which is now about one year old, I have been observing her for the last three weeks and several times haye noticed that she brings up her food, chews the same and again swallows it. She especially does this when slightiy annoyed, She runs about loose (her wings being cut) and invariably tries to bite anyone who passes her, I have taken great care to see that she has nothing in her mouth. On placing my finger near her, she tries to bite, but owing to the finger nail can do no damage. On these occasions, it is quite easy to see that she has nothing in her mouth. She then makes a beckoning motion with her head and brings up a light yellow substance, very much like a chewed piece of plantain. G. 8S. P. PERCIVAL, A.S. P. Mercara, Coore, Th January 1910. No, [X.—NIDIFICATION OF THE SARUS CRANE. In Vol, XIX, No. 2 (p. 524) of the Journal, Captain O’Brien mentions finding a newly hatched sarus chick on the 12th February, remarking that he thought sarus ( Grus antigone ) laid during the monsoon. Isthatthe case? I certainly was of the same belief ; but in 1903 I found a sarus sitting on a half-set egg, on strangely enough the same date as Captain O’Brien mentions, the 12th February. This was also in the Mahi Kantha Agency (Mahisa District). Came MALWASAR, A. H. MOSSE, Capratn, I. A. OKHAMANDAL, KATHIAWAR, 12th January 1910. No, X.—THE FOOD OF THE RUFOUS-BACKED SHRIKE (LANIUS ERYTHRONOTUS). Returning one day from shooting in the Bannu District and while driving along the Bannu Dera Ismail Khan Road, which runs through a marshy locality, I observed flying up from a stream by the roadside a Rufous- backed Shrike (Lanius erythronotus) with a small fish (Chilwa) about 2 inches long in its beak. Whether the fish was taken alive from the stream I cannot say ; but it is probable that it had been so captured by the Shrike in shallow water, It was conveyed by the bird to the telegraph wires near by and there broken up and devoured, I have never previously heard of a Shrike catching fish and would be glad to know if any of our members have ever noticed this abnormal habit in any of the Shrikes ? LonpoNnN, 17th December 1909, H. A. F. MAGRATH, Major. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 219 No. XI.—OCCURRENCE OF THE BRONZE-CAPPED TEAL (EUNETTA FALCATA) NEAR ROORKEE. I am sending you to-day the skin of a duck, which I find some difficulty in identifying and should be extremely obliged if you would give me your opinion onit. Judging from Baker’s Indian Ducks and their Allies and Hume and Marshalls Game Birds of India, it appears to be the female of a Bronze- capped Teal, I shot it on the evening of the 9th instant on some jheels fifteen miles south of Roorkee, It came over me alone, and I at first took it to be a Gadwail, of which the bag with some Mallard chiefly consisted. My boatman told me it was a cross between a Gadwall and a Teal! HK. H. KELLY, U7,, R.E, (ist P. W. O. Sappers and Miners.) - Roorkes, U.P., 13th January 1910, [Theskin proves to be that of a young male Bronze-capped Teal (Hunetta fulcata), On 3rd March we also received a fully adult 3 from Capt. Mainprice, also from Roorkee,—Eps, ] No. XI1—WOODCOCK (SCOLOPAX RUSTICOLA) IN-KANARA. I send herewith a female Woodcock shot by me on the 17th of December 1909 in the Shivpur Nalla of the Supa Petha of the Kanara District, The country is very hilly all round, the nalla-bed is about 300 feet above sea level, some forty odd miles from the coast line. On each side the valley is shut in by steep slopes to a somewhat extensive plateau above, all covered with grand high forest, much of it pure evergreen 1000’ on the plateau. The country is well watered throughout, the Shivpur Valley especially so, its waters flowing into the Kalanadi river, which drains the whole of the northern part of the District, The temperature of these parts is as low as 46° at this time of the year in the evenings and thereafter heavy mists at night, lasting often up to nine o’clock in the morning. Thad shots at a pair of Woodcock some fifteen years ago on the plateau of Gund above ; another settled under my ladder during a tiger-beat about the same place and I came across a fourth on still another occasion. The bird however is exceedingly rarely met with in Kanara. Colonel Peyton shot one some thirty years ago about the same place, and curiously enough, on the same day that Mr, Laird-MacGregor, then Divisional Forest Officer, Belgaum, accounted for one somewhere in the Ghats of that District, T, R. BELL, Karwar, 10th January 1910, Conservator of Forests. No, XIII._OCCURRENCE OF THE EASTERN SOLITARY SNIPE (G. SOLITARIA) AT HAKA, CHIN HILLS. The first day of the New Year found me exploring the nullahs and streams around here for game as my gun had just returned from being overhauled and cleaned, 220 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. From a bend in one of these streams a bird got up and flew slowly and silently away and I managed to secure it. When I shot it I thought it was a Woodcock ; but on picking it up I was struck by its very bright plumage, and came to the conclusion that it might be an immature one. Qn my return to my house I sat down at once to identify it and found that it was a Solitary Snipe, a species I had not met before. On the 2nd instant I was out again and “ agned: ” a Woodcock, a Pinitail Snipe (G. stenura) and a Partridge (Bambusicola fytchi). As the two species of Snipe bear some outward resemblance, the following notes may be of interest to other beginners like the writer. Placed side by side there isno difficulty in recognising the Solitary Snipe by its greater size, by the very much more restricted area of plain white on the under surface, and by the uniform olive brown upper tail coverts, the corresponding feathers of the Pintail being faintly but distinctly barred. G. solitaria bears, of course, no real resemblance to the Woodcock with his pale forehead and distinctly marked crown and nape, etc.,and it was only the very cursory glance bestowed on it in the field and the abysmal ignorance of a beginner that made such a confusion possible. The following is a table of a few measurements of the two species of snipe. G. solitaria. G. stenura. Length of bill from gape... 300 ee 2oonnleh 2°4 inch, Tip of shortest secondary to tip of longest primary 200 a Soh oe eS ss ? Wing hes 50 wat ave Pe MLORO ZI Ips Oo 2a Total length ... sae wae te steel a a hO} Le Tarsus ee ee eae mee SoG.) Ieee lie See Tail feathers total number ... Lee Soa nalts) 24) + i, broad middle ones... Ree dS 10 \. variable. a Ms narrow ones on each side ... 95 7 | As regards other characteristics enumerated in The Fauna of British India, I did not find that the white bands on the under-wing coverts and axillaries were broader than the brown ones. I might add that a printer’s error inthe Volume referred to has given the Pintail only 2°25 inches of wing. Tt appears from Blanford’s works that the Eastern Solitary Snipe is rather a rare winter visitant to such southerly latitudes as these, and as I have not seen it reported from this part of the country before, I thought its occurrence here might be worthy of record in our Journal. F. E. W. VENNING. Haka, CHIN HILLs, Ath January 1910. No, XIV.—DOVES NESTING ON THE GROUND. With regard to Mr, C. W. Allan’s letter on the above subject in Vol, XIX., No. 2 (p. 523) of our Journal, he may be interested to know that I found, MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 221 some years ago at Chorwar in Kathiawar, the nest of Turiur cambayensis (The Little Brown Dove) placed on the ground, on a large bare plot surrounded by the ordinary Indian Cactus, The nest contained two young birds. Besides the almost impenetrable jungle of Cactus round the spot, there were only a very few low bushes and stunted trees in its near vicinity. It is difficult to imagine how the old birds had succeeded in rearing their offspring as far as they had done, considering what timid birds they are in the face of danger and without any of the habits universally possessed by birds which always lay their eggs on the ground. L. L. FENTON, Lt.-Cot. SoutH Motron, Norra Devon, ENGLAND. 10th January 1910. No. XV.—OCCURRENCE OF THE LESSER FLAMINGO (PHG@NICONAIAS MINOR) IN KATHIAWAR, Stuart Baker in his 2~dian Ducks and their Allies, remarks in respect of the above bird that we have no record of its occurrence in Cutch or in Kathiawar, it is therefore perhaps worthy of record that when serving in the last-named Province, some few years ago, I both saw and shot the bird in the Porbandar State. They were not plentiful. I had no difficulty in identifying the oniy bird I shot in mistake for the larger kind. L, L. FENTON, Lr.-Cou Soutu Mo.ton, Norra Devon, ENGLAND. 8th January 1910. No. XVI—BREEDING OF THE GREAT STONE-PLOVER (ESACUS RECURVIROSTRIS.) While out snipe shooting in the bushes along the banks of the Kistna River, in Kurnool District, on 29th June 1909, my dogs killed a young Esaeus recurvirostris. It was a week or 10 days old, as the wing feathers were lurking through the quills. According to Oates their breeding is from March to June, and according to Finn from February to May. There was no mistaking the young bird and there were at least 12 old birds flying about in the neighbourhood. H. R. S. HASTED, Moravanonpna, 29th January 1910. No, XVII.—TWO BIRDS’ NESTS FROM TIBET, 1. THe RED-NECKED MounrTAIN FINCH, (Montifringilia ruficollis—Blanf). This bird nests in the disused hole of the Mouse-hare (Lagomys), I have only obtained one nest, which was made about one foot below the surface of 222. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, the ground at the end of a tunnel about four feet long from the entrance, This nest was very roughly made of roots and grass and was lined with fea- thers, wool and the fur of the Mouse-hare. The nest contained four white eggs which measure 21 x15, 21x15, 19x12mm, This clutch has been given to the Society, These eggs were taken at Phari-Tibet on the 3th June 1908, at an altitude of 14,300 feet. The bird was common, and I saw several pairs making their nests. I also obtained several nests of M/. adamsi, which nests in the same place and in the same manner; indeed, the nest and eggs of these two birds are indistinguishable, except that the eggs of WM, adamsi are slightly larger, 2, Ropin ACCENTOR. ( Accentor rubeculoides —Hodgs.) I took a nest of this Accentor near Dochen in Tibet at an altitude of about 15,500 feet on the 2nd July 1908. The nest was neatly constructed of moss lined with hair and wool, and was placed under a tuft of rushes in the bank of a stream overhanging the water, It contained four blue eggs from ~0'2 to 21°2 millimetres in length by 15mm,in breadth. The bird is common in that part of Tibet, and I had previously found a nest near Phari under a bush of dwarf rhododendron at a height of 14,500 feet above sea level, EpiInBurGH, January 1910. F, M, BAILEY, Cart, No. XVIII.—BIRD NOTES FROM A HOMEWARD BOUND STEAMER IN NOVEMBER. Before slipping our moorings in Bombay Harbour on one of those pleasant afternoons, when having just obtained leave one looks at India over the stern, I noticed among the flocks of Laughing Gulls (Larus ridibundus) flying around, a very small gull which may possibly have been the Little Gull (Z. minutus) ? About 350 miles out a small bird either pipit, bunting or lark, much to my astonishment, appeared flying round the ship, What could have induced this lonely waif to traverse such a vast waste of waters? There could have been no question of the unfortunate bird having been blown out to sea by storms for the weather was fine and calm, as it usually is at this season. Nor were we on, what might in any sense be called,a migration route. Reflection in such circumstances reveals the tragic nature of these occasional, erratic, straying flights of small land birds, but leads one to speculate in vain regarding the origin of an impulse which so remorselessly misleads and drives its feathered victims to their doom. The 3rd day out, I saw some white Tropic-Birds probably Phaéthon flavirostris. At Adenthe Sooty Gull (LZ. hemprichi) was most abundant in the harbour. There were also a few L. ridibundus among which were probably The Brown- Headed Gull (LZ. brunneicephalus). It needs a practised eye to detect the differences between the two last species in winter plumage. In the southern end of the Red Sea, the Booby (Sula leucogaster) was particularly numerous. It was interesting to see these gannets beating up MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 223 from their feeding grounds at sea to roosting quarters on the numerous rocky islets, that stud this stretch, in the teeth of a stiff breeze and overa choppy sea. The formation was invariably in single file, each bird about a length in rear of and in échelon to the lee of the preceding one. The flight was maintained a few points off, not directly into the winds’ “eye” and just above the water, the troughs and crests of the waves being followed so as to obtain the shelter afforded’ by the retarded air currents near the surface, The distant spectacle of these long strings of brown objects rapidly movy- ing across and appearing and disappearing above and below the surface of the sea made it easy to imagine how in former and less sophisticated seafaring times the wonderful mariners’ yarns of “ Monstrous sea serpents careering o’er the Deep ” arose. Speculation regarding the significance of the echelon formation above referred to raises some interesting questions on bird aviation. Why should this flight formation be usual in flocks of some species and not in others, and how are the former (as they evidently are or the formation would not be employed) aided in their flight by such formation ? A little consideration will call to mind those species in flocks of which it is in vogue, é.g., the Cranes, Storks, Geese, Ducks, certain Waders and sea-birds etc. Also flocks in which it is not seen or is not noticeable such as those of the smaller passerine species, the Gulls, Rooks and Lapwings, and in coveys of partridges or packs of grouse, etc, If we bear in mind how species in both of the above categories fly in flocks the suggestion will occur that the forma- tion in question is intimately connected with uniformity and compactness of flocks, with weight and size of the component individuals, with velocity with the powers of sustained flight required by migrant species and with capacity, in spite of size, for making headway in adverse winds. Conversely that it confers no advantage on flocks in which the individuals do not fly in very close proximity to each other,in which the formation is a loose and straggling one, in which the individuals, although fast fliers, have little power of sustained flight, and in those composed of birds whose small size offers comparatively little resistance to the air. The answer to the first half of the question must then, I think, lie in the characteristics of the different species of gregarious birds and the necessities of their existence, To the second half the answer must, I think, be sought for in the behavicur of the atmosphere on the passage at speed of a heavy body through it. A large or heavy birdin rapid flight in a still or slowly moving atmosphere must continually displace a volume of air equal to its bulk and thus be the cause of a powerful indraught in its immediate rear, Behind the same bird flying against a high wind if there is no indraught there is yet a certain space in which the air is comparatively still, In the former case a bird immediately behind would be in a strong following wind, a state of things birds dislike intensely as it upsets their equilibrium. In the latter the bird would be to 224 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, some extent in still air necessitating a difference in effort of wing stroke. In both cases this would quickly lead to disintegration of the flock, accurate keeping of station and equality of speed becoming impossible, Tt is probably the case therefore that the echelon formation renders import- ant aid to large birds in keeping the flocks intact when on the wing by en- abling the individuals composing the same, while keeping close to each other, to avoid the air disturbances set up by those immediately in front, at the same time ensuring to each a uniform air pressure and outlook to the front. The V formation commonly andthe Y occasionally seen must necessarily result from the echelon when the rigidity of the flock lines becomes relaxed, Half-way up the Red Sea I noticed a falcon (not identified) flying close to the ship, At Suez there were a few cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) perched on the buoys in harbour, numbers of L. ridibundus possibly among them, the Adriatic Gull (Z. melanocephalus) and a few L. hemprichi. Just before we dropped anchor a single Booby (S. leucogaster) flew across our bows and shortly after a flock of Sandgrouse, species undetermined, was observed crossing from the African to the Asiatic Shore, Steaming slowly into the Canal the mudflats behind Suez came into view covered with flocks of waders bunched together to face the cold north-east wind blowing off the desert and out of a leaden sky, Chiefly consisting of Curlew, Whimbrel and Oyster catchers there was one flock of 15 or 20 Spoonbill (Platalea leucerodia) which showed up a vivid patch of white against the dark grey background, Here and there a solitary Heron (Ardea cinerea) stood patiently fishing in the shallows,—Indian waters were left behind ! H, A, F, MAGRATH, Majsor. December 1909. No, XIX.—THE SMEW (MERGUS ALBELLUS.) Mr. E, ©, Stuart Baker in his book Indian Ducks and their Allies writes regarding the Smew (Mergus albellus) that “there seems to be no record of single birds or pairs being obtained.” While shooting on the River Indus on the 22nd February 1910, I was walk- ing up the bank of a tributary, a stream some 50 yards wide, when I saw iwo birds in the water some distance ahead of me. Hiding myself, I sent the Shikari round to drive them past me, and succeeded in getting one which proved to be a male Smew in fine condition. The other I failed to get, as ib gave me a wide berth the next time this ruse was tried. Perhaps this might prove useful as a record of a pair of Smews having been seen. ; R. FRANCIS, Lievt., Dera IsMAIL KHAN, 47th Sikhs. N. W. F. PROVINCE, 27th February 1910, | | | MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 225 No, XX,—ROLLER CATCHING ITS PREY IN THE WATER, On the 14th September, I saw from my window a Burmese Roller (Coracias affinis) fly from his perch on the top of a bush, and dive head-first into a tank, king-fisher fashion, and emerge immediately afterwards, returning to his perch on the same bush, where he swallowed whatever it was that he had caught. I was very surprised, as I have never seen or heard of a Roller behaving in this manner. I got my field glasses and watched the bird very carefully. He was only 120 yards away, and Isaw him repeat the operation four times alto- gether and each time he returned to the top of the same bush, Though I look- ed very carefully, I was not able to see what it was that he caught, although I could see quite plainly that he plunged bodily into the water, and was momen- tarily submerged. After each dive he returned to his perch on the bush on the bank above the tank and he swallowed his prey quickly, also shaking his feathers very vigorously several times to dry his plumage, The bush he sallied from, and returned to, was about 4 feet high, and grow- ing on a bank about 10 yards from, and 8 or 10 feet above, the tank, The tank is full of fish, but I hardly think it could have been for fish he was diving. I thought at the time it must have been some water insect which he was after, but unfortunately, even with my glasses, 1could not make out what it was. I would have attempted to get closer to the bird to see what he was catching, but unluckily a native came along with some mules and the Roller flew right away behind the Fort. Some days later one of my servants, who had also observed the bird at the time when I saw it first, told me he saw the bird, probably the same one J think, behaving in a similar manner at the same place, while I was out. On the following day I sawa Roller fly up and settle in a tree about 20 yards in front of my bungalow in the corner of the compound. He had something in his bill which he was evidently trying toswallow. I quickly got a pair of field-glasses and was in time to see that what the bird was trying to swallow was a frog, but unfortunately I did not actually see bim swallow it, because a man passing close to him disturbed him, and he flew on to another tree further away, and there I think swallowed it ; but he was too far off for me to see properly. There are two of these birds, Coracias afinis, always about near the tank which is outside the Fort wall, but is overlooked by my upper rooms, I now watch them with my glasses, whenever I get an opportunity ; but I have not again seen either of them diving into the water. I believe the two birds are always the same. One of them I have noticed _ when looking at him through my field glasses isa beautiful specimen, I think this is probably a cock and the other a hen bird. I do not think a Roller could catch a fish, but it is possible that he is catching various prey when he dives—sometimes a frog, at others a water-beetle or larva, etc., ete. 29 226 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. It was very pretty to see the bird emerge from the water after diving, The sreat blue wings, seen through the glasses, looked beautiful, with drops of water rolling off them and sparkling in the light. The above is, I consider, a most interesting case. I personally am of opinion that individual birds of whatever species are full of character and individual peculiarities just as much as human beings are, If one is able to observe birds in their wild life, acting naturally as they do when they either do not know they are observed or have no fear of the observer, one sees what very highly intelligent beings they are, how versatile are their moods and how much individual specimens of the same species can and do vary, and I also think they develop habits just as human beings do. Tt is quite possible that very few Rollers develop this habit of diving into water which I observed, and probably this bird was an individual of a bolder nature than the usual run of this species, and was willing to take the risk of a plunge to obtain some prey in the water which had taken his fancy. Since my notes were first written, I have been in correspondence with Major Harington on this subject. He informs me that he has never observed a Roller diving, but that he does not see any reason why they should not, as they are related to the king-fishers, which habitually dive ; and some king- fishers, notably Halcyon smyrnensis, the common White-breasted Blue King- fisher, feeds very similarly to the Roller. H. DELME RADCLIFFE, Masor, BHamo, 8th November 1909. R. W. F. No. XXI—SHRIKES’ LARDERS. Last year in January, when out riding in the early morning, I saw a Grey Shrike (Lanius lahtora) fly into a babul tree with some thing in its beak, On going over to investigate, the bird flew out and perched ina neighbouring bush. He had nothing in his bill when he flew out. On searching about, J found his larder in the tree ;it was near the top about twelve feet from the ground. Init were four or five locusts neatly impaled on thorns. What 1 had seen him fly in with was evidently one of these which he managed to impale in the short time, while I was approaching the tree or perhaps had dropped when I frightened him away ; but if so I did not see any sign of it on — the ground, The larder could be easily seen from the ground and could haye been at once found by a crow alighting in the tree which was quite a small one. The tree was one of two or three in a quite open maidan. While I was examining the larder, the Shrike sat in a neighbouring bush and as I rode away I saw it fly back again into the tree. Unfortunately, I had not an opportunity of visiting the place again for some time, but when I did there was no sign of the larder, MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 223 I remember to have seen a larder some years ago in a small babul bush, but I have forgotten the details, but I remember the owner was not visible. J.R. J. TYRRELL, Carr. 1.M.8. SIRDARPORE, BHopaAwaR AGENCY, C. I,, 16th April 1910. No. XXIT,—OCCURRENCE OF THE LESSER FLORICAN OR LIKH (SYPHEOTIS AURITA) OUT OF SEASON. On two occasions last week while motoring near here I flushed a Lesser Florican from off the side of the road. On both occasions the bird got up about the same place, so it may have been the same bird. On the 13th instant while out riding in quite the opposite direction I again put up a florican, They all looked like females but may have been males in winter plumage, A good many florican come here during the rains, but I have not heard of them being seen so late as April. There isa good deal of long grass all about and water in several nallas. ; J. R. J. TYRRELL, Caprr., I.MS, SIRDARPORE, BHopAWaR AGENCY, C. I. 15th April 1910, No. XXIII.—SHRIKES’ LARDERS. Shrikes’ larders in India, concerning which there wouid appear to be some scepticism, I for one can vouch for. Incidentally in my wanderings I have come across at least three of the Rutous-backed Shrike (Lanius erythronotus). One such was in the Vale of Kashmir, the meat being a fat black cricket impaled on a thorn within 10 yards of a nest of this Shrike. Two others were in Bannu, the meat in one case being either a waspor a ericket (I cannot now quite recollect which) impaled in a rose bush, In the other a small piece of what locked like dirty butchers’ meat impaled on one of the sharp pointed leaves of a small date palm just outside the walls of the City. The Shrikes were seen flying up from the bushes in the case of the last two. In addition I have a note dated January 10th of a larder of The Grey Shrike (L.lahtora) which I discovered ina thorn bush in a desert track in Bannu. It was stocked witha large locust and a species of striped moth, These larders were situated in dense and prickly bushes and were quite safe from crows, Ihave no observation to show that the contentsof any suffered especially from ants or other insects or what subsequently became of them. While on this subject I may mention that last hot weather in my garden in Bannua Rufous-backed Shrike rifled a nest full of young Purple Sunbirds (Areenecthra asiatica). As the Shrike could hardly have devoured all the young 228 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, at a sitting, I have little doubt that a search in the surrounding bushes would have disclosed his larder well stocked with the remains of the young sunbirds, H, A. F. MAGRATH, Mazsor. CARRON-STRATHSPEY, SCOTLAND, 26th April 1910. No. XXIV.—A SNAKE FLIRTATION, Your correspondent’s note under the above heading in the last Journal, sounds as if this were a matter of very rare occurrence. Butis thisso? I have on various occasions come across snakes so entwined, and have looked upon it as usual, if perhaps somewhat seldom actually witnessed, and I find in my notes that on two occasions last June, I saw the same thing with the same snakes as mentioned by Mr. Millett wiz. Zamenis mucosus, and have entered it merely as an occurrence of coming upon snakes “ in cop ’’—to use a term common among lepidopterists. Both these occasions were in the foot hills of the western slopes of the Nalamalais in Kurnool District. On June 10th I heard a struggling noise just off the path, and found two very large Dhamans entwined and throwing themselves about—whether struggling or not I could not see. On my approach they immediately separated and went different ways, one into an adjacent old ant hill, One of those must have been nearly 9 feet long. The other occasions noted in same locality, and only about a mile from same spot, wason June 23rd when I again came upon a very large pair of these snakes inthe same position. This time both were quiet, with heads and free parts of body slightly off the giound, facing each other. Again I was unable to make any close observation as unlike the case reported by Mr. Millett, they again immediately uncoupled and went their ways. i tried to catch one, to examime the parts, but though I got hold of the tail, he or she, turned and savagely bit my hand and forearm and got away. Camp Boyirani, GANJAM Dr, — COLERIDGE BEADON. 2nd January 1910, No. XXV.—THE FOOD OF CROCODILES. Can any of your readers inform me whether it is usual to find stones inside the belly of a crocodile ? On the 30th December last I shot a 16 feet male Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) on an island in the Sarda River near Chuka Dhya, Pilibhit. I found inside it a quantity of round stones such as are found in the river bed. I estimate there were about ten pounds weight in all. I kept three of the largest which weigh about eight ounces each, There was nothing else in the animal’s stomach except the remains of a bird and some weed. Natives who were with me suggested that the crocodile had swallowed the stones because he was hungry and could get nothing else. Is MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 229 this the explanation, or does a crocodile require stones to aid its digestion in the same way that birds require sand ? Harpwar, U. P., H, W. FORSYTH, Captain, R, E. 9th January 1910, No. XXVI_—REMARKS ON THE VARIETIES AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COMMON GREEN WHIPSNAKE (ORYOPHIS MYCTERIZANS),. Since my article on the green whipsnake (Dryophis mycterizans) appeared in the Popular Treatise Series in this Journal (Vol, XVI, p. 542), further allusions to this snake have appeared from time to time in literature which I think deserve collation. No less than five varieties may be recognised, four of these being colour varieties. Variety typica, This is the common form. It is dorsally of a uniform leaf- green colour, and ventrally between the lateral white or yellow stripes which run down the whole belly length on to the tail, it is green of a lighter shade and peculiarly brilliant hue. Variety lepidorostralis. Dr, Annandale (Mem. Asiatic, Soc. Bengal., Vol. 1. No, 10, p. 196) alludes to a new variety which differs from typica in having the nasal appendage covered with small scales, such as occur in the species pulverulentus, only that they are larger (in this variety of mycterizans). That this isnot acolour variety of pulverulentus, he states, is shown by the nasal appendage being shorter than the diameter of the eye. This variety appears to be peculiar to Bengal. The Superintendent in the Zoological Gardens, Calcutta, told Dr. Annandale that he frequently noticed this peculiarity among specimens from Midnapore. 1 saw such a specimen in the Zoo in Calcutta last time I visited it,and was allowed to remove it and inspect it closely, I have never seen such a specimen from any other part of our Indian Dominions, It is coloured exactly like typica. It is such a distinct variety that I suggest the name Jepidorostralis for it, Variety zephrogaster. This differs from éypica in that the belly between the lateral ventral stripes is of a cinereous grey, The first allusion to such a speci- men is that reported upon and figured by Dr, Russell in 1796 (Ind. Serp., Plate XIII). i had asimilar specimen brought to me in Trichinopoly in March 1896. Later I alluded in this Journal (Vol. XVIII, p. 783) to three specimens which I believed came from Burma, but which might possibly have been received with a collection from Ceylon. I am more than ever convinced that these Specimens came from Burma because since then I have twice heard from Colonel G, H, Evans of similar specimens, In March i908 he wrote of two such specimens that he had captured alive and examined, and in December of the same year told me he had acquired two others, All of these he had 230 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. encountered in burnt Kaing grass, In Russell’s specimen the ventrals and subcaudals were 174+148, in my Trichinopoly example they were 179 +138, and in three Burmese specimens they were 176+146?, 176-4153, and 181+151. Variety rhodogaster. In Vol. XVIIL., p. 919 of this Journal I mentioned a new colour variety received by our Society from Shwebo, Upper Burma, which differed from fypica in that the belly between the ventral lateral stripes was rose-pink, Since this I have received a similar specimen from Mr. W, A. Jacob, LF.S., from Jalpaiguri, only that the colour on the belly in this case is a pinkish-buff, In the Shwebo example, the ventrals and subcaudals were 191+140? (tail broken), in the Jalpaiguri specimen which was a Q 2014148, Variety ¢sabellinus. This variety is uniformly buff or khaki colour above, and a similar colour only of a lighter shade on the belly between the two lateral stripes. Like the other varieties it appears to be rare. Boulenger (Catalogue 1896, Vol. III, p. 181) mentions it without specifying from where he had received it. I obtained a @ specimen from Paralai, near Valparai, Anamallay Hills, last year, the only one I have ever seen. It was one of four, the rest being of the typical variety, The ventrals and subcaudals were 168+136. These same shields in the other specimens were ¢ 1734154, 9 179+?, and 9 ? !694+140. I suggest for this the name jsabellinus. The species as a whole is distributed as follows. Tt does not occur inthe Indus Basin, nor seemingly in the Ganges Basin West of Purneah. (The solitary specimen recorded from Purneah which is in the Indian Museum was purchased, and may have been introduced, as Indian jugglers very frequently carry this snake about in their stock in trade). South of the Ganges Basin it is more or less common, but especially so in Southern India and Ceylon. Onthe Western side of Peninsular India it has been obtained as far North as Mount Abu (Sclater, The specimen is in the Indian Museum). On the Hast, Blanford (Jourl. Asiat. Soctety, Bengal, Vol. XXXIX, p. 373) reported it common in Orissa and Bengal, and it would appear to be so towards the Gangetic Delta, judging from specimens in the Indian Museum. A specimen in the British Museum is recorded doubtfully from Assam. In the Irrawaddy—Salween Basins—it is not a very uncommon snake, and has been recorded as far Northas Bhamo (Anderson, Ann. Zool. Res Yunnan, p. 826), Further Hast it occurs as far as Indo-China, but is not found anywhere in the Malayan Peninsula or Archipelago. F. WALL, C.M.ZS., Magor, I.M.S, CHITRAL, 9th February 1910. No, XX VII._NOTE ON THE BREEDING OF ECHIS CARINATA. In his article on Echis carinata, Major Wall tells us (Society’s Journal, Vol. XVIII, p. 537) that the records of the breeding of this snake are very meagre. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 231 It may therefore be of interest to put on record the laying of 8 eggs by an Echis carinata kept in captivity in the Bombay Bacteriological Laboratory. The eggs were laid on the 8th of July 1909, and all appeared to be infertile. They measured 13 millimetres (,*, of an inch) in length by 10 millimetres 7, of an inch) in breadth, after having been kept for a couple of months in formaline solution. The eggs are reported to haye been covered with slime and to have been yellowish white in colour, There were six phoorsas in the cage, the latest arrival having been received on the 10th of February, that is Six months previously. The seasons in which young are noted as having been found by the authorities quoted in Major Wall’s paper, are April, May and June for Ratnagiri, July for London, August for Trichinopoly, Multan and Quetta. Now we have one additional record of July for Bombay, W. B. BANNERMAN, M.D., D. Sc., Lr.-CoLoneL, I.MS., Director, Bombay Bact, Laboratory. PAREL, Bompay, 17th February 1910. No. XXVIII.—NOTES ON THE VIVIPAROUS HABIT OF JERDON’S PIT VIPER (LACHESIS JERDON/) AND OBSERVATIONS ON THE F@TAL TOOTH IN THE UNBORN EMBRYO. Amongst other snakes recently received from Mr. F. E. W. Venning collected in Haka, Chin Hills, Upper Burma (6,500 feet) isa gravid specimen of Jerdon’s pit viper which is of exceptional interest. I hbelieve I am correct in saying that hitherto we have had no certain evidence to show whether this snake is viviparous or oviparous, but the point is settled now for I found six membrancous sacs containing embryos in an advanced stage of development “in abdomina parentis,” The sacs measured about one and a half inches in length, and one inch in breadth, two being developed in one oviduct, and four in the other, The contained embryos in every case occupied the upper half, that is the vertebral half, where they were plainly visible through the transparent investing mem- brane. The lower half of each sac contained yolk. I extracted the embryos, and found there were two males and four females, two of the latter being in each oviduct, In the males the genitals were extruded, as I have found them in all other snake embryos, and the retraction of these organs into the sheaths at the base of the tail where they he inyaginated in all snakes after post-oval, or post abdominal life, must occur at a late stage of intra-maternal life judging from these foetus, Each 4 clasper was observed to be bifid as I have noted in other vipers, By far the most interesting observation brought to light is the fact that the embryo developes a special tooth-like organ to enable it to liberate itself from its investing membranes, just as the embryos of an oviparous parent are pro- 232 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. vided with a cutting instrument to incise the egg-shell and release themselves from their ovicular imprisonment, As far as I am aware this is an observation new to science. One might have supposed that a very moderate pressure from the snout of a vigorous embryo would suffice to rupture membranes which appear so delicate, but this is evidently not the case, I was able after some trouble arising from the minute proporticns of this structure—which when removed is only just visible as a speck to the naked eye—to view it under the microscope, and it will be seen from the accom- panying figures that in conformation it is very different from the analogous organ of an oviparous embryo, some remarks upon which and a figure were published in this Journal some time back *. Pesos oh f) a | \ B Foetal tooth of Lachesis jerdoni. (much enlarged), A. INFERIOR SURFACE. B. SUPERIOR SURFACE :— (a) root ; (b) inferior surface ; (¢) flattened superior surface of bill ; (d) cutting anterior edge, C. SEEN IN PROFILE, a | tie D E D, PR#MAXILLA of foetus of Lachesis jerdoni seen from front, showing arch (¢) beneath which the bill (d in fig. B) projects, E, PR#MAXILLA seen from below showing the socket (jf) into which the root of the foetal tooth (a in fig. B) fits. (g) shows anterior surface. * Vol. XVII, p, 504. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 233 As in an oviparous embryo, tne organ is embedded in the premaxilla, its dome-like root (see a in figure B) being received into a socket in the lower aspect of that bone (see figure H). The whole structure is extremely like a duck’s head in shape. Its rounded aspect (0 in figure B) is the lower, and its flattened aspect the upper (see c in figure B), Its bill-like extremity ending ~ in a rounded, horizontal incising edge (see d in figure B) projects forward beneath the premaxillary arch (ein figure D). The root is yellow in colour, and all the rest of the structure white. Figure A shows the lower surface and € a profile seen from below and in front. The measurements of the brood and the ventrals and subcaudals are given below, and it will be seen that they do not show any sexual differences. j | ae | CosTALs. | i ov : - noo te 4 > | Bol Az = a a Tam sae, 59.2 17 PUA on 21 Alay ee ty eee) ze | «(174 '| «56? 20 24 OM Me ay Q we | 7 te eg aie 21 1 | 17 3 viz | 602" 115 24 ne hg | 1 | 547 | 38 Plirgle wha2lige ioe el pee | 174 | 572 13 21 mae The parent was killed on the banks of a nullah on the 1st of August 1909. She measured 2 feet 5 inches, of which the tail accounted for 4? inches. The costals were the same as those of her brood viz. 21—21—17, and the reduction of rows from 21 to 19, and 19 to 17 occurred very close together, and in both steps was due to a fusion of the 5th and 6th rows above the yentrals, The ventrals numbered 175, and the subeaudals 52, Another interesting point brought to light is that in this species there are no palatine teeth, unlike other species of the same genus of which I have skulls (anamatlensis, monticola, gramineus, macrolepis, purpureomaculatus and irigonociphalus.) The dentition is as follows :—Mazillary 2 large fangs placed side by side, Palatine none. Pterygoid 5 to 6. Mandibular 10. Another specimen measuring 102 inches from the same source killed on the 26th August 1909 is obviously this year’s production and indicates that the embryos in the gravid 9 would probably have grown an inch, or two more before being born. These dates of capture serve to fill in another gap in the breeding history of this species, viz. the season when the young are pro- 30 234 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX duced. The costals in the hatchling were similar in number to those of the and her brood, The ventrals 170 and subcaudals 60. F. WALL, C.M.ZS,, CHITRAL, 1st March 1910. MaJor, I.M.S. No. XXIX.—LARGE MAHSEER, In The Field for November 13th, 1909, Mr. C, E. Murray-Aynsley gives an account of the capture on September 20th of a large (Mahseer Barbus tor) in the Cauvery river which he eventually landed after an exciting fight last-_ ing over half an hour. The fish weighed 103 lbs, and measured as follows :— - length, 64 inches; girth, 39 inches ; mouth across, 83 inches; tail across, , 19 inches. This is the second large Mahseer Mr. Murray-Aynsley has been fortunate enough to catch and in The Field for November 10th, 1906, he gaye an account of how he caught the first one. The weight of the fish caught then was 104 lbs. and it measured: length, 66 ) inches ; girth, 37 inches ; mouth, 84 inches ; tail, 19 inches, There are not many records of the weight of large Mahseer which can be relied on, Thomas in The Rod in India says :—“ We hear of captures of fish ” weighing more or less about 100 lbs.” and he goes on to give extract from a letter from G. P. Sanderson, with reference to the weight of a large Mahseer the latter had caught ona night line but was unable to weigh, He (Sanderson), however, estimated it at 150 Ibs., though it only measured “length including — tail 60 inches ; greatest girth 38 inches; inside lips when open circumference | 24 nchesiy ? but he adds:—‘ Of conrse my rough estimate of the fish’s | weight is valueless as fact, but you may believe that I was not out many | pounds. It was an astonishingly thick and heavy fish for its short length, i I have caught them 5 feet 6 inches, but not much more than 80 Ibs. It had || a shoulder like a bullock, steeply hanging over. I have caught about fifty of f| them, but my next largest was about $0 Ibs. I have no doubt in my own 0} mind that they run over 200 or 250 lbs. as I have seen teeth and bones of /| them far larger than my 150 pounder ; they are often caught by the natives.” Dr. Day records a Mahseer caught in the Poonch river near Jhelum which || measured “from snout to bifurcation of tail 3 feet 11 inches and weighed i; 62 Ibs.” Writing in the Anglers Handbook the late Captain G, H. Lacy and || Surgeon-Major Crelin say :—“It runs to 200 lbs, and 53 feet.” Sanderson in his | Thirteen years amongst the Wild Beasts of India describes and figures a monster) Mahseer caught with a night line in the Cauvery river. “I saw a similar | Mahseer caught with a net in the Gogra at Fyzabad. The length of each of! these fish was about equal to the height of a man 5 feet 6 inches. Sanderson’ underestimates his at 150 Ibs., the other was estimated at 100 seers, The late’ Captain Lacy caught a female Mahseer at Taugrot 61 Ibs. in weight, 4 feet | 7 inches in length and 2} feet. in girth.” “Skene Dhu” in his recent work The Angler in Northern India (1910) says | the Mahseer “ runs to 200 Ibs, in weight ” and adds that ‘“ the largest Mahseer | | MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 235 -eaught to date fairly on rod and line was caught within the last two years by Mr, Murray-Aynsley, . . . if I remember rightly, 104 lbs.” In the Society’s room there are the remains of two large Mahseer captured in the Bowani river | (S. India) by the late N.S. Symons weighing 713 and 653 lbs, respectively _ From the above it will be seen that there are no actual records of a |" Mahseer weighing over 104 lbs., which have been properly weighed. There is no value in the statement that Mahseer weighs up to 20 lbs., unless evidence ean be produced of a fish of that size which has been actually weighed, Our Society will always be glad to hear of the size and weight of any large _Mahseer or indeed any sporting fish caught by members or their friends. N. B. KINNEAR, (Keeper of the Museum.) Bompay NATURAL History SOCIETY, Bompay, April 1910. | No. XXX.—ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES. | (EpirEp By H. Maxwe_Lt—LFrroy.) | (a).—WHAT IS A CucKoo-Spit ? One commonly finds upon grass or herbaceous plants, a white mass of frothy liquid which usually contains a flattened white insect, This froth is the production of the insect itself, presumably a protection from enemies and is formed only during the immature stages, the mature winged insect being extremely active. The insect is one of the Aphrophorine division of the Cercopide, our common species belonging to the genera Poophilus, Ptyelus | Clovia and Aphrophora. A good deal has been written about the formation of the Cuckoo-spit, the latest being Guilbean’s paper (Amer. Naturalist, XLII, _p. 783) wherein the author reviews previous work and adds observations of his own. The frothy mass of bubbles iscomposed of liquid and excretion which on being extruded runs to the lower side of the abdomen where it is mixed by | the hind pair (or two pairs) of legs with a secretion derived from glands in | the skinof the 7th and 8th segments of the abdomen. Thissecretion is to make the analexcretion gummy and theaction of the legs is to mix it well. This being done, the insect makes a bubble by protruding the endof the abdomen beyond the liquid, opens up the pair of lateral appendages on the abdominal segment and draws in air, makinga bubble. By continually making bubbles the insect keeps itself covered withthe frothy mass. Like all of the family, these insects feed on plant sap, absorbing the nutriment and excreting large quantities of liquid. ().—IDIOCERUS AND ITS BROODS, Leafhoppers of the family Jassid@ are not generally familiar, except in the form of those which come abundantly to light and those which swarm on the mango-trees in March, covering the leaves with sticky gum and blighting the blossom, The latter are species of Jdiocerus and usually breed in March when the mango puts out green shoots, providing soft tissues for egg-laying and abundant sap for food. During the rest of the year, the Idiocerus waits, 236 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX, growing less in number till the next season, and in five years’ observation of this genus, we have never seen breeding at any time but March. This season has been an exceptionally wet one and the mango trees shot out freely in September. Whether from this reason or not, the Jdiocerus also bred and one distinct brood was produced at a season when we have never before observed it breed at all. One hesitates to put this down definitely to any cause except that the very curious breeding times of this insect are accounted for in no other way but by saying thatthe growth of new shoots in March actually does provide.a tissue soft enough for egg-laying and also abundance of sap as food for both young and adults. One would imagine that a tree such as the mango provided abundant sap al] the year round but it evidently does not. (c).—TuHE Eces or TETTIGONIELLA. Yettigoniella spectrais a very common white Jassid found upon rice and grass ; like most of our obscurer insects it has been very little investigated and only its bare occurrence noted. Its eggs were recently found, laid side by side in the tissues of the leaves of the rice plant, the usual cigar-shaped eggs found in this family. Those found here were submerged and were kept in water to hatch. They hatched but whilea few yielded nymphs, most yielded a tiny winged Proctotrypid parasite which was perfectly at home under water, walking about and evidently accustomed to going under water in search of eggs in which to oviposit. In the present state of entomology it is impossible to identify Proctotrypidw, which are extremely abundant in India, Other aquatic Proctotrypids are known, predaceous on aquatic insects, notably Prestwichia, parasitic upon the eggs of Caddis fliesin water and Polynemia in the eges of a dragonfly, (d).—WHAT DO DRAGONFLIES EAT? Practically all day long there are dragonflies on the wing, hawking in the air and, presumably, getting something for their trouble. At times the air is full of them, asit were, and seeing them against the setting sun, one sees simply a multi- tude of shining forms, darting here‘and there in incessant activity. They congre- gate in spots, not always the same but varying from day to day, perhaps as food is to be found and as the insects they prey on are to be found here and there, During the last month (November) there have been abundant May-flies, of the genus Chlwon, dancing up and down in the still air as the sun rises; each one goes steadily up, then goes down straight in a rush and then up again with steady flight; sometimes a number will swoop down together and the dancing groups, seen with a shimmer as the level rising sun strikes them, are extremely beautiful. These are the prey of dragonmies, and one can see very distinctly the dragonfly, moving back and forward on a level height, striking at and feeding on the May-fly that comes within its range;so far as one cat estimate the dragonflies can see a May-fly perhaps a foot off, and as the May-fly company dances, one sees the dragonflies striking out at those on the outside but apparently not seeing any others. Dragonflies are known to be short-sighted and in this case one can see clearly how their short-sight works, This case is | | | | MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 237 an exceptional one, as the level sun shows up clearly both the hunter and its prey but the flight of the prey is so distinct one can easily recognise the insect. In most eases it is practically impossible to determine by observation what dragonflies are getting. Another method has suggested itself; in the field one sees dragonflies sitting ona convenient plant or support and darting off every now and then on the chase. Below such a point, to which the same dragonflies come back constantly, one finds their excreta; we examined some of these, crushing them gently in water on a slide and examining them with a quarter and a sixth inch objective, In those we saw, the excreta were a solid mass of chitinous remains of insects’ legs, antennz, the facetted coverings of eyes, odd pieces and so on. These are not determinable to species, but they are more or less referable to groups ; the characteristic legs of Orthoptera, the hairy legs of Aculeates, the scales of Lepidoptera, the elytra of beetles, the spinous tissues of flies, the scales of Mosquitoes, the scutella or hemelytra of bugs, the legs of Homoptera, are more or less distinguishable, even after exposure to the digestive fluids of a dragonfly. In some we saw the remains were exclusively dipterous, so far as anything definite could be traced, but there was no sign of anything belong- ing to a mosquito, In a single instance recently we saw a very small pale-blue Agrionid deliber- ately eating a Caddis-fly (Trichoptera), the common A’thaloptera sexpunctata Kol., nearly as big as the little slender dragonfly. The subject is interesting as we see dragonflies constantly in great abund- ance; we believe them all to be predaceous; we believe that nearly always they feed on only small insects they can dispose of on the wing, and such smali in- sects are probably in many cases mosquitoes and other small insects which fly in the still air and are easily caught. The mosquito in these days is so import- ant, and so many investigators are on his track that even incomplete observa- tions may give a clue and clearly the dragonfly question is worth attention. The only other method of investigation that occurs to me is to catch and kill dragonflies and investigate their stomach-contents. The direct observation of dragonflies, the investigation of their stomachs and excreta should give data on which to decide what it is dragonflies do eat, In Poulton’s “Predaceous Insects and their Prey” (Trans. Ent. Soc., London 1906, p 399 ef seq) are given records of the food of dragonflies; 26 cases only are cited showing how very little is known and recorded; the prey includes a fly, a dragonfly, a wasp, « tabanid fly, a Malacoderm beetle, a wasp, another dragonfly, a Coccinellid beetle, a Lycanid butterfly, a May-fly, a Crambid moth, a Syrphid fly, a Galerucid beetle, a Skipper (Hesperiid) butterfly, a Danaid butterfly. and a Termite. The records are probably very one-sided as the prey to be identified must be large enough to be clearly seen, and dragonflies more usually prey on small insects. The subject is one that may be of importance and may perhaps commend itself to some observer in India gifted with patience and leisure, 238 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. In Pusa this year, dragonflies are extraordinarily abundant, and have the appearance of a locust swarm when they hawk together in the still evenings ; I have never seen anything approaching the number there are, and not in one place only but all over the country-side. The abnormal rainfall (75 instead of 45 inches) has perhaps enabled them to breed more than usual; it is the larger forms, not the Agrionids, which are abundant, There is also an abundance of Culex fatigans, Stegomyia fasciata and Anopheles fuliginosus ; whether the last really conveys the fever that is raging all round or not is not known, but there is a very great abundance of this Anopheles, which is now coming more into houses and which particularly shelters in thatched huts and buildings ; the enormous abundance of dragonflies has not checked them nor other mosquitoes, and considering the habits of dragonflies it 1s hardly likely that they would kill mosquitoes. (e)—WHAT IS A SPECIES ? The Bulletin Scientifique de la France et la Belgique, fase 3, contains a long memoir by A. Delcourt, entitled “ Recherches sur la Variabilite du genre Notonecta”’ (Enquiry into the Variability of the genus Notonecta), Commencing with a discussion of the described European species, the author details researches into the genus Notonecta in Europe, founded on collecting and interbreeding, his collecting alone covering 30,000 specimens. The enquiry is directed into determining how far the genus Notonecta consists of distinct species, 7.¢., how far the systematist’s recorded species are species. He reduces the six or more definitely described species into four “categories valables de classification ’’ which we may roughly describe as “ distinct classifi- abie forms,” with variable forms due to habitat. He suppresses one species, creates a new definite one, and extends one to cover so-called species and varie- ties separated owing to degrees of pigmentation. He concludes that a system- matist, describing new species from a collection say, necessarily makes mistakes because he takes account only of morphology and cannot take account of differing habitat, ete.; that is, species as described may not be dis- tinct, and what the real conclusion is amounts to this ; that there are no de- finite species, that forms have been derived from each other and from common ancestors, that there are intermediates between so-called species and no clear limits between species can be founded on Morphological characters alone. We give a free translation of what the author believes is the result of this enquiry, “What matters, is not to give names to forms of organised beings, but to distinguish that they are those which are perpetuated in the same state till they vary and to ascertain what are their relations, as much to each other as to their surroundings. Classification is a means, not an end, and, if taken as expounded here, the conception of evolution follows, for, as Tower remarks, new forms are the result of a rapid change in response to external factors. Tt does not require centuries to show them, it is enough to know how to see them, but for that one must use approximate terms.” MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 239 We apologise to the author if we have misunderstood or wrongly translated him, but the gist of his remarks is apparently that the close study of a genus shows that the limits of species are not, in Notonecta, definite, cannot be fixed by Morphological characters and that in fact a species as a single definite - entity does not exist. Probably all entomologists will agree with the author but not every one will, in the present state of Science, push his conclusions to the practical test and cease to use specific names. It is in every group im- possible to fix the limits of species ; two authors naturally cannot agree, as it is not a matter of fact but of personal interpretation of faci, and the two haye not before them the same series of facts. The end we seem to be travelling to is chaos and confusion, because no systematic nomenclature will be possible without referring to a Notonecta say, as “ Aotonecta glauca, near to furcata Kashmir summer form,” This is however yet to come as few genera haye been studied in the detail that Mons. Delcourt brings to it ; the moral is to deal lightly and tolerantly with names and with author’s interpretations of them, to realise that system- atist’s species are not real species, and to make a bad job as good as we can by getting to a reasonable method of classification and nomenclature which will 3 make imtercommunication possible between workers and yet not violate too much the natural “ species” evolved by Nature and which we must try to define as working entities if progress is to be made at all. At the present time a “ name” is merely a reference to a full description by a specialist and not anything more at all; the fact that two specimens are given two specific names means that one specimen is referred back to one description and the other to another ; it will be years before specific and generic names can convey any ideas of relationship and descent, and it is use- less trying, at present, to make them do so. The layman is naturally mystified by names, and attributes too much im- portance to them, as, unfortunately, do many systematists and workers. They are conventions and to be treated as such, to be altered and molested as little as possible, and specific names above all to be regarded simply as reference terms of a wholly artificial kind, due to our profound ignorance not only of what constitutes a species but what species there really are in the world around us, (f).—*“ Inpian Insect Lire” We take this opportunity of drawing attention to a serious mistake in this volume ; fig. 331 on page 495 should be entitled Hypsipyla robusta, Mo., and be placed on page 514, where this species is mentioned. The error has been pointed ont by Mr. E, E, Green (Tropical Agriculturist, December 1909), who has also drawn attention to minor misprints most of which will be obvious 10 our readers, (g)—THE “ COLEOPTERORUM CATALOGUS.” We have received the first five parts of this publication edited by S. Schen- Kling with a list of contributors well known as specialists in the different 240 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. groups of beetles, It is designed to replace the Munich catalogue published from 1868 to 1876, Part I deals with Rhysodidw, recording Rhysodes with six species from India and Clinideum with one, Part II deals with the Niélionidw, Othniide, Aegialitide, Petriide and Lagriide ; of the first we have none, and India is credited with no Othniid, though Othnius delusws, Pasc., recorded from Borneo, has been found by — Andrewes in the Nilgiris. Of the Lagriide, we have thirty recorded species from sub-tropical India. Part III lists the Cistelidw, here called Alleculide ; there are thirty-one recorded species from India, also sub-tropical. Part IV lists the Scolytide, exclusive of Platypodine, here called pide. It is deplorable in the extreme that this term should be used on grounds of priority solely ; the genus Tomicus has become Jps, the genus Scolytus has become Eccoptogaster, and, if this nomenclature is to be adopted, the confusion will be awful. If it is not adopted, then this valuable reference work is useless, unless one works up all the changes, and the catalogue might as well not be written. Seolytide are one of the most important families economically ; a very large amount of literature exists, none of which will be intelligible in after years, unless the student works up the synonymy first of all. We have nothing but condemnation for this kind of name changing, and it is to be hoped that the body of entomologists will combine together and stop it. If not, the division between the systematists and the biologists (with the economic workers) will widen till there are two sets of nomenclature, the present daily changing one of the systematists, and an arbitrary unchanging one of the practical worker, Part V takes in Cupedidew, which are not Indian, and Pausside, of which forty-two Indian species are recorded, We congratulate the editor and his collaborators on the start made with this great task; such a catalogue is of the very greatest value to all workers, if absolutely authoritative, and it will be welcomed by all who work with Coleoptera ; and we hope it will not be marred with radical changes in nomenclature, but that the editor and his collaborators will adhere to the established nomenclature that has been in use for the last fifty years. Part VI Apioninw.—The author includes in this sub-family the groups Cylades and Eurhynchides of Lacordaire ; Cylas is represented in India by three species, of which C. formicarius, Fabr., is the well-known Sweet-Potato Weevil. It is amaz- ing that a catalogue such as thisis should not record more carefully the geo- graphical distribution of species; C. formicarius is given as from India and Ceylon ; it occurs also in Australia and the West Indies as a well known pest of sweet-potato. The author also separates C. turcipennis, Boh,,as a distinct species of Java, Borneo and Sumatra; this is usually reckoned the same species; the author is either in error or has cause for separating them, in which case it should be cited. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 241 Of the Apionini, 27 Indian species are listed, apart from those of Ceylon and Burma; many of these are Motschulky’s species of 1858; very few are recent descriptions, and the group is but imperfectly known in India probably. The author has wholly omitted Motschulky’s A. pruinosum (Ent. - Stud. 1858, VII, p. 92), and Desbrocher’s A, strobilanthi (Ind. Mus, Notes II, p. 32). The latter was bred from seeds; the only economic species is the “ Jute Stem Weevil ” which is injurious in Eastern Bengal to this plant. We have Apion gagatinum, Mo., and several unidentified species in the Pusa collection. These small weevils occur little in collections and are usually unnoticed by collectors. (h).—GENERA INSECTORUM, Fascicule 97 isa volume of great bulk dealing with the family Chalcide, by Dr. O. Schmiedeknecht, The number of described species is enormous, and this volume, like the rest of the series, gives the characters marking the genera and lists the species, The Chalcide include the abundant small parasites which destroy insects ; many are egg-parasites, many are parasites in such small insects as Aphids, Scale Insects and the like, The fig insects are also included, which occur so abundantly in India. The Indian species recorded are very few ; fifty species are enumerated, of which three are real fig insects, nine are inquilines and parasites of the fig sects, while a bare 38 others have been actually named. ‘There are actually hundreds of species in India but they have been little collected and not described. Fascicule 98 deals with the sub-family Nanophyinw of the Curculionide (Weeyils). Nine Indian species of Nanophyes are listed. The habits of our Indian forms are wholly unknown, but in Europe, Nanophyes are known to live as larvee in galls, or the larve live freely in flowers, feeding on the ovary, or concealed in the flower asin Tamarix. These weevils are small, similar to the small Apion which also lives in the tissues of plants. Other recent fascicules do not contain Indian species and need no mention here. The editor, Monsieur P. Wytsmann of Brussels, is to be congratulated on the success of the publication ; ; 99 fascicules have been issued, from the pens of the best experts in each family, beautifully illustrated and well got up ; the series is in a fair way to become complete, and entomologists will owe to the editor a great debt of gratitude for having produced a work of such immense value. A. MAXWELL-LEFROY. Pusa, November 1909. (‘).— LIFE-HISTORY oF A LYMANTRID ON CaAsToR (Orgyza postica, W1k.), In December last the castor crop on the Coimbatore farm was found attack- ed by a species of hairy caterpillar not noted till now. The insect did some 31 242 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. appreciable injury by defoliating the plants though it was checked by per- sistent hand-picking. The life-history of the insect was studied and the fol- lowing is a brief summary of the same. Figg.—The parent moth lays hundreds of creamy white eggs in clusters and groups, these being very often found attached to old pupal cocoons. Each egg is spherical in shape with a small depression on the upper surface. In measurement each eyg is ? m.m. across. Larva,—EKight days after laying, these seed-like eggs open and the small caterpillar hatches out, The just-hatched caterpillar is slender, 2 m.m, in length and ofa dark colour. The body is fringed with long hairs. The young caterpillars all feed gregariously like several other hairy caterpillars at this stage, moult and grow in size. As it grows and moults take place, changes in structure, size and colour take place. When full-grown the cater- pillar measures 1} inches. The body is more or less cylindrical. The head is hemispherical and of a reddish-brown colour with interrupted yellowish bands along each lateral side. The whole body is covered with hair, the hairs at the tail segment being longer, In addition to the uniform hairy coat, there are other hairy structures very often characteristic of these tussock moth larve. On the dorsal surface of the first four abdominal segments are cushion-like pads of white hair one on each segment; these hairy cushions stand upright. At the lateral sides of segments 1 and 2 in the abdomen there is a slender whitish hairy tuft protruding at right angles to the body. On each side of the prothorax is a long dark pencil of hairs pointing forwards and extending a good distance beyond the head. On the median dorsal line of the tail segment isa long tuft of hairs more or less corresponding in position and appearance to the tail spine of sphingid caterpillars. Most of these long tufts of hair are full of small branched spines and are irritating to the touch. The ventral side of the body is of a pale white colour with the legs and prolegs (5 pairs) brownish. The caterpillar when fully fed builds a dirty white transparent cocoon of silk and hair mixed up and pupates within this. The cocoons are generally located in hidden parts of the plant. The pupa is of two kinds. Those of the male are smalier and measure 8—9 m.m., while those of the female are bigger. In colour both are of a pale white colour, that of the female however being of a whiter shade, length 13 mm. The pupation period lasts from six to eight days. The male-—The male insect is an active moth, dark brown in colour, with the front wings having patterns of pale blue and brown and the hind wing uniformly dark. The wings expand to 23 m.m. across. The antennze are prominent and pectinate, The structure of the limbs and the position of the front legs in repose are typically Lymantriid in nature. The female,—The female insect is apterous and can hardly be distinguished at a glance from the chrysalis out of which it emerged, It isa fleshy mass of dull white colour with the head and limbs very minute, the antennz are very small and pectinate. The wings are represented by minute pale rudiments at MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 243 the sides of the thoracic region. It measures 13 m.m. in length. On coming out of the pupal case the female clings firmly to the cocoon by means of its tiny limbs. In this posture it remains evidently awaiting the male. Whether impregnated by the male or not, it lays eggs in some hours. Hundreds of eggs are laid and these are cemented in clusters by means of a shiny fluid which hardens on exposure, and all these eggs become attached to the cocoon, When the female has unloaded itself of all the eggs it becomes very much reduced in size and gradually dies. Experiments in attracting males by taking the apterous female at dusk to the castor plot was tried and numbers of males were attracted. Thus the whole life cycle occupies from egg to imago roughly a month and a half as below :— Ege 8 days. Caterpillar 25 __,, \ roughly 13 months. Pupa Sie. J The most interesting feature of this insect is the marked sexual distinc- tion, As a pest, the insect is a leaf-eater and feeds gregariously lke other Lymantrids and during the younger stages of the larva it can be easily hand- icked with the leaves and destroyed. T. V. RAMAKRISHNA ATYAR. (j ).— BREEDING NOTES ON EUMENES CONICA. A good deal has been observed and recorded of the habits of different Species of potter wasps by eminent observers like Horne, Bingham, etc., but I believe that the complete life-history of no Indian species of Eumenes has yet been recorded [ Horne, Maindron and Cretin have all published accounts and a Short one occurs in Jndian Insect Life, p.211. As these notes wili interest readers of the Journal, they are inserted in full. H.M.L.]. I venture to think, therefore, that the following rearing notes on E. conica will not be uninter- esting, In the Coimbatore Agricultural College farm, E. conica appears to be ithe commonest species that boldly enters dwellings and public buildings and ‘builds its nest in odd corners, In December last the red gram crop on the farm was rather badly attacked by caterpillars—chiefly the Noctuid Chloridea obsoleta—and a number of these wasps were in evidence. Advantage was taken of this and with the idea of studying the life-history of the wasp, one of these was followed and the results of the observations are as below :— On the 13th December by about 7-25 am. the mother wasp commenced building a cell and by about 2 p.m., the cell was complete with the exception of a small circular opening above. The egg was then laid ; this was concluded from the fact that after finishing the cell outline, it went in and came ou after some time. In about half an hour more three big caterpillars of Chloridea obsoleta were brought and stored into the cell one after the other in succession. These caterpillars were all full-grown and measured 12 inch each, The fourth time the insect instead of returning with a caterpillar as I expected, 244 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX, came with a pellet of mud and began closing up the cell opening, Two or three trips more, and the cell was completely sealed up. Soon after this was done I scared away the wasp which was lingering and had the cell with its contents gently removed intact to a breeding cage. The parent wasp, mean- while returned to the spot where the cell was and searching for about 7 or 8 minutes, flew away in evident despair. The egg must have been laid at about 2-15 p.m. The cell was then gently opened and the contents examined, Attached to the inner wall by a slender thread was found the egg and within the rest of the space of the cell were closely packed together the three big caterpillars with hardly any extra space for these paralysed creatures for any motion, The egg is a very slender rod- shaped delicate object and measures 34 m.m. in length. In colour it is whitish. In two days more, viz., by the 15th December the egg was found hatched and the little grub attacking the caterpillar close to it, The grub on hatching measures 4 m.m, and has the same whitish colour with a small shining head and is footless. Within three more days the caterpillars are all consumed and the grub grows in size remarkably. It assumes a stout cylin- drical structure and has a ventrally bent posture like that of a cockchafer- grub ; it is of a shining whitish green colour at this stage. For the next ten days the grub continues in the same stage without food, but it spins silk and paves the floor of the cell (the grub was removed to a small pill-box after the three caterpillars were consumed) with a soft matting of transparent white sik, On the 1ith day, viz., on the 29th December, the grub moulted and entered the pupa stage. At this stage the insect acquires all the future organs in miniature; the wings are found as yery minute pads. In colour it is golden yellow. The abdomen is bent ventrally and attached to the slender pedicel by a thin white membrane, The notched eyes gradually turn red, dark-brown and then black in course of a few days. The wings appear as brown patches and gradually enlarge. The insect remained. in the pupa stage for 18 days, véz., up to the 16th January, when it cast away the pupal skin and emerged as the adult with all the specific colour markings and features. The wasp, however, is only able to freely move and fly about in two more days. On the 18th the insect completely attained the mature stage. The period of life from egg to imaga in this case was briefly as below :— Egg stage 13th to idth Dec, 2 days, Grub stage 15th to 29th Dec. 14 days. Pupa stage 29th Dec, to 16th Jan. 18 days. Thus one generation from egg to imago was found to occupy a little more: » than a month, T. V. RAMAKRISHNA AIYAR, (%.)—ENToMoLoGIcAL Nores FROM A RECENT Tour, | During a recent tour in the Southern Maratha Country, in which only a | | | | MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 245 very shor, time could be devoted to entomological matters, the following notes were made :— 1. At Dharwar, during a walk at 9 a.m. in sunlight on October 29th, 1909, along the Railway cutting, immense numbers of a large pentatomid bug were observed among the stones in which the Railway lines were set, Both males and females were present in abundance and a number of samples were obtain- ed. The bug was sent to Mr, W. L. Distant, and turns out to bea very interesting one belonging to a genus new to the Oriental region. This genus Anasida is limited, I understand, to South West and East Africa, and the occurrence of a new species nearly an inch long, is both unexpected and interesting, Mr, Distant has named this Anasida orientalis, and will publish a technical description in the near future. 2. On the same day at Dharwar, during a spare hour, I spent my time beating a large number of Lantana bushes in the neighbourhood of the station. From almost every one of these I obtained specimens of the penta- tomid bug, Pluutia jimbriata, in every stage of development. The Lantana is evidently a very suitable host for this bug. 3. A few days later, at Hubli, near Dharwar, about midday, I found the yery common pentatomid bug, Nezara viridula, playing a new role, On going into a cotton field, I noticed that castor plants were growing at intervals all over the field. I asked the reason for this, and immediately one of the castor leaves was opened out and revealed a full-grown Nezara on the leaf. Nearly all the castor plants examined showed these bugs on them, some even in copulation on the leaf. In one case one of the brownish yellow variety was observed in copulation with a pure green type. The castor was ostensibly planted as a trap crop for these bugs among the cotton, to avoid damage to the latter crop. 4. During the same journey, the following bug was obtained at Castle Rock at 5-30 p.m. in flight: Canthecona parva and two specimens of a beetle, Pseudocolaspis longicollis, Baly., in copulation on grass at 5-30 p.m. H. H. MANN. Poona, February 1910. No, XXXI,—_THE DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN TERIAS SILHETANA AND TERIAS HECABE, These two species are frequently confounded, which is no matter for Surprise, as certain specimens are extremely difficult to discriminate. Their life history, however, shows them to be abundantly distinct, and the following characters can,I think, be relied on, The eggs, larve and pup conform to the usual Pierine type: — Terias silhetana. Terias hecabe. Eec.—Laid in rows on the upper- Eac,—Laid singly at the edge of a side of a leaf in batches of about | leaf on the upperside. fifty, 246 Larva.—Gregarious living on a web ; food plant usually Aldbizzia mo- luccana. Skin somewhat rough greenish yel- low or green, with yellowish green lateral line ; head glistening black. Pura,—Usually found spun up close together in considerable numbers, usually blackish brown, sometimes pale olivaceous brown with darker mottlings ; rarely pale green. Imaco.—Larger, Average @ wet form. 40-m, 9 dry form. 42-m. More constant in markings. Costa of forewings usually yellow with black scales ; three spots in the cell on under sur- face of forewings (53 out of 55). In pronounced dry weather form the almost always with large quadrate chocolate spot on under surface of forewings touches the apex and outer margin. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Larva.-—Solitary ; usual food plant the “ Madras Thorn,” Pithecolobium dulce. Skin smooth pale apple green with whitish green lateral line ; head green, the same colour as the body. Pupa.—Solitary ; pale green, very rarely pale brownish green. Imaco.—Smaller. Average @ wet form. 35-m. Q dry form. 38-m. Variable. ally black or with many black scales (13 out of 16 examined) the black of the outer border sometimes carried Costa of forewings usu- along inner margin. Never with more than two spots in cell on under sur- face of forewing. Sometimes two on on the other. markings of dry season one wing and one Chocolate form linear or triangular with base on costa rarely reaching the apex or outer margin. The angulated inner border of the black outer margin of the forewing is too variable in both species to afford a useful character for separating them. The other species of this group in Ceylon is Zerias sari; Mr. E. Ernest Green informs me that “it is well characterized by the single black streak in the cell lt is widely He also writes :—“ The eggs on underside of forewing and by the more highly arched costa”, distributed but much rarer than either the above. (of 7. silhetana) are usually deposited more in the form of a dense cluster rather than in definite rows, Bred specimens occasionally have scattered orange sca,es.on the costal area (upper side), The larve are very commonly found on Cassia alata and P. dulce. Cassia.”’ T. hecabe also feeds on various species of N. MANDERS, Lr.-Cot., R.A.M.C, CotompBo, March 1910. No. XXXII.—A GIANT SUNFLOWER (HELIANTAHUS ANNUUS, Linn.) The seed was sownina bed in my garden on the 4th of July last. The soil was very loose ; in fact this once formed a pit into which all the refuse MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 247 from the kitchen, including broken glass and china was thrown, put which is now filled up with broken tiles and some earth. The depth of this pit is about 2 feet. 2. The seed germinated in five days and after 2 weeks the plant began to grow very rapidly. In the beginning of September the lamina of the largest leaf on the plant measured 17” broad and 16” long, the petiole of the leaf being 8” long, The plant attained a height of 9 feet, (I still possess the stem of another plant which grew to the height of 10 feet but its flower head is slightly smaller), and the diameter of the stem at six inches above the ground was 53” (in a third plantI had a diameter of 63” at 6 inches above the ground and fully 9” at the base). The terminal flower head appeared in the third week of August and continued to grow in size long after opening, and soon obtained a diameter of 13 inches excluding the ray-flowers which themselves were three inches long, After the corolla shrivelled up the head began to grow very rapidly,indeed at the same time the seed was setting. The plant was cut down on the 24th of October, when all the seed was perfectly ripe and white. The weight of the whole head immediately after cutting, without any portion of the stem, was 150: tolas, i.e., nearly 4 lbs. The diameter of this head measured 17” excluding the bracts, The number of seeds was 2,820 out of which 21 were double. The weight of the seeds was 14 tolas, and they were # of a seer by the native volume measure. 3. This was the only flower head that the plant produced. 4. It was found necessary to protect the ripening capitulum, by means of apiece of cloth tied round it, from birds such as sparrows and wild pigeons which seem to be fond of the seeds. 5. Helianthus annuus is very susceptible to influences of heat and light. Thus the cotyledons, when they come up, keep open during the day but close by night, in order to prevent excessive radiation of heat and also to protect the young bud that lies between them. There, however, appear to be some mistaken notions about the heliotropiom of the flower heads, the common belief being that all flowers are turned towards and move with the Sun, which is not exactly correct. 6. When the first (¢. e¢, terminal) bud appears, it continues to move with the Sun for some days. Thus in the morning it is turned towards the East, in the middle of the day it points vertically upwards and in the evening towards the West. The duration of the period of these mutations, depends upon the condition of the weather and the vigour of the plant. Once the flower head is open, all movement ceases, the peduncle taking a definite position and becoming rigid, Most of the terminal flowers face the East. The secondary heads which are produced on the axils of leaves show no power of movement. About the time that the whole plant is ripe and about to dry up, resin has formed in abundance in all the parts of the plant (especially the apical ones), which give out a sweet scent, 7. There are many interesting problems connected with the growth and 248 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. the process of fertilization of Sunflowers, and I hope to arrive at some import- ant results after another season’s trial. S. V. SHEVADE, Asstt. Imperial Economical Botanist, KIRKEE, 9th November 1909, No. XXXIII.—SCIENTIFIC NOMENCLATURE. With reference to Mr, Meyrick’s correction of my note regarding the gender of the word “‘ Lygosoma ’”’ I should like to be allowed to make a few remarks in defence of my plea, First, then, I must thank Mr Meyrick for pointing out the error, and can only offer my apologies to Major Wall and any others whom I may have temporarily misled. Atthe same time I would remark that the note was written as a“ plea for uniformity,’ and I had no desire to set myself up as an authority on the subject (vide the words “ [ fancy” in my note); though I admit that I did not doubt at the time that the word should be neuter. Thanks to Mr, Meyrick, I now see the error and admit it, but I would not withdraw the plea. Instead I would address it to the attention of Mr. Boulenger, Sir Joseph Hooker and other authorities to whom we look for our information in matters scientific. I mention Sir Joseph Hooker, because, if what Mr. Meyrick tells us is correct which I do not doubt, then we must surely say Melastoma malabathrica, ete. Surely also we must not say ‘“ Lycodon aulicus” nor “‘ Oligodon dorsalis” in speaking of those snakes, but must make them neuter. Another matter of nomenclature which has always annoyed me is the apparently arbitrary way in which the final “i” of proper names attached to species is doubled or not, Hither it is correct to double it or itis not. I imagine that it is not to my mind, even euphony does not require it, but perhaps Mr. Meyrick will be able to spare a moment of his valuable time to inform us definitely? There is no lack of instances, thus Blanford, though usually writing but one “i” in the volume dealing with Mammals of the Fauna of B. 1. series, has written “ Hardwickii” (page 340). It is only the very great importance, as it seems to me, of accuracy in all details connected with Natural History, which induces me to continue the subject, and not any desire to open in our columns a con- troversy on the vexed question of priority and usage, which does not appear to be affected seriously by such minor alterations. By way of further apology for my own inaccuracy, I may say that, though I am now a constant reader of Nature, Ihave not been so for very long, and consequently did not see Mr. Meyrick’s note on the subject to which he refers. F. E. W. VENNING. Haka, Cain HILks, 19th January 1910. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 249 No, XXXIV.—THE PRESERVATION OF NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS. With reference to Mr. Comber’s interesting series of papers on the presery- ation of Natural History specimens, I should like to give you a few of my ~ experiences which I trust may prove of benefit to some members. FORMALIN, This is no doubt of the greatest service to the field naturalist when travel- ling, as has already been pointed out, when spirit is not available, But it has serious drawbacks. Fishes immersed for any length of time in this medicine are apt to get brittle as regards their fins and tails, Mr, Boulenger at the Natural History Museum was pointing this out to me the other day, and he says it is exceedingly annoying when the identification of a particularly valuable specimen is desired, to find when attempting to count the fin rays this organ break right off. Formalin, too, is a dangerous medicine to recom- mend to the tyro, who, ignorant of the right strength to use, will doubtless ruin many a valuable specimen until he has learnt, as I have done, from sad experience, the right proportions of formalin and water; and here no hard and fast rule can be laid down. If used too strong specimens curl up init. If this be the case it can to a certain extent be remedied thus:—take out the specimen from the formalin and soak for about 24 hours in water, Then dry with a clean cloth and stretch the fish or other specimen out ona piece of wood or stick fastening it to this by binding round with stout thread or string Next immerse the specimen in strong spirit for several days after which the support may be removed, and the specimen will then retain much of its former straightness. Formalin also completely destroys the silvery and golden lustre on many fishes. I have found it excellent for reptiles -batrachians, and have at the present time a lizard and snake which I kept for over two years in a 25 per cent, solution of formalin, These were subsequently transferred to spirit and to-day retain all their colours and marking as they did when freshly killed. By the way I have found snakes “go wrong’? more quickly in spirit than any other specimens, Fishes I have kept for about three weeks in a fairly weak solution of formalin and then transferred, retain much of their natural brilliancy, but as colour is of little or no importance for the determination of a species this counts as trifling. I would strongly urge wheneyer possible the use of spirit and leave formalin—seyerely alone. For soft bodied animals, such as tadpotes, jelly fishes, and the ova of frogs formalin is of the greatest use, but a very weak solution should be used, say, about 4 per cent. These should be allowed to thoroughly harden in this before being transferred to spirit. The colours of fishes, if desired, may be preserved, to a great extent,so Mr. Boulenger informs me, by being kept in weak spirit in the dark, But ina hot climate like India this is not always practicable, My advice to the amateur would be to experiment with common specimens first in different solutions of formalin and spirit keeping a careful watch daily 32 250 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. to see how they are getting on, before trying his hand on valuable specimens. It may not be out of place here to urge the absolute necessity for the collection of fishes for the National Museum, Things Indian are to a great extent but poorly represented there as regards other countries, and a case in point came under my notice when I was showing Mr. Boulenger some fishes from Bengal, he expressed a wish to retain them in the collection, as it appears the Museum had no fishes whatever from that particular locality, with the exception of a few I presented some years ago. Specimens, however common, have often a particular value as coming from some little known locality, GORDON DALGLIESH. Brook, GODALMING, SURREY. March 1910, [ We cordially endorse Mr. Gordon Dalgleish’s appeal for specimens of Indian fishes for the National collection, and trust that our members will be able to help in this direction At the same time we should like to add that our own Museum is sadly lacking in specimens of fishes and batrachians.— Eps, ] °251 PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING OF MEMBERS HELD ON 3rp FEBRUARY 1910. A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took place on Thursday, 3rd February 1910, at the Society’s Rooms, Mr. C. L. Burns presiding, The election of the following 127 new members since the last meeting was duly announced :— Mr. H, G. W. Meikle, Bombay ; Capt. R. E. Lloyd, I.M.S., Calcutta ; Mr. R. D. Austead, B.A., Bangalore ; Rev. J. Redmond, Mysore ; Mr. Neville B. Parish, Alwar; The Rector, St. Mary’s College, Bombay ; Mr. N. Mosley, Multan; Mr. M. S. Jayakar, M.A., Alibag ; Capt. R. 8. Kennedy, I.M.S,, Calcutta; Miss A. Thompson, Beetui; Mr. H. M. M. Davidson, Assam ; Mr. C. H. Craven, Chittagong; Mr. A. C. M. Binny, Ferozepore; Capt. C. Hudson, I.M.S., Bangalore ; Capt. C. Saunders, Wellington; Mr. W.S, Davis, Kurram; Dr. D, A. Turkhud, M.B., C.M., Satara; Mr. C. Bateman, Jalpaiguri; Mr. F. Dewar, I.C.S., Balaghat, C, P.; Mr. J. Doyle, Balaghat ; Major C, A. Sykes, R.H.A., Bangalore ; Lt. E. J. Headlam, F.R.G.S., R.I M., Bombay ; Mr. S. R. Parsons, Mandla; Lt.-Col. H. C. Bernard, Nasir- abad; Mr. Walter J. Smith, Ceylon; Mr. Charles Innes, B.Sc., Rangoon ; Capt, A. C. Wilkinson, Rawal Pindi: Capt. R. T. Wells, I.M.S.; Capt. J. Cunningham, I.M.S., Bombay ; Capt, W. D, H. Stevenson, I.M.S., Bombay ; Capt, J. Taylor, Bombay ; Mr, R. P. Scott, Bombay ; Mr. Aga Cassem Shah, Poona; Mr. N. O’Reilly Blackwood, Secunderabad; Mr. H. J. Shaw, Bombay ; The President, Leicestershire Regiment, Belgaum ; Capt. W. B. T. Abbey, I.A., F.R.G,S., Kyaukse ; Mr. Clarence E. Rushton, Mandalay ; Mr. R. S. Lister, via Ghoom : Mr. A, A. Blake, Sara ; Mr. H. F. Bowden, Rangoon ; Mr. F. B. Thomas, Kanchrapara; Mr. A.O, Weller, Kanchrapara ; Mr. E. G, P. Phythian- Adams, Poona ; Mr. George Evans, Hoshangabad; Mr. E, F, G, Bourchier, Peshawar; Mr, Arthur E, Devas, Quetta; Mr. Philip Shepherd, Quetta; Mr. H. H. Jenkyns, 1.C.S., Lahore; Capt. George C. Lambton, D.S.0., Nilgiris; Mr. H.L. Dutt, Sabour: Mr.G. P. Hector, M.A., B. Sc., Dacca; Mr. Charles Mackinlay, Edinburgh ; Mr. E. Norman, Dacca ; Lt.C.S. Carter, R.N., E, I. Station; Mr, J. E. Armstrong, Katha; Mr, J, N. D, La- Touche, Bombay ; Mr. N. B. Baxter, Dhulia; Mr. A. L. Bacon, Mogok ; Mr. C, H. Harrison, 1.0.8, Punjab; Mr. F. L. Core, Deesa; Mr. L, M, Stubbs, 1.0.8. Jalaun; Mr, A. P. Morris, B. Sc., U. Burma; Major A. G. Kemball, Nowshera; Mr, N. L. M. Carruthers, Jhansi; Mr. A.B, B. Parsons, Dargai; Mr. W. P. Field, Jalpaiguri; Mr, R. R. Gales, Calcutta ; Mr. R. P. W. Strong, Bombay ; Mr. E.G. Drake-Brockman, Dacca ; Mr. W. S. Coutts, Dacca ; Major J. H. Hudson, Meerut; Lieut-Col. Simpson Powell, M.D., R.A.M.C., Rangoon ; Col. A. R. Denne, Manipur; Mr. P. N, Arthur Lucas, Bellary; Dr. W. D. Jones, Kyaukse, Lt.-Col. A. Short, R.H.A., 252 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAE HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, Mhow ; Mr. H. G. Gregson, Peshawar ; Mr. J. E, Aspinwall, Bombay ; Mr. W. E. M. Campbell, IL.C.S., Allahabad; Mr. Charles Legard, Mereara; Mr. A. S. Brook, Ferozepore; Mr. T. E. Bromley, I.C.S8., Khandwa; Mr. N. J. Roughton, I.C $,, Khandwa; Capt. J, L. aubans Aurungabad ; Mr. G, P. Andrew, I.C.S., Mergui; Mr. A, D. Spence, Rangoon; Mr. J. C. Mac- George, Moulmein; Mr, T.S. Pipe, Nasik; Mr. V. A. Herbert, Moradabad ; Mr, F. Roddis, Dacca; Mr. H. 8. Warburton, I.C.S., Lucknow; Major P. Wheatley. R.F.A , Jubbulpore; Mr. Charles H. Bury, Meerut; Mr, J. W.G. Davis, Mandla; Mr, Carl. H, A. Muller, Lahore ; Mr. E. W. Stoney, C.I.E,, Coonoor ; Mr. E. H. Hudson, A.M. I.C E., Jalna ; Mr. R. St, J Mitchell, Nanded ; Mr. Herbert Ciive, Myitkyina , Major C,. F. Harrison, Rangoon; Mr, Walter Armiston, Haldummulle, Ceylon ; Mr. T. M. Evans, Panchgani ; Mr C. H. Bennett, Chatrapur ; Capt. Godfrey Heseltine, Madras ; Mr, Edgar de Lantour, Sitapur, U.P.; Mr, N, A. Macleod, Calcutta ; Major F. G, Bayley, Trimulgherry ; Lt. G, P. A. Bracken, R.A.M.C., Trimulgherry ; Mr. P, 8S. Patuck, I.C.S., Wardha; Mr. E, P. Comber, Bombay; Mr. R. C. Bellairs, Almora ; Mr. E. J. Murphy, Rangoon ; Mr, F. M. Wainwright, Kistna; Mr. H. F. Saunders, Gwalior ; The Curator, Central Museum, Lahore ; Major R. Bird, L.M.S., Calcutta ; H. H. the Raja of Cochin; Mr. T, H, Waddingham, Phil- laur; Mr. L. B, Holland, Lahore; Mr, A. G, Tweedie, Calcutta; Mr. H.P Herbert, Travancore ; Mr. R. W. L. Cater, I.C.S., Sibi, Baluchistan ; Mr, P. H. Welman, Bombay; The Mess President, R.A, Mess, Colaba, Bombay ; Mr. A. F. Gradon, I.F.S., Jubbulpore ; The Principal, Veterinary College, Palghat, and Mr. H. Sharp, Shillong, CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM. The Honorary Secretary, Mr. W.S. Millard, acknowledged the following contributions to the Museum since the last meeting :— ; ( 1 Contribution. : Locality. Donor. Wild dog (Cuon dukanensis) skin .......0. « Kumaon. ......- see N. EF, Troup. D do. do. @I@s coaaaceose0c IBEVTNE, — soonna0a0c0000 OC. Hopwood. 0. Walton’s Mountain Fox (Vulpes waltoni),|\Gyantse .........00000.|Capt, F, Bailey. Small Palm eivet (Paradvrwurus niger) ...|Madras ....0...... -..|Capt. W. S. Patton, I.M.S. Small Indian Civet eet: malac- CENSIS)) -ccocescccesoscee ooodansag as600000000000000¢ Panvel, Colaba Dist.|Rev. J. H. Lord. Large Red Flying Squirrel(Pter umys oral).|\Chandanpura ... |O. O’Donell. 2 Squirrels Do f cooaced ao sacecoconntaa9ac05000000 S. Shan States ......{Capt. R. D. Macgre- gor, I.M.S. 2) Sei (CURIS GPEC). Goosboscoconosicoacconeocooe Laceadive Islands.../R, H. Hllis, I.C.S. and Comdr. Hud- dleston. Sind Mole Rats (Gunnomys sindanus)..|Katachi sorcerers EH. Comber. fp to latge number of Rats in spirit, in- cluding examples of JZatera, Gunom 35 Mus, ke. Ce ecce.e-cccccccccsce-ce 0. resccecssceeree LAHOFe Dist. .....-.-- Capt. G. Davys, 1.MS. fe PROCEEDINGS. 253 39 Snakes including a new variety of Cobra (Nata tri ipudians, Dip. ceylonensis, Trop. platyceps, 1r0p. vbeddomés, O. eryth- rogaster ) evcvccecccove: 4 Green Vipers (Lachesis gramineus) (alive) ...... Snakes including v. theobaldi 3 Zamenis rodorachis ladacensis . eee erseGek--.cscccercorcr cece raiscelen and SN. eecerscccscces 1 a 000 60070: e060 A collection of Snakes, including a new 1 Kiait (Bungarus candidu » and 1 ‘Tray. DUSCALOT eevee se 1 Dryoplis pulverutentus .. 2 Chameleons .........-0e00 A number of Beetles... sss. 0. Ceseceeoceceousogseacecvn eocce o- 00 e+ Coseeermreccenvece 20000 1e04 C00 cceres 400 80ers, concen creces .|Darjeeling o..... ...|Garhwal . |\Cuddapah ...e. WEIMOMS. Gooccocs 000000 Tindharia cesccccere- eos 000008 C20G0e Burma Mohammerah, Per- sian Gulf..... Species (Zrop. vemmingl) ...servec cscrerere . (Chin Hills ............ 10 Snakes, including > . f ow ‘ : ; e : =i ; é : : / . \ ~ * ~ 7 B) i } : THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 271 Deseription.— Adult male.—Forehead brown, changing to black on the crown and nape ; a rufous median stripe ; supercilium and sides of the head white, fulvous white or pale fulvous, speckled with brown and with broad brown bands running from the bores and from under the ear coverts to the nape. Chin white, generally unspeckled, sometimes faintly dotted with brown. Upper back and scapulars velvety black, the former near the nape much marked with rufous and the latter broadly edged with the same; lower back and rump duller black with rufous bars, more or less whitish in front on the former; upper tail coverts barred rufous and black- ish brown, the former colour predominating. Central tail feathers black with two rufous bars and tips, the subterminal bars very broad ; outer tail feathers barred dull white and black. Breast fulvous, or fulvous white barred brown, remainder of lower parts, imeluding the abdomen, white barred closely with brown and with the undertail coverts generally strongly tinged with rufous. Auxilla- ries and underwing coverts dark brown with narrow white bars. Wings brown, the coverts edged and barred with fulvous, the primaries and primary coverts tipped with a pale edging, inner secondaries barred throughout with fulvous or fulvous rufous. Trides dark brown, bill horny brown, more or less tinged with green, the tip darker and the basal two-thirds of the lower mandi- ble yellowish ; legs dark plumbeous green. Wing 9:25" to 5:75"; bill from gape 2-4" to 2°65": tarsus 1-2!’ to 1-5", . Eliminating the largest and the smallest birds the tarsus only varies between 1-3!’ and 1:4" and the extremes both ways are probably abnormal. Adult female.—Does not differ from the male and is pro- bably about the same in size or very little bigger, though with a longer bill. The two longest bills I have personally measured were 2°60" and 2:65" and both belonged to female birds. Young bird.tJudging from a single specimen of a young bird in the Indian Museum with a wing of 5:02" and a bill of 2-38" it would appear that in young birds the darker colours predominate Over the paler more than in the adult. The dark bars on the lower plumage are distinctly broader and more close together, and 272 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. the whole appearance in this specimen is far darker than I have seen in any adult bird. Sharpe does not differentiate between the male and female, but the average measurements of the British Museum birds, including both sexes, are bigger than those I have handled. In the former the wing is given as 5°7"’ and the culmen as 2°65". The depth of the bill in those I have measured averages about -5'', the heavy base being very conspicuous when compared with other Snipe. The sportsmen will generally be able\to recognise the Wood Snipe by its comparatively dark plumage and rather squat heavy shape and beak. «Length 11:0" to 12:5"; expanse 18” to 19°75"; wing o4e to 5°7"'; tail from vent 2:5!’ to 2:9": tarsus 1-41’ to 1749" Saiom from gape 2:41" to 2°62"; weight 4-9" to 6-1" oz.” (Hume). Jerdon gives the weight as up to 7 oz. and Hodgson, amongst some 20 birds weighed, obtained one of 6°75 oz. ‘«The irides are hazel to deep brown; the front of the legs and toes are grey, sometimes, perhaps commonly, bluish, sometimes more plumbeous or slaty and sometimes again with a drabby shade, or again greenish, and generally everywhere paler in the female, the back of the legs and soles fleshy, sometimes pinky, sometimes bluish or dusky ; the claws horny brown to almost black; of the bill nearly the terminal one-third is brown to blackish brown ; the basal two-thirds much paler and with a tinge sometimes reddish fleshy, sometimes yellowish fleshy, sometimes livid, sometimes drab” (Hume). Distribution. —Blanford thus defines the distribution of the Wood Snipe within our limits, outside of which it has not yet been obtained. ‘In the Himalayas as far as Dalhousie to the west- ward and Sikkim to the east, and probably further in the latter direction ; also in the hills south of Assam and in Manipur occasionally in Burmah even as far south as Tenasserim, and as a winter visitor only, in the hills of Southern India—Coorg, Wynaad, Nilgiris, Anaimalais, Shevroys and probably others. In ene case this species is said to have been recognised in Ceylon. A very few specimens have been obtained whilst migrating, one ab THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 273 Calcutta by Blyth, two at Russelkonda by Macmaster, one in Serguja by Bull, and probable occurrences have been recorded at Nasik and Dharwar.” The Wood Snipe extends all along the Himalayas from the Hastern point mentioned by Blanford, and I have had either records of its occurrence or specimens sent me from the Dooars, Buxa, Jalpaiguri, Barpeta (South of Bhutan) and Tezpur (South of the Dafla Hills), Cachar, Sylhet and Myitkyina (Capt. Clifford), thus linking up its range almost from point to point.* As regards these birds’ visits to the Southern Hills these are, no doubt, more or less the result of a migratory movement but as we get to know more about this rare Snipe it will probably be found that its migrations are of a very local character and it would not surprise me to find that over the greater portion of its habitat it is a permanent resident. The dates on which specimens of the Wood Snipe have been obtained, for me, shew that in some cases it is not a bird of high elevations alone and that it almost certainly breeds well below 2,000 feet. From Jalpai I have received a bird shot in May in the swamps at the foot of the Hills; my father, H. B. Baker, shot several speci- mens in Purnea and Maldah in April and May whilst returning from Tiger shoots, and Major Wilson records his seeing many of these Snipes in May in Manipur at about 2,000 feet elevation. It is quite possible that if we knew the haunts of this Snipe and if we could visit them at the proper season we should not find them nearly as uncommon as they have been hitherto considered. Damant said that he found it common in Manipur and that one morning he killed five shooting in long grass from the back of elephant. an Baldwin also came upon a number together when shooting in the Philibet district in January 1872. He writes:—“ I came across not one, but over a dozen of these birds ; they were close to one Genene kl we soon put up several Common Snipes and presently my companion fired at one, and I then saw a large dark bird, which I thought at the time was a Solitary Snipe, rise up with a croak, and after curving about, drop close by. We went * There is in the Society’s collection a specimen of a Wood Snipe (in spirit) shot at Thana, near Bombay, by Mr, Thos, H, Moore in January, 1896.—Eps, 274 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. up and not one, but three rose—two of which fell to our shots. — We soon found several more and nine were killed altogether ; they offered the easiest of shots, and did not rise until the elephants were close on them. They were particularly fine gamey birds and proved most excellent for the table.” Major Wilson has been good enough to send me copies of his notes on this bird as found in Manipur and these I quote 1 extenso. «« The only time I ever made what may be called anything like a bag of Wood Snipe was in the year 1896, close to Manipur. I was sent out into cholera-camp in May and while there discovered a valley about 4 miles from our final camp, which seemed absolu- tely crawling with Black Partridges and where also I saw many Wood Snipes. The Gurkha, as is well known, is an extremely keen shikari, and unfortunately one regardless of the breeding season. I accordingly issued orders that no one was to fire a shot in this valley, till I could shoot it myself. In October of the same year I managed to get away. ‘The following is a copy of an entry in my shooting diary :— ‘October 1, 1896.—Went over to the Choonbutti (there was an old Manipuri lime kiln, near which we camped, in my reserved valley) with H—of my Regiment, we did not find nearly so many partridges as I expected, and the grass was very heavy, still we killed fifteen brace of black partridges, five and-a-half couple of Snipe, of which two and-a-half couple were Wood Snipe, and one quail. The grass was so stiff the dogs rubbed their noses sore. ‘October 2.—Twenty-two and-a-half brace of partridges, eight and-a-half couple of Snipe, of which four couple were Wood Snipe. «We could have killed a good many more Wood Snipe had we troubled to go after them, but if a bird flew out of the line we were beating, we never followed it up, as we wanted to make a really good bag of partridges. ‘«‘ These birds were all lying in heavy grass up to our knees. “7 think the name of this bird somewhat of a misnomer because out of those I have shot, a fair number, I have never once — flushed one in a wood, though once I flushed one in a jheel in the midst of tree jungles and he pitched in the forest and I killed him there. THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 275 «The Wood Snipe les in covert which is too thick for the ordi- nary Snipe torun about in and he also sometimes favours very high erass. The places he seems to like best are valleys in the hills which are full of thick matted grass growing on the sites of old rice khets. «He lies very close and is consequently rather difficult to flush even with a dog and when flushed flies heavily, and seldom goes more than a couple of hundred yards. “Occasionally when flushed he utters a croaking note, which sounds like ‘ Tok-Tok ’.” The Wood Snipe obtained by my father in Purnea and Maldah were shot by him in 1882 in company with Mr. J. Shillineford, Mr. G. Hennessy and others during a couple of tiger shoots held in April and May in the two districts. My father told me that one day late in April when coming back from a successful tiger shoot in Maldah the line was engaged in shooting anything that might get up before the elephants as they wended their way home to camp. In this way a few hog deer and various birds were added to the bag, and whilst going past a number of tiny swamps covered with dense sungrass, one of the line put up and dropped a bird; he thought to be a Woodcock. On search being made for this, several more were put up anda good many shot, my father himself securing four. Further on the same evening whilst working through similar places others were disturbed and two more shot and on following days yet others were brought to bag. The same year and in the succeeding month, May, whilst shoot- ing in Purnea, a similar experience was met with and more of these birds killed. I cannot now remember what was the actual number brought to bag, but from what my father told me they must have been fairly numerous, especially in Maldah. He described the birds as being very slow and owlish in their fight. They rose with a low croaking cry, flattered heavily over the grass and ekra in a fitful and undecided manner and then flopped into cover again before they had covered a hundred yards. The Wood Snipe, not only in appearance but in flight and habits, is far more like the Woodcock than is the Solitary Snipe- 3 2 276 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Jt may not perhaps haunt forest and brake as does the Woodcock, but on the other hand it is never found in the short grass and open swamps frequented by the Solitary Snipe. Its favourite haunts. seem to be those described above by Major Wilson or, when in the plains, huge fields of dense sungrass, ekra or elephant grass which have in their midst small pools and swamps hidden away by the rank vegetation. In Maldah and Purnea they were found in tiny pools only a few yards across, which were covered with coarse weeds and grass so high and dense that they would have beem unworkable except from elephants. In flight, as may be seen from the descriptions already given,. it closely resembles the Woodcock and is, perhaps, even slower. It pursues the same wavering, bat-like course in its mode of pro-: eression, makes the same unlooked-for darts to one side or the other and finally has the same headlong tumble into cover, giving one the idea that it has died suddenly and fallen to earth. It is, however, a very shy retiring bird and never, like the Wood— cock, frequents the haunts of men. This shyness and also the un- healthiness of its habitat along the Terai will probably always prevent us learning very much about it. Nidification.—There is nothing on record about the nidification of the Wood Snipe at present except in connection with the eggs obtained by Mandelli in Sikkim. Three of these eggs are in the British Museum, but one of them is marked “869 Gallinago solitaria, Native Sikkim, 18-6-79” and, as Oates remarks, it seems possible that Mandelli’s reputed eggs of the Wood Snipe were afterwards discovered to be the eggs of the Solitary Snipe, probably by the identification of a skin. At the same time it must be noted that Hume distinctly states that when Mandelli’s collectors brought in these eggs they brought in with them the skin of a Wood Snipe. The date and name on the egos, however, would seem to shew that this skin afterwards proved to be that of a Solitary Snipe. My own experience, meagre as it is, as regards their nidification, would appear to confirm Oates’ opinion. On the 11th June 1908, one of my Khasia collectors brought in to me a Wood Snipe together with a single egg and some fine tangled grass, which he THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 277 said had composed the nest and which was clogged and matted with the contents of other eggs which had been broken by the trapped bird. Unfortunately the egg, which was saved, is un- doubtedly an abnormally small one, and my collector informed me that when he set the nooses for the bird he saw that there were three big and one much smaller egg, but that in colouration they were all alike. The single egg measures only 1:5'’ x 1:04"" and is much like many eggs I have seen of Gallinago celestis, but is unusually brown in tint. The ground is a pale stone colour and the mark- ings consist of heavy blotchings of vandyke brown with a few underlying ones of grey or lavender. The smaller half of the eee is but very sparsely marked, but on the larger third the blotches form a deep dark ring, inside which again the markings are numerous but not confluent. The texture is fine and smooth with a faint gloss and the shape is the ordinary sub-pyriform shape of most Snipes’ eggs. Hume, writing of the breeding of this snipe, writes :—‘‘That they breed in the Himalayas between elevations of about seven and ten thousand feet (and perhaps, though I doubt it, considerably higher) is certain. That they begin to lay early too is probable. Hodgson notes that on the 10th March the eggs in the ovary of a female were swelling, full-sized but unshelled egg. But no European, I believe, has ever yet taken the nest, though Mr. A. G. Young writes that he knows they do breed in Kulu.” and another shot early in April contained a nearly Jt is more than probable that we shall eventually find that the Wood Snipe breeds at far lower altitudes than 7,000 feet. My own nest was taken near Shillong at under 4,000 feet, and in Manipur it is almost certain that they breed at but little over 2,000 feet, whilst it also seems possible that they are permanent residents at the foot of the Himalayas throughout the Dooars. THE PLATE of the Wood Snipe is excellent, both in colouration and attitude. In many birds the bill has a faint green tinge about the base but normally, I think, the colour is much the same as that shewn, though perhaps not quite so clear and hard as here depicted. 278 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. xx The legs and feet are very well coloured, but the colouration varies much and is often just as distinctly greenish as they are here shewn bluish. The attitudes of the birds in this plate and that of the Solitary Snipe show well the characteristics of the two species ; the active, quick moving character of the Solitary Snipe, as compared with the heavy, slow disposition of the Wood Snipe. 279 THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA (INCLUDING THOSE MET WITH IN THE HILL STATIONS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY). BY WD 1K, euDieahy, TABS Part VILT. (Continued from page 879 of Volume XIX.) 58. Vanessa cardui, Zinn.—(Plate B, fig.93). Male andfemale wpper- side : forewing : interspace | and extreme base of wing dusky-black, irrorated with golden scales ; apical half of wing and termen dusky-black ; discal. and medial area of wing ochraceous orange with the following black markings : an irregular oblique band consisting of two detached spots across middle of cell, a patch in base of interspace 2 and a curved transverse bar across interspace 1; on the black apical area an obliquely placed series of three quadrate white spots from costa followed by a curved transverse series of four white spots and on the broad dusky-black terminal margin an, obscure transverse series of pale, slender, lunular marks. Hindwing dusky-brown covered with long, silky, brown hairs at base ; a large spot beyond apex of cell, a broad, transverse, discal, irregular band and the termen ochraceous orange; the ochraceous discal band does not extend to the costa and bears a round black spot in each of the interspaces 2-6 ; on the termen there is an inner transverse series of black lunules and an outer series of black spots at the apices of the veins. Underside: forewing, cell and discal area from vein 1 irregularly to vein 4 ochraceous orange, rest of the wing greyish brown ; base of cell red, apical portion white, black marking in and below cell much as on the upperside; beyond the cell the white markings on the apical area and on the termen as on the upperside. Hindwing mottled with olive-brown and ochraceous, the olive-brown mark- ings with slender white margins; a postdiscal transverse series of ocelli in interspaces 2-6, those in interspaces 3 and 4 with blue, the rest with black centres ; all with inner rings of ochraceous and outer rings of black ; a series of black subterminal lunules and terminal black spots as on the upperside but not so distinct. Antennze brown, ochraceous yellow at the apex ; head, thorax and abdomen with ochraceous pubescence, the thorax beneath the pubescence metallic green ; on the underside the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous white. Exp. 58-68 mm. Larva.—The larva is the type of Junonia larvee. Head parallel-sided, flat-faced, with distinct central depressed line ; covered with erect, rather long, white setze which are shortest on the face; a few brown tubercles on vertex of each lobe bearing black setze; colour from light red-brown to 280 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY), Voi. XX. black. Segment 2 slightly smaller than the head with a double row of numerous erect, long, white hairs as a collar and two bunches of similar hairs in front of each spiracle. Segments 3 and 4 have a subdorsal and lateral branched spine, or a pedicel with spinules. Segments 13 and 14 have only the lateral pedicel. The dorsal spines of the segments 5-12 are nearer the front margin than the others. The usual little spines on leg- bases (for disposition of all these pedicels see Junonia of any species). Spiracles oval, large, black. Body surface velvety, covered densely with longish white hairs. All spines or pedicels arise from a more or less deeply rose-coloured, truncated, conical tubercle. Ventrum slightly hairy. Colour of body bright yellow smudged and spotted black to a varying degree, sometimes so much as to be completely black; always a broad marginal yellow band and a double yellow dorsal line ; spines are trans- lucent white, the spinules black. L:40mm.; B: 55 mm. Pupa.—Is of the Junonia type but slender. Head and segment 2 to base of shoulder-point quite square seen from above, blunt in front where the margin is slightly concave between the eyes; there is a slight carination over each eye reaching back to front margin of segment 2, these carinations converging backwards. Dorsal line of the head, segment 2 and thorax in one plane: at 45° to the longitudinal axis of pupa as far as apex of the last, the descent from it to segment 5 over segment 4 short; both segment 2 and thorax convex transversely to length of pupa, the former not broad between its margins, the latter carinated lowly from front margin to apex where the carination ends in a low triangular pyramid. Constriction behind thorax slight dorsally, slighter laterally. Abdomen dorsally somewhat convex from segment 5 to cremas- ter, circular in transverse section; ventral line straight, somewhat bulged along wing-junction-line. Wings expanded slightly laterally from a small shoulder-point in a concave line very shortly to a second point immediate- ly behind and opposite segment margin 3-4, after which the expansion gra- dually narrows to lose itself in body-surface at segment 6-7. Cremaster ordinary, oblong in shape, rounded at extremity with rather strong ventral and slight dorsal extensor ridges. Spiracular expansions of segment 2 in- dicated by a flush, longly oval, grey surface on front margin of segment 3 on each side ; the other spiracles longly oval, of ordinary size, flush, brown. Surface of pupa finely and superficially corrugated-rugose ; segments 6-13 have a minute dorsal, pointed tubercle; segments 8-12 a still smaller supra- and subspiracular point ; segments 4-12 a small, conical conspicuous, subdorsal point, those on segments 7-10 being slightly largest. Colour of pupa is variable, green and gold in some cases, gold in others, pink-brown and gold again in some, the gold being always strongly developed dorsally and on the points. L: 23-5 mm; B: 8:25 mm. at shoulders ; the height is equal at apex of thorax and at segment-margin 7-8. COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 281 Habits.—The imago lays single eggs on the young shoots of the foodplant. The larva, after emerging from the egg, makes a hid- ing place amongst the young leaves by drawing them together with silks; when larger, from the third moult onwards, it makes a cell at the point of a leaf with a lot of untidy web, eating the same leaf the cell is on. It hes with its head turned round on its - side when at rest and shams death when disturbed, falling to the eround when possible. The pupa is fixed to a horizontal or verti- cal surface, hanging perpendicularly down, the suspension free but frm. The insect is our English “ Painted Lady” and is found all over India, most plentifully in the hills, though it exists in great numbers in certain years also in the plains. It is a quick, strong fher and at times goes long distances. Generally, however, it takes short flights, rising from the ground to rest again a short distance off. It nearly always sits with its wings closed and often draws the front wings into the hinder ones, leaving just the costa and apical part visible. The underside is so designed as to har- monise perfectly with gravelly, sparsely grass or herb-covered soil which it nearly always affects and, once settled, it is difficult to see. It frequents flowers, generally preferring those of creeping, low plants and, when feeding thus, it holds the wings half open; also when basking in the sun. ‘The distribution of the insect is all but worldwide; it has been found in all parts of India, Ceylon, Assam, Burma and Tenasserim. The foodplants of the caterpillar in England are thistles, upon one species of which it has been bred in Kashmir also; Mallow, Burdock, Viper’s Bugloss, and Nettles even, belonging to the botanical families Composite (Cardwus, Thistle and Arctium Lappa, Burdock), Malvacee (Malva, Mallow), Boraginee (Hchiwm, Viper’s Bugloss), Urticacece (Urtica, Nettle) are eaten at home in England; in Kanara, here in Bombay, the larva has been found on Zornia diphylla of the Lequminosece and the com- positaceous Bluimea. By which it will be seen that there is no limit to the distribution arising from the want of things to feed on. The butterfly has been found in great numbers in the Sind deserts as well as in the dense forests of Kanara, though in the Late it is really plentiful only in certain years. 59. Vanessa indica, Herbst.—Male and female resemble V’. cardi, but the 282 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. ground-colour is darker both on the upper and under sides and the orange markings deeper and richer in tint. Dftiers also as follows :—Upperside forewing: the ochraceous red on dise and across cell proportionately of less extent and uniform, not getting paler towards apex of cell; the upper four spots of the preapical series on the black apical area minute. Hind- wing: the postdiscal transverse band much narrower and shorter, not extending below vein 1, margined inwardly by a series of broad, black, subcrescentic marks; the tornal angle with a small patch of violet scales bordered inwardly by a short, thick, black, transverse line. Underside very much darker than in JV. cardw, the orange-red on disc and cell of forewing restricted as on upperside; three small, transversely-placed, blue spots beyond the cell. Hindwing: the mottling comparatively very dark, pur- plish black with slender white margins, shaded on dise with rich dark olive-brown ; the postdiscal series of ocelli dark and somewhat obscure ; an inner, subterminal, transverse series of blue and an outer, very much slenderer, transverse series of black lunules. Cilia of both fore and hind- wings white, alternated with brown. Antenne black, tipped with pale ochraceous ; head, thorax and abdomen with dark olive-brown pubescence ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous brown. Exp. 58-70 mm. This butterfly has not been bred as far as is known. It is a very close relation of our English Red Admiral, differing only in the greater irregu- larity of the orange markings on the upperside. It is not really a butterfly that ought to have been mentioned in these papers but, on second thought, it was thought advisable to include it because it has such a wide range in India. It hardly ever occurs in the plains and certainly never breeds there ; it is found generally above 2,000 feet in the hills: the Himalayas, the Nilgiris, &c., but not, as far as has yet been ascertained, anywhere in the Western Ghats from Thana to Kanara in the Bombay Presidency. The butterfly extends to Southern Europe and the Canaries, eastwards to China, Japan and the Malay Peninsula. The following is a description of the larva, pupa and habits of the Red Admiral or Vanessa atalanta, which will probably be similar to those of the above. Larva.—The larva is of the typical nymphaline sort, all spines of equal length, branched on all segments except head and segment 2, where they are much shorter and simple; body cylindrical with anal end sloping, the anal flap triangular with somewhat tumid end or point. Segment 12 is somewhat triangularly produced back in the dorsal line. Head heart-shap- ed, flat-faced, somewhat bi-lobed, shiny, bronze-black covered with light hair-bearing ochraceous tubercles; ten short, cylindrical, blunt, simple spines round margin of face with four more in a row in front; two slightly larger lower down, subdorsal, one on each side of clypeus apex ; antennal COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 285 basal joint ochreous, the other two black ; eyes prominent, black ; labrum black. Clypeus large, triangular, not very distinct. Segment 2 the same breadth or somewhat broader than head but not so high, with a row of eight simple, short, triangular, black teeth or tubercles from spiracle to: spiracle, and a simple, cylindrical, short, spine underneath spiracle ; on seg- ments 3 and 4 this simple spine is present in the same position and, besides, a subdorsal and lateral black spine, pointed and set with fine hair-like spinules directed out and upwards, also black. Segments 13 and 14, the former segment being short, have each a dorsolateral similar watery- ochraceous spine, situated near the hinder margins. Segments 5-12 have each a dorsal, subdorsal, supraspiracular and subspiracular similar spine, all more or less ochraceous and set with black spinules, all except the _ subspiracular spines on segments 3-9 being surrounded at the base with : orange somewhat broadly. Spiracles shiny black, oval, of usual size. Sur- face of body set all over with very minute, white, depressed tubercles, each bearing a fine, white short hair ; spiracular region rather more thickly white haired. Colour of larva black, speckled yellow all over—or yellow speckled all over black with a broad yellow subspiracular band from segment 5 to segment 12 interrupted broadly by the tubercles ; belly dark; legs black. The subspiracular spines are somewhat shorter than others, those on seg- | ments 5 and 4 being, perhaps, just a little stronger than any. L: 55 mm. stretched ; B: 6 mm. without spines, 9 mm. with them. Pupa.—The pupa is of the usual Vanessa type, 7.¢., when seen from above the lateral outline is as follows: head parallel-sided, the front concave with the head-points short, broad and blunt; breadth of pupa increasing some- what suddenly to a sharp tooth at shoulder; then concave to another simi- lar tooth in a line with apex of thorax, where the breadth of pupa is very much the same; then concave again, but very shallowly, to segment 7-8, where the wings are slightly bulged and the pupa is not so broad; then decreasing in a straight line to the strong, truncated-triangular cremas- ter with slight dorsal and strong ventral extensor-ridges, the clasper-scar beimg a double circle inside the latter. The dorsal outline seen from the side is: head and vertex, segment 2, both short, the front slope of thorax at an angle of 45° to the longitudinal axis; the thorax is carinated in _ dorsal line strongly, ending in a small triangular pyramid just before hinder _ Margin to which the fall is nearly perpendicular, segment 4 being inclined ro - - : - - at 45° towards segment 5 which is parallel to longitudinal axis and forms: the bottom of the considerable dorsal constriction ; the dorsal line again rises in segment 6, very slightly in 7, whence it is strongly curved down to end, Ventral line slightly bulged out towards centre though fairly Straight from head to segment 11, after which, bent down. Surface of pupa smooth in the main, with an irregular net-work of thin, slightly impressed lines all over, the antenne ringed, the proboscis slightly longer than wings:;. 4, 284 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. there is a slight carination from each head-point to the dorsal carination of thorax at hinder margin of segment 2 and another from apex of this latter carination to hinder margin of thorax laterally ; there is a lateral, small, conical, pointed tubercle centrally on segments 3-12, slight on seg- ments 5 and 12, strongest on 7, 8, 9; signs of dorsal similar tubercles on segments 5-12; hardly a vestige of the supra or subspiracular ones. ‘Spiracles of segment 2 mere red-brown slits; the rest oval, colour of pupa slightly convex, with red-brown, narrowly oval centres. The abdomen is somewhat laterally compressed ; the lateral constriction is much slighter than dorsal. Colour is a light violet grey-brown with golden reflexions ; each tubercle being touched with gold, the dorsal ones surrounded with gold on the abdomen, the lateral one on thorax also and on segments 4, 6, 8, those on 3 and 8 largely ; the golden reflexion on the wings is greenish and subcutaneous in appearance. L: 21 mm. ; Bat shoulder-points: 8 mm. ; 4:5 mm. at head; 7 mm. at segment 8; H. at segment 8: 8 mm. Habits. untidy web-cell by turning over point; continues this in after -Ege laid underneath point of leaf, larva makes a little stages, but of course has to use whole leaves later on; uses much web ; les generally on the upper surface of the chamber thus made and very generally curled round with its head on its side and the body contracted to appear thicker and shorter than it really is. Pupates in a dark corner, if possible, either against a perpendicular surface or from a horizontal one, the attachment being free but frm. Butterfly is fond of the sun, perches and basks on the ground with wings fairly widely open, is fond of sucking at flowers, rotten fruits, &c.; can fly well and rapidly and takes long flights ; rests with wings closed, the front wings sunk within the hinder. The place chosen for ovipositing is generally in a sunny place along a wall or hedge or ditch. The larvae are somewhat liable to be pavrasitised by ichneumons. The food plants are nettles (Urtica.) Bingham enumerates twelve species of the genus Vanessa as inhabiting British India, besides two races and one variety. Some of them are very like the Tortoise-shells at home, others like the Comma. The genus is world-wide in its distribution, existing in both hemispheres, and the majority are palearctic and nearctic, only a few species extending to the Tropics. The majority of the Indian species are found in the Himalayas and along the northern limits of British India. All feed in the larval stage on nettles, COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. i) 8 Ct willows, poplars, some Saaifragacece (Gooseberry and Currant), the Painted Lady on Thistles and. other Composite, Lequminosee, Malvacece, &c. The type of the genus is the Red Admiral. 60. Hypolimnas bolina, Zinn. {P1. B., fig. 7 ¢, 7a 2 |\—Wet-season form.— Male upperside velvety black. Forewing: an oval shining irridescent blue patch, broadly centred with white and traversed by the black veins obliquely rossing interspaces 3, 4, 5; two preapical, obliquely-placed, elongate, white spots and a postdiscal, inwardly-curved, transverse series of minute white dots. Hindwing: a central, oval, shining, irridescent blue patch, broadly centred with white and traversed by the black veins as on the forewing, but larger ; a postdiscal series of minute white dots, in continuation of that on the forewing. Fore and hindwings: cilia white, alternated with black. Underside deep purplish brown. Forewing: some minute white flecks on and just below basal half of costal margin, with a row of three or four larger spots below them, an oblique discal series of three very slender streaks and elongate oval spots from costa to interspace 3, two preapical white spots continued as a _ postdiscal transverse row of white spots as on upperside, followed by an inner and an outer transverse subter- minal series of lunular white marks and a terminal dark line. The series of lunular white marks sometimes complete but generally well defined only below vein 5. Hindwing: a tolerably broad, discal, white band traversed by the black veins; a postdiscal transverse series of minute white dots in continuation of that on the forewing; an inner subterminal series of elongate whitish markings and an outer subtermi- nal slender, white, lunular, broad line, followed by a terminal dark line. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen dark purplish brown. Female upperside dark velvety brown, paling towards the outer margins. Forewing: three or four irridescent blue spots from base of cell along and just below costa to before the middle, from the middle of costa an oblique series of rich irridescent blue marks to interspace 3; a postdiscal, sinuous, ittransverse series of white spots, an inner subterminal series of short trans- verse white, narrow markings in the interspaces and an outer subterminal series of white lunules. Hindwing: a postdiscal transverse series of white spots followed by a series of double cone-shaped white marks, one in each interspace, and an outer subterminal series of white lunules. Underside dull brown. Forewing: minute white flecks on, and one or two white spots just below basal half of costal margin; an oblique discal series of spots, two preapical spots, a postdiscal transverse series of spots, an inner subterminal series of somewhat cone-shaped marks and an outer subterminal series of lunules white, often sullied with yellowish. Hindwing as on upper- side but with the addition of a very broad discal, somewhat diffuse and obscure, whitish, transverse band and the cone-shaped inner subterminal 286 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. white markings of the upperside more continuous, separated only by the slender brown veins. Antennze, head, thorax and abdomen as in male. Dry season form.—Male and female similar to the male and female of the: wet-season form but with the following differences :—larger; the irridescent — blue patches proportionately larger; the hindwing in the male with, on the upperside, a more or less well-marked subterminal highly sinuous pale line ;. : the forewing in the female with, on the upperside, one or two irridescent. blue spots just below basal half of the costa; the inner subterminal trans-— verse line of white markings much broader, each emerginate on the inner ~ side. Underside: male: ground-colour hair-brown; basal half of forewing dark brown. Hindwing: the discal band and inner subterminal markings ~ broader, diffuse and irrorated with dusky scales.— Female: hindwing entirely without the transverse broad, discal, whitish band, or sometimes this band represented only by a pale shading. Exp. Male: 52-96 mm.; female: 62-114 mm. This is a variable insect.—Male: the blue patch on the upperside of the: hindwing is sometimes in both seasonal forms entirely devoid of the pale © centering, and, in the “dry season” form, specimens occasionally occur mm — which the inner and outer subterminal markings on upperside of hindwing, — are just as prominently developed as in the female, but they are then always nearly pure white. Female: the discal oblique irridescent blue spots on. the upperside of the forewing in both seasonal forms occasionally reduced to one spot. The underside in both seasonal forms is also variable as: to the presence or absence of the discal white band and subterminal white markings on the forewing, these latter are often much reduced in size. In the above description the forms are alluded to as “ wet” and “ dry ” by Colonel Bingham. This is not really quite correct. The size and brilliance and depth of colour depend more upon the plenty and succulence — of the food-plants than upon the actual state of the atmosphere. It is in — the wet season that the weeds upon which the larvz feed are most nume- rous, and, generally, from the middle to the end of the period, that is, from the end of July onwards to, say, in low-lying damp situations, the end of December or even later. During the rest of the year to well on into the monsoon, the herbaceous growth is poor and sparse. So it comes about that the larva of the so-called “wet” form is not so well nourished as. that of the later one and produces consequently a smaller and less brilli- antly coloured imago. It would thus appear that instead of “wet” and “dry ” seasonal forms, it would be more accurate to speak of, say, “starved” and “ well-fed ’’ seasonal insects. The pictures of the male and female in the coloured Plate B are, on the whole, very good, except that, in the male, the postdiscal series of minute white dots on the upperside of forewing isabsent. The dots are invariably present in the butterfly. The tone of the ground-colour in both figures is COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDLA. 287 veddish ; there should be no red in it. This tint is particularly strong in the figure of the female and especially on the underside. The blue irridescence is wonderfully well reproduced. Eigg.—\s nearly spherical, broadest at a third of height from base. There are 10 thin, high, distinct meridional ridges from base which lose them- selves on the vertex where there is a round, smooth, shiny space. Colour is glassy green. The egg is very small for the size of the insect. Breadth 0°6 mm ; height very nearly the same. Larva.—The larva is spined, has a cylindrical black body with greyish satiny marbling ; the head has two long horns, these horns being generally black, while the rest of the head is yellow. Head is heart-shaped, the face is very slightly convex in centre and is broadest across apex ; on the vertex of each lobe is an erect, spious, hard process or horn in the same plane as the face and diverging one from the other, separated somewhat narrowly at bases by a triangular sinus ; the top of each horn is more coarsely and densely spined than the stems, where the little spines are sharp ana thickened at the bases; the colour of head is brown-yellowish and shiny with a round black spot at the base of each cheek ; the horns are generally black. Segment 2 is nearly as broad as the head. The body is cylindri- cal, constricted at the segment-margins somewhat, perpendicular and high at anal end which is rounded. Spiracles are oval, black and rather large. Surface of the body is velvety looking ; there are the following spines : on seement 2: a central row of 8 small simple spinous hairs, four on each side of dorsal line, and 2 antespiracular, spinous processes one below the other, the lower being the larger of the two, though both are small; segments 3 and 4: a large subdorsal and lateral spinous process and 2 small subspira- cular ones both on the same level, one behind the other, and half the size of the others; segments 5 to 1] have each a dorsal, subdorsal, supraspiracular and subspiracular spinous process as well as 2 small ones below the last, one below the other on segments 5 and 11, both at the same level on segments 7 to 10 and a triangle of 3 on segment 6; seg- ment 12:2 large dorsal spinous processes, one near front margin, one near hinder margin, a subdorsal one, a supraspiracular one somewhat nearer the front margin, and a subspiracular one as well as a single small one underneath the last; segment 15 has a single lateral process and the anal flap has one on the margin about middle. The colour of the body is velvety black indistinctly marbled with satiny greyish; the neck or front part of segment 2 is orange ; latter half of anal flap is dirty brown as well as prolegs and true legs; all spinous processes are dirty light reddish- yellow in colour. The processes are about equal in length to each other throughout, except the small ones above mentioned, which are much smaller. L: 57 mm.;B: 5 mm.; L of head-horns: 3:5 mm. ; L of spinous processes: 3 min, 288 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, Pupa.—lIt is a thick, stout pupa, as broad at the shoulders as at seement 7-8, where it is nearly quite circular in transverse section ; the thorax at its highest point is as high as the abdomen at segment 7-8; constriction behind thorax is dorsally pronounced but wide and gradual laterally, Head is thick, square and short, not visibly separated from segment 2, and has a small, rounded, flat-edged projection on each eye pointing forwards, Segments 2 and 3 and head are all in one piece so to speak. Thorax is, high, carinated in dorsal line somewhat on front slope, the shoulder produced into two stout short points. Wings somewhat expanded laterally from shoulders to constriction. Transverse section of abdomen circular, the last five segments contracted a good deal, especially ventrally, so that the last — segment and cremaster are nearly at right angles to the longitudinal axis of | the pupa. Cremaster large, stout, triangular, flattened above and below with | the suspensory hairs or hooklets at the very extremity. Spiracles blackish, | shiny, oval, convex. Surface of body is rough; there is a conical lateral : tubercle on thorax, a dorsal row of 6 sharply conical tubercles on segments | 6-11, one to each segment ; a subdorsal row of similar rather larger ones on + segments 7-11, one to each ; these subdorsal tubercles existing also on the ) other segments but being there smaller than the dorsal ones ; a lateral row ~ of 6 similar ones on segments 6-11, of which only those on segments 7 and 8 — are of the size of dorsal ones, the others being mere dots ; anal segment has” two small thick tubercles, oneon each side of base of cremaster. Colour of : pupa is dark brown-grey splotched with grey on wings and segments 4-5) j principally. L:20mm.; B: 8mm.; L of longest tubercle: 1 mm. | } Habits.—The eggs are laid Fiat or in groups of six or seven © on the undersides of very young leaves just above the ground; | the larva is generally found, when full grown or moderately large, | crawling about on the ground, but rests, if possible, half on the stem : of its plant, half under a leaf. The butterfly is one of the com-] monest in the better wooded parts of India, the female especially | being one of those most often met with in gardens, plantations and woods where there is a plentiful ground-flora of urticaceous plants | which constitute the food of the larva. These butterflies may be } seen at all times of the year, but more especially in the damp months, | flying about near the ground upon which they constantly settle, often walking from one small plant to another; at times they fly | into the verandahs of houses and settle on the ceilings and walls” with their wings folded over their backs and remain stationary for hours together; in the jungles they are constantly found vesting similarly on the undersides of branches, leaves, &c. The males are) fond of the sun and sit upon leaves and sticks with the wings. | COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 289 often outspread exposing the glorious irridescent purple and blue: colours so characteristic of the insect; they are very pugnacious. and attack any other butterfly flying past with great zest and | pertinacity, chasing it for considerable distances, to return always. to the same perch on leaf or stick. This is perhaps the reason why ‘so many ragged specimens of the sex exist as compared to the ) females ; and it is not an easy matter to catch a perfect male. The ‘males are found even on the tops of the highest hills, where the females are rarely met with; they go up to enjoy the sunlight and free air; perhaps, also, these are fond of company and enjoy the pleasure of hunting the males of other species that come up to: bask in numbers during the hottest hours of the day. The larvee are active and eat voraciously. The pupa is formed on the under— side of a leaf, sometimes from the perpendicular face of a rock or from a branch of a tree; and always hangs loosely, though it is. quite strongly attached to a copious pad of silk. By colour, shape: and general appearance it is “protected” and is not easily dis— covered. In the months when the food-plant is plentiful (generally from October to January) the development from egg to imago is very: rapid, in the really dry weather the time is more prolonged. The food-plants of the larva are all urticaceous, that is belonging to: the same family as the figs and jack-fruit ; only they are herbaceous. and not trees. Two ofthe plants it has been found on are Mlewrya uiterrupta, Gaud, and Hlatostemma cuneatum, Wight. It is said that the larva feeds also on the food-plant of the next species, viz.,. Portulaca oleracea, Linn., but this requires confirmation. This. | Species is distributed ae oughout Indian limits and extends to the: Malayan subregion and China. | Dr F. Moore gives the genus Hypolimnas, Hiibner, as a synonym. of Apatura, Fabricius. The type of Apatura is Apatura iris, the- purple Emperor of Europe and the larve of it and Mf splints | bolina and misippus have nothing to do with each other, being very dissimilar. As remarked before, the larvee of Apatura camiba,. | Buripus consumilis and Apatura iris are very similar, those of _Charaaes and Hulepis are rather like them; they are all naked. | except the heads which are armed; those of Hypolimnas have: | armed bodies like in the vanessine group. | | / i | | j 29) JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. ANG 61. Hypolimnas misippus, Zinn. (Pl. B., figs. 8 gd, 8a Q).—Male upperside rich velvety dark brownish black. Forewing: a broad, oval, oblique white ~ spot from below vein 35 to vein 7 and a preapical smaller similar white spot; both spots crossed by black veins and surrounded by irridescent blue. Hindwing with a much larger, similarly rounded, white spot surrounded by irridescent blue, but the veins crossing it yellowish, not so prominent as on q the forewing ; two or three minute specks of white at the tornus. Cilia of © both fore and hindwings white alternated with black. Underside forewing: bases of interspaces 1 and 2 and cell rich light castaneous, discal area : fuscous brown; apical half golden brown; basal half of costal margin flecked ~ with white ; cell anteriorly black with three white spots ; a narrow, transverse, — very short, white mark beyond apex of cell ; a very broad somewhat oval discal white patch from costa to middle of interspace 2 edged with diffuse dusky black ; the preapical white spot as on the upperside but not surrounded with blue, continued posteriorly as a transverse series of small postdiscal white spots; an outer transverse series of white lunules divided by a sinuous black line followed by a terminal black line. Hindwing: basal and postdis- | cal areas chestnut-red ; a black spot at base of vein 8 defined by white lines; a very broad medio-diseal white band from costa to dorsum, crossed at apex of interspace la by a transverse black mark, beyond the middle of inter- space 7 by a broad black bar and, in interspace 7, bordered inwardly by — black; a postdiscal series of small white spots in continuation of those on the forewing; an inner subterminal series of paired, subtriangular, small — white spots, an outer subterminal line of slender white lunules, an interven- ing black sinuous line between the two series and a black terminal line. Cilia of both wings white alternated with black. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; beneath, the palpi and thorax white, the abdo- men black banded white. Female is polymorphic, that is, has several | different forms. First form.—Upperside: rich tawny. Forewing: the costa, the apical half of the wing and the termen black, the inner margin of this | black area follows a line crossing the cell obliquely and curving round to | near the apex of interspace lz; a white spot beyond apex of cell; an— oblique band of elongate white spots, a more transverse, short, subapical series of three or four much smaller white spots, and an inner and an outer « subterminal transverse series of very small, slender, white lunules. Hind-— wing : a transverse round spot in centre of interspace 7, a dusky spot show- | ing through from underside at end of cell, the terminal margin broadly | al black, the latter traversed by two transverse series of paired, white, om lunules. Cilia of both wings alternated white and black. Underside: paler tawny yellow, the disc of the forewing deeper tawny ; the markings are much as on the upperside but differ as follows :—Forewmg: three white | spots along the anterior margin of cell, the black on the apical area beyond | ‘ ; é / \ COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 291 the oblique band of white spots replaced by golden. Hindwing: a black spot at base of vein 8, another at base of interspace 5, and a postdiscal transverse series of small white spots in addition to the markings as on the upperside. Second form.—Similar to the above but the dise of the hindwing on both upper and under sides white.—alecppordes, Butler. Third form.—Similar to the first form, but on the forewing, the oblique series of elongate spots yellowish and the middle portion of the black apical area tawny. Exp. 70-90 mm. Larva.—The caterpillar is extremely like that of the preceding species ; body thickest in the middle, tapering to head in the front three segments and very little to anal end in segments 13 and 14; these last two segments have the dorsal line a quarter-circle curve, the anal flap itself being in a plane at an angle of 90° to the longitudinal axis of the larva: this flap is rather large, triangular in shape, with the apical portion somewhat swollen in the centre ; the legs are not large, the prolegs are cylindrical and stout. The head is nearly square, somewhat convex laterally, conspicuously bilobed with a cylindrical, not very stout, tuberculate horn or process on the vertex of each lobe, these horns being very slightly curved and directed somewhat forwards out of the plane of the face ; the face is nearly flat ; the elypeus fairly large and triangular; the surface distantly lowly-tuber- culate, each tubercle bearing a short hair; some longer hairs at base and sides of face; the colour of head is orange with a broad black line on each side of clypeus, not reaching its vertex nor its base and a shorter and narrower one above, nearer the vertex of head ; the horns and eyes are black, the jaws and ligula dark coloured, the labrum and second antennal joint dirty watery white. The surface of the body is dull and somewhat. velvety with the usual spinous processes: one subdorsal, one dorsolateral, one supra and one subspiracular and two or three more small ones below that again—as in Hypolimnas bolina; all processes are dirty glassy white as well as the spines at their bases ; the spines further up are black ; the surface is covered also distantly with minute white tubercles arranged more or less in transverse rows across the segments. Spiracles deep black with narrow, raised, shiny, black borders and are oval, flush, rather large. The colour of body is chiefly black, velvety in a dorsal, rather narrow band and in the lateral centre of each segment, smoky with a green- ish tinge elsewhere ; many minute, orange circles surrounding the minute tubercles; the spiracles also surrounded with orange and the subspiracular region blotched orange; belly smoky black; pseudo-legs and true legs shiny orange. L: 48mm; B: 7 mm; L. of body spinous processes: 2°5 mm; of horns: 3 mm. Pupa.—The chrysalis of this species is very similar indeed to that of the last ; there is so little difference in shape, colour or anything else that it D) 292 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. needs no separate description. In size the variation is less, as might be expected from the small difference in the measurements of the imagines of the present species as compared to those of the preceding. Habits.—The ways of the larva are much the same as for the last species except that, the food being somewhat more limited, it is not so commonly met with; it is not so plentiful in the regions of heavy rainfall and forest as H. bolina. ‘The butterfly has also much the same habits as that species though the female is very much more rarely seen than the male, which is not the case with H. bolina. The male sits on the undersides of leaves. within two to six feet of the ground when resting during the day-time and at night when the wings are closed over its back, the forewings sunk between the hindwings; it is not quite so pugnacious as the preceding species and is only very occasionally seen in houses— probably because the individuals are not numerous enough. The insects are not often seen at flowers. The flight is strong, though never long sustained, of the ordinary ‘‘ skipping ”” type, though less pronouncedly so than, for example, that of Charawes; the pace is sometimes very fast, at other times fairly slow and it never carries the insect to any great height above the ground. The males are fond of basking on low bushes and even on the ground in the sun. The food-plant is Portulaca oleracea, Linn., (Portulacacec), a spread- ing weed with succulent branches, thick fleshy leaves, and yellow flowers, lying more or less flat on the ground, belonging to the botanical family containing the spinach and is itself often used as a vegetable in India. The plant is commoner in the open, drier parts of the country than in the forest-clad hills where there is plenty of rain. Like the plant, the insect is naturally more plenti- ful in regions of moderate rainfall than where the monsoon.is heavy. It is, however, found throughout Indian lmits, Ceylon, Burma and extends to the Malayan subregion and China. 62. Kallima horsfieldi, Kollar. (Pl. D, fig. 21).—Dry-season form.—Male and female upperside indigo-blue; in some specimens with a decided green tint. Forewing with a broad, oblique, slightly curved, sinuous-edged, pale blue band turning to white on the anterior half; the distance measured on the costa of the outer edge of this band from the base of the wing greater than half the length of wing; its inner margin bordered by short, obliquely placed, detached, linear, black markings; apical area beyond the band jet- black with a preapical white spot; medial hyaline spots, the lower variable oe COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF TENEDEAR 293) in size, in interspaces 2 and 3. Hindwing uniform, the costa and apex broadly and the abdominal fold, brown; vein 1 with long, soft, greyish-brown hairs along its length, extending also over the abdominal fold. Fore and hindwings with a dark-brown, subterminal, zigzag line commencing below vein 30n the forewing. Underside resembling a dry leaf; ground-colour variable but usually some shade of brown (rusty, greyish and ochreous brown being the most common), always with scattered dark dots or little patches having the appearance of fungous-like or lichenous growths so common on dead leaves in the tropics. When the insect closes its wings over its back the likeness to a dead leaf is most striking and is heightened by a straight, narrow, transverse, dark band running from the apex of the forewing to the tornus of the hindwing, often with oblique narrower, similar bands or lines given off from it, all simulating the mid-rib and lateral veins of a leaf; the hindwing in all specimens has a more or less obsolescent or faint series of postdiscal ocelli, traces of which are also apparent on the forewing. Antenne dark-brown ; head, thorax and abdomen very dark sgreenish-brown ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen ochraceous earthy- brown. | Wet-season form.—Male and female similar. Differs in colour of the dis- eal band on the upperside of the forewing ; this is of a uniform pale blue of a slightly lighter or darker shade, varying individually, but not turning to white towards the costal margin as in the dry-season specimens. Under- side: ground-colour on the whole darker than in the dry-season form but with the same protective colouring. The apex of the forewing and the tornal angle of hindwing are more _ produced in the female than in the male and much more produced in the - dry-season form than in the wet-season form; the hyaline spots on the disc of the forewing may be large, small or entirely wanting in both sexes of _ both forms, 9g.—Is lengthened dome-shaped, the top hemispherical, the transverse section of the rest circular, smallest at the base, the breadth slightly | greatest at origin of hemisphere ; twelve thin, distinct, raised meridional | ridges from base, losing themselves towards apex of egg; surface smooth; | colour exceptionally dark-green. B:0-9mm.; H: 1-2 mm. | Larva.—-The larva is of the type of Hypolimnas. Head shiny black surmounted by two divergent horns pointing up and out at an angle of 135° with the plane of the face ; their surface rugose with small hair-bearing, mostly thinly conical, but some cylindrical and longer tubercles, all black _and shiny; surface of head with some long, cylindrical tubercles on cheeks | and a few hairs elsewhere ; clypeus rather large, triangular ; the whole head | shiny black, labrum only whitish. Spiracles small, oval, black. Body | 8urface covered with fine hairs ; the spines are all longly conical, rather | finer than those of Hypolimnas , all flesh-red, ending in a fine black bristle, 294 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, rising from a swollen short-conical black base. Segment 2 has, on each side of dorsal line, four black, hair-bearing, cylindrical tubercles in a line one below the other, two blunt red spines one below the other in front of spiracle and two more below them in a line on base of leg; 3rd segment: one subdorsal bristle-bearing tubercle, one supraspiracular and three sub- spiracular in a triangle; segment 4 is like segment 3; segment 5 has one subdorsal, one dorsolateral, one supraspiracular, one subspiracular, all alike and two where the base of leg would be, one below the other; segment 6 has the same, but three on base of leg in a triangle ; segment 7 the same, only two in a line under the subspiracular one ; segments 8-10 like segment 7; segment 11 like segment 5; segment 12 has two dorsal, one near front margin, one near hinder margin, one dorsolateral, one antespiracular, one subspiracular and no more; segments 13 and 14 have one only supraspira- cular ; the latter segment is semicircular in outline, the end dull black in a dorsal triangular space. Colour is a fine rich reddish brown with a greenish tinge; prolegs with their outer faces shiny black ; true legs shiny black. All spines the same length with a few fine black bristles set at an angle of 45°. L:48mm.; B: 7 mm.; L of horn: 4 mm.; of spines: 2°5 mm. Pupa.—The pupa is of the type of that of Hypolimnas bolina. The head is produced into two short, conical, stout points, separated narrowly by a curved sinus; the points are directed straight forwards, one in front of each eye. Thorax strongly and highly carinated in the dorsal line with a strong tooth at shoulder and another immediately behind it on the line of wing, 7.e., the shoulder is double-toothed. Abdomen as stout in the centre of pupa (segments 7 and 8) as pupa at shoulders and as high as at apex of thorax, curved rather much at extremity so that the cremaster is nearly at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the pupa; this cremaster exceptionally large, slightly hollowed out above and below, consisting of a square basal piece followed by a smaller square piece, the attachment surface being at the extreme edge-centre. Spiracles of ordinary size, yellowish in colour with black central slit, longly oval in shape. Surface of pupa somewhat rugose ; on abdomen are rows of conical bosses or tubercles: one dorsal, one subdorsal, lateral and spiracular ; the dorsal tubercles large on segments 8 and 9; the subdorsal ones of segments 7-11 still larger and recurved, those on segments 8 and 9 being largest of all; the tubercles on other segments and in other rows are mere little knobs. Wings expanded as in H. bolina and the line of expansion is slightly curved. The colour is black-brown and yellow-pink; thorax, segment 8 and* the regions of © segments 11 and 12 being lightest in colour. L: 25 mm.; B: 9 mm. Halits.—The egg is laid, generally single, on the underside of a leaf low down near the ground; the young larva emerges about three days after the egg is laid. It is a shiny light brownish- green at first with a shiny black head with a stiff, simple, curved | | M COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 295 shiny black bristle on the vertex of each lobe; all the body-spines or processes are also simple, shiny black, curved bristles. It is 5 mm. in length by 1-5 mm. in breadth at the end of the stage. An egg laid on the 11th of August produced a larva on the 15th. This entered on the 2nd stage on the 19th and was then already like it was to be in the later stages, that is, the’ head was shiny black with a tubercled horn on vertex of each lobe and the body processes were tubercled and black, each ending in a black hair ; the dorsal spines or processes of segments 5 to 12, which are not represented at all in the first stage, were now fully developed ; the colour of the body was light greenish yellow-brown and shiny all over ; the size at the end was 8 mm. by 1:5 mm.; that was on the 25th. It was in the 3rd stage on the 29th—had entered on it some time before—and the head was black covered with some longish spine-like black hairs and some light ones about jaws ; basal antennal joint and labrum watery whitish. Colour of body red-chocolate, slightly ochreous at anal end with subdorsal spines or processes of seoments 2-12 bright ochreous and the supraspiracular ones slightly ochreous on segment 3-9; all the rest shiny black. Spiracles oval, flush, black in colour. Surface of body shiny, rather greasy looking. L: 17 mm.; B: 3mm. without processes. The larva generally sat on the underside of a leaf; latterly, as often as not, on the stem of the plant, generally slightly contracted and straight. It is sluggish in its movements and feeds generally in the mornings and evenings. It is fond of the shade and does not like the sun. The pupation takes place on the underside of a leaf or from a twig or against the stem of the plant and generally low down near the ground. The pupa is firmly attached though it hangs loosely. The butterfly is not likely to be found away from the hills and forest, neither will it be met with where the rainfall is scanty ; indeed it is an insect of the dampest parts of India. The flight is very like that of Hypolimnas bolina: fast, somewhat devious and of short duration, of the usual up-and-down type where the Wings are brought together over the back between the strokes ; though it is sometimes varied by a short “ sail’? with the wings kept outstretched. Kallima keeps to the thick jungles, rarely visits hill-tops or open spaces, but is fond of clear nalla-beds in evergreen 296 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. forests where it may be met with sitting on a leaf or underside of a branch, or on a tree-stem ; occasionally taking a short flight after an intruding individual of its own species, that has a beat further along, to return to its post. It generally rests low down near the ground and very rarely rises far into the air; when disturbed sud- denly from the underside of a leaf or from a plant-stem it will fly up some short distance and then drop down into a thicket where it speedily disappears from sight among the leaves and twigs. Its habit of sitting with its wings closed over its back when at rest, added to the colouring and pattern of the underside and their shape make this an easy matter. The resemblance of the insect when at rest on a stem or twig to a dead leaf, always with head pointing downwards as is its habit, has been alluded to more than once already in these papers. It is, as has also been before stated, one of the Leaf-Butterflies of India and the name is known to nearly every- body, if not the insects themselves. The species mentioned here is depicted on coloured plate D, figure 21. The picture is very fairly — good, though the colour is somewhat too reddish and the left-hand wing is not green enough. Place your hand over the left wing and the resemblance of the sitting insect to a dead leaf will be at once apparent ; though the particular type of underside chosen for representation is one of the least “‘ dead” of the many types. It is taken from a wet-season male and these are always the most boldly marked and therefore the least ‘‘deceptive.”’ Kallima hors- fieldi hardly ever rests on the ground, except when drinking toddy under a palm that is being tapped, and is never seen at flowers ; it is fond of oozing tree juices and the gums exuding from ripe fruits. A whisky and soda in the jungles will often attract more than one. A sponge saturated with toddy is a very good bait, but it must be placed in spots frequented by them. They are difficult to catch with a net because of the sort of places they live in; it is generally impossible to get a sweep with a decent- sized net, and they are extremely difficult to capture in a small one because of their quickness and ‘“ deviousness ” of flight. So the best dodge to secure specimens is a toddy-sponge on the edge of a cleared space in an evergreen or nalla-bed and a smallish net. It is quite a pleasant occupation on a hot day. COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. |. 297 Kallima inachus, Boisduval, is the Leaf-Butterfly with the broad orange band across the disc of the forewing one sees so often in collections; it comes from the lower elevations in the Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim and is found in Orissa, the Eastern Ghats, Pachmarhi, Assam, Burma and Tenasserim. Kal- lima horsfieldi is found in Western and Southern India from Bombay southwards, Ceylon, Burma and Tenasserim. There are two other species within British-Indian limits, more in the Indo- Malayan Region. The foodplants of the larva of Kallima horsfieldi are of the botanical family Acanthacece ; it has been found on several species of the genus Strobilanthes, the commonest being S. callosus, Nees, which covers the jungles on the Western Ghats as an undershrub in many places for miles and miles. It is a plant growing to 20' in height with a stem that may reach 2" in diameter but is generally less, rough, longly elliptical leaves which are pointed at one end and pink or bluish flowers with extremely sticky bracts that appear every seven years, after which the whole plant dies down. The flowers smell rather strongly but the scent is not disagreeable, and all the jungle animals are perfumed with it at such times from passing through the thickets. The plant being so plentiful, it is not to be wondered at that the larve are not easy to find; indeed, although the butterfly is very fairly common, it is rare to meet with more than one or two caterpillars during a whole year’s wandering in the jungles where it exists. The specimen figured in the Plate is a male of the wet-season form. ‘The figure is fairly good though not bright enough; there is, as usual in these three-colour reproductions, too much red in it. 65. Cethosia cyane, Drwy.—Male upperside tawny, in fresh specimens a rich reddish tawny. Forewing: anterior and apical two-thirds black, the margin of this colour waved and irregular, following a line dividing the cell longitudinally and circling round to near the posterior angle ; a short, broad, oblique, white bar beyond apex of cell, the veins crossing it and a spot in interspaces 3 and 4 black; a transverse, indistinct row of small spots and a terminal series of @-shaped lunules white. Hindwing: three or four spots just beyond apex of cell, a subterminal row of spots and the termen broadly black, the last with a series of white lunules as on the fore- wing. Underside variegated with red, white, pale blue, ochraceous and black; the terminal margins of both wings broadly black with white 298 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. lunules as on the upperside ; in the middle of each lunule a short white streak from the margin ; cilia alternately black and white. Forewing : the cell with transverse bands of red, blue and black; the base and dise below the cell red, spotted with black followed by pale blue, ochraceous and black; the white oblique band as on the upperside, beyond it a transverse incom- plete row of lanceolate, white marks, with three black spots in each, followed by a terminal, ochraceous band paling inwardly. Hindwing: the base and cell pale blue and red, crossed by several broken, incomplete, black lines, then alternate bands of white and ochraceous, two of each; the outer white band narrow and marked in each interspace with three black spots arranged asa triangle. Antenne, head, thorax dusky brown; abdomen above tawny, beneath white. Female similar to the male in markings but the tawny ground-colour replaced by pale greenish-white, somewhat brownish on the upperside of forewing, the extent of black on this wing larger. Underside with all the markings paler than in the male, the red at the base of the wing replaced by brownish yellow on the fore, white on the hindwing. Antenne, head and thorax dusky brown; abdomen dusky above, white beneath. Exp. 90-100 mm. ; Moore gives the larva as “ Cylindrical, purplish-black, segments with alternate yellow and crimson bands; head armed with two long spines, segments with dorsal and lateral rows of fine spines. Feeds on Passiflora, July.” The insect is found in the Himalayas, Mussooree to Sikhim, rare towards the west, Bengal, Orissa, Assam, Cachar, Arrakan, throughout Burma and Tenasserim. 64. Cethosia mahratta, Moore. (Pl. D, fig. 20).—Male upperside tawny yellow ; often with a rosy tinge on the basal half of forewing. Forewing: cell anteriorly along its length and the outer half of the wing, following an irregular line from apex of cell to tornus, black, the black in cell formed of coalescent transverse bars ; a broad, discal, oblique white fascia traversed by the black veins, followed by a postdiscal series of black-centred, out- ward-turned, slender, white lunules, a transverse series of white spots and another subterminal series of similar white lunules; interspaces 1 and 2 with three or four black spots. Hindwing with broad black costal and terminal margins ; interspaces | and la with the markings of the under- side showing through; cell with some dull black transverse bars ; inter- spaces 1-5 with broad, median, short streaks from bases followed by a large spot margined with white, all black; followed by a postdiscal series of black lunules with their points turned inwards, then a subterminal tawny- yellow band and a row of slender white, outward-turned lunules beyond. Underside variegated with ochraceous red, bluish white, yellow and black; the terminal margins of both fore and hindwing broadly black with white unules, as on the upperside and median white short lines from the margin COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 299 in each lunule; cilia alternately black and white. Forewing: basal area ochraceous red, cell with transverse short bands of black and bluish white ; below the cell: the ochraceous red at base, followed by whitish and then yellow, the disc spotted with black; the oblique white band as on the upperside, succeeded by a transverse postdiscal series of large black spots ringed narrowly with white with a row of paired black dots beyond and a subterminal, broad, yellow band, its inner margin sinuous. Hindwing: the basal area bluish crossed by broken transverse, broad, black lines and followed by a red, a bluish white, a yellow, a purer white and lastly a sub- terminal yellow band with rows of black spots between ; on the white band a median series of large black spots. Antenne black, head and thorax brownish-black, abdomen ochraceous ; the thorax beneath ochraceous banded with black. Female similar, but the tawny yellow on the upper- side paler, the markings larger and somewhat diffuse. Exp. 72-100 mm. Egg.—The egg is cylindrical, round-topped, with a central, flat-bottomed cell surrounded by 7-9 little fossets from each one of which 2 moderately b) coarse “ meridians ”’ or ribs run to the hase; each two ribs are connected by 7-10 parallel, transverse, finer ribs at right angles to them from top to base of the egg. The colour is shiny yellow; the height considerably more than the diameter. Larva (Pi. I, fig. 9).—The larva is cylindrical, the head is horned, the body spined ; the colour black, banded broadly red and yellow. The head is square seen from in front, depressed in the centre of vertex witha de- pressed line down centre of face ; the vertex of each lobe surmounted by a long, fine, cylindrical, very finely spined horn, the two diverging and half as long again as the head is high; the colour of head is black, shiny all over, the surface covered sparsely with fine, erect, black hairs. Segment 2 smaller than head. Body quite cylindrical, the anal segment with dorsal slope, nearly perpendicular to longitudinal axis of body. Spiracles oval, with raised edges, conspicuous and black. Surface of body velvety, the connecting membrane between segments shiny ; each segment with a sub- dorsal, long, pointed, very finely-tubercled spine; those of the 14th seg- ment reduced to mere tubercles; an intersegmental similar, lateral spine between segments 2 and 4 and between segments 3 and 4; segments 5-13 with a similar central lateral spine, though somewhat shorter ; segments 5-13 ' with a subspiracular similar, still shorter spine; the subdorsal spines are nearly as long as the head-horns, except those of segment 2 which are slightly shorter. The colour of body is very dark black-red with broad, central bands across the body, transverse to the length, bright red on segments 3-5, 7, 9-13, yellow on segments 6 and 8; the horns are shiny black as well as the spines. L: 42 mm. ; B: 6 mm. Pupa (P\. 1, fig. 9a).—The pupa is of the shape of Hypolimnas or Kallima, but is abnormal in having some of the abdominal tubercles developed into flattened expansions; the colour is also somewhat similar though more 6 300 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. variegated. Head quardrate, square in front with a flattened, spirally twisted process proceeding from the front of each eye, diverging one from the other at first, then converging towards the tips; they are not very long and are widely separated at their bases, they are toothed on the outer edge and have some small tubercles on the somewhat thickened extremities. Segment 2 is oval in shape (the dorsal visible portion, that is,) is convex transversely and is nearly 2/3 as broad as long. The sides of head and segment 2 are parallel, the shoulders have each a small, flattened, short, double-toothed process. The wings are suddenly expanded behind the shoulders into a short flat process which as suddenly ceases about segment 4: this expansion is also double-toothed at extremity. The thorax “hump” is hemisphere-shaped -and is highly carinated in dorsal line from the front margin to apex. The constriction behind the thorax is wide and slight dorsally and laterally. Abdomen is circular in transverse section, decreas- ing in diameter from the stoutish segment 7 to the thick, broad, hexagonal, not very long cremaster which is hollowed out above and below. The wings — are slightly curved in their ventral line of junction with each other; the ventral line of abdomen is nearly straight. The whole aspect of the pupa is slight for its length. On segments 2-12 is a subdorsal, longish, pointed tubercle, those on segments 6-9 and segments 11 and 12 have a thin, flat wing to each side of them, the plane of this wing being parallel to the dorso- ventral plane of pupa, the wings of the tubercles of segment 7 being excep- tionaly large, those of segment 8 half the size, those of the other small. Segments 6-11 have a lateral pointed tubercle, segments 8-11 a subspira- cular one also. There are paired ventral tubercles on the ventrum as also one at base of proboscis. Spiracles longly oval, dark in colour, of ordinary size. Surface of body finely rugose, transversely aciculate. Colour of pupa is brown marbled with white and grey and black, with a subdorsal gold patch on segments 2, 4,5. L: 29 mm.; B at broadest part which is at the expansion of wings: 95 mm.; H at segment 7: 9°5 mm.; L of head process: 2 mm. ‘en The figure is that of the male and is good although, as usual, not bright enough. Habits. the undersides of leaves, generally of fairly fresh leaves. The little larvee emerging, live gregariously there and continue the same > mode of life up to the end, feeding in rows along the edge of a leaf. These larvee are very active, eat voraciously and, consequently, — grow fast ; they are not very subject to insect parasitism ; perhaps . the vivid colouring makes them look rather dangerous. ‘The | pupation takes place, in rows very often, along and from a twig or stem, not necessarily of the food-plant. The pupa hangs loosely but The eggs are laid in groups of 15 to 20 and more on COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 301 is very firmly fixed to a pad of black silk. It wriggles when touch- ed. The larve drop to the ground when alarmed, especially when they are young. The imago or butterfly is, like the larva, protected from enemies by its taste; it is, consequently, somewhat difficult to kill by the ordinary thorax-pressure. Its flight is, as a very general rule, slow and, what is called, weak, somewhat like that of a danaine butterfly ; it keeps near the ground amongst low jungle, always goes straight ahead, though by no means in a straight line and does not affect ‘beats’ like Danais and Huplea often do. It does not bask, and stays a long time on the wing, resting near the ground in wet weather and at nights with wings closed over the back. It visits flowers. Its distribution is throughout Southern India in jungly places. The larva feeds upon Modecca palmata, Lamk., the wild Passion-flower of the family Passiflorece, with grey-green, somewhat fleshy, lobed leaves and long, trailing tendrils, a globular, orange coloured fruit, about one inch in diameter, and a woody rootstock. The leaves and young parts are cooked and eaten as a vegetable by the coast people in Kanara. ‘The caterpillar will eat the leaves of the cultivated passion-flower also. There are six species of Cethosia found in Indian limits ; others frequent the Indo and Austro-Malayan Regions. 65. Atella phalantha, Dirwry (Pl. C, fig. 10).—Male and female upperside bright ochraceous yellow, spotted and marked with black. Forewing: cell crossed by three short, sinuous lines and one along the discocellulars, a series of spots beyond, bent inwards below interspace 4 and continued immediately below the median vein, followed by two transverse series of discal spots, a postdiscal series of continuous lunules, a subterminal slender line, and a terminal series of spots at the apices of the veins. Hindwing: _ basal half with three or four transverse rows of obscure spots, better defined anteriorly, a discal series of four spots, a postdiscal series of slender _lunules, a subterminal sinuous line, and a row of terminal spots as on the forewing. Underside paler ochraceous, the markings much as on the upper- side but fainter and paling to reddish-brown; the terminal spots of the two _ discal rows on the forewing large, conspicuous and black. Forewing stain- _ed with pale purple between the transverse lines across the cell and beyond /its apex, also broadly along the terminal margin in the middle of the wing. ‘Hindwing: the outer half more or less suffused with pale purple. Antenne, jhead, thorax and abdomen dark ochraceous; thorax and abdomen beneath whitish. Exp. 50-63 mm. ; i { 4 if | 302 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Larva.—The larva is spined like that of the last species but has the head without horns and quite smooth; the colour is oily brownish-purple with black spines. Head dark brown-yellow, with a still darker brown clypeus, centred at base by a white triangle; a large oblique black spot at base of each lobe over eyes reaching half way up face insome specimens; the shape is that of a heart, the broadest side being the vertex. The body is cylindri- eal, slightly constricted at segment margins; anal end perpendicular to longitudinal axis of larva, rather high; the head is somewhat broader than segment 2, nearly as broad as the body is in middle at segment 7, which is the broadest part of the larva. Spiracles black, bordered narrowly with white, oval. Surface oily-shiny, with the following spines, themselves set with fine setze: segment 2 with one subdorsal, a lateral one on segment margin 2/3 ;segment 3 with one subdorsal and one on segment margin 3/4; segment 4 one subdorsal; segments 5 to 12 have each a subdorsal, lateral (might be called supraspiracular) and subspriracular; the 13th has a subdorsal spine and segment 14 a lateral one on margin towards middle of segment. All the spines are of nearly equal length, not as long as the body is broad in the middle. The colour of the body is purple-brown, oily looking, with a subspiracular waved white line; belly reddish-brown, spines and their setee shiny black rising from black tubercles, except the subspiracular ones which are whitish and rise from yellow-brown tubercles. L: 30 mm, B: 5mm. Pupa.—tThe pupa is of more or less ordinary shape, bright green, marked with black, rose-crimson and mother-of-pearl. The head is square with two minutely black-tipped, conical tubercles, one on each eye, directed straight forwards; the eyes bordered with red in front. Segment 2 is flattish on top; thorax is rather square seen from above, convex ; shoulders angled ; constriction at segment 5 dorsally little, laterally wide and shal- low. Wings expanded latterally slightly from just behind shoulders to segment 6. Abdomen stout, curving at end, so that the last segments have their axis nearly at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the pupa. Cremaster compressed laterally, the extremity being longer than broad, and set with suspensory hooklets, so that the pupa hangs horizontal to the surface to which it is fixed. Spiracles of ordinary size, oval, slightly raised. Surface shiny, smooth except for a pair of small, conical, sharp tubercles to each segment, subdorsal, one on each side; they are hardly visible on segments 4, 13, 14; small on segments 6, 8, 10,12; larger on segments 7,9, 11; those on segment 2 are also small; on thorax there is an addi | tional lateral one. The colour is a bright, clear, grass-green; all the tubercles are mother-of-pearl, tipped with black and rose-crimson; the \ wings have one long mark along the inner margin, mother-of-pearl bordered | with rose-crimson, reaching from shoulder to near the tornal angle, and. another, similar, reaching from just behind shoulder to half way towards ) 5 a COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 303 costal margin on the disc. When the pupa is formed away from a sur- rounding of green leaves, say in a breeding-cage, then the colour may be grey with black patches and marks but no red or mother-of-pearl. L: 17 mm.; B: 6mm. Habits.—The egg is laid upon young shoots ; the trees are gene- rally all and wholly a mass of young shoots during the great laying time in March-April. The larva lives on the underside of a leaf, is extremely active, running about at a great pace and falls by a silk when touched or alarmed at very slight provocation. It turns green before pupating but is otherwise always of the colour given in the description above. It is very common in most parts of India all through the year except in the seasons of heavy rain. In Kanara, for example, it is hardly to be found at all in the months of June to October and there is little doubt that this off-time is passed in the egg state. The growth of the caterpillar is extremely rapid, the time from the laying of the egg to the newly-born butterfly occupying but the short space of twenty-one days! ‘Truly a most marvellous performance when the number of changes the insect goes through is considered ; the egg-stage, five moults during the larval life, then the pupal state. The butterflies emerging in the cold weather are lighter in colour above and have much more purple suffusion beneath than the ones that see the light in April and May when the shoots are possibly more succulent than the earlier ones ; indeed the latter insects may have hardly any purple at all and have, in that case, the black spots much more clearly defined on the underside. The flight is powerful and quick, like most of the Argynnis tribe, for to that type the present insect belongs. It is not long sustained, however. The insect is fond of flowers and basks in the sun on leaves of trees and bushes, generally not far from the ground, sometimes, though sufficiently seldom, on the earth itself ; it is an insect of open, sunny places and shuns the shade, being more numerously represented, therefore, on the borders of the heavier jungle tracts and out in the open plain country than in the jungles and hills of India. It rests with its wings closed very generally and always on the top of leaves; but often, when sporting in the sun-light, it settles with the wings half open, working them towards and away from each other while sitting. The flight consists of an exceptionally quick motion of the wings 304 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. towards and away from each other with very little “skip ”’ up and down, though there may be much deviation to either side from the straight course. The butterflies are rather pugnacious amongst themselves, pursuing each other on the wing with great vigour and determination. The food-plants are, as far as is known, all belong- ing to the same genus, Flacowrtia (Bixinee) ; the two species the caterpillar has been found on are ’. ramontchi, L’ Herit. and Ff. mon- tana, Grah., both common in the Western Ghats, the former spread throughout Continental India. The insect is found also nearly throughout Continental India, in Ceylon, Assam, Burma and Tenasserim, extending to China, Japan and the Malayan Sub- region. The Assamese species of the food-plant, Flacourtia cataphracta, Roxhb., extends to China and the Malay Islands and probably Japan. There is another species of Atella, occurring very locally in the District of North Kanara, which has been obtained lately in Travancore and is known from Ceylon; it exists also in Sikhim, Assam, Cachar, Arrakan, Burma, and extends into the Malayan Sub-region. No specimen has ever been got from any part of India between Assam and Kanara, nor from anywhere on the Hast Coast. The larva is very like that of A. phalantha ; so is the pupa. The food-plant is Alsodeia zeylanica, Thwaites, belonging to the Violacece, a family of plants nearly allied to Bixinew and containing most of the food-plants of the Fritilaries (genus Argynnis) at home in Europe, which are not far removed from our genus Afella. Alsodeva zeylamica is known to exist in Malabar and Cochin and Ceylon but was unknown in Kanara until the caterpillars of the butterfly were discovered; and the plant is as locally distributed there as the insect. The name of this interesting species is Atella alevppe, Cramer. 66. Cupha erymanthis, Drury. (placida, Moore), (fig. 10)—Male and female upperside ochraceous light brown. Forewing: some loop-like, slender, dark, cellular markings; a broad, somewhat curved, yellow discal band from the costa to vein 1, not reaching the termen, broadening posteriorly, the margins irregularly sinuous, the inner defined broadly with black and produced outwards in interspaces 3 and 4, squarely indented in interspace 2 inwards and outwardly convex in interspace 1; a curved series of three black spots, the lowest the largest, in interspaces 1-3 ; apical area beyond COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 305 the band black with a conspicuous yellow subapical spot in interspace 5 and a paler ill-defined, similar spot above it in interspace 6; posteriorly the black area is produced narrowly to the tornus and encircles a yellow spot near apex of interspace 2. Hindwing: a transverse, sinuous, very slender black line followed by a slender, somewhat lunular line, a transverse discal series of five black spots in interspaces 2 to 6, a postdiscal medially disjointed series of broad black lunules, a subterminal series of similar but straighter lunules, and a narrow terminal black band. The outer subbasal transverse line broadens at the costa and is outwardly margined by pale spots in the interspaces, these are anteriorly white, well defined, posterior- ly obscure and often absent. Underside much paler, the discal band on the forewing also much paler; the black on the apical area replaced by pale brownish-ochreous ; some obscure marking in cell of both fore and hind- wings. Forewing: a discal, transverse, slender, chestnut-brown, lunular line, bent inwards above vein 5 and bordered outwardly by a series of dark spots; the large black spot in interspace 1 as on the upperside and the inner and outer transverse subterminal series of small, dentate spots. Hindwing: some indistinct cellular markings; the outer subbasal, dark, . transverse line as on the upperside but more clearly defined, very sinuous ; a transverse discal series of uneven lunules, paler than the ground-colour, followed by a series of dark spots, a postdiscal, very obscure, pale lunular band and a subterminal series of dentate, dark spots which are often obseure or obsolescent. Antennze, head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen very pale ochraceous white. Fyvp. 58-74 mm. The above description is that of typical Cupha erymanthis, Drury, of which C. placida is merely a race. There seem to be certain constant differences however ; as for example, on the wpperside, the discal band on the forewing in C. placida is distinctly darker yellow and its margins much less irregular, the black line defining the inner margin more slender; the spots on the band in interspaces 1, 2, 3 much smaller, especially the first, which is no smaller than the rest and diffuse ; the subapical yellow spots are entirely wanting or very indistinct. On the hindwing the outer sub- basal line with outer border of pale spots generally more clearly defined. Both wings shaded at base avith olivaceous brown. Underside markings more heavily defined than in C. erymanthis. ; C. erymanthis is “from along the foot of the Himalayas and up to 5,000 feet from Mussooree to Sikkim ; hills of Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; the Nicobars ; extending to China and the Malayan Sub-region ; Andamans.” C. placida, Moore, exists in South India and Ceylon. The transformations of typical C. erymanthis have not been observed as. far as is known. Those of the race placida are as under :— Larva.—Like that of Atella phalantha except that the spines are some- 306 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, what longer and look finer from their colouration which is black and translucent whitish in bands; the head also differs. The shape of the head is heart-shaped, broadest across vertex, with a depressed line down the centre of face ; 1s light yellow in colour with a large, shiny, black spot near vertex of each lobe and another lower down, smaller; the head is as broad as segment 2. The body is cylindrical, slightly constricted at segment-margins ; anal segment perpendicular to longitudinal axis of body, rather high. Spiracles black oval, large, flush. The surface of the body is covered with minute white tubercles, of which there is a more or less dis- tinct subdorsal row ; head, base of legs as well as prolegs with moderately long, fine hairs; the body is besides armed with six longitudinal rows of cylindrical, finely setiferous, flat-topped spines, one subdorsal, lateral and subspiracular to each segment 5-12 ; segments 2-4 and 13 have each a sub- dorsal spine and there is a lateral one on the common segment-margins 2/3 and 3/4 and one, subspiracular (where the spiracle would be where there one), half the way between front margin and extremity of segment 14, Each spine proceeds from a black swelling or tubercle and is colourless with five or six black rings, the last two rings being at the extremity of the spine ; from each ring proceeds a whorl of fine sete ; the basal setze shortest ; the top ones black ; the basal ones white asa rule. The colour of larva is an oily looking rose brownish, the rose colour being more pronounced at the two extremities ; anal segment with yellow flap ; there are some black sub- dorsal spots between the spine on segment 13 and that on segment 14 on each side ; there is a subspiracular, zigzag white line from segments 4-12; the belly is bluish-green and the legs yellow. L: 30mm.; B: 5 mm. Spines all of equal length and very nearly as long as body is broad. Pupa.—Similar to that of Atella phalantha except that some of the tuber- cles have long curved spines from their tips. Head square ; rather flat dor- sally ; eyes each with a short conical, porrect tubercle ; segment 2 with a slight ascent towards thorax in dorsal line ; thorax square seen from above, convex ; the wings slightly expanded from shoulders to about segment 5; - the constriction dorsally little: laterally wide and shallow. The abdomen is circular in transverse section after segment 9, short, thick and curved | down at the end so that the pupa hangs parallel to the surface it is attach- : ed to, the suspensory surface of the cremaster (the extremity) being longer than broad for that purpose ; the cremaster is at right angles to longitudi- nal axis of the pupa. Spiracles are the same colour as the body, oval and of © ordinary size. The surface of the body is shiny and is set with the follow- ing tubercles : a lateral one on segments 2, 7, 9, 11, and a laterodorsal one on ~ segments 3-6, 8 and 10; the lateral ones (segments 2, 7, 9, 11) being pro- « longed each into a long, thin, curved, conical spine, the pair on segment 7 the | longest (6 mm), those of segments 9 and 11 shortest (3 mm), being only half the length of the longest. The colour of the pupa is generally a bright, light » or darker blue-green, the colour varying somewhat in different individuals. \ COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 507 When green there are two black spots on segment 2, mother-of-pearl spot margined with rose-crimson posteriorly on each eye; all spines and tuber- eles surrounded at base with mother-of-pearl, inside which the cones are generally crimson ; the spines are yellow tipped with black, the extreme point being white ; the tubercles of segments 4, 5, 8, 10 may be green like the body ; on segment 12 are two minute tubercles; anal segment has a circle of six black spots round base of cremaster; wings are slightly striated ; a mother-of-pearl blotch at shoulder with two black spots ; a long mother-of-pearl mark bordered by crimson along each inner wing margin from near the shoulder to segment 6; another similar one, oval in shape, starts a little posteriorly to this and runs along inside costal margin of wing but does not reach the ventral line of pupa; the pair of spines of segment 7 as also others may have the mother-of-pearl spots surrounding their bases coalescing over dorsum of pupaand there is black subdorsal spot in front of the coalescing marks on segment 7. L: 17mm.;B H: 6mm.; L. of spine of segment 7: 6 mm. Halits.—The egg is laid on young shoots. : 6 mm. The larva is very active and lives on the underside of a leaf, falling to the ground by a silk when disturbed, or rather towards the ground, for it stays suspended in the air; it is of the same excessively quick growth as the larva of Atella phalantha taking only 21 days from the depositing of the ege to the appearance of the butterfly. The insect is much more a jungle species than Atella phalantha and is found mostly in regions of heavy rainfall, though it is occsionally met with on the borders of the Plains. In flight it is somewhat weaker than the Species just mentioned, is fond of the shade rather than the sun, basks occasionally with the wings half opened and is not parti- cularly pugnacious. It keeps near the ground as arule but is found flying about the tops of the trees its larva feeds on in the jungles, that is at a height of some 50 feet and more, though trees of this size are not of common occurrence. ‘The best place to look for the butterfly is always the food-plant of its larva. This is also true of the last species. The plants are the same for both: Flacourtia montana heing that most affected by Cupha while F. Ramontchi is the favourite of Atella. Cupha placida is much more plentiful in the heavy monsoon regions in the months of September, February and March than at any other time, whereas Atella is hardly ever seen in September as already remarked. 67. Argynnis hyperbius, Johanssen (P1. A, figs. 1 ¢,1e@ 2).—Male upperside : forewing rich orange-yellow, hindwing paler yellow with the following a 308 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. black markings: forewing: cell with a short, basal, transverse streak, a me- dial, broad, oval loop, its outer margin waved; a broad transverse streak beyond cell not reaching the median nervure ; a broad streak along the discocellulars ; a zigzag discal series of large spots angulated outwards in interspace 4, inwardly in interspace 2, a minute spot at base of interspace 1; a somewhat diffuse, large postdiscal spot in interspace 6; a post- discal sinuous series of round spots, those in interspaces 1, 4 small; an inner subterminal, complete series of spots and an outer subterminal line, widening on the veins and a terminalline. Hindwing, a basal, transverse, obscure, narrow mark in cell, another above it in space 7, a transverse lunule across middle of cell; a small spot outwardly bordering the lower discocellular ; a discal series of transverse spots in spaces 1-7, sinuous post- eriorly ; a postdiscal series of five spots in spaces 2-6; a subterminal series of somewhat lunular spots; finally a narrow band on termen traversed posteriorly by a series of blue, anteriorly by a series of ochraceous lunules. Underside : forewing pale terra-cotta red, shading into ochraceous towards the apex which is broadly suffused with that colour ; markings as on the upperside with exceptions as: subcostal spot in space 6, upper two spots of postdical series, upper fourof inner subterminal series and the anterior portions of the outer subterminal and terminal lines olivaceous brown ; the upper two postdiscal spots centred white, with a white spot on each side; the upper four spots of the subterminal series touching, forming a short, curved band. Hindwing variegated with ochraceous, olivaceous brown and silvery-white markings, the last mostly narrowly margined outwardly by short, black lines; the veins clearly pale ochraceous; the medial silvery markings form a well marked, discal, sinuous series followed by a curved, postdiscal series of five olivaceous, round spots ; each spot and the oliva- ceous, quadrate patch near base of cell each with a minute white centre; a slender, black, subterminal line widening at veins, followed by an ochraceous, narrow, lunular band and an outer, slender, black anticiliary line ; the sub- terminal, black line margined inside by a series of slender, white lunules, bordered inwardly by a series of broad, olivaceous brown markings in the interspaces. Antennee brown above, ochraeous red beneath; head, thorax and abdomen olivescent tawny ; beneath, palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous. Female.—Similar, differing from the male in that, on the upper- side, the apical half of the forewing from about the middle of the costa to just above the tornus is black, inwardly suffused with purple, crossed by a broad, white band from costa to the subterminal series of black spots; four preapical white spots, the upper three bordering, on each side and above, a very obscure ocellus, scarcely visible on the black back-ground ; an inner and an outer subterminal, transverse series of slender white lunules. Underside: forewing: markings similar to those on the upperside, but the apex of the wing beyond the white band, ochraceous green. Hindwing as | COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 309 in the male, but the markings slightly broader. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male, the abdomen paler beneath. Exp. 80-98 mm. Larva.—* Head and legs black; body black, the colour, however, obscured by orange-tawny markings. A broad orange-tawny dorsal stripe. Four straight, horizontal, simple, black spines on head; spines on pectoral seg- ments black; on abdominal segments pink tipped with black, on caudal - segments pink faintly black-tipped.” Pupa.—“ Head and wing-cases pale Indian-red; ten pale metallic spots on back; abdomen dark pink; spines faintly black-tipped.” This is ampli- fied as follows: “‘The head ends in two well-separated blunt points; there are a pair of spines anteriorly, another in the middle, and a third smallest pair posteriorly on the thorax, the latter being hunched and keeled: on the abdominal segments there are eight pairs of spines, the third anterior pair longest.” Argynnis castetsi, Ober thiir.—This is the Southern Indian form of the insect, differing from typical hyperbiws which it otherwise closely resembles, differing, in the male, in the upperside being of a richer, brighter shade of orange- yellow; the black markings smaller, darker, subterminal transverse lunules of black terminal margin of hindwing of the same shade of orange-yellow as the eround-colour, no lunules being blue. Underside: the olivaceous brown on apex of forewing and variegating the hindwing of a greenish golden tint. There is a sex-mark of specialized raised scales along the middle of vein 1 on the upperside. It is probably a good species. The females seem to be dimorphic locally. The Nelgiri form resembles the female of typical hyperbius; 1t differs on the upperside in the ground- colour being pale golden-yellow; in having the basal half of both wings shaded with metallic green, in some specimens olivaceous ; the white oblique band of forewing smaller, the purple-blue shading along its inner margin less conspicuous, as is also the bluish tint on the white preapical spots and subterminal marking; the blue on subterminal lunules of hindwing also less marked. Underside the same as in hyperbius but the ground-colour on fore- wing paler terra-cotta red; the variegating olivaceous brown of hindwing distinctly greener. As described from Trichinopoly the female is similar to the male, differing as follows :—Upperside: ground-colour pale golden-yellow; basal half of wings suffused dark olivaceous green; black markings larger; on forewing spots of subterminal series very large, coalescent or nearly so with one another, dentate spots on veins on inner terminal line; upper two postdiscal spots also very large, coalescent, the upper of the two joining on above and below to postdiscal spot in interspace 6, thus enclosing a prominent lunule of ground-colour. Underside paler. The transformations of Aryynnis castetsi have not been observed as far as is known but they are not likely to differ much from those of A. hyperbius 310 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. though the description of caterpillar and chrysalis of this latter is meagre enough as given above. Habits.—Nothing is to be found as to the habits of either species in any books and the writer has never come across the insect. Itis not likely to differ much from the stronger-fying Argynnis at home. They are fast-flying, strong, active insects, fond of flowers and sunshine, keeping much to the neighbourhood of the ground though they occasionally fly high and far. The flight is that of Atella phalantha. The eggs are sure to be laid on or near a leaf.of some species of Viola of which a few exist even in Southern India, though most are of temperate zones. The larva would probably eat the leaves of the garden violets or pansies readily. The genus Argynms contains our home Fritillaries and is Neararctic as well as Palaearctic and Indo-Malayan in distribution. A. hyperbius is found from the Himalayas (Panjab to Sikkim) to Assam; Agra; Manbhum in Bengal; Khasi Hills; Upper Burma to China and Formosa; Sumatra and Java. A variety A. tapro- bana, Moore, slightly darker, is found in Ceylon. A. castetsi is confined to Southern India in the Nilgiris and Palni Hills. Some sixteen species are enumerated as occurring in India. The males of many of the Argynnis group of butterflies are much smaller than the females and this is the case very often with A. hyperbwus. 68. Cirrhochroa mithila, Moore.—Male upperside is rich fulvous tawny, the basal area limited by the transverse, discal, black line, darker on both fore and hindwings than the discal and terminal portions of the wings. Forewing with a transverse, dusky, obscure, short, narrow band along discocellulars; a transverse dusky black, slightly sinuous, discal line termi- nating in an oblique, short, black streak in interspace 7; a transverse series of very obscure diffuse dark spots; apex broadly, termen narrowly black ; from the former is emitted downwards a subterminal, rather heavily marked, zigzag, black line, complete from apex to vein 1, the black at apex some- what diffuse. Hindwing with a transverse dark, discal, sinuous line and series of black spots in continuation of those on forewing, the spots much more clearly defined; a postdiscal, transverse series of slender, lunular, dark markings followed by an inner and an outer dark, subterminal line, — the inner lunular, the outer straight. The discal transverse line and postdiscal series of lunules each bordered by a prominent, white, subcostal spot. Underside rather dark, uniform ochraceous, often suffused with purple to a more or less degree. Both wings with a common, pinkish white, conspicuous transverse, discal fascia, its inner margin highly sinuous, its | COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 31] outer straight, followed by a transverse series of spots as on the upperside ; a common subterminal, transverse, lunular, narrow band and a straight, narrow border to the termen, the latter two of darker ochraceous than the eround colour. Basal area of both wings with some dark ochraceous, transverse, sinuous, short lines; the subterminal lunular line on hindwing bordered inwardly and outwardly by obscure, broad, pinkish white lunules ; a distinct shade on middle of terminal half of both fore and hindwings, darker than rest of ground colour. Antenne brown; head, thorax and abdomen fulvous brown; beneath, the palpi white, the thorax and abdomen ochraceous. Female upperside has the ground colour a rich, bright yellow. Forewing : apex and terminal margin somewhat narrowly black ; a subterminal black, zigzag line; a broad, bright yellow, discal, transverse band with somewhat irregular, sinuous margins defined by obsolescent blackish lines and medially traversed throughout its length by a narrower brown band bearing a transverse superposed row of obscure, diffuse, dark spots; beyond the discal band is a transverse series of broad, light, lunular markings. Hind- wing: differs little from the forewing in markings. Underside ochraceous drab; the discal band as in the male but lilacine white, inwardly bordered by a sinuous, pale brown, narrow band, a transverse, sinuous, narrow, subbasal pale, brown band and short, similar bands defining the apices of the cell areas in both wings; beyond the discal band the transverse series of spots and the subterminal and terminal markings similar to those in the male but the latter much paler. Exp. 63-83 mm. The transformations of the species have not been chronicled, but they will probably not differ much from those of the next, C. thais. The habits are not known either. The distribution is “ Sikhim; Behar; Assam; Burma ; Tenasserim ; the Andamans; Malayan Subregion to Java.” 69. Girrhochroa thais, Fair. Wet-season jorm.—The male has the upperside tich tawny with the following black markings :—Forewing : a narrow band along the discocellulars ; three transverse spots in the interspaces beyond ; a spot at the base of interspace 3, short transverse, slender lines in continu- ation of it in spaces 1 and 2; the three spots beyond the apex of cell in echelon forward of the last-mentioned three markings; a_ postdiscal transverse series of lunules inwardly diffuse in spaces 5 and 6, obsolescent in space 1; the apex and termen broadly black, the latter coalescing with an obscure, transverse, subterminal, lunular line and enclosing a series of detached obscure lunules of tawny ground-colour sometimes completely wanting. Hindwing: the markings dusky black, very similar to those on the hindwing of C. mithila; the white, subcostal patch on the outer margin of the discal line as in that form, but more prominent; the costal margin beyond it to apex fuliginous grey. Underside dark ochraceous tawny suffused with purplish; basal area with some short, slender, trans- 312 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. verse, dark lines; the discocellular transverse streak on the forewing as on the upperside ; a prominent, transverse, discal band across both fore and hindwings, very broad at costa of forewing, narrowing to dorsum ; similarly, but not quite so broad at costa of hindwing, narrowing to the dorsum, its inner margin sinuous, its outer straighter, both obscurely defined by dark lines; faint lunular markings beyond on terminal half of both wings; the black spots in the transverse discal series on the hind- wing very small. Antenne brown; head and abdomen more or less fulvous tawny ; thorax with bright pale green pubescence ; beneath pale ochraceous, Sex-mark: the veins on the upperside of the disc of the forewing black ; veins 5, 6 and apical portion of 7 with very narrow short bands of specializ- ed scales on each side; no such scales on the hindwing. Female upperside similar, the black edging to the apex and termen conspicuously broader as are all the black markings. Underside similar; ground colour paler, more ochraceous, not suffused with purplish, the markings similar to those in the male, but the inner margin of the discal band more than sinuous, zigag ; Antenne, head, thorax, abdomen as in male. Dry-season form.—Similar to the wet-season form but on the upperside the ground colour is a shade duller and paler, the markings more restricted and of a dusky black. On the underside the transverse discal band is some- times margined outwardly with a diffuse dusky black band, the white being sometimes completely obscured by a suffusion of the ground colour. Larva.—The larva is similar to that of Cupha in general aspect, the body being set with spines in the same way. The head is round and slightly bilobed, yellow in colour, shiny, smooth, with two exclamation-marks, half the length of face, down each lobe and some markings about the eyes, black. Segment 2 is narrower than the head by a good deal and is yellow in colour with a dark dorsal line. Spiracles are large, oval, black with a - light central slit, shiny, the lower half hidden often by a fold near base of subspiracular spine. On segments 2 and 3 there is a subdorsal and lateral setiferous spine on each side about 7 mm. in length; on segment 4 there is a subdorsal one and a lateral one near front margin ; segments 5-12 have each a subdorsal, lateral and subspiracular setiferous spine on each side; segment 13 has one subdorsal on each side, the anal segment one, lateral, before the hinder margin. The spines are all equal in size and black in colour, shiny, except the anal four which are white ; anal segment is yellow. Colour of the body is dark-brown with a violet tinge and with a subdorsal, lateral and subspiracular white longitudinal line, the spines being placed between these lines; abdomen green. L: 25mm.; B: 6mm. Pupa.—Is similar in shape to that of Cupha, but is bone-white all over in colour and has many more curved processes. Head with very prominent eye-balls underneath, rounded moderately at sides, rather bowed ven- trally ; a small point in front of each eye curving upwards; segment 2 COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 513 indented in centre of front margin, flat on dorsum with a subdorsal “ boss ”’ on each side, each giving rise to a 6mm. long, stiff, outwards-curved spine ; thorax moderately high, convex, slightly carinated in dorsal line, the carination splitting into two at centre of segment backwards ; there is a sub- dorsal, central spine similar to that of segment 2 on each side ; segment 4 has similar though slightly shorter spines ; segment 5 has them also, but a good deal smaller again ; segment 6 also, twice the length of those of seg- ment 5; segment 7 has a subdorsal spine twice the length of that of seg- ment 6 and a lateral one besides, curved forwards, the same length as the thoracic subdorsals ; the surface of the pupa is covered with minute hooked hairs and is slightly rugose. The shoulder is produced into a flattened point or tooth ; the wings are expanded somewhat along thorax and seg- ments 4,5. Spiracles dull, oval, rather large, black, with a light central slit, the hinder ones being half covered by the hinder margin of preceding segment. Colour of pupa is whitish grey with the following black spots ; segment 2 with two spots in front of each spine, four spots on the flat part of each shoulder-tooth, two spots along wing-line on segment 4 ; a semicircle of four spots with hinder margin as base on segment 5; a similar semicircle on segment 6 besides four between wing and spine on each side; segments 7-12 with a similar semicircle of spots, segment 7 having two spots between the spines on each side and one at junction of wing and segment. The size of the pupa is variable, but has much the same proportions as that of Cupha, though generally somewhat larger. Habits.—The larva feeds upon young leaves, grows fast, eating voraciously, sits generally with all the segments contracted on the underside of leaves and is very active, running about at a great pace ; when suddenly disturbed, it lets itself fall by a thread by which it pulls itself up again when the danger is past. The larvee are much ichneumoned; they eat their cast skins after moults. The pupa is formed against a perpendicular surface, generally low down in a shady situation and hangs parallel to the surface, being firmly and rigidly attached. Occasionally, of course, it is found suspended from the under-surface of a leaf, horizontal or otherwise. The larva objects strongly to the hot sun. The butter- fly is found only in the hills but is very plentiful where it occurs, and will certainly be met with at Matheran or Mahableshwar, also probably in Thana District ; it is quite common further south on the Western Ghats and extends thence to Ceylon. It is confined to these places. he insect likes the neighbourhood of evergreen jungles and damp nallas, and keeps entirely to wooded parts, ven- 314 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. turing but rarely intothe open. It is never seen basking on the tops of hills, for, like its larva, it is not partial to the sunlight, except when diluted through the dense shade of trees. It is a fast flying active insect, generally, seemingly, on the wing and very busy either, in the case of males, looking for females or, in the case of the latter, choosing a fit leaf whereon to deposit an egg or two; these are laid generally on the underside, but often, also, on a shoot, stem or even, if conveniently situated, on a dead creeper-stem or dry twig. The style of flight is that of Cupha, though stronger and faster; the insects bask on leaves in shady places with their wings half open ; they rest with them closed over the back. They do not visit flowers much. They may be found in great numbers round their food-tree in the monsoon months. This tree is Hydnocarpus wightiana, Blame, of the botanical family Biaxinew, common in the evergreen forests of Kanara and the Konkan generally, the large woody brown fruit of which yields a yellow oil used in native medicine for skin diseases; it is also used for lighting purposes. The genus Cirrhochroa contains seven species, according to Bingham, occurring in British India; others are found in the Malayan region. 70. Byblia ilithyia, Dr-wy.— Wet-season form.—Male upperside: deep orange. Forewing: the costa broadly jet-black to within a short distance of apex ; cell crossed by three narrow, short, black bands, the inner and the outer not reaching the median vein; a very irregular, black, discal blotch from dorsum to vein 4, continued very narrowly along that vein to meet an oblique, irregular band, from just beyond the middle of the costa ; a post- discal, broad, transverse, black band from dorsum to vein 5, with the portions of the veins beyond it defined in black. The apex of the wing beyond the broad black edging to the costal border has its upper margin and the terminal portions of the veins defined in black ; finally a narrow terminal band. Hindwing: an elongate black, subcostal patch near base, continued posteriorly across the cell by an inner and outer series of small, transverse spots; a complete, broad, black, postdiscal band with the portions of the veins beyond it lined with black, and a narrow black terminal band as on forewing. Cilia of fore and hindwings white, alter- nated with brown. Underside: paler orange. Forewing: black markings as on the upperside, but the cell and upper discal markings obscurely margined on both sides by white ; an oblique, black line from costa to apex of postdiscal transverse band, followed by an oblique, preapical series of | 1 J COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 315 diffuse white spots, the terminal black band as on the upperside but tra- versed by a broken white line. Hindwing: a subbasal and a discal, broad, transverse, white band, both bordered inwardly by a series of black spots and outwardly by a broad black line; a somewhat narrower, postdiscal, transverse, black band traversed by a series of paired white spots, followed by a row of cone-shaped marking of the ground colour, the apices of the cones turned inwards and broadly white; finally a black, terminal band traversed by a series of white lunules. Antenne black; head, thorax and abdomen dark dusky, fulvous red ; beneath, palpi white, head, thorax and abdomen dark ochraceous, variegated with some black lines and spots.—Female similar, with similar markings, but on the upperside the ground colour is paler, the black markings narrower. Forewing: the postdiscal black band nearly complete, interrupted only in interspaces | and 4 ; the terminal black band traversed by a broken white line. Hindwing with no subcostal black patch, instead three series of transverse spots ; a post- diseal, transverse, broad, black band bordered inwardly by a series of slender black loops ; between these and the postdiscal band a series of spots of the ground colour ; the terminal black band traversed, as on the forewing, by a whitish broken line. Underside: similar to that in the male, but the ground colour paler. On the forewing the black markings comparatively narrower, less-well defined; on the hindwing the white on the bands and _ spots replaced by pale yellow. Diry-season form.—Male and female upperside: similar to that in the wet- season form ; black markings on the whole not so sharply defined. Underside : ground colour darker ; on the hindwing dark ochraceous; the transverse subbasal and discal bands in both sexes white. wp. 50-56 mm. Larva and pupa.—in Khandesh and the Deccan the larva has been reared along with those of Ergolis on Tragia cannabina, LL. It was possible to distinguish them only by the fact that the light dorsal line was continued the whole length of the body in this species and was comparatively un- interrupted. The pupa was undistinguishable. Habits.—Vhe habits of the larva and pupa are the same as for Lrgolis ; those of the imago also, though this species inhabits the plains and is not found in the hills in forest country. The butter- fly is a weak flier like Hrgolis, and is generally found about the foodplant of the larva; it does not fly far and rests with its wing closed over its back and the forewings. drawn in between the hind wings. It basks low down near the ground on leaves, &c., with the wings horizontally expanded. It occurs in Central and Southern India and Ceylon. This is the only species found within the limits of British India, but there are others in Africa. 3 316 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. 71. Ergolis ariadne, Johanssen. (PI. F, fig. 36).—Male and female: forewing truncate at apex ; termen angulated at interspace 5 and again at apex of vein 5, concave between ; tornus obtusely angulate. Hindwing: termen more or less deeply scolloped. Male upperside: ochraceous rufous; a prominent white, small, subcostal spot before apex of forewing; two or three dark brown marks in cell of both fore and hindwings, followed by subbasal, discal, two postdiscal, subterminal and terminal slender, sinuous, dark brown lines, crossing from costa of forewing to vein 1 of hindwing ; discocellular nervules of both wings defined by short, dark brown lines ; cilia white, alternated with brown. Underside: ground-colour brown with an ochreous tint, and some- times a slight greyish suffusion. Fore and hindwings: some dark chestuut- brown spots or loop-like marks at base, followed by subbasal, discal and post- discal, broad, chestnut-brown, sinuous bands, interrupted on the forewing by the sex-mark of specialized scales (the subcostal vein and veins 6 and 7 on the upperside of the hindwing are prominently pale and shining and there is a large, discal patch of specialized, very dark, shining scales on the underside of the forewing extending to the base of wing, upwards into the cell and to vein 4) ; the postdiscal band on the hindwing traversed by series of transverse, dark spots in the interspaces. Lastly, both wings crossed by a subterminal zigzag and a terminal, irregularly sinuous, dark brown line. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous rufous. Female similar, slightly paler in colour, of course without the specialized sex-marks. Hxp. 52-56 mm. Larva (Pi. I, fig. 11).—The larva is like those of Cupha, Atella, except that the head is furnished with a pair of long horns; the colour is black with a striated white, broad, dorsal band on segments 6—11. Head square from front view, rather small, with two very divergent, long, hard, cylindrical horns, one from the vertex of each lobe, as long as segments 1—4 together, in the plane of the face, set with a cluster of short spines at tip and a few along the shafts ; they are separated widely at base and more or less squarely ; the surface of head is:ssmooth except for two rows, of spines one slightly an- terior to the other, down each cheek ; a few hairs about jaws; colour of head is black. The body is cylindrical with the segments well marked; anal segment high, overhanging the anal prolegs or claspers; neck narrower than head. The body spines are all more or less of the same size, except the subspira- cular ones which are small; the pedicels or shafts of the subdorsals of seg- ment 4 and segment 12 are thicker than others; the spines of segment 2 are »} also small; each spine consists of a shaft from the extremity of which proceed | three or four fine, sharp, smooth spinelets at an angle of 45° to the shatt; all spines are perpendicular to the surface of body and slightly swollen ab the origin ; they are arranged as follows :—segment 2 has a subdorsal, simple one and a lateral and subspiracular spine branched at extremity into four | points: the subspiracular spine on base of leg; segments 3 and 4 have a COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 317 similar arrangement of spines, all branched at extremity ; segments 5—10 similar ; segment 11 has a dorsal, subdorsal and subspiracular one as well as another underneath this last; segment 12 is similar to segment 11 except that the last spine underneath the subspiracular is wanting; segment 13 is very narrow, a mere strip, and is quite bare ; segment 14 has a lateral spine on hinder margin ; there is a small spine on base of prolegs 7—10 and one in a similar position on segments 5 and 6; the lateral spines are really nearly supraspiracular. The surface of the body is covered with transverse rows of minute setiferous tubercles besides the spines. The spinelets at extremity of shafts are nearly as long as the shafts themselves. The spiracles are small, oval, flush, black, those of segment 12 conspicuously larger. The colour of the larva is dull black with a short, diagonal, subspiracular, white band near the hinder margin of each segment and a broad dorsal band composed of short lines at right angles to the longitudinal axis of larva on segments 6—11, besides a transverse row of fine dots just before the hinder margin of each segment, all white ; belly red-black ; legs shiny black. L: 22 mm.; B: 9-4 mm. with spines; L of spines: 2 mm. with spinelets: L of head— horns: 5 mm. Pupa (Pi. I, fig. lla).—The pupa is slender with the wing-cases some- what dilated, a dorsal protuberance and two small head-points; colour variable, generally green. Head trapeze-shaped seen from above, with two divergent, laterally compressed points, one from each eye, directed forwards, | ridged on top (dorsally), separated by a sinus in front of head which reaches the front margin of segment 2; these points are well developed and conical. Segment 2 has the front margin curved in a semicircle and a waved hinder margin, is flat dorsally and fairly broad between the margins. Thorax is | carinated in dorsal line on the anterior half which is inclined at an angle of 45° to the longitudinal axis; it runs up into a point and is flat on the ‘dorsal decline from this point to hinder margin, this decline being in a plane nearly perpendicular to longitudinal axis of pupa: so that ‘the point (apex of thorax) is a triangular pyramid of which the lateral ‘slopes are also nearly flat. The pupa is a good deal broader at shoulders than at segment 2 with a short, low ridge on each shoulder; the wings are expanded from just behind shoulder, first in a little semi- circle, the lateral outline of pupa then running concavely to lose itself in dorsum of segment 5, to widen out again in a curve at segment 6 which finally runs into the general level of body ventrally about segments 7 and 8 ; ‘the constriction between segments 4 and 5 is considerable dorsally because ‘of the high thorax-apex and a dorsal tubercular rising on segment 6. The body i is as broad at segment 7, owing to the wing-expansion at shoulders, jas at shoulders, perhaps a little broader; section of abdomen from segment 8 to anal end is circular; the cremaster is short, strong, square, with two large extensor ridges and with densely disposed suspensory hair-hooklets at | 318 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. XX. extremity and dorsally ; ventral line of wings convex from segment 8, thence . to anal end, straight. Spiracular stigma of segment 2 hardly apparent ; rest of spiracles oval, not particularly small, nearly the same colour as the body, with a central, raised, light brown slit. Surface of pupa dull, irregularly transversely aciculate-lined on abdomen. Colour of the body is a dark olive-green ; apex of thorax shortly yellow; a green-black, dorsal, trian- gular patch on segment 9; the dorsal edges of wings as well as the lateral margins of segments 1 and 2, the centre of front dorsal slope of thoracic — pyramid and a broad dorsal abdominal band speckled densely very light green ; antennee whitish. L:18mm.; Bat segment 6—7: 7 mm. ; at shoul ders: 6 mm.; H. at apex of thorax : 5 mm. Habits.—The egg is generally laid on the upper side of a leaf; the larva lives on the upper side, making a slight bed of silk, at first anywhere, afterwards in the centre along the midrib ; it eats much, grows fast and is very active; it les full stretched with the horns held straight out in front which means that the face is bowed down and applied to the leaf-surface. It wriggles when touched roughly, but does not, as a rule, leave its resting place. It walks fast, moving its head from side to side, spinning silk as if goes. The pupa is formed from the underside of a leaf or from a twig and hangs perpendicularly down or at an angle, as it is rigidly fixed to the pad of silk woven for the purpose by the copious sus- pensory hooklets; it also wriggles from side to side when touched and will stay pant from segments 9 and 10 for a long period after | being disturbed. The butterfly is a weak flier and keeps generally | to a circumscribed area in the vicinity of its food-plant ; it flies for |) a short distance at a time only, always low down near the ground | within easy reach of a net and is easily captured; the style of i flight is a series of ups and downs with the wings held horizontally ; open between each; it basks with them thus held open, though it | } .rests with them cipgeds in rainy weather and at nights. The m- sect is common everywhere throughout India in the plains and in | the hills, in the open country and in the jungles wherever the food-plant of the larva is to be found. This plant is a creeper Of» the family Huwphorbiacee, called Tragia involucrata, DL. ; the larva also feeds upon Tragia cannabina, L., both with nettle-like leaves cover- i ed with little urticating hairs which are not always comfortable to j touch. The former is more or less confined to regions of heavy rainfall and the hills, while the latter grows in the drier parts of. | r COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 319 the open country. This butterfly is found throughout Continental India, east of Mussoorie in the Himalayas and of the Punjab ; also in Ceylon, Assam, Burma, Tenasserim, and extends to the Malayan Subregion and China. The figure of the butterfly in the coloured Plate is too red, and the patch of specialized scales on underside of forewing too dark; interspace 8 on upperside of hindwing should be erey as far as it is visible in the picture. 72. Ergolis merione, Cramer.— Wet-season form.—Male upperside brownish ochraceous. Fore and hindwings crossed by slender, somewhat obscure, very sinuous or zigzag, dark, basal, two subbasal and two discal lines, disposed in pairs, followed by a single, sometimes double, postdiscal and a single subterminal, slender line. All these lines more or less interrupted anteriorly on the hindwing which has a smooth, unmarked, uniform appear- ance from the costa to subcostal vein and vein 5. On the forewing there is in addition a series of obscure spots between the postdiscal and subter- minal markings and a small, white, subcostal spot before the apex. Underside much as in £. ariadne, but the transverse chestnut bands broader, more diffuse. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brownish ochraceous. Sex-mark on the underside of forewing as in JL. ariadne; no sex-mark on upperside of hindwing.—Female similar, but on upperside the transverse lines broader, more diffuse, with a greater tendency to form bands ; the postdiscal line always double, forming a band traversed by a series of dark ochraceous spots in the interspaces ; these lines and bands continuous, not interrupted anteriorly on the hindwing as they are in the male. Underside, except for the sex-mark, as in the male. Dry-season form.—Male and female upperside: ground-colour much paler, the transverse lines more distinctly in pairs, forming bands, the ground- colour between each pair more dusky brown. Underside: similar to that in the wet-season form, but the ground-colour paler, the bands more diffuse. Exp. 52—62 mm. Larva.—*‘ Cylindrical, slender ; segments armed with two dorsal and two lateral rows of short, branched spines; head with a pair of long, straight, branched spines. Colour green with longitudinal dark-brown lines.” (Moore). Pupa.—Moore also gives the pupa as “ similar to that of FE. ariadne.” It is not likely that the larva or pupa differ much from those of the next insect, Ergolis taprobana, which Bingham treats as a race of the present one, but which has here been kept as a separate species. This species is not likely to differ in any important particular as regards the habits in any stage from the next to which it is so closely allied. It is found in the northern half of Continental India, in the Himalayas from Simla to Sikhim and has been recorded from Rajputana and Bengal, Assam, 320 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, Burma, Tenasserim and the Malayan Subregion. The Tenasserim speci- mens are dark and often without the white subcostal spot on the fore- wing, approximating thus to the Southern Indian and Ceylon £. taprobana according to Bingham. The food-plant is nearly certainly Tragia cannabina, L., though it is nowhere recorded as far as is known. 73. Ergolis taprobana, Moore.—This differs as follows from the last :— Wet-season form.—Male upperside with the ground-colour dark ferruginous ; white subcostal spot on forewing rarely present ; the transverse lines black, ; more clearly defined ; the anterior half of the hindwing as in £. merione smooth, uniform, unmarked. Underside: with the ground colour darker than in merione, the markings on the anterior half of the forewing and in the — centre of the hindwing obscured by a superposed, very dark chestnut shading ; on the forewing this dark shading does not extend to the base, apex or termen; on the hindwing it does not extend quite to the costa, Sex-mark as in memone. Female similar to the female of merione but differs as follows :—wupperside: the ground-colour lighter ferruginous than in the ~ male; the transverse lines and markings very distinctly defined ; the two postdiscal lines formed into more or less broad cordate marks in the interspaces. Underside: ground colour darker than in merione female, sometimes a sort of purplish brown; the chestnut transverse bands well defined and continuous on both fore and hindwings. Dry-season form.—Male and female similar to the wet-season form but the ground-colour paler. Exp. 49—56 mm. Larva.—The caterpillar is exactly the same as that of Z. ariadne in shape of body, arrangements of the spines, their shape and size and the shape of head. Surface of body covered with transverse rows of minute yellow tubercles, each bearing a little seta. Spiracles rather large, oval, the colour of the body, bordered thinly with black. The colour of the body is green with a broad, subdorsal, yellow stripe flanked by a double, interrup- ted, yellow line; segments 7 and 11 suffused dorsally with dark-brown; bases of subdorsal spines of segment 4 brown; belly light green; the spimes * all blue-green and shiny. L: 27 mm.; B: 4 mm. without spines; L of head-horns: 5 mm. Pupa.—The pupa is similar to that of E. ariadne in shape and size. Wt can be separated from that species by the outer margins of the wings bemg } straight instead of slightly waved as it is in ariadne. Surface very slightly shiny, smooth. brown. between head points; H: 5mm. at thorax; 6mm. at segment 6. Habits.—The habits of oviposition are similar to those of FH. — Spiracular stigmata of segment 2 hardly accentuated; — other spiracles oval, not small, colour of the body. The colour is generally - light green, veined densely on wings with brown ; head points, carination of thorax, lateral wing outlines also brown ; Suspensory hooklets bright golden- L:18mm.; B: 6mm. at segment 7 ; 5°25 mm. at shoulders ; 2mm. | ee _ COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, Co bo _ ariadne ; also the habits of the larva and pupa and the imago or perfect insect. This last inhabits the hills and jungles in regions of héavy rainfall generally, although it encroaches on the Plains alone the borders where the climate is comparatively fairly dry. It is confined to Southern India and Ceylon. The plant it has been reared on in the caterpillar stage is Tragia wvolucrata, L., mentioned already as one of the species upon which the caterpillar of H. ariadne feeds. Hrgolis contains only the above three species in British India but there are others in the Ethiopian and Malayan Regions. SUB-FAMILY ACRAINA. Only one genus... a: or: «. Lelehinia. GENUS TELCHINIA. Only one species. Exp. 2°1”—2°53" .. sy OuOlle The species will be found figured on coloured Plate H, figures 31, male, dla, female. The figures are good; in the female, however, the spots left in the coalescing basal black markings on the hindwing are not light enough. The sub-family is chiefly African, very few species existing in South America and only two in British India. There are, however, a few in the Malayan Subregion nearly related to our Indian ones. Pareba vesta occurs in the Himalayas and extends in the hills eastwards to China and south into Burma. Telchinia viole is confined to Peninsular India but is found every where in the area, even in the dry region of Sind where it is not uncommon. There are 200 species in the group and they are all protected insects, exuding a yellow oily, disagreeably smelling liquid from the joints of the legs in self-defence, shamming death when handled, and as regards Telchinia and Pareba resembling Danaine in shape and colour as well. The colour of the two Indian species is yellow, or tawny suffused with reddish, marked with black spots; the hindwing with a black, yellow spotted border ; the whole somewhat oily looking. The flight is weak, slow, fluttering, the wings never being moved far from horizontal; the insects keep near the ground and go straight ahead; they do not bask and rest with their wings closed over the back. They frequent flowers. The larvee and pup are very similar. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES OF ACRAIN A. Teichinis viola, Fab. (PI. K., figs. 31 ¢,3la 9).—Male upperside tawny, with a roseate tinge. Forewing: a transverse spot in centre of cell, another larger along discocellulars, a discal series in interspaces 1, 3—6, 10, the apex and termen, the latter narrowing posteriorly with projections inwards along 322 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. veins, all black. Hindwing: a basal series of four or five spots, one im middle of cell, a subcostal one above it, a discal series of obscure spots, a postdiscal dot in interspaces 3—6, and a broad terminal band including a series of spots of ground-colour, all black or blackish showing through from underside. Underside: ochraceous yellow or paler tawny, forewing paling to apex with the markings as on the upperside. Hindwing with the same markings as upperside but with the spots more clearly defined, the spots on terminal band large and yellowish white, tie band bordered diffused whitish, the roseate tinge stronger, the basal black spots coalescing, leaving whitish spots between, antennze black; head and thorax black, spotted with ochraceous and white ; abdomen black at base, yellowish, with narrow black bands ; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen ochraceous, thorax spotted black, abdomen with black longitudinal line at base.—Female similar; Upperside : ground-colour somewhat oily looking, duller ; black spots on both wings larger, upper discal ones often coalescing ; the spots in terminal band of hindwing larger and whitish. Undersede: ground-colour much paler and duller, markings same as upperside but better defined. Exp. 53—64 mm. Female the larger. Egg.—Is echinoid in shape, a little higher than broad with 17 raised, transversely striated, longitudinal ridges not meeting on top, the top being shallowly reticulate. Colour shiny yellow. Larva.—The body is cylindrical in shape with the segments well marked, anal segment high, flap rounded at extremity, not overhanging the claspers, in a plane perpendicular to longitudinal axis of larva; the prolegs are long and moth-like. Head small, round, set with erect hairs, brownish orange, with a triangular clypeus which has the apex black ; a black spot at base of each cheek. Segment 2 has a subdorsal spine and a lateral tubercular ris- ing; on the common margin of segments 2 and 3 is alateral spime; segments has a subdorsal spine with a lateral one on the common margin of it and segment 4; segment 4 has a subdorsal spine ; 5—12 have each a subdorsal, supra and subspiracular spine ; segment 13 a subdorsal one and 14 a dorso- lateral one; there is also a small chitinous surface or spot on segments 3—10, under the subspiracular spine with bristles from it. All spines are shiny black set with erect, stiff, black hairs arising from thickened bases; all are about the same length except those of segments 2,5,15 and 14 which are slightly shorter. Colouris greasy claret brown with segments 2 and 14 yellow reddish ; dorsal portions of segments 3, 4, 11 and 12 are yellow; ventrum greeny yellow; legs shiny black; the feet of pseudolegs green ; ashiny black shield on base of pseudolegs. L: 21 mm. ; B: 10 mm, with spines ; 4 mm. without spines ; L of spines: 5 mm. Pupa.—Elongate, slight, head with two blunt points, anal end bluntly rounded. Head quadrate, the front margin straight between two conical short, stout teeth or points directed straight forwards ; convex above and below, parallel sided. Segment 2 is the same breadth as head being a COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, (Ss) bho broad band with dorsum in same plane as head vertex. Segment 3 same breadth as segment 2 in front, broader about middle because of the prominent shoulders; the dorsal line of segment rises at nearly a right angle to plane of segment 2, then rounds off suddenly to become nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of pupa, rising only slightly to the apex which is nearly over the posterior margin. Segment 4 forms part of the hinder slope of the thorax, so that segment 5 is the lowest point of the dorsum after which the transverse section of abdomen is a slightly increas- ing circle up to segment 8, afterwards decreasing continually to anal end which is bluntly rounded, the last two segments forming a nearly perfect hemisphere bearing a short stout cremaster. The surface of the pupa is dull, very slightly wrinked and set with minute erect hairs. The colour is white with a pink and yellow shade in it; segments 2—5 have a subdorsal broad interrupted black line coalescing at the hinder margin of the last seement, the extremities in front being joined by a straight line on the vertex of head; the dorsal space between these lines on segments 3 and 4 is reddish yellow; the abdomen has a broad subdorsal line, a similar spiracular line and a central ventral one: all black; each of these lines or bands enclose a reddish yellow circular spot near front margins of segments, these spots being the scars left by the larval spines (except the ventral spots) ; last segment and cremaster are black; tips of head points, sides of head, shoulders, antennze and greater part of proboscis also black; wings margined black with a central bifurcated black mark to each and a short subapical line; all the black markings are dull, not shiny. L: 17 mm. B: 6 mm. at broadest part. Habits.—The eges are laid in a batch, up to 15 or so in number, on a young shoot or tendril; the larve are gregarious at first but separate in the third stage; they are extremely lively and moth- like in their movements and grow very fast; they generally sit on ‘the underside of a leaf though by no means always, pupate ) generally on or near the food-plant, the pupa hanging perpendi- _cularly down by the tail like all nymphaline pup, freely, though | firmly, attached. The larva, pupa and imago have a disagreeable odour. In Bombay the butterfly is to be found at all seasons, in the mountains and plains, forests and open country, even in the region of least rainfall—Sind. The flight is that given for the _sub-family. The food-plant is Modecca palmata, Lam., in the damper parts, the wild Passionflower, but the larva will also | fea on cultivated kinds, perhaps even on certain Cucurbitacee, | these being near allies of the Passionflowers. The butterfly is | ) “ | / | ; ‘ 324 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, confined to Peninsular India and Ceylon, and is fairly plentiful everywhere, in these places. SUB-FAMILY Libytheine. Omly Ome OEM Sis-0. shell sielo cielo eee eeet ere ee ee eke Lnbythea. GENUS Labythea. Only one species, Exp. 1°8/—2°3" ................-MYnTha, This sub-family is composed of the single genus containing some score of species spread throughout the world in Europe, Africa, India, the Malay Archipelago, N. and S. America, Mauritius and the Antilles. In India Colonel Bingham records 5 species and 3 races and of these only the one species is of interest to us; and it is nowhere plentiful. The libytheine butterflies are all very like each other, somewhat like some of the Vanesse in shape and are brown with yellow or white markings on the upperside ; the underside shaded and striate-punctate grey; they are fond of water and damp places and of the sun, basking generally on the upper end of a dead twig or bit of stick with the wings closed over the back and the fore- wings sunk between the hinder pair so as to show nothing but the protec- tively coloured grey parts. They are then very difticult to see. They fly well but not for long, going fast in a jerky, skipping way, and dodging from side to side. They are insects of woodlands and the hills. The egg, according to Doherty, is shaped like a bottle and is ribbed longitudinally ; in fact, resembles that of the Pierrdw; the larvee may be said to resemble those of the Pier?de also; those of two species known certainly do so; the pupa is nymphaline in aspect and character of suspension ; more particu- Narly, like that of Apatura, Euripus: rigid, with the body parallel to the surface on which it is fixed. The food-plant of two species, one spreading west to Europe, the other east to China and Malay, is Celtis, a genus if} composed of trees belonging to the family U DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES OF LIBYTHEIN 4. Libythea myrrha, Godart (fig. 5).—Male and female upperside : ground-colour dark-brown. Forewing: a streak from base along median vein, extending ticacee. narrowly on each side of it and continued beyond as a large oval spot in interspace 2, two preapical double spots placed obliquely towards costa: orange-yellow. Hindwing: a slight, oblique, narrrow, medial band from vein 1 to vein 5 of the same colour. Underside forewing : ground-colour brown; orange-yellow markings as on upperside, but broader and more diffuse ; apex and dorsal margin broadly shaded pale grey irrorated with minute dark spots and transverse short striz. Hindwing greyish-brown irrorated with minute dark spots and transverse short strive, shaded in the cell, on the middle of costal margin and on middle of termen with diffuse brown ; the lower half of cell in hindwing darker in the male ; the whole - = yews COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 325 hindwing much more concolorous in the female. Antennz, head, thorax and abdomen dark-brown; beneath: palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish- brown. Exp. 46—58 mm. This is a variable insect in the extent and breadth of the orange-yellow markings and in the mottling and ground-colour of the underside. The variety sanguinalis, chiefly Himalayan and Eastern, has the orange-yellow markings very broad. Variety rama, the variety occurring in South India and Ceylon, is smaller with the markings much narrower and shorter, the preapical spots white or yellowish-white. Larva.—In general facies the larva recalls that of Catopsilia of the Pieride. It is dark-green in colour, cylindrical in shape, narrowing somewhat to both ends; the head is small, about half as broad as the larva at centre: and is about the same breadth as segment 2. The head is round in shape, with a shallow broad depression on vertex ; the surface is smooth and dull, sparse- ly set with minute dark bristles and some light hairs about jaws; it is green in colour, with brown markings seen under the lens, the antenne red- dish, labrum green, eyes black. Segment 2 is broader behind than in front and has the front margin very slightly triangularly produced in dorsal line; the anal flap is rounded behind, with the curve of its dorsal line nearly a quarter-circle, the extremity nearly touching the resting surface ; and there is a depressed dorsal surface, oval in shape, two-thirds the width of seg- ment, reaching from hinder extremity towards front margin: this surface is hairless and covered with brown streaks. The rest of the larva is covered with transverse rows of minute, black bristles, four to each segment ; there are also some bristles on ventrum ; the rows are separated by depressed lines, one between each. The prolegs are rather long. The spiracles are light yellow, black-rimmed, oval, flush with the surface and of ordinary size. The colour is dark-green, sometimes with a brownish tinge, with a thin, light yellow, dorsal line from segment 4 to segment 12 and a narrow, yel- low, supraspiracular band from head to anal end. L:26mm.;B: 4°5 mm. at middle ; B at head : 2:25 mm. Pupa.—This is most like that of Zrgolis but has no head-points. It has the part formed by the head and segment 2 straight in front (front of pupa), parallel-sided, convex on dorsum transversely to pupa ; the shoulders are the broadest part, widening out suddenly at an angle of 135° with the side of head-piece ; the dorsal outline seen from the side is, for the thorax, a carination starting from front margin in a straight line at an angle of 45° to longitudinal axis of pupa, culminating in a rounded apex just over the hinder margin to which the outline descends abruptly ; thence the line ascends again to the apex of a small, sharp peak at the common margin of segments 5 and 6, to descend again in a slight carination to the hinder margin of segment 8 after which the outline curves in a quarter-circle to end of cremaster; the ventral outline is 326 JOURNAL BOMBAY, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, nearly straight from head to segment 12, then nearly at right angles; the lateral cutline after the shoulders is formed by the wings being expanded very slightly for a short distance, after which the sides con- verge to meet at the cremaster; the transverse section of abdomen after segment 8 is circular; the abdominal peak is somewhat higher in appear- ance than the thoracic peak ; the cremaster is triangular seen from above and embraces the last segment somewhat, its attachment surface being considerably longer, in the sense of the pupal length, than broad. Surface of pupa is smooth and somewhat shiny, a thin line or carination connects the shoulder with the abdominal peak. Colour is light green with the tops of carinations yellow, and a black speck on abdominal peak. L: 12°5 mm.,; B: 5mm. at shoulders; 3 mm. at front of head; H: 6mm. at abdominal peak, 5 mm. at thoracic peak. Habits.—The eggs are laid on the shoots and young leaves, generally of a small tree or shrub near a water-course or in some damp place open to the sunlight, though in forest. The larve generally live on the undersides of the leaves, eating all but the ribs or veins in a moth-like way, and on these ribs and veins they may generally be found sitting. They emit much silk or web and fall to the ground by a thread when disturbed, but only when actually touched or otherwise violently molested ; they rest with the true legs off the surface, in the air, bunched, the head curved down and often turned to one side. The pupa is formed on the underside of a leaf and the body lies quite parallel to the surface like the pupa of Hlymnias. The imago is not often seen except in the neighbourhood of the food-plant and, even then, but rarely. This is probably a good deal due to its way of resting and the colouration of its under parts which blends so well with the colour of the grey and brown barks of dead sticks and twigs (see the method of resting above under genus.) Its distribution is through- out the Himalayas from Kulu to Sikkim; Western India; Bombay ; Southern India; Ceylon; Assam ; Burma to the Malayan Subregion and China. It is not a butterfly of the plains at all. It is found in Kanara and may probably turn up at Matheran or Mahableshwar where the food-plant Celtis tetrandra, Roxb., surely occurs. FAMILY NEMEOCBIIDA, Only one genus ate 46 ats 46 ee Abisara. COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 3: to “J GENUS ABISARA, Only one species. Exp. 1°6”—2” Ss - so eCherius. This species is figured on coloured plate F, figures 40, male, and 40a, female. The colouring of both figures is not brown enough, there is too much red init. The violet gloss on the upperside of male is very good. The greater number of the relations of Abzsara are found in Tropical America, some 960 or 970 species. There are 30 or 40 Eastern species, 20 of which occur in British India. One single species occurs in Europe, in- cluding England: Nemeobius lucina, the Duke of Burgundy Fritillary. These insects are evidently closely related to the Lycenide, at least they are nearer to them than to any other division of butterflies in all their ‘stages, to judge by Indian representatives and Nemeobius. The egg, accord- oo? ing to Doherty, is lower than wide, smooth, granulate or prickly, but not reticulate or radiate in the genera examined by him. The larve of three out of five Indian genera and of Nemeodius are distinctly lyczenine in shade, except that the head is not hidden ; and the pupee are certainly more like those of the ‘ Blues’ than anything else. Finally the facies of the imagines is also lyexenine. Nemeobius and Dodona, a Himalayan genus, both contain butterflies that rest with their wings closed over their backs while Alisara always keeps them half open, indeed cannot completely close them as the hindwing is not all in one plane, being somewhat warped as it were. The Duke of Burgundy Fritillary is said not to affect flowers and to be fond of shady places. The same is the case with Abisara. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES OF NEMEOBIIDA, Abisara echerius, Sto//. (Pl. F., figs. 40¢, 40a2).—Hindwing suddenly lengthened at vein 4, thence gradually decreasing to its ordinary length at anal angle. In the wet-season form the upperside of male is a rich purple- brown or maroon-brown with a blue gloss. Forewing with discal and postdiscal transverse fascize very obscure and only slightly paler than the eround-colour. Hindwing uniform; two triangular, small, black spots near apex of interspace 1, one larger black spot in each of the interspaces 5 and 6; spots bordered outwardly with white slenderly and obscurely. Underside: dull maroon-brown. Forewing with a broad, slightly curved discal, narrower postdiscal and subterminal, transverse, pale fascia, the discal one broader anteriorly. Hindwing: a slightly curved, narrow, discal, pale fascia ; black spots as on upperside but bordered inwards and outwards by an obscure pale lunular line. Antenne black with scattered pale specks; head, thorax and abdomen maroon-brown; beneath: all pale-brown. Female upperside hazel brown, terminal halves of wings paler. Forewing: discal and post- diseal broad, obscure, pale transverse fascize, the former or both sometimes white in the upper part; followed by an obscure, double, subterminal pale line. Hindwing with a series of subterminal, pale, lunular spots, the black 328 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, spots as in the male, the anterior two superposed on the pale spots; terminal margin below vein 4 with double, above vein 4 with single, sub- terminal line. Underside: ground-colour paler on the basal, very much paler on the terminal half; markings as on upperside but fascize on fore and hindwings broader, more diffuse. Exp. 41—52 mm. A variable insect. In the dry season the purple gloss on the upperside of male is hardly present, the fasciz are more diffuse, the black spots smaller or rarely quite wanting ; the underside is paler. In the female the colour is also paler, the contrast between base and outer half of wings more pronoun- ced, the discal fascia on underside very broad, often nearly white: indeed 'it is often white even on the upperside. Larva (P14, fig. 12).—The shape of the larva is onisciform, depressed-, looking, highest at middle or a little anteriorly to it, broadest at middle, considerably narrowing towards both ends, segment 2 and segment 12 being about the same width; ventrum flat. The larva is distinctly lyccenid in type. Head only semi-hidden, roundish, flattened on face with some few dark, erect hairs; light green in colour. Segment 3 a little wider than, and embracing slightly, segment 2 at the sides; anal segment very convex and narrow (in sense of larval width), rounded at extremity. Segments all well marked and very slightly flanged dorsoventrally. Surface of body covered with tiny, transparent tubercles all over, circular and looking like drops of liquid ; segment 2 fringed along margin with long, porrect, light hairs some- what densely; segments 3 and 4 with a subdorsal and lateral bunch of 4 dark, long, erect hairs; segments 5—12 with a similar subdorsal bunch to segment 3, but with a single hair instead of the lateral bunch ; each segment has, besides, a subspiracular line of long, light, straight hairs; anal segment has many white and brown singly disposed hairs. Spiracles are whitish, oval in shape and of ordinary size. Colour of body is light olive-green with the dorsum of each segment, except segment 2, between dark-green, lateral lines reaching the whole length of larva, white; a dark-green dorsal line, along the edges of which the white is suffused with green; a lateral dark green, roundish depression on segments 5—12; the dorsoventral line whitish ; ventrum green. L: 185 mm.; B: 5 mm.; H: 4 mm. Pupa, (Pl. I, fig. 12a.)—Shape rhomboid, equilateral ; a diamond in fact, the breadth at middle, the broadest part, being a little more than 3rd the total length.. Head square, running out into a flat ledge in front, the contour of which is rounded with a square piece cut out of centre to the depth of the ledge, ze. there is a point in front of each eye somewhat flattened on top, rounded on outer side and straight on inner side. The anal end is sharply pointed: really minutely truncated at extremity of ceremaster. The two lateral angles of the diamond are rounded. Segment 2 and front slope of segment 3 are in the same plane; the latter segment or thorax is somewhat humped, evenly convex from shoulder to shoulder, COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 3: NS) ee) apex slightly the highest part of pupa; the wings are slightly expanded behind shoulders in a semi-cylindrical fold. Constriction is slight dorsally, laterally it is nil. Abdomen dorsally gently convex from thorax to anal end; belly flattish. Spiracle of segment 2 indicated by a small, circular, flush, white space ; other spiracles oval, light in colour, on the very dorso- ventral line. Surface of body covered densely with colourless, short- pedicelled, star-topped hairs, the pedicels being longer on the anal seg- ment; a fringe of sparse, long, light hairs round dorso-ventral margin, denser on head and segment 2; ventrum and wings glabrous. Colour of pupa grass green, spotted finely with darker green in squares, a whitish dorsal line, four small black spots on front margin of thorax, the two outer ones the most distinct ; a lateral row of distinct black spots and a subdorsal row of obsolescent ones on abdomen ; belly whitish. L: 16mm. B: 6°5 mm. at middle ; H: 4-5 mm. at apex of thorax. Habits.—The egg is laid anywhere on stalks, leaves, &c., of any surrounding small plant, on the food-plant itself, very often on a blade of grass; and nearly always in the evenings in dark, cool places in the hills or heavy jungle country where the imago is found. ‘The larva lives on the underside of the leaves but is found sometimes on the upperside, stalks, &c. It wanders to pupate but not far; consequently the pupa is not often to be found on its own plant and is formed on the underside of a leaf, attached by the tail and a tight body-band and is generally on a bed of white powder. Very often the larva slightly draws the part of the leaf, where it rests together by silks and the pupa may be formed in such a half cell. The imago is a shade-loving butterfly, somewhat lyczenid in appearance and in its ways; it, however, never quite closes its wings over its back and has the habit of resting on a leaf at no great height from the ground where it first turns this way, then that, rarely remaining quite quiet, taking a short, rapid, jerky and dodging flight every now and then to return to the same place ; it is most active in the late afternoons. It is never seen at flowers. The distribution of this insect is in the Himalayas from Chumba to Kumaon, Nepal and Bhutan, in Umballa, Fyza- bad, Malda, Calcutta, Ganjam; in Bombay south of Poona and Bombay ; Ceylon, Burma, Tenasserim and China. (Lo be continued.) 330 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X3 ERRATA. ah In Part IV of this Paper (No. 1, Vol. XIX.) the following additional] errata occurred :— Page 17, line 11, for Niceville en edd ee Nic ewillles >» 25 4 AL, omit comma after. - ab levereay,” Peco aS Lom pests 53 PAH ng DEMOS, op gy BA og Mosrsalgnes Te ead.) teonsoleiss Pe te oot matte cued sa wiead) 2. vatiects » 26 , 81 ,, twelve month.. vead .. twelve months. oO a ok) SO MSCOM aan A.) Tead, 2.) Seems: oy dy UE BOONE .. vead .. three weeks. » 29 ,, 16, omit comma after 52) “Sthosexs » 36 ,, 20, read comma instead of full stop after “form. ” 351 A COLLECTION OF THE OPHIDIA FROM THE CHIN HILLS, (wirn NoTes ON THE SAME BY Mayor F. WALL, ME Se CAVE Zin Se) BY Fr, H. W. VENNING. The collection, with the exception of one or two specimens, was made during the latter portion of 1908 and the first few months of 1909 in the neighbourhood of Haka, a small outpost in a remote part of the Chin Hills. This very out-of-the-wayness has its com- pensations from a naturalist’s point of view, for it offers him a rich and practically virgin field for his energies and in the case of the Chin Hills one of special interest in that it is placed between two portions of the Empire which are better known to science but are probably very different in physical characters from the Chin Hills. The ‘Imperial Gazetteer of India” describes the Chin Hills as “a “tract of mountainous country inhabited by hill tribes on the N.-W. “border of Burma, lying between 21° 45' and 24° N, and 93° 20’ “and 94° 5' KH, with an area of about 8,000 square miles. It forms “a parallelogram about 150 miles in length N. and S§., and varying “in breadth from 100 to 150 miles.* It is bounded on the North “by Manipur; on the West by portions of the Lushai Hills, and by “the unadministered Chin area that lies to the North and Hast of “the Northern Arakan District; on the South by unadministered “country and by the Pakokku Chin Hills; and on the Hast it “borders on the Upper Chindwin and Pakokku Districts. The “tract consists from end to end of a mass of mountains much broken “and contorted and intersected by deep valleys, and is practically “devoid of plains and tablelands. Its main ranges run generally “North and South and vary in height from 5,000 to 9,000 feet.”’ The whole district forms a portion of the great broken system (? systems) of mountains which divides the Brahmaputra or Assam Valley from that of the Irrawaddy and which reaches its highest points on the Burmese side. | * A curious error as the Chin Hills’ Gazetteer, I believe, gives a length of 250 miles and a breadth of 100 to 150 miles by road. The area does not much, if at all. exceed 50 miles in breadth “as the crow flies.” 10 332 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX Geologically the chain is believed to belong to the Tertiary epoch and consists chiefly of shales of a soft nature, which easily disintegrate to form a stiff clayey soil, and a fair proportion of sandstones, Limestone is uncommon and igneous rocks are perhaps nowhere found near the surface, at any rate in the Haka Sub-division. The area consists, then, of a chain of mountains of moderate © 2 f ~ a “A height situated just within the tropics, and as might be inferred a semitropical vegetation exists, changing into tropical in the deeper valleys where teak, palms, and such trees as the papaya are to be found, and into quite a temperate form on the tops of the higher mountains. Haka Sub-division is the most Southern of the three Sub-divisions into which the Chin Hills District is divided, and Haka station is situated some 6,500 feet above sea-level on the North-Western slopes of a mountain near the Northern boundary of the Sub-diyi- sion. The point of the mountain range which is immediately above the station is known as Haka peak and is supposed to be 7,000 feet high. A neck of open grassland, about half a mile to the west of the station, connects the range with another running parallel to the Haka range and of about the same general elevation,” This neck throws off its waters from one side into the Boinu river, — which after flowing in a gigantic S. reaches the sea at Akyab, and from the other into the Manipur river, a tributary with the Myittha | river of the Chindwin. On either side of the station a spur runs down from the peak, and the water collected between the two spurs into a marshy hollow between the Civil station and the Military police lines forms the supply of the community. The face of the hill between the two spurs is clothed with dense jungle, practically impenetrable in the rains but easily entered in most places in the » dry weather. This jungle stretches rather more than half way down tothe station and provides one of the loveliest views from ~ Haka. At one season it is tinged with the rich hues of autumn, a species of Virginia Creeper contributing largely to the effect, at — another it is outlined by the brilliant flowers of Rhododendron ar - borewm. In the cold weather the soft pink of the Cherry (Prunus | puddum) is shown in exquisite relief against the dark-green of the | forest, only to give place to the hardly less vivid contrast afforded | COLLECTION OF OPHIDIA FROM THE CHIN HILLS. 333 by the young shoots of the elm. In February the lower edges of the jungle and the entire hillside to far below the station is whitened by the snowy blossoms of the wild pear (Pyrus pashia) and a little later the wild rose (Rosa longicuspis) begins to produce its spring flowers, and almost throughout the year covers many a bush and tree with its sweet scented sprays. Below this jungle are a few scattered trees on slopes of coarse erass mingled with gigantic thistles (Cnicus sp. ? wallichii) bracken and other herbaceous plants, and the jungle stretches its long fingers down one or two watercourses. Below the grassland amore or less open woodland begins, consisting for the most part of shrubs, small alders, pears, oaks and chestnuts and other similar trees with occasional groves of pine (Pinus khasia), and this jungle, broken by patches of short grass having very much the appearance of Hnglish commons, spreads down to the valley some 2,000 feet below. The more open nature of this woodland and its stunted character is due, it is believed, to clearance by the Chins at some previous date for their extravagant form of cultiva- tion (Taungya) and to their custom of burning to which refer- ence will be made when dealing with the climate. Below the Station.is a collection of Chin villages and in the valley a small stream, the Tronevar, flows. The hillside is intersected everywhere by little rivulets, some of which disappear in the dry weather, while in the rains they all become foaming torrents and carve their channels deeper and deeper into the surface the lower they descend. Wherever a suitable hollow occurs a small marsh is formed, and in the cold weather streams and marshes are the haunts of woodcock and two or three species of snipe. The hillsides are generally very Steep but a pleasant exception to this rule is the so-called ‘“ golf- course’ on the neck about half a mile west of the station, where there is open grassland throwing off some delightful undulating downs. The climate consists of three well-marked seasons. The rains, during which most of the snakes emerge, last from the middle of May to the middle of November, roughly speaking, but this year (1909) the previous Christmas rains having failed a very short hot Season was experienced, the rainy season setting in early in April. 334 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, The greater part of the total rainfall is registered during the wet season, a few showers at Christmas and an occasional thunderstorm in March bringing the total to about 90 inches or probably more. It is in the rains that the frogs, toads and lizards on which per- haps the snakes chiefly feed make their appearance, together with leeches, bloodsuckers and a host of small insect life. At the end of the rains a cold season ensues and in January and February and even well into March a thick white frost covers the ground im the mornings. Ice is formed up to a quarter of an inch thick in midwinter, while in December 1908 heavy snow fell on all the higher mountains including Haka peak. The cold weather is fol- lowed by a hot dry season during which the atmosphere is render- ed almost unendurable owing to the Chin habit of burning not only where they wish to cultivate but wherever there is grass or undergrowth to burn. Like many other Chin customs this is one which, in the opinion of the writer, cannot be too strongly condemn= ed. In a few cases it is done for the purpose of procuring game, which is slaughtered as it fiees in terror, but in the majority it is done from pure wantonness, for the Chins keep no cattle for which grazing has to be found. Indeed it is very questionable in the writer's opinion whether the burning, though it makes the green of the new grass more quickly obvious to the eye, does not destroy the more tender and succulent grasses and allow only the coarser kinds to flourish. The question has been well discussed in connec- tion with its effect on teak forests, and there seems to be no doubt that a large amount of the valuable nitrogenous products of the vegetation is lost -to the soil by the process. Innumerable young trees are either killed or their growth suddenly checked so that they become stunted and deformed. After the burning, ferns, thistles and grasses appear and the ground is beautified with the colours of violets (Viola patrim), Primulas (Primula denticulata) and other flowers. Such are the conditions prevailing where the collection was made, but it is not to be supposed that it is in any way representative even of the Haka Sub-division, still less of the Chin Hills as it was made within very narrow limits. Nearer the plains it is said that the pretty tree-snakes, Dryophis, etc., abound, while in the valleys COLLECTION OF OPHIDIA FROM THE CHIN HILLS. 330 King Cobras are reported to be not uncommon. A King Cobra has since been obtained by the writer from near Haka. As regards the collection itself Major F. Wall, I.M.S., has very kindly examined the writer’s notes and some of the specimens as the writer did not feel qualified to offer his opinions without having them corroborated or, if necessary, corrected by some competent authority. Major Wall’s remarks will be found incorporated in the text and followed by his initials so as to be easily recognisable, and the writer wishes to express his gratitude to him for his notes which naturally form the more interesting portion of the account, as well as for the instruction and encouragement given by him. Vernacular names have not been given as the Chins recognise very few snakes and regard them all with horror. The mere display of some specimens in a bottle caused one Chin chief to leave the writer's house precipitately and return to his village. “Rul” (pronounced like the word “rule” but with a tendency not to sound the final “1” ) is the Chin for a snake in the Haka or Lai dialect. The most usually recognised snake of those collected was the green Pit-viper which was called “rul harr” (harr meaning difficult, sharp, rough). “ Rul pi’’ (pi means big or female) was the name applied to the rat-snake (Zamenis mucosus), while “Sar 29 ‘vut saw,” the meaning of which is not obvious, was applied indiscriminately to the snakes Oallophis macelellandi, Ablabes porphyraceus, and Simotes albocinctus. “Ngan” is understood by most Chins for the Python or possibly for the Hamadryad, and “Tlna kan ”’ for the Cobra. Of snake bite no records exist, but a few cases came to the writer’s notice. Three military police sepoys were bitten at different times, one in the thumb and two in the toe. In the case of the man bitten in the thumb he immediately put on a ligature and on his return ito the lines had the wound cauterized and suffered no ill-effects, e the other two one put on a ligature of sorts and suffered little, ‘the other did nothing till his lez began to swell when he went to aera and was treated. He had some fever, twenty-four hours’ ‘pain and a leg swollen up to the groin but nothing more. All these ‘three men were bitten by Lachesis gramineus or perhaps jerdoni as far as could be judged from their descriptions coupled with the | y 336 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. fact that these species are about the commonest snakes found near : here. Two cases were attended to by the American baptist mis- | sionary, a medical man. These were Chins who came in on the — day after they were bitten in each case. They were treated to no less than five incisions one above the other from the thumb to the shoulder into which permanganate of potash was rubbed! One of these Chins was bitten by a Lachesis monticola, identified by the body, the head having been reduced to powder, cooked and applied — to the wound by the victim! The other was also bitten by ay Pit-viper to judge from the rather vague description given by the missionary. . A few odds and ends were thrown in with the snakes. Famity—TYPHLOPIDA. None represented in the collection but one was found in April 1907 on: the road near Taungtek (altitude 4,500 ft.) on the Burma side of the Manipur river. The species was not identified and the specimen could not — be preserved for lack of any kind of spirits. Famity—COLUBRIDA. Sub-family—CoLusrin&. Blythia reticulata. Seven specimens. No. I.—Length 14in. Tail 2 in. Ventrals 137. Subcaudals 27 pairse Postoculars on the right one, on the left two. No. IJ.—Length 16} in. Tail 1:7 in. Ventrals 141. Subcaudals 21 pairs. Postoculars as in No. I, the lower one on the left very minute. No. I1].—Length 144in. Tail 1:85 in. Ventrals 138. Subcaudals 27 pairs, the 9th from the anal orifice being entire. Postoculars on the right — two, on the left one. No. IV.—Llength 14 in. Tail 1-9 in. Ventrals141. Subcaudals 28 pairs. Postoculars two on each side, the lower minute. This specimen appears t0 have a very minute preocular on either side between the preefrontal shield and the 8rd supralabial. ! No. V.—Had to be thrown away, its characteristics were: length 11jim, | Tail 1-4 in. Ventrals 140. Subcaudals 25 pairs. i No. VI.—Length 13 in. Taill:7 in. Ventrals 140. Subcaudals 27 pairs. ] Postoculars one on each side. | No. 18 of 1909.—Length 18 in. Tail 23 in. Ventrals 140. Subcaudals q 27 pairs. These specimens were all obtained in Haka on the roads and towards: | dusk. No. 3 of 1909,—Length 42 in. Tails 3 in. Ventrals 155. Subcaudals 22)» COLLECTION OF OPHIDIA FROM THE CHIN HILLS. 337 pairs, whitish beneath. This is an immature specimen of some snake which I placed here as I could not decide what else it might be. It was obtained at Fort White (7,500 ft.) in April 1909 by Mr. Angelo, Superintendent of Post Offices, who kindly brought and presented it to me. The anal shield was incorrectly noted by me, vide note. [1 examined one of these specimens, wz., the one marked “No. 3 of 1909.” “It is without doubt a Blythia reticulata. The occurrence of this species in the Chin Hills extends its previously known habitat. It has hitherto. “never been recorded except from the Khasi Hills in Assam. The anal is. reported entire, but I find it divided.—F. W. | Ablabes porphyraceus. Seven specimens. Length. Tail. Ventrals. Subcaudals. No. VII. 123” 2" 215 75 pairs. Mom Veli 39! 63” 202 63 HS Now EX. 232" 4i" 210 74 Ms Nor OX. 202" 33” 214 66 ss No. XI. 363! 53” 210 60 . No. XIa. 143” Del 204 65 5 No. 16 of 173" 23" 213 66 x 1909. The dorsal scales counted 19 anteriorly and at midbody, and 17 posterior-- ly in ali the specimens, the reduction being due to the 4th and Sth rows. above the ventrals coalescing. Tn two specimens Nos. IX and XI the frontal touches eight shields being. in contact with the preeocular shields in addition to the normal ones. In No. X the 26th, 27th, and 28th subcaudals counting from the vent are single. The colour of the small (apparently immature) specimens, Nos. VII, X and XJ was a pale dove-colour (a kind of dirty white), while that of the large ones was a rich red exactly answering to Major Wall’s description of “ raw beef colour,’ but this colour rapidly disappears in spirit. No. 16 of 1909 was. a yellowish colour, possibly an intermediate stage between the other two. The colour within the annulations was the same in all the specimens, 2.e., a deep mahogany red. The number of annulations varied little, but the marks themselves were often very irregular and sometimes were broken up into two or three small circles. Coluber prasinus. One specimen, No. XX XVII. The head only was preserved much bleached by, strong spirit, the rest of the specimen had to be thrown away. Length 42 inches. Dorsal scales 19 anteriorly and at midbody, 15 posteriorly. Ventrals 202. Analentire. Subcaudals 109 pairs. The hori-. 338 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, zontal diameter of the eye slightly less than its distance from the nostril, Frontal shield not as long as its distance from the point of the snout; in contact with eight other shields. Supralabials 9, of which Nos. 4, 5 and 6 enter the orbit of the eye. Przeocular one on either side. Loreal one, Postoculars two. Temporals two anterior ones on the right, one on the left. Infralabials 10, five of them touching the anterior and two the pos- terior sublinguals. The posterior sublinguals longer than the anterior. The specimen came from Nabwel village near Haka, altitude about 5,000 feet. Coluber teniurus. A single specimen, No. 10 of 1909. Length 5 ft. 6 ins. Tail 123 ins. The dorsal scales numbered 23—2] —17. Ventrals 250. Anal divided. Subcaudals 98 pairs doubtfully. It was caught in the military police lines and apparently taken for a King Cobra to judge from the way it was knocked about. Simotes albocinctus. [ Var.—typica—F. W.] Two specimens were obtained. No. XII was killed by my wife about half a mile from Haka on the Haka-Falam road in September 1907, and is now much bleached. Length 20 ins. Tail 4 ins. Dorsal scales 19—19—15. Ventrals 181. Anal entire. Subcaudals 61 pairs. Supralabials on right side seven, of which 3rd and 4th enter the eye ; on left eight, 4th and 5th entering the eye. No. XIII was brought from Nerlon village just below Haka, altitude about 6,000 ft. or perhaps less. Length 29 ins, Tail 43 in. Dorsals 19—19—15, Ventrals 191, Nos. 75 and 76 from the head having a small division near one side, possibly the result of an accident. Subcaudals 52 pairs. The suture between the internasal shields is greater than that between the prefrontal pair. The supralabials present the same abnormality as in No. XII. Colour mahogany red above, coral red below with large squarish black spots near the ends of the ventrals. There are 27 white dorsal cross bands about two scales wide, edged with black. On the nape the white cross band is dis- torted forwards to the parietal shields where it disappears, its black margin ending in a circular black spot on the parietals. A black or dark-brown mark curves across the head through the eyes to the labial margin. There are some small black lateral spots. Oligodon dorsalis. Four specimens all captured on roads in the station. Length. Tail. Ventrals. Subcaudals, No. XIV.. a 20! 23M 179 35 pairs. NO; exViewe eee LO" a 170 20) ae MOS) OH NON) 1, ea 23" 176 40 — No. 11 0f 1909 .. 7” ut 179 38) 5 COLLECTION OF OPHIDIA FROM THE CHIN HILLS. 339 The dorsals in all four specimens were 15—15—13, the step occurring at midbody. I have noted under No. XIV the remark “nasal undivided, 2.c., nostril pierced in centre of a single nasal shield” and under No. XV “nasal and nostril as in No. XIV.” If these remarks are correct the characteristic, though of minor importance, is interesting in view of Major Wall’s remarks on the affinities of this species on pages 327 and 328 of Vol. XVIII of the Society's Journal, where the shield is depicted in the illustration as undivided though in the “Fauna of British India” it is described as “divided.” . The costals ave 16 posteriorly owing to a confluence of the 3rd and 346 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, Ath vows on the right side. The supralabials are 9 on both the 5th and 6th touching the eye. The ventrals and subca are 172 and 135, the latter all divided. The length is 2 3 inches and the tail 9 inches. Habitat.—Haka Chin Hills. Type is in the British Mus Society's Collection. A third specimen has since been obtained in which the ventya and sub-caudals are 165 + 119. ; One juy. sent tothe British Museum. 1 | | THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, INDIGENOUS AND INTRODUCED. BY ID. TAU. IS diy PAR er (With Plates II, IIT, IV & V.) (Continued from page 64 of this Volume.) I.—CORYPHIN At. Spadix loosely branched, often a prolix panicle. Flowers diclinous, polygamous or hermaphrodite, single or in long rows flowering from above; carpels 38 (Thrinax 1), free or loosely united, always “separating after fertilisation and developing into 1—3 smooth c=) t=) berries. lan or feather leaves: leaflets induplicate. 5) 1. PHGSNICEA. Spadix surrounded by a large complete spathe, remaiming closed up to the time of pollination. Flowers dicecious, dimorphic. Ovary of 3 free carpels, one only ripening. Seed ventrally grooved; embryo usually dorsal. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets with induplicate sides. DISTRIBUTION. The whole of Africa (except the palmless regions, \ Cas) y the South-African floral region and the Hast-African islands) ; Arabia; Western Asia in the region of the Huphrates and Tigris, through India to the Sunda Islands and Cochin-China. The only genus is: PHCINTX, l. GEN. NAT. 1224. (From the Greek ‘‘ Phoinix,”” which was originally the name for “purple colour:’’ later on the name was given to the Date | 9 to) i. , i c ; ‘Palm on account of the colour of the dates, which is somewhat between yellow and purple ved.) i | | j ! | H | Maro bast, Nat. Palm. 11. 257, 320, t. 120, 124, 136, 164.—Gaertn. Peel t+ 9 lam. Til. ¢. 898.—Roxb. Corom. Pl. I. t. 74; III. t., 12 348 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, Hook. Gen, Pl. I1f, I., 921, 80.—Trim. Journ. of Bot. 1885, Xai No. 273, p. 266. Tall trees or low shrubs, the entire stem or the upper portion only closely covered by the more or less rhomboid bases of the petioles ; stems occasionally branched. ‘The first leaf of the seed- ling, and sometimes the first leaf of root-suckers is lanceolate, entire. Leaves pinnate; leaflets entire, linear, folded longitudi- nally and attached obliquely with their folded base to the common woody petiole, the lowest pinnee usually transformed into spines ; no midrib, but a-slender nerve on either side of the fold; nerves longitudinal, parallel, stout and slender, the slender nerves often obscure; transverse velnlets present, but usually only visible under the microscope in thin sections, cut parallel with the surface of the leaf. In the majority of species the leaflets in the lower portion of the petiole stand in fascicles of 4 or 6, 2 or 3 on each side of the petiole, while the upper leaflets are usually alternate or opposite ; common petiole semiterete or flat, often widening at the base into a sheath, which frequently expands into a mass of tough, reticulate fibres. Flowers dicecious, small, yellowish, coriaceous, sessile on the bends of long, glabrous, undulating spikelets, usually supported by | or 2 minute, subulate, or triangular bracts, the female flowers often approximate in pairs. he spikelets are inserted in horizontal or oblique lines on both sides of a flat, woody peduncle. Male flowers: Sepals 3, connate in a cupular 3-toothed calyx. Petals 3, obliquely ovate, valvate. Stamens 6; filaments short, subulate ; anthers erect, dorsifixed ; pistillode minute or absent. Female flowers: Sepals 5, connate in a globose, accre- scent calyx. Petals 3, rounded, imbricate, staminodes 6, free or connate in a 6-toothed cup. Carpels 3, free; ovules erect; stigmas sessile, hooked. Peduncle often lengthening after flower- ing. Fruit a single, oblong, l-seeded berry, with a terminal stigma, a fleshy pericarp, and a membranous endocarp ; seed oblong, ventral- ly grooved ; albumen uniform or subruminate ; embryo small. Species about 12.—Africa, Asia. 273.—Griff. Palms Brit. Ind. 186 t. 128A, 129A, B.—Jacq. Fragm. t. 24.— Kunth Enum, Pl, [1f. 254,—Miq. FI. Ind. Bat, III. 62.—T. Anders. Journ, Lin. Soc. XI. 13.—Drude Bot. Zeitg. 1877, 688, t. vi. fig. 27-33.—Benth. & THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 349 Sir Joseph Hooker calls his attempt at diagnosing the Indian species of Pheeniw tentative and says that it awaits much further knowledge of the living plants before it can be accepted as trust- worthy. ‘The same applies to the African species whose classifica- tion and distribution is still subject to discussion in spite of the investigations of Schweinfurth, Beccari, Engler, and Drude.! CULTIVATION IN HuRopE.—AlIl the species are stove or green- house palms; they are readily raised from imported seeds, sown in sandy soil, in a mild hotbed. When the seedlings have reached a sufficient size, they are potted off singly into small pots with the same kind of soil in which the seeds were sown. Later on, good turfy loam will be better. In the South of France, many of the species are largely grown in the open air, to supply the demand for well grown specimens for the decoration of apartments in Paris and other places. ‘The method adopted is this: ‘‘ The plants are taken up, the soil shaken from the roots, the palms packed in bundles, and forwarded to Paris, where each one is firmly placed in as small a pot as possible; they are then plunged in a mild hotbed in a warm house which is kept shaded and syringed until new roots have formed, when shading is gradually removed, and the plants hardened off. - By these means, much better specimens are more rapidly and cheaply obtained than would be possible under a system of pot-culture from the seedling stage onwards.” (Nich. Dict. of Gard.) * Those who wish to get an insight into the difficulties of the Phoenix-question are referred to the following authors :— Martius, Historia Naturalis Palmarum, vol. III. Jacquin, Fragmenta botanica 1809, p. 27. Kirk, On the Palms of Hastern Tropical Africa, in the Journal of the Linn. Soc., London IX (1865). Schweinfurth, Im Herzen von Africa. Beceari, Mitteilungen iiber die Colonia Eritrea, in ‘“‘ Verhandl. Ges. fiir Erdkunde” (1892), p. 847. Engler, Hochgebirgsflora des tropischen Africa in Berliner Akad., Physik. Abt. II, 153. Becearri, Malesia, vol. III. 345ff. Drude, Die Palmenflora des tropischen Africa in Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. vol. XXI (1895). Drude. Palme (echte Palmen) in Nat. Pflanzenf. II. 3. 350 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. * Indigenous species. PHENLIX SYLVESTRIS, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 73; Fl. Ind. II. 787; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. II]. 276 (excl. syn. Linn. et Kempf.) 326, t. 156. Kunth Enum. III. 255; Wall. Cat. 8602; Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 350; Palms Brit. Ind. 141, t. 228, A; Brandis For. Fl. 554; Ind. Trees 645; Kurz For. Fl. Il. 585; Bece. Males. IIL. 347, 364, 4% 43, f. 3; Hook. FI. Brit. Ind. VI. 425; Cooke, Fl. Bomb. Pres. II. 801.— Elate sylvestris, L. Spec. Pl. 1189 (partim).—Aatu Pindel, Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XV. 86.—Rheede Hort. Mal. III. t. 22, 25. Names.— Wild Date Palm, Date-sugar Palm; Sendhi, Kejur, Khajur, Khaji, Salma, Thalma, Thakil, (Hind.); Kajar, Kejur, (Beng.); Whejuri, (Uriya); WKhajur, (Kol.); Khijur, (Santal) ; Sindi, (Gond); Khajur, Khaji, (Panj.); Seindi, (Berar); Sendi, Khajura, Khajuri, (Bomb.); Boichand, Sendri, Shindi (Mar.) ; Kharak, (Guz.); Sandoleska-nar, (Dec.); Itchumpannay, Peria- itcham, [tcham-nar, Itham pannay, (L’am.); Ita, Pedda-ita, Ita- nara, Ishan-chedi, (Vel.); Ichal, Kullu, Ichalu mara, (Kan.); Khuryjuri, Kharjura, Madhukshir, (Sais. ). Description.— 4 : i Z : eo ! ome . rh 4 > : : q = i. an all " oi ; : : fnee = j j ‘ : ‘ : 4 : ¢ , Fe ae we ee f P eas ‘ a a fh 7 : © 21% ca “Yn ae i ‘ Mig om m: =, q * pr Sage S nS > . rs shies ae . Sa THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 585 diagonally, that is more South and West, than the Fantail does South and East and also to migrate further South as abody. Thus at no period of its stay in India is the Fantail altogether absent from the Northern portion of its range but in December and _ January hardly a Pintail is to be found in the extreme North-East of India, nearly all the birds having gone further South by that time. In February they recommence working North, and by March have again deposed the Fantail from its position of numerical superiority in North-Hastern India. The Pintail is as nocturnal in its habits as are other snipe and like the latter normally migrates, by night, but a curious instance of diurnal migration has been reported to me by Mr. hb. W. Middleton. He writes:—‘‘On September 8th I went out in the morning to see ifthe snipe were in and shot six and put up over thirty, so, in the afternoon, about 5 o'clock I again went out, thinking I was going to have a merry time but I only saw three and of those two rose straight up and joined a whisp of eight or ten which were crossing over at the time. I only found two more and then sat down to watch, and whilst so doing actually saw five rise and join flights of others which were passing over. I saw fully ten small lots came into view and make across the Hills in a South-Westerly direction. Next morning I went down early and trudged for an hour without putting up a bird, but I must have seen several hundred crossing overhead, one lot alone numbering fifty tosixty birds. The day was a bright sunny one and exceptionally hot.” Mr. Middleton’s letter was written from Gauhati, and the Hills, he refers to, are the Khasia Hills. It is interesting to note how he remarks on these snipe working from one hill range to another instead of down the valley in which he was shooting. The Pintail Snipe differs a good deal from the Fantail in its habits and will often be found in situations never frequented by the latter except when driven there by heat or by being over shot. Very favourite haunts of the Pintail in Assam are the wide waste lands, of sun grass worn down by village buffalos to an average height of some 18 inches, here and there the land being almost bare, whilst in patches elsewhere the grass may be three or four feet high. 586 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. During the rains water, often to a considerable depth, covers these spaces, but by October and November they are practically dry, and even in the rains there are nearly always portions which are a little above water level. The Pintail Snipe shelter and feed in these grass lands, keeping almost entirely to the drier portions though, if the right kind of food is present, they also frequent the wet patches and the marshy bits which are dotted about over the whole of its area. Hume remarks on the feeding grounds of the Fantail and Pintail as follows:—‘“‘ Both the Pintail and Fantail affect cover and moist ground so that where both these luxuries exist, you will continually flush both species at the same spot; but the diffe- rence between them is that, while the Pintail, if unable to get both his requirements, will stick to grass and such like cover, even if there be little perceptible moisture in the ground, the common snipe in such case will stick to the wet ground even if there be little perceptible cover there. The consequence is that whilst you often get both birds in precisely the same ground, you will often find the Pintail apparently quite at home in dry grass land, stubbles and scrub jungle where the common snipe would never, except accidentally, occur, and again you will find the Fantail on almost bare mud banks of rivers and tanks, where it is the rarest thing in the world to meet a Pintail.” Personally I do not think that cover is so great a necessity to the Pintail as Hume would suggest; the fact is that a great part of this bird’s food consists of tiny shells, insects and other objects found for the most part on dry land and not in water or mud; accordingly the bird frequents dry quite as frequently as wet land, naturally preferring to get cover as well when that is possible. Mr. H. A. Hole found snipe (undoubtedly the Pintail) feeding in absolutely bare ploughed fields in Cachar. I have myself shot them in Dibrugarh in mustard fields, from which the crops had been cut, and every year numerous birds are shot in the race course of that place on practically bare, but wet, grass land, the grass being but an inch or two high. In Bengal, the most common resort of both Pintail and Fantail is paddy cultivation and shallow bheel land which is covered with vegetation of some kind, but whereas the Fantail never leaves this THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 587 under ordinary circumstances the Pintail will also often be found on adjoining dry grass lands and even in jungle. Snipe-shooting is much the same whether one is after Fantail or Pintail and in Bengal in nine cases out of ten one covers the same country in pursuit of either or both. Hume seems to have had unfortunate experiences in Bengal, for he writes :—‘‘In one single spot in the Meerut District, on the Boorka Ganga, in the neighbourhood of Hastinapur, to my cer- tain knowledge, over 700 couple of common snipe were bagged during December 1850 by different parties who visited the place . . . - 1 have never heard of any one place in Bengal, Burma or Southern India where anything like this bag of Pintail could have been made by any number of guns. ” This statement of Hume’s is, of course, very far wide of the mark ; in Bengal there are many such places, in Assam a few and in Burma and Orissa others. In the Sundarbands of Barisal, Khulna and Jessore there are | many wide sketches of mingled bheel and rice cultivation where a party of seven guns would have to shoot very badly in order to miss getting 700 couple in ten days’ shooting. In the famous Kanchra- para jheels in the eighties and nineties 100 couple of snipe to one eun has often been exceeded in a day’s shooting and this country was so well stocked that it stood shooting day after day. I well remember shooting there once in 1883 with three other guns. We unfortunately missed an overnight train and in consequence arrived late, so that when we got to our ground we found that the two best beats were already taken. In spite of this, our bag that day was 170 couple, whilst the other parties of shooters, who came into the station as we were waiting for our return train back to Nadia, shewed sticks as follows; the first party of three guns 180 couple, the next party of two guns something over 100 couple and a third party of four very bad shots, 48 couple. Here was a bag of something over 500 couple for one day and I believe one might have gone on shooting at the same rate for many days. I do not think it is any exaggeration to say that in the season Kanchrapara must furnish over 1,000 couple of snipe month after month. 6 588 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Shooting in Nadia in 1883 when I was stationed in that district 40 to 80 couple was not considered a heavy morning’s bag for a couple of guns; in Hooghly the same and in some of the rice fields quite close to the station bags of 75 to 125 couple to two guns was almost a common occurrence. Indeed in any of the good snipe districts of Bengal one does not call anything under 50 couple to one gun a good bag for a whole day’s shooting. In Orissa, | know of several bags of 100 couple to one gun obtained in places which could have held several guns for several consecutive days. Thus Mr. H. Cornish, to whom I have already referred, is credited with beating 100 couple twice in a week on the same ground near Cuttack. . Mr. H. Reily is said to have shot over 100 couple to his own gun in the same district and in Burma also over 100 couple has been obtained more than once. Shooting grounds such as these would furnish far more than 700 couple of snipe in a month unless the powder was of a very curious quality. In some of the big Sylhet swamps bags of over 100 couple of snipe to parties of three or four guns are sometimes made, but there are few grounds which would give four guns five hundred couple in 20 days’ shooting. Cachar and the Assam Valley are even less productive of sport ; in the former bags of 50 couple to a single gun are unusual and in the latter though, one comes across birds almost in thousands on rare occasions when they are migrating, the shooting is so difficult that big bags are exceptional; at such times also the birds them- selves are on the move so that where one day the sportsman cannot shoot and load fast enough the next day he may not be able to scrape together five couple in five times that number of shots. On one occasion I happened to be duck-shooting in North Lakhimpur in the extreme East of Assam when an enormous flight of snipe came in, both Pintail and Fantail. The day previous, we had been duck-shooting over the three principal bheels of that, part of this district, perhaps putting up some 20 or so birds in the course of a 12 hours’ shoot but after their arrival we could hardly move 20 yards without putting up one or more of them. That THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, — 589 evening shooting round the skirts of the bheel two guns picked up 42 couple and found the birds so numerous that we decided to devote the following day to them alone. The ground we were to shoot over had once been high forest land which had sunk until it formed a swamp in which there were some three or four feet of water all the year round. The trees had, of course, all died but the stumps of many of the harder grained ones were still standing, white and bleached and looking like the ghosts of their former selves. In the centre of these swamps shooting on foot was impossible as the water was still too deep, but all over the more shallow parts grew a dense mass of floating weeds a couple of feet thick and quite firm enough to walk on with care. There were three guns to take the field on this occasion, viz, myself, a second who was an average but eareful shot, and a third, who could be called nothing but a rank bad one. Before we got into the swamp itself we picked up a couple of teal and two snipe out of pools at the edge and as soon as we got on the weeds away went snipe in every direction. At first, the shooting was easy, the weeds firm and the water shallow and our first dozen or so shots collected 8 birds but after this we got into deeper stuff and the shooting got worse and worse. The birds still swarmed on all sides but they were rather wild and the weeds, though strong enough to hold us as long as we moved, gave way when we stood, so that our ‘fore leg,’ on which the weight was, sunk as we fired. Sometimes we sank slowly and fired after a fashion, sometimes we sank with a sudden disconcert- ing splash, it might be a couple of feet or it might be four and sometimes it was even more than this. It was very exhausting work and after a couple of hours, having the fortune to get on a small island, we called a halt and looked at the bag. CC, the bad shot, had fired 42 shots and had not a feather to show. Y, the cautious man, had had 30 shots to 12 dead birds, and I myself, shooting at everything within range, got 18 birds in 65 cartridges. After a short rest we tramped on once more but C, after loosing off another 40 cartridges or so and bag- ging one bird fell into a buffalo wallow up to his neck, and on 590 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. being extracted from this he struck work and cleared off. Y and I persevered after we had lunched but with no better results until we struck a piece of good walking and here Y collected 5 birds in 7 shots and I was so fortunate as to get 8 consecutive birds. Then we got into deep stuff again and the average kills per cartridge again dropped. lHventually after the most exhausting day’s shooting | have ever had we struck work at about 4 p. m. and totted up our bags. C had, before ceasing, fired 83 shots for one bird, Y, who had picked his shots all day, had got 44 birds in exactly 100 cartridges, and I had managed to collect 68 snipe in 204 shots, but of these 68, two I had shot before we started work- ing the deep water and 8 I had got without amiss on a clean piece of walking so that really I had expended 194 cartridges in killing 56 snipe. It was no question of want of birds or of bad shooting as far as Y or myself were concerned, it was just the difficult walking and perhaps, to some extent, the attendant exhaustion. Hach step one took, one was sinking more or less slowly the whole time with the consequence that the gunner was twice in every three shots under his birds. The following day we abandoned the deep water altogether and Y and I worked round the edges and the across shallow stretches linking one swamp with another. In this way although we did not put up one-tenth the number of birds we had on the previous day we managed between us to pick up over 50 couple in under 200 cartridges. The supposed differences between the Fantail and the Pintail in the matter of flight and voice have been much discussed, but I am ashamed to say that, to this day, I cannot tell one from the other when on the wing, nor could I ever, with any certainty, say what the bird was from its cry. Other sportsmen and field naturalists, however, seem to find no difficulty in discriminating between them. Hume gives his own opinion as follows: ‘I individually am certain, that all conditions being identical, the flight of the Pintail is more laboured, and more direct, and less zigzaggy than that of the Fantail. ”’ ‘As to the notes of the two birds, I am at a loss to understand how any one can assert that they are identical.” At this point THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 591 Hume.stops and. forgets to tell us how to say what cry belongs to which bird. Some of his correspondents try to show in what they considered the difference exists. Stuart says: ‘It rises with a sharp loud ery unlike the ordinary snipe, and its flight is heavier.” Parker says that the Pintail has a more laboured flight than the Fantail. i Brooke also thinks that the cry is different and the flight rather slower and not so zig zag. On the other hand we have observers like Baldwin, Scully and Butler, all declaring that they can find no difference in voice or flight between the two birds. That some men can tell the difference is a fact as I found out one day at the cost of one rupee per bird. | was shooting with a friend who called out as a bird dropped “ Hallo, that’s a Pintail.” It was so right enough, but my sceptical nature made me think it was a fluke his guessing correctly and Itold him so. ‘Thereupon he bet me a rupee a bird that he would name the next ten birds he should kill, and this he proceeded to do perfectly correctly and named as they fell, 6 Fantail and 4 Pintail. This sportsman, however, said that the voices were identical, but that the Fantail got up verti- cally and then cleared off whilst there was a perceptible pause as it changed direction ; the Pintail, on the other hand, rose on a slant and kept going. He had never noticed any difference in their “vig zagging as Hume calls it. What is the best weapon for snipe? A difficult question to answer, and to every sportsman the answer would not be the same. Hume, we see, advises a 20 or 24-bore with a dram of powder, but this necessitates the man behind the gun being a brilliant shot and also the snipe being comparatively domestic in their habits. For a long day’s shoot there is no doubt that the lighter the gun carried, the less tired the shooter will get and the less his shooting will deteriorate by the end of the day. There are few men, how- ever, who are not strong enough to use a 16-bore throughout the longest day; personally, though I rejoice in but one arm, I find a 16-bore perfectly manageable at the end of the hardest day’s tramp; and though I used a 20-bore one season I dropped it because | could not shoot straight enough with it, and also found 592 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. that when snipe were wild it did not kill the birds hit, the range of the weapon being insufficient. The probable answer to the question is let each sportsman find out what suits him best, and when he has found out stick to the weapon as long as he can. If he starts with no bias for any spe- cial bore, let him commence his shooting with a 16-bore, and he will probably eventually find this light enough to carry, yet giving a sufficiently good pattern and with enough penetration to satisfy all his wants. I would not, however, ever advise a youngster to start with a 20-bore, much less with a 24. On the table the Pintail does perhaps often rank as inferior to the Fantail. At their best the two birds are undistinguishable, but after a drought and when shot in scrub, the Pintail is often comparatively dry eating, a result which might be expected from the diet on which he has been living. The bill of the Pintail snipe is not nearly so sensitive as that of the Fantail, and accordingly, we find him feeding far more on comparatively dry ground, boring less in the ground and indulging more on whatever he can get above it. A very large proportion of his diet consists of tiny snails and similar “shell fish’ which are to be found in and about the roots of grass, etc., on damp ground, or else climbing up the blades to some height. But besides these and the worms, caterpillars and other soft items of food, all of which are also eaten by the Fantail as opportunity arises, the Pintail will eat grasshoppers, small beetles, and other equally hard substances, and I have shot birds in dry scrub with the stomachs full of a small kind of flying ant. Nidification.—Very little is known about the nidification of the Pintail Snipe, though very recently Dresser has obtained its eggs through Russian collectors. Seebohm visited its breeding grounds when they commenced to arrive in the first week of June, but he appears to have left before they begun to nest. Prjevalsky gives a good account of its breeding on the Ussuri, though he calls it G. heterocerea. He says :—‘“ In the latter half of April the birds choose their nesting localities in the thinly over- grown marshes, and their peculiar courting commences. Rising THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 593 into the air similar to our G. scolopacina, and describing large circles above the spot where the female is sitting, it suddenly dashes downwards with great noise (which is most likely produced by the tail feathers, like that made by our species and somewhat resembles the noise of a broken rocket). As the bird approaches the ground, the noise increases until it has got within a hundred yards, when it suddenly stops the sound and quietly flies on, utter- ing a note sounding something like tiric, tiric, tiric. Courtship lasts until the middle of June and is mostly heard or seen in the morn- ings and evenings, but occasionally in the day-time and even at night in the clear weather.” I was fortunate enough to take an undoubtedly authentic nest of this snipe on the 21st June 1890 at Guilang in the North Cachar Hills. Some Nagas brought mea pair of snipe, which they had trapped in a wide ditch surrounding a deserted Stockade, and ona search being made in the banks of this ditch a nest with four eges was discovered. The two birds appeared to be quite sound in every way, but it is almost certain that one of them must have received some injury which prevented it migrating to its usual nesting ground though it had left the plains with the intention of going there. The bottom of the ditch in which the nest was placed contained a little water, but the banks were only slightly moist and spongy and where the nest was placed in amongst the roots of long grass, it was quite dry. The nest was a circular pad of fine roots and grass- es with a depression in the centre of about half an inch. It was curiously well and compactly put together, though there was no attempt to weave or intertwist together the articles of which it was composed. The eggs, which were fresh, were four in number and averaged 1-48" x 1-12". The ground colour is a very pale, but rather right yellow stone, and the markings consist of very bold blotches and spots with one or two long scriggly lines of deep vandyke brown. These are nearly all confined to the larger third of each egg, only a few spots and specks being present in the smaller two-thirds. The underlying marks consist of blotches of purplish grey scattered about the egg in the same proportion as the primary markings. 594 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. The texture is fine and close and there is a fair gloss; the shape is the usual broad peg-top of all snipe’s eggs. Mr. H. A. Hole wrote me in 1890-1892 that he was sure that a certain number of snipe bred every year in the plains of Cachar, and that he had frequently put up snipe in the newly ploughed fields in June, July and August. In 1890 and the following year he failed to obtain any eggs, but on the 14th June 1902, he got, amongst a great number of painted snipe’s eggs, a clutch of three and a single egg which are undoubtedly true snipe’s eggs and almost equally, certainly, those of the Pintail. In both these cases the nests were found on the bands or banks bordering rice fields and were placed at the water’s edge in dense grass and weeds. ‘The rice fields in this part of Cachar are very small and consist of the low ground running between and around the small broken hills at the foot of the higher ranges. They are, as usual, divided by narrow banks of a foot or two in height, but in country of this character the borders of the field and the banks themselves are always much overgrown with grass, weeds and small bushes. All four of these eggs are of the same type as those described above, merely differing in having a somewhat greener ground colour and the markings rather less heavy and more evenly distributed. They average 1-58" x 1-11". I have also an oviduct egg in my possession which was taken from a female Pintail in the early part of August 1889, shot by some one in Cachar on the bheel surrounding the Rifle Range. The bird was dissected and the egg sent me by the late Col. Evans, I. M.S., at that time attached to the Regiment stationed in Silchar. This ege differs from all others I have seen in being very dull in colour and curiously brown in general hue. The markings are like those in the Silchar ones, but have the distribution reversed, i.e., they are principally confined to the smaller instead of the larger end g 3 The underlying spots are also unusually dark, and are of a purplish brown. The egg measures 1°55" x 1:14". JouRN. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc, PLATE C. TAILS OF SNIPE. Swrinwoe's Snipe (G. megala). Note 20 tail feathers, outer 12 attenuated. PINTAIL SNIPE (G. stenura). Note 26 tail feathers, outer 16 much attenuated. FanTAaIL Snipe (G. ceelestis). Note 14 tail feathers, none attenuated, Woop Snipe (G. nemoricola). Note 18 tail feathers, outer ones narrow. EHastTERN SoLITaRY SNIPE (G. solitaria). Note 18 tail feathers, outer 6 narrow. Jack SNIPE (G. gallinula). Note 12 tail feathers. DOE oo bo fi THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 595 Another oviduct egg was also once obtained in Cachar from a Pintail snipe. I think this was in August 1887 or 1888, but am not sure of the date and the shell being still soft, the egg was not preserved. GALLINAGO MEGALA. Swinhoe’s Snipe, Gallinago megala.—Swinhoe, Iho., 1861; Legge, B. of C., p- 817; Oates, Game Birds, ii, p. 475; Sharpe, B. M. Cat., xxiv, p- 624; id., Hand-list, Vol. i, p. 165. Dresser, Bulletin, B. O. U., No. clvi. Indian Field, 8th October, Sth, 12th and 16th November 1903. Scolopax megala.—Seebohm, Geogr., Dist. Charadr., p. 479. Description.—Adult male.—-Swinhoe’s snipe is in colouration undistinguishable from the Pintail Snipe, but can always be identi- fied by an examination of the tail. This in Swinhoe’s snipe contains only 20 tail feathers, whereas the Pintail Snipe normally has 26 tail feathers and practically never less than 22. Hven, however, when the tail is imperfect discrimination is easy for whereas the outer tail feathers of the Pintail are hardly broader than a pin those of Swinhoe’s snipe are never under 2". Again the Pintail has 8 or 10 of the central feathers non-attenuated whereas Swinhoe’s has only the 6 central ones showing no attenuation. “ Bill light yellowish brown for the basal two-thirds, yellower on the base of the upper mandible, blackish brown on the apical third ; feet light yellowish grey, with blackish brown claws ; iris dark umber-brown”’ (Swinhoe). “Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 2°3", wing 5:4", tail 2°15", tursus 1-35"'”’ (Sharpe). Two adults in the Calcutta Museum from Foochow have wings of 5:42" and 5-45", respectively. Adult female.—Similar to the male, but rather larger, “legs and feet pale bluish grey, nails black’? (A. H. Everett). A bird sent me from the Shan States has the legs rather bright yellowish grey. The wing measures 5:64" and the skin is almost certainly that of a female. a 596 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. “Total length 10°5 inches, culmen 2°6", wing 5°6", tail 2°15", tursus 1:35 ''”’ (Sharpe). * Young Birds.—As with G. stenwra so with the present species, the young birds appear to be distinguishable by their more uniform dark brown throat and chest; the stripes on the sides of the brown are also black and not mottled with rufous” (Sharpe). Normally Swinhoe’s Snipe is a bigger bird than is the Pintail, but the difference in size is not sufficiently marked to make it a factor of any use for the purposes of identification. Thus a specimen of the former in the Calcutta Museum, probably a young bird, has the wing only 5:08", whereas the Pintail often has the wing up to 5°59", Iistribution.—Gallinago megala breeds in Eastern Siberia and Northern China, migrating South in winter to Southern China, the Philippines, Borneo and the Malaccas. It is possible also that it breeds in Japan, though Alan Owston tells me that he has so far never heard of its doing so. As far as known, for certain, the record of its occurrence within the limits of the present work are two only in number. A skin of a bird, already referred to, was sent me from the Shan States in December 1908, and a second was shot by me in Dibrugarh in January 1903. This snipe is essentially a far Kastern form, but there is no rea- son why it should not be found fairly constantly in Burma and also, occasionally, in Assam and the extreme Hast: of Bengal. Unfortunately casual examinations of big bags of snipe are of no use In ascertaining whether specimens of megala form a part with others, but if sportsmen will take the trouble to examine the tail of those shot really. carefully, there can be but little doubt that we shall soon obtained further ‘records of its visiting India, more specially in its extreme Hastern limits. There is practically nothing in record about this snipe, although it is common enough in its own habitat. It is only within the last two years that its nidification has become known, and even such records as these are confined to Russian works. Dresser informs me that he has received eggs from Buturlin which were taken in Hastern Siberia. (Vo be continued. ) on We) XQ ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. BY G. A. GAMMIE, F.L.S. Part XI. (Continued from page 129 of this Volume. ) We now come to the third tribe the Neottiee of which the general characters were given on p. 433 (Vol. XVI). [t consists (in Bombay) of 3 genera of small, terrestrial orchids. These may be shortly differentiated as follows :— ° Leaf single from a small underground tuber, cordate fanshaped, appearing after the scapes, which are few flowered, sepals and petals narrow, spreading, lip undivided or Sel@lOeGl.,) -u, cose ss oeeean ate oar ea enna E RN aeRe 25. Pogonia. Leaves few, alternate, roots of tuberous fibres. flowers numerous, white, small, crowded in SIONAL STORIES NG checolalb Bees ie As Been erage eared 26. Spiranthes. Leaves small, gradually passing into the bracts, flowers small, in dense racemes, dorsal sepal forming a hood with the petals. 27. Zeuxine. Stems short, densely leafy, leaves very thin and netted veined, flowers few, in short racemes, sepals united half way into a tube. 28. Cheirostylis. 25. Pogonia. Low, terrestrial, tuberous herbs, flowering before the leaves appear.. Leaf plaited, solitary, broadly cordate or orbicular. Mlowers solitary or few, nodding, near the apex of the scape rising from the tuber, sepals and petals subequal, narrow, spreading, lip adnate to the base of the column, sessile, narrow. 3-lobed, slightly saccate, column elongate, curved, clavate, stigma oblong, pollinia 2 or 4, elongate, powdery, often coherent, without caudicle or gland. Leaves purple, covered with vinous coloured hairs, veins about 15, sepals and petals dull white, lip entire, pink .........5.......- 1. P. plicata. 598 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Leaves green, glabrous, veins 7 or 9, sepals and petals greenish brown, lip 3-lobed, pink. 2. P. carinata. 1. PoGonta piicata, Lindl. ; Fl. Br. Ind., VI., p. 119; T. Cooke, Fil. of Bombay, II, p. 707. Tuber globose, 2 inch in diameter, tuberiferous suckers springing from the petiole into the soil. Leaf orbicular cordate, about 4 to 5 inches in diameter, dark brown purple on the upper surface which is densely covered with thick, stiff, vinous coloured hairs, sinus folded, under surface lurid vinous purple, also clothed with the same hairs as on upper surface, veins arched flabellate, about 15 in num- ber, raised on both surfaces, not channelled but slightly winged on lower surface. Scape slender, 3 inches long, invested with sheaths, the lower of these short, truncate, the upper elongate with a free, linear acuminate blade as long as the sheath. lowers 2 on each scape, nodding, 2 inches and over in diameter, semi-patent, brac- teoles small, very shortly sheathing, 2-or more-sected, ovary short, stout, inversely top-shaped, 6-keeled, sepals linear-oblanceolate, smoky white, tips falcate, nerves brown, petals similar but broader, lyo with entire margins, $ inch long, embracing the column, bright rose, with darker veins, a stout, white, linear callus passing through the centre to the dilated emarginate tip, where the margins are strongly recurved, column club-shaped, anther cup-shaped, rostellum obscure, stigma scarcely depressed. Flowers appear immediately on the setting in of the rains about the mid- dle of June. They survive a very few days only and are followed by the leaves which lie spread out on the ground. Distribution.—Throughout-the Western Ghats, more especially so to the southward, Bengal, Mysore and Western Peninsula generally. 2. Poconta carinaTa, Lindl.; Fl. Br. Ind., VI, p. 121; T. Cooke, Fl. of Bombay, II, p. 707 ; Dalz. and Gibs., p. 270. Tuber warted, globose, 4 inch in diameter, tuberiferous suckers springing from the petiole into the soil. Leaf 23 inches in diameter, orbicular cuspidate, deeply cordate, green and glabrous, nerves 7 to 9, brown, petiole purple, 14 inch long, flowers nodding, solitary, on scapes 3 inches long, lower bracts elongate, sheathing, upper below the flower, shorter, with an acuminate tip about 4 inch long, sepals and petals spreading, similar, ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 599 linear acuminate, greenish brown, about one inch long, lip 2 inch long, 3-lobed, side lobes yellow, oblong rounded, embracing the column, midlobe 3 inch long, ovate oblong, subobtuse, or mucronate, erenulate, pink, with a central linear white callus, ovary pink, column green, curved club shaped, anther shallow, pollinia 4, coher- ing in pairs. . Flowers appear at the beginning of the rains in June to be followed by the leaves in July. Dr. Cooke says that the flowers are numerous in each raceme of this species. I have never found more than a solitary flower, although I have cultivated many plants for years. As regards the description in every other respect, this agrees exactly with that given by Sir J. D. Hooker and T. Cooke, so that I am probably correct in looking upon it simply as a western form of P. carinata. Distribution.—Bengal and Western Peninsula, common in pastures on the Ghats. Note.—I have an incomplete description of yet a third species from the Belgaum Ghats. Although I had the plant in cultivation for some years I either missed seeing the flowers or they may have never appeared. The following is all the information I have on it at present :— Leaf orbicular cordate, sinus open, blade up to 5 inches in diameter, green, clothed with very short, stiff white hairs above, quite smooth and grey punctate beneath, vers about 18 in number, raised and slightly chan- nelled on the lower surface, impressed onthe upper. Leaves appear towards the end of June. 26. Spiranthes. Terrestrial herb, with tuberous fibrous roots. Leaves clustered near the base of the stem, shortly sheathing. lowers small, on a twisted, erect, secund, glandular pubescent spike, petals more or less connate with the dorsal sepal into a hood, lip 3-lobed, not spurred, colwmn short, cylindrical, anther erect, 2-celled, pollinia 4, united in pairs, sessile on a small gland. | 1. SPIRANTHES AUSTRALIS, Lindl.; Fl., Br. Ind., VI., p. 102; T. Cooke, Fl. of Bombay, II, p. 707 ; Dalz. and Gibs., p. 270. Whole plant 6 to 18 inches high. Leaves 4 to 5, 1 to 5 inches long, very variable, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sometimes oblanceolate, shortly sheathing. Sikes slender, 3 to 6 inches long, bracts ovate acute, exceeding the sessile ovary, flowers jo to ¢ inch long, white, sepals ovate oblong acute, petals slightly 600 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCTETY, Vol. XX, shorter, linear obtuse, more or less connate with the dorsal sepal into a hood, lip oblong, crisped, base” saccate, 2-clandular, tip dilated, retuse or apiculate, disk hairy, pollinia cohering. clavate. Flowers appear in the cold weather. Distribution.—Said by T. Cooke to be very,rare in the Bombay Pre- sidency. It has been recorded from the Konkan,{Ghats}of the Southern Mahratta Country and North Kanara by Stocks, Dalzell and Gibson. It has been found on the higher elevations of the Nilgiri Hills, and is common along the Himalayas. It also oceurs in Ceylon, Central and Northern Asia, China, Java, Australia and New Zealand. 27. Zewxine. ‘Terrestrial herbs, stems creeping below, fleshy. Leaves mem- branous, scattered. [lowers small, spicate, sepals subequal, dorsal concave, forming a hood with the petals, lateral free, petals like the dorsal sepal, lip adnate to the base’of the column, boat-shaped or saccate, terminal lobe shortly clawed or sessile, entire, 2-lobed or 2-winged, sae with 2 calli or spurs near the base within column which is very short, 2-keeled or winged in front, stigmas 2, lateral, distant, anther membranous, its cells contiguous, pollinia pear-shaped, attached by an oblong gland to the erect rostellum. Leaves linear, sessile, lip hammer headed... 1. Z. sulcata. Leaves ovate petiolate, lip with a deep 2- lobed obovate, wedge-shaped midlobe ... 2. Z. longilabris. 1. ZeEuXINE sutcata, Lindl.; Fl. Br. Ind., VI, p. 106; T. Cooke, Fl. of Bombay, IT, p. 708. Plant 2 to 12 inches high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, linear acuminate, erect, sessile on the sheaths, gradually passing into the linear bracts upwards. /acemes.4 to 2 inches long, densely flower- ed, sepals unequal, white, dorsal 4 inch long, concave, ovate obtuse, lateral smaller, obliquely ovate-oblong subobtuse, petals white, slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal, falcately oblong obtuse, forming a hood over the column with the dorsal sepal, lip yellow, equalling the sepals, boat-shaped, contracted into a short pubescent claw bearing a hammer-headed terminal lobe, colwmn short, with 2 wings at its apex covering the anther, pollinia clavate, sessile on an oblong gland. Flowers during the cold season. ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 601 Distribution.—The commonest ground orchid in India, more especially in damp localities, found throughout the whole country and extending into Ceylon, Java, China, Japan and Philippines. 2. ZEUXINE LONGILABRIS, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind., VI, p. 107; 1. Vooke, Fl. of Bombay, LT, p. 709; Monochilus longilabre, Lindl.; Dalz. and Gibs., p. 271. Plant slender, about 6 to 10 inches high. Leaves few, distant, 1 to 14 inch long, shortly stalked, ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, base rounded. Scape 4 to 10 inches long, slender, pubescent, with 2 or 3 distant lanceolate sheaths, jlowers few, on a glandular pubescent rachis, bracts about equalling the pubescent ovary, sepals + inch long, pubescent, green, oblong obtuse, petals white, } inch long, lip $ inch long, with a claw which is saccate at the base, sac with 2 spurs within, terminal lobe obovate cuneate, deeply 2-lobed, lobes toothed on the outer margin, anther beaked, pollinia pear- shaped, adnate for about two-thirds of their length to the linear appendage of the small gland. Distribution.—Seems to be rare in the Bombay Presidency. It has been recorded from the Konkan by Law and Stocks. It occurs in Bengal, Assam, Western Peninsula and Ceylon. 28. Chetrostylis. Terrestrial herb, whole plant translucent when dry, lower part, of stems succulent. Leaves membranous. Flowers few, small, subcorymbose, sepals connate into a gibbous tube in their lower half, petals narrow, shorter than the sepals. Jp inserted at the base of the column, the sac with enclosed calli, limb shortly clawed, broadly dilated, entire, toothed or crenate ; colwimn short, with two long fleshy appendages in front, rostellwim 2-clett, stigmas 2, lateral, anther erect, its cells short, pollinia 2, bipartite, caudicle short, gland oblong. 1. CHEIROSTYLIS FLABELLATA, Wight.; Fl. Br. Ind., VI, p. 105 W’. Cooke, Fl. of Bombay, II, p. 709; Dalz. and Gibs., p. 271. Plant 4: to 10 inches high, stem sometimes moniliform below. Leaves very thin, about | inch long, ovate acute, 3-nerved and reticulately veined, base rounded or subcordate, sheaths loose, of a glossy texture, petioles about 4 inch long. Scape 6 to 8 inches long, glandular pubescent, bracts 4 to 4 inch long. Flowers 2 to 10, 602 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. white, glandular pubescent, sepals 4 inch long, united half way into a ventricose tube, the lobes ovate oblong, petals with exserted tips, falcately linear oblong, lp 4 inch long, with a short saccate claw which has two enclosed calli, base hairy, limb broad, spreading, sub-orbicularly 2-lobed, lobes sub-5-fid, column very short, appen- dages and arms of the rostelium subspathulate, anther with a dilated membranous tip, pollinia 2, pear-shaped, subsessile on the elongate lanceolate gland. Flowers appear from March to May. Distribution.—Belgaum and North Kanara Ghats, Western Peninsula, Ceylon, Kastern Himalaya, Burma. (To be continued. ) i ng 7 se bY, os vT/. X “ 1e Fegill ? : et a ma e401) ah : ee, | orn ¥ Sia i * oe ‘ ; ei ( . or k ; ie . eke es i : i ’ 5 cata % x oS, . ‘ He z i me : 4 A $ : i - ; ‘ i * y t f ‘ % y F ine 2 ee eo . < ms f } * A : of ie a z Sin i - f é ‘ ; ‘ , ‘ j. ; e eA GE x i - “ i ot o , F 3 * Set 1 ‘ae eae form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle or shortly stalked ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 169la. TricnestTRA sERRATA, Hmpsn., A. M. N. H. (8) iv., p. 372 (1909). _ Antenne of male strongly ‘serrate. 6. Head and thorax reddish-brown mixed with white and some black; palpi and frons blackish; tibiz and tarsi blackish ringed with white; ab- domen dark-brown mixed with white, whitish at sides towards base. Fore- wing rufous mixed with grey and irrorated with black, the terminal area greyer, the veins slightly streaked with white ; subbasal line double, black, from costa to vein 1; antemedial line double filled in with whitish, oblique, waved ; claviform moderate, defined by black; orbicular white defined by black, small, rounded; reniform with white annulus defined by black, somewhat angled inwards on median nervure ; postmedial line black, bent outwards below costa, then dentate and with white and black points be- yond it on the veins, incurved below vein 4, some white points beyond it on costa; subterminal line white, excurved below vein 7 and at middle; @ terminal series of black strixs with white points between them. Hindwing white tinged with brown especially on apical area; an indistinct dark dis- coidal point and curved postmedial line; a terminal series of black strise § oh THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 635 cilia with a blackish line through them; the underside white, the costal area irrorated with rufous and blackish, a blackish discoidal spot, somewhat dentate postmedial line and terminal series of lunules. Haiitat.—Kasumir, Erp. 26 mill. Genus Euusa. Type. Elusa, Wik., xvi, 202 (1858) .. ft wi .. ceneusalrs. Alimala, W\k., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vi., p. 153 (1862).. ceneusalis. Seria, W1k., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vi., p. 193 (1862) .. cyathicornis. Penza, Wik., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vii., p. 56 (1864) .. puncticeps. Lugana, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 145 (1882) a .. antennata. Desana, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. i1., p. 26 (1900) .. peninsulata. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to or to above vertex of head and moderately scaled, the 3rd moderate or long, somewhat porrect ; frons smooth; eyes hairy, large, round ; thorax clothed with hair and scales mixed, the pro- and meta-thorax with spreading crests; tibize fringed with long hair ; abdomen with dorsal crests on basal segments, the crests on 3rd segment large. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and not crenulate, the inner margin with scale-tooth at tornus; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form a long areole; 11 from cell. Hind- wing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of dis- cocellulars ; 6°7 shortly stalked ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Sect. 1.—Antenn:ze of male with the basal half of shaft bipectinate with short coalesced contorted branches, the medial part of shaft with rounded vesicle formed of coalesced branches and hollowed out in front, the terminal third of shaft pectinate above minutely serrate near the vesicle below ; the hind tibiz dilated and fringed with long hair behind. B (Seria). Palpi of male with the 2nd jomt reaching to about vertex of head. a. Forewing with straight whitish subterminal line defined by small dark spots on inner side. a’. Forewing with the terminal half pale, the basal half blackish. oe te Be ON .. antennata. b*. Forewing uniform brown ee : .. eyathicornis. 6b. Forewing with subterminal series of smell whitish spots with dark spots on their inner side .. ee Gtparss 1852. ELusa ANTENNATA. 1851. ELusa CYATHICORNIS. 1850. Enusa BIPARS. 1682c. MIsELIA CONSPERSA. 686 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, Noctua nana, Rott. Nat., ix., p. 132 (1776); nec. Hiifn. Staud. Cat. Lep. Pal., p. 162. Noctua conspersa, Schiff. Wein. Verz., p. 71 (1776); Esp. Schmett. iv., pl. 119, f. 5; Hiibn. Eur. Schmett. Noct., f. 52 ; Dup. Lép. Fr. vi., p. 354, pl. 95, f. 1. Bombyx annulata, Fabr. Spec. Ins ii., p. 204 (1781). Dianthecia ochrea, Gregson, Ent. Rec. i1., p. 306 (1891). Dianthecia dealbata, Staud. Iris. v., p. 365 (1892). Dianthecia hethlandica, Staud. Iris. v., p. 366 (1892). Euplexia niveifera, Hmpsn., J. Bomb. Soc. xvii., p. 469 (1906). Head and thorax white with black markings ; tegule and patagia edged with black, the former with black medial line; tarsi rmged with white ; abdomen pale-brown. Forewing olive grey suffused in parts with black, and with white patches tinged in parts with yellow; a basal white patch on costa traversed by the double waved, subbasal line from costa to sub- median fold ; a double waved antemedial line traversing a white patch on inner margin; claviform defined by black with a bidentate white patch be- yond it on base of vein 2 extending into the cell on outer side of the orbicular which is round, white defined by black and with some white marks above it on costa ; reniform white defined by black and with olive centre; postmedial line double, lunulate, filled in with white towards costa and inner margin, bent outwards below costa, slightly mcurved at discal fold, incurved below vein 4, some white points beyond it on costa and a white patch on inner area ; subterminal line white defined on inner side by some dentate black marks at middle, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle, the area beyond it more or less suffused with white and with a white apical patch ; a terminal series of small black lunules ; cilia chequered fuscous and white. Hindwing fuscous brown, the interspaces rather paler towards base; cilia white at tips; the underside greyish thickly irrorated - with fuscous, a discoidal spot and curved postmedial and subterminal bands. ab. 1. ochrea, Forewing with the markings ochreous instead of white. ab, 2. hethlandica. Forewing much darker, often almost uniform fuscous, the cilia without white. Shetland Islands. ab. 3, dealbata. Forewing with the white markings reduced, the apical patch absent. Armenia, W. Turkistan, E. Siberia. ab. 4, niveifera. Forewing with the ante and post medial areas golden olive without white on inner margin. Punjab. Hahitat.—Kurope; Armenia ; Asta Minor ; W. Turxistan; W. Sripenia; Moncoria; Tiset; HE. Srperia; Punsap, Simla. Zvp. 36 mill. Larva. Meyr. Brit. Lep. p. 77; Barrett, Lep., Brit., iv., p. 252, pl. 164. Pale-brownish ochreous ; dorsal line pale, traversing a series of dark V- shaped marks; two pale brownish lateral lines; spiracular line whitish ; oa THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 637 spiracles pink; head pale-brownish with four dark streaks. Food plants: seed capsules of Lychnis and Stlene 7-9. 1698a. MuiseLia 1nLoBa, Butl., A.M.N.H. (5)i., p. 162 (1878) ; id .IIl. Het. B. M. iii, pl. 44, £.7; Staud Cat. Lep. Pal, p. 157; Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Pal B. M. Vi, p. Lol: Graphiphora pacifica, Butl., A. M. N. H. (5) i., p. 165 (1878) ; id. Ill. Het. B.M. ii., pl. 30, f. 2. Mamestra dechinans, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 250; id. Rom. Mém. vi., p. 427, -pl. 8, f. 2. Head and thorax cupreous red; abdomen greyish tinged with rufous. Forewing cupreous red with some darker red-brown suffusion on costal area to postmedial line and in and below cell; subbasal line represented by a slight striga from costa; antemedial line indistinctly double, oblique, waved ; claviform an ill-defined brown mark; orbicular and reniform with grey annuli defined by brown, the former rather oblique elliptical, open above, the latter slightly angled inwards on median nervure ; an indistinct curved medial line; postmedial line fine, slightly bent outwards below costa, then waved, excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; subterminal line indistinct, greyish defined on inner side by red-brown, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle; cilia brown with a fine whitish line at base. Hindwing white, the costal and terminal areas tinged with brown; a small discoidal spot; a fine brown terminal line; cilia whitish; the underside white, the costal area suffused with brown, a small discoidal spot, slight curved postmedial line on costal area and faint curved subterminal line. Habitat. EK. Siperia, Ussuri; Japan; Corea; C. Cuina, Kikiuang ; Assam, Khasis. zp. 44 mill. 1710. MoniMa RUBIDA. Genus PIMPRANA. Type. Pimprana, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 41 (1882) hs . .ateimsont. Proboscis fully developed; palpi obliquely upturned, fringed with long hair in front, the 3rd joint short; frons with trincate conical prominence with raised edges ; eyes rather small, round ; antenne of male ciliated ; head and thorax clothed with long hair only and without crests; tibiz fringed with long hair on outer side; abdomen with some rough hair on dorsum and lateral fringes of hair, but without crests. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and not crenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars; 6:7 from upper angle ; § anastomosing with the cell near base only. 12 638 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. 1576. PIMPRANA ATCINSONI. Sub-family CucuLLianz. Proboscis usually well developed, sometimes aborted or absent; palpi usually short, upturned or porrect, the 3rd joint sometimes long and dilated at extremity, in -Yantholeuca rostriform; frons sometimes with rounded prominence with corneous plate below it, or with corneous processes of various forms; eyes naked, overhung by more or less developed bristly cilia from their margins, the eyes usually large and round, sometimes small and reniform; antenne usually ciliated, sometimes serrate or pectinated, more rarely laminate or almost simple; head and thorax clothed with hair and scales when there are usually crests on the pro- and meta-thorax or a ridge-like dorsal crest, or clothed with hair only, the tegule sometimes produced dorsally into a ridge, or in Cucuwllia and allied genera produced behind into a more or less developed hood over the thorax; tibize without spines, the fore tibia sometimes with terminal claws; the proximal joints of fore tarsi sometimes with a series of curved claw-like spines; abdomen usually with a series of dorsal crests or one crest at base. Wings usually, rather broad, but often long and narrow, the termen rounded or crenulate, rarely slightly angled at middle; forewing with vein la weak, not anastomosing with 16, lc absent; 2 from middle of cell; 3 and 5 from near lower angle; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell; hindwing with veins 1 aand6 present, le absent ; 3, 4 from lower angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from or from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle or shortly stalked; 8 arising free, then bent downwards and touching the cell, then again diverging. In Thecophora the male has a very large boat-shaped fovea in disc of hindwing the extremity of subcostal nervure being dilated and played on by the spines of the elongate Ist joint of hind tarsus, the tibia being shortened. The imagos mostly appear in the autumn or spring, sometimes hybernating. Larva smooth, the warts with one hair, all the prolegs present, the 12th somite with more or less developed dorsal hump, in Cuculha artemisie there are subdorsal series of double hump-like warts. The larva of Cucullia and allies are usually bright coloured, feeding exposed on plants. Key to the Genera. A, Tegule more or less strongly produced behind into a hood 2: ot a ai Sp Cucullia. B. Tegule not produced behind into a hood. a. Frons with trincate corneous prominence with raised edges and trilobate process from lower edema: 4. He ae .. Metalopha. 6. Frons smooth. a’. Proboscis aborted, non-functional. a, Thorax clothed with hair and hair-like scales. Leucochlena. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. b?, Thorax clothed with hair only b. Proboscis fully developed. a’, Tegule produced into a more or less prominent dorsal ridge. a. Palpi with the 3rd joint long and dilated at extremity. a’, Abdomen with dorsal series of crests, not flattened si a: 6*. Abdomen flattened, without dorsal series of crests 6°, Palpi with the 3rd joint sneer a’, Abdomen dorsally flattened 6*, Abdomen not dorsally flattened 6?. Tegule not produced into a dorsal ridge. a’, Abdomen with dorsal crests on basal seg- ments. a’, Thorax clothed with hair and scales mixed. a. Kyes rather small b°. Hyes large. a®, Thorax clothed chiefly with scales. a’. Thorax quadrately scaled 6’. Thorax not quadrately scaled. a, Thorax with divided ridge- like crest be 6°. Pro- and meta-thorax with spreading crests. : 6°. Thorax clothed with cen aoe late scales and hair e®°, Thorax clothed with hair a a few scales mixed 6*, Thorax clothed with hair and eens scales. a. Palpi with the 3rd joint very long, dilated at extremity and porrect.. 6°, Palpi with the 3rd joint short. a®, Thorax with divided crest ; forewing with the termen crenulate 6°. Thorax with spreading crest; fore- wing with the termen not crenu- late. : ; ae 6°. Abdomen with soeaie crest at Baus only. a’, Thorax clothed chiefly with scales 639 Cteipolia. Euscotia. Elvesia. Amathes. Dichonia. Nyctycia. Daseuplevia. Pachypolia. Eumichtis. Valeria. Antitype. Sydiva. Rhizotype. Bombyecia. Bryotype. 640 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. 6*, Thorax clothed with hair with a few scales mixed, and without distinct crests .. Bryonuma. ce’, Thorax clothed ah, hair aad heretics seales and with spreading crests on pro and meta-thorax ais Blepharidia. d*, Thorax clothed with hair only an without distinct crests .. .. Dimya. e°. Abdomen without dorsal crests. a*, Hyes small, reniform its .. Hypsophila. 6*. Hyes large, rounded oe .. Cosmia. Genus CUCULLIA. Type. Cucullia, Schrank, Fauna Boica ii., (2) p. 157 (1802) .. artemisie. Euderea, Hiibn, Verz., p, 245 (1827) .. an ... asteris. Eucalimia, Hiibn. Verz., p. 245 (1827) Ae .. gnaphalir. Callenia, Hiibn. Verz., p. 246 (1827) . mi .. umbratica, Argyritis, Hiibn. Verz., p. 247 (1827)... aR . artemisia, Rancora, Smith, Ent. News., ili, p. 253 (1892) ; id. reaad : Am, Ent. Soc., xxi., p. 82 CUS) o. oe .. strigata. Tribonophora, Hiibn. Tent. ined. a i .. umbratied. A, Forewing without distinct dark facia on middle of inner margin, a, Forewing with ‘the orbicular and reniform more or less distinctly defined. . Forewing with the postmedial line angled out- wards at vein 5, then almost straight, oblique. albipennis. 6‘, Forewing with the postmedial line irregular towards inner margin .. one .. ngrifascia. 6. Forewing with the orbicular and reniform alate obsolete .. aon is oe .. pullata. B. Forewing with distinct dark’ fascia on middle of inner margin. a, Forewing with the orbicular and reniform more or less distinctly defined. a. Forewing with the orbicular elliptical .. elongata, 6’, Forewing with the orbicular small, round .. brevipennis. b. S Forewing with the orbicular and reniform defined by dark points. a, Hindwing nearly evenly suffused with brown .. stigmatophora. 6‘. Hindwing white, the yeins and terminal area suffused with brown an ae .. blattarie. 1809. CucULLIA ALBIPENNIS. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 641 1808. CuUCULLIA NIGRIFASCIA. 1812. CuUcULLIA PULLATA. 1807. CucuLtia ELONGATA, Butl; A. M. N. H. (5) vi., p. 67 (1880); id. Hebets Baevivarp: Ui pl lOs rt. 7. * albesceus, Moore., P. Z. S., 1881, p. 357, Staud. Cat. Lep. Pal., p. 215. 5 atkinsoni, Moore., Lep. Atk., p. 131 (1882). Pe postera, Staud. Rom. Mém. vi., p. 524 (1892). Habitat.—_W. Stperis; E. Stperia; Trper; KasHmin; Punsas; SIKHIM. 1810. CuUCcULLIA BREVIPENNIS. 1811. CuUcULLIA STIGMATOPHORA. 1811 a. CUCULLIA BLATTARIZ. Noctua blattarie. Esp. Schmett. iv., pl. 154, f. 4 (1786); Frr. Brrit., pl. 81. Herr. Schaff. Eur. Schmett. Noct., pp. 202-3. Staud. Cat. Lep. Pal., p. 215. Cucullia canine. Ramb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1883., p. 19, pl. 1, f. 5; Dup. Lép. Fr. Suppl. 1i., p. 415, pl. 37, f. 2. - scrophularwvora Guen. Noet. ii, p. 1380 (1852). Head and thorax whitish tinged with rufous; palpi, two bars on frons and back of head dark rufous ; tegulee with blackish line near base, traces of a medial line and dark rufous tips; patagia with some black scales towards upper edge which is dark rufous; thorax dorsally blackish; mid and hind tibiz with black pomts at their extremities; abdomen whitish tinged with red-brown, the crests dark. Forewing grey-white, more or less suffused with rufous, leaving the inner half paler; the costal area darker; subbasal line represented by an oblique striga from costa; ante- medial line double below submedian fold, angled strongly outwards in the interspaces and inwards on the veins, above inner margin angled out- wards to the postmedial line, its outer part forming a black streak; orbicular and reniform defined by some black points; postmedial line obsolescent, except below vein 2, where it forms a whitish lunule defined on each side by brown lines, and with a smaller lunule below it above inner margin; some whitish points on costa towards apex; an oblique series of slight rufous streaks between vein 6 and apex, and another series from termen below apex to vein 4, a prominent oblique streak below vein 2 with slight white and brown streaks below it; cilia blackish at base, grey at tips and intersected with white. Hindwing white tinged with brown, the veins and terminal area suffused with brown, in female mostly suffused with brown; cilia whitish with a brown line through them; the underside with slight discoidal lunule. Hatitat.—Eyrore; ARMENIA; Asta Minor Syria; Kasumirn. Lup. 44-52 mill. Larva.—Kirby, Butt. and Moths, Eur. p. 255. 642 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Citron-yellow above with black spots often conjoined into the form of a cross; sides grey dotted with black; head brown orred. Foodplants, the flowers and seeds of different species of Scrophularia 6-7. Genus METALOPHA. Type. Metalopha, Staud. Iris. iv., p. 313 (1891) wi .. lturate Proboscis fully developed; palpi obliquely upturned, fringed with rough hair in front, the third joint short; frons with large corneous prominence with raised edges, its lower edges produced to a trilobate process; eyes large, round; antennze of male simple, laminate; head and thorax clothed with rough hair, the vertex of head with large crest, the pro- and meta- thorax with double crests; pectus and tibize clothed with long hair; abdomen with some rough hair at base and lateral fringes of hair, but without crests. Forewing with the apex somewhat produced, the termen obliquely curved; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:'4 from angle of cell; 5 rather strong from below middle of discocellulars; 6°7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 2015. MrrALOPHA CASHMIRENSIS. Genus LEUCOCHLEANA. Type. Leucochlena, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. vi., p. 132 (1906).. haspeda. Proboscis minute; palpi porrect to just beyond frontal tuft and fringed with long hair below; frons smooth; eyes large, rounded; antennz of male bipectinated with long branches to apex; head and thorax clothed with hair and hairlike scales, the pro- and meta-thorax with spreading crests; pectus and legs clothed with long hair; abdomen with some rough hair at base and lateral fringes of hair, but without crests. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen obliquely curved and somewhat erenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing -with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocel- lulars ; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 1708. LrvucocHLHNA LEUCOCERA. Genus BompBycta. Type. Bombycia, Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii., p. 57 (1829). nec. Hiibn. Tent. ined. .. ne ak - .. viminalis. Cleoceris, Boisd. Ind. Meth. p. 93 (1840) ws .. viminalis. Hyada, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 129 (1881) .. és; . grisea. Sect. (Hyada). Antenns of male with fascides of extremely long cilia. 1799. BompBycia GRISEA. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 643 Genus Huscortia. 1806. Euscor1a INEXTRICATA. Genus DicHOoNIA. Type. Dichonia, Hibn. Verz., p. 217 (1827)... x .. areola. Xylocampa, Guen. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1837, p. 227 areola. Proboscis fully developed; palpi with the 2nd joint ashore, clothed with long hair, the 3rd porrect; frons smooth, with large frontal tuft; eyes large, rounded; antennz of male typically nearly simple; head and thorax chiefly clothed with scales, the tegule dorsally produced to a ridge, the head, pro- and meta-thorax with spreading crests; pectus and tibiz clothed with long hair; abdomen with dorsal series of crests and lateral fringes of hair. Forewing rather narrow, the termen obliquely curved; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Sect. I.—Antennee of male ciliated. A, Forewing with the terminal area blackish. . .. bubmea. &. Forewing with the terminal area concolorous. a. Forewing with bidentate white mark beyond the claviform and black streak from it to post- medial line : ay : .. obliquisigna. 6. Forewing without Bidontate white oe beyond the claviform, or black streak from it to post- medial line eee Bye as .. Chlorota. 1778. DicHonta LUBRICA. 1789a. DIcHONIA OBLIQUISIGNA. 17896. DicHon1ta cHtorora, Hmpsn., A. M. N. H. (8), iv, p. 386 (1909). 6. Head and thorax grey-white mixed with brown and some black ; palpi and antennze blackish; tarsi blackish with slight pale rings; abdomen grey suffused with brown, the crest on 3rd segment tipped with black. Forewing grey-white suffused with brown and irrorated with black, the medial area somewhat darker; subbasal line black, waved, from costa to vein 1; antemedial line black, oblique, sinuous, angled outwards above inner margin, the area before it pale tinged with olive green; claviform whitish defined by black except above; orbicular and reniform with whitish annuli defined by black, the former round ; postmedial line black, bent out- wards below costa, then dentate, excurved to vein 4, then oblique, some white points beyond it on costa with slight dark streaks between them ; subterminal line represented by a series of dentate brownish marks with 644 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. © dentale pale olive green marks beyond them on termen; cilia brown with a series of whitish points at base. Hindwing greyish suffused with brown; an indistinct dark postmedial line ; cilia with a series of whitish points at base; the underside grey-white irrorated with brown, a diffused brown discoidal spot and postmedial line. Habitat.—Kasumir. rp. 36 mill. Genus Nycrtycia. Type. Nyctycia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal., B. M. vi., p. 299 (1906) .. perstmilis. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect to just beyond frontal tuft and fringed with long hair below; frons smooth; eyes rather small and some- what reniform ; antennz of male minutely serrate with fascicles of long cilia ; head and thorax smoothly clothed chiefly with scales, the pro- and meta- thorax with spreading crests ; pectus and legs clothed with rather long hair; abdomen with dorsal crests on basal segments. Forewing rather long and narrow, the termen obliquely curved and somewhat crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell Hindwing with veins 3:4 shortly — stalked ; 5 obsolescent from just below angle of discocellulars; 6:7 shortly stalked ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Sect. I.—Palpi with the 3rd joint long and dilated at extremity. 1707a. Nycrycia PLAGIOGRAMMA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal., B. M., vi, p. 299 (1906). 6. Head and thorax reddish brown mixed with fuscous ; palpi blackish at sides; frons with black bar; antennz blackish ; tegulz with black medial shade ; tarsi black with pale rings; abdomen ochreous brown suffused with ~ fuscous except anal tuft and base of ventral surface. Forewing ochreous brown irrorated with fuscous; a sinuous black streak below base of cell; subbasal line represented by a black point on costa; antemedial line double ~ at costa, then single, oblique to submedian fold, then obsolete; claviform fuscous defined by black and confluent with lower edge of orbicular, which has a slight greyish annulus defined by black, somewhat oblique elliptical ; reniform slightly defined by black, an irregular sinuous medial line ; post- medial line bent outwards below costa, then somewhat dentate and produced to short streaks on the veins, excurved to vein 4, oblique to ~ submedian fold, then bent outwards, some pale points beyond it on costa ; subterminal line greyish slightly defined on each side by black, minutely waved, slightly excurved at vein 7 and middle, with black streaks beyond it in the interspaces; a fine waved terminal line; cilia with fine pale line at base. Hindwing yellowish brown tinged with fuscous, the termen rather darker ; cilia brownish ochreous with a dark line through them; the under- side whitish irrorated with brown, a black discoidal lunule and indistinet sinuous postmedial line. THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 645 Habitat.—PounsaB, Simla. vp. 28 mill. Sect. I.—Palpi with the 3rd joint short. 1707. NycrycIa PERSIMILIS. Genus DaAsEUPLEXIA. Type. Daseuplecia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal., B. M. vi., p. 303 (1906). .lagenifera Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint fringed with long hair in front, the 3rd porrect; frons smooth, with tuft of scales on it and another between antenne ; eyes large, rounded; thorax clothed almost entirely with scales and quadrately scaled, the prothorax with divided crest, the metathorax with spreading crest; abdomen with dorsal series of crests on basal segments and with laterai fringes of hair on terminal segments. Forewing with the apex somewhat produced, the termen crenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with the termen sinuous; veins 3'4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below angle of disco- cellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Sect. I.—Antennz of male bipectinate with long branches, the apex simple. 1761. DaASEUPLEXIA LAGENIFORMIS. Sect. I7.—Antennie of male minutely serrate and fasciculate. 1740. DaASEUPLEXIA LAGENIFERA. Genus PacHYPoLia. Type. Pachypohia, Grote, 6th Rep. Peab. Acad. Sci., p. 27 (1874)... atricornis. Proboscis fully developed; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint fringed with hair in front, the 3rd short ; frons smooth; eyes large, rounded ; antennze of male typically bipectinated with rather long branches, the apex simple ; head and thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the thorax with divided dorsal ridge-lke crest; pectus and legs clothed with long hair; abdomen with dorsal crests on basalsegments. Forewing rather narrow, the termen obliquely curved; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle or shortly stalked; 8 anasto- mosing with the cell near base only. Sect. I7.—Antenne of male ciliated. 1761a. PacHYPoLIA HIMALAYENSIS, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal., B. M. vi., p. 312 (1906). 3. Head and tegule ochreous tinged with rufous; sides of palpi and frons blackish; tegule with black medial line; thorax deep rufous, the dorsal crest tipped with ochreous; pectus clothed with purplish pink and 13 646 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. brown hairs, the tarsi ringed black and pinkish ochreous; abdomen fuscous mixed with rufous and with slight greyish segmental lines, the anal tuft pale rufous. Forewing ochreous almost wholly suffused with purplish red-brown, the terminal area with fuscous, the veins with slight dark streaks ; subbasal line represented by two slight striz from costa ; antemedial line double filled in with ochreous, angled outwards below costa then excurved to veinl, where it is slightly angled inwards; claviform large, defined by black; orbicular with brown centre and ochreous annulus defined by black, oblique elliptical; reniform with fuscous centre and ochreous annulus defined by black on inner side only, somewhat constricted at middle and with its lower extremity dentate; a slight medial line; postmedial line double filled in with ochreous, bent outwards below costa, then minutely dentate, excurved to vein 4, then incurved to lower edge of reniform, some brown and ochreous strie beyond it on costa, a black streak from it to termen above vein 4; subterminal line ochreous defined by rufous on inner side forming somewhat dentate marks at middle, very slightly angled outwards at vein7 and dent- ate at veins 4°3, with black streaks from it to termen above veins 5 and 2; a terminal series of black points; cilia fuscous brown with fine pale line at base followed by a slight dark line. Hindwing greyish nearly uniformly suffused and irrorated with brown; a fine dark terminal line; cilia och- reous with a black line through them; the underside whitish irrorated with brown, strongly on costal area, a black discoidal lunule and sinuous post- medial line. Habitat.—Sixuim. zp. 38 mill. Genus KuMICHTIS. Type. Eumichtis, Hibn. Verz., p. 211 (1827).. Ay: Be lichenea. Crino., Hiibn. Verz., p. 216 (1827) af ae Ms sommer. spun: Dup. Cat. Meth., p. 141 (1844) my ; lichenea. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd caine fringed with hair, the 38rd typically short; frons smooth; eyes large, rounded; antenns of male typically bipectinated with rather long branches to apex; head and thorax clothed almost entirely with scales, the pro- and meta- thorax with spreading crests; tibise fringed with long hair; abdomen with dorsal series of crests and lateral fringes of hair. Forewing rather short and broad, the termen crenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Sect. IV.—Antennee of male minutely serrate and fasciculate. A. Forewing with black streak in submedian fold between ante-and postmedial lines .. ss ie adjuncta. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 647 B. Forewing without black streak in submedial fold be- tween ante-and postmedial lines ai ay glenura. 1714. EuMICcHTIS ADJUNCTA. 2419a,. HUMICHTIS GLENURA. Sect. V.imAntennez of male with fasciculate cilia. 1780. EHUMICHTIS LEUCOSTICTA. Genus VALERIA. Type. Valeria, Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii, p. 22 (1829) .. oleagina. Synvaleria, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1890, p. 672 oh .. jaspidea. Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the Ist and 2nd joints clothed with long hair in front, the 3rd porrect, rather long and dilated at ex- tremity ; frons smooth, tufted with long hair; eyes large, rounded; an- tennee of male typically bipectinated with long branches to apex, of female with short branches; vertex of head with crest; thorax clothed with long spatulate scales and hair, the pro and metathorax with spreading crests; pectus clothed with long hair; abdomen with series of large dorsal crests and lateralfringes of hair. Forewing with the termen crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars; 6:7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Sect. IJ.—Antennz of male bipectinate with long branches, the apex serrate. 1672. VALERIA HETEROCAMPA. Sect. IJJ.—Antennz of male bipectinate with short branches, the apex serrate, of female ciliated. 1757. VALERIA vivipInIcRA, Hmpsn., Moths Ind., iv., p. 510 (1896). Euplexia icamba, WHmpsn., Moths Ind., 11, p. 222 (nec Swinh). Sect. [V.—Antennez of male minutely serrate and fasciculate. A, Forewing with the ground colour olive-green. a. Forewing with the postmedial line incurved at discal fold : a of - pardaria. 6. Forewing with the postmedial line not ineurved at discal fold of 2 . mucronata. B. Forewing ochreous white tinged with olive... .. twamba. 1761. VALERIA PARDARIA. 1754. VALERIA MUCRONATA. 1755. VaueEria 1cAMBA, Swinh. A. M. N. H. (6) xii, p. 260 (1893). Euplevia heterocampoides, Hmpsn., Moths Ind., ii, p. 221 (1894). Genus ANTITYPE. Type. Antitype, Hiibn. Verz., p. 212 (1827) .. =: ae MEIC lev: Polia. Hiibn. Tent. ined. (necTreit.) flavicineta 648 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, short, the 2nd_ joint thickly clothed with hair in front ; frons smooth; eyes large; antennz of male typically ciliated ; thorax clothed chiefly with scales or with hair and hair-like scales, the pro and metathorax with spreading crests; pectus clothed with long hair ; tibiz fringed with hair; abdomen with dor- sal crests on basal segments. Forewing with the termen crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomos- ing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Sect. IJ.—Antennze of male more or less strongly serrate and fasciculate. 1799a. ANTITYPE CALAMISTIS, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M.vi., p. 365, pl. 104, £. 28 (1906). 3. Head, thorax and abdomen pale ochreous with a few fuscous scales; sides of palpi and frons fuscous; antennze fuscous ; patagia with indistinct black line near upper edge; tarsi black rmged with ochreous. Forewing pale silky ochreous tinged in parts with fuscous and sparsely irrorated with black ; subbasal line represented by black strize from costa and cell with some black scales beyond its lower extremity ; antemedial line ill-defined. rather oblique, waved; claviform small, indistinctly defined by black ; orbicular and reniform large, pale, indistinctly defined, the former round, the latter somewhat angled inwards on median nervure and with some pale points on its edges ; traces of a medial line, oblique from costa to median nervure, then slightly waved, the area beyond it tinged with fuscous ; post- medial line bent outwards below costa, then dentate, excurved to vein 4, then ineurved; a subterminal series of slight pale points defined on inner side by small dentate black marks except towards costa, those above and below vein 5 more prominent; a terminal series of small black lunules. Hindwing ochreous suffused with fuscous ; cilia ochreous with a fuscous line through them; the underside ochreous irrorated with fuscous, a dis- coidal lunule, a waved postmedial line bent inwards to costa and incurved below vein 4, a terminal series of small lunules. Habitat.—Kasumtir, Dras. Exp. 48 mill. Genus RHIZOTYPE. Type. Rhizotype, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. vi., p. 573 (1906).. jlammea. Proboscis fully developed, palpi with the 2nd joint oblique, fringed with long hair below, the 3rd porrect ; frons smooth; eyes large, rounded ; antennze of male minutely serrate and fasciculate; head and thorax clothed with hair and hair-like scales ; vertex of head with crest; prothorax with large divided crest, metathorax with spreading crest; pectus clothed with long hair; abdomen with dorsal series of crests. Forewing with the termen crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 CS THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 649 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. A, Forewing with the ground colour bluish-grey .. .. pohorhiza. B. Forewing with the ground colour brownish-grey .. paucinotata. - 1806a. RuHIzoTYPE POLIORHIZA. 1814. RuHIzoTyPE PAUCINOTATA. Rhizogramma subdetersa, Staud Iris. vill, p. 325 (1895) ; id. Cat. Lep. Pal., p. 183. Habitat.—Tipst ; W. Cuina; KAsHMir. Genus SyDIvaA. Type. Sydiva, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 65 (1882) .. of +. .. mgrogrisea. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi with the 2nd joint obliquely upturned and fringed with hair in front, the 3rd porrect, very long and dilated at extremity ; frons smooth; eyes large, rounded ; antennz of male minutely serrate and fasciculate ; head and thorax clothed with long rough hair and hair-like scales, the vertex of head crested, the thorax without distinct crests ; pectus and tibize clothed with long hair; abdomen clothed with rough hair; a series of dorsal crests on basal segments and lateral fringes of hair. Forewing with the apex somewhat produced, the termen oblique- ly curved, crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 1765. SYDIVA NIGROGRISEA. Genus BryortyPE. . Type. Bryotype, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. vi., p. 382 (1906). .mesomelana. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi oblique, fringed with hair in front, the srd joint short; frons smooth; eyes large, rounded; head and thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the prothorax with divided crest, the meta- thorax with spreading crest; tibize fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal erest at base only. Forewing with the termen crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angie of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 shortly stalked ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Sect. I.—Antennx of male minutely serrate and fasciculate. 1781. BryorypE FLAVIPICTA. 650 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. Sect. 17.—Antennee of male ciliated. 1734a. BryoryrE MESOMELANA. Genus BRYOMIMA. Type. Bryomima, Staud. Iris. xii., p. 357 (1899) .. ae .. carducha. Proboscis fully developed; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint fringed with hair, the 8rd short; frons smooth; eyes large, rounded ; antenne of male ciliated or almost simple; head and thorax clothed with hair and a few scales mixed, without distinct crests; tibie fringed with long hair on outer side; abdomen with dorsal crest at base only. Forewing with the termen obliquely curved ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obso- lescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomo- sing with the cell near base only. Sect. J.— Antenne of male with fasciculate cilia. A, Forewing with the ante- and postmedial lines filled in with whitish .. a ce .. centralasia. B. Forewing with the ante- and postmedial lines not filled in with whitish. a. Forewing more or less tinged with ochreous .. chameleon. 6. Forewing olive-grey without ochreous tinge .. virescens. 1789. BRYOMIMA CENTRALASIZ. Polia centralasie, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit. xliii, p. 387 (1881); Alph. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross, xvii, p. 77, pl. 8, f. 54; Staud. Cat. Lep. Pal., p. 180. Heeatera transversa, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 125 (1882). » modesta, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 125 (1882). Pola asiatica, Alph. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1887, p. 169; id. Rom. Mém. v., 10 (UGG, To Gaia 17896. BRYOMIMA CHAMELEON. Polia chameleon, Alph. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1887, p. 169; id. Rom. Mem. v., p. 153, pl. 6, ff. 8.2.6. Staud. Cat. Lep. Pal., p. 180. Head and thorax grey tinged with olive-yellow and reddish brown ; tegule with slight dark medial line; patagia with bluish fuscous line near edges ; tarsi banded with fuscous; abdomen grey tinged with ochreous and brown and irrorated with fuscous. Forewing grey more or less suffused with pale-reddish ochreous and thickly irrorated with fuscous ; subbasal line represented by double black striz from costa and cell; antemedial line double, minutely waved, angled inwards on vein 1; claviform short and broad, defined by black except above; orbicular and reniform with reddish annuli defined by black, both rather open above and below and constricted at middle ; a rather diffused minutely waved medial line ; post- THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 651 medial line slightly bent outwards below costa, then dentate, below vein 4, incurved to lower edge of reniform ; a reddish subterminal line defined on inner side by small dentate blackish marks below costa and at middle, and with slight blue-grey suffusion beyond it, slightly angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal series of black points ; cilia ochreous with a fuscous line through them. Hindwing ochreous nearly uniformly suffused with fuscous; cilia ochreous with a fuscous line through them; - the underside whitish irrorated with fuscous, the costal area tinged with ochreous, a discoidal lunule, a diffused irregular postmedial line showing through to upperside, some fuscous suffusion on termen. Habitat —W. Turkistan; E. Turxistan ; Kasumir, Barra Larcha, Koksu Kiujar; Ponsas, Kulu. Exp. 48 mill. 1798. BRryoMIMA VIRESCENS. Genus BLEPHARIDIA. Type. Blepharidia, Pung. Iris. xii., p. 122 (1900) .. as .. lama. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joimt fringed with long hair in front; frons smooth; eyes large, rounded ; antennze of male typically minutely serrate and fasciculate ; head and thorax clothed with hair and hair-like scales, the pro- and metathorax with spreading crests ; tibize fringed with hair ; abdomen with dorsal crest at base only. Fore- wing with the termen crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6-7 shortly stalked ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Sect. JJJ.—Antenne of male minutely serrate and fasciculate. 1794a. BLEPHARIDIA PASPA. Trigonophora grumi, Alph. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. xxvi., p. 449 (1892) nec. p. 447 ;id. Rom. Mém. ix., p. 29, pl. 1, £.8; Staud. Cat. Lep. Pal., p, 184. Blepharidia paspa, Piing, Tris. xiii, p. 123 (1900). Head and thorax red-brown ; tarsi dark brown with pale rings ; abdomen ochreous brown. Forewing red-brown; the postmedial area brownish ochreous ; subbasal line double, waved, from costa to submedian fold, with a greyish patch beyond it above.vein 1, with black streak below it above Inner margin; antemedial line double filled in with greyish, oblique, slightly waved, bent inwards to inner margin; claviform small, defined by black ; orbicular and reniform small, with brown centres and whitish annuli defined by black, the former oblique, rather oblong, the latter narrow, open above and below; an indistinct medial line, oblique from costa to lower angle of cell; postmedial line indistinctly double, filled in with ochreous, bent outwards below costa, then minutely waved, very oblique below vein 4, some whitish points beyond it on costa ; subterminal line whitish, defined 652 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, -on inner side by a dark patch at costa and slight somewhat dentate marks at middle, angled outwards at vein 7 and dentate at veins 4:3; a terminal series of slight dark lunules; cilia with pale rufous line at base and inter- sected with rufous. Hindwing reddish-brown tinged with fuscous; a medial dark line and indistinct diffused subterminal band; the underside greyer with small discoidal lunule. Habitat.—Tipet: Kasumir, Kiujar. “rp. 38 mill. Sect. [V.—Antenne of male ciliated. 1794. BLrPHARIDIA GRISEIRUFA. Genus Dimya. Type. Dimya, Moore, Lep. Atk, p. 121 (1882) ag J los . .sinuata, Trichoridia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Pal. B. M. vi., p. 400 (1906) . . herehatra. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joimt fringed with hair in front; frons smooth; eyes large, rounded ; antennze of male fasci- culate or ciliated ; head and thorax clothed with hair only, the vertex of head crested, the prothorax with spreading crest; pectus and legs frmged with long hair ; abdomen with dorsal crest at base only and lateral fringes of hair. Forewing with the apex rather produced and acute, the termen crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Sect. I. (Dimya).—Antennee of male fasciculate. 1797. DIMYA SINUATA. Sect. II. (Trichoridia).—Antenne of male ciliated. A. Forewing with the orbicular and uniform confluent with a pale mark on median nervure .. .. junctura. B. Forewing with the orbicular and uniform separate. a. Forewing with the postmedial line not dentate. endroma. b. Forewing with the postmedial line dentate. a Forewing without yellow or white lunules on subterminal line. a Forewing without white marks on reniform. a Forewing rufous .. nd .. dentata. 6° Forewing deep purplish grey.......... canosparsd. 6° Forewing with white lunule onreniform .. albaluna. ce Forewing with white annulus to reniform. cuprescens. 6’ Forewing with white lunules on subterminal line ay vis es .. sechimensis. ce’ Forewing with yellow lunules on subterminal line bs Ae aM .. herchatra. 1796. Dimya suNcTURA. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 653 1790. Dimya ENDROMA. 1791. Dimya DENTATA. 1788. DimMya CANOSPARSA. 1788 a. Dimya ALBILUNA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Pal. B. M. vi, p. 404, pl. 105, f. 24 (1906). 2. Head and thorax dark-brown mixed with ochreous and a few white hairs; pectus with ochreous hairs; tarsi ringed with yellow; abdomen grey- brown with the anal tuft fulvous. Forewing dark brown irrorated with blue-white scales except on medial area where the costal area and veins only are irrorated; subbasal line represented by slight blackish marks below costa and cell; antemedial line double, the inner line indistinct; angled outwards below costa, excurved from cell to inner margin; claviform moderate, defined by black; orbicularirrorated with blue-white and defined by black, round; reniform defined by blackish and with ochreous white lunule on its outer edge; an indistinct waved medial line; postmedial line bent outwards below costa, then dentate, excurved to vein 4, then incurved some white points beyond it on costa; subterminal line yellow-brown defined on each side by diffused black and with brown mark on its inner side below vein 7, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle; a terminal series of small black lunules; cilia black mixed with ochreous and with slight black line through them. Hindwing ochreous brown with slight discoidal spot, sinuous postmedial line, and diffused sub-terminal band; cilia ochreous with a diffused black line, near base; the underside brownish ochreous irrorated with brown, the terminal area suffused with brown, a small discoidal spot and rather diffused postmedial line excurved at median nervures, then incurved. Hatitat.—Sixuim Tiset, Yatung. “vp. 38 mill. 1788). Dimya cupResceNS, Hmpsn., Cat., Lep. Pal. B. M. vi, p. 405, pl. 105, £. 25 (1906). @. Head and thorax rufous; abdomen ochreous tinged with rufous. Forewing cupreous brown slightly suffused with purplish grey especially on basal and postmedial areas; subbasal line represented by a slight grey striga from costa; antemedial line indistinctly double, filled in with grey waved, rather oblique; claviform absent; orbicular very faint with greyish centre defined by cupreous brown, small, round, reniform a narrow lunule with white annulus; postmedial line indistinctly double filled in with grey, bent outwards below costa, then dentate, oblique below vein 4; subterminal line only represented by the contrast between the greyish and cupreous areas ; some whitish irroration on termen at extremity of veins. Hindwing ochreous-white suffused with cupreous brown, the terminal area rather darker; cilia rufous, paler at tips; the underside greyish irrorated with brown, the costal area tinged with ochreous, a slight discoidal lunule, sinuous postmedial line, and faint subterminal line. 14 654 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Habitat.—Sixuim Tipet, Yatung. Evp. 34 mill. 1787. Dimya sICHIMENSIS. ‘ 1786. DiIMya HERCHATRA. Genus HypsopHiza. Type. Hypsophila, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1888, p.40 ............ Jugorum. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned to vertex of head and fringed with very long hair in front; frons smooth; eyes small, reniform; antennze of male with fascicles of very long cilia; head and thorax clothed with long woolley hair only and without crests; pectus and leg clothed with woolley hair; abdomen clothed with woolley hair and without crests. Fore- wing triangular, the termen obliquely curved; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars; 6:7 shortly stalked ; 8 anastomos- ing with the cell near base only. 17996. HypsopHILa JUGORUM. Heliothis jugorum, Yrsch. Fedtsch. Reise, p. 48, pl. 3, f. 46 (1874); Staud. Cat. Lep. pal, p. 219. Hypsophila haberhaueri, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1882, p. 50. a pamra, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 42. 6. Head, thorax and abdomen clothed with greenish grey hair shghtly tinged with rufous. Forewing greenish grey tinged with pale reddish brown and with slight dark irroration; antemedial line reddish brown, diffused, somewhat sinuous, oblique from costa to submedian fold where it is slightly angled outwards; orbicular very small, round, with slight grey annulus; reniform a fuscous lunule; postmedial line brown, very minutely dentate, oblique from costa to vein 6, excurved to vein 4, then obliquely incurved; subterminal line only defined by brown suffusion on inner side, its outer edge somewhat dentate and incurved at discal fold and below vein 3; a fine terminal dark line. Hindwing white, the basal and inner areas suffused with brown; a large blackish oblique oblong discoidal spot; terminal area black brown, its inner edge angled outwards at discal fold, then incurved to discoidal spot; cilia white. Underside of both wings whitish with. the terminal area broadly fuscous leaving some whitish at apex of forewing beyond a dark bar from costa; both wings with large oblong black discoidal spot. Ab. 1. haberhaueri—Forewing with the ante-and post- medial lines defined by brown on medial area, approximated below the cell and conjoined into a brown band. Ab. 2. pamira.—Forewing more uniform red-brown, the ante- and post- medial lines more approximated below submedian fold; hindwing with the THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 655 basal and inner areas more suffused with brown, leaving the discoidal spot on a white patch. Ab. 3. Hindwing with the inner edge of terminal band less incurved at middle and well separated from the discoidal spot. Ab. 4. Forewing with the medial area suffused with red-brown; hind- wing with the discoidal spot forming a narrow lunule well separated from the inner edge of terminal band which is excurved, not angled, at discal fold. Habitat —W. Turxiestan; E. Turxinstan; Kasumir, Deosai’Plains, Gourais Valley, Shoroda. vp. 24-30 mill. Genus CTEIPOLIA. Type. Cteipolia, Staud Iris. ix, p. 191 (1896) .. os a sacelli. Proboscis aborted, minute; palpi porrect to just beyond frons and fringed with very long hair below; frons smooth; eyes small, elliptical; antenne of male with very long cilia; head, thorax and abdomen clothed with long rough hair and without crests. Forewing very narrow, the termen obliquely eurved; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3°4 typically strongly stalked; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocel- lulars ; 6:7 strongly stalked; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Sect. 17.—Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell. 1799c. CrErPpoLia acropHita, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Pal. B. M. vi., p. 421 (1906). Head, thorax and abdomen brownish fuscous mixed with grey. Fore- wing grey suffused and irrorated with brownish fuscous; an indistinct diffused blackish subbasal line; antemedial line rather indistinct and diffused, excurved below costa and in submedian interspace; orbicular and reniform represented by small whitish spots indistinctly defined by diffused black and almost or quite conjoined; postmedial line defined by grey on outer side, bent outwards below costa, then minutely dentate, incurved below | vein 4; subterminal line defined by fuscous suffusion on inner side, excurved below costa and at middle; the costa towards apex with series of black and grey points; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing semi-hyaline _ grey suffused with fuscous brown; the underside with small discoidal spot. Habitat.—Kasumir, Kardong, 14,000’, Hunza. Exp. 24-28 mill. Genus HLveEsta. 1597. ELveEsiIa DIPLOSTIGMA. Genus AMATHES. Type. Amathes, Hiibn. Verz., p. 222 (1827) .. ee a litura. Agrochola, Hiibn. Verz., p. 229 (1827). oe bs pistacina. 656 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, Type. Rusina, Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii, p. 111 (1829)... cwrcellaris, Anchoscelis, Guen. Aun. Soc. Ent. Fr. viii, p. 485 (1839) .. nitida. Dyschorista, Led. Noct. Eur., p. 143 (1857) 4 tas mers. Spudea, Snell, Vlind. Ned., p. 289 (1872) - a rutreilla, Heteromorpha, Failla. Ted. Nat. Sicil. x., p. 30 (1890) nec- Kirby Col. 1825 .. Bic Taguse. Proboscis fully developed ; cai apanole Soe fringed with long hair in front, the 3rd joint short; frons smooth; eyes large, rounded; antennze of male typically ciliated; head and thorax clothed with hair only, the tegule produced to a dorsal ridge, the pro- and metathorax without distinct crests ; abdomen dorsally flattened, with lateral fringes of hair and some rough hair at base, but without crests. Forewing with the termen evenly curved ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6-7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Sect. III. (Amathes).—Antenne of male ciliated. 1597a. AmatTHEs pHa@osoMA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. vi., p. 488, pl. 107, f. 5. (1906). 9.Head and thorax palebrownish ochreous; abdomen fuscous brown, darker above. Forewing palebrownish ochreous with slight dark irrora- tion ; traces of a waved subbasal line from costa to submedian fold ; ante- medial line very indistinct, oblique, waved; orbicular with faint brown outline, round; reniform with slight whitish annulus faintly defined by brown, constricted at middle and with its lower part filled in with pale fuscous; traces of a diffused medial line, oblique from costa to lower angle of cell, then inwardly oblique and sinuous ; postmedial line almost obsolete, bent outwards below costa, then dentate and produced to a series of dark points on the veins, oblique below vein 4; the postmedial area rather darker ; subterminal line indistinct, pale, defined on inner side by diffused dentate dark marks, slightly angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle; — a series of black points just before termen connected by a slight waved terminal line; cilia pale at base, mixed with fuscous at tips. Hindwing fuscous brown, the costal area whitish; cilia whitish tinged with brown; the underside whitish slightly irrorated with brown ; a discoidal point and sinuous postmedial line with diffused spot at discal fold. Habitat.—PounsaB, Kulu, Sultanpur. £zp. 36 mill. Genus CosMIA. Cosmia, Ochs. Schmett. Kur. iv, p. 84 (1816) non descr.; Treit. Type. Schmett. Hur. v (1), p. 379 (1825) 2, .. fulvago. Ochria, Hiibn. Verz., p. 233 (1827) dic a5 .. aurago. THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 657 Type. Cirrhia, Hibn. Verz., p. 234 (1827) se i .. citrago. Citria, Hiibn. Verz., p. 234 (1827) a Ae .. fulvago, Mellinia, Hiibn. Verz., p. 234 (1827) a sit .. palleago. Xanthia, Hibn. Tent.ined 4 .. fulvago. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi sbifemells apnea the 2nd joint fringed with hair in front, the 38rd moderate ; frons smooth; eyes large, rounded; antennz of male minutely serrate and fasciculate or ciliated; head and thorax clothed with hair only, the prothorax with ridge-like crest; abdo- men with some rough hair at base and lateral fringes of hair but without erests. Forewing with the apex produced and acute, the termen excurv- ed at middle, then oblique; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from -eell. Hindwing with veins 3-4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 shortly stalked or from angle; 8 anastomo- sing with cell near base only. Sect. II (Cosmia).—Antennee of male ciliated. A. Forewing with the postmedial line double. a. Forewing with the postmedial line minutely den- tate ae a : ah .. gilvago. 6. Forewing with the se Saentcaial line not dentate.. rectzlineata. &B. Forewing with the postmedial line single. a. Forewing with the postmedial line angled out- wards below costa and excurved at middle. @*. Forewing with the ground colour yellow. a’ Forewing without two white spots on lower extremity of reniform ate .. melonina. 6° Forewing with two white spots on lower ex- tremity of reniform .. . .. adistigmata. 6‘ Forewing with the ground colour ochreous suffus- ed with reddish and irrorated with brown.. albosignata. 6. Forewing with the postmedial line excurved from costa to vein 6, then oblique Ae .. approximata. 1595. CosMia GILVAGoO. 1596. CosMIA RECTILINEATA. 1593. CosMIA MELONINA. | 1593a. Cogmra DISTIGMATA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vi., p. 509, pl. 107, £. 19 (1906). Q. Head and thorax orange-yellow largely mixed with red; tegulz edged with brown behind; abdomen reddish ochreous dorsally suffused _with brown. Forewing orange-yellow suffused and irrorated with red, the veins brown;a curved red subbasal line from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial line excurved below costa, bent inwards in cell, angled outwards 658 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. in submedian fold, inwards on vein 1, then excurved to inner margin; claviform defined by red at extremity only, very large ; orbicular and reniform yellow defined by red and with some red in centres, the former round, the latter with two small white spots at its lowerextremity beyond lower angle of cell ; an indistinct dark medial shade, oblique from costa to reniform, in- wardly oblique below the cell, postmedial line brown, bent outwards below costa, then minutely dentate, excurved to vein 4, then oblique, a diffused oblique fuscous bar beyond it from costa to discal fold, with slight yellow points at costa ; subterminal line red defined by yellow on outer side, dentate, slightly angled outwards at vein7 and excurved at middle; a fine waved brown terminal line; cilia yellow intersected by brown at the veins and with a diffused brown line through them. Hindwing yellow suffused with brown, leaving the costal area, a patch in end of cell, and the termen and cilia yellow ; the underside pale yellow, the costal area tinged and irrorated with red, the inner half tinged with brown, an indistinct sinuous post- medial line. Habitat.—Puounsas, Kulu, Sultanpur. Erp. 44 mill. 1592. CosMIA ALBOSIGNATA. 1592a. CosmIa apPpRoxiMaATA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vi., p. 511, pl. 107, £. 22 (1906). Head and thorax rufous; pectus clothed with whitish hair; abdomen ochreous dorsally suffused with brown. Forewing rufous with very slight darker irroration, the veins brown ; subbasal line rufous, slightly curved, from costa to submedial fold, the antemedial line rising from costa just beyond it, very oblique, slightly excurved below costa and above imner margin ; claviform large, faintly defined by rufous, orbicular and reniform large, defined by rufous, the former oblique elliptical; a rufous medial shade, oblique below costa and joining the antemedial line at immer margin; postmedial line excurved below costa, then oblique, very slightly incurved below vein 3; the postmedial area slightly suffused with brown ; subtermi- and excurved at nal line dentate, slightly angled outwards at vein 7 middle; a fine waved terminal line ; cilia with a fine brown line through them. Hindwing pale yellow, the inner area suffused with brown; a faint slightly curved postmedial line and traces of a diffused subterminal band; the underside with the costal area slightly tinged with rufous, a discoidal point and slight sinuous postmedial line. Habitat. Kasumir, Dugi Pass, Jalauri Pass, Dana. Zp. 36 mill. Sub-family AcronycTINz. Proboscis usually fully developed, often aborted or absent; palpi usually short, upturned or porrect, the 3rd joint sometimes long and dilated at extremity; frons sometimes with rounded prominence with corneous plate below it, or with corneous processes of various forms; a THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 659 eyes naked, without bristly cilia from their margins, the eyes usually large and round, rarely small and reniform; antennz usually ciliated, sometimes serrate or pectinated, more rarely laminated or almost simple; head and thorax clothed with hair and scales, when there are usually spreading or divided crests on the pro- and metathorax, sometimes with a flattened crest on prothorax projecting backwards, or a sharp triangular crest or dorsal ridge-like crest, or clothed with hair only, the tegulz rarely produced dorsally into a ridge, or in one or two genera produced behind into a slight hood over the thorax; tibize without spines, the fore tibize sometimes with one or more terminal claws; the proximal joints of fore tarsi in a few genera with a series of curved claw-like spines; abdomen with dorsal series of crests, one crest at base only, or without crests, the crests on medial segments sometimes very large; Wings usually rather broad and triangular, sometimes long and narrow, the termen usually evenly curved and more or less crenulate, sometimes angled at middle or excised below apex and at tornus where there is in a few genera a scale-tooth; forewing with vein la weak, not anastomos- ing with 1), le absent; 2 from middle of cell or in one or two cases from near its extremity; 3 and 5 from near lower angle, in Kuphdia vein 5 almost straight and from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6 from upper angle or from just below it ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole, or in a few genera the areole absent and either 7 or 10 from cell, vein 9 being sometimes absent; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins la and 16 present, le absent; 3°4 from lower angle of cell, rarely stalked; 5 obsolescent from or from just below middle of discocellulars; 6,7 from “upper angle or slightly stalked; 8 arising free, then bent downwards and touching the cell, then again diverging, in a few genera vein 8 anastomosing with the cell to or to beyond middle. In the genera without an areole its absence appears to have been always caused by reduction from forms which once possessed it, as it is minute in some of their allies. In Eriopus the males of most of the species have secondary sexual developments of the antennze, the basal part of the shaft being thickened with an angular projection near its middle, often with scale-teeth or long bristles beyond it, the legs also have greatly developed tufts of hair of various forms. The larve are usually smooth, the warts with one hair; all the prolegs present, the 12th somite with more or less developed dorsal hump. In Acronycta the larve sometimes have the hairs spatulate at extremity; many species have tufts of long hair from the warts supple- mented by bunches of fine feathery hair and whilst others have numerous secondary hairs from the skin, and large dorsal pencils of hair. In Nonagria and allies the larvze bore in reeds and are almost without 660 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. hairs, whilst in Hydrecia and the allied genera the larve bore in the stems and roots of various plants. The genera Perigea, Bryophila anda few others come very close in structure to the sub-family Hrastriane as regards the development of vein 5 of the hindwing, the former resembling Amyna and the latter Lithacodia, the essential difference m the sub-families bemg that the larvee of the , Prothorax with spreading crest. a. Build stout 6°. Build slender .. ay: 6. Prothorax without crests .. ‘. Abdomen without dorsal crests. a’. Thorax clothed almost entirely with scales . 6?. Thorax clothed with hair and _ hair-like scales ; g. rons with transverse ridge hk, Frons smooth and without prominence. a’, Proboscis aborted or absent. i a’, Abdomen with dorsal crest at base only 6. Abdomen without crests. a. Thorax clothed with hair and _ hair-like scales. a*, Forewing with the apex produced and acute ; hindwing with veins 3-4 usually stalked, 5 from below middle of disco- cellulars 661 Calleecia. Basilica. Rabila. Stygiathetis. Dysmilichia. Apsarasa. © Protoseudyra. . Phragmatiphila. Pariambia. Cideremia. Genycta. Matopo. Neomilichia. Tycracona. Xylostola. Arcilasisa. Antha. Calamistis. Acraper. 662 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. 6*. Forewing with the apex not produced; hindwing with veins 3°4 from cell, 5 from middle of discocellulars 6°. Thorax clothed with hair only. a’, Palpi upturned 6*, Palpi porrect 6!. Proboscis fully developed. a’, Abdomen with dorsal series of crests. Thorax with double ridge-like crest. a’. Thorax clothed chiefly with scales. a’, a’, Forewing long and narrow, the termen not excised towards tornus. a®, Tegule produced toa stent dorsal ridge.. 5 ar ao 6°. Tegule not produced to a dorsal ridge. a’, Forewing very narrow, the termen obliquely curved 56 oe 6", Forewing broader, the termen more erect 6°. Forewing shorter, the termen excised towards tornus. a’, Palpi with the 2nd joint reaching to about vertex of head 6§. Palpi with the 2nd joint rence to about middle of frons +*, Thorax clothed with hair and hair-like scales : eh 6°. Thorax with broad ridge-like crest.. ce’. Prothorax with triangular crest. a‘. Thorax clothed chiefly with scales 64. ‘Thorax clothed with hair only. a. Forewing with the termen excised below vein 4 6°. Forewing with the termen evenly curved.. d’. Pro-, meso- and meta thorax with large divi- ded crests ie e’. Pro- and metathorax with divided crests. a’. Thorax clothed chiefly with scales. a’. Abdomen dorsally flattened .. #5 6°, Abdomen not dorsally flattened. 6 a’, Forewing with vein 5 nearly straight, from just below middle of discocellulars. Sphetta. Sesamia. Simyra. Delta. Magusa. Parastichtis. Stenopteryqia. Dipterygia. Agroperina. Hurabila. Lophotyna. Trigoncphora Chutapha. Mania. Checupa. Luplexidia. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 6®. Forewing with vein 5 curved, from just above lower angle of cell at 6*, Thorax clothed with hair and_ hair-like scales a ae 50 7°. Prothorax with spreading crest, metathorax with divided crest ue g. Pro- and metathorax with spreading crests. a’, Thorax clothed chiefly with scales. a. Forewing with slight scale-tooth at tornus. a’. Forewing with the termen more or less angled at vein 4, then oblique Be 6°. Forewing with the termen evenly curved, dentate os 5G 30 6°. Forewing without scale-tooth at tornus. a®. Palpi with the 3rd joint porrect 6°. Palpi with the 3rd jomt upturned. a’, Palpi with the 5rd joint very long, in male tufted with long hair on inner side and recurved over head b". Palpi with the 3rd joint shorter. a’. Forewing with the cilia strongly dentate towards tornus. . as 6°. Forewing with the cilia slightly crenulate. 9 a, Palpiwith the 2nd jomt reaching vertex of head. a. Abdomen with very large crests on 3rd and 4th segments; build slender 6°. Abdomen with the crests on me- dian segments equal; build stout 4 o6 00 6°. Palpi with the 2nd jomt reaching about to middle of frons. ar Abdomen with large crest on ord segment; build stout .. 6°. Abdomen with medial segments equal. with the the crest on a’, Forewing apex rectangular and somewhat acute 50 6%. Forewing with the apex rounded 663 Trachea. Paretrachea. Polyphenis. Eriopus. Data, Ancara. Corythurus. Perigeodes. Chytont., Peragea, Buplexia. 34. Gortyna. Ohna. 664 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. 6*. Thorax clothed with hair and _ hair-like seales h?, Prothorax without distinct crests. a’, Thorax clothed chiefly with scales. a. Palpi with the 2nd joint reaching to vertex of head, the 3rd long. a°, Palpi with the 3rd joint porrect 6°. Palpi with the 3rd joint upturned 4°, Palpi with the 2nd joint reaching about to middle of frons, the 3rd short. a°, -Worewing with the termen oblique to- wards tornus : 6°. Forewing with the termen evenly curved. a’, Forewing long and narrow. a°*, Forewing with the termen erect 6°, Forewing with the termen obliquely curved at 6°. Forewing short and broad .. ° b*. Thorax clothed with hair and _ hair-like scales. a. Mesothorax with paired crests; curled upwards at extremity 6°, Mesothorax without crests; patagia not curled upwards at extremity patagia °...-Thorax without crests : Abdomen with dorsal crest at base only. a, Prothorax with sharp triangular crest, meta- thorax with spreading crest oe 6°. Prothorax with crest, metathorax with spreading crest oe ce. Thoraxjwith slight dorsal ridge-like crest d°, Pro-and metathorax with spreading crests. a’, Thorax clothed chiefly with scales. go Pro-and metathorax with the crests formed of very long spatulate scales. a*, ‘forewing with the apex produced and ridge-like acute o0 +. 6°, Forewing with the apex rounded fs 6 Prothorax with short spreading crest. a°. Palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching vertex of head. a. Hindwing with vein 5 from middle of discocellulars an 0 ee Daseocheta. Pseuderastria, Bryophila. Tambia. Calogramma. Prodenia. Cranophora. Canna. Conservula. Clethrorasa. Hydrecia. Audrolymnia. Pyrrhia. Pecilogranma. Opsyra. Monodes, THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 6°, Himndwing with vein 5 from below middle of discocellulars »°. Palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching about to middle of frons 6*. Thorax clothed with hair and hair-hke scales. @. Palpi with the 3rd joint long and porrect. /, Palpi with the 3rd joint short e. Thorax clothed with hair only as e*, Prothorax without crest, metathorax with spread- ing crest. a, Palpi with the 2nd jomt reaching to vertex of head ale se ote ee 6*, Palpi with the 2nd joint reaching about to middle of frons. a. Fore tibize broadly fringed with hair; fore- wing rather broad .. 0 oe , Wore tibize slightly fringed with hair; fore- wing long and narrow f°. Thorax without crests. a. Palpi with the 2nd joint reaching to vertex of head ae 59 an an 6*, Palpi with the 2nd joimt not reaching above middle of frons, the 3rd short .. 35 Abdomen without dorsal crests. a, Proand metathorax with spreading crests. a*, Forewing long and narrow ose aD 6*, Forewing short and broad 30 de 6°. Prothorax with spreading crest; metathorax without crest. a, Forewing narrow, the margins subparallel . 6*. Forewing broad, triangular e*. Thorax without crests. a, Thorax clothed chiefly with scales. @. Forewing long and narrow 6. Forewing short and broad. a°. Palpi with the 2nd joint reaching to vertex of head slender. a’. Palpi flattened against frons .. a 6°, Palpi cylindrical : 55 6°, Palpi with the 2nd joint reaching to middle of frons, broadly scaled 6*. Thorax clothed with hair and hair-like scales. @, Abdomen dorsally flattened. 665 Hadjina. Namangana. Rhynchoplexia, Chairipha. Lasiplexia. Aucha. Spodoptera. Laphygma. Chasmina, Acronycta, Area. Amphidrina, Athetis. Arenostola, Proxvenus. Callyna. Elydna. . Meara. 666 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. a’, Palpi with the 2nd joint fringed with hair in front; hindwing with vein 5 from below middle of discocellulars .. Pyrors. b®, Palpi smoothly scaled; hindwing with vein 5 from middle of discocellulars .. Amphipyra 4’. Abdomen not dorsally flattened. a°, Head and thorax clothed with rough hair and spatulate scales , .. Oroplexia. b°, Head and thorax smoothly chorea with | Hair and hair-like scales... .. Colymma. c', Thorax clothed with hair only .. Hypa Calamia. Genus Pyrots. Type. Pyros, Hiibn. Verz., p. 208 (1827) a .. =©cinnamomed. Syntomopus, Guen. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. vi, p. 293 (1837) .. cimnamomen. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching about to middle of frons and fringed with hair in front, the 3rd short; frons smooth ; eyes large, round; antennz of male minutely ciliated; thorax clothed with hair and hair-like scales and without crests; tibize fringed with long hair; abdomen dorsally flattened, clothed with rough hair _ at base and with lateral fringes of hair towards extremity, but without crests. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved, crenulate ; veins 5 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle: 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 1659. PyYROIS ALBICILIA. Genus AMPHIPYRA. Type. Amphipyra, Ochs Schmett. Eur. iv, p. 70 (1816) non descr; Triet. Schmett. Kur. v. (1), p. 276 (1825) .. de : oy. .. tragopoginas, Scotophua, Hibn. Verz., p. 208 (18: 97) . ae . livida. Pyrophila, Steph. Il. Brit. Ent. rove ii, p. 164 (18: 29) . tragopogtnts. Phiopyra, Guen. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. vii, p. 116 (1838) .. pyramidea. Pyrophia, Hiibn. Tent. ined. .. as O6 .. pyramidea. A, Hindwing cupreous red. a Worewing with the ante and postmedial lines present. a Forewing with strong dentate dark marks in the interspaces before subterminal line and streaks beyond it .. te oak Be 2. magna. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 667 6’ Forewing with the dentate marks before subter- minal line and streaks beyond it slight .. pyramidea. & Forewing with the ante and postmedial lines absent. a' Hindwing deep cupreous red ; size large. . .. cupreipennis. b' Hindwing pale cupreous red ; size moderate .. livida. 8. Hindwing not cupreous red 28 a .. tragopoginis. 1656. AMPHIPYRA MAGNA. 1655. AMPHIPYRA PYRAMIDEA. Noctua pyranidea, Linn. Syat. Nat. Hid. x., p. 518 (1758) ; Esp. Schmett. iv., pl. 171, ff. 1-38; Hiibn. Kur. Schmett. Noct., f. 36 ; Godart. Lép. Fr. v., p. 136, pl. 56, f. 4; Donovan Brit. Tne. vi., pl. 1938; Steph. Il. Brit. Ent. Haust. u., p. 164; Staud. Cat. Lep. pal., p. 200. Amphipyra monolitha, Guen. Noct. ii., p. 414 (1852). surnia, Keld. Reis. Nov., pl. 112, f. 17 (1874). obscura, Obuth. Kt. Ent. v., p. 85 (1889). a obliqulimbata, Grs. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 352. 1658. AMPHIPYRA CUPREIPENNIS. 7 9? 1657. AMPHIPYRA LIVIDA. Noctua livida, Schiff. Wien. Verz., p. 85 (1776); Fabr. Mant. Ins. ui, p. 138 (1787); Hiibn. Hur. Schmett. Noct. f. 38; Godart. ep. Fr. v.,p. 141, pl. 57, f. 1; Staud. Cat. Lep. pal. p- 200. scotophila, Hiibn. Beitr. 1. 3-4. Z., p. 34 (1788) ; Esp. Schmett. iv., ola Loy se, LSD) Amphipyra corvina, Motsch. Bull. Mox. xxxix., p. 194 (1866). 1659a. AMPHIPYRA TRAGOPOGINIS. 2) Noctua tragopoginis, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 316 (1761); Clerck, Icones. pl. Ti sp..schmetua iv. pla dOnt doo npr: Kur. Schmett. Noct. f. 40, Godart, Lép. Fr. v., p. 145, pl. 57, £.3; Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii., p. 165 ; Smith, Cat. Noct. N. Am., p. 197; Staud. Cat. Lep. pal., p. 200. a lucida, Hiibn. Ben. Mag. iii, p. 294 (1767). Agrotis repressus, Grote, Can. Ent. iii, p. 192 (1871). Amphipyra turcomana, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1888, p. 32. ‘ brayt, Lambillion, Rev. Ent. Namur, 1907, p. 29. Head, thorax and abdomen pale glossy red-brown ; palpi fuscous brown ; pectus and legs darker red-brown. Forewing pale glossy red-brown irrorated with a few white scales; subbasal, antemedial and postmedial lines absent ; orbicular represented by a blackish point, the reniform by two points ; sub- terminal line represented by a series of white points on the veins, with a dark brown shade before them incurved below vein 3; a terminal series of 668 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, slight black lunules ; cilia with a dark lime near base. Hindwing whitish suffused with pale red-brown, the terminal area darker ; a fine waved dark terminal line; cilia red-brown with a fine yellowish line at base; the underside whitish tinged with rufous, the costal and terminal areas to vein 2 red-brown irrorated with whitish, a small dark discoidal spot. ab.l. turcomana, paler ; forewing leaden grey with a yellowish tinge. Habitat.—Canapva; U.S. A.; Europe; Armenia; Asia Minor; Sypia; Persia; W.Srperta ; Kasumir, Scinde Valley ; Punsas, Kulu. Larva. Meyr. Brit. Lep., p. 114; Barrett. Lep. Brit. v, p. 253, pl. 217, £. 2. Green ; dorsal, subdorsal and spiracular lines, white or pale yellow, the last sometimes partly edged with black above ; head green; somite 11 with slight prominence. Food plants. Plantago, Hawthorn, Agwilegia, etc., 5-6. Genus Manta. Type. Mormo, Ochs. Schmett. Eur. iv, p. 70 (1816) non descr. .... maura. Mania, Treit. Schmett. Eur. v (1), p. 294 (1825) .......... Maura. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching about to vertex of head and moderately scaled m front, the 3rd moderate ; frons smooth; eyes large, round; antenz of male ciliated ; thorax clothed with scales and hair mixed, the pro, meso and metathorax with divided crests ; tibize moderately fringed with hair ; abdomen clothed with rough hair, with dorsal series of crests and lateral fringes of hair. Forewing very broad, the apex rectangular, the termen evenly curved and the termen and cilia strongly crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. © Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of ~ discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near q base only. 1766a. Manta OLIVESCARTIA. Genus Maagusa. Type. Magusa, Walk. xi, 762 (1857). uh we .. orbifera. Sasunaga, Moore, P. Z.8., 1881, p. 342 .. 60 .. tenebrosa. Calhixena, Saalm. Lep. Madag., p. 324 (1891) SiG .. versicolora. 1771. MacGusa TENEBROSA. Genus STENOPTERYGIA. Type. Stenopterygia, Ampsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. vii, p. 61 (1908). subeurva. Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to vertex of head and moderately scaled, the 3rd short, porrect; frons smooth, THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 669 eyes large, rounded ; antennz of male ciliated; head and thorax clothed; chiefly with scales, the vertex of thorax with broad ridge-like crest ; tibize moderately scaled ; abdomen with dorsal crests on basal segments. Fore- wing short and narrow, the apex rounded, the termen somewhat excised towards tornus, the inner margin lobed near base and with slight scale tooth at tornus ; veins 5 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. A. Forewing with the orbicular and reniform with whitish annuli defined by black .., oe oe .. tenebrosa. B, Forewing with the orbicular and reniform indistinctly defined oe oe it at .. subcurva. 1725a. STENOPTERYGIA TENEBROSA, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal., B. M., vii., meol, pl. 109, f. 11 (1908). 6. Head and base of tegule ochreous mixed with black-brown ; thorax black-brown with a few ochreous scales ; palpi black at sides, pale in front; frons with lateral black bars ; pectus and legs ochreous irrorated with brown, the tarsi slightly banded with black ; abdomen ochreous dorsally suffused with brown, the crests and anal tuft blackish. Forewing red-brown mostly suffused with black-brown ; subbasal line represented by two black strize from costa filled in with ochreous; a blackish patch above inner margin before the antemedial lie, which is double at costa filled in with ochreous, _ then rather oblique, waved ; claviform slightly defined by black ; orbicular and reniform with brown centres and slight greyish annuli defined by black; the former rounded, the latter constricted at middle; postmedial line double at costa and filled in with ochreous, bent outwards below costa, then dentate, at vein 5 bent wards to below angle of cell, some ochreous points beyond it on costa, subterminal line represented by some pale points defined on inner side by black-brown suffusion, excurved below vein 7 and at middle and bent inwards at vein 3; a terminal series of minute white _ points ; cilia black-brown. Hindwing whitish suffused with fuscous brown, especially on terminal area, the veins dark; cilia whitish chequered with brown ; the underside whitish irrorated with brown, the terminal areas suffused with brown, a slight discoidal spot. Habitat. —Manpras, Godavari District, Rajamahendri. Zvp. 28 mill. 1725. STENOPTERYGIA SUBCURVA. Hadena subcurva, Wkk., xi, 592 (1857). He postica, Wlk., xi, 594 (1857). Xylina calida, Wik., Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vi, p. 195 (1862). Dipterygia sikkima, Moore, Lep. Atk., p..105 (1882). Opigena monostigma, Saalm. Lep. Madag., p. 287, f. 104 (1891). 16 670 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, Genus Dipreryeta. A, Forewing with whitish patch on tornal area extending to postmedial line. a, Forewing with the postmedial line incurved below vein 4, a, Forewing with the postmedial line strongly in- curved below vein 4 and slightly angled out- wards at vein] .. ae «a .. indica, 4’, Forewing with the postmedial line much less incurved below vein 4 not angled outwards at Vie Mal ee ue ae Hed .. eristifera, 4, Forewing with the postmedial line excurved to vein 3 and angled outwards at vein 2 to near termen.. uwmbrifera, 4, Forewing without whitish patch on tornal area ex- tending to postmedial line ae KG ==) neem 1800. DrpreRyGia INDICA. 1801. DiprTERyGIA CRISTIFERA. 1804. DipreryGia UMBRIFERA. 2052a, DipTERYGIA NICHA. Genus PARASTICHTIS. Type. Parastichtis, Hiibn. Verz., p. 212 (1827) Se .. hepatica. Septis, Hibn. Verz., p. 243 (1827) hithoxylea. Xylophasia, Steph., Ul. Brit. Ent. Haust., u., p. 174 (1829).. lthoxylea. Xylena, Hiibn., Tent. ined. (nec. Treit.) lithoxylea. Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching about dorsal series of crests and lateral frmges of hair. Forewing rather long e} form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6°77 from up angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. a A, Forewing with more or less prominent dark streak below base of cell. a, Forewing with dark streak in submedian interspace between ante and postmedial lines. 1 a’. Forewing with the orbicular large, oblique 7 elliptical ae ee no .. strigudisca, — . . , 6’, Forewing with the orbicular small, round .. flavistigm. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 671 ». Forewing without dark streak im submedial inter- space between ante and postmedian lines. a, Forewing with the orbicular narrow and rounded. a. Forewing without whitish lunule on outer edge of reniform : } .. sodalis, 6°. Forewing with small abieish anaes on outer edge of reniform Hid ae BN LLIZET.CO)- », Forewing with the orbicular rounded. . .. boopis. B. Forewing without dark streak below base of cell. a. Forewing with large whitish lunule on outer edge of reniform. . as a re .. leucostigma. #. Korewing with white points on outer edge of reni- form x: ie oe as .. purpura. 1710a. PaRasTICHTIS STRIGIDISCA. Apamea strigidisca, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1881, p. 346, pl. 38, £. 9. Hmpsn., Bairewep. Phal. B. M., vii, p. 92, pl. 110, f. 3 ©. Head and thorax greyish tinged with rufous and mixed with some dark-brown and black; tarsi blackish with pale rmgs; abdomen greyish suffused with brown. Forewing greyish ochreous and rufous, the basal half sufiused with black except the inner margin, the terminal area blackish except at apex; subbasal line double, black filled in with rufous, waved, from costa to submedian fold; antemedial line double, indistinctly filled in with rufous, angled outwards below costa, oblique to submedian fold, then angled imwards on vein 1; claviform large, indistinctly defined by black ; orbicular rufous defined by black at sides, oblique elliptical; reniform ochreous white defined by black on inner side and below and slightly by brown on outer, somewhat angled imwards on median nervure; and with irregular outer edge; an indistinct medial line, oblique from costa to below cell; the area beyond the reniform rufous to postmedial line which is blackish defied on outer side by ochreous, slightly bent outwards below costa then very minutely waved, oblique to vein 5, inwardly oblique to below angle of cell and sinuous to inner margin; postmedial area ochreous suffused with tufous and brown on costal half, the veins with slight dark streaks, the costa with pale points; subterminal line ochreous defined on inner side by brown suffusion, angled outwards to near termen at veins 7, 4°3; a terminal series of small black lunules; cilia blackish with a fine ochreous line at base. Hindwing fuscous brown, the cilia ochreous white with a slight dark line through them. Underside of both wings ochreous, the costal areas tinged with rufous to postmedial line which is nearly straight on forewing, minutely waved on hindwing; a broad fuscous subterminal band, forewing with small discoidal lunule, hindwing with small annules. Hoiitat.—_Sixuim. Erp. g 42, 2 50 mill. 672 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX,” 1717. PaRasTICHTIS FLAVISTIGMA. Xylophasia fiavistigma, Moore, P. Z.8., 1867, p. 50; Hmpsn., Cat, Lep. Phal. B. M., vii., p. 93, pl. 110, f. 5. Apamea basalis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 346. md ., denticulosa, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 109, pl. 4, f. 13 (1882). 1717. PARASTICHTIS SODALIS. Xylophasia SHS Butl, A. M. N. H. (5) i., p. 83 (1878); id. My Het. By Men p 24, pls 29. tf k Apamea ee bis, Moore, Lep. ie p. 109 (1882). 4 17106. ParastTICHTIS FUNEREA. 6 Hadena funerea, Hein. Schmett. Deutsch., I., p. 828 (1859); Snell Tijd. v., Ent. xi., p. 299, pl. 12, f. 1; Hotm Goa Schmett. ed. u., pl. 29, f. 27; Staud. Cat. Lep. pal p. L9l. Head and thorax black mixed with purplish red and some grey, frons with lateral black basers; tegulz with black medial line; patagia with black line near upper edge; tarsi black ringed with pinkish; abdomen fuscous, the lateral fringes and sides of anal tuft purplish, the ventral surface irrorated with purplish. Forewing fuscous black more or less tinged with purplish sub-basal line represented by double oblique black -strize from costa sinuous black streak in base of submedian fold and an oblique streak aboy inner margin near base; antemedial line indistinctly double, angled outwards — below costa, then oblique and slightly waved, retracted to inner margin; clavifrom narrow or small, defined by black; orbicular very oblique ellipti- cal, defined by black; reniform defined by black, with a little white im centre and some white points on upper and outer edges and slight black streaks beyond it in the inter spaces; an indistinct curved minutely waved medial line; postmedial line double at costa, bent outwards below costa, then indistinct, minutely dentate, excurved to vein 4, then incurved, some white points beyond it on costa; subterminal line indistinct, reddish, defined on inner side by faint dentate dark marks, excurved below vein 7 and at middle, the area beyond it rather darker except at apex ; a terminal series of slight black points; a fine pale line at base of cilia. Hindwi fuscous with a slight greyish tinge; cilia pale brown at base with fuscous line at middle and whitish tips; the underside whitish irrorated with fuscous, the costal area tinged with purplish, the terminal area suffused with fuscous, a black discoidal spot and curved postmedial line. Habitat.—Hoittann; N. W. Germany; EH. Siperia; Japan; C. CHINA; W. Cuina; Kasumin, Narkunda; PUNJAB, Dharmséla; Assam, Khasis. Exp. 40-48 mill. | Larva, Kirby. Butt. and Moths Eur., p. 237; Hffm., Raup., p. 96. Palerosy grey to reddish brown; dorsal line ochreous whitish, da edged; subdorsal line pale:.spiracular line broad, pale greyish ochre THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 673 dark-edged above; head reddish brown or dark brown; thoracic plate blackish with whitish lines. Food plant: Grasses. 1710c. ParasticHtTis Booris, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vii., p. 102, pl. 110, f. 12 (1908). Head and thorax greyish tinged with red-brown and slightly irrorated with black; palpi blackish at sides; frons with lateral black bars; tegulie with black medial line and black line on prothorax; tarsi black with pale rings ; abdomen grey-brown, the crests tipped with black, the anal tuft and ventral surface rufous. Forewing red-brown slightly irrorated with dark brown, the costal half on antemedial and medial areas suffused with dark brown, a dark brown costal patch on postmedial area and the terminal area dark brown except at apex; subbasal line double, waved, from costa to submedian fold; a slight black streak below base of cell and another above inner margin before the antemedial line, which is indistinct, double, oblique, waved; claviform moderate, defined by black; orbicular rufous defined by black, round or oblique elliptical; reniform defined by black on inner side and with large grey lunule on outer edge defined by black on ) inner side; an indistinct medial line oblique from costa to below the cell; postmedial line indistinctly double, slightly bent outwards below costa, | then minutely dentate and produced to black streaks with grey points on them on the veins, excurved to vein 4, then incurved, some pale points beyond it on the dark costal patch; subterminal line very indistinct, pale, excurved below vein 7 and at middle and angled inwards at discal and submedian folds; a fine waved dark terminal line; cilia chequered greyish and fuscous, with punctiform rufous line at base. Hindwing fuscous, the cilia pale rufous; the underside pale rufous irrorated with brown, a black discoidal spot, sinuous postmedial line and traces of diffused subterminal line. Habitat —W. Cuina; Punsas, Kulu, Sultanpur, Dharmsala; Assam Khasis. Hrp. 40-44 mill. 1764. PAaRASTICHTIS LEUCOSTIGMA. Xylophasia leucostigma, Moore, P. Z. S., 1867, p. 51. Hadena constellata, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 130, pl. iv., f. 21 (1882). | Euplexia oxydata, Ampsn., J. Bomb. N. H. Soc., xiv., p. 199 (1902). 17176. PaRasticHtIs PuRPURINA, Hmpsn., J. Bomb. N. H. Soc., xiv., p. 199, (1902) ; 7d. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vii., p. 106, pl. 110, | Bel Z, Genus Hurasita. Type. | Eurabila, Butl., Tl. Het. B. M., vii., p. 39 (1889) .. .. lugnea. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, moderately scaled, the 2nd joint reaching about to middle of frons, the 3rd short; frons smooth ; eyes large, round; antennz of male ciliated and somewhat laminate; head 674 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, and thorax clothed chiefly with scales, tegule produced to a slight dorsal ridge, thorax with single broad ridge-like dorsal crest; tibiee moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with complete series of dorsal crests, the crests of 3rd and 4th segments large, some rough hair at base and lateral fringes of hair. Forewing triangular, the apex rounded, the termen crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomos- ing with 8 to form the areole; 1] from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper ngle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 1718. EuRapita LIGNEA. Genus KUPLEXIDIA. Type. Euplexidia, Ampsn., Moths. Ind., iv., p. 461 (1896) ; Swinh., A. M.N. H., (6) xix., p. 165 (1897) = 4. noctuformis, 3146, HKuPLEXIDIA NOCTUIFORMIS. Genus CHECUPA. Type. Checupa, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 60 .. aie .. fortissima. Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd jont thick, hardly reaching to middle of frons, and smoothly scaled, the 3rd short; frons smooth ; eyes large, round; antennz of male ciliated ; thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the pro- and metathorax with small divided crests; tibix thickly fringed with long hair in male; abdomen dorsally flattened and with small crests on two basal segments and lateral fringes of hair, the male with large ventral tufts of hair from base, and paired lateral tufts from penultimate segment. Forewing very long and narrow, the apex rounded, the termen obliquely curved and crenulate, the cell clothed with long hair on underside; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from below upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars; 6°7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base : only ; male with some long hair on upperside in cell and on inner area, on underside with fringes of hair from basal half of costa, median nervure and base of vein 4, and submedian fold. 1782. CHECTUPA FORTISSIMA. (Lo be continued. ) i taint) eae peas , eS i my ae Mi 5 fe ; ‘ : i 3 1 " 1 va 4 j ; me i = i; : : : ; : EVA; ; 4 : % : i { 3 By } 5 7 i 4 f ‘ a i 7 , cee BY PrLate VI, . SOC. Hist Bompay Nat. ° JOURN , Bece. vcd var. typ ? Sy > a A. Phenix humilis var. pedunculata, Bece. ° ) lis, Royle hun 1a B. Phen THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON INDIGENOUS AND INTRODUCED. BY EK. Buatrer, 8. J. Jeavei ABE le (Wath Plates VI, Vil, VIII, 1X, X & XI and Map B.) (Continued from page 360 of this Volume. ) PHENIX HUMILIS, Royle, Il. 394, 397, 399; Becc. Males. III, 347 373; Hooker. Fl. Brit., Ind. VI. 426; Brandis Ind. Trees 645. Description.—Stems short tufted (and bulbiform?), rarely elongate. Leaves sub-glaucous ; leaflets scattered interruptedly fascicled. Fruiting spadix long- peduncled; branches spreading, rather slender. Fruit oblong, pericarp thin. Hasirat.—Hilly districts of India, from Kumaon eastwards to Burma, and southwards to Mala- bar.—China, Cochin-China. This species requires further examination. In the meantime we give the Indian varieties referred to as P. humilis by Beccari, and follow Hooker in treating Beccaris variety jy, robusta, as a separate species. Eee VA SA TLYPIOA, Beco: Males Il Ah MiéUlts, 5 Meenas flowers (x 4). 347, 379, t. 44, and II. f. 22-24. Hook. 3 Branch of female spadix with Brit. Ind. VI. 427—P. humilis. flowers not yet quite open (nat. size). (After Beccari). Royle, 1. c.—P. ouseleyana, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 347; Palms. Brit. Ind. 139. Names.—Thakal (Kumaon) ; Khajur (Hind.). DESCRIPTION.—Stem short or moderately long ; leaflets elongate. pale green, in usually remote fascicles. Fruiting peduncle usually very long, fruit rather long, groove of seed very short. 676 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, Griffith gives the following description of P. ouseleyana ‘“‘Bulbous stems ovate, imbricated conspicuously with the hard- ened scale-like bases of the petioles, about a foot in length and six inches in diameter. The rete consists of a few rigid fibres. Leaves 25 or 3 feet long. Pinnules entirely conduplicate, about 1 foot long, from the conduplication 2, or 24 lines broad, subulate-acuminate ; lowermost degenerated into short spines. Male spadices about 1 foot long, the ends of the uppermost spikes rather longer than the bivalved carinate spathe. Female spadices 2, or 24 feet long with a few short flexuose spikes towards the apex, much longer than the spathes, which appear to be about a span long. Peduncle of both spadices much flattened.” Hapirat.—Outer Himalaya, 1-5,000 feet, from Kumaon east-wards; Assam ; Khasia Hills; Central India; Chota Nagpur. VAR. gp. LOURIERLI, Becc. Males. III. 348, 379, t. 44, IIT. f. 16, 17; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 427.—P. loureirii, Kunth Enum. II. 257—P. pusilla, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 614 (non Gaertn.)— P. roebelinit, O’Brien, in Gard. Chron. (1889) I. 475, 758, fig. 68. ; Fig, 2. Branch with wipe fruits) of DEscRIPTION.—Stem short, or very short. Ie A ATR ES), : : NES eee rie Leaflets subglaucous, often approximate, mostly falciform. Fruiting peduncle elongate. Fruit ovoid. Hasirat.—Assam ; Khasia Hills; Burma; Munipore ; Cochin- China. VAR. 6. PEDUNCULATA, Bece. Males. III. 379, 387, t. 44, II. 13-165, 18-21, 25-27; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 427; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. XII, 526; Talb. Trees Bomb. ed. 2, p. 342. Cooke, Fl. Bomb. Pres. II. 802.—P. pedunculata, Griff. Palms Brit. Ind. 139.—P. acaulis, Miq. Pl. Hohen. Nilg. n. 1243. THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 677 DescripTion.—Soboliferous ; stem 4-10 feet high, 9 inches in diameter, densely covered with the bases of the fallen petioles, more or less spirally arranged ; root suckers developing when the primary stem has been burnt or injured. Leaves 4-8 feet long; leaflets pliable, 10-20 inches long, 4-3 inch broad, fasciculate, more or less quadrifarious, the uppermost sometimes confluent, base not thick- ened and not decurrent into the common petiole; petioles 1 inch broad at the base, with spines reaching 3 inches long. Spathe about 8 inches long, with fringed margin. Spadix scarcely exceeding thespathe. Fruiting spadix 3-4 feet long, the compressed peduncle much elongate. Fruit } inch long, at first orange then black. Hasirat.— Western Ghats, from the Konkan southwards, ascend- ing to about 6,000 feet on the Nilghiris ; common on the Ghats of N. Kanara. FLoweErs from December to February. Usres.—The fruit is edible. The leaflets are made into mats commonly used for covering bales of red pepper in the Dharwar district. Bee ¢ ZI & zy: ee aaa pis Nae Spats Fig. 3. Transverse section of seed of— 1. Phenia sylvestris (Nat. size). 2. Phoenix paludosa (2 ). 3. Phenix canariensis (Nat, size). 4. Phenix reclinata (2x). Longitudinal section of seed of — 5. Phenix sylvestris (Nat. size). Phenix paludosa (2x), Phenix canariensis (Nat. size). Phenix humitis (2x). Phenix daclylifera (Nat. size), (After Beccari). 17 Ge Sas Ges 678 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. ILLusTRATIONS.—Plate VI. A. The photograph supplied by Major Gage, shows five old specimens of Phenix humilis, var. typica. The short stems are conspicuously covered with the spirally arranged bases of the petioles. Plate VI. B. The photograph, supplied by Mr. Roscoe Allen, shows Phen humilis, var. pedunculata. We selected this pho- tograph (in preference to others, which showed the leaves much better) on account of the long fruiting spadices, which come out distinctly in our picture. PHCENIX PALUDOSA, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 75; Fl. Ind. III. 789; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 272, 320, t. 136; Kunth Enum. III. 256; Wall. Cat. 8603; Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat Hist. V. 353; Palms Brit. Ind. 144, t. 229 A. B; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLIII. II. 202 ; For. Fl. U1. 536 ; Brandis, For. Fl. 556; Ind. Trees 646 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 419; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 427.—P. siamensis Miq. Palm. Archip. Ind. 14. Names.—Hintal, Golpatta (Beng. ); Thinboung ( Burm. ); Giruka tati (Tel.) ; Hintala (Sanscr.) ; Dangsa (in Penang). DESCRIPTION.—Subarboreous, gregarious, forming elegant im- penetrable tufts. Trunk 8-25 feet high, 3} inches in diameter, often inclined, soboliferous, annulate at the base, higher up covered with the brown petioles. Leaves 8-10 feet, gracefully spreading. Petiole covered with scurf, brownish-glaucescent, armed in the lower three feet with irregularly spreading hard, brown, triangular, channelled, long spines, sheath fibrous. Leaflets 1-2 feet long, opposite and alternate, bifarious, spreading, then curved downwards, ‘not rigid, 8 lines broad, very acuminate, conduplicate at the base, otherwise flat, whitish or farinose under- neath, the lowest being both the longest and the narrowest. Male spadix with peduncle about 14 foot long, compressed; spathe as long, coriaceous, 2-keeled, orange-brownish ; keels with irregular edges; flowers 7 inch long, yellow; calyx cup-shaped, not as regularly 3-toothed as in P. sylvestris; petals 3; filaments 6, short. Female spadix about 14 foot long; flowers subglobose, greenish ; | calyx as in the male; petals roundish, concave; staminodes 6. Carpels 3, free ; styles recurved. Fruiting spadix 3-4 feet long, erect, yellowish orange, with branches at the apex ; spikes of the ‘qxoy ‘vsopnynd xwuoyg THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 679 same colour, with thickened bases, about a foot long, nodding, sometimes branched. Fruit sessile on thickened knobs, first yellowish, then red, and finally black purple, } inch long, 3-4 lines wide, mucronate, with the more or less split perianth at the base. Seed ovoid, compressed, rather deeply furrowed on one side up to the middle, and indistinctly so on the opposite side. Embryo basilar. Hasirat.—Aestuarial shores from Bengal to Burma and the Andaman Islands; forms a considerable portion of the impene- trable woods which cover the Sunderbuns; along the Salwin, between Amherst and Moulmein; Penang; Siam ; Cochin China FiLowers.—In March and April; fruit ripens from June to December. Usres.—The leaves are used in the Sunderbuns to make ropes for tying boats and logs, and also for thatching. The stems of the smaller trees are used as walking sticks; the longer ones serve for rafters. The natives believe that snakes get out of the way of any person having such a stick. Cuttivation.—This palm is worth cultivation on account of its elegance, and well adapted for bank scenery. Iuustration.—Plate VII. The photograph, supplied by Major Gage, shows a dense tuft of Phoenix paludosa. This species is not likely to be confounded with any other. Its habit is less genuine than in the others. In the big leaf in the foreground of the picture the bifarious arrangement of the solitary and downwards curved leaflets can be distinctly seen. PHCENIX ROBUSTA, Hook, f., Fl. Brit. Ind., VI, 427; Woodrow in | Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., XII, 526; Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind., I, part | | | 6,94; Brandis, Ind. Trees, 645 ; Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bomb., II, 801.— Phenix humilis, Royle, vai. robusta, Becc. Males. III, 379. Name: Shelu (Mar.). Description.—Trunk 15-20 feet high, about 15 inches in diameter, closely clothed and appearing tessellated from the _Spirally arranged sheaths of fallen leaves. Leaves 3-5 feet long, _ glabrous, shining, shorter, broader, thinner, and smoother than 680 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. those of Phenix sylvestris; leaflets in fasicles, quadrifarious, strongly conduplicate. Spathe fringed with brown wool on the keel. Fruiting peduncle 2 feet long. Ripe fruit brown.—Materials are wanting for a complete diagnosis. HapitaT.—On Parasnath in Behar; Deccan; gregarious on the top of trap hills near Bhorkas ; Western Ghats: Nandgaon. FLOWERS in February. Uses.— Woodrow says that in the country near Bhorkas, where it is locally abundant, it is used largely for the manufacture of date-matting. * * Introduced Species. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA, UL. Hort. Cliff., 482; Spec. Pl. ed. Willd., IV. 730.—P. excelsior, Cavan. Icon. et Descr. Pl. II. 13. Names.—The Edible Date; Khajur, Khaji (Hind.); Khajur (Beng.); Kasser (Bhot.); Khajur, Khaji (Panj.); Mach (N. Baluch.) ; Kajura (Pushtu) ; Karmah (Turki.); Pind Chirdi, Kurma, Tar, Khaji (Sind); Khajur (Bomb.); Kharjur (Mar.); Khajur, Karek (Guz.); Perich-chankay (Tam.); Kharjurapu, Perita, Mudda Kharjurapu (Tel.) ; Kharjura (Kan.) ; Swonpalwon (Burm.) ; Indi (Sing.) ; Pindakharjura (Sans.). DeEscripTion.—A tall tree, attaining 100-120 feet; trunk covered with the persistent bases of petioles; the foot often sur-— rounded by a dense mass of root suckers which is never the case in P. sylvestris. leaves grey, longer than those of P. sylvestris; pinne 8-16 inches long, regularly distichous, forming a very acute angle with the petiole, often approximate in twos or threes on the same side of the petiole; petiole grey, laterally compressed, almost flat. Male panicles white, compact, 6-9 inches long, on a short peduncle, flowers 3-4 inch long, sweet scented; sheaths outside with rusty down. Peduncles of female inflorescence 3-4 incl broad, sometimes broader below, spikes 12-24 inches long. Fruit oblong, 1-3 inches long, generally reddish or yellowish-brown when ripe, pulp fleshy sweet ; numerous varieties are cultivated, — differing in colour, shape, and taste of the fruit. Seed cylindri¢) fouRN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. , Prats VIII. We — ra = Phenix dactylifera, L. S, » 7 , 5 Faemten = ¥ 2, tt Sree y THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 681 with a longitudinal furrow in front, and a small cylindric embryo in the middle of the rounded back. When the seed germinates, that end of the embryo which remains enclosed in the albumen enlarges at the expense of the albumen, the horny substance of which is converted into sugar and other soluble substances, which are absorbed by the embryo furnishing the substance for its early growth. The process is analogous to the conversion into sugar of the starch which fills the cells of the albumen of wheat, maize, rice and bamboos, during germination, with this difference, that the starch forms the contents of the cells, whereas, in the stone of the date, the walls of the cells themselves furnish the food of the growing embryo. Hasirat.—In India the date palm is cultivated and self-sown in Sind and in the Southern Panjab, particularly near Multan and Muzaffargarh, also in the Sind Sagar Doab and trans-Indus territory. Near Dhera Ghazi Khan, date palms are very nume- rous on a strip 10-12 miles long from north to south. A few trees are found planted at many places in the Hastern Panjab, also at Saharanpur, and here and there in the Ganges Doab and Bandel- khand. It is also grown in the Deccan and Gujarat, but does not thrive in Bengal. The tree was probably introduced into India at the time of the first Mahomedan conquest of Sind, at the begin- ning of the eighth century. It thrives luxuriantly in the arid rainless regions of North Africa and West Asia, where it is exposed to extreme heat in the day-time, and not uncommonly to frost at night, but it requires a certain amount of moisture in the soil. In Europe it is cultivated in Spain, where it was introduced by the Arabs, and where it produces eatable fruit ; also on the Hyéres islands, the Riviera near Nice, St. Remo, and Genoa, where it attains its northernmost point at 44° 30' N. L. There is a wood of Date Palms at Bordighera near St. Remo, said to contain over 4,000 stems cultivated mainly to yield palms for Palm Sunday at Rome. In South Italy, Sicily, and Greece, the tree is not uncom- mon, but the fruit is small and poor. FLOWERS in March and April; fruit ripens in August, September, and October. 682 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, Hisrory.—We do not feel competent to write a better account of the history of the Date Palm than DeCandalle in his “ Origin of Cultivated Plants.”” His arguments are the following :— “The Date Palm has existed from prehistoric times in the warm dry zone, which extends from Senegal to the basin of the Indus, principally between parallels 15 and 30. It is seen here and there further to the north, by reason of exceptional circum- stances and of the aim which is proposed in its cultivation. Far beyond the limit within which the fruit ripens every year, there is a zone in which they ripen ill or seldom, and a further region within which the tree can live, but without fruiting or even flowering. These limits have been traced by de Martius, Carl Ritter and myself. “ As regards the Date Palm we can hardly rely on the more or less proved existence of really wild indigenous individuals. Dates are easily transported; the stones germinate when sown in damp soil near the source of a river, and even in the fissures of rocks. The inhabitants of oases have planted or sown Date Palms in favourable localities where the species perhaps existed before man, and when the traveller comes across isolated trees at a distance from dwellings, he cannot know that they did not spring from stones thrown away by caravans. Historical and _ philological data are of more value here, though doubtless from the antiquity of cultivation they can only establish probabilities. ‘From Egyptian and Assyrian remains, as well as from tradi- tion and the most ancient writings, we find that the Date Palm grew in abundance in the region lying between the Euphrates and the Nile. Egyptian monuments contain fruits and drawings of the tree. Herodotus in a more recent age (fifth century before Christ), mentions the wood of the Date Palms of Babylonia, and still later Strabo used similar expressions about those of Arabia, whence it seems that the species was commoner than it is now, and more in the condition of a natural forest tree. On the other hand, Carl Ritter makes the ingenious observation that the earliest Hebrew books do not speak of the Date Palm as producing a fruit valued as a food for man. David, about one thousand years before Christ, and about seven centuries after Moses, does not mention the THE PALMS OF INDIA, AND CEYLON, 685 Date Palm in his list of trees to be planted in his gardens. It is true that except at Jericho dates seldom ripen in Palestine. Later, Herodotus says of the Babylonian Date Palms that only the greater part produced good fruit which was used for food. This seems to indicate the beginning of a cultivation perfected by the selection of varieties and of the transport of male flowers into the middle of the branches of female trees, but it perhaps signifies also that Herodotus was ignorant of the existence of the male plant. “To the west of Egypt the Date Palm had probably existed for centuries or for thousands of years when Herodotus mentioned them. He speaks of Libya. There is no historical record with _ respect to the oases in the Sahara, but Pliny mentions the Date Palm in the Canaries. “The names of the species bear witness to its great antiquity both in Asia and in Africa, seeing they are numerous and very different. The Hebrews called the Date Palm tamar, and the ancient Heyptians beg. ‘The complete difference between these words, both very ancient, shows that these peoples found the Species indigenous and perhaps already named in Western Asia and in Heypt. The number of Persian, Arabic, and Berber names is incredible. Some are derived from the Hebrew word, others from unknown sources. They often apply to different states of the fruit, or to different cultivated varieties, which again shows ancient cultivation in different countries. Webb and Ber- thelot have not discovered a name for the Date Palm in the language of the Guanchos, and this is much to be regretted. The Greek name phcenix refers simply to Phoenicia, and the Phceni- cians, possessors of the Date Palm. The names dactylus and date are derivations of dachel in a Hebrew dialect. No Sanskrit name is known, whence it may be inferred that the plantations of the Date Palm in Western India are not very ancient. The Indian climate does not suit the species. The Hindustani name kharma is borrowed from the Persian. _ “Further to the Hast the Date Palm remained long unknown. The Chinese received it from Persia, in the third century of our era, and its cultivation was resumed at different times, but they have now abandoned it. Asarule, beyond the arid region which 684 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. lies between the Huphrates and the south of the Atlas and the Canaries, the Date Palm has not succeeded in similar latitudes, or at least it has not become an important culture. It might be grown with success in Australia and at the Cape, but the Huropeans who have colonized these regions are not satisfied, like the Arabs, with figs and dates for their staple food. Ithink, in fine, that in times anterior to the earliest Egyptian dynasties the Date Palm already existed, wild or sown here and there by wandering tribes, in a narrow zone extending from the Huphrates to the Canaries, and that its cultivation began later as far as the north-west of India on the one hand and the Cape de Verde Islands on the other, so that the natural area has remained very nearly the same for about five thousand years. What it was previously, paleontological dis- coveries may one day reveal.”’ Usrs.—The importance of the Date Palm is very extensive. A considerable part of the inhabitants of Egypt, Arabia and Persia subsist almost entirely on its fruit. They make a conserve of it with sugar, and even grind the hard stones in their hand-mills for their camels. ‘“ All Fezzan and half of Tripolitania satisfy most of their wants with the products of it. The huts of the poorer classes are entirely made of its leaves, and the more substantial habitations of the rich chiefly consist of the same material ; every door, every post is made of its wood, and the ceilings of the rooms are formed by its trunks. The footstalks furnish. the most common fuel, and they are often brought on men’s backs from a distance of six to eight miles. The fruit is the common food of both man and beast: camels, horses, dogs,:all eat dates. Hven the stones are soaked in water, and when they have thus become soft are given to the cattle. The number of the Date Palms cultivated is enormous. When Abdel-Gelil besieged Suckna, in 1824, he cut down no fewer than 43,000 trees, to compel the town to surrender; nevertheless there are still at least 70,000 left. Their produce is comparatively small, a hundred full-grown trees yielding about forty cwts. of dates. These, after having been gathered, are dried in the sun, and quite hard buried in the sand. They may thus be preserved about two years, but generally after eighteen months they are attacked by worms, and in the beginning of the third year nothing remains of THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 685 them, save the stones. As an every day food, dates are considered very heating, in consequence of which they are not much used on journeys, as causing great thirst. The most relishing and whole- some way to eat them is, when made into a paste, mixed with barley. When the heart of the leaves has been cut out a sweet thickish fluid collects at that cavity, called lagbi, which is very - refreshing and slightly purgative. A few hours afterwards the fluid begins to ferment, becomes acid and very intoxicating. From the ripe fruit a kind of treacle is prepared, used especially for coating leather bags or pipes to render them tight.’’—(Vogel). In the Punjab dates form an important article of food in certain districts, and they are sold in the bazaar under different names, according to quality and the mode of preparation. Thus, according to Coldstream, the most esteemed kind is called Chirni in the Muzaffargarh district ; this is the date of the best palms, split up in the middle and dried in the sun. The second best is called Pind ; it is eaten as it comes from the tree, without further pre- paration. The least esteemed kind is Bugri, taken from inferior trees and boiled in oil and water. The Punjab dates are smaller than those of Arabia and HKgypt, but they are very good, and particularly so when there has been little or no late rain. When beginning to get ripe, a piece of matting is often put over the cluster of dates to prevent birds eating them. The kernels are deemed medicinal. The large succulent head, cut from among the mass of leaves, is eaten (Gaddah, Gari, Galli). The tree yields a gum, called Hukm Chil. Attempts have been made, but without much success, to tap the Date Palms of Multan for their sugary sap. The wood of the Date Palm is lighter than that of Cocos or Borassus. The cellular tissue is soft; the vascular bundles generally show, on a horizontal section, an oval shape with two distinct large pores at one end, the hard woody portion gray ; on a vertical section they appear as shining narrow lines. The wood of male trees and of trees past bearing is used for building, water- channels, bridges, and various other purposes. Of the leaves, mats and the bag-like baskets universally used in the whole Mediterranean region, and in other countries, are made. 18 686 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. In the Punjab mats and fans are made of the leaves; they are called Butra or Pattra in Muzaffargarh, and Khushab in Shahpur. The leaf stalks make excellent light walking-sticks, split up they furnish material for crates and baskets ; the fibrous network, which forms the sheathing base of the petiole, is called Kabal or Khajur- ka-bokla in Muzaffargarh, pack-saddles for oxen are made of it, and the fibre separated is made into ropes. The sap is obtained by cutting off the head of the palm and scoop- ing out a hollow in the top of the stem, where, in ascending, it lodges itself. Three or four quarts of sap may be obtained daily from a single palm, for ten days or a fortnight, after which the quantity les- sens, until, at the end of six weeks or two months, the stem is exhausted, becomes dry, and is used for firewood. This liquor is sweetish when first collected and may be drunk as a mild beverage, but fermentation soon takes place, and a spirit is produced, which is distilled, and forms one of the kinds of Arrack, or spirit of eas- tern countries. Such being the importance and multiphed uses of the Date Palm, it is not surprising that in an arid and barren country it should form so prominent a subject of allusion and description im the works of Arab authors, and that it should be said to have 500 names in their language. Many of these are however applied to different parts of the plant, as well as to these at different ages. The Mahomedans are very proud of the Date Palm, and say that it refuses to grow well in any country which is not consecrated to Islam. There are many varieties, all exactly alike in appearance, but differing in the fruit. In Baghdad alone there are 40 or 50 well-known kinds of dates, some of them bearing romantic names, such as ‘“lady’s fingers,” and “‘ pretty maiden’s eyes.” In the Basra district there are even more varieties, as well as a vastly greater number of trees. The palms between Fao at the mouth ot the river and Gurna and at the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates are numbered in millions, and each brings in an average income of Rs. 3 or 4 a year. «The exports of Indian dates are not as yet important ; they have averaged about 180 cwt., valued at Rs. 1,215, during the four years ending 1904-5, but in 1905-6 were only 34 cwt., valued at Rs. 364, and in 1906-7, 14 cwt., valued at Rs. 254. The ee) “NI THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 6 re-exports, during the same period, were as follows :—1900-1, 34,444 ewt., valued at Rs. 1,69,263; 1901-2; 27,632 cwt., valued at Rs. 1,41,939; 1902-3, 47,041 cwt., valued at ee. 18.455; 1903-4, 25,3380 ewt., valued at Rs. 1,27,277 ; 1904-5, 22,260 cwt., valued at Rs. 1,24,684; 1905-6, 23,542 ewt., valued at Rs. 1,381,873; and in 1906-7, 27,945 cwt., valued at Rs. 1,69,639. “The foreign supplies, on the other hand, are large and important ; in 1900-1 they came to 871,272 cwt., valued at Rs. 41,94,972 ; 1901-2, 901,006 cwt., valued at Rs. 42,11,091 ; 1902-3, 633,390 cwt., valued at Rs. 31,453,967 ; 1903-4, 725,003 ewt., valued at Rs. 36,27,590 ; 1904-5, 812,284 cwt., valued at Rs. 40,96,034 ; 1905-6, 867,229 ewt., valued at Rs. 44,87,709 ; and in 1906-7, 814,781 ewt., valued at Rs. 48,57,461. The largest quantities come usually from Turkey in Asia, viz., 479,200 cwt. in 1906-7 ; Arabia, 238,101 cwt. ; and Persia, 73,863 cwt., and are received chiefly by Bombay and Sind, which took as their shares 562,335 cewt. and 205,571 cwt. respectively.”’—( Watt). I think itis not out of place to say a few words about the so- called ‘“‘date-marks”’ or “ Baghdad boils,” as some wanted to find a connection between these boils and the eating of dates. The boils make their appearance in July or August as a small pimple, which grows very slowly for several months, and then becomes tender and swollen, continues as an open sore for some months more and slowly dries up. Considering the virulence of the sore, it is remarkably little painful, unless it happens to come on a joint or a part much exposed to knocks. Children are the great- est sufferers, and are always attacked on the face. Scarcely any resident of Baghdad, either European or Native, escapes from these boils, which in severe cases may cause the loss of the sight of an eye or carry off a bit of the nose or lip. Why the name “ date- marks’ should be given to these boils is not easy to understand ; many explanations are offered but none seem satisfactory. Some say that they come from eating dates, but this is certainly untrue. Others maintain that they are so called because they afflict people in date-bearing countries; but this explanation does not hold good either, for Basra is far more the region of Date Palms than Bagh- 688 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. dad, and yet is free from the plague of boils. Another theory is that they are called date-marks, because they almost always begin during the season of the ripening of the dates, and yet another that the name comes from the shape of the scar left, which is generally a long oval, not unlike the shape of the fruit. Some people boldly, casting aside any connection between the boils and dates, lay the blame on the unprotesting mosquito (cf. Journal, B. N. H. S., XVIII, 700). And they are right in doing sole Wright discovered in 1903 asmall protozoon, called Leishmania tropica Wrightii, which is transferred to man by mosquito bites. This parasite causes first an inflammation, then a swelling and, finally, a boil. CuntivaTion.—In the “ Agricultural Ledger” (1906, No. 1), Mr. Fletcher gives a full account of the conditions under which successful cultivation of this valuable tree is carried out in countries other than India. He ascribes the uniform failure of the many attempts that have been made in this country to improve and extend the very limited cultivation of the Date Palm, to a lack of appreciation of those conditions. We give in the following some extracts from Mr. Fletcher’s article :— «‘The low relative humidity and rainfall in all typical date- growing regions is very marked, and the lower these factors are the better is the quality of the dates grown. Excessive humidity probably acts indirectly by tempering the heat of the sun, while rain at the time of flowering spoils the pollen and during the ripening season causes fermentation in the fruit. The general time of flowering in almost all regions of the date belt is March to May and that of ripening August to November.” On an average, rainfall during the flowering and fruiting period should not much exceed 5 inches. In addition to this, irrigation is an essential accompaniment to the cultivation of the Date Palm. When the trees are in a dormant condition they can stand a temperature as low as 20° F., but for the formation of flowers and fruits a mean temperature of more than 64° F. is required ; early varieties of dates will ripen fruit, ifthe mean temperature for the fruiting season (May to October) is above 70° F. and for one THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 689 month at least above 80°. For the moderately late varieties these temperatures must be above 75° and 85° respectively, and for the best and latest varieties 84° and 949. The tree must, moreover, be exposed to the direct rays of the sun; it will not grow under shade even when young. The physical character of the soil, whether sand, loam or heavy clay, seems to have little influence on the growth and productive- ness of the tree, except, perhaps, that on light soils flowers and fruits develop earlier than on heavy ones. On the whole sandy loams appear to be best suited for the cultivation of dates. The Date Palm is equally indifferent to the quantity of alkali in the soil. The United States Department of Agriculture investi- gating the soils of the Algerian palm-bearing tracts came to the conclusion that this plant, although it can grow in soils contain- ing 3 to 4 per cent. of their weight of alkali, does “ not produce fruit, unless its roots reach a stratum of soil where the alkali con- tent is below 1 per cent. and does not yield regular and abundant crops unless there are layers in the soil with less than 0-6 per cent. of alkali.” Propagation may take place in two ways by seeds and offshoots. Mr. Fletcher describes the method of rearing seedlings as follows :— “The seeds should be sown in a seed-bed that has been specially prepared on sweet soil by ploughing in a mixture of ordinary farm- yard manure and on oil-cake at the rate of about 10 tons of the former and 4.00 lbs. of the latter per acre. Suitable oil-cakes tor India are those obtained from the castor-oil plant (Ricinus com- munis), Hruca satwa or any of the mustard family ; these cakes have the property of more or less preventing the attacks of white ants. Hmphasis is laid on the fact that the soil of the seed-bed should be sweet and not impregnated with alkali soils (reh or usar lands), since, though offshoots and adult plants will tolerate large amounts of such salts, a very small percentage of these in the soil will suffice to kill the seedlings soon after germination, if not actually to prevent germination. “After this preparation, the seed-beds should be irrigated in March or April and two or three days later the seeds sown in it at a depth of 1 or 2 inches in rows, 3 feet apart with intervals of 3 feet 690 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, between seeds in the rows. The bed should then be watered every second day or so for the first three or four months and after that every week for a second period of similar duration ; thenceforward the palms should be irrigated every month in the hot weather and every two months in the cold weather. ‘The seedlings may be transplanted from April to September after reaching the age of three years. Preferably they should be left in the seed-bed until they flower. This in good soil may occur six to ten years after sowing—the shorter period being sufficient in a locality where the average temperature is high. When the flowers appear and then only the sex can be determined with certainty ; the superfluous males may, therefore, now be weeded out and aban- doned. During the process of transplantation the largest leaves of the seedlings should be cut off at a distance of about 2 feet from their bases. Special attention is called to the fact that though the adult palm requires water of irrigation only at long intervals or not at all if the subsoil is kept constantly moist by natural sub-irriga- tion, the seed will not germinate or the seedling survive unless water is present in abundance.” As one male tree will, under cultivation, suffice for the fertiliza- tion of about 100 females, it is evident that propagation by seeds is not to be recommended. ‘The only rational method is by means of offshoots. These are suckers arising from the base of thestem when the tree is between about 6 and 16 years old. Offshoots borne on male trees will give rise to male trees, and on female trees, females. The fruit will be of the same quality as that of the parent palm. When the offshoots are from 3 to 6 years old they are separated from their parent with an ordinary hatchet by means of a cut parallel to the stem. The large leaves are removed and only the bud and young leaves are left on the rootless stump. April to September is probably the best time for the removal of the suckers in India. ‘The offshoots should be planted in rows 25 feet apart with similar intervals between plants in the row. For this purpose holes 3 feet deep and the same distance in diameter are made in the soil; half of the excavated earth is mixed with its own volume of farmyard manure with 4 or 5 lbs. of oil-cake and THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 691 filled in, the offshoot being set in the centre of this hole. In doing this it is most important that the bud in the centre of the leafstalks and young leaves should not be choked by being covered with soil. For this reason the offshoot should be planted with the bud two or three inches above the general level of the ground and a circular trench a foot in width be dug round it for the purpose of irrigation. The offshoots should be watered every day forthe first month, twice a week for the second month, and thenceforward every month for at least a year.”” No general rule can be given with regard to the amount of water required. This depends on local conditions; further, the palm needs more water during certain seasons of the year than others. Generally, at the time of flowering (February to’ March) little or no water should be given; from May till the fruit ripens water should be given liberally. The time of flowering is determined by climate and soil, and the amount of water applied to the trees. Generally speaking, eight years in the case of propagation by seed, and four or five years after being detached from the parent stem in the case of propagation by offshoots, may be considered to be the age at which appreciable quantities of fruit are produced. The male inflorescence with its enclosing spathe is cut from the tree usually immediately before, but sometimes immediately after the splitting of the spathe. One inflorescence consists of over 100 slender branches, of which one or two bear sufficient pollen to fertilize a whole female inflo- rescence. When the female inflorescence becomes visible between the separating parts of its spathe, one or two branches of the male inflorescence are inserted among its branches. The enclosing branches of the female inflorescence are then loosely bound together with a thin strip of a palm leaf or string. This is regularly done in Arabia, but not in Sind. About the beginning of June it is advisable to remove some clusters of fruit from the tree in order to increase the supply of good material to the remainder. One inflorescence will develop from 10 to 40 Ibs. of ripe dates; a whole tree yields from 50 to 200 lbs., on the average 120 lbs. The dates of one bunch do not ripen at the same time. In spite of this the bunch is usually cut off bodily when about half of the 692 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. dates are ripe and is hung in a dry shady place until the rest ripen ; but if the variety is a valuable one, the dates are picked singly as they ripen. The varieties of dates number some thousands in all. Accord- ing to Mr. Fletcher they may be classed as belonging to three types :— Class I.—‘ Soft Dates.’—These are the kind sold in the European and American markets. The percentage of sugar they contain is so high (60 per cent.) as to preserve or candy them naturally. _In some cases it is necessary to allow some of the syrup to drain off before packing. Class I1.—‘‘ Medium Dates.’’—These, too, are soft, but do not contain enough sugar to preserve them naturally. They do not dry readily and are, therefore, generally eaten fresh from the tree. Class I11.—‘‘ Dry Dates.” —These are hard and not sticky even when ripe and may be allowed to dry on the tree. They can be stored without special preparation. They are esteemed in date- erowing tracts for local consumption though not so sweet as the preceding classes. Mr. Fletcher gives an instructive table of some well-known varieties of dates, which might be of interest to many who have no access to the publications of the Agricultural Department : 693 THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. I a a a ee 66 66 66 "ystmojjad pur Tjeug)°** ‘MAOIG YSTMol[ed pue eszery|""* 66 66 Su0Ty Poo) ‘TMOIq pue 110Y4G)""° *peino]oo JUST] pure [yeus|"” “pod pue ozIs tanIpey| 66 66 6 Odie | sis PamMo[oo IWS] pues [[VuUg|"** "yovyq pue suo7q|"’ ‘asiv00 puv poy| *MoOTOA pue osaeq|"** UMC1g YSIMoled ‘ozis wanTpeyy|*** *yn9] [89 -x9 ‘GMOIq yzep ‘ozs untpeyy| ~ ‘poos Agzea ‘amorq yrep “{[eUg|*** “poos os you 4nq ‘TUNA OXIT) UAMOIG Uep,Os puke ozIs TINTpa;,| ~ *poosd A10A you ‘uMoiq yep ‘ozs uNtpepy| *poos os you pue JoyxIep 4uq ‘Tajo oyIT] ~ *Anyenb rowedng yep Ce ce 66 6. 66 66 |‘UMOIq uspjos “ + “UMOIq yiep 6 6 ‘UMOIG Tdplosd puw oz13 wanIpeyy|””’ 66 66 66 “TAO 66 *yovlq pue osieq|"°° ‘MoTaé pue dung “IOON 381 -39(] 0} WaA9 LOIIedns oq 09 preg|"”” *mMoT[OA pue Suo7q|"* “aMOIq Yep puv ozis wuipey ‘1OON J0[S9q 94} ULOy JeyxIeq|"** “41n2j JO TojovIeyO uo syivmoy "adod Wy pues voldeuy| © “re eee er seccce rae eee ooo [v007 see 66 aoe ene (77 200 4d k3q soe yeocry pue vipuy|”’” 000 pe [e00'T 00 ene 200 vIpUy 00S eee ryy) 6 eee 100 66 00 ene yeo07T O00 edoingq q4nog)"** see coe 66 eee soo eee eee jvoory GOD 00 000000000 yy) 66 ooe coe (13 oo yeoory|"** ree coe os eowouly |" 6“ 6 ooo -- Teoory|*** eolemy| eee 66 es88. eee [e007 O00 edoinq|"°° (3dA8q) candeg|*** ‘ coo ooo eoe [woory ooo pue[suy pure vorIouy|"~ eee purpsuq}"*" “6 Keo Lavoy 66 oé fpurg Avo Aavoy 66 66 66 Apues Axio 66 6s Apueg OO ca00oe 7 66 Avro AOR Apurs “‘qomreyy SIVA AO SAILAIAVA NMONXN-TTAM TWOS *parmber os (pue) ydeg “6 coe 66 soe tc Jaqmezdog 66 000 6“ jsnsny eune Jaqmaydag s Ayne “* Jaqmaydas qsnsuy (pte) {ides qsnsny coo 66 coe 64 600 “ jaqureydeg WG 900 qsnsny 66 * qaquieydag se qsnany “*(p&e) 19q 0490 se. 66 “* Jaqmieydag 66 % 1940490 “Suluedia jo 97eq ie) oe TR2GaZ| ave \e soe eqreapeg pepseg ermvyjod osoy " ae VILEPUOD)) (ose = s raniqy| § ae “add q\'* ydéag|) & 06 Taey[Ng|""" os rung |""" an pepseg|? vimvjodosoyy | pes qusseqy Q eee Baha ee” eee qyeosnyy eco BlQviy ‘ a oes ©. e oe Teen eLIPUBXe, VW | iS eae juekeH = - sieyy ¢ “taMO7T| C... 1d63q j t STprpoey) 149807 a5 qequy “-teysvipeg Judd q fe T}eZ0Tq| qany ysueg) UeysIqon]eq| ) ~ suisepanyq| Be qeuryy|’** eISdag | see Teztaqey| ) = 2 TARyen yy] ¢ oe pepseg| | | TUN} Ye I | | a fe | a + ‘eroreyodose yy nes IACI SS yoda 000 yerossng | | z TA1eH J | ae 1s9A0H } | e 500 Tyo 5 a pave] (AoTieA etdeg) qwosnyy he e1qesy | ae toe every" a eSSeFy ‘TH ! ! se yequy qe2ty } an : wmy|" yerqaeygf 1D, sds 8q | ‘Tmog do Tye |"? “" seBvQ yemoag] J TLYYeUOW) edn aeece’ ea ee slung, eee e eee see eunpee eee soe qez, coe SLIOS[V *100N 3°199q|'°" ee yanosnoy, oe jorge) °° ca saseg y2]ge)"°" ood010 94} J "Agere *91]90) -k1qun09 *edAT, jO OUeNT 19 694 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. IuLustration.—Plate VIII. The photograph, supplied by Mr. Phipson, shows a well developed specimen of Pheniw dactylifera, and at the foot of the stem two young specimens which took their origin from the present plant. The habit of the whole tree differs considerably from that of the Wild Date Palm; the crown is less dense, the leaves are spreading and form an acute angle with the stem. The lower part of the stem is not covered with the bases of the petioles. PHENIX RECLINATA, Jacq. Fragm. Bot. (1809) 27, t. 24; Willd. Sp. Pl. IV. 731; Spreng. Syst. Veg. II. 138 ; Klotzsch in Kunth, Enum. Pl. III. 256. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 272, 321, t. 164, 124, f. 1: Becc. Males. III. 349.—P. spinosa, Thonning in Videnskabernes Selskabs Afhandl, IV. (1829), p. 211; Hornemann, De ind. plant. Guineens. 11; Klotzsch in Kunth Enum. Pl. III. 257; Mart. in Gel. Anzeig. der Bayr. Akad. der Wiss. 1839 VIII. 892, IX. 988; Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 275, 320; Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soe. IX. 234; Tchihatchef in Griseb.: La Végét. du Globe II. 193; Drude in Engl. und. Pr.: Die Nat. Pflanz. I. 29, fig. 23; F. v. Mueller, Select Extra-trop. Pl. 263.—P. leonensis, Loddiges in Cat. Horti.—P. farinifera (non Roxb.) Zolling Pl. Jav. exsice. No. 3098; Cat. Pl. quee in hort. Bot. Bogor. col. (1866) p. 72.— Fulchironia senegalensis, Leseb. in Desf. Cat. Hort. Paris., ed. III. p20: DESCRIPTION.—Stem soboliferous, 25 feet high, sometimes even 30-40 feet. Leaves long, armed with solitary or paired spines on the sides and lower surface. Segments narrow ensiform, very numerous, in fascicles of two’ or three. In young leaves the segments are covered with a white tomentum on the under surface of the midrib. A similar tomentum covers the whole central bud. Spathes of spadices fusiform, furfuraceous or glabrous, compressed, thinly coriaceous, with two sharp keels. Male spadix ovate im outline, consisting of a great number of thin, flexible branches. Male flowers trigonous, lanceolate, distinctly acuminate, about 4 lines long ; calyx 3-dentate; petals lanceolate, acuminate or acute and often ciliate at the apex, but never cucullate. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Female spadix composed of 25-35 rigid Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. PuatTe IX. Pheme reclinata, Jacq. hh THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 695 branches ; fruiting branches patent or horizontal, or also reflexed. Fruit small, ovate-elliptic, mucronate. Perianth Gin fruit) cupular, a little more than 2 lines long and 4 lines broad ; calyx 3-dentate, a little less than half the length of the corolla. Petals not striate externally. Staminodes 6, dentiform, narrow, not united at the base. Seed oblong or subterete-cylindric, equally rounded at the two extremities ; in a median transverse section the process of the raphe is not seen, or is scarcely dilate, obtuse or superficially lobulate ; longitudinal groove of seed pretty long. ZL. Fie. 4, Male flowers of Phenix reclinata (5x), (After Beccari), Hasitat.—Throughout Tropical Africa from Senegal to Kaffir- land: Sansibar (rare), Pemba, Usambara (on the coast), Uganda. Usrs.—The split leaf is made into fine mats and caps which take colour easily, and are worked of many patterns. The green bunches of fruit, if immersed for 12 hours in water, suddenly assume a rich scarlet hue, and the astringent pulp becomes sweet. Wine is also obtained from this palm. ILLusTRaTioN.—Plate IX. The photograph, supplied by Major Gage, shows a characteristic tuft of specimens of Phenix reclinata. The leaves which touch the ground belong to younger plants that have been produced by the parent stems. PHENIX CANARIENSIS, Hort. Chabaud, La Provence agricole, No. 19 (Oct. 1882) p. 293, fig. 66-68. Naudin in Revue Horticole 1885, p. 241, et 1888, p. 180 ; Illustr. Hort. XXXIII,8; Bece. Males. III. 371.—P. datyhifera 8. jube, Webb. et Berth. Hist. Nat. des Canaries, III. 289 ; Christ 696 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. in Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. VI. 469.—P. judae, Christ in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. IX. 170.—P. tenuis, Hort.—P. vigiert, Hort, Revenue Hort. 1888, p. 180. DESCRIPTION.—Stem solitary, when young covered with the _ petioles of fallen leaves and then very often forming a bulbiform mass, in old plants cylindric, columnar and stout, reaching a height of 40-50 feet. The crown exceedingly large, hemispheric, dense, consisting of about 200 leaves. Leaves 17-20 feet long, the base of the stalk thick and turgid, more so than in Pheenia dactyli- fera ; the stalk is very short, armed with strong, long spines. On each side of the rhachis there are 150-200 segments, of the same green colour on the upper and lower surface, straight but not rigid, those lowest and next to the spines in fascicles of 2 or 3, above these they are less fascicled, but turned in various directions, those of the upper half of the leaf equidistant, not aggregate and almost opposite to each other. Male panicle on the whole ovate, with strongly angular branches ; the longer branches 1 foot long. Male flowers alternate, often in pairs, ovate-asymmetrical, angular by mutual pressure, 6 lines long; calyx cup-shaped-obconic, tri- gonous, sharply 3-dentate ; petals densely striate, thinly coriaceous, obtuse or slightly acute. Stamens slightly shorter than the petals ; pistillode very small, papilliform, acute. Female flowers globose- depressed, 2-3 lines in diameter; calyx cupular, 3-ribbed, very acutely 3-dentate. Corolla by + longer than the calyx ; staminodes tooth-shaped, very small, perfectly free ; petals twice as broad as long, subreniform, obtusely apiculate in the centre, sometimes the petals are shorter than the sepals. Branches of fruiting spadix 1-2 feet long, semiverticillate or spreading, erect patent, stout and rigid. Fruit ovate-elliptic or subglobose-ovate, equally rounded at — both extremities, slightly apiculate at the apex, yellow when ripe, smooth, 3 inch long, 9 lines broad, pericarp thin, crustaceous, fragile. Seed ovate-elliptic or ovate-oblong, rounded at the two extremities, terete, or in a transverse section perfectly round, convex on the ventral side. Dorsal groove quite straight and deep ; process of the raphe, as seen in a median transverse section, very narrow in the beginning, getting broader and deeply lobed at the base; albumen horny, fragile, very hard; embryo almost in the middle of the ventral side. SE a erm ace ne ee a , be apeeha eka schvenfalets i % Fo aye a eu j cael oh bai aids P j ee et eee 5 5 A EO sia E rf ayn le, a ny ith i a Sot, (eee ui re stdaey paddies ‘ = Were tA: A f ors FE He, ‘ i + x i , j [ysHosig wasay| ‘G dvi Pre ceceartve SUY] UMOYS s7miny sdovanmnyy JO UOIWNQUIsiG, ee a peach Ty] ? «oe? jie tS) "90S ‘LSI LYN AVGWOG ‘Nunor THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 697 Hasirat.—Canary Islands. Fig, 5, Male flowers of Phenix canariensis (4X), (After Beccari.) 2. SABALEA. Polygamous. Several or numerous half-complete spathes or such as cover only the peduncle of the spadix, often also on the branches of the panicle. Leaves fan-shaped, induplicate. DIsTRIBUTION.—The Sabalee have, after the Avecinew, the greatest geographical distribution : On the eastern hemisphere: Chamerops L., Trachycarpus Wendl., Rhapis, L., Corypha, ., Nannorhops Wendl., Incuala Thunb., Invistona, R. Br., Pritchardia, Wendl. Seem, Theysmania, R. f. Zoll. Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Asia, south of the northern limit of the region of palms including all the islands from Ceylon tothe Sandwich Islands, north and east coast of Australia to the south coast (874° S. Lat.). On the western hemisphere: Sabal, Adans., Rhapidopyllum, Wendl., Acanthorrhiza, Wendl., Trithrinax, Mart., Brahea, Mart., Serencea, Hook, f., Colpothrinaz, Wendl. Griseb, Erythea, S. Wats., Copernicia, Mart., Thrinaw L., Crysophila, BL.. America, from the northern limit of the palms to almost the southern limit (36° N. Lat.—32° S. Lat.), but are not found in the tropical region of the Amazonas. 698 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, Key to the genera described below :— A.—Fruit with a smooth pericarp. Gynceciwm of 3 free carpels; each carpel with its own style or stigma. a. Perianth of 3 sepals and 3 petals alternat- ing with the sepals. * Seed erect elliptic ; albumen ruminate . Chameerops. * Seed curved-reniform ; albumen with a single excavation near the raphe Trachycarpus. * Seed flat-globular ; albumen with a deep excavation filled with a corky sub- stance, otherwise uniform Rhapis. b. Perianth of 6 bristles, or of 6 leaves grown together : Thrinax. B.—Fruit with a smooth pericarp. Gyncciwm of 3 appressed carpels, or carpels united where they meet; stigma one. a. Spadix terminal; remains of stigma at the base of the fruit. * Embryo apical, spiral Corypha. * Embryo dorsal or subbasilar Nannorhops. b. Spadix axillary, lateral; remains of the stigma apical (except in Sabal). a Berry drupaceous ; endocarp hard, brittle. * Filaments on a fleshy urceolus which is united with the corolla . Lneuala. * Filaments free, slightly coherent at the base : Tivistona. 8 Berry drupaceous on a cylindrical stalk. Pritchardia, y Berry with a soft membranous endocarp. * Albumen uniform, except for an exca- vation near the umbilicus or raphe... Sabal. * Albumen deeply ruminate Copernicia. if Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE X, Dwarr Fan Patm (Chamerops hwmilis, L.). THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 699 CHAM@ROPS, L. GEN. NOT. 1219. (From the Greek “‘ Chamcerops”’: “‘ chamai’’ = on the ground, and ‘‘rops”’ = bush. Plinius called it Chamcerepes, which means “creeping on the ground.’’) Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 248, t. 120, 124 (sp. 1).—Kunth Enum. Pl. Il]. 248.—Drude Bot. Zeitg. 1877, 638.—Benth and Hook. Gen. Pl. 924, 86. Stem mostly low, bushy-czespitose, covered with the remains of the petioles, leaves terminal, stiff, fan-shaped, regularly divided ; petioles slender, spinous. Spadix short, erect, with mostly 2 leathery spathes, flowers dizecious or polygamous on the short branches of the simply-branched spadix, small, yellow. Petals broadly ovate-acute. Stamens 6 (—9); filaments short, situated on a fleshy cup. Carpels thick-fleshy with sessile stigmas, each flower developing 3 berries, rarely more, sometimes less. Berry elongateerect, with the remains of the stigma slightly lateral, reddish-brown or yellowish. Seed elliptic or ovate. Albumen ruminate. Species 2.—In the western part of the Mediterranean region. CHAMAEROPS HUMILIS, LU. Hort. Cliff. 482; Willd. Spec. Pl. IV. 1154, n. 1; Houttuyn Pflanzensyst 1.55; Giseke Prael. Ord. nat. 27; Sa- vigny in Lam. Encycl. IV, 714, et. Illustr. gen. t. 900 ; Spreng. Syst. Veg. iiela¢, 0.1); Roem. Schult. Syst. Vee. VII. 2. 1488, n. 1; Mill: Diction. I. 669; Brotero Fl. Lusit. I. 605; Cambess. Plant. Balear. in Mém. du Mus. XIV. 321; Herrera Agricultura general (1818) IL. 389; Allion. FI. edemont. II. 363, n. 866;P De Cand, Fl. Franc, III. 723; Moris Elench. Stirp. sard. I. 47; Sebast. et Mauri Prodr.. Fl. Roman, 135; Tenore Sylloge Fl. Neapol. 535; Philippi in Linnea VII. 759,760; Poiret Voy. en Barbar, Il. 273; Desfont. Fl. Atlant. Il. 486; Viviani Fl. Lib. specim. 62; Fraas Synops. plant. flor. class. 278. Names :—Dwarf Fan Palm, European Palm; Palmeira, Palma das Vassouras (Portug.) ; Palmito, Margallonera ( Span.) ; Palma (Andal.) ; Palmiste (French); Palmito (Ital. ); Palmetta, Piumara, Giummara, Curina (Sicily). DESCRIPTION.—Grows in hot-houses to the height of 15 feet and more; but in Spain and Barbary it is not more than 4 or 5 feet 700 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. high, and in Italy it is much dwarfer, stem 5-6 inches in diameter closely covered with triangular hard scales, the bases of the old leaves. The new leaves grow in a tuft at the top of the stem, and have smooth flat stalks, with rigid spines proceeding from the edge; blade deeply palmate, with from 12-15 narrow sword- shaped divisions, which are slightly glau- cous and downy. Spadix short compresed; spathes 6-8 inches long, compressed, downy at the edge. This palm is too well-known as to need a detailed description. C. humilis is a very variable palm. We mention only the following varieties: C. humilis var. arborescens, Mart (=C. arbores- cens Pers., C. elata and tomentosa, Hort.) of N. Africa; var. bilaminata, Wendl.,—con- duplicata, Kickx.; glaucescens, Rel.; gracilis, Lodd. ; inermis, Rel.; melanacantha, Rollis ; robusta, Van Houtte, etc. _ Hasrrar.—This is the only palm indi- genous to Hurope. It is found as far up as Nice in Italy, but thence southward it has a great range, being met with in all the countries bordering the Mediter- ranean Sea. UsrEs.—The fibres furnished by the stem FIé. 6. mixed with camel’s hair are used > Germination of seed of Cha- or maerops humilis. (After Martins.) make baskets, and cordage from all parts of the plant. The palm also affords materials for paper-manufacture. The tree furnishes a fibre resembling horse-hair, which is firm and elastic, and is used in great quantities in the manufacture of carpets, under the name of vegetable or African hair. The sails made from it are better than those prepared from the Spanish broom (Genista making tent covers. Of the leaves they THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 701 scoparia, Lam.). The fibres, divested of the glutinous matter which binds them together, are extremely divisible, as fine as flax, and can be used, in spite of their inferior length (10-16 inches), in the preparation of flax cotton. CULTIVATION IN HuRoPE.—The Dwarf Fan-Palm is a greenhouse tree of very easy culture in a compost of rich strong loam, to which is added a small portion of vegetable mould and sand. Perfect drainage and copious supplies of water throughout the summer, are most essential to success. Propagation may be effected by suckers or by seeds. Ifthe palm is employed in sub-tropical gardening, it should have a situation sheltered from strong winds. ILLustration.—Plate X shows a clump of Dwarf Fan Palms which are growing in the Government Horticultural Gardens of Lucknow. The leaves of two specimens have been badly attacked by insects.—We have to thank Mr. H. J. Davies who kindly supplied us with the photograph. TRACHYCARPUS, H. Wendl. Bull, Soc. Bot. Franc. VIII. 429. From the Greek “‘ Trachys’—hard, rough, and ‘“ carpos”’ fruit, probably in allusion to the rough, hairy fruit. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 251 (spec. 3, 4, 7), t. 125.—Wall. Pl. Asiat. Rar. III, t. 211.—Bot. Mag., t. 5221 (excl. fig. 6, 7.)—Griff. Palms Brit. Ind., 1388, t. 227 A, B.—Kurz For. FI. Il. 526.—Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. III. IT. 928, 98. Tall, unarmed palms. Leaves suborbicular or reniform, plic- ately multifid ; segments narrow, rhachis O. Spadices many, interfoliar, stout, branched ; spathes many, sheathing, embracing the peduncle and branches of the spadix, coriaceous, compressed, tomentose; bracts and bracteoles minute. Flowers small, poly- gamo-monoecious. Sepals 3, ovate; petals 3, broadly ovate, val- vate. Stamens 6, filaments free; anthers short, dorsifixed. Carpels 3; stigmas 3, recurved; ovules basilar. Drupes 1-3, globose or oblong; style subterminal. Seed erect, ventrally grooved ; hilum basilar ; albumen equable ; embryo dorsal. Species 3.—Himalaya, China, Japan. CULTIVATION IN EvuropE.—All the species of this genus are easily cultivated ; they are greenhouse or half-hardy palms. They 21) 702 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, grow well in a compost of rich, strong loam with a small portion of vegetable mould and sand. Perfect drainage, and copious supplies of water throughout the summer are essential. They may be propagated by suckers or by seeds. TRACHYCARPUS MARTIANA. H. Wendl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr, VIII. (1861) 429; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind., VI. 486.—T. khastana, H. Wendl. 1. c ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 7128.—Chamaerops martiana, Wall. Cat. n. 8621 ; Mart. in Wall. Pl. Asiat. Rar. IIT. 5, t. 211 ; Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 251, 320; Royle Ill., 394, (-73-9); Griff. im Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 339; Palms Brit. Ind. 1383.—Chamaerops griffith, Lodd. Cat. Palm. 1841; Hort. Par. ex Rev. Hortic. 1879, 212, f. 43, ed. 1881, 143.—Ch. khasyana, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 341; Palms Brit. Ind., 184; +.227 A, B, C; Brand. For. Fl. 546 ; Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. XLIII. 204; For. Fl. II. 526 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 418 ; Houllet in Rev. Hortic. 1879, 272. Names.—Jhangra, Jhaggar, Tal, Takil (Kumaon); Pakha (Ass.) ; Taggu (Newar name in Nepal). DescripTion.—A tall, slender tree, 20-50 feet high, often stunted on dry ground or in otherwise unfavourable localities, with a globose crown of dark shining leaves, clothed beneath the crown with persistent leaf-sheaths ; young parts furfuraceously hairy. Petioles 3 feet long, the sheathing base consisting of two layers, the inner layer, which separates from the outer, being composed of a net-work of brown tough fibres, crossing each other at oblique angles, forming a close network of rhomboid meshes ; upper part of petiole half-round, woolly, edges shehtly denticulate. Blade orbicular, consisting of 30-40 linear segments, 15-20 inches ~ long, connate to one-third or one-half their length, emarginate or shortly bifid at the top, rigidly coriaceous. Spadix a drooping compound panicle, 1-14 foot long, covered with dark rust-coloured down, with several stout main branches, each in the axil of a large coriaceous sheathing bract ; basal spathes 1 foot long. Petals ovate, concave whitish; stamens 6; filaments subulate, nearly free, longer than the anthers. Ovary and the rudiments of ovary in male flowers, hairy. Drupe 1, oblong, at first yellow, dark glossy blue when ripe. ‘(TpuoA\ “HL “vsyaawa snduwpohyovwy,) WIVg NVSAHO s ANODE OH ef ‘(TpUSMA “HE ‘wun. sndmohiyovwy) WIVg NYSAHO ,saliuvy{—'P |) f THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 703 Fig. 7. Trachycarpus martiana 1. Base of lamina of leaf and ligule. 6. Carpels. 2. Back view of flower. 7. ‘The same dehising when still young 3. Flower. 8, Transverse Section of the same show- 4and 5. Stamens, ing the ovule. (2—8 magnified) (After Hooker). HasiratT.—Central Himalaya, Kumaon and Nepal, 5-8,000 feet; Khasia Hills, 4-5,000 feet; Manipur 6,000 feet ; Upper Burma, Kachin Hills, 4-6,500 feet. (Grows in great numbers, forming clumps and rows, on the Thakil Mountain in Hastern Kumaon, in the Fork between the Sarju and Kali rivers, between 6,500 and 7,800 feet, where snow generally covers the ground from November till March above the zone of Pinus longifolia in the region of Quercus, Rhododendron, Andromeda, and Taxus, in damp shady glens on the north and south-east, but chiefly on the north-west side. Also on Dhuj Mountain, north-east of the Thakil, on the Kali- moandi range between the Ramgunga and Gori rivers, and in the 704 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, Sarju valley near Bagesar. Dwarf specimens were found at the base of the Satbunga Mountain, south-east of the Gagar Pass, in very dense forest at 6,500 feet elevation, and on the Berchula, a spur of the Bhatkot Mountain, considerably farther in the interior, and at about 8,000 feet elevation, which probably is its western limit). ILLusTRATION.—Martiu’s Chusan Palm which is figured on Plate XI A, is kept ina hot house of the Kew Gardens, whilst Fortune’s Chusan Palm (Plate XI B) is growing in the same garden in the open. We owe the two photographs to the kindness of Mr. A. W. Hill, the Assistant Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew. TRACHYCARPUS EXCELSA, H. Wendl. in Bull. Soc. Fr. VIII, 429; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 436.—Trachycarpus fortune, Wendl. 1.c.— Chamaerops excelsa, Thunb, Fl. Jap. 150 (not var. 8); Mart, Hist. Nat. Palm. HI. 251; Miquel Fl. Jap. 329; J. Gay in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. VIII. 410; Franch. et Sav. Enum. Pl. Jap. II. 1; Carriére in Rev. Hortie. 1877, 223.—C. fortunei, Hook. Bot. Mag., t. 5221. Name.—Fortune’s Chusan Palm. DEscRIPTION.—Stem of considerable height, clothed throughout with old leaf sheaths and a good deal of course transverse fibre, which also abounds among the perfect foliage. Leaves forming a handsome, more or less spreading crown. Petioles 14 foot or more long, convex below, nearly plain above, the margin quite unarmed or very obscurely toothed. Lamina semiorbicular, flabellate, 15 foot long and broad, deeply plaited, cut for about a half or more of the way down into numerous linear segments, which are 2-1 inch broad, pendulous towards their apices. Spadix small in proportion to the plant, and consequently not very conspicuous, emerging from several imbricating leafy bracts, and constituting a dense thyrsoid panicle, more than a span long and clothed with yellow flowers. Flowers clustered, 2-4 on a tubercle, sessile. Calyx small, of 3 sepals. Corolla of 3 orbicular petals. Stamens inserted on the base of the petals. Ovaries 3, ovate, hairy, tapering upwards into a thick subsulate style. Drupe reniform, deeply hollowed on one side; embryo opposite the umbilicus. : V\\' { ry & a oy A NIE ] 2 3 Fig. 8. 1, Female flower of Trachycarpus excelsa 3. Ovaries of the same. 2, Petal and stamen of the same. All magnified, (After Hooker.) Hapsitat.— Upper Burma, Yunan; China, Japan. Usrs.—The brown fibre surrounding the trunk is very strong ; the Chinese employ it for many domestic purposes. It is made into ropes and cables for the junks and wrought into bed bottoms, used by all classes of the population. Labourers and coolies in Northern China make hats from the leaves. Also their “ so-e,”’ or garment of leaves, which they wear in wet weather, is manufactured from the leaves of this palm. CULTIVATION IN INDIA :—It needs protection from strong sun- shine when grown in the plains. (To be continued. ) 706 DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. BY E. MEYRICK, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. XIII. (Continued from page 462 of this Volume.) GELECHIADA. Lecithocera, Hs. To this genus I would now also refer signifera, Feld. Lecithocera deltospila, n. sp. 3.21 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, tinged centrally with purplish. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint dark fuscous except apex. Antenne 1, rather stout, whitish-ochreous, ciliations 14. Thorax whitish-ochreous, shoulders narrowly dark fuscous. Abdomen pale ochreous. Posterior tibiz fuscous, apex ochreous-whitish, tarsi whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 to termen, 8 and 9 out of 7; whitish- ochreous; a blackish-fuscous streak along basal sixth of costa ; a flattened- triangular blackish-fuscous blotch representing plical . and first discal stigmata, extending from near base to middle; an inverted-triangular blackish-fuscous blotch representing second discal stigma ; between these blotches are two fuscous spots; dorsum suffused with fuscous from near base to tornus ; posterior ? of wing dark fuscous suffusedly irrorated with ochreous-whitish, tending to form streaks on veins, and cut by a nearly straight whitish-ochreous subterminal line parallel to termen, slightly m- dented above middle: cilia whitish-ochreous with two fuscous shades. Hindwings light grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous, with two faint fuscous shades. Khasis; one specimen. Allied to trigonopis, but antennal ciliations longer, termen of forewings more sinuate, more oblique. Onebala eremota, n. sp. : 36 2. 15-17 mm. Head pale ochreous or brownish-ochreous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint greyish-ochreous except apex. Antennx whitish-ochreous, ciliations in ¢ 1, fasciculated. Thorax greyish-ochreous. Abdomen pale grey, anal tuft pale greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat oblique ; 2 and 4 stalked, 3 absent, 7 absent, 8 and 9 stalked; light glossy bronzy-fuscous, veins slightly darker: cilia pale ochreous tinged with fuscous. Hindwings pale grey ; cilia pale greyish-ochreous. Matale, Ceylon (Pole); in April and August, two specimens. Closely allied to myadelpha, but lighter-coloured, forewings less dilated posteriorly, termen more rounded, stigmata wholly absent, in ¢ without hair-pencil. DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 707 Pachnistis, Meyr. Allied to Brachmia, from which it differs in having vein 7 of forewings absent, 8 and 9 stalked. Besides cephalochra, Meyr., which is the type of the genus, I refer here diluticornis, Wals., cherandra, Meyr., continctella, Walk., and the two following species. Pachnistis exeema, n. sp. $2. 13-17 mm. Head and thorax dark purplish-fuscous, sides of head pale ochreous or whitish-ochreous. Palpi pale whitish-ochreous, second joint suffused with dark fuscous except towards apex, terminal joint variably suffused on anterior edge and towards apex. Antenne pale whitish-ochreous, in g simple. Abdomen light grey, anal tuft whitish- ochreous. Posterior tibie rather dark purplish-grey, apex ochreous- whitish, tarsi ochreous-whitish more or less banded with dark grey. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, rather oblique; 2 and 3 stalked, 4 sometimes out of 2; dark purplish-fuscous; a pale whitish-ochre- ous cloudy rather irregular streak crossing wing before middle; small whitish-ochreous costal and dorsal spots at 4: cilia purplish-grey. Huind- wings pale grey, darker posteriorly ; cilia pale grey, sometimes darker round upper part of termen, base whitish-ochreous. Kegalle, Matale, Peradeniya, Maskeliya, Haputale, Ceylon (Green, Pole, Alston) ; Cuddapah, 4,000 feet (Campbell) ; in March, April, and from July to September, twelve specimens. Very like cherandra, but in that species there is no entire antemedian line, and the antennz of ¢ are ciliated. Pachnistis lygaea, n. sp. 3. 24 mm. Head brownish. Palpi pale ochreous, second joint dark brown, anterior edge of terminal joint dark fuscous. Antenne pale ochreous, ciliations 2. Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, somewhat oblique; 2 and 3 stalked; rather dark purplish-bronzy-fuscous ; discal stigmata rather small, cloudy, blackish: cilia bronzy-fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia fuscous. Dalhousie, Kashmir; in July, one specimen. Lrachmia, Hb. Head with appressed scales, side-tufts loosely raised; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennz 4-1, not stout, in dg simple or variably ciliated, basal joint moderately elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi very long, recurved, second joint thickened with appressed scales, seldom loosely expanded towards apex above, terminal joint about as long as second or rather longer, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi very short filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibise rough-scaled above. Fore- Wings with 2 and 3 stalked or seldom coincident, 4 sometimes out of 2, 7 to 708 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. apex or near below it, 7 and 8 stalked, 9 often out of 7, rarely 10 also out of 7. Hindwings 1 or over 1, trapezoidal, termen more or less sinuate, cilia 3-1; 3 and 4 connate or stalked, 5 more or less approximated, 6 and 7 ftalked. A considerable genus, most numerous in the Indian region, but fairly represented in Europe and Africa. The species are obscure in appearance, and require careful attention. The stalking of vein 9 with 7 in the sorewings is proved to be variable in some species (as gera@a), but in others it seems to be constant. The colouring of the antennz and posterior tibiz sometimes furnishes’ good characters. Torodora, Meyr., and Apethistis, Meyr., cannot be maintained as distinct genera in view of the variability of — neuration above-mentioned, and are therefore merged. I describe now 39 new species, and include also in their proper position the other species of the Indian fauna already described, which may assist the comprehension of the genus. It is difficult to draw a clear line between Brachmia and Lecithocera, but impossible to unite them. I have included in Lecithocera those species in which the antennze are longer than the forewings, and those in which they are only as long as the forewings but distinctly stout or thickened but there appears to be nearly every degree of transition. Onebala differs from Brachmia essentially in the absence of vein 3 of hindwings ; Autosticha in having 7 of forewings absent, 9 separate. These four genera are nearly related together, and all extensively developed in the Indian region, of which they are characteristic. Brachmia philosopha, un. sp. 36 @. 138-15 mm. Head and thorax fuscous, face paler. Palpi white, second joint externally fuscous except apex, anterior and posterior edges of terminal joint black. Antenne 1, white ringed with dark fuscous, in ¢ simple. Abdomen fuscous, beneath dark fuscous, in ¢ with a whitish anteapical band. ‘Posterior tibie grey, extreme apex whitish, tarsi whitish broadly banded with dark fuscous irroration. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed, termen concave, rather oblique ; 3 absent, 7 to termen, 8, 9, and 10 out of 7,11 in g anastomosing with 12; rather dark fuscous; an irregularly triangular blotch of dark fuscous suffusion on dorsum before middle, reaching more than half across wing; costa suffused with dark fuscous from 4 to apex; a small whitish spot on middle of costa, beneath which is a patch of whitish irroration ; two small blackish spots edged with a few whitish scales placed transversely in disc at 3; an indistinct bisinuate whitish line at 4, sharply marked towards costa; a black terminal line: cilia fuscous with four ochreous-whitish lines, basal third on termen yellow-ochreous. Hind- wings grey; cilia whitish-ochreous with two broad pale fuscous shades. DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. . 109 Khasis; in March, three specimens. The peculiar neuration marks this as an extreme form, but it does not seem necessary to separate it generically. Brachmia compsophala, n. sp. 36 2. 13-17 mm. Head and thorax light ochreous-brown or sometimes fuscous, face whitish-tinged. Palpi whitish, second joint externally suffused with fuscous except towards apex, terminal joint with two black lateral lines. Antennze 1, white, sharply rmged with dark fuscous, ciliations in d 2. Abdomen light ochreous or greyish. Posterior tibiz dark fuscous, apex white, tarsi white with dark fuscous basal bands on first three joints. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-point- ed, termen sinuate, oblique; 2 and 3stalked, 7 to termen, 8 and 9 out of 7; light ochreous-brown or sometimes fuscous, somewhat infuscated or darker- suffused posteriorly; traces of a white oblique strigula from costa before middle, sometimes obsolete ; stigmata faintly darker, plical rather obliquely beyond first discal, second discal forming a transverse mark, but all some- times quite obsolete ; a fine oblique white strigula from costa at ?, whence a faint angulated whitish line proceeds to tornus; a black apical dot, more or less edged with white above and beneath; an interrupted blackish terminal line: cilia ochreous-brown or lilac-fuscous, apical third on termen white preceded by a darker line. Hindwings fuscous, sometimes paler towards base ; cilia light brownish-ochreous or fuscous. Madulsima, Kurunegala, Diyatalawa, Ceylon (Green, Vaughan, Pole, Fletcher); from July to November, eight specimens. The characteristic apical dot separates it from all allied species. Brachmia isocrypta, n. sp. ©. 15mm. Head and thorax rather dark fuscous, face paler. Palpi whitish, second joint dark fuscous except apex, anterior edge of terminal joint blackish. Antenne 1, white ringed with dark fuscous. Abdomen fus- cous, apex ochreous-tinged, beneath whitish with anal tuft blackish. Poste- rior tibize white, basal third and a preeapical mark dark fuscous, tarsi white with three dark fuscousrings. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, rather oblique; 3 and 4 out of 2, 7 to apex, 8 and 9 out of 7; rather dark fuscous ; second discal stigma obscurely darker; a cloudy fuscous-whitish dot on costa at *, whence a very faintly indicated very obtusely angulated pale line runs to dorsum before tornus: cilia fuscous with two darker shades, on termen with pale basal line. Hindwings and cilia grey. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole); in June, one specimen. Brachmia tresia, n. sp. 32. 9-14mm. Head ochreous-whitish, crown in Q sometimes grey. Palpi ochreous-white, second joint more or less suffused with fuscous or dark 21 710 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. fuscous except towards apex, anterior edge of terminal joint dark fuscous. Antenne 1, ochreous-whitish, in 2 dotted with dark grey on basal half, in g simple. Thorax purplish-grey. Abdomen grey, beneath whitish. Posterior tibize ochreous-white, basal half dark grey, tarsi ochreous-white, more or less marked or banded with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 to apex, 8 and 9 out of 7; dark purplish-grey; stigmata represented by small obscure darker spots, sometimes nearly obsolete, plical somewhat beyond first discal, second discal transverse-oval : a small whitish mark on costa at ?, whence sometimes a faint slightly curved line of whitish scales runs to tornus: cilia on costa and tornus dark purplish-grey, on termen white, in ¢ with a black basal line, in 2 with base purplish-grey and a blackish subbasal shade. Hindwings grey ; cilia light grey, ind suffused with whitish on upper part of termen. Madulsima, Trincomali, Puttalam, Ceylon (Pole, Fletcher); N. Coorg, 3,000 feet (Newcome) ; in February and from June to November, nine speci- mens. 5. orbata, Meyr., from Borneo is a very similar species, but has posterior tibize wholly grey. Brachnmua argocrossa, DX. sp. $6 @.16-18 mm. Head pale whitish-ochreous, crown sometimes suffused posteriorly with light brownish or fuscous. Palpi ochreous-white, second joint dark fuscous except apex, anterior edge of terminal joint blackish. Anten- nz 1, pale whitish-ochreous, in d simple. Thorax purplish-fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Posterior tibiz whitish, somewhat sprinkled on sides with dark fuscous, tarsi whitish with slight dark grey dots at base of joints. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen somewhat sinuate, rather oblique; 3 and 4 out of 2, 7 to apex, 8 and 9 out of 7 ; purplish-fuscous; stigmata black, plical rather obliquely beyond first discal; a whitish dot on costa at 3, whence sometimes avery faint pale curved or bent line runs to ;, of dorsum; a blackish terminal line: cilia -ochreous-white, on costa dark purplish-fuscous, on tornus fuscous. Hindwings grey’; an oblique dark grey discal mark ; cilia whitish-ochreous. Undersurface of nmdwings ochreous-whitish irregularly mottled with dark fuscous, with an oblique dark fuscous discal mark. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole); in January, February, June, July, and October, six specimens. Brachmia arcifera, Meyr. Palni Hills (Campbell) ; Bhotan (Dudgeon). The abdomen should be described as dark fuscous. Brachmia bracculata, n. sp. 6 2. 15-17mm. Head and thorax rather dark lilac-fuscous, face suftus- ed with ochreous-whitish. Palpi ochreous-whitish second joint sprinkled DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. eh and on basal half suffused with dark fuscous, anterior edge of terminal joint dark fuscous. Antenne dark fuscous, dotted with whitish, ciliations in d ?. Abdomen rather dark fuscous, tinged with ochreous, beneath yellow- whitish except anal segment. Posterior tibize ochreous-whitish, basal = dark fuscous, tarsi dark fuscous, ringed with whitish. Forewings elongate rather narrow, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, rather oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 to termen, 8 and 9 out of 7 ; rather dark purplish-fuscous ; second discal stigma obscurely darker ; ochreous-white wedge-shaped strigule on costa at # and dorsum before tornus, connected by a faint sinuate whitish line: cilia bronzy-fuscous, base on termen white followed by a dark grey shade. Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia pale grey, on upper part of termen with base ochreous- whitish. Khasis ; in May and September, three specimens. Brachmia deleastra, n. sp. ®. 15-17mm. Head and thorax rather dark fuscous, face paler or whitish-tinged. Palpi whitish, second joint fuscous except apex, with a dark fuscous subapical ring, anterior and posterior edges of terminal joint blackish. Antenne 1, ochreous-white ringed with dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Posterior tibiz dark fuscous, apex yellowish-white, tarsi yellowish-white spotted with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen concave, rather oblique; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 to termen, 8 and 9 out of 7; moderately dark purple-fuscous ; stigmata obscurely darker, plical, hardly beyond first discal, second discal forming a transverse mark; a somewhat oblique ochreous-whitish mark on costa at 3, whence a faintly indicated very obtusely angulated pale line runs to dorsum before tornus ; a dark terminal line: cilia rather dark purplish-fuscous, with pale basal line. Hindwings and cilia fuscous. Kandy and Arawa, Ceylon (Green, Pole, Fletcher); in August and December, three specimens. Brachmia storestis, n. sp. 6.10 mm. Head pale whitish-ochreous, centre of crown pale fuscous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint suffused with dark fuscous except towards apex. Antenne almost 1, ochreous-whitish, serrulate, simple. Thorax rather dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, beneath dark fuscous, anal tuft pale whitish-ochreous. Posterior tibize rather dark fuscous, apex whitish, with an expansible pencil of yellow-whitish hairs from base above, tarsi ochreous-white. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 to apex, 8 and 9 out of 7 ; dark fuscous ; stigmata represented by small cloudy blackish spots, plical elongate, rather before first discal ; a small oblique 712 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. whitish mark on costa at 2; a cloudy blackish terminal line: cilia fuscous mixed with dark fuscous, base suffused with pale ochreous on termen. Hindwings grey ; cilia light grey, base ochreous-whitish. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Alston) ; in December, one specimen. Brachmia metasaris, n. sp. $ Q@. 17-18 mm. Head and thorax rather dark purplish-fuscous, crown with a white line above eyes, face suffused with whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish, second joint suffused with dark fuscous except towards apex, anterior edge of terminal joint blackish. Antenne 1, whitish, basal joint with a dark fuscous line, ciliations in ¢ 3. Abdomen light fuscous, beneath darker fuscous, anal tuft in dg ochreous-whitish, internally yellowish. Posterior tibize fuscous, apex whitish, in g clothed above with expansible brush of very long whitish hairs, tarsi whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex round- pointed, termen sinuate, rather oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 to apex, 8 and 9 out of 7; rather dark fuscous, faintly purplish-tinged ; an ochreous- whitish dot on costa at 2; a dark fuscous terminal line: cilia fuscous, on termen with basal line whitish-ochreous and tips whitish. Hindwing fus- cous ; cilia whitish-ochreous, with two more or less marked fuscous shades. Khasis ; in May, two specimens. Brachmia corsota, n. sp. 3 2. 20-22 mm. Head and thorax rather dark purplish-fuscous, face and sides of crown more or less suffused with whitish-yellowish. Palpi pale ochreous-yellowish, second joint suffused with dark fuscous except towards apex, anterior and posterior edges of terminal joint blackish. Antenne 1, whitish-ochreous, basal joint with a dark fuscous line, ciliations in g minute. Abdomen light fuscous, beneath dark purplish-fuscous, anal tuft ochreous-yellowish. Posterior tibize dark fuscous, apex ochreous-whitish, tarsi ochreous-whitish banded with dark fuscous irroration. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, rather oblique; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 to termen, 8 and 9 out of 7; rather dark fuscous, faintly purplish-tinged ; an ochreous-whitish dot on costa at 2: cilia fuscous, on termen with apical fourth white. Hindwings fuscous ; cilia pale ochreous-fuscous. Khasis ; in March and September, three specimens. Very like metasaris, but larger and pale colouring yellower ; structurally different by minute ciliations of antenne in ¢, and absence of brush of hairs on posterior tibiee. Brachmia thraneuta, n. sp. $2. 15-19mm. Head and thorax rather dark bronzy-fuscous, face paler. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint dark fuscous except towards apex, anterior and posterior edges of terminal joint dark fuscous. Antenne DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 718 1, ochreous-whitish ringed with dark fuscous, ciliationsin ¢ 1. Abdomen fuscous, beneath dark purplish-fuscous. Posterior tibiee dark fuscous, apex whitish, tarsi whitish banded with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, rather oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 to termen, 8 and 9 out of 7; rather dark fuscous, faintly bronzy or purplish-tinged ;- stigmata obscurely darker, plical rather beyond first discal, second discal forming a transverse mark ; an ochreous-whitish dot on costa at 2, whence a very faint somewhat curved pale line runs to dorsum before tornus; a blackish terminal line: cilia rather dark fuscous. Hindwings rather dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous. Maskeliya, Madulsima, Haputale, and Haldamulla, Ceylon (Pole, Vau- ghan, de Mowbray, Alston); N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; Nilgiris, 3,500 feet (Andrews) ; Palni Hills (Campbell); from February to August, fifteen specimens. Brachmia pellax, n. sp. 6%. 16-20 mm. Head purplish-fuscous, sides of crown ochreous-yellow. Palpi dark fuscous, apex of second joint and base of terminal pale yellowish. Antenne 1, pale yellowish faintly ringed with fuscous, ciliations in ¢ 4. Thorax dark purple-fuscous. Abdomen rather dark fuscous. Posterior tibize rather dark fuscous, apex yellow-whitish, tarsi yellow-whitish banded with fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen somewhat sinuate, rather oblique; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 to apex, 8 and 9 out of 7; dark purplish-fuscous, stigmata, cloudy, blackish- fuscous, plical beneath first discal, sometimes suffused with it into an unde- fined cloudy blotch, second discal forming a transverse somewhat 8-shaped mark ; a small cloudy ochreous-whitish spot on costa at £, whence a slightly curved obscure ochreous-whitish line runs to dorsum before tornus: cilia rather dark purplish-fuscous, base on termen pale ochreous. Hindwings and cilia grey. Khasis ; from June to September, three specimens. The unusually long antennal ciliations are a noticeable feature. Brachmia laxata, nu. sp. 6 2. 18-22 mm. Head light violet-fuscous, sides suffused with ochre- ous-yellowish. Palpi light yellowish, second joint suffused with fuscous except towards apex, terminal joint sometimes variably sprinkled with fuscous. Antenne 1, pale ochreous, ciliations in ¢ ?. Thorax rather dark purplish-fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, beneath dark purple-fuscous, anal tuft pale ochreous. Posterior tibie dark fuscous, apex whitish-yellowish, tarsi whitish-yellowish, basal joint thickened. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed, termen concave, oblique ; & very short, out of 2 or absent, 4 out of 2, 7 to termen, 8 and 9 out of 7; 714 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. dark purple-fuscous ; a large irregular patch of darker suffusion resting on dorsum before middle, sometimes followed by more or less extensive pale ochreous suffusion in disc and towards dorsum, plical and first discal stig- mata sometimes indicated on margin of this patch; second discal stigma and an additional spot beneath it distinct in paler-suffused specimens, or confluent and obscure in darker ones; wedgeshaped pale yellow-ochreous costal and dorsal marks near termen, sometimes connected by a faint curved line: cilia dark purple-fuscous, on termen with a pale ochreous basal line. Hindwings fuscous; cilia brownish,in 2 mixed with dark fuscous towards tips round apex. Khasis; from July to September, five specimens. Brachmia sortilega, n. sp. 3 Q. 21-23 mm. Head and thorax light brownish-ochreous, face and sides of crown pale yellow-ochreous. Palpi pale yellow-ochreous, second joint suffused with fuscous except towards apex, anterior edge of terminal joint more or less infuscated. Antennz 4, whitish-ochreous, ciliations in ¢ ?. Abdomen light yellow-ochreous. Posterior legs pale ochreous- yellowish, tibize and basal joint of tarsi externally suffused with fuscous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa slightly arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, somewhat oblique ; 2 and 38 stalked, 7 to termen, 8 and 9 out of 7; light brownish- ochreous, somewhat sprinkled with fuscous ; costal edge ochreous-yellowish except towards base, where it is dark fuscous; stigmata blackish, first discal well-marked, plical obsolete, absorbed in a transverse mark of dark fuscous suffusion from dorsum, second discal represented by two trans- versely placed sometimes connected dots; a small spot of dark fuscous suffusion on costa somewhat beyond first discal; a wedgeshaped mark of blackish suffusion on costa, whence a rather pale obscure anteriorly fuscous-edged somewhat curved line runs to # of dorsum; an interrupted blackish terminal line: cilia light ochreous-fuscous, on termen with broad postmedian dark fuscous-shade, on costa ochreous-yellowish. Hindwings pale ochreous tinged with fuscous; cilia light ochreous-yellowish, sometimes more or less strongly infuscated. Khasis ; from May to July, fourteen specimens. Brachmia octavana, n. sp. 3 2. 22-23mm. Head and thorax rather dark purplish-fuscous, sides of crown ochreous-yellowish. Palpi pale yellowish, basal 3 of second joint dark fuscous, anterior edge of terminal joint dark fuscous. Antenne nearly 1, whitish-yellowish, ciliations in g 2. Abdomen grey, anal tuft greyish- ochreous. Posterior legs whitish-ochreous, tibie and base of tarsi externally suffused with dark purplish-fuscous. Forewings elongate, osteriorly dilated, cost a gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 715 sinuate, rather oblique; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 to termen, 8 and 9 out of 7; brown, sprinkled with dark fuscous, with a strong purplish gloss; costal edge ochreous-orange; plical and first discal stigmata indicated by two very obscure somewhat lighter ochreous-brown spots, second discal by a similar 8-shaped spot centered with two dark fuscous dots; an obscure ochreous-brown subterminal line, central third somewhat curved outwards ; an interrupted blackish terminal line: cilia brownish-ochreous. Hind- wings grey; cilia greyish, base pale ochreous. Khasis; in June, July and October, four specimens. Brachnua ancylota, Meyr. Fort Stedman, Burma; Khasis. Brachmia parallactis, Meyr. Mone, Burma. Brachmia characteris, Meyr. Koni, Burma. Brachmia spilotella Walk. (tripustulata, Wals.) Peradeniya, Diyatalawa, and Galle, Ceylon. Brachmia typhlopis, n. sp. 6 2. 22-30mm. Head and thorax dark purplish-fuscous, sides of head ochreous-yellowish. Palpi whitish-ochreous, basal half of second joint dark fuscous. Antennz 2, whitish-ochreous, ciliationsin g #. Abdomen fuscous. Posterior tibize fuscous, apex whitish-ochreous, tarsi dark fuscous with whitish-ochreous rings at apex of joits. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, almost vertical; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 to apex, 8 and 9 out of 7; glossy dark purplish-fuscous; stigmata represented by black spots, first diseal small, round, confluent with large trapezoidal plical beneath it, second discal moderate, transverse: cilia fuscous. Hindwings fuscous, in 9 rather darker; cilia fuscous. N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome); in February and September, two specimens. Very near splotela, but antennal ciliations much shorter (in sprlotella 2), ground colour of forewings darker, and immediately separated by absence of black sub-costal dot near base. Brachmia syrphetodes, Meyr. Maskeliya and Namunukuli, Ceylon. Brachmia artiasta, n. sp. 2. 22mm. Head and thorax rather dark purplish-fuscous, sides of crown ochreous-whitish. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint fuscous except apex, terminal joint mixed with fuscous except towards extremities. Antenne 4, ochreous-whitish. (Abdomen broken.) Posterior tibice purplish- fuscous, apex ochreous-whitish, tarsi ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched, faintly sinuate in 716 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, middle, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, somewhat oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 to apex, 8 and 9 out of 7 ; rather dark purplish-fuscous; stigmata blackish, plical beneath first discal: cilia light fuscous, tips paler. Hind- wings grey ; cilia light grey. Nilgiris, 3,500 feet (Andrewes) ; in August, one specimen. ' Brachnia juridica, n. sp. $6 2. 13-17mm. Head in 3 whitish-ochreous, in 2 pale grey sprinkled and on sides suffused with whitish-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint suffused with dark purplish-fuscous except towards apex, terminal joint in @ sprinkled with dark fuscous. Antenne 3, dark fuscous, in ¢ minutely ciliated. Thorax purplish-grey. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, in 2 infuscated. Posterior legs pale whitish-ochreous, in ¢ externally sprinkled with fuscous, in 9 suffused with rather dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex ; purplish-grey, sprinkled with dark fuscous, more strongly in 2 ; stigmata dark fuscous, plical somewhat before first discal ; a spot of dark fuscous suffusion on dorsum before tornus : cilia purplish-grey, sprinkled with dark fuscous towards base. Hindwings grey darker in 9° ; cilia light grey. Trincomali, Ceylon (Fletcher) ; in June, three specimens. Brachmia elephantopa, Meyr. Purneah, Bengal ; Konkan ; N. Coorg, 3,500 feet ; Nilgiris, 3,500 feet. Brachmia hemylopis, n. sp. 3 2. 15-17mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous, sides of crown slightly sprinkled with grey-whitish points. Palpi whitish, second joint dark fuscous except apex, terminal joint more or less sprinkled or mixed with dark fuscous. Antenne #, dark fuscous, in ¢ simple. Abdomen fuscous. Posterior tibize pale whitish-ochreous, externally suffused with dark fuscous, tarsi pale whitish-ochreous more or less banded with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex ; dark fuscous, slightly purplish-tinged ; stigmata black, plical slightly beyond first discal, both these edged post- eriorly with a few white scales, second discal mixed with white scales ; an obscure pale whitish-ochreous dot on costa at 4, with traces of a very faint sinuate transverse line from it: cilia fuscous, base on termen pale greyish- ochreous. Hindwings and cilia grey. Madulsima, Ceylon (Vaughan, Green) ; in April, and from September to December, seven specimens. The mixture of black and white in second discal stigma is a characteristic feature. Brachmia puteolata, n. sp. dg. 21-23mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous, sides of head sprinkled DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, | 717 with pale points. Palpi dark fuscous, terminal joint ochreous-whitish suffused with dark fuscous at base and sometimes partially on sides, Antennze 1, dark fuscous, simple. Abdomen whitish-ochreous tinged with fuscous. Posterior tibize whitish-ochreous, externally suffused with dark fuscous, tarsi dark fuscous with whitish-ochreous rings at apex of joints. Forewings elongate, rather dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, little oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex ; dark fuscous, slightly purplish-tinged ; stigmata repre- sented by small blackish spots, plical rather obliquely before first discal, both these edged posteriorly with ochreous-whitish suffusion, second discal similarly edged on both sides: cilia purplish-fuscous. Hindwings whitish- fuscous, becoming fuscous towards termen and apex ; cilia whitish-ochreous with two fuscous shades. Cuddapah, 4,000 feet (Campbell) ; two specimens. Brachnua gerea, n. sp. 6 2. 16-19mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, basal half of second joint dark fuscous, terminal joint more or less wholly dark fuscous from below middle to near apex. Antenne almost 1, dark fuscous, in ¢G simple. Thorax dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous tinged with yellowish, anal tuft whitish-ochreous, beneath suffused with whitish- ochreous. Posterior tibize ochreous-whitish, externally suffused with dark fuscous, tarsi ochreous-whitish, more or less banded with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather oblique; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex, 9 often out of 7; dark fuscous, faintly purplish-tinged ; stigmata cloudy, blackish, plical somewhat beyond first discal, both more or less edged posteriorly with pale fuscous or ochreous, second discal and an additional dot beneath it more or less edged with pale fuscous or ochreous so as to form an 8-shaped mark; an obscure pale ochreous mark on costa at +, whence sometimes a faint sinuate pale line indented above middle crosses wing: cilia fuscous, basal line on termen pale ochreous. Hindwings and cilia grey. Madulsima, Ceylon (Vaughan, Green) ; in April, May, and from Septem- ber to November, thirteen specimens. Of these seven have vein 9 of fore- Wings out of 7, and six have it separate. The whitish-ochreous head dis- tinguishes this species from those most like it. Brachmia lycopis, n. sp. 3 2. 19mm. Head dark fuscous, sides suffused with brownish-ochreous. Palpi pale whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with dark fuscous, lower half of Second joint suffused with dark fuscous, terminal joint with median and subapical dark fuscous bands. Antenne 1, dark fuscous, in d simple. ‘Thorax dark fuscous. Abdomen grey. Posterior tibise dark fuscous, apex 22 718 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, pale whitish-ochreous, tarsi pale whitish-ochreous banded with dark fuscous, Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex; dark fuscous, slightly purplish-tinged ; stigmata brownish or pale brownish-ochreous edged with some blackish scales, plical shghtly beyond first discal, both these small, second discal rather large: cilia purplish-fuscous, base mixed with darker. Hindwings and cilia grey. Maskeliya and Madulsima, Ceylon (de Mowbray, Green) ; in November, January, and May, three specimens. Brachmia tsomila, n. sp. ¢. 20-22 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous. Palpi pale ochreous, second joint dark fuscous except extreme apex, anterior edge of terminal joint suffused with dark fuscous. Antenne almost 1, dark fuscous, simple. Abdomen fuscous, anal tu ft pale ochreous. Posterior legs pale ochreous tibie externally suffused with fuscous or dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, oblique; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex ; dark bronzy-fuscous; stigmata obscurely darker, plical slightly beyond first discal, second discal forming a transverse-linear mark: cilia fuscous, with two darker shades. Hindwings fuscous ; cilia as in forewings. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole) ; in April, two specimens. Brachmia paroristis, n. sp. S. 24-25mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous, sides of crown pale- sprinkled. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint dark fuscous except towards apex, terminal joint sprinkled with dark fuscous. Antenne 1, dark fuscous, simple. Abdomen rather long, fuscous. Posterior tibise whitish-ochreous, externally suffusedly mixed with dark fuscous, tarsi whitish-ochreous somewhat sprinkled with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex; dark fuscous, faintly purplish- tinged, towards middle third of costa more or less suffused with pale ochreous-fuscous ; stigmata blackish, first discal forming a _ small oblique spot, plical a larger irregular spot beneath it, both these more or less edged posteriorly with pale ochreous, second discal represented by two transversely placed dots edged with pale ochreous so as to form an 8-shaped mark; a cloudy pale ochreous-fuscous rather curved subterminal line, thicker and more distinct on costa, indented beneath costa: cilia fuscous, with rows of pale points. Hindwings fuscous-grey ; cilia light fuscous. Madulsima, Ceylon (Vaughan) ; in May and June, two specimens. Much hike epomia, which however has termen of forewings somewhat sinuate, and antennee of ¢ distinctly ciliated (3). DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, wA9 Brachmia epomia, Meyr. Maskeliya and Patipola, Ceylon. Brachmia capnaula, n. sp. 32. 20-22 mm. Head pale ochreous, face brownish-tinged. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint dark fuscous except apex, with scales rather roughly expanded above towards apex, terminal joint with subapical band of dark fuscous suffusion. Antenne 2, fuscous, ciliationsin ¢ %. Thorax purplish-fuscous, shoulders darker fuscous. Abdomen pale greyish-ochre- ous. Posterior legs ochreous-whitish, tibiee externally suffused with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, oblique; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex ; brownish, variable in depth, veins usually more or less marked with irregular streaks of coarse dark fuscous irroration ; stigmata dark fuscous, plical beneath first discal, second discal larger, transverse-oval, but these are sometimes merged in more or less developed thick cloudy dark fuscous longitudinal streaks through middle of dise and along fold ; a pale cloudy subterminal line formed by interruption of dark streaks on veins, somewhat indented above middle, terminal area beyond this often suffused with dark fuscous: cilia light greyish-ochreous, with two dark fuscous shades. Hindwings grey ; cilia as in forewings. _ Patipola, Newera Eliya, Maskeliya, and Haputale, Ceylon (Pole, Green, Alston) ; from February to April, eleven specimens. The structure of the palpi is peculiar, but in all other respects the species clearly belongs here and cannot be separated. | Brachmia fornacalis, n. sp. 6. 17-19 mm. Head bronzy-fuscous, more or less suffused with whitish-ochreous on sides. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint suffused with dark fuscous except towards apex, terminal joint with subapical band of dark fuscous suffusion. Antenne almost 1, dark fuscous, in <¢ simple. Thorax dark purplish-fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Posterior legs whitish- ochreous, tibize externally suffused with dark fuscous, tarsi banded with dark fuscous suffusion. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, oblique; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen; rather dark purplish-fuscous, in ‘dlighter in disc; stigmata represented by blackish-fuscous spots, first discal small, roundish, plical beneath it, larger, irregular, these two edged with whitish-ochreous posteriorly and sometimes confluent, second discal represented by two small transversely placed spots, connected and upper edged laterally with whitish-ochreous; in ¢ a distinct whitish-ochreous slightly curved transverse line at +, dilated on costa, indented above middle, in Q represented by costal spot only: cilia fuscous, in ¢ with whitish- ) ochreous basal line on termen. Hindwings and cilia fuscous. 720 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Kandy, Ceylon (Mackwood) ; in January, two specimens. Brachmia exophthalma, n. sp. 3 2.17-21 mm. Head and thorax rather dark purplish-fuscous, sides of head suffused with pale ochreous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint dark fuscous except apex. Antenne 1, rather dark fuscous, in ¢ simple. Abdomen pale ochreous, in 9 infuscated. Posterior legs whitish-ochreous, tibizee externally suffusedly mixed with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather parrow at base, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked,7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex ; purplish-fuscous, rather darker in @ ; an elongate black dot beneath costa near base ; plical and first discal stigmata united into a transverse- oval blackish blotch, edged posteriorly with whitish-ochreous, and second discal represented by a quite similar blotch, edged on both sides; a black dot lying between upper extremities of these ; an indistinct pale ochreous somewhat curved subterminal line, dilated and distinct on costa, indented beneath costa: cilia in ¢ whitish-ochreous with two obscure fuscous shades, in Qfuscous. Hindwings in ¢ light grey, in 9 grey ; cilia as in forewings. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole, de Mowbray); in January, April and October, four specimens. Brachmia cordata, n. sp. 3d. 18 mm. Head dark fuscous, sprinkled with pale points. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint suffused with dark fuscous except apex, terminal joint mixed with dark fuscous. Antenne nearly 1, dark fuscous, simple. Thorax dark fuscous. Abdomen pale ochreous. Posterior legs whitish-ochreous, tibize externally suffused with dark fuscous, tarsi banded with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen somewhat rounded, oblique; 2 ands stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex; purplish-fuscous, irrorated with blackish, more’ strongly and suffusedly towards base, along costa, and on » terminal area ; a streak of ochreous-whitish suffusion along dorsum from 4 to #; stigmata represented by cloudy blackish spots, first discal roundish, | plical beneath this, larger, irregular, both these irregularly edged posteriorly with white, second discal transverse-oval, edged posteriorly and slightly anteriorly with white ; a strong whitish-ochreous subterminal line, indented — on upper half: cilia fuscous, with rows of whitish points, and a darker antemedian shade. Hindwings fuscous-whitish, gradually more infuseated posteriorly ; cilia fuscous-whitish, with fuscous subbasal shade. Palni Hill (Campbell) ; one specimen. Brachmia nubigena, n. sp. \ 3S. 17 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, face fuscous. Palpi ochreous, | whitish, second joint dark fuscous except towards apex, terminal joint sprinkled with dark fuscous towards apex. Antenne nearly 1, dark fuscous, — DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 721 minutely ciliated. Thorax dark purplish-fuscous. Abdomen pale greyish- ochreous. Posterior legs ochreous-whitish, tibie externally suffused with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex; dark purplish-fuscous; stigmata cloudy, blackish, plical slightly beyond first discal ; a small pale ochreous spot on costa at 4, and a minute dot on dorsum before tornus: cilia fuscous, with darker subbasal shade. Hindwings light fuscous; cilia fuscous-whitish, with two light fuscous shades. Haputale, Ceylon (Fletcher) ; in August, one specimen. Brachmia citrostrota, n. sp. 362. 15-l17mm. Head dark purplish-fuscous, face and sides of crown ochreous-yellowish. Palpi ochreous-yellowish, second joint sprinkled with dark fuscous, terminal joint with a suffused dark fuscous streak on each side. Antennz 1, ochreous-yellowish, suffusedly spotted with dark fuscous, in ¢ simple. Thorax dark purplish-fuscous, with an ochreous-yellowish line on each side of back. Abdomen rather dark fuscous, in ¢ with margins of segments towards apex spotted with pale yellowish, anal tuft light yellowish. Posterior tibize dark fuscous with basal, median, and apical pale yellowish marks, tarsi pale yellowish more or less variably sprinkled with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, oblique; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen; rather dark fuscous mixed with blackish, faintly purplish-tinged; undefined longitudinal streaks of ochreous-yellowish suffusion or irroration above and below middle, confluent posteriorly into a moderately broad irregular subterminal transverse fascia ; five small pale yellowish spots on posterior half of costa; stigmata repre- sented by round spots of blackish suffusion, plical rather obliquely beyond first discal: cilia purplish-fuscous mixed with darker, on termen with basal and apical pale yellowish lines, basal third narrowly barred with pale yellowish. Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia grey with basal and apical ochreous-whitish lines. Khasis ; in May, eighteen specimens. Brachmia cenchritis, n. sp. $9. 16mm. Head and thorax light ochreous-yellowish sprinkled with dark fuscous except on face. Palpi whitish-ochreous sprinkled with dark fuscous. Antenne 1, whitish-ochreous, sprinkled or spotted with dark fus- cous, in ¢ simple. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with dark fuscous on sides. Posterior legs ochreous-whitish suffusedly sprinkled with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, faintly smuate in middle, apex round-pointea, termen sinuate, oblique; 2 and 3 a“! stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex; ochreous-whitish, irregularly strewn 722 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTOR Y SOCIETY, Vol, xem with ochreous or brownish scales with black tips; stigmata represented by spots formed of accumulations of similar scales, first discal round, second large, roundish, plical elongate, somewhat before first discal; four small spots of similar scales on posterior half of costa, and a suffused streak close before termen: cilia ochreous-whitish sprinkled with blackish, basal third | pale yellowish. Hindwings ochreous-whitish, somewhat sprinkled with grey, _ especially towards apex; cilia as in forewings. Khasis; in April, two specimens. b) 7 Brachmia strangalistis, n. sp. 39. 16mm. Head light ochreous-yellowish, centre of crown tinged with purplish-fuscous. Palpi pale ochreous-yellowish, anterior edge of terminal joint dark fuscous. Antenne I, whitish-yellowish, obscurely dotted y with fuscous, in ¢ simple. Thorax lilac-brownish. Abdomen light ochre- ous. Posterior tibize fuscous, apex pale yellowish, tarsi pale yellowish f suffusedly banded with fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa : slightly arched, slightly sinuate in middle, apex round-pointed, termen | faintly sinuate, oblique; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen; | brownish, sprinkled with dark fuscous; stigmata represented by spots of | dark fuscous suffusion, first discal round, second transverse-oval, plical | smaller, beneath first discal; posterior half of costa suffused with dark fus- | cous, interrupted by an ochreous-yellowish patch towards apex, the obscure dark suffusion extending along upper part of termen: cilia whitish-ochreous — tinged with brownish, with a dark fuscous postmedian shade. Hindwings _ ochreous-whitish-grey, becoming grey towards apex; cilia whitish-ochreous, with two faint greyish shades. Khasis ; in April, August, and October, three specimens. Brachmia phryganites, 0. sp. $2. 16-18 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, | second joint sprinkled with fuscous. Antennee #, fuscous, ciliations in ol. | Thorax whitish-ochreous, patagia more or less infuscated. Abdomen | whitish-ochreous. Posterior legs ochreous-whitish, more or less sprinkled with fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly slightly | dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, oblique; ” 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex; ochreous-whitish irregularly | mixed with fuscous, suffusedly streaked with brown between veins, these — streaks in disc and towards base marked with lines of black scales; 2 blackish dot towards costa before middle; stigmata black, discal connected | by a black streak which is extended to apex, thickest posteriorly, plical represented by an elongate mark; a patch of blackish irroration | about fold beyond middle: cilia ochreous-whitish mixed with pale fuscous, — at apex with a blackish bar, on termen with basal third spotted with blackish. Hindwings pale grey; cilia ochreous-whitish. f | DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 723 Maskeliya and Madulsima, Ceylon (Pole, Alston, de Mowbray, Vaughan); from November to January, and May to August, eleven specimens. Brachmia arotrea, Meyr. Maskeliya and Ambulangoda, Ceylon ; Palni Hills, 6,000 feet ; N. Coorg, 3,000 feet ; Khasis ; Koni, Burma. Brachmia verastis, Meyr. Mooltan, Punjab. Brachmia aruritis, n. sp. 6 2. 1l-13mm. Head fuscous sprinkled with pale greyish-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-whitish irrorated with dark fuscous. Antenne +, dark fus- cous, ciliations in g 1. Thorax fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish- ochreous. Posterior legs pale whitish-ochreous, externally mixed with fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, oblique; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex ; rather dark purplish-fuscous, veins marked by lines of black irror- ation, partially and variably edged with whitish-ochreous dashes and lines, especially subcostal and plical lines towards base, and a subterminal series of dashes; stigmata obscure, blackish, partially edged with whitish- ochreous, plical elongate, all tending to be merged in the dark streaks: cilia dark fuscous with rows of whitish-ochreous points, base barred with whitish- ochreous. Hindwings grey ; cilia light grey. Maskeliya, Matale, Puttalam, and Trincomali, Ceylon (Pole, de Mowbray, Fletcher); in December and January and from April to August, nine specimens. Brachmia percnobela, n. sp. ©. 17-19mm. Head, palpi, antennz, and thorax dark fuscous, anten- ne +. Abdomen fuscous. Posterior tibize light greyish-ochreous, externally suffused with rather dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex; dark ashy-fuscous, veins obscurely marked with blackish ; stigmata obscure, blackish, plical dash- like, rather before first discal, which is also rather elongate: cilia dark ashy-fuscous. Hindwings and cilia grey. Nilgiris, 3,500 feet (Andrewes); m August, two specimens. Specially characterised by the wholly dark fuscous palpi. Lrachnua lochistis, n. sp. 32. 12-13mm. Head and thorax fuscous, face paler, margins of eyes pale ochreous. Palpi pale whitish-ochreous, second joint sprinkled with fuscous, anterior edge of terminal joint fuscous. Antennze 4, rather dark fuscous, ciliations in ¢1. Abdomen fuscous, anal tuft mixed with ochreous- whitish. Posterior legs grey-whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, oblique; 2 and 3 724 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex; rather dark fuscous, faintly purple- tinged ; stigmata cloudy, blackish, plical beneath first discal, larger, suffused, preceded by some white scales ; a pale whitish-ochreous spot on costa at 3; a terminal series of indistinct dark fuscous dots : cilia pale brownish with rows of whitish-ochreous points, basal third whitish-ochreous, barred with rather dark fuscous on costa, tips and a patch beneath tornus mixed with dark fuscous. Hindwings grey ; cilia light grey. Maskeliya and Puttalam, Ceylon (Pole) ; N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome); from December to February and in May, five specimens. Brachmia hapalyntis, n. sp. 32. 10-12mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous, sometimes tinged or sprinkled with fuscous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint sprinkled with fuscous. Antennz 4, pale ochreous suffusedly rmged with dark fuscous, in ¢ simple. Abdomen light grey. Posterior legs pale whitish- ochreous, sprinkled with fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex, 9 sometimes out of 7 near base; pale ochreous, irregularly clouded with brownish and sprinkled with dark fuscous; stigmata moderately large, round, black, edged with white, plical beneath first discal; a terminal series of black dots: cilia whitish- ochreous, basal half obscurely barred with brownish. Hindwings pale grey ; cilia pale whitish-ochreous tinged with grey. Puttalam, Ceylon (Pole); N voorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; in May and December, six specimens. Brachmia sigillatrix, Meyr. Cochin; Kanara. Brachmia autonoma, Meyr. Cochin; Purneah, Bengal; Chagos Island. Brachmia episticta, Meyr. Maskeliya, Ceylon. Brachma carphodes, Meyr. Khasis. Brachnmua dolosa, n. sp. 62) 10212 mm. “Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous except apex. Antenn 4 whitish-ochreous suffusedly dotted with dark fuscous, ciliations in d 3 Thorae whitish-ochreous sprinkled with fuscous and dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Posterior legs ochreous-whitish sprinkled with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex round- pointed, termen faintly sinuate, very oblique ; 2 and 8 stalked, 7 and& stalked, 7 to termen ; whitish-ochreous, more or less sprinkled with brown- ish and dark fuscous ; stigmata formed of blackish irroration, plical rather DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 726 obliquely before first discal ; a small transverse spot of blackish irroration on dorsum somewhat before second discal; an acutely angulated series of cloudy black dots close before posterior third of costa and termen: cilia whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with dark fuscous points. Hindwings with upper part of termen hardly sinuate, very oblique, median curve gentle and little prominent, cilia 1; light grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous. Peradeniya, Ceylon (Green) ;in February, four specimens. Extremely like alenella, but smaller and paler, termen of forewings more oblique; best distinguished by form of hindwings, which in alienella are broader, more trapezoidal, with upper part of termen distinctly sinuate and less oblique, median curve stronger and more prominent, cilia 2. Brachmia alienella, Walk. Maturatta and Madulsima, Ceylon. Brachmia metaca, Meyr. Maskeliya, Diyatalawa, Madulsima, and Trincomali, Ceylon. Brachmia custos, n. sp. 2. 19mm. Head pale yellow-ochreous. Palpi pale yellowish, second joint dark fuscous except apex, terminal joint slightly sprinkled with dark fuscous. Antenne 4, rather dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous. Abdo- men fuscous, apex light yellow-ochreous. Posterior tibize ochreous-whitish, externally somewhat sprinkled with fuscous, tarsi whitish-yellowish. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, oblique; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex; dull ochreous-brown; a basal fascia of rather dark fuscous suffusion; costa infuscated from this to beyond middle; a broad fasciaof rather dark fuscous suffusion beyond middle, second discal stigma forming small round dark fuscous spot on inner edge of this: cilia fuscous sprinkled with dark fuscous, with series of whitish-ochreous points, basal third suffused with whitish-ochreous. Hindwings grey; cilia whitish-grey-ochreous with several obscure fuscous lines. ; Nilgiris, 6,000 feet, in May (Andrewes) ; one specimen. Autosticha vicularis, n. sp. $9. 9-12mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous, sometimes sprinkled with dark fuscous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint sprinkled with blackish, with a more distinct subapical ring, terminal joint with supra- median band of blackish irroration. Antennse whitish-ochreous dotted with blackish, ciliations in g¢ 3. Abdomen whitish-ochreous tinged with grey. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; pale ochreous, more or less sprinkled with dark fuscous ; stigmata black, plical rather obliquely before first discal, second discal sometimes rather large ; a small spot of blackish suffusion on dorsum beneath second discal ; a row of cloudy blackish dots close before posterior third of costa 23 726 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. and termen: cilia pale ochreous, with a few dark fuscous points. Hind- wings grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous tinged with grey. Galle, Ceylon (Fletcher); in June, thirteen specimens. Extremely lke Brachnvia dolosa, but (besides the generic difference of neuration) apex of forewings more obtuse, termen less oblique, terminal joint of palpi with blackish supramedian band. The species are so similar in size, colour, and markings that they are scarcely distinguishable if these points are not noticed. Ischnodoris, n. &. Head with appressed scales, sidetufts loosely spreading ; ocelli present ; tongue developed. Antennz %, in ¢ shortly ciliated, basal jomt mode- rately elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi very long, recurved, second joint with appressed scales, terminal joint as long as second, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiz clothed with rough scales above. Forewings with 2 and 3 stalked, 6 absent, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen, 11 from middle. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia 11; 8 and 4 connate, 5 somewhat approximated, 6 and 7 stalked. Allied to Brachmia, of which it is a development. Ischnodoris sigalota, n. sp. 6 Q. 11-12 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, more or less sprinkled and sides of face suffused with fuscous. Palpi whitish, second joint fuscous except apex, apex of terminal joint more or less suffused with dark fuscous. Antenne grey ringed with whitish, in ¢ shortly ciliated. Thorax whitish closely irrorated with brownish. Abdomen grey, anal tuft ochreous-whitish. forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; pale whitish-ochreous closely irrorated with brown- ish; stigmata rather large, black, plical smaller, slightly beyond first dis- cal; a spot of blackish suffusion on dorsum slightly before second discal ; row of cloudy blackish dots or groups of scales close before margin round termen and posterior part of costa: cilia whitish-ochreous sprinkled with brownish, on costa slightly ferruginous-tinged. Hindwings grey ; cilia pale greyish. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole, Alston); in February, May, July and from October to December, twelve specimens. Strobisia, Clem. Head smooth-scaled, glossy ; ocelli present ; tongue developed. Antennz +,in ¢ simple, basal joint moderately elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi very long, recurved, second joint smooth-scaled, terminal joint as long as second, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, ap- pressed to tongue. Posterior tibiz with rough scales above. Forewings with 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa or sometimes apex or ‘rarely absent, 9 seldom out of 7, 11 from middle. Hindwings 1 or over I, DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. | 727 ‘elongate-trapezoidal, termen somewhat sinuate, cilia 3-1; 3 and 4 connate or stalked, 5 somewhat approximated, 6 and 7 stalked or approximated towards base. This genus closely approaches Brachmia in structure, differing in the smooth glossy head, the more generally costal termination of vein 7 of forewings, and the presence of metallic markings; the last-mentioned . character, though apparently trivial, is constant and easy of appreciation, and the separation is undoubtedly natural, the two genera being not in fact very closely allied. I describe 10 new species, and include also in their places those already known from the Indian region. Strobisia aurantiaca, Wals. Kandy, Galle, Colombo, and Yatiyantota, Ceylon ; N. Coorg, 3,500 feet. Strobisia amethystias, Meyr. Peradeniya, Kandy, Kegalle, and Galle, Ceylon. Strobisia augusta, n. sp. S$.13mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous, lower part of face whitish- ‘ochreous. (Palpi broken.) Antenne dark fuscous, beneath whitish- ochreous, spotted on sides. Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath whitish, with lateral series of oblique dark fuscous bars, anal tuft whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa almost straight anteriorly, gently arched towards apex, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, little oblique ; 7 absent ; dark fuscous, anteriorly tinged and some- what streaked towards base with orange-ochreous ; markings pale violet- blue-metallic, dark-edged ; costal and median streaks from base to 4; an oblique irregular streak from beyond apex of costal streak to disc beyond middle, followed by an oblique fulvous streak from costa; a spot above dorsum before middle ; an oblique striga towards dorsum beyond middle ; a straight fascia before 3, interrupted above middle, followed by a trans- verse somewhat lighter fuscous line ; terminal area beyond this tinged with fulvous and obscurely streaked longitudinally with blackish-fuscous, the streaks terminated in irregular pale violet-blue-metallic spots before margin ; cilia bluish-leaden-metallic. Hindwings blackish-fuscous, somewhat lighter anteriorly ; cilia grey-whitish, basal third blackish. Khasis ; in September, one specimen. Strobisia uranopis, Meyr. Koni, Burma. Strobisia victrix, n. sp. 3 9.10-12 mm. Head dark fuscous, lower part of face bronzy-whitish. Palpi bronzy, terminal joint whitish with two black lines. Antenne ochreous- whitish, spotted with dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous, with three metallic-blue stripes. Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath ochreous-whitish except towards base of segments. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, 728 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. posteriorly slightly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, little oblique; 7 and 8 long-stalked, 7 to apex ; blackish-fuscous; markings violet-blue-metallic ; a streak along costa from base to 4, thence continued obliquely downwards to below middle of disc ; a subdorsal streak from base to near middle; aspoton dorsum at $; a somewhat oblique slightly curved irregular fascia from % of costa, reaching 3 across wing ; an irregular fascia immediately before termen, tending to be broken into three or four spots; termen tinged with fulvous, with a black marginal line: cilia bluish-leaden-metallic. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia <_< with dark fuscous subbasal shade. N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome); in May, July and November, five specimens. Strobisia armata, n. sp. 36 2. 10-11 mm. Head bronzy, lower part of face ore Palpi whitish, second joint suffused with dark grey towards apex anteriorly, terminal joint with two blackish lines. Antenns dark fuscous, beneath whitish. Thorax fulvous, with three leaden-metallic stripes. Abdomen dark leaden-grey, apex whitish, beneath ochreous-whitish except towards base of segments laterally. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, little oblique; 7 and 8 long-stalked, 7 to apex; rather bright fulvous; markings bluish-leaden-metallic edged with blackish scales; a streak from base along costa to 4, thence obliquely across wing to # of dorsum, where it meets a slightly curved rather narrow fascia from 7 of costa; a subdorsal streak from base to 2; a small white mark on costa beyond postmedian fascia; posterior area beyond this fascia wholly black, except an irregular blue-leaden-metallic fascia close before termen, leaving a fulvous black-edged terminal line: cilia bluish-leaden-metallic. Hindwings blackish-fuscous; cilia dark fuscous. Khasis; in September, two specimens. I regard the following as probably a seasonal form :— var. obscurata. § 2. 11-16mm. Differs from the type in having the fulvous ground-colour duller and more or less largely mixed and suffused with dark fuscous, sometimes mostly obscured, usually forming a more or less defined dark fuscous sometimes pale edged blotch on dorsum about middle; sometimes an obscure pale oblique transverse line from the white costal spot. Khasis; in November, six specimens. Strobisia enoptrias, n. sp. §. 14-16mm. Head and thorax dark prismatic-bluish-fuscous. Palpi bronzy-fuscous, anterior edge of terminal joint dark fuscous. Antenn® dark fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath whitish except towards DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 729 base of segments on sides. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, hardly dilated, costa slightly arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex obtuse, termen somewhat rounded, oblique; 6 to apex, 7 and 8 stalked; dark bronzy-fuscous; a very broad leaden-metallic streak along costa from base to 4, and one less broad along dorsum from base to near middle, confluent at base, and with their posterior extremities connected by an angulated bar; a broad slightly curved leaden-metallic fascia from middle of costa to % of dorsum; an oblique white strigula on costa at %; a broad leaden-metallic terminal fascia narrowed to tornus, marked with a whitish-ochreous dash from apex: cilia leaden-metallic, on costa with basal third whitish-ochreous, marked with black at extreme base. MHind- wings dark fuscous, more blackish-fuscous posteriorly; cilia dark fuscous. Khasis; four specimens. Strobisia brabylitis, n. sp. ®. 12mm. Head and thorax dark bronzy-fuscous, lower part of face ochreous-whitish. Palpi pale greyish-ochreous, towards base more whitish-ochreous, anterior edge of terminal joint dark fuscous. Antenne fuscous ringed with black. Abdomen dark purplish-fuscous, central third of ventral surface whitish-yellowish except on anal segment. Fore- wings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen somewhat sinuate, little oblique; 7 and 8 long-stalked, 7 to apex; bronzy-blackish; markings leaden-bluish-metallic; a streak along costa from base to near middle; four rather narrow transverse fascis, first at +, expanded on dorsum as a suffused patch to base, second oblique, from extremity of costal streak to dorsum beyond middle, third from a triangular white spot on costa at 3, slightly curved, confluent with second on dorsum, fourth terminal: cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings blackish-fuscous ; cilia dark fuscous, with blackish subbasal shade. N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; in December, one specimen. Strobisia leucoplecta, n. sp. 362. 89 mm. Head fuscous, face paler or whitish-fuscous. Palpi fuscous-whitish, second joint more infuscated towards apex, terminal joint with dark fuscous line on each side. Antennz dark fuscous. Thorax dark leaden-fuscous. Abdomen dark grey, apex whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate beneath apex, little oblique; 7 and 8 long- stalked, 7 to just above apex; olive-ochreous suffusedly mixed with blackish, towards posterior half of costa and entire terminal area wholly suffused with blackish; markings leaden-metallic edged with black; a broad streak along costa from base to middle, thence continued across wing to 2 of dorsum, connected also at + with a blotch on basal portion of dorsum ; 2 rounded-transverse white spot on costa at 3 touching a leaden- 730 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, ‘Vol. XX. metallic spot in disc beneath it ; an irregular thick transverse streak close. before termen, leaving termen olive-ochreous edged with a black marginal line: cilia leaden-metallic. Hindwings rather dark grey ; cilia grey. Puttalam, Trincomali, and Galle, Ceylon (Pole, Fletcher) ; in June and from October to January, five specimens. Strobisia immeritella, Walk. Madulsima, Ceylon. Strobisia epicentra, i. sp. ; 36 2. 7-10 mm. Head and thorax bronzy-fuscous. Palpi white, with a black line on each side throughout. Antenne whitish lined with blackish. Abdomen grey, apex ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex obtuse, termen some- what sinuate beneath apex, little oblique; 7 to costa, 8 and 9 out of 7; blackish-fuscous ; a fine white line immediately beneath costal edge from base almost to middle ; an irregular yellow-ochreous patch on basal portion of dorsum, sending a very oblique streak to extremity of this line, receiving a yellow-ochreous line from base above middle, and continued to upper extremity of a strongly inwards-oblique very elongate-oval yellow-ochreous ring in disc beyond middle, this latter portion edged beneath by a white streak ; two oblique slightly curved yellow-ochreous streaks from dorsum before middle to lower margin of this white streak, united at tips by a bar, second followed by more or less white suffusion ; a yellow-ochreous streak from a white mark on costa at ? to dorsum before tornus, obtusely angulated in disc, separated on upper half from preceding markings by a white streak, and on lower portion by more or less white suffusion, and followed by a slightly curved leaden-metallic streak running from three short whitish strigule on costa to tornus; terminal space beyond this yellow-ochreous, cut by three black bars, of which the median is thickest, upper linear: cilia pale ochreous, on upper part of termen leaden-metallie, on costa dark fuscous with whitish base, somewhat prominent at apex. Hindwings grey or dark grey ; cilia ochreous-whitish more or less tinged with grey, becoming greyer round apex. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole); in January, February, May, June, and October, eight specimens. This species, with the preceding and three following, forms a group requiring close attention as their markings are complex and superficially very similar ; they can however easily be recognised if note 1s taken of the neuration, the markings of the palpi, and the character of the black marks preceding and following the subterminal metallic streak. Strobisia rhabducha, n. sp. 36 2. 11-12 mm. Head bronzy-fuscous, face paler or whitish-bronzy. Palpi fuscous-whitish, second joint dark fuscous towards apex anteriorly, terminal joint with a black line on each side. Antenne dark fuscous, DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 731 extreme apex whitish. Thorax dark bronzy-fuscous. Abdomen grey, apex whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen sinuate beneath apex, somewhat oblique ; 7 absent, 8 and 9 stalked ; blackish-fuscous ; a pale grey supramedian streak from base to beyond middle, surmounted by an ochreous-yellow streak, both terminated by upper portion of a strongly inwards-oblique elongate-oval ochreous- - yellow ring ; two oblique white streaks from costa anteriorly running into subcostal yellow streak; an ochreous-yellow dash beneath supramedian streak near base ; an irregular oblique-transverse blotch of ground-colour margined with ochreous-yellow extending from dorsum to supramedian streak before middle of wing ; dorsal area before and beyond this somewhat mixed with whitish, area between oblique discal ring and tornus suffused with white mixed with grey ; a pale leaden-grey oblique streak from near costa in middle to disc at % more or less edged on both sides with ochreous-yellow, and shorter white oblique streak from costa adjacent to this posteriorly ; three short white strigulze on costa posteriorly, from third a straight leaden-metallic streak runs to tornus, preceded on lower 2 by four anteriorly confluent ochreous-yellowish longitudinal marks appearing to enclose. three wedgeshaped marks of ground-colour, and margined posteriorly by an ochreous-yellow terminal streak enclosing a black terminal line thickened beneath apex: cilia fuscous, outer half becoming whitish- ochreous towards tornus, on upper part of termen shining leaden-grey, on costa dark fuscous with base whitish, forming a somewhat prominent apical hook. Hindwings grey ; cilia pale grey. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole); in January, from March to June, and in September and October, twelve specimens. Five examples from N. Coorg, 5,000 feet (Newcome), are smaller, 9-10 mm., more sharply marked, terminal black line of forewings forming a more abrupt subapical spot; three from Nilgiri Hills, 3,500—6,000 feet (Andrewes) are 10-12 mm., subapical spot as well-marked as in these, but hindwings more or less suffused with whitish, especially in the specimen from 6,000 feet; the palpi and neuration are alike im all these, and I consider them all specifically identical. Strobisia bicunea, n. sp. 62. 9-10mm. Head and thorax dark bronzy-fuscous, face bronzy- whitish. Palpi whitish, terminal joint with a dark fuscous line. Antenne dark fuscous, extreme apex white. Abdomen grey,in ¢ with segmental margins and anal tuft whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex obtuse, termen sinuate beneath apex, somewhat oblique ; 7 to costa, 8 and 9 out of 7; blackish- fuscous ; a somewhat arched yellow-ochreous subcostal streak from base to dise beyond middle, edged beneath by a shorter leaden-grey streak not reaching either extremity ; two oblique white streaks from costa anteriorly 732 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. running into subcostal streak ; an incurved yellow-ochreous line from +} of dorsum to before apex of leaden-grey streak, and a fine white S-shaped line from beyond middle of dorsum to its apex ; an oblique leaden-grey line from middle of costa to beyond apex of subcostal streak, nearly obsolete at origin, continued asa fine white S-shaped line parallel to the preceding one to dorsum, between these parallel lines isa yellow-ochreous dot; an oblique white striga from costa beyond middle, becoming yellow-ochreous beneath, and two short direct white strigule from costa posteriorly ; a straight leaden-metallic streak from costa beyond these to tornus, mar- gined anteriorly below middle by two wedgeshaped black marks surrounded with yellow-ochreous suffusion, and posteriorly above middle by a small black spot reaching termen, remainder of terminal area yellow-ochreous : cilia pale ochreous, basal third shining leaden-grey, tips dark fuscous on upper part of termen, on costa dark fuscous with base whitish, forming a somewhat prominent apical hook. Hindwings in ¢ grey-whitish or whitish- grey, darker posteriorly, cilia whitish; in 2 rather dark grey, cilia grey. Khasis ; in April and from July to November, eighteen specimens. Strobisia gradata, Meyr. Khasis ; Karsiang, 5,000 feet, HK. Himalayas. Strobisia hibiset Stt. Maskeliya and Puttalam, Ceylon; N. Coorg, 3,500 feet; Pusa, Bengal; Calcutta ; Khasis. Larva on Hibiscus. Strobisia lamprostoma, Zell. Yala, Ceylon (Fletcher) ; in February. Widely distributed in Africa and S. Europe. Strobisia balteata, n. sp. 2. 13-14 mm. Head bronzy-fuscous, face paler, becoming whitish- ochreous beneath. Palpi pale whitish-ochreous, second joint tinged with yellowish, anterior edge of terminal joint dark fuscous. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax dark bronzy-fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore- wings elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched, more strongly posteriorly, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex; dark shining purplish-leaden-grey ; a blackish-fuscous trapezoidal blotch on dorsum before middle, reaching 2 across wing, edged with whitish-ochreous; an oblique whitish-ochreous strigula from costa before middle, edged posteriorly with dark fuscous; second discal stigma small, transverse-linear, whitish-ochreous; a nearly straight double whitish- ochreous streak from about 2 of costa to dorsum before tornus, somewhat dilated on costa, followed by a fascia of blackish-fuscous suffusion; & whitish-ochreous streak round apex and termen to near tornus, thickened at apex, edged with a blackish marginal line: cilia shining dark leaden- grey. Hindwings blackish-fuscous ; cilia dark fuscous. DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 733 Khasis ; in October and November, two specimens. Nosphistica, n. g. Head smooth; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antenne =,in ¢ with long fine ciliations (4), basal joint moderately elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi very long, recurved, second joint smooth-scaled, terminal joint as long as second, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibix rough-scaled above, basal joint of tarsi tufted at apex. Forewings with 3 and 4 out of 2, 7 absent, 8 and 9 stalked. Hindwings over 1, trapezoidal, termen irregularly sinuate, cilia 3, costa with projecting scale-teeth ; 3 and 4 connate, 5 absent, 6 and 7 stalked. PA genus of peculiar facies and uncertain affinity, but probably allied to Strobisia; specially characterised by the costal scale-teeth of hindwings. Nosphastica erratica, n. sp. 62. 15-17 mm. Head dark fuscous, face pale whitish-ochreous, collar tinged basally with whitish-ochreous, probably expansible. Palpi pale whitish-ochreous, second joint with submedian and apical blackish bands, anterior edge of terminal joint blackish. Antenne dark fuscous, towards base ringed with whitish-ochreous, apex and a band towards apex whitish. Thorax dark fuscous, in 9 with posterior extremity mixed with pale ochre- ous. Abdomen dark fuscous, segmental margins more or less marked with pale ochreous-yellowish, segment 4 with pale ochreous-yellowish spot on sides. Posterior legs whitish, banded with blackish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight somewhat oblique; dark purplish-fuscous; a whitish-ochreous strigula on costa near base, and a transverse series of irregular marks about +; an irregular transverse spot from dorsum about middle, reaching nearly half across wing, in ¢ whitish, in 2 yellowish; an obscure darker spot in disc at %, more or less edged laterally with whitish; a small white triangular spot on costa towards apex, and another at tornus: cilia dark ruscous, white on these spots. Hindwings with projecting blackish scale-teeth on costa at 3 and 3, termen with an irregular excavation above middle; dark fuscous ; a white spot on middle of costa, and another before apex; two tather large blackish spots longitudinally placed in middle of disc, more or less whitish-edged ; cilia dark purplish-fuscous, on lower half of termen pale whitish-ochreous with a blackish basal line which is much thickened at tornus with broad scales, dorsum also with rough projecting blackish and whitish scales. Maskeliya and Kandy, Ceylon (Pole, Green); in March and September, two specimens. Hyptiastis, n. g. ' Head with appressed scales; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antenne 1, somewhat thickened towards base, in g° with short very fine widely 24 734 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. scattered cilia towards base, basal joint elongate, without pecten. Labia palpi very long, curved, ascending, second joint thickened with appressed scales, terminal joint as long as second, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibie densely hairy above. Forewings with 2 and 3 short-stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hindwings over 1, trapezoidal, apex obtuse, termen not sinuate, cilia 4-2; 3 and 4 stalked, 5 approximated, transverse vein absent between 5 and 6, 6 and 7 stalked. Probably a development of Brachmia, distinguished by the costal termi- nation of vein 7 of forewings; the dilated hindwings of ¢ suggest relation- ship to Timyra. Hyptiastis clematias, n. sp. 6 2. 17-19mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, shoulders dark fuscous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint and base of terminal suffus- ed with rather dark fuscous. Antennze whitish-ochreous, indistinctly ringed with dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen in ¢ nearly straight, rather oblique, in 2 slightly rounded and more oblique ; dark purplish-fuscous ; a whitish-ochreous dorsal stripe from base to tornus. in middle with a broad-triangular prominence reaching half across wing, before tornus with another triangular projection which is more or less, suffused posteriorly : cilia whitish-ochreous, on costa dark purplish-fuscous. Hindwings in ¢ considerably broader and more oblong than in 2, whitish- ochreous, deeper-tinged and with somewhat modified scales towards base, veins 6 and 7 and a streak along posterior 2 of costa and apical portion of termen suffusedly dark fuscous; in @ light grey, dorsum suffused with whitish-ochreous, dark markings indicated as in Gd but indistinct; cilia whitish-ochreous, on costa dark fuscous. Nilgiris, 6,000 feet ; in May (Andrewes), three specimens. XYLORYCTID A. Paradoris, Meyr. Head with loosely appressed scales, side-tufts roughly spreading ; ocelli present ; tongue developed. Antenne 3,in ¢ simple, basal joint moder- ately elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi long, recurved, second joint much thickened with dense scales, sometimes somewhat projecting at apex beneath, terminal joint as long as second, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiz clothed with long rough hairs above. Forewings with 2 from towards angle, 3 from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex or termen, 11 from middle. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, more or less pointed, cilia 1-1}; 3 and 4 connate, > parallel, 6 and 7 long-stalked. ~] we) wt ' DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, Type P. anaphracta, Meyr. Although indicated, this genus has not been fully characterised before. Paradoris amphicalyx, n. sp. $@. 11-13 mm. Head white, lower part of face fuscous. Palpi white, second joint dark fuscous, except apex. Antennze blackish. Thorax white, posterior extremity blackish. Abdomen whitish-ochreous suffused with pale grey. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; ochreous-white ; a moderate blackish basal fascia, posterior edge nearly straight; plical and first discal stigmata minute, black, plical beneath first discal; a moderate blackish fascia about 2, constricted in middle ; several undefined dots or groups of blackish scales round apical part of costa and upper part of termen: cilia ochreous-whitish. Hindwings grey ; cilia ochreous-whitish. Cuddapah, 4,000 feet (Campbell) ; four specimens. Paradoris rhodota, n. sp. $2. 12-14mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous, face paler. Palpi whitish mixed with blackish, second joint blackish except apex. Antennze blackish. Abdomen light grey, apex ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; light rosy-pink ; a narrow blackish basal fascia ; plical and first discal stigmata minute, black, first discal sometimes placed in a small yellowish spot, plical beneath it ; second discal represented by a black transverse mark, some- times surrounded with yellowish, resting on apex of a transverse blackish dorsal spot; a small blackish spot on costa slightly beyond this; a row of small black dots round apex and termen: cilia light grey, towards base light rosy-pink, with some blackish points. Hindwings grey; cilia pale greyish. Cuddapah, 4,000 feet (Campbell) ; five specimens. Paradoris stesichora, n. sp. 6 2. 11-13 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous tinged with pink. Palpi brownish-ochreous irrorated with dark fuscous, terminal joint and apex of second whitish. Antenne fuscous. Abdomen pale ochreous tinged with grey. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex round- * pomted, termen very obliquely rounded ; whitish-ochreous tinged with rosy- pink, with some scattered fuscous and dark fuscous scales ; a small blackish spot on base of costa, and one on dorsum near base; stigmata blackish, first discal forming a small round spot, plical dot-like, beneath it, second discal absorbed in a transverse blotch from dorsum ; a small blackish spot on costa slightly beyond this, in one specimen little marked ; some cloudy ' undefined blackish dots round apex and upper part of termen: cilia whitish- ochreous, towards base slightly pinkish-tinged and somewhat sprinkled with fuscous and dark fuscous. Hindwings grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous. 736 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Palni Hills (Campbell) ; Nilgiris, 3,500 feet, in March (Andrewes) ; two specimens. 2. 13mm. Head white, lower part of face dark fuscous. Palpi white, second joint dark fuscous except apex, scales rather projecting at apex beneath. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax whitish-ochreous sprinkled with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded; whitish- ochreous irregularly sprinkled with dark brown; an elongate black mark along base of costa ; a transverse blackish spot from dorsum near base ; first discal stigma dot-like, black, second represented by a roundish black spot resting on a transverse-oblong blackish dorsal blotch; a moderate semi- circular blackish spot on costa rather beyond this ; a row of cloudy blackish dots round apical portion of costa and termen: cilia ochreous-whitish, sprinkled with dark brown and blackish towards base. Hindwings grey ; cilia pale whitish-ochreous tinged with grey. Paradoris palacta, n. sp. N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; one specimen. Paradoris acatharta, n. sp. 6 Q. 138-14mm. Head pale yellowish somewhat sprinkled with dark fuscous, in one specimen centrally suffused with blackish. Palpi whitish- yellowish, second joint more or less suffused with blackish irroration except apex, terminal joint somewhat sprinkled with black. Antenree fuscous, obscurely pale-ringed towards base. Thorax pale purplish-grey spotted with pale yellowish, and suffusedly irrorated with black. Abdomen in g whitish-ochreous-grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous, in 2 grey. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; whitish-ochreous, irregularly marbled with light pur- plish-grey suffusion irrorated with black ; the dark colouring forms a basal patch containing two short ochreous-yellow streaks from base and limited by a pale yellowish-tinged line from before 4 of costa to ¢ of dorsum, some- what angulated and tending to be interrupted on fold; it also covers dorsal 3 of rest of wing, including two or three small yellowish spots beyond middle, and extending as a fascia to costa at 2, and along termen to apex; a small dark spot on costa before apex: cilia pale whitish-ochreous sprit-~ kled with black. Hindwings grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous. u) N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; three specimens. ‘ (To be continued.) LRRATUM, Page 489, line 2, for hotlias read tholias. a JOURN, BompBay Nat. Hist. Soc. THE Inpian Lion (Felis Jeo). Photographed in captivity at Junagadh, Kathiawar. eee 137 THE KATHIAWAR LION. BY Lt.-Cot. L. L. Fenton. (With an Illustration. ) In an article recently contributed by me to our Journal, on the Kathiawar Lion, I did not give any of my own experiences in hunting it. As these tend in some measure to give an insight into the nature of the animal, I send the following account taken from my shikar diary in case it may be acceptable for publication. It is many years now since | shot my first lion, viz., in 1886, when I first went to Kathiawar. The Gir was then at its best in the matter of games of all kinds, and a terra incognita to all except a few local Huropean and Junagadh State officials. Having obtained the readily granted permission of the Darbar to shoot a lion, | moved my camp towards the middle of the hot weather to the Talala Ness or hamlet, which besides being close to the lion country, has a good pitching ground under a magni- ficent grove of banyan trees which afford perfect protection from the sun during the day time. It lies about 14 miles, as the crow flies, north of Verawal, from which it can be reached by a so- called made-road which, at the time I write of, was never kept in repairs. Mukhbul Mia, one of the Junagadh Sardars, and the then Superintendent of the Gir, accompanied my camp for _ the purpose of rendering me all the assistance I required in attain- ing my object. The best of the State pagis or trackers were also placed at my disposal. The latter had already been sent out to mark down the lions some days previous to my arrival. . A few days before, lions had been heard close to Talala, but they had moved away. On the day following my arrival, I heard that there had been a ‘kill’? at Borwao—a Ness about 8 miles distant from Talala, and that the pagis were tracking up the lion or lions which were responsible for it. I may here mention that the Gir lion rarely if ever returns to its “kill,” which is probably owing to its food being so plentiful. The following day the expected khubber did not arrive, but on the 14th May—the next day— the pagis sent in word to say that there had been a fresh kill near 738 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Borwao, and the lions, two in number, had been marked down in an adjoining jungle, about 10 miles away from my camp. The khubber reached us at about 11 a.M., and a few minutes later Mukhbul Mia and I and as many of our men as we could mount, were on our way to Borwao. After ascorchingly hot ride, we reached our destination, which was the well at Borwao, in about an hour, to find the beaters and pagis quite ready for an imme- diate start. Leaving our horses at the well, and delaying them only long enough to make the final arrangements for the drive, we all started together. After accompanying the beaters for about a mile, Mukhbul Mia and I left them to take up our position for the drive, leaving Hebat, the head pagi, to look after the beaters. I had been accustomed to use a bamboo ladder with broad rungs for sitting upon, when, tiger shooting in North Kanara, and had brought one with me on this occasion, but owing to the trees being small and stunted, it could not be used, and we had to be content with sitting on the sloping trunk of a tree with our feet resting on the ground. We had not very long to wait before the drive commenced. The lions were lying under a wadh or banyan tree, about two hundred yards distant from our tree. The beaters know beforehand exactly where the lion is lying and keeping fairly close together do not utter a sound, as a rule, until they are pretty — close to its lair, when they shout for all they are worth. On the present occasion, almost immediately after the first shout, the lions made their appearance going through the jungle one behind the other at full tilt. I let them each have the contents of one barrel at about 80 yards distance, before they were out of sight. Neither of them gave tongue or seemed to flinch at my shots, and I made sure I had scored a miss; but almost im- mediately afterwards Gunoo, an old Mahratta retainer of mine, who happened to be seated in the direct line of flight of the lions and only just managed to escape being knocked over by them, by hastily clambering up into a tree, shouted out that the leading lion was wounded with a large patch of blood on its side. | was using an 8-bore smooth bore with a spherical ball. On hurry- ing down to him we found plenty of blood on the tracks. After waiting half an hour we commenced following up, and very soon THE KATHIAWAR LION. 739 came upon the lion lying dead, which was arelief as I had some difficulty in keeping the men quiet, and the Darbari sepoys who would keep their muskets on full cock, were just as much a source of danger as the wounded lion! My 8-bore bullet had gone clean through the lion, touching up its heart and lungs, in spite of which it had managed to cover over 150 yards before falling. It measured 9 feet 1 inch in length, carried a short mane and was very fat. It was no good going after the second lion, as when once disturbed, lions clear out of the neighbourhood. Hebat, the pag, informed me that when the beaters got up to the lions under the wadh tree, one of the latter was lying down, while the other one was walking backwards and forwards. Owing to the shade they afford, lions are very partial to these trees in the hot weather. I omitted to mention that the “kill”? was a buffalo. On my way back to camp, I met the owner of the buffalo who informed me that it had been done to death by three lions, but one of them had been seen breaking away in the early morning. A few days later, 1 moved my camp to Sasan, about 12 miles north of Talala, and the headquarters of the Gir Officials, whose offices are contained, for the sake of safety, in a kind of miniature fort on a commanding position. There is no village to speak of, only a few woodcutters’ and Rabaris’ huts erected just outside the fort walls. My pagis were out everyday, but up to the 29th May had not, succeeded in locating any more lions. In the meantime I had varied luck with smaller game, such as sambur and spotted deer locally known by the name of Pasu. ‘The season was advancing; there had been some heavy rain, which was followed, as usual, by a good deal of fever amongst my followers. Moreover, with fresh water in all the nalas, the lions moved about more than they would otherwise have done, and were in consequence difficult to mark down ; so giving up all hope of another lion during this season, I issued instructions for an early move out of the Gir, when luck be- friended me again on the following day—the 30th May. I had arranged to stalk sambur and spotted deer in the Khokra jungles between four and five miles due east of Sasan, and to finish up with a drive for anything that would turn up in the middle of 740 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. the day, and had made an early start with Hebat, the pagi, and a few coolies. After half an hour’s ride along the Khokra track, I sent my horse and tiffin cooly on to Khokra or where Khokra once stood, for it is only a deserted site now, to await my arrival there, while Hebat, I and the rest of the coolies entered the jungle for our stalk. It is unnecessary to enter into any details of this, it is sufficient to say that, although I saw a good deal of game, it was difficult to get a shot, owing to the dead leaves and the dryness of the jungle, and I only bagged a stag chital, when I happened to chance upon a large patch of burnt jungle. By the time I had done this, the sun was well up in the sky, so we turned our faces in the direction of Khokra and com- menced walking at our usual place without attemping to preserve silence. After we had been going for about half an hour, Hebat, who was leading in his capacity of guide, suddenly stopped and drew my attention to a crow, which seated on the topmost bough of a tree near the summit of a low wooded hill, which we happened to be passing at the time, was cawing in the way in which crows always caw when something out of the common has attracted their attention.—‘‘ Perhaps a lion, saheb”’ remarked Hebat—and he was right, for the words were hardly out of his mouth before a fine lion sprang out of the jungle, on to a large rock below the tree, and then as suddenly disappeared with a bound into the jungle beyond, and was almost immediately followed by two others. We at once held a council of war as to how we could best circumvent them. As it was almost midday, it was unlikely that the lions, whch had not seen us, would travel very far, especially as it was more than. probable they had been feeding off a recent ‘kill.’ To send for the coolies, which we were expecting to find collected for the ‘‘ drive ’’ at Khokra, would have been waste of time, so we decided to track them down with the few men that were with us; and as my breakfast and the men’s food was away at Khokra, we lost no time in making a start. The tracking turned out to be a longer job than I had anticipated owing to — the ground being baked quite hard. There was nothing whatever to guide the men except the slight disturbance made by the lion’s feet amongst the dead leaves which THE KATHIAWAR LION. TAL was quite unnoticeable to ordinary eyes. It was wonderful how the men were able to make any progress at all, but they did do so slowly but surely ; only one little bit of excitement did we have when Hebat coming to a sudden halt pointed towards a large clump of bamboos and whispered the word ‘‘ Sdvaz’’ (lion) into my ears! With some difficulty I made out what had attracted his — attention, but this after all turned out to be a doe chital. After keeping up the tracking for a good two hours without success, we got into more open country. Down in a valley below us, we could see a large banyan tree towering above its neighbours, and Hebat, at once declared that, if the lions were in the neighbourhood, we should find them under that tree. To save time, he, I and Kutchra made a bee line for it, leaving the others to follow up the tracks. The lions were there sure enough! As we cautiously approached the tree, Hebat’s keen eyes spotted them lying in some coarse long grass at the foot of it, and of almost the same colour as themselves. We could just make out the form of one of them, but the others were certain to be somewhere near. The interven- ing ground was quite open and devoid of jungle, but about 50 yards on our side of the banyan, stood a small mimosa bush. Keeping this between us and the lions Hebat and I managed to crawl up to it without attracting their attention, although the one we could see was apparently quite wide-awake When, after a rest of a few seconds to steady myself, I rose to my feet to fire, 16 struck me that the animal we were stalking looked very much like a lioness. I could not make out a mane, whereas the lion we had seen on the top of the hill had an uncommonly good one. Hebat, however, insisted I was mistaken, and as it was difficult to make out much in the glare and the grass, | gave way to his greater experience and fired with the 8-bore. She rolled over with the shot ; there was no doubt about her sex now, I was right after all, but she recovered herself immediately and was off. With the left barrel I rolled her over again, but she got to her feet once more, and was out of sight before I could get in another shot. Then, I heard several shots accompanied by excited shouts in the direc- tion she had gone. Thinking some one was being mauled, I re-loaded the 8-bore as I ran along and exchanging it for the 500 25 742 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. express as being the lighter weapon, soon found myself in the middle of all the excitement. I had only time, however, to see the lioness growling ominously at the foot of a tree, and on the point of charging a passaeta or village policeman, who was doing his best to fire off a rusty old matchlock at her. I ran up, he stepped aside, and taking his place, I fired at her chest; but I was the reverse of steady from running and my ball, as I afterwards as- certained, only struck her in the muscles of her shoulder. She did not wait for more, but charged at once with the usual short anery cough—they cannot be called roars. I kept her covered with my rifle as she came on and gave her the contents of the left barrel when she was about twenty paces off. I aimed at her head and by a fluke the bullet went true and effectually doubled herup. However! did not realize this at the moment, for immedi- ately after firing I turned round for my other gun, when to my hor- ror, | saw my man Kutchra running away with it. It is needless to add that I flew after him expecting at every moment to be pulled down by the enraged lioness. It was a welcome shout, indeed, from one of the men which stopped me ‘“‘ Margaya Saheb, Margaya!” She was a full-grown lioness, but not an old one, judging from the spots on her flanks. My first two shots from the 8-bore had both taken effect too high up and had touched no vital part. The men who had fired the shots I had heard, turned out to be a party of my own sepoys who were looking for me and by the merest chance had turned up just in the nick of time. They explained that the lioness nearly ran into them almost immediately after they had heard my shots, they had fired in self-defence and one of their shots had hit her in the body and made her come to a standstill. In the excitement of the moment I had not noticed what became of the other two lions, but Hebat said he saw them making off in another direction as soon as [ had fired. Having had nothing to eat since the early morning, we were about famished by this time, and our water had given out long before, so slinging the lioness on to a pole we made our way back to Khokra where the men’s food as well as my own, had been left. On arrival there we found near the spot, where our men were waiting for Us, THE KATHIAWAR LION. 743 the remains of a buffalo, the lions’ “kill” in fact. It had, evidently, only been killed on that very morning which would account for the lions being on the move so late in the day, long past their usual hour. I believe it isa general idea that, as a rule, tigers avoid attack- ing a full grown buffalo. My experience of tigers is somewhat limited ; but I can safely state, as regards the lion, that it has no hesitation in attacking a buffalo, when it comes in its way. I was once shown a huge buffalo, which had been attacked by a solitary lion, and which according to the owner, a Rabari, had sprung upon it from behind. The buffalo had succeeded in shaking it off, but the poor beast was dreadfully clawed and slowly dying when I saw it. On another occasion | came upon a Rabari lamenting over one of several buffaloes he was grazing at the time. He explained that not half an hour before my arrival a lon, whose tracks I had noticed on the road as I came along, had, in spite of his having tried to drive it away by shouting, wantonly attacked this particular buffalo and torn away its udder. It had made no attempt to kill the beast in the usual way, and had bolted without doing any further damage, but the buffalo, a full grown animal, was done for. To continue, I very nearly succeeded in shooting another lion in these same Khokra jungles a short time afterwards. I came upon it, by the merest chance one morning when out-stalking with one of the Gir pagis. We were first made aware of its presence by its suddenly starting to roar, not one hundred yards away from us. Thinking, quite wrongly as it turned out, that it was roaring over a “Jall,” I tried to stalk it, the pagi following me; but we had not advanced very far before the latter touched my arm and pointed in the direction of a thick clump of bushes not twenty yards away: It was all very fine of him to whisper “‘ Maro, Sahib!’’ I could see nothing until there was a rustle, and the lion was off withott giving meashot. I ran after it, but the chance was gone, and I never Saw it again. There was no ‘“kill.”’ It was probably calling to its mate, but its roar had the effect of attracting all the animals in the jungle to the spot, for spotted deer and sambur were call’ng in every direction! 744 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX On another occasion, I chanced upon two lions in much the same way. On this occasion, my attention was attracted by the belling of asambur. Thinking that it must have seen a panther, I was peering about the jungle, looking for the latter, when up got a couple of young lions from under a large corunda bush, and trotted away quite unconcernedly, stopping every now and again to have a look at the intruders. It was with difficulty that I resist- ed the temptation of shooting one or both, but I had shot my share of lions for the season and besides these animals were hardly more than half grown. During the year 1890, H. R. H. the late Duke of Clarence, paid the Gir a short visit, at the invitation of H. H. the Nawab of Junagadh, for the express purpose of shooting a lion. Hvery- thing that was possible to ensure success was done by the Nawab, but in the end the Prince had to leave without a lon having been bagged either by him or one of his party. It was almost a case of too much bandobast. The shooting camp was pitched, as usual, at Sasan. A party of three lions had been tempted by nightly feeds of buffalo, to remain in the neighbourhood, and on the morning succeeding the Prince’s arrival, they had been safely marked down in a good position for “driving.” The tree on which His Royal Highness was stationed had been selected after much deliberation ; and, if all had gone well, the lion should have passed, within a few feet of it. Of course, the unexpected happened! Far too many beaters had been provided by the Darbar. The men responsible for the « drive’ were unable to control them properly, with the con- sequence that they commenced to shout at the wrong end of the line and far too soon. The result was what would be expected under the circumstances: the lions, on being disturbed, bolted in the wrong direction, nowhere near the Prince’s tree. They passed, it is true, close to the tree occupied by one of the officers of his staff, but he failed to bag one, and the gun in the next tree also failed in a long shot. The lions cleared out of the neighbour- hood and unfortunately no others were marked down before the Prince’s visit came to a termination and every one except myself left the Gir. nr THE KATHIAWAR LION. 74 Some days later, khuwbber was brought in to me late one afternoon that a lion had been marked down about 4: miles away from camp. It was almost too late to make any use of it, especially as 1 heard at the same time that only some half a dozen beaters could be got together at that hour, but it was worth the attempt. I started at once, and taking my rifle with me galloped to the spot, where my man was waiting for me, arriving just as it was beginning to get dark. After all there were only two or three men to dothe driving. The lion was lying, as usual, at the foot of a large banyan tree and would soon be on the move—there was no time to be lost. I scrambled into the first tree which was at all suitable, and my man Oomar went off to assist in the driving. All might have turned out well, but almost as soon as Oomar had gone, I realized I should have the greatest difficulty in firing out of my tree without being knocked out of it. There was not a single branch to hang on to, and it was impossible to get down the smooth trunk with my rifle. I had to make the best of a bad job. I had not long to wait. A couple of shouts, and the lion was in evidence in the now fast increasing dusk. It looked a magnificent beast in the uncertain light. If only I could get in a straight shot! But it was not to be. The lion started by making directly for my trees, but had not gone far before it turned off to the light and made up a hill. I balanced myself with much difficulty as I got in two snapshots before it disap- peared over the brow of the hills. The result, as might have been expected, was nil. How I regretted I had not stood at the foot of the tree, or at any rate, tried to stalk it, but one always knows what one ought to have done after it is all over! On the Ist May of the same year, I moved my camp to Moduka, &@more pretentious Ness than the generality of them, in the very heart of the lion country. As I was leaving Sasan, I heard a lion roaring in the distance which I hoped portended good luck! My men had some difficulty in finding a suitable tree for my camp, Owing to the best site being so overgrown with jungle, and when T arrived I found I had to share my camp with the grave of a Mahomedan Pir, which almost blocked up one of the entrances to my tent. An ancient worn-out black goat, which some days 746 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. before had been dedicated as an offering to the departed, by some devotee, was quietly grazing outside, and soon became very tame. A few days afterwards it was carried away in broad day-light by a Panther. I was busily engaged at the time inside the tent, when I heard a suppressed gurgle from the goat just outside, but thought nothing of it until a short time afterwards, the servant came running in to say what had happened. True enough the hand- ful of black hair and the patches of blood told their own tale—the goat had gone—bodily carried away. I followed up the track until we lost them on the hard ground, myvbest pagis being away at the time. I sat up for the panther with alive goat in the evening, but although I heard it calling, it never came near me and I never heard of it again in the neighbourhood. On the 8th May the pagis sent in khubber to say that they had found a lion. They had been looking for them ever since my arrival at Moduka. At the same time khubber was also sent to a brother officer and his friends who were then occupying my old camp at Talalé. We all met at Khokra, where again the lion or lions had been marked down. It was not certain how many there were, but only one had been actually seen. The pagis advised a drive, but after past experiences we decided in the end to walk it up. One of us, if not all, was bound to get a shot in this way, whereas it was impossible to say what would be the result of a drive. The lion had been last seen on the brow of alow hill covered with small jungle, lying down in the shade of a small tree. My friends had quite an army of darbarsi sepoys, with them, all armed with antiquated mus- kets, besides the usual paraphernalia of swords, knives, daggers, etc. It certainly would have been safer to have left them all behind, but we did not wish to hurt their feelings; they were’ all so eager to come with us, so we allowed them to follow close behind us, on the express understanding that they were only to fire in the event of being charged, not otherwise. All being ready, we commenced our stalk, under the guidance of the pagi who had last seen the lion. We reached the top of the hill in dead silence, expecting to see the lion at any moment. It was dis- appointing, therefore, to find it had moved. However, while THE KATHIAWAR LION. 747 peering about, I caught sight of it lying down under another tree, and after signalling to the others to be on the lookout I fired from a sitting position, the only one in which I could see the lion from where i happened to be. This was the signal for everyone, including the sepoys to empty their rifles! How any one escaped being hit was a wonder. The lion, in the meantime,” was bolting away, though not at any great pace, as my first shot had struck it in the body, my second went anywhere, but I managed to get in a third shot with the 8-bore which my man thrust into my hands just in time, and this was followed by the welcome thud and the appearance of a red patch on the lion’s side. With the left barrel, fired as it was disappearing, I missed. While we were all reloading, a second lon, which must have been lying somewhere near, suddenly appeared and stood growling at us for a few seconds but followed in the wake of its companion before anyone was ready to fire. All this took place within the space of a few seconds. ‘The wounded lion with an 8-bore bullet through its body was unlikely to go very far. We gave it about twenty minutes law and then commenced to follow up, taking care not to run any further risks from the sepoys by ge, while we three leaving them behind. The pagis did the trackin kept a sharp lookout ahead. We very soon came up on the lion. It was lying on the ground. I got in the first shot, when it went off again without attempting to charge; but only to fall again a few yards further on, where another shot killed it outright. ‘“‘What a cur” was the first remark, made by one of my companions, when it was all over, and he was right. Temperaments vary amongst all animals as much as _ they do amongst human beings. It was a fine lion with a good mane. I got khubber of two more lions on the next day, but they had moved before I reached the jungle in which they had been marked down. A few mornings later, I found the tracks of a lion just outside my tent. It had sauntered up during the night to within fifty yards of it, with no evil intentions I am sure, and then turned abruptly off into the jungles. We tried but did not succeed 748 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. in finding it. On the 13th May, I again got khubber of a lion which had been tracked into a bhoira or water-hole in the Jawautri jungles, about 5 miles away. I arrived at the spot long before sunset, intending to watch over the mouth of it, as the lion was certain to come out in the evening; but as I had promised my Téléla friend to await his arrival before commencing my watch, I hung about the place—the very soul of impatience (!)— until it was reported to me that the lion had gone. My friend never turned up at all. Never again, I made up my mind, would I wait for anyone, under similar circumstances! On the following day, again, khubber came that four lons had been tracked into another bhoira near the first one. This bhowra had two entrances, about fifty or sixty yards apart from each other. I rode out and took up my position in a tree over one of them, while my friend, who turned up on this occasion, guarded the other entrance when he arrived. Yesterday’s lion had enierged from its bhoira in broad daylight, but it was nearly dark before I heard a shot from my friend, with what result I did not learn until later. I waited on patiently at my post until it was too dark to see anything, much less the sight of my rifle. When matters had reached this stage, I heard a yawn below me followed by the rustling of dead leaves; the lions were out and apparently lying about at the mouth of the bhowa with no intention of moving away at once; but of course, it was impossible to see anything, although they were so close to me. ‘This went on for some time, and as the lions gave no signs of moving and nothing was to be gained by remaining any longer up in my perch, I precipi- tated matters by firing off my rifle in the direction in which I heard the most rustling, with no results of course, beyond driving the lions away. As soon as all was quiet again, I descended from my tree; my friend it seemed had fired at a single lion. It was found dead on the following aes and turned out to be a half-grown cub. Bad luck on the whole so far, but I had not long to wait for better! Only two days in fact, when my men sent in word to say that they had found the remains of a freshly killed buffalo, and were following up the lion which had killed it, and would , let THE KATHIAWAR LION. 749 ‘me know by a sowar as soon as they had found it. I did not hear from them again on that day, but on the following a sowar came galloping into camp bringing the welcome news that the lion had been marked down and the pagis were keeping a watch ‘over it from a distance. It was a long ride to the spot, but I reached it at the very best time, viz., at the hottest part of a very — ‘hot day. The lion on this occasion had been tracked down by afine young Sidi from the Jambida Ness who generally worked under the directions of the head pag: Hebat whom I have already mentioned. With him was one Ismail, a Mekrani Jemedar in the Jindgadh State service, also a good staunch man for a tight corner. The lion had not moved and was lying down under a shady tree on the tip top of a small conical hill where the cool breeze direct from the sea could reach it. The ground all around was very rough and hilly and a drive with any certainty of getting a shot was out of the question, especially with the very few men we had with us—only about half a dozen—so I decided on a stalk. The hill was covered with small loose stones, so in order to run no risk of disturbing the lion, we divested ourselves of our boots and shoes at the foot of the hill where we left them with the extra men. Ismail, who was armed with a D. B. muzzle-loading rifle, and I, with the 500 Express, led the way closely followed by the pag: who acted as guide and Kutchra with my spare gun. It was painful work getting over the rough ground without boots, but fortunately we had not a long climb. When we were ‘about twenty-five yards from the top of the hill, the pagi pointed in the direction we were to look for the lion, and I soon made out the contour of the upper part of its body through the bushes—the lower part of it not being visible owing to the slope of the grounds. To fire from where I was standing was to court a failure as no vital part of its body could be seen, and again it seemed hardly possible to advance any more without disturbing the lion. It “was an anxious moment and there was no time to be lost, for the lion might discover us at any moment and be off down the Opposite side of the hill for ever. By good luck, however, just at my side, there happened to be an old stump of a tree about a yard high and with a flat top. Once on that—and I saw—it would be 26 750 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. - all plain sailing. The only difficulty was how to mount it without making some slight noise and disturbing the lion in its slumbers, but the pag? was equal to the occasion. It was all done by signs— he stooped down; I stepped on his back, and as he gradually raised himself, I was able to step off on to the stump without the lion being a bit the wiser! There was no difficulty about a shot now. The lion was lying on its side with its legs towards us. The others were very quickly behind me, and when Ismail nodded to show that he was quite ready I fired, I only just had time to get in a second shot, which I think must have glanced off a bough as I could find no signs of it afterwards on the lion, before the latter was charging down upon us. I could of course do nothing with an emptied rifle in my hands, but fortunately for us, one of Ismail’s two shots fired at uncomfortably close quarters, saved the situation! It struck the lion in the back and the latter instead of charging home, swerved, and just missing us, went tearing down the hill. Its race was however run, for as I looked round to watch it, it turned a complete somersault and after rolling over and over again lay perfectly still. It was dead. My first shot had broken up in its chest, but if it had not been for Ismail’s lucky one, some of us would have fared rather badly. Tt was an old lion and its total length was 9 feet 5 inches, the length of its tail being 2 feet 11 inches. A few days afterwards I shot a 7'-4"" panther, and then left the Gir, nearly every soul in my camp being down with malarious fever. ; Two years later when I was encamped at Hathina Malia, a Garassia village on the borders of the Gir country, H. H. the Nawab was kind enough to grant me permission to shoot another lion. I rode the 22 miles to Sdsan, on the Ist June, and as I had only a few days at my disposal, I had already sent out the pagis to look out for lions. For two days there was not a vestige of — khubber, but on the third, when I had already mounted my horse for the purpose of returning to Malia, a sowar rode in to say that two lions had broken during the night into a zareba at the Nandwao Ness, about 4 miles distant from Sasan, and done a lot of THE KATHIAWAR LION. 7ol damage amongst the cattle. Countermanding my orders for striking camp, I rode offat onceto the Ness, taking my guns with me. On arrival there I found that three cows had been killed by the lions, two of them only had been partially devoured, the third being intact ; two more had been badly mauled and a sixth was missing. The pagis were already on the tracks and I soon caught them up and kept with them for several hours. We made but slow progress over the hard ground and I was not sorry when they suggested that J should halt for a rest whilst they went on with their work, as I could catch them up again later on when they would call me. I had waited quite two hours and was beginning to think that after all the lions had eluded us, when the messenger came to say that they had been tracked down. ‘The lions were as usual resting under a large banyan tree, at the foot of a rocky hill, known as the Kadlidhar. Ismail was not with me on this occasion. The ground was too open, the pagis declared to walk up the lions, so on their advice I decided to try a drive. I only had eleven men with me. I took up my position in a low tree overlooking a shallow nala leading past it, and coming direct from the banyan tree under which the lions were lying up and which they were likely to follow. The coolies were instructed not to shout until they were close to the lions. All was done as arranged, but the lions, instead of following the nala right up to my tree, only did so for a short distance and then turned off, up the hill just opposite me. I managed, however, to get in two rather long shots at them as they were leisurely trotting away. J missed the leading lion, but dropped the second one. It immediately recovered itself but instead of following its companion, came wheeling round in my direction in a dazed kind of way and I had no difficulty in killing it with another shot. The missing cow was found quietly grazing in the jungle close to where the lions were lying up. The pagis had noticed its tracks when following up the latter. The lion measured 9 feet and had a medium-sized mane. The one which got away wasamuch finer beast. This was the last lion I shot, although I have since assisted others to get one. In my 752 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. subsequent excursions into the Gir, I principally devoted myself to shooting panthers. The largest of over forty shot by me in and around the Gir was almost a record. Its total length was 7'-84" and its weight 160 lbs. The two photographs on the accompanying plate are those of a Kathiawar lion in captivity at Junagadh. It shows the name well grown, and we have to thank Mr. C. H. Hill, L.C.S., and Major J. R. Carter for obtaining these interesting photographs. 753 NOTES ON SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM THE INDIAN REGION. 137 G. W. V. DeRue-PHILirr, F.E.S. The following notes are the result of observations made and ~ notes jotted down during the last two years, in the course of which I have done a good deal of personal collecting in the Sikkim and Bhutan Terais, the Khasi and Naga Hills and Assam generally. I have recently had an opportunity of putting these into form and of comparing my specimens with those in the Indian Museum and de Nicéville collections; and have confirmed, as far as possible, the observations I had previously made. ‘The results may be of inter- est to the entomological members of the Society. Danais agiea. Cramer. Danais melanoides. Moore. These two are usually considered as distinct species, or, at any rate, as well differentiated races; but my experience has been that none of the distinguishing characteristics are constant. I have taken the species in the Western Ghats, Kumaon, the Sikkim and Bhutan Terais, the Naga Hills and the Chittagong Hill Tracts; and have very carefully examined a long series consisting of specimens from each of these locali- ties. Though extremes can be named readily enough, there are numbers of intermediate forms which it would be impossible, were the locality labels removed, to place either as aglea or melanoides. Vy own opinion is that all represent one somewhat inconstant species, aglea. Another characteristic, which has been used to separate aglea and its allies from the rest of the genus—the anastomosis of vein 11 with vein 12— is also not constant. The extent of anastomosis varies very considerably. In some cases, a large proportion of vein 11 is anastomosed ; in others, the two veins just touch and separate again: while frequently they only approach each other and do not actually touch. Speaking generally, the anastomosis is greatest in the extreme aglea form from Western India ; and least, if at all existing, in the melanoides form from Assam. D. agleoides. Felder, from Burma and the Malayan region, has been separated from aglea mainly on the absence of anastomosis, which, as has been pointed out, fails as a satisfactory test. I have only a small series of this last form ; but it seems to be constant in respect of the great reduc- tion of the hyaline markings on both wings, and is thus a distinct local race. I have, in my collection, a curiously aberrant male of the melanoides 754 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. form taken by myself at the foot of the Naga Hills in Assam. The neuration of the forewing in respect of veins 10, 11 and 12 is peculiar as the following sketch will show :— The hindwing is distinctly rectangular, being bluntly angled at the apex of vein 4. The fuscous border on both wings is broader and almost entirely without the usual hyaline spots, the subterminal row on the forewing being very small and markedly lunular. So different is the facies of the insect that, at first sight, one is inclined to consider it quite a distinct species. Euplea core. Cramer. A female of this species from Khandala in the Western Ghats has the apical white spots of the subterminal series on the forewing greatly enlarged and very prominent. It is practically the variety vermiculata de- scribed by Butler, but so far only recorded from the submontane tracts of Northern India. Euplea diocletiana. Fabricius. Euplea ramsayi. Moore. As far asmy experience goes, only one species is to be found in North-Kast India, and it is impossible to separate the Sikkim insect from that found in various parts of Assam. It is remarkable how very uncommon the females are everywhere. Males are fairly plentiful wherever the species occurs ; but of the dozens of insects I have captured or had brought to me by native collectors, only one has been a female. The same remark applies, in a somewhat lesser degree, to the female of E. alcathoe, Godart, a species found fairly commonly in some parts of Assam. Several writers have already remarked on the comparative scarcity of females of many of the species of Euplea; but the disparity in the numbers of the sexes of these two forms is extraordinarily great. Euplea mulciber. Cramer—E, midamus, Linnzeus. var. nov. duarseri. This is not a species which varies very much, but a male taken by me in the Duars is so distinct as to merit description. The insect is compara- tively small; and the forewing instead of being marked with the usual numerous violescent spots, is all but immaculate, a tiny dot beyond the cell and a few minute terminal spots being the only dacune in the intensely rich purple gloss of the wing. On the upperside of the hindwing, the patch of light coloured scales near the base of the cell forming part of the sex SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM THE INDIAN REGION. (55 mark is so reduced as to barely noticeable. There is no similar insect in the series of E. mulciber in the Indian museum and de Nicéville collections, but a few specimens in the latter from Borneo, named E. basilissa, Cramer, (now sunk asa synonym) approach the Duars insect in the paucity of violescent spots—though even these are far more numerously spotted. In the absence of material showing constancy, my variety can hardly be consi- dered a distinct species; and itis probably a highly melanised example of what is usually a very constant species. LETHE (Genus). Hiibner. A few remarks with respect to the altitudinal range of the different species of this extensive genus may be interesting. Though the type species—L. europa, Fabricius—is a plain’s butterfly, the genus is essentially one of the hill country. Only oneother species L. mekara, Moore—appears to occur at all generally in the plains. This is in Sylhet where it is rather common in bamboo jungle. It is true that other species such as L. chandica and L. flatiaris have been reported from ‘Sylhet,’ but it is almost certain that the insects on which these records were based came from the lower Khasi hill country below Cherrapunji, which abuts on the Sylhet plains. This locality is a favorite hunting ground of the native collectors who often speak of it as Sylhet. It is to be noted that L. europa and L. mekara are the only species of the genus to be found in the plains country of Sumatra (Butt: of Sumatra, de Nicéville, Journ., Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, Vol. LXIV, No. 3, 1895). Going a little higher in elevation, we come to the next group, one composed of more or less closely connected species. This group includes— L. bhairava. Moore. L. latiaris. Hewitson. L. kansa. Moore. L. vindhya. Felder. L. sinorix. Hewitson. L..chandica. Moore. and is essentially one of the foot hills. Its range may be said to be between 500 and 3,000 feet. With the single exception of L. kansa, none of the species is common anywhere. L. kansa is to be found fairly plentifully at low elevations in the Sikkim hills and is very common on the northern edges of the Khasi hills. I have also taken a single specimen at Naini Tal— the only case I know of its occurrence above 2,500 feet, and also, so far, the only record of its existence west of Sikkim. The rest of the Lethes are, almost without exception, insects of the higher hills. Of these— L. rohria. Fabricius. L. nilgiriensi. Guerin. 756 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. L. insana. Kollar. L. confusa, Aurivillius. L. verma. Kollar. L. sidonis. Hewitson. L. vaivarta. Doherty. L. nicetas. Hewitson. L. maitrya. deNicéville. form one connected group. They range from 3,000 feet to 8,000 feet being best represented between 5,000 feet and 7,000 feet. E.rohria and its western form L. nilgiriensis and L. confusa come down as low as 500 feet, and are, in some localities, common in the foot hills. They form a sort of connecting link with the previous group, and are the only exceptions to the general rule. Finally, there are the groups separated by Westwood and Butler under the genera Zophoessa and Neope and including— L. atkinsonia. Hewitson. L. jalaurida. de Nicéville. L. baladeva. Moore. L. goalpara, Moore. L. sura. Doubleday. L. bhadra. Moore. L. pulaha. Moore. L. yama. Moore. Speaking generally, this group belongs to the higher ranges from 5,000 feet to 10,000 feet. Ihave taken a pulaha (local form pulahoides) at 3,500 feet in the Naga hills; goalpara has been recorded from ‘Sibsagar,’ but this is a wide term and, from the usual distribution of the species, I am inclined to think the specimen must have come from the higher hill ranges on the borders of the Sibsagar district ; sura is recorded from a low elevation in Tenasserim and bhadra probably goes down to 2,000 feet in the Khasi hill and Burma. The rest appear absolutely limited to altitudes above 5,000 feet. Aulocera brahminius. Blanchard. I cannot help thinking that the record of the ‘scylla’ variety of this species from Sylhet by Butler is a mistake. Sylhet is a very low-lying district intersected by rivers and dotted with extensive swamps or ‘ bheels,’ absolutely the last place from which one would expect an Aulocera, a genus essentially of the higher mountain ranges. If the specimens on which the record is based came from anywhere outside the Himalayas, they must have been from the higher ranges of the Khasi, North Cachar or Naga Hills country on the northern and eastern confines of the Sylhet district. SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM THE INDIAN REGION, 7 or “I Elymnias undularis. Drury. A male of this species from the Namba forest in Assam is strikingly unlike the normal type and shows to what extremes the species may vary. The subterminal blue markings, so prominent in the type form, are here so reduced as to be hardly noticeable ; the usual bright chestnut margin to the hindwing is replaced by a dark brown margin of almost the same tint as in E. cottonis, Hewitson from the Andamans ; and on the underside the purplish white triangular preapical patch and subterminal fascia and the white spots are all absent. The insect looks entirely different though there is no doubt as to its identity. Charaxes raidhaka. mihi. This new species was described by me in the Records of the Indian Museum, Vol. II, Part III, October 1908, page 285 (see also Jour., Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XIX, No. 1, page 270). It subsequently occurred to me that the new form might be a melanised specimen of C. fabius; and I have therefore since examined .and compared it further with a long series of the latter species. Itis always rather dangerous to describe a new species from a single example ; but, though I have not obtained any more speci- mens of raidhaka, my further examinations would seem to confirm my separation of it as a new species. The difference in the outline of the wings, noticed in my original description, has held absolutely goodin all my later comparisons ; and I now add the following further slight differences in markings which I have found very constant in fabius. Upperside.—The deep black colour has, in some lights, a beautiful indigo blue reflection, somewhat similar to thatin E. athamas, Drury. In GC. fabius this colouring is sometimes found in fresh specimens over a very limited posterior area of the hindwing. Underside.—There is at the base of inter- space 2 of the forewing a rounded black spot almost filling up the angle between the veins, instead of the very well defined straight transverse line always found in fabius. Finally there is in fabius, in the precostal cell of the hindwing, a prominent black linear mark, which is entirely absent in the new form. ae Eulepis athamas. Drury. The localisation of the two sub-species athamas and agrarius as the Northern and Eastern and South Indian forms, respectively, does not always hold good. I have a typical agrarius from Dehra Dun at the foot of the Himalayas. Apatura ambica. Kollar. There is another species in which the numbers of the sexes taken are very disproportionate. The male is exceedingly common throughout Sikkim and Assam at low elevations near the hills, but I have never yet seen a female there. Curiously enough, the only female I have ever taken was in Mussoorie, where I never saw a male. oi 758 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Euripus consimilis. Westwood. Dimorphic female, form torsa, var. nov. Only one form of the female has hitherto been recorded from India. I now describe a second taken in November 1908 in the Bhutan Duars, which shows that this species, like others of the genus, is also at least dimorphic in the female. Upperside.—Yorewing, deep blue black. A short, outwardly diffuse streak in cell from base and touching the subcostal vein, a large, quadrate, transverse spot near the end of the cell, and a broad preapical band from vein 9 to vein 3, consisting of elongate spots divided by the veins, all white. The cell streak and spot near the end of the cell are thickly powdered with bluish scales. The preapical band is continued into interspaces 2 and 1 by very ill-defined spots. A long streak in interspace 1, a short dorsal streak, and terminal spots in pairs between the veins from tornus to vein 4, obscure white densely covered with dark blue scales. Hindwing, a light creamy white, veins black. Costal area thickly powdered with dark scales, and a subterminal fascia extending from costa to vein 2, very diffuse anteriorly and developing into saggitate spots posteriorly, blue black. Margin as in form already described, but very distinctly defined. Underside.—As above, markings more defined. Apical area of forewing and subterminal fascia of hindwing deep brown. The usual crimson patches at base of hindwing. The form is not represented in the Indian Museum or de Nicéville collec- tions. The insect, on the wing, wasan excellent mimic of Euplea diocletiana which is also found in the locality. Dophia sahadeva. Moore. Bingham’s remark that the antennze of this species are “dark brown with the apex ochraceous” does not sufficiently describe them and is somewhat misleading. In the male, the inside edge of the anterior third of the antennse is ochraceous and the tip a bright yellow; in the female, only the tip is yellow. These brightly coloured antennal tips are a very noticeable character of the species. Dophia pataia. Kollar. The real distribution of this species has long been something of a puzzle tome. Years ago, when I had just started butterfly work, the late Mr. de Nicéville kindly named a small collection for me; and amongst others were two Dophlas which I had taken in Lower Burma, and which he iden- tified as ‘Euthalia’ patala. Now Dophia patala, according to both Mr. de Nicéville and Col. Bingham, is confined to the Western Himalayas ; while the latter ascribes D. taoona to the hill ranges of Lower Burma. I have since taken and closely examined a long series of the true patala from Mussoorie and Naini Tal, and have endeavoured to work out the differences — SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM THE INDIAN REGION, 759 between typical patala and taoona as noted by those authors. All have failed at some time or other. An examination of the de Nicéville collection series only serves to confirm this. The small oval white spot in interspace 1 of the forewing said to be characteristic of taoona occurs singly or in pairs in more than one Himalayan insect and is not invariably present in _ those from Burma. The number of spots making up the white band on the hindwing varies (being either two or three) in specimens from both places. Nor are the other characteristics of taoona constant in the Burma insects. It seems to me either that patala is to be found in Burma or that the two species are synonymous. In any case it is strange that there is no record of the species from the regions between Nepal and Upper Burma. Sikkim, the Naga Hills and the North Chin Hills have all been worked without any trace of the species being found. Euthalia lubentina. Cramer. The descriptions of this species in de Niceville’s and Bingham’s works make no mention of the rather prominent tufts of hair at the base of the hindwing of the male on the upperside. It. belongs to the section having secondary sex marks of specialised scales ; but in this species the tufts are prominent enough to call for notice in the description. These hair-lke sex marks are also to be found in E. phemius, E. garuda, E. jama and E, kesava, but are less developed in those species. Euthalia garuda. Moore. The females of this species, as is well known, show a good deal of vari- ation, but no mention has, as far as I can ascertain, been made of the fact ‘that the various types are, to a large extent, localised. Except in the case -of specimens from Northern India, I have not a sufficiently long series to make absolutely definite statements on, but my observations during collect- ing in various parts of India were extensive enough to justify the following remarks :— Type I.—A very bright light-greenish brown on upperside, the basal half of both wings a shade darker than the outer half. The white discal spots on the forewing comparatively small, not extending below vein 4, and very indistinct. Submarginal row of black spots on hindwing small. Underside ochraceous throughout, not powdered with dark scales. Markings as on upperside. This type is the only one found in Northern India, and is pro- bably the dry tract form. It also occurs occasionally in Bengal. Type II.—Upperside of same general tint asin Typel., but richer and darker. Discal spots on forewing very white and distinct, consisting of an almost unbroken band to vein 4 and two well-separated spots in interspaces 3 and 2. Beyond the band a diffuse creamy powdering, and a whitish streak along costa from the uppermost spot to another very white spot halfway to apex. Subterminal black spots on hindwing very small, obsolescent. 760 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. Underside greenish grey dusted with black scales, dark brown discal fascia, and terminal lilac shading very prominent. White spots as on upperside. This is the variety which very largely predominates in Bombay and Western India, and is possibly an approach to the vasanta form of Ceylon. Type III.—Upperside a dark greenish brown, basal area still darker but not so regularly delimited from the lighter portion as in the other two types. The discal markings consist of three distinct white, well-separated spots beyond the cell, the two upper quadrate and moderately large, the lower very variable, and a fourth spot in interspace 3. A distinct white costal spot beyond the white band, anda well-marked dark subterminal fascia. Subterminal black spots on hindwing large and distinct. Under- side basal half of wings much as in Type II.; outer half up to pale hilae edging darker brown, but no distinct fascia. White markings as on upperside but less distinct. This variety is the one most generally taken in Bengal and Assam; and some sent me from Maymyo in Upper Burma were of the same type. Neptis eurynome. Westwood. Indian lepidopterists are under a great debt of gratitude to Col. Bingham for his labours in overhauling and revising the numerous named varieties of the common Indian Neptis. His decision to sink all the inconstant varieties given specific rank into one species has cleared the air immensely. No one who has dealt with any number of these Neptes can have failed to observe the extent of variation and the utter impossibility of referring any but extreme types to any particular one of the many so-called species. Among all the forms now sunk under eurynome there is, however, one which perhaps deserves to be kept distinct, if only as a local race. This is the dark form with narrow white bands and chocolate coloured underside. It is more or less constant (the underside has sometimes a rusty or ochreous tinge, but is always quite different from the yellow or true eurynome) and is easily distinguishable both on the wing and in the cabinet. It is, moreover, essentially a hill insect, confined to the higher ranges of the Himalayas and Assam hills, and not occurring below 4,000 or 5,000 feet; whereas eurynome is found both in the plains and in the hills to 5,000 feet and more. As far as I can identify it, the hill form is the true N. astola of Moore, Neptis mahendra. Moore. Neptis yerburyii. Butler. The differentiation of these two species is, in my experience, a far more difficult matter than, for instance, the separation of N. eurynome and N. astola, Ihave a long series before me, taken at various places from Mussoorie on the west to Shillong in the east; and were the prolongation or otherwise of the detached apical spot of the discoidal streak to be SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM THE INDIAN REGION. 761 made the basis of separation, I really do not think it would be possible to arrive at any definite results. Indeed, the specimen in which the prolongation is least marked is a very yellowish one from Sikkim, where mahendra is not supposed to be found. All the points of differenee noted by de Nicéville (N. nandina) and Bingham appear to me to break down at times, the only one of moderate constancy being the complete _ separation or otherwise of the spot and streak on the underside. Neptis soma. Moore. The numerous varieties collected by Bingham under this name form another difficult group. An examination of some scores of specimens collected in Assam and in the Sikkim and Bhutan Terais have led me to make the following note. Of those insects placed under true soma there appear to be two more or less constant and distinct varieties. The first and more common has very narrow and heavily sullied markings, the subterminal band in the hindwing so much so that it is only a shade lighter than the ground colour. This appears to be the species referred to soma by de Nicéville (Butt. of India, Vol. II, page 102). The second variety has all the markings pure white though narrow and small, and the submarginal row of the hindwing is made up of distinct, very clear white quadrate spots. It is probably the adipala of Moore. The undersides are practically identical. Both forms have been taken both in the dry season and at the height of the rains, so the differences cannot be altogether due to climatic dimorphism. Neptis clinia. Moore. According to Bingham, this local race of N.soma s confined to the Andamans. I have taken a couple of specimens, quite indistinguishable from others from the Andamans, in the Brahmaputra valley in Assam. _ Neptis nashona. Swinhoe. Hitherto only recorded from the Khasi Hills. I took an unmistakeable specimen in April this year in the forest country below Buxa, Bhutan. Doleschalla bisaltide. Moore. Doleschallia malabarica. Kruhstorfer. Doleschallia andamanensis. Fruhstorfer. The impossibility of satisfactorily separating, on the lines laid down by Bingham, a fairly long series of the genus in my collection from the Sikkim and Bhutan Terais, Assam, the Naga Hills and the Andaman Islands, led me to make a critical examination of the different species as represented in the Indian Museum and de Nicéville collections. These show that the character ascribed by Bingham to the race malabarica, (Fauna of India, Butt., Vol. I, page 392) viz., the termination of the preapical fulvous band in inter- space 5 of the forewing, holds good only in specimens from the Malabar Coast ; and in these it seems absolutely constant. In the long series in the 762 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. de Nicéville collection and in my collection from N. E. India and from the Andamans, the shape and extent of this preapical band vary enormously, though no clear dividing line is possible, the band always extends more or less into interspace 4, and, in the case of a female from near Gauhati, is so lengthened as to coalesce with the fulvous discal area in interspace 3. The only constant characteristic I can find in the insular race is that the trun- cate portion of the apex of the forewing is cut off square or slightly convex, while in all the N.-E. India specimens it is distinctly excavated or con- cave. It seems to me that the N.-E. India form should stand as D. hisaltide, Moore, or D. polibete, Cramer ; the Andamans form should be sunk or, at best treated as a-slightly differentiated local race andamanensis; and the Mala- bar insects placed as another well marked local race malabarica. CYANIRIS, (genus). Dalman. This is a very widely distributed genus, some representatives being found in every hill tract in India, Burma and the Indo-Malayan region. The Khasi Hills in Assam may, however, in some ways, be considered its strong- hold in India, no fewer than ten of the twenty hitherto recorded Indian species occurring in or near Shillong; and an eleventh and new one is now described. A few notes on each, with special reference to its appearance in these hills, are appended. C. marginata. de Nicéville. Only taken July to September but common then. It has not so far been recorded from the tract between Sikkim and the hills of Upper Burma, but will probably be found at suitable elevations in all the Assam hills. €. albocerulea. Moore. Local but fairly common, August to October. The first record of its oveurrence east of Sikkim. CG. transpecta. Moore. Decidedly rare; a spring or early summer species, C. puspa. Horsfield. Very rare in Shillong but common at lower elevations in the hills all the year round. C. placida. de Nicéville.: Male very common but only taken in August to early October. Female very rare. One taken in company with a number of males is described, as no description appears in Bingham’s work. Costa, termen and tornal area of forewing very broadly fuscous. Lower part of the cell dull blue but shining in certain lights. Hindwing, upperside, generally fuscous but with asmall basal patch of the same dull blue and a slight irroration of blue scales over disc almost to termen. Underside as in the male. ; G. chennelli. de Nicéville. Very common. A succession of broods from April to October. G. victoria. Swinhoe. Recorded from the locality but not taken by me. G. imbata. Moore. Fairly common but very local. There are apparently SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM THE INDIAN REGION. 763 two distinct broods—one in April and May and the other in October. It disappears in the interval. C. dilecta. Moore. Common. Apparently distinct broods in the spring and autumn. | _ C. jynteana. de Nicéville. Occasionally, April to July. Cyaniris parishii. n. sp. A new form, the only one of its kind among some hundreds of Cyaniris taken by Mr. H. M. Parish and myself in and round Shillong in 1909, and quite distinct from all the species of the genus in the Museum and de Nicé- ville collections. The specimen is a male and belongs to the group in which the costal margin is broadly edged with black. The description is as follows :— Upperside.—Forewing, costa and termen broadly black, this black edging, except for about one-third from base of costa where it is narrower, and at apex where it is a trifle broader, being of almost exactly the same width all round and very regularly and evenly defined. The rest of the wing shining lavender blue, slightly deeper at base. There is just an indication of a black tooth on the discocellulars. Hindwing, costa broadly fuscous, termen narrowly but very evenly edged black, with a subterminal series of dark lunular markings. The rest of the wing of the same shade of blue as the forewing. Cilia dirty bluish white. Underside.—Ground colour dull white, markings small and delicate, of the usual Cyaniris pattern. Expanse—1-2 inches. Hatitat—Shillong, Khasi Hills, 5,000 ft., August. The species appears to be allied to €.akasa, Horsfield, from 8. India, but has no trace of white on the upperside of the wings. It is also apparently close to C. shelfordi, de Nicéville, from Sarawak. This latter is of a somewhat deeper shade of blue, the hlack margins are not so even, and the markings on the underside are very much heavier and coarser. Orthomiella pontis. Elwes. Hitherto only recorded from Sikkim and Upper Burma. Also taken at Kohima, Naga Hills, 5,000 ft., April. Lyczenesthes emolus, Cramer. I have a male of this species from the Bhutan Terai which is a striking aberration from the type in respect of the markings on the underside. In the forewing, the band on the discocellulars is not defined with white lines, and the discal band is very broad and regular. The hindwing is remark- able. All the irregular bands have coalesced into a uniformly brown patch, on which is placed a very light coloured greenish white discal fascia broken only by the brown nervures and a short brown band on the discocellulars. Subterminally there are prominent light coloured conical markings, and the usual black and orange crowned spot in interspace 8. 764 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. Talicada nyseus. Guerin. Specimens from the hills north of Sylhet have the red area on the hind- wing much smaller in extent than those from Western India, and of a much deeper red. Nacaduba ardates. Moore. nov. var. P dima. LT have not been able to satisfactorily place a male Nacaduba taken by myself near the foot of the Naga Hills in April 1909. Itis very near N. ardates (which is common in the locality) with which form it agrees in the basal striga on the underside of the forewing being extended below the median vein, in its small size (1”), and in being tailless. Its appearance above is, however, very distinct and quite different from any of the hundreds of ardates I have examined both in the course of my own collect- ing and in the Museum and de Nicéville collections; and there are, more- over, some points of difference in the markings on the underside. N. ardates, on the upperside, is always some dark shade of brownish purple- brown when looked at direct, a dull purple when seen at an angle. The variety 1s a bright bluish purple, somewhat like that of Cyaniris jynteana, with a shining, slightly frosted appearance in some lights. The underside is a dull dark brown, with allthe transverse strigze very indistinct, the basal one of the forewing being traceable only half across interspace 1. The large orange crowned black spot in interspace 2 of the himdwing, so prominent in all forms of Nacaduba, is here replaced by a small, incon- spicuous black spot, subequal in size to that at the extreme tornal angle, the orange halo and metallic scales being altogether absent. The form may be new; but ardates does vary somewhat, and pending further material and research, it is best treated as a well marked variety of that species. Thecla leechii. de Nicéville. The female of this rare species was described but not named by de Nicé- ville in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. VI, page 374, as belonging to the genus Satsuma, Murray, and was named in a later article in Vol. VII, page 335 of the Journal. I have to record three more captures—all females—in Shillong, two by Mr. H. M. Parish now in his collec- tion, andone by myself. Mr. de Nicéville’s description, which is very clear, does not mention the small triangular patch of grey scales about midway up the dorsal margin on the underside of the hindwing, or the well develop- ed lobe at the tornus. The species, the female at any rate, is tailless. It is decidedly rare and only appears very early in the spring, all the speci- mens having been taken in March or early April. It is curious that the male has not yet been discovered in the Khasi Hills. lierda epicles. Godart. The usual colouring of the male of this very common species is a some- ‘SSOML BUTTERFLIES FROM THE INDIAN REGION. 765 what dull purple or brown with a purple reflection, with often an orange spot just beyond the cell of the forewing. Two specimens from 3,000 ft. in Sikkim and one from Shillong, however, show a reflection of an intenser, much purer d/ue, quite unlike the tint of typical epicles, and there is no trace of the orange spot. A female taken in company with one of these males also differs from the ordinary females of epicles in having the preapical orange band on the forewing narrow, and the lunular red terminal border on the upperside of the hindwing very linear and reduced. The undersides of the two forms are identical. There are a few insects of the same colouring in the de Nicéville collection underthe name phenicoparyphus, Holland, also from Sikkim. This latter species has not been included in the genus in de Nicéville’s Butt. of India, and I cannot say whether he finally decided to keep it distinct. An exami- nation of the genital organs will settle the matter. Herda viridipunctata. de Nicéville. llerda brahma. Moore. Both these species are fairly common in Sikkim, but the dividing line in the altitudes at which they are respectively found is rather striking. I. viridipunctata is never found below 6,000 ft.; below this one seems to come at once into the brahma habitat. In Kumaon, the latter ranges higher, having been taken at about 7,000 ft. Camena ister. Hewitson. de Nicéville, in Butt. of India, Vol. III, page 344, only describes the female: and inthe Journal of the Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. VII, page 335, and pl. H, fig. 10, he describes and figures the male of a new species as G. carmen talis, remarking that the latter “is not improbably the latter sex of €. ister.” The examination of a fairly long series of both brought in by native collec- tors from Cherrapunji in the Khasi Hills leaves no doubt in my mind that €. carmentalis 7s the hitherto undescribed male of €. ister ; and the former . ame must therefore be sunk. Tajuria istroidea. de Nicéville. So far only recorded from Sikkim. Also occurs rarely in the neighbour- hood of Cherrapunji. Zeltus etolus. Fabricius. This is one of those species in which the male is extremely common while the female is very rare. The former may be taken literally by hundreds all over the Sikkim and Bhutan Terais and near the foot of the Assam hills ; but in all my collecting I have never yet seen a female. LOXURA (genus). Horsfield. I have species of this genus from the North-Western sub-Himalayas, the Sikkim and Bhutan Terais, Assam, the Western Ghats and from the Andaman Islands; and have endeavoured to trace the characteristics on 28 766 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. which the species surya, Moore, and prabha, Moore, were founded. I have failed completely. L. arcuata from Ceylon Ihavenotseen. There seems to be no doubt, as de Nicéville surmised, that all the Indian insects represent only one inconstant species. Deudorix epijarbas. Moore. An aberrant specimen from Shillong has all the fasciz on the underside of both wings placed on a white ground. Papilio mayo. Atkinson. A very distinct variety from the type of the male is to be found. In this the internervular streaks on the upperside of the forewing and the red basal patch on the underside of the same wing are completely absent ; and the red basal patch on the underside of the hindwing is very much reduced. The most striking variation is, however, the absence, on the underside of the hindwing, of the red subterminal ocelli in interspaces 1 and 2 and the red scaling on the dise.. In place of the latter there is a very prominent set of pure blue lunular markings, set on a deep blue black ground, and extending in a curve from the costa to the dorsum. Of five males received from the Andamans, three were of this type, the other two being normal. Col. Bingham was slightly in error when he stated that the cilia of the forewing were black throughout. They are touched with white between the veins, though not nearly so conspicuously as in the hindwing—in fact, the white cilia cannot be seen at all, unless the wing is looked at edgewise. Papilio axion. Felder. Bingham places all the North-East India and Andaman insects under axion ; but the forms from the two localities are clearly distinct. His des- cription of axion applies properly only to specimens from the Andaman Islands ; insects from Sikkim and Assam (where the species is very common) are, as a rule, rather smaller and differ somewhat in facies. The discal pale green band is, in the N. HE. form, always narrower and less compact, and very irregular exteriorly ; and there are always present, along veins 6 and 7 on the upperside of the hindwing, one or two pale linear streaks interior to the submarginal row of spots, which are not present in any of the Andaman insects I have seen, either in my own collection or in the long series in the Indian Museum collections. On the underside of the hindwing, the pearly sub-basal streak from the costa is always extended evenly to coalesce with the discal band in typical axion this streak is some- what irregular, macular and invariably wellseparated from the discal band ; the crimson markings beyond the discal band are small and variously shaped—in axion they are fairly large and regularly quadrate; the black discal spots are also very small and placed oz the red markings, and never completely fill up the base of the interspaces, separating the red SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM THE INDIAN REGION. 767 markings from the pale discal band as is the case in all the Andaman examples. These differences are constant in all the specimens I have examined ; and I have no doubt as to the distinctness of the two. The insular race is undoubtedly axion ; the N. EK. India form is either the race jason, Linnzus, or the parent form eurypylus, Linnzeus. Huphina nadina. Lucas. Huphina andamana. Swinhoe. Several males I have received from the Andaman Islands are absolutely indistinguishable from typical nadina, the lacuna of pale colouring in and beyond the cell on the underside of the hindwing being exactly the same asin Madina, This is the characteristic on which andamana has been given specific rank, but it does not appear to be constant. Appias lagela. Moore. This race of A. lalage, Doubleday, has hitherto only been recorded from the Arakan Coast, Lower Burma and Tenasserim. A male, agreeing exactly with the description of the form in Bingham’s Fauna, Butt., Vol. I, page 209, and with the specimens in the de Nicéville collection, was taken by me on the Peak, above Shillong, 6,000 feet, in October. The dry season form of A. lalage is exceedingly common on the higher ranges of the Khasi Hills at this period of the year; and it may be that A. lagela occurs more frequently than a single capture would indicate, but is overlooked in its resemblance to lalage. Terias silhetana. Wallace. Ihave a very quaint aberration of the wet season variety of this species, taken in the Bhutan Terai. The ground colour on the upperside is a very light cream—almost white—but patches and specks of the ordinary rich citron yellow are scattered irregularly and sparingly about the wings, giving the insect a most bizarre appearance. Celznorrhinus spilothyrus. Felder. In a short paper on the Butterflies of the Konkan some time ago (Journ., Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XVIII, page 884), I mentioned €. fusea, Hampson, as being found in the Western Ghats. I have recently been analysing and working out a key to the genus, and find that the Khandala insect is CG. spiloth yrus. Similarly the Coladenia tissa, Moore, I recorded from Khandala turns out to be GC. indrani, Moore. Coladenia fatih, Kollar. Watson sinks this to€.dan, Fabricius, as do other writers; Mr. de Nicéville considered it distinct. Ihave examined a fairly long series of both forms and find that the one from the Western Himalayas (true fatih) has the hyaline spot at the base of interspace 3 of the forewing subtrian- 768 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. gular and constantly wider than high, thus eae ; in the eastern form ——————— (dan), this spot is always quadrate and higher than wide, thus | - The ty western insect is also appreciably larger and lighter coloured. G. — seems sufficiently distinct to be treated as a local race. SATARUPA (genus). Moore. DAIMIO (genus). Murray. Watson in his Key to the Asiatic Hesperide (Journ., Bom. Nat. His. Soc., Vol. IX, page 421) separates Satarupa from Daimio on the strength of the pencil of hairs on the hind tibi of the male of Daimio. This, how- ever, is not a satisfactory division ; for in gopala, the type of Satarupa, this pencil of hairs is strongly developed. It is absent only in sambara, Moore, and its allied form dohertyi, Watson, which two also differ from allthe other Indian species of the genus in having white palpi. TAGIADES (genus). Hubner. Watson, in his paper already quoted, gives the strongly arched lower margin of the cell between veins 2 and 38 of the forewing as a constant characteristic ; but it does not always appear to hold good and is often very hard to distinguish. A more constant feature (though facies is never a very satisfactory one for the discrimination of genera) is the colouring of the hindwing, which, in one group, is broadly white on both sides ; and in another and more soberly coloured group, is always suffused with white or bluish white scales on the underside. Caprona ransonnettii. Helder. Caprona saraya. Doherty. The distinctness of these two is doubtful. The latter was described from a single male, and separated from ransonnettii on the presence of a basal hyaline spot in the cell of the forewing (which ransonnettii has not got) and the absence of all white on the disc of the hindwings below. As records of distribution go, ransonnettii is the southern and eastern form and saraya the north-western one ; but four specimens taken by me at different places at the foot of the N.-W. Himalayas are suffused with white below and. have no basal spot in the cell of the forewing. They are thus inden- tical with typical ransonnettii, and, in fact, de Nicéville himself diagnosed two of them as this species. G. ransonnettii does, therefore, extend to the Western Himalayas, and saraya was possibly a casual aberration. Parnara (genus). Moore. Any analysis of the species of this difficult genus depends very largely on the markings on the male insect, and it is therefore important to be SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM THE INDIAN REGION. 769 able to discriminate between the two sexes not always an easy matter without dissection and microscopical examination, as my own experience has proved. There are no secondary alar sex marks, nor do the leg characters furnish much help. It was therefore with considerable satisfac- tion that I observe one feature of the male which is easily found with a good lens and which, being absolutely characteristic of the male only, affords quick recognition. This is a peculiar appendage, consisting of a brush-like ring of very fine hairs or bristles, radiating from an oval or circular head, placed im the anal orifice and always more or less clearly visible. It very probably is an appendage of the genital organs. An exactly similar organ is to be found in the males of the closely allied genera Baoris, Moore, and Chapra, Moore, which have, in addition, alar sex marks. It was the discovery of these in the males of Baoris that led me to make a close examination through the Parnara species. 770 FURTHER NOTES ON SNAKES FROM THE CHIN HILLS. BY CapTaIn F. E. W. VENNING. (Wit notes By Magor F. Watt, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S.) During the present year (1910) only one addition was made to the number of species obtained from this locality, namely a speci- men of the genus T'yphlops, but the writer was fortunate enough to procure several more specimens of the new Tropidonotus described last year by Major Wall. Such other notes as are thought to be of interest are added under the various species. Typhlops diardi.—One gravid female (No. 52-10) was captured on the main road near Minkin (5,600 ft.) on the evening of 13th June at dusk. When first handled this little creature lashed backwards and forwards head to tail very rapidly and with sufficient force to raise its body completely from the ground, in much the same way that some earthworms will do when touched. It is not perhaps unreasonable to suppose that this performance, which looks as if it must be uncommonly unpleasant for the actor, is a protective device of nature evolved from a simple instinctive shrinking or wriggling effort to regain liberty after capture. The writer well remembers the uncanny appearance presented by a large millipede in the Malay States, which adopted the same tactics when disturbed and seemed to be seized with a bad fit, thereby producing in the mind of the would-be captor an unwillingness to touch it, even though it was known to be quite harmless. The length of the snake was 14 inches including the stumpy tail which was broader than long. There were 26 rows of scales round the body anteriorly, and 28 rows at midbody. Colour shining brown above, each scale with a paler submarginal crescent; beneath whitish. It contained some well developed eggs. [Many of the snakes to which these notes refer have been submitted to me by Capt. Venning for my examination. The specimen referred to as Typhlops diardi exactly agrees with the small specimen I obtained in the Khasi Hills which I made the type of a distinct species under the name FURTHER NOTES ON SNAKES FROM THE CHIN HILLS, 771 tephrosoma (Bomb. N. H. Jourl., Vol. XVIII, p. 314). In Capt. Venning’s specimen I find the costal rows 28 anteriorly, and in the whole body except before the vent for a short space where they are 26. ‘The rostral does not reach hack as far as the eyes, and these organs are very indistinct. The colour dorsally is dark brown, belly lighter with a series of distant, irregularly spaced, white, ventral, median spots. I notice that the prefrontal is nearly twice as long as the other superior shields. The frontal is rather the smallest shield. The supraocular is rather broader than the other shields. There are two enlarged temporals, and the parietal touches one scale behind on the left side, two on the right. The lateral breadth of the body is ,1. that of the total length. I still think that this form (tephrosoma) deserves to rank as a species very closely allied to dardi. It is noteworthy that dard: is a very common snake, and up till now no single specimen has been recorded with 28 scale rows. The specimen is further interesting in that it is gravid. It contains now 5 (I think) eggs. Capt. Venning had extracted one, and I extracted another, so the full complement appears to be 7. Capt. Venning called my attention to the presence of a small embryo within the egg, and tam able to confirm his observation. The egg I examined measured 17mm., in length, and 10mm. in breadth. On the vertebral aspect a small chamber was discovered in the yolk just beneath the investing membrane. This measured 5mm., in diameter and contained a small embryo, the head, and eye, and a bulbous process (the heart?) being very distinctly visible, the body behind being spirally twisted. The whole might have measured 13 inches unravelled. The condition is exactly that noted and figured by me in this Journal (Vol. xix, p. 784) with reference to the eggs of the tree snake Dendralophis tristts and suggests the probability that the eggs may be discharged as such. Further observations are however necessary to negative the idea of a viviparous habit. F. WALL.] Blythia reticulata.—Three specimens are perhaps noteworthy. No. 55/10 was an immature specimen taken on 19th June under a heap of stones on the rifle range (6,600 ft.), where also another small one was seen but managed by its remarkable agility to escape minus the tip of its tail, The specimen captured was 5-75 inches long (tail -7 inch) and was coloured similarly to all the adult specimens seen here. On the other hand one taken last year in April at Fort White was smaller in size (4:4 inches) and was white beneath. ‘These facts coupled with the undeveloped state of the embryos in the next specimen which was taken in July 772 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XX. seem to point to the hatching season being some time in the cold weather or early spring. No. 58/10 taken at dusk on 9th July was a gravid female of re- markable size, measuring 20°25 inches of which the tail was 2-5 inches. It contained six, large creamy eggs placed in a single longitudinal row and measuring about -8 by -4 inch, The two — nearest to the vent were in the left ovary, the remainder in the © right. The two examined showed no signs of any embryonic de- velopment. No. 63/10 captured on 26th July was also a large one (18-9 inches in length), and contained an earthworm in gastro. Oligodon dorsalis.—One immature specimen (54/10) was found under a flowerpot stand against the wall of my house on 17th June. Its length was 6 inches including the tail, which account- ed for -9 inch. The ventrals were 162 and the subcaudals 40. A full-grown specimen (No. 61110) taken on 16th July was 17°75 inches long, tail 2°75 inches, and had 182 ventrals and subcaudals 41 pairs. The costal rows in all the specimens from this: locality diminish to 13 posteriorly by the absorption of the 3rd and 4th rows above the ventrals as remarked by Major Wall in Vol. XVIII of the Society’s Journal. In all the specimens collected here the nostril has been found to be pierced in an undivided nasal, and not as stated in the ‘“‘ Fauna of British India” volume on Reptilia. All the specimens have had the bright yew-berry red colour beneath the tail, and the vertebral stripe chestnut. Pseudoxenodon macrops.—Four specimens as below :— No. Date. Length. Tail. Ventrals. Subcaudals. 47/10 20th May 29°5 ~ 6:5 160 62 pairs 49/10 26th ,, 315 6°25 175 Gi 62/10 18th July 26 5 155 GO; 66/10 3lst ,, 39:25 8 ad Hee: The costals are reduced from 19 to 17 rows at midbody by the union of the 8rd and 4th rows as remarked by Major Wall in Volume XVIII, page 321, the next reduction to 15 occurring in the same rows quite close behind midbody. No. 62/10 is abnor- mal in the number of labials, having six on the right and seven on the left instead of the usual eight. No. 47/10 was a gravid female FURTHER NOTES ON SNAKES FROM THE CHIN HILLS. 773 embryos undeveloped in the eggs which were six in number and of a creamy-white colour the largest measuring 1°5 by ‘5 inch, The usual colouring of this species here is a rich chestnut rather than olive with a dorso-lateral series of black spots, the opposite pairs connected across the back by a pale (buff) saddle or bar. Tropidonotus subminiatus.—Two were captured, both gravid females. No. 48/10 was taken on the 23rd May and contained some eges, less than half an inch long, while No. 53/10 caught on 16th June had much larger eggs, six being found in each ovary. In both these specimens only two supralabials touch the eye, and this is so common an aberration that it fails entirely as a distinguishing feature from the nearly allied himalayanus. No. 53/10 had nearly all the supralabial sutures black. It was first seen lying on its back having swallowed the right hind-leg of a toad (Bufo melanostictus) which was making every endeavour to escape and had evidently dragged the snake down a low bank overturning it in the fall. The victim measured three inches from snout to vent and some two and-a-half inches across. The snake had already made a meal on a lizard, the remains of which were found in gastro. The ventrals and subcaudals in the two speci- mens were as follows :— No. 48/10 Ventrals 165 Subcaudals 92 pairs. No. 53/10 5 162 rp Gt. No. 48/10 had four postoculars on right. Tropidonotus himalayanus.—Two specimens. No. Date. Length. Tail. Ventrals. Subcaudals. 59/10. 12th July. 27°25. 7°25, 157 85 pairs. 65/10. 29th ,, 29°5. 4-75, 154 Si, The latter had eaten a frog. In both all the supralabials were black sutured. No. 65/10 had a beautiful yellow collar, while the other had only traces of it in a few yellow spots on the nape, Tropidonotus venningi. (Wall.)—Five specimens. No. Date. Length. Tail, Ventrals. Subcaudals. 41/10 12th March 29°5 9 164 108 pairs, 43/10 20th April 255 74 169 LOO 57/10 26th June 22°76 7°75 162 126 ,, 64/10 27th July 25°75 75 161 TIO) as 68/10 8th August 27 8:25 166 Ey 29 774 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. No. 43/10 is anomalous in the costals, the rows being reduced to 15 posteriorly owing to the occurrence of some enlarged scales in the lowest rows on either side. Ata point nearer to the vent than two heads’ lengths there are 16 rows, the absorbed rows reappearing and disappearing again. No. 41/10 was a female with some six eggs, the largest: measuring *5 inch long by nearly 25 inch across. Nos. 57/10 and 68/10 were also gravid females. Two of the specimens struck fiercely when being captured and one (No. 68/10) progressed in leaps by raising the anterior half of its body and throwing it forward in its attempts to avoid capture. The secre- tion of the anal glands was found to be white of the consistency of white enamel paint. No. 64/10 and perhaps No. 43/10 have the tip of the tail broken. In No. 68/10 the second subcaudal from the vent is entire. In the region of the vent all the costals, even the outermost rows, showed traces of keels. [I have disected out the skull of one of these specimens, and find the dentition as follows :— Maxillary.—There is no gap in the series behind, and the teeth number 29 on each side. The last 3 are very slightly enlarged, and compressed. Palatine.—16, subequal. Pterygoid.—l9 on right side, 20 on left, subequal. Mandzbular.—32 on the left side, 29 on the right, from which a fragment is broken posteriorly that would probably support 3 teeths.— F. Watt. | Psammodynastes pulverulentus.—No. 44/10 found under a boulder on 2nd May was a female containing eggs without any distinct traces of development. Length 24 inches, tail 4°25 inches. The costals were 17-17-15, ventrals 161 and subcaudals 58 pairs. An anomaly is the divided anal shield. There are three postoculars. Two loreals, the lower small, and the upper large subtriangular and nearly reaching the eye. ‘The general colour was dark brown, the head vermiculated with white and grey and having a broad ivory white band from the rostral passing below the eye but not on the labial margin. This band disappears actually on the sides of the neck and reappears as small widely separated white spots on the ends of the ventrals and subcaudals. A row or three or four white spots on the infralabials on both sides and some similar spots on the sublinguals. Beneath it is whitish anteriorly, darker posteriorly powdered with bluish grey and having two longitudinal bluish lines. FURTHER NOTES ON SNAKES FROM THE CHIN HILLS. 775 Ingested was found the remains of a large “ Ophisaurus gracilis,” swallowed head foremost as seems usual. Oallophis macclellandi. (var: typica).—One specimen (51/10) was found in a nullah with its head much battered on 2nd June. Its length was 27:5 inches, tail 2-25 inches. The ventrals were 200, and subcaudals 20. The head had the usual ivory white band; the black bands were 25, of which 2 were on the tail. In addition there was a dorso-lateral series of black spots intermediate between the black bands. These spots commence after the Sth band and occur after each band except the 8th and 9th and the last on the tail, but the spot on the left after the last band but two and the last but one on the body has disappeared, and in these two places the intermediate black blotch of the belly has become dis- torted upwards on to the flank. Lachesis monticola.—Three specimens— No. Date. Length. Tail. Costals. Ventrals. Subcaudals. 50/10 29th May 12:5 15 25-25-21 150 39 pairs 56/10 28rd June 15°75 1:75 = 27-25-21 151 35, 60/10 15th July 12 1:75 28-25-19 147 46 39 In the two first cases a shrew had been swallowed. ‘The last had some abnormalities in the subcaudals as follows:—the Ist to 6th from the vent are entire, the 7th to 15th divided, and the 16th to 22nd entire. The supracaudals were in even rows unaffected by these anomalies. Lachesis jerdoni— No. Date. Ventrals. Subcaudals. Supralabials. 42/10 17th April 172 58 pavis. 7 on right, 8 on left. 46/10 17th May 164 Soa, 7 67/10 31st July 18] PB) oe 8, 4th on left minute. 67/10 had tail broken. 776 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Reprinted with corrections from the “ Ipis” of 1909 by permission. p Y pP ON THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY, NORTHERN INDIA. BY Lizot. C. H. T. Wuirenean, Indian Army. With an Introduction by Masor H. A. F. Macrartu, Indian Army. Part II.* (Continued from page 197 of this Volume.) [558.] HeMIcHELIDON siBiRIca. The Sooty Flycatcher. Fulton, J. B. N. H.S. xvi., p. 50 (Chitral, 4,000 ft.); Rattray, t. c. p. 427 (common above 8,000 ft. on Murree Hills) ; Ward, op. cit. xviii, p. 479. 250. g ad. Kohat, 1,768 ft., 9th May, Capt. Keen shot this bird in our garden on the 8th of May. In the course of the following week I came across several more. It nests commonly in the forests of the Safed Koh up to tree-limit. 3 [561.] SipHia parva. The European Red-breasted Flycatcher. Marshall, J. B. N. H. S. xiv., p. 603 (Quetta: common in April); Fulton, op. cit. xvi., p. 50 (common in Lower Chitral in winter, leaying in mid-April). 715. g ad. Kohat, 1,768 ft., 20th March. Major Magrath has made the following notes on this species :—‘“ A winter visitor abundantly reinforced during the spring migration. The rush north-west is at its height in the middle of April and continues till the end of the month. The last birds remain till well into May. The adult males are the first to leave, the females and immature birds following two or three weeks later. The return migration commences in October. Few examples with chestnut breasts are to be seen at this season. This Flycatcher constantly descends to the ground to take its prey.” In autumn I have seen it as early as Sept. 13th. We did not meet with a single adult male in winter, the first appearing about the middle of March. [567.] CyoRNIs LEUCOMELANURUS. The Slaty-blue Flycatcher. Ward, J. B. N. H. 8. xvii., p. 480 (very plentiful in Kashmir). 627. og ad. Kohat, 1,850 ft., lst March. This solitary example was the only one met with. Its alarm-note (ét-1t- it) attracted my attention. [568.| CyorNniIs SUPERCILIARIS. The White-browed Blue Flycatcher. ®The arrangement and nomenclature followed are those of Oates and Blanford’s ‘‘ Birds ” in the ‘ Fauna of British India.? The numbers in square brackets before each name are the same as in that work. THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 777 Rattray, J. B. N. H. S. xvi. p. 427 (common in Murree Hills); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 480 (plentiful). 528. gad. Kurram Valley, 7,500 ft., 24th April. A rare bird. I shot one near Kohat on the 13th of April, and this was the only example seen in the plains. A second I got near the Peiwar Kotal, and believe that I heard one or two more close by. [Culicicapa ceylonensis (Sw.). Major Magrath shot an example of this species, which is now in the National Collection, in Bannu, in October, and has since found it a fairly common winter visitor. | [589.] Anszonax RUFIcAUDUS. The Rufous-tailed Flycatcher. Fulton, J. B. N. H. 8. xvi. p. 50 (shot two in April); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 480 (breeds at high altitudes in Kashmir). Abundant in summer on the Peiwar Spur, and in the Spin Khwar Nullah of the Safed Koh, from 8,000 to 11,000 feet. As Major Magrath has pointed out, it is quite likely that this species occurs in Kohat in winter, but from its remarkable likeness to the female Ruticilla rufiventris, has been over- looked. It may be distinguished from the latter by its not shaking its tail. lt is a good songster with a great variety of notes. [598.] TeRPsIPHONE PARADISI. The Indian Paradise Flycatcher. Marshall, J. B. N. H. S. xiv. p. 606 (shot one in May near Quetta) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 50 (an uncommon summer visitor up to 5,000 ft.) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 480 (common in summer). A fairly common summer visitor, arriving early in April, leaving towards the end of September, nesting freely in the shady orchards of Kohat, (608.] Pratinconta capRatA. The Pied Bush-Chat. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 339 (Thall: scarce); Marshall, op. cit. xiv. p. 603 (Quetta : common in summer) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. pp. 50 & 744 (resi- dent in Chitral); Cumming, t. c. p. 687 (Seistan: a scarce summer Visitor) ; Betham, t. c. p. 750 (common) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 480 (rare in Kashmir). A fairly common summer visitor from the second week in March till October, but not found much above 3,000 feet in the Kurram Valley. [610.] Prarincota MAuRA. ‘The Indian Bush-Chat. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 339 (abundant at Thall in April) ; Marshall, op. cit. xiv. p. 603 (a few at Quetta in April); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. pp. 50 & 744 (shot one at 6,000 ft.) ; Rattray, t. c. p. 467 (common in Murree) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 480 (common up to 7,000 ft.). 722. gad. Kohat, 1,768 ft., 21st March. Passes through Kohat in force from February till mid-May, returning in small numbers in August and September; a few stragglers remain for the winter. Nests freely on the Samana and inthe Kurram Valley from 5,000 to 7,000 feet. I have shot a recently fledged young bird as high as 9,000 feet. [618.] Saxtconta prcata. The Pied-Chat. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xiv. p. 480 (Quetta: common summer visitor); 778 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Betham, op. cit. xvi. p. 750 (nests freely) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 480 (scarce Kashmir) ; Perreau, op. cit. xviil. p. 186 (occurs in Chitral). A fairly common winter visitor to the District from October till the end of March, chiefly frequenting stony wastes and hill-sides, and particularly com- mon between Lachi and Latammar. Nests freely on the Samana. Capt. Keen found a nest on the 14th of May containing six fresh eggs. A beauti- ful songster, singing both on the wing and on the ground. [619.] Saxtcota capistRATA. The White-headed Chat. Rattray, J.B. N. H.S. xii. p. 339 (common in winter at Thall: many young birds seen at Parachinar in July); Marshall, op. cit. xiv. p. 603 (shot one at Sibi, 5,000 ft., in Feb.) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 50 (occurs in Chitral in summer from 7,000 to 11,000 ft.) ; Cumming, t. e. p. 687 (shot one in March: Seistan). 302. g¢ juv. Parachinar, 5,700 ft., 7th July. 435. 9 ad. Banda, 1,900 ft., 27th January. A cold-weather visitor to the District and very abundant from the third week in August till April, frequenting both desert country and open culti- vated lands and especially common by the roadside. In the Kurram Valley it nests freely round Parachinar from 4,500 to 6,500 feet, and rarely as high as 9,000 feet. The nest, a neat grass structure, is usually placed in a hole in the bank of a nullah or under a stone in the nullah-bed, occasionally in a cairn of stones. The eggs are pale blue, varying a good deal in shade, marked with red spots also varying much in shade, and distribution, and average ‘79 in. X ‘53in. The full clutch is five. Two broods at least are reared in the season. [620.] Saxicona opistHoLEUCA. Strickland’s Chat. Fulton, J. B. N. H.S. xvi. p. 50 (the commonest bird in Chitral, moving up or down according to season); Ward, op. cit. xvi. p. 480 (migrates through Baltistan). 433. Ad. Hangu, 2,700 ft., 27th December. A fairly common cold-weather visitor from September to the middle of April, keeping chiefly to stony ground. It migrates through the Kurram Valley in April. SaxicoLa Morio, Hempr and Ehr. The Eastern Pied-Chat. 702. 9. Kohat, 1,768 ft., 18th March. This was the only example secured, but, owing to its close resemblance to S. capistrata the bird has probably been overlooked. [625.] SaxICOLA ISABELLINA. The Isabelline Chat. Rattray, J.B. N. H.S. xii. p. 339 (Thall: found a nest at 4,000 ft.) ; Marshall, op. cit. xiv. p. 603 (common in summer, nesting down holes) ; Cumming, op. cit. xvi. p. 688 (Seistan: fairly common in spring) ; Betham, t. c. p. 748 (Quetta: numerous, nesting in rat-holes); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 481 (Baltistan). ; THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 779 A common cold-weather visitor to the desert parts of the District from August till April. [626.] SaxicoLa DESERTI. The Desert Wheatear. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xiv. p. 603, & xv. p. 355 (Quetta: found a nest with young in a bank) ; Cumming, op. cit. xvi. p. 688 (one shot in January) ; Ward, op. cit. xvil. p. 481, & xviii. p. 462 (occurs in Kashmir in spring and in Ladak in summer). 618. 9 ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 28th February. Fairly common from November till the third week in March, but not such an exclusive haunter of the desert as some of its allies, being frequently met with about cultivated lands. [628.] SaxicoLa cHRrysopyeia. The Red-tailed Chat. Watson, J.B. N.H. S. xv. p. 145 (shot in September near Chaman) ; Perreau, op. cit. xviii. p. 186 (Chitral). Common in the cold weather from September to mid-April about low stony hills. [638.] CHIMARRHORNIS LEUCOCEPHALUS. The Whitecapped Redstart. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 340 (January) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 744 (rather rare) ; Ward, op. cit. xvil. p. 481 (common in Kashmir). Occurs in the Miranzai Valley from Raisan upwards from October to the middle of April, but is somewhat rare. Abundant, however, in summer along the torrents of the Safed Koh up to tree-limit. [642.] RuriciLLa ERYTHRONOTA. LHversman’s Redstart. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 603 (common in winter); Ward, op. cit. Xvii. p. 481 (occurs in spring). ol. Q ad. Raisan, 2,360 ft., 25th December. 100. g ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 4th February. Fairly common, especially in the Miranzai Valley, from December till March, and on the Samana from October till the end of March, chiefly frequenting scrub-jungle, olive-groves, andavenues. The callis a peculiarly croaking note soundirg like gre-er. The male assumes nearly full breeding- plumage before leaving. Not observed in the Kurram Valley. [644.] RuricinLa RUFIVENTRIS. The Indian Redstart. Marshall, J. B. N. H. S. xiv. pp. 603, 606 (a common resident up to 11,000 ft. in summer); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 51 (common from 9,000 to 14,000 ft. in July); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 481 (nests in Ladak). A winter visitor, abundant from September to mid-April, but only oceur- ting on the Samana on passage. A few pairs nest on the Safed Koh above 10,000 feet. The nest is usually well concealed under a stone or sometimes in a hollow in a bank, and is made of bents and grass lined with hair. The eggs are very pale blue without markings, and vary muchin size. The full clutch appears to be five. [646.| Ruyacornis FULIGINosus. The Plumbeous Redstart. 780 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Fulton, J. B. N. H.S. xvi. p. 51 (a common resident in Chitral from 4,000 to 7,000 ft.); Rattray, t. c. p. 428 (common in the Galis); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 481 (very common on all hill-streams). 660. 2. Kachai, 2,700 ft., 9th March. Major Magrath observed this Redstart by the Khanki River at Raisan in October 1905; this is the only example of the species we have noted except for the above one which I procured at Kachai. [647.] Cyansecuna suscica. The Bluethroat. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xiv. p. 603 (common in March and April at Quetta); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 51 (common in September and October) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 481 (common in Kashmir). Passes through the District and up the Kurram Valley in large numbers from March till the end of May. The return passage, commencing in the last week of August, is at its heightin September. A certain number of immature birds winter in Kohat, and are then chiefly found in the reed beds. (654.] Ianruta nuFInATA. The Red-flanked Bush-Robin. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 481 and xvii. p. 462 (breeds in Kashmir). 95. 9 ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 21st January. 669. ¢ ad. Kachai, 2,700 ft., 12th March. A rare winter visitor to the Samana and the orchards of Kohat and Miranzai. Capt. Keen was the first to meet with it. Fairly numerous on the wooded slopes of the Safed Koh from 8,000 to 10,000 feet in summer. The alarm note resembles the syllable prot, the mate answering ce (both notes are used by the two sexes). The short song is one of the familiar sound of the forest, it may be rendered “ Pray did he then?” [657.] ADELURA CHRULEICEPHALA. The Blue-headed Robin. Fulton, J. B. N. H.S. xvi. p. 51 (resident: Chitral) ; Rattray, t. c. p. 428 (very rare, nests in holes in stumps: Murree Hills); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 481 (occurs in April; Kashmir). A winter visitor to the District from December till mid-March, and to the Samana from the first week in November till the end of March, but in vary- ing numbers. In 1906 and 1907 it was fairly common but in 1908 I only met with one specimen. Usually frequents olive-groves and gardens, and on the Samana scrub-jungle. In the woods of the Safed Koh, however, it is abundant in summer from 7,500 to 12,000 feet. It has the tame and con- fiding habits of the Redbreast, and the same way of quivering the tail. The alarm-notes, too, are very similar. The two nests that I came across might well have been those of the Redbreast. The first was placed on the ground under shelter of a juniper-root (not in a hole) at 11,000 feet, and contained three eggs just hatching; they were cream-coloured, with a darker zone near the larger end, and differed a good deal in size. The second was in a similar position at 8,000 feet, and had four eggs of similar type, but very faintly tinged with green and slightly smaller, averaging °68 x°48”. THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 781 [661.] THAMNOBIA CAMBAIENSIS. The Brown-backed Indian Robin. Rattray, J. B. N. H. 8. xii. p. 340 (a common resident) ; Ward, op. cit. xvi. p. 481. 686. g ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 16th March. A fairly common resident in the plains. As Major Magrath notes, it differs from its down-country relatives in shunning gardens and cultivated spots, preferring arid stony localities, and shewing a marked partiality for graveyards. It does not ascend the hills to any height, and in the Kurram Valley we did not find it above 3,000 feet. [666.| Meruta maxima. The Central Asian Blackbird. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 482 (breeds in Kashmir at high altitudes). 295. Juv. Safed Koh, 10,500 ft., 1st July. Bill, gape, and eyelid brownish yellow ; tarsus fleshy brown ; iris brown. Apparently very rare, this example being the only one met with. [In July 1908 I found this fine bird fairly common outside our limits near the head of the Kaghan Valley (Hazara, N.-W. F. P.) between 12,000 and 13,500 feet, in parties of from three to ten, or occasionally alone. It was very wild, and it was with difficulty that I procured three examples (now in the British Museum). On revisiting this valley in May and June 1909, I found it nesting freely in the juniper-scrub between 10,000 and 12,000 ft. Altogether 8 nests were found ; they were very similarto those of M. vulgaris. The nest was usually built in a juniper but on 2 occasions in a hollow in a cliff. The song seems to lack the quality and variety of that of the Blackbird but was not often heard. The call and also the alarm note resembles tchut- ut-ut rapidly repeated. The rattling alarm so freely used by the latter was only heard when the eggs or young were in danger. The males were very wary and were seldom seen near the nest except when there were young. The majority appear to breed in immature plumage, only 2 were observed in the glossy black dress with orange bill of the adult. | [672.| Meruna castanEA. The Grey-headed Ousel. Rattray, J.B. N.H.S. xvi. p. 657 (abundant in the Murree Hills). Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 482 (occurs in Kashmir in varying numbers). 598. 2 ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 18th February. 657. g ad. Hangu 2,600 ft., 8th March. Fairly common from November till April in the wooded nullahs of the Samana in company with flocks of M. atrigularis. A few individuals occur in the Miranzai Valley and in the orchards of Kohat in February and March. I met with a family-party on the 9th of August on the Safed Koh at 8,000 feet. {674.| Meruna Fuscata. The Dusky Thrush, Major Magrath shot a specimen of this Thrush on the 7th of April in his garden at Bannu; the skin is now in the British Museum. On seeing it I 30 782 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. was struck by its resemblance to one which Capt. Keen shot for me at Kohat the previous winter (22nd March, 1906), about which I made the following notes at the time: “ Differs from H. atrigularis in the throat and cheeks being light brown tinged with red, turning to blackish on the upper breast.”” Unfortunately I had no time to skin it. Major Magrath has sent me the following extract from his pocket-book made near Kohat and dated April 6th, 1905 :—“ A Thrush, upper parts like M. atrigularis, abdomen and vent white; the throat I could not see; a broad buff supercilium.” So it seems probable that it is also a winter visitor to Kohat. Oates records it as a rare winter visitor to North-eastern India only. (677.| Meruta arricuLaRis. ‘The Black-throated Ousel. Marshall, J.B. N. H.S. xiv. p. 603 (very common); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 51 (one shot in April) ; Ward, op. cit. xvi. p. 482 (abundant in winter). 578. ¢ ad. Kohat Pass, 3,000 ft., 12th February. These birds are abundant on the Samana and in the Miranzai Valley from October to the middle of April, but their further movements towards the plains depend a good deal on the weather. In the severe winter oi 1904-05 Major Magrath noted them at Kohat in large numbers as early as December, but in the following vear, which was mild, we did not observe them till February, and then only a few. Not met with in the Kurram Valley. [691.] PeTROPHILA CINCLORHYNCHA. The Blue-headed Rock-Thrush. Fulton, J. B. N. H. S. xvi. p. 51 (shot one in May: Chitral) ; Rattray, <. c. p. 657 (nests freely round Murree) ; Ward, op. cit. xvil. p. 482 (plentiful, in Kashmir). A rare cold-weather visitor to the District from September till May. A few nests on the Safed Koh. [693.] Pprropuita cyanus. The Western Blue Rock-Thrush. Marshall, J. B.N. H.S. xiv. p. 603 (a fairly common summer visitor) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 51 (a summer visitor, not common); Rattray, t. c. p. 657 (rare: Murree Hills); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 482 (occurs in summer). A rather scarce winter visitor from October till mid-April, keeping almost entirely to lowrocky hills and generally seen singly or inpairs. Breeds on the Samana and in the Kurram Valley from 5,000 to 12,000 feet. [694.] Monricota saxatitis. The Rock-Thrush. Marshall, J. B. N. H. S. xiv. p. 603 (one in January and one in April); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 52 (shot two in autumn) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 482 (occurs in Baltistan in summer). I have only once met with this species, and that was on the 6th of Sep- tember in a stony valley near Kohat, when the autumn migration was at its height. I got a good view of it through my glasses, but unfortunately did not secure it. THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 783 [695.] Turpus visctvorus. The Missel-Thrush. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xiv. p. 604, & xv. p. 355 (a resident in the hills round Quetta) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 52 (resident in Chitral); Ward, op. cit. xvill. p. 482 (resident and common). In the severe weather of January 1905, Major Magrath observed one in an orchard at Kohat, and Mr. Donald’s bird-catchers caught two on the grass-farm about the same time. None have been seen there since. In the Kurram Valley it nests not uncommonly amongst the firs and Deodars of the Peiwar spur, and in the Spin Khwar Nullah from 7,000 to 9,000 feet. [697.] Turpus 1L1acus. The Redwing-Thrush. Mr. Oates writes (Fauna Brit. Ind., Birds, ii. p. 156):—“1 have not been able to examine any specimen of Redwing obtained in India, and I admit the species on the authority of Jerdon, who states that at the time he wrote it had been lately found in the Himalayas, though very rarely. But at Kohat,” he adds, “as I am assured by Mr. Blyth, according to a very good observer, the late Lieut. Trotter, it is a regular winter visitant in large flock.” Major Magrath and I have looked in vain for this species for the last three winters. Possibly the flocks of Calandra Larks (Melanocoryphla bimaculata) were mistaken for Redwings. [709.] Cincius astaticus. The Brown Dipper. * Fulton, J. B. N. H.S8. xvi. p. 52 (not uncommon from 4,000 to 10,000 ft.) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 482 (very common in Kashmir). Occurs along the larger streams of the Safed Koh up to 9,000 feet, but is searce. I shot a strong flying young bird on the 27th of June. [712.] AccENToR RUFILATUS. The Red-sided Accentor. Accentor rufilatus Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. vii. p. 664 (1882). Accentor nepalensis (part.) Oates, Faun. Brit. Ind., Birds, ii. p. 166. Ward, J. B. N. H. 8. xvii. p. 482 (occurs in Ladak and Baltistan) ; Perreau, op. cit. Xviii. p. 186 (Chitral). _ 274. Sex? Samana, 6,500 ft., 5th April. 296. Sex? Safed Koh, 12,300 ft., Ist July. A rather rare winter visitor to the Samana from the beginning of Novem- ber till April, generally found singly about cliffs or on steep stony slopes, but never much below 6,000 feet. Nests freely on the Safed Koh above 12,000 feet. I came across the first nest on the Ist of July 1906; it was placed under a rock on a steep slope and contained three fresh eggs closely resembling those of our Hedge- Sparrow, but larger, averaging ‘88”x-57". The nest was beautifully made of grass and roots, lined with moss and a little fur. On the 28th of July I came on two more nests built in crevices in cliffs each containing two young ones, the most noticeable feature about them being their bright red gapes. This is not the first record of the nest. Mr. Stuart Baker writes that he has 784 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. an authenticated clutch of eggs in his collection from Ladakh, taken pre- viously to mine, though he adds that his is that of A. nepalensis, as he does not recognise A. rufilatus as a good species. [713.] AccENToR HIMALAYANUS. The Altai Accentor. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 482 (large flocks pass through Kashmir in spring). 132. 9 ad. Samana, 6,500 ft., 7th March. 361. Sex? y 0 5th April. A visitor to the Samana from December till the middle of April. Usually to be seen in large flocks, busily feeding amongst stones, near the Fort. Major Magrath procured the first examples of both this and the last species. (716.| THARRHALEUS ATRIGULARIS. The Black-throated Accentor. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xiv. p. 604 (shot one in January); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 744 (shot two in March); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 482 (common in spring). 66. 9 ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 5th January. A common winter visitor arriving in October and leaving towards the middle of March. It closely resembles the Hedge-Sparrow in habits, but is somewhat gregarious. [719.] THARRHALEUS JERDONI. Jerdon’s Accentor. Watson, J.B.N.H.S. xv. p. 145 (small flocks occur in January and March: Chaman) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 482 (breeds in Kashmir). 407. Ad. Samana, 6,000 ft., 2nd December. A winter visitor to the Samana (above 4,000 feet) in small numbers; it frequents scrub-jungle, and is generally solitary; it is perhaps commoner than it appears to be, but is such a terrible skulker that one rarely gets more than a glimpse of it. Nests fairly commonly on the Safed Koh, between 9,000 and 12,000 feet, both in the forest and in Juniper-scrub. The alarm-note resembles the syllable ti7-r-r. (722.] PLocrus BENGALENSIS. The Black-throated Weaver-bird. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 340. We have not met with this species in Kohat, but Col. Rattray records it from Thall, and writes as follows:—“ Appeared suddenly about the begin- ning of June in all the reed-patches on the river-banks; they fly about im flocks of twenty or thirty birds. On 25th June 1898, I found a nest con- taining three eggs much incubated ... .” Mr. Donald, the Political Officer, observed a flock in the reeds near Thall in March. Probably a resident species, moving locally up and down the river. [734.] UroLoncHA MALABARICA. The White-throated Munia. Rattray, J. B. N. H. S. xii. p. 340 (not common); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY, 785 p. 52 (summer visitor up to 4,000 ft.: Chitral); Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 483 (occurs in Kashmir). A resident in the plains; abundant in summer, but becoming scarce in winter. [758.] SpoR&GINTHUS AMANDAVA. The Indian Red Munia. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii., p. 340; Ward, op. cit. xvil., p. 483 (occurs in Jammu). Colonel Rattray met with a few flocks of this species on the jheels. (marshes) and amongst high grass near Thall. Mr. Donald, the Political Officer, who passes through Thall monthly on tour, tells me that he has observed flocks in the reeds there at all seasons, and in August has seen parents going about with newly-fledged families. [740.] CoccorHraustTEs HUMII. Hume’s Hawfinch. Fulton, J. B. N. H.S. xvi., p. 52 (shot 2 in May at 4,000 ft.: Chitral). 50. g ad. Raisan 2,360 ft., 25th December. 85. g ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 14th January. 638. g ad. Hangu, 2,700 ft., 3rd March. A winter visitor in fair numbers from October till mid-April, being especially common in the Miranzai Valley, but rare on the Samana. It generally occurs in small parties about wild olive-groves, orchards, and gardens, feeding on berries, seeds, and the kernels of fruit-stones. The eall-note, which is frequently uttered, is a shrill tee, not at all what might be expected from such a big bird. I met with a party of five on the 5th of May at 9,000 feet on the Peiwar Spur ; possibly the bird nests about there. |741.] PycNoRHAMPHUS ICTEROIDES. The Black-and-Yellow Grosbeak. Rattray, J. B. N. H. S. xvi. p. 657 (common: Murree Hills); Ward, op. cit. xvil. p. 484 (abundant) ; Perreau, op. cit. xviii. p. 186 (Chitral). 671, 672. 6 d ad. Hangu, 2,700 ft., 12th March. A common bird on the wooded slopes of the Safed Koh from 7,000 to 11,000: feet, but shy, and its loud call-note, préter-pre, is more often heard than the bird seen. A few occasionally descend ‘to the Miranzai Valley in winter. [743.| PycNoRHAMPHUS CARNEIPES. The White-winged Grosbeak. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xiv. p. 604 (common in the hills round Quetta) Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 486, & xviii. p. 462 (resident, but scarce). 301. G ad. Safed Koh, 8,500 ft., 7th July. Not nearly so common as the last species, but much bolder and less of a. forest-bird, keeping more to the Juniper-scrub between 8,000 and 12,000 feet. Frequently to be seen perched in some prominent position, uttering its familar notes wil-ye-go-ame or croak-et-et. The flight is whirring and dipping like that of a Woodpecker. I found a nest containing two hard-set. eggs on the 7th of July. It was beautifully made of twigs and bents, well lined with fresh strips of Juniper-bark. The eggs were of the Hawfinch 786 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. type, of a French-white colour with strong reddish-brown markings, and averaged 1°18" x°72". [754.] Propasser DUBIUS (Prjev.). The White-browed Rose-Finch. Fulton, J. B. N. H. S. xvi. p. 52 (April, 9,000 ft.: Chitral) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 484, & xviii. p. 463 (common in spring, breeding in August near source of Sind River). 988. 2. Safed Koh, 10,000 ft., 29th June. Not uncommon on the Safed Koh in summer from 8,000 to 11,000 feet. Apparently an early breeder. I came on a family very strong on the wing on the 29th of June. Its loud call pwit, pwit may be constantly heard, recalling somewhat the Paroquet’s (Palwornis) screech, especially when a party wing their way overhead and all call together. [757.] PROPASSER GRANDIS. The Red-mantled Rose-Finch. Marshall, J. B. N. H. S. xiv. p. 604 (9,000 ft. in May); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 744 (fairly common inspring from 7,000 to 9,000 ft.); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 484 (Kashmir). 133. ¢ ad. Chikarkot, 2,000 ft., 2nd March. 628. 2 ad. Kohat, 1,850 ft., Ist March. 649. g ad. Hangu, 3,700 ft., 6th March. A winter visitor in small numbers to the Miranzai and Kohat Valleys. It is usually met with singly or in small parties about wild olive and camel- thorn (Acacia machata) groves, gardens, and cultivated spots, feeding on various tree seeds, dandelion-flowers, &c. Call-note, wir. It was also observed on several occasions on the Safed Koh in July between 10,000 and 11,000 feet. Tame and confiding in its habits. [761.| Carpopacus ERYTHRINUS. The Common Rose-Finch. Marshall, J.B. N. H. 8. xiv. p. 604 (Quetta: common at 9,000 ft. in May); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 52 (common from 10,000 to 15,000 ft. in July, and at 5,000 ft. in winter) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 484 (found everywhere). 179. g¢ ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 5rd April. Major Magrath has made the following notes on this species :—“ Visits the district in considerable numbers on the spring and autumn migrations, passing through on the former in March and April, and on the latter in September and October, when mostly young birds are seen. A good deal of damage is done by this species to the fruit-trees, which it attacks by eating the buds after the manner of Bullfinches. The song may be rendered thus, to-weet-tew.” In the summer I found the bird abundant in several of the valleys of the Safed Koh from 6,500 to 8,500 feet, where in the early morning the loud though rather monotonous song resounds on all sides. [763.] EryTHRosPiza GITHAGINEA. The Desert-Finch. Perrean, J. B. N. H. S. xviii. p. 186 (one shot: Chitral). THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 787 88. g ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 18th January 1906. This example was procured by Major Magrath out of a small flock at the foot of the hills. Subsequently I frequently met with the birds, generally, feeding on stony ground, but once in young crops. They are probably resident. JI came across a pair near Thall on the 19th of May which, I believe, had a nest, but failed to find it. (7648.| Ruopospiza OBSOLETA. The Persian Desert-Bullfinch. Watson, J. B. N. H.S. xv. p. 145 (common in gardens in August and September and again in March: Chaman, 4,450 ft., near Quetta). 74. $ ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 8th January. Oates (Fauna Brit. Ind., Birds, 1i. p. 233) wrote that this species was likely to be found within Indian limits. Capt. Watson procured, I believe, the first authenticated examples in India, at Chaman. Subsequently Capt. Marshall and Major Betham found it common round Quetta, and the latter discovered a number of nests (wde Rep. of Baluchistan Nat. Hist. Soc. in J.B.N.H.S. xviii. p. 521). From the 8th of January till the lst March 1906, a flock frequented a Mohamedan cemetery near Kohat which was much over-grown with weeds, on the seeds of which they used to feed. The males had started singing by the 1st of March; the call-note may be rendered wor. (767.| CarpUELIS canicEPS. The Himalayan Goldfinch. Marshall, J.B. N. H.S. xiv. p. 604 (Quetta: scarce); Fulton, op. cit. Xvi. p. 53 (very common in summer up to 13,000 ft.); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 484 (the majority migrate through Kashmir, but a few stay to nest). 625, 626. 2 Q@ ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 29th February. A winter visitor, occurring in large flocks from November till the middle of April. Its confiding habits are taken advantage of by the local bird- catchers, who snare large numbers, retailing them at 2d. or 3d. each. One of the commonest birds on the Samana in winter. Capt. Keen tells me that a few stayed there all through the summer, and he believes nested in the neighbourhood. We also observed a few in the Upper Kurram Valley in spring and summer. [768.] CaALLACANTHIS BURTONI. The Red-browed Finch. Fulton, J. B. N. H. 8. xvi. p. 53 (Chitral: summer visitor); Ward, op. cit, xvil. p. 484, & xviii. p. 463 (nests in Kashmir). Not uncommon on the Safed Koh in summer between 8,000 and 9,000 feet. Its loud whistling call-note—chew-ee—is very striking. Itis usually uttered from high up on a bare branch. Colonel Ward describes a nest taken from a fir-tree at 9,000 feet as being very small and made of pine-needles; the eggs measured °88” x65”, and were of a greenish blue marked with dark brown spots at the larger end. (771.} Meroronta pusitta. The Gold-fronted Finch. 788 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, Marshall, J. B. N. H. S. xiv. p. 604 (Quetta: common on passage) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 54 (resident in Chitral: nest at 12,000 ft. in July in birch-serub) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 484, & xviii. p. 463 (breeds in Kashmir and Baltistan). 414, g ad. Samana, 5,600 ft., 13th December. A rather rare winter visitor to the Samana, occurring in small parties, and sometimes in flocks of forty or fifty, from December till April. The flocks may be easily located by their incessant twittering (which resembles the syllables 677-2). Fairly common in summer between 8,000 and 9,000 feet on the Peiwar Spur. [772.| HypacANTHIS SPINOIDES. The Himalayan Greenfinch. tattray, J. B. N. H. 8. xvi. p. 658 (nests fairly common in the Murree Hills) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 484 (Kashmir : common up to 8,000 ft.). 409. Juv. Samana, 6,500 ft., 6th December. A few individuals are to be found in December and January in company with the flocks of Goldfinches on the Samana near Fort Lockhart, but the bird is not at all common. [774.] FRINGILLA MONTIFRINGILLA. The Brambling. Ward, J. B. N. H. 8. xvii. p. 484 (passes through); Perreau, op. cit. Xvlil. p. 186 (one shot in Chitral). 184. 9 ad. Hangu, 2,700 ft., 3rd March. Migrates through the District in small numbers early in March, associat- ing with big flocks of Buntings. Not observed on the autumn passage. FRINGILLA CELEBS. The Chaftinch. 185. 2 ad. Hangu, 2,700 ft., 3rd March. I came across a pair of this species in an orchard near Hangu in March 1906 and secured one specimen. The following February I saw what I feel certain was another (a male), but in the excitement of the moment I missed it and never saw it again. [775.] GYMNORHIS FLAVICOLLIS. The Yellow-throated Sparrow, Rattray, J. B. N. H. 8. xii. p. 840 (Thall: rather rare), 777. 3 ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 2nd April. A common summer visitor to the District, arriving about the Ist of April. It usually breeds in trees, but the demand for nesting-sites seems to be greater than the supply, one nest that I found being built after the fashion of that of Passer domesticus, and placed conspicuously in the top of a thorn- bush. It contained four fresh eggs. I shot the hen on her return, to make quite sure of her identity. [776.] PassER pomeEsticus. The House-Sparrow. Rattray, J.B. N. H.S. xii. p. 340 (common) ; Marshall, op. cit. xiv. p. 604 (Quetta : very common,’ but in summer only); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 54 (summer visitor only) ; Ward, op. cit. xvil, p. 485. THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 789 791. g ad. Kohat, 1760 ft., 16th March. 755. 3 ad. o s 27th a Major Magrath writes of this species in Kohat as follows :—“The usual pest and only too common. In April and early in May vast flocks of a migratory race of this species pass through the District im company with the next and the flocks of Pastor roseus already mentioned. Numbers of them are slaughtered along with the two latter. Does not winter on the Samana.” The above two examples belong to a melanistic variety not uncommon round Kohat. (778.| PASSER HISPANIOLENSIS. ‘The Spanish Sparrow. Watson, J.B. N.H.8. xv. p. 1465 (large flocks from October till Decem- ber: Chaman) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 54 (passes through Chitral in April and October) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 485 (met with in July). 676. g ad. Thall, 2,550 ft., 14th March. IT will again quote from Major Magrath’s excellent notes :—‘“ Mixed up with flocks of the last species, numbers of the present occur on the spring migration. At the height of the migration vast flocks of Sparrows in com- pany with flocks of Pastor roseus pour into the station at sundown to roost. The combined noise of these birds before they have settled down to sleep is indescribable, and the smell of them becomes quite appeciable and rather offensive. (Gardens, hedges, and trees are disgustingly soiled by the rain of theirexcreta. Shooting the birds is encouraged in Cantonments at this time, and every sepoy who can procure a gun slaughters to his heart’s content. But notwithstanding these drastic measures little mitigation of the nuisance is effected.” The spring migration sets in about the second week in March and continues till the middle of May, the return passage commencing early in August and continuing till October, but comparatively few are seen in autumn. A few stay the winter, being fairly common then in the reed-beds and serub round Lachi. None appear to breed in the Kurram Valley, but a large number pass through. An example picked up by Major Magrath near Peiwar (6,500 feet) had evidently been strangled by getting its head inextricably fixed between the primaries when preening itself. [779.| PasspR MontTaNuS. The Tree-Sparrow. Rattray, J. B. N. H. S. xii. p. 340 (nests freely: Upper Kurram) ; Marshall, op. cit. xiv. p. 604 (a very common resident: Quetta) ; Fulton, op. cit. Xvi., p. 54 (a common resident: Chitral); Cumming, t. c. p. 688 (abundant in April: Seistan) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 485. 714. g ad. Kohat, 1,850 ft., 20th March. Common in winter in the Miranzai Valley, a few individuals occurring as low as Kohat and Banda. Mr. Donald found a nest with young in Doaba 31 790 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Station (3,000 feet) in May and says that the bird nests regularly at Shinauri (3,800 feet). It possibly also does so at Thall (2,550 feet), where I observed a solitary example on the 18th of May. In the Upper Kurram this species and P. domesticus are present in about equal numbers in summer, ~ and build alongside one another in houses; but the former, as noted by Capt. Fulton in his paper on “The Birds of Chitral,” get the pick of the nesting-sites before the latter’s arrival, and in many cases P. domesticus has to put up with holes in cliffs. [782.] Prrronia stutta. The Rock-Sparrow. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 485 (winter visitor to Gilgit). 599. Ad. Banda, 2,000 ft., 19th February. Major Magrath first met with a flock of this species in February 1906 feeding in a stubble near Kohat. It is apparently a regular winter visitor, more common in the desolate country south of Banda than elsewhere. I found it very wary and generally feeding in young crops in flocks of fifteen or twenty. [785.] MonrTIrriIncILia abdAamsi, Moore. Adams’s Mountain-Finch. [I came on a small flock of Mountain-Finches on the 2nd of August on a grassy knoll at an altitude of 10,000 feet in the Safed Koh. From their markings and colouring I attribute them to this species, but they were rather wild and I did not secure one, and do not therefore feel justified in entering the species on the list. | [787.| FRINGILLAUDA sorDIDA. Stoliczka’s Mountain-Finch. Fulton, J. B. N. H.S. xvi.,p. 55 (common in summer from 10,000 to 14,000 ft.); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 485 (breeds in Kashmir). 136. Ad. Samana, 6,500 ft., 7th March. 642, 645. g g ad. Samana, 6,500 ft., 5th March. 243, 644. Ad. Samana, 6,500 ft., 5th March. During the intense cold in March 1906, when the snow was lying deep round Fort Lockhart, Major Magrath noticed small flocks of these birds picking up scraps round the cook-house door and shot one. They left when the snow melted. The following winter I was stationed there, but did not meet with a single specimen. In March 1908, however, I spent a couple of days there and found large flocks feeding on fallow land; curiously enough, the weather was comparatively warm then and there was no snow lying. |789.| EMBERiIzA scHa@NicitUS. The Reed-Bunting. Watson, J. B. N. H.S. xv. p. 145 (December: Chaman); Ward, op, eit. xvii. p. 485, & xviii., p, 463 (Gilgit and near Srinagar). 126. Sex? Kohat, 1,760 ft., 20th February. 593, Sex P $5 Fe 17th 4p Fairly common from November to March in reed-beds and irrigated crops and on the grass-farm, or occasionally in dry stubble and serub-jungle. Varies much in size and colouration. oe es THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 791 [792.| EmBeRizA LEUCOCEPHALA. The Pine-Bunting. _ Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xiv., p. 604 (common in winter); Ward, op. cit. xvii.. p. 485 (occurs in early spring); Perreau, op. cit. xvili., p. 186 (specimen shot: Chitral). 52. 9 ad. Raisan, 2,300 ft., 25th December. 1038. g ad. Kohat, 1,700 ft., 5th February. 640. g ad. Hangu, 2,700 ft., 3rd March. A winter visitor, occurring in small flocks from December till March about cultivated places, often in company with LZ. stracheyi. [793.] EMBERIzA STEWARTI. The White-capped Bunting. Marshall, J.B. N.H.S. xiv., p. 604 (Quetta: common in summer) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi., p. 55 (Chitral: very common from 5,000 to 12,000 ft.) ; Rattray t. c. p. 672 (Murree Hills: common); Betham, t. c. p. 832 (nests round Quetta); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 485 (rare). 648. g ad. Darband, 2,800 ft., 6th March. 725. G6 ad. Kohat, 1,760ft., 22nd _,, 778. 6 ad. Kachai, 2,700 ft., Ist April. A common resident on the Samana and in the Kurram Valley, nesting up to 10,000 feet. In winter it is found in varying numbers throughout Kohat above 3,000 feet, wherever there is a good supply of grass and other seeds. During cold spells, however, and on migration large numbers appear in the plains, but they keep chiefly to scrub-jungle, olive-groves, and rocky valleys, avoiding cultivation. (794.| EMBERIZA STRACHEYI. The Eastern Meadow-Bunting. Watson, J. B. N. H. 8. xv. p. 145 (one shot in November: Chaman) ; Wulton, op. cit. xvi., p. 55 (abundant from 4,000 to 14,000 ft., according to season) ; Rattray, t. c. p. 672 (nests freely in the Murree Hills); Ward, op. cit. Xvil., p. 485 (resident: Kashmir). o3. 9. Raisan, 2,300 ft., 25th December. 60. 2. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 2nd January, 124. 9. 3 4 19th February. A winter visitor to Kohat and by far our commonest Bunting from the second week in October till April, occurring at all elevations and on all sorts of ground, though more commonly about cultivated places than elsewhere. On the Samana it quite takes the place of Passer domesticus in winter. It nests fairly commonly on the Safed Koh up to 11,000 feet. [795.| EMBERIZA BUCHANANI. The Grey-necked Bunting. Marshall, J. B. N. H. 8. xiv., p. 604 (common in April near Quetta); Ward op. cit. xvii. p. 485 (a rare spring migrant); Perreau, op. cit. xviii., p. 186 (Chitral). Not an uncommon species on the spring passage from the middle of April to the middle of May. It frequents stony ground covered with patches of serub, usually singly or in pairs. On the autumn migration I only observed 792 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. it once, vz., on the 16th of September. An example was forwarded from Bannu to the British Museum by Major Magrath. [800.] EmBERiIzA LUTEOLA. The Red-headed Bunting. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xiv. p. 604 (a few seen in May in Chitral) ; Fulton op. cit. xvi., p. 744 (a spring migrant). 534. ¢. Kurram Valley, 6,800 ft., 27th April. Passes through the District and up the Kurram Valley in force from mid- April till mid-May, returning in August and September. Major Wardlaw- Ramsay found this species nesting in the Hariob Valley, which drains into the Kurram Valley just west of our limits. [802.] EmBrriza stRIoLATA. The Striolated Bunting. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xiv., p. 604 (not rare in summer: Quetta). Rare. I met with a party of six or seven in some very desolate country between Lachi and Dhand on the 23rd of February 1907 and shot one bird which corresponded well with Oates’s description. [804.] CHELIDON uRBIcA. The House-Martin. Rattray, J.B. N. H.S. xii., p. 340 (Thall: rare); Marshall, op. cit. xiv., p. 604 (Quetta: May); Ward, op. cit. xvi., p. 483 (breeds in Ladak). Colonel Rattray shot a specimen at Thall on the 14th of May 1898, out of a small flock. We have seen one or two flocks of what appeared to be this species, on spring migration, but have never shot an example. [805.] CHELIDON KASHMIRENSIS. The Kashmir Martin. Fulton, J. B. N. H.S. xvi., p. 55 (Chitral: common in summer); Rattray, t. c. p. 659 (common in the Galis, nesting freely in verandahs: Murree Hills); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 483 (breeds in Kashmir). Fairly numerous in summer along the Safed Koh Range, nesting either singly or in small colonies under overhanging crags from 6,000 to 8,000 feet. The nest resembles that of the last species, but varies considerably in size and shape according to the situation. [808.] CoriLE RipARIA. the Sand-Martin. Fulton, J. B. N. H.S. xvi., p. 55 (Chitral: common in summer); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 483 (Kashmir). The large Sand-Martin which migrates through Kohat in April and May must, I think, be of this species, though I have not shot an example. Major Magrath shot one out of a large flock on the autumn passage at Bannu, just south of our limits. [8084.] Corrine pituta. The Pale Sand-Martin. Sharpe and Wyatt, Monogr.—Hirundinide, p. 63. 437. 9 ad. Khushalgarh, 1,200 ft., 16th February. 679. ad. Thall, 2,550 ft., 14th March. This species is distinguished from C. riparia by its paler colour, smaller size, and less sharply defined pectoral band. It is probably widely distributed in India, but owing to its resemblance THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 793 to the last-named species, has been overlooked. In Kohat it is common enough and resident, large colonies nesting in the banks of the Indus and Kurram Rivers in February and March. The specimen, shot at Thall in March, was one of a breeding-colony. Major Magrath also found a large colony in March, nesting in the banks of the Kurram River (south of our limits), and secured two typical examples. Besides these there are five specimens in the British Museum, 22z., a doubtful one obtained by Jerdon at Madras, two from Afghanistan, and two from Central Asia. (809.| CorrLe stneNsIS. A resident species in the District. [810.] PryonopROGNE RUPESTRIS. The Crag-Martin. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xiv. p. 604 (nests freely round Quetta); Fulton op. cit. xvi. p. 55 (Chitral: summer visitor, found up to 13,000 ft.) ; Rattray, t. c. p. 659 (nests in the Murree Hills); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 483 (nests in Ladak). 277. Ad. Samana, 6,500 ft., 12th April. A winter visitor from October till April. Probably resident on the Samana. Nests fairly common in the precipices of the Safed Koh. [812.] PryonoPRoGNE oBSOLETA. The Pale Sand-Martin Major Magrath shot an example out of a flock at Bannu in December 1907 and I found it quite common in the precipitous hills of southern Kohat in March. A few were then in pairs so perhaps it nests there. [813.] Hirunpo rustica. The Swallow. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 341 (Murree Hills: a common resident) ; Marshall, op. cit. xiv. p. 605 (abundant in summer: Quetta); Cumming, op. cit. Xvi. p. 688 (Seistan, 1,700 ft.: summer visitor); Ward, op. cit. xvil. p. 483 (summer visitor: Kashmir); Perreau, op. cit. xviii. p. 186 (Chitral). A fairly common resident in the Miranzai Valley, nesting freely at Thall (2,550 ft.) and at Doaba, but becoming scarce in winter and temporarily disappearing in severe weather. A summer visitor to the Kurram Valley in small numbers. Major Magrath has found this highly migratory species to be resident even in the hot plains of Bannu (1,200 ft.) (vide ‘ Field,’ March 28th, 1908). (818.] Hrrunpo smirui. The Wire-tailed Swallow. Rattray, J. B. N. H. S. xii. p. 341 (common) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 483 (summer visitor : Kashmir). A summer visitor and abundant from April till October, the first birds arriving in the middle of March. Occurs in the Kurram Valley up to 6,000 feet, but only in small numbers. [822.] Hrrunpo nepatenstis. Hodgson’s Striated Swallow. Marshall, J. B. N. H. 8S. xiv. p. 605 (summer visitor: Quetta) ; Rattray, op. cit. Xvi. p. 659 (nests freely in the Galis). Numbers pass up the Miranzai Valley in the first half of April. I shot an 794 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. example at Hangu on the 9th, and found a retort-shaped nest under a bridge close by, though whether it belonged to this species or the next I did not discover, as I was only passing through. |823.] Hinunpo ERYTHROPYGIA. Sykes’s Striated Swallow. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 341 (great numbers passed through Thall in the middle of May). A small party of these Swallows arrived on the Samana towards the end of March 1907. On the 4th of April I shot one, its beak and forehead were plastered with mud; it had evidently started nesting- operations. [826.] Moracinna atBa. The White Wagtail. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xiv. p. 605 (Quetta : common in winter); Fulton | op. cit. xvi. p. 55 (Chitral: resident from 4,000 to 10,000 ft., according to season) ; Ward, op. cit. xvil. p. 723 (rare in Kashmir). : Large numbers arrive in Kohat early in September, and a few stay through the winter ; the majority pass on and return about the middle of February, again to disappear towards the middle of May. [829.] MoractnLa pERSoNATA. The Masked Wagtail. Watson, J. B. N. H.S. xv. p. 145 (fairly common in winter: Chaman, 4,450 ft.) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 56 (Chitral: resident from 6,000 to 12,000 ft., according to season); Cumming, t. c. p. 688 (Seistan: April); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 723 (breeds from 6,000 to 8,000 ft.). First arrivals at Kohat noted in the last week of August. Many remain through the winter. Leaves about the same time as the pre- ceding. Nests commonly along the Kurram River from Thall (2,550 ft.) upwards. [831.] MoracinLa MADERASPATENSIS. The Large Pied Wagtail. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 341 (Thall: common, many stay to nest) Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 723 (Kashmir). A resident in Kohat, but scarce. A few pairs were noted along the Siau Nullah and the Kohat Toi. [832.] MoraciLita MELANOPE. The Grey Wagtail. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 341 (Thall: rare); Marshall, op. cit. xiv. p. 605 (Quetta: afew seen at 7,000 ft. in May); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 66 (Chitral: March) ; Cumming, t. c. p. 688 (Seistan: very common); Ward, op. cit. Xvil. _p. 723 (common, and breeds in Kashmir). A A familiar cold-weather visitor, arriving in the plains towards the end ot August. Nests freely along the streams of the Safed Koh from 6,000 to 8,000 feet. - [833.] Moracizta BorREALIS. The Grey-headed Wagtail. Marshall, J. B. N. H. S. xiv. p. 605 (Quetta: a few seen in April); Cumming, op. cit. xvi. p. 688 (common ; Seistan): Ward, op. cit. Xvi. p. 723 (Kashmir). THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 795 760. od ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 29th March. Tlie {he 3 ee 3lst March. 782. oS ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft.. 3rd April. Occurs on passage from March till mid-May, but not so commonly as the next species. [835.] Moracinta BEEMA. The Indian Blue-headed Wagtail. Fulton, J. B. N. H. 8. xvi. p. 56 (common in April) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 723 (breeds in Ladak). 770. 3 ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 3lst March. 783. ¢ ad. x 3 3rd_ April. 68. ¢ ad. rp ‘ With April. Passes through Kohat in fair numbers from the second week in March till nearly the end of May, being very common in April; the return passage lasts from August till well into October. [836.] MoractnLaA FELDEGGI. The Black-headed Wagtail. Marshall, J.B. N. H.S. xiv. p. 605 (Quetta: fairly common in April) ; Cumming, op. cit. xvi. p. 688 (common in Seistan in April) ; Ward, op. cit. Xvii. p. 723 (migrates through Kashmir). 768.. 5 ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 3lst March. 769. Juv. PP *) i Small numbers appear towards the end of March and early in April, in company with the last species. [837.] Moracitnia cirreoLA. The Yellow-headed Wagtail. Ward, J. B. N. H. S. xvii. p. 723 (common on migration: a few nest in Kashmir). 727. G ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 23rd March. Occurs fairly commonly from February till nearly the end of May. This species and the next are more usually to be found about marshes than the preceding, and commonly roost in reed-beds, when available. None were seen in autumn. [838.] Moracriia cirrEoLorpEs. Hodgson’s Yellow-headed Wagtail. Fulton, J.B. N.H. S. xvi. p. 56 (Chitral: saw a pair at 10,000 ft. in July) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 723 (breeds in Kashmir). 775. 3. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 2nd April. The same may be said of this species as of the last, but it is rather more common. It may be of interest to add that this year (May and June 1909) I found this species nesting freely from 8,800 to 13,000 feet inthe Kaghan Valley (Hazara, N. W. Frontier), north of our limits. Oates says of M. citreola, “the young probably assume the adult plumage at the first spring mout’”’ ; and of the present species, “the young do not appear to differ im any respect from those of M. citreola.”’ This, however, appears not to be the case for I came across a number of nests and only about 796 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. half of those breeding were in full plumage. The remainder were of two forms :— (1) Grey above, with black feathers here and there; supercilium and under surface yellowish-white. (2) Dark grey above with some black feathers ; head and under surface deep yellow, sullied on the flanks and crown. T have sent two examples, namely a nesting pair,the male of type (2) and the female of type (1), to the British Museum. (840.] Anruus TRIvIALIS. The Tree-Pipit. Marshall, J. B. N. H. 8. xiv. p. 605 (common near Quetta in winter) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 56 (a few resident between 5,000 and 10,000 feet) ; Betham, t. c. p. 832 (found two nests near Quetta in June). 712. 2 ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 19th March. Large numbers pass through Kohat and the Kurram Valley from mid- March till mid-May, returning in August, September, and October, but comparatively few halting. [840a.| ANTHUS PRATENSIS. The Meadow-Pipit. 708. 9 ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 19th March. Major Magrath was the first to meet with this species in N. W. India, and in January and February 1908 secured four examples at Bannu. I only met with one at Kohat, but possibly it has been overlooked, owing to its resemblance to A. frivialis. [844.] AntHus simiLis. The Brown Rock-Pipit. Marshall, J. B. N. H. S. xiv. p. 605 (summer visitor) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 723 (occurs: Kashmir); Perreau, op. cit. xviii. p. 186 (specimen shot: Chitral). 566. ¢. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 6th February. 569. 3. - s 8th February. NEOs QO AKCle sp an 24th March. WES, (8 Giels 55° i 27th March. A common resident in the District, nesting on the Samana in summer, and occurring from August till April along the foot of the hills and on stony ground generally. From January till the end of March it is also found commonly about cultivated lands. It perches readily in trees. It varies a good dealin size and colour. In February 1908 there were flocks of peculiarly dusky individuals on the grass-farm. Nos. 566 and 569 are examples of this dark-coloured Pipit. [845.| ANTHUS RICHARDI. Richard’s Pipit. 61. Q ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 4th January. 582. ¢ ad. , Ks 14th February. A rare winter visitor, these being the only examples met with. Both were procured on the grass-farm. [847.| AnrHUs RuFULUS. The Indian Pipit. THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY, 797 Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xu. p. 341 (Thall: common in winter) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 723. 140. 2 ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 11th March. iia 2 ad. 3 5 15th March. Hole ¢ ad. i a 17th March. A summer visitor, arriving early in March and breeding in numbers - on the grass-farm and other suitable places. Colonel Rattray must, I think, have mistaken A. campestris (which I have shot at Thall) for this species. [848.| AnrHus campEsTRIS. The Tawny Pipit. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xiv. p. 605 (Quetta : winter visitor). 69. 9 ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 7th January. 142. ¢ ad. + 13th March. 485. Q ad. Thall, 2,500 ft., 14th April. 492. § ad. - 16th April. Fairly numerous from the middle of September till the middle of April, chiefly frequenting dry open country, and not found much about cultivated ground. Not observed on the Samana or in the Kurram Valley. [850.| AnrHus rosaceus. Hodgson’s Pipit. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 723 (breeds freely in Kashmir). 298. dg. Safed Koh, 12,000 ft., 2nd July. 486. dad. Thall, 2,550 ft., 14th April. 586. Juv. Kohat, 1,850 ft., 15th February. Flocks composed chiefly of immature birds visit the District from Janu- ary till mid-April, frequenting, for the most part, marshes and irrigated land. This species nests freely on the Safed Koh, from 11,000 to 13,000 feet. I found two nests in June, both under stones, perfectly concealed, and well and solidly constructed of roots and grass. In one case I surprised the bird excavating the hollow under a stone for the nest. Not noted in autumn. ANTHUS SPIPOLETTA CLAKISTONI (Hartert Vog. Pal. Fauna I. p. 228.) The Central Asian Water-Pipit. aoe 2. Samana, 28th October 1906. 968. g juv. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 7th February. 622. ¢$ ad. - “ 29th February. 632. ¢ ad. Fi Ist March. 636. ¢ ad. $5 5 2nd March. 646, 647. § 9 ad. Samana, 6,500 ft., 5th March. A winter visitor, and by far our commonest Pipit from early in October till about the 18th of March. It moults into the beautiful summer plumage before leaving. A few individuals are to be found on the dry rocky summit of the Samana all the winter. No. 568 is a dusky specimen. 32 798 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. [852.] AnrHus gaponicus. The Eastern Water-Pipit. 84. gS. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 14th January. WATE Sho ‘ 53 22nd March. 184. 3. 55 5 Ath April. 581. P sex. ,, 14th February. A somewhat scarce winter visitor, occurring singly, with the flocks of A, spipoletta blakistoni, or in small parties by itself. [853.] OrnEocorys syLvanus. The Upland Pipit. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xvi. p. 654 (common in the Murree Hills) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 723. 398. g ad. Samana, 4500 ft., 14th November. A resident on the Samana from 4,000 feet upwards, but not common. [859.] MrtanocoryeHa BIMACULATA. The Eastern Calandra Lark. Fulton, J. B. N.H.S. xvi. p. 56 (plentiful in Chitral at the end of February and beginning of March) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 724 (one shot in December). Large flocks visit Kohat in February and early in March. [860.] ALaupA aRvENSIS. The Sky-Lark. Marshall, J. B. N. H. S. xiv. p. 605 (common round Quetta in winter, a few stay for the summer) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 56 (a resident between 5,000 and 11,000 feet) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 724 (a resident). 577. g ad. Jamrud, 2,000 ft., 11th February. 615. Q ad. Lachi, 1,540 ft., 26th February. 704. 9 ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 18th March. Uohs 2 wel 2 is 25th March. A winter visitor, abundant from November till March. By the end of the latter month it is entirely replaced by the next species, which arrives in the second week in March. [861.] Ataupa euneuLa. The Indian Sky-Lark. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 724 (reported from the Jammu plains). 695. g. Lachi, 1,540 ft., 17th March. 728. gS. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 23rd March. US, 3 A 27th March. A summer visitor, nesting freely on the grass-farm. It can be dis- tinguished from A. arvensis by the harsh note uttered on rising and by the song which is not so rich as that of the latter. 862. CALANDRELLA BRACHYDACTYLA. The Short-toed Lark. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xiv. p. 605 (abundant from winter till May Ist) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 56 (Chitral: many pass through in October). Occurs commonly in Kohat and the Kurram Valley from the last week in February till the middle of April (last seen on the 19th), and returns in small numbers in September. [864.] CaALANADRELLA TIBETANA.— 613. 9. Lachi, 1,540 ft., 26th February. THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 799 621. g. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 29th February. 730, 731. 9d. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 23rd March. Major Magrath shot an example of this species at Bannu in December 1907. It has now been found to occur in Kohat and is fairly common in spring. [869.] Mrrarra CANTILLANS. The Singing Bush-Lark. 266. g ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 19th May. Fairly numerous from the middle of May till September about grassy and bushy places. Not observed in the Kurram Valley, though fairly common at Thall at the entrance. A most energetic songster ; many of its notes seem to be borrowed from Argya caudata. [874.] GaLERita cristata. The Crested Lark. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 341 (very common at Thall); Marshall, op. cit. xiv. p. 605 (Quetta: a very common resident) ; Cumming, op. cit. Xvi. p. 689 (Seistan: abundant) ; Perreau, op. cit. xviii. p. 186 (Chitral). 610. 9. Lachi, 1,540 ft., 26th February. 687. 2. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 16th March. mp. 2. 53 es 21st March. 754. 3. 35 5 27th March. This species is abundant everywhere and resident up to 5,000 feet. In the Kurram Valley it occurs up to 7,000 feet in summer. It is a great mimic, as Major Magrath has noted, its rendering of the notes of Sarcogram- mus indicus and Totanus calidris being particularly good. [878.| AMMOMANES PH@Nicuro1pDES. The Desert Finch-Lark. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 341 (Thall: rather rare); Marshall, op. cit. xiv. p. 605 (Quetta: common in the low hills) ; Cumming, op. cit. xvi. p. 689 (fairly common in Seistan) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 724 (Kashmir). 609. gd. lLachi, 1,540 ft., 25th February. 761. 9. Kohat, 1,850 ft., 30th March. Resident and abundant on stony waste sand hill-sides up to 3000 feet. The song reminds one somewhat of that of Anthus similis, being often uttered on the wing. [879.| PyRRHULAUDA GRISEA. The Ashy-crowned Finch-Lark. 196. 9 ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 8th April. The above example was one of the only pair met with. The male, a fine black-breasted bird, I failed to secure. [895.] ARACHNECHTHRA ASIATICA. The purple Sun-bird. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 341 (Thall: common in summer). A common summer visitor, arriving in the middle of March, the males about a week ahead of females and disappearing towards the middle of September. It occurs up to 5,000 feet on the Samana. ( To be continued. ) 800 PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. A BRIEF DESCRIPTIVE KEY TO THE FLORA OF THE PUNJAB, NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE AND KASHMIR. BY Lieut.-Colonel C. J. BAMBER, F.L.S., Indian Medical Service. ART Valle (Continued from page 502 of Volume XX.) HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExstIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Antirrhinum Orontium, Corn Snap Dragon. SCROPHULARIACE:. F. B. I. iv. 2538. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Simla in fields (Collett). Dharmpur (Bomford). Kahuta (Douie). Lear Mareins Entire. Prrats UNITED. CoroLLa TWwo-LIPPED. Stamens Four. small, annual or biennial, slender smooth below, glandular above, branched from below; leaves opposite below, alternate above, 2 in., linear, rarely oblong lanceolate ; flowers pale pink, with purple streaks, iin. long, solitary and sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, calyx lobes 5, linear, over- topping the corolla, corolla 4 in. long, flattened, bulged at the base, 2-lipped, upper erect, 2-lobed, lower lip horizontal, 3-lobed, base broad, bearded, closing the throat, which is forced open by bees, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, within the corolla, style threadlike, stigma 2-lobed ; capsule 3 in. long, ovoid, velvety, 2-celled, many seeded, anterior cell opening by one pore, posterior by two toothed pores, or both cells by one pore, seeds minute, oblong, abruptly ended, wrinkled or pitted. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 801 HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Mimulus gracilis, Monkey Flower, ScROPHULARIACES. F. B. I. iv. 259. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Kashmir. Hazara. Rawalpindi (Douie). Herpestis, Hamiltoniana, SCROPHULARIACES. FB. B. I. iv. 272. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Vandellia crustacea, SCROPHULACE. F. B. I. iv. 279. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Lear Mareins ENTIRE. Prrats UNITED. CoRoLLA TWOo-LIPPED. SramMens Four. small, annual, stem stout, 4-angled, branching from the base ; leaves 13-23 in. linear oblong, sessile, half stem-clasping, rather fleshy, blunt, sometimes slightly toothed ; flowers 3 in. long, white or pale blue, spotted with yellow, solitary on axillary stalks, longer than the leaves, calyx 4 in. long, tubular, 5 short lobes, 5-keeled, corolla 3 in. long, tube cylindric, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, 2-lobed, lower hp horizontal, 3-lobed, throat with two ridges, stamens 4, in unequal pairs within the corolla, style slender, stigma 2-lobed, flat; capsule less than z In. ovoid with one end broader, flattened, opening by valves, enclosed in the calyx, seeds many, minute, oblong. small, annual, smooth, stem very stout, much branched ; leaves 3-1 in., linear-lanceolate, sometimes slightly toothed, often minutely dotted; nerves barely visible, short-pointed ; flowers blue, minute, sessile in the axils of the leaves, calyx 2 in., lobes 5, unequal, upper ovate heart-shaped, corolla tube 3 in., cylindric, lips 2 spreading, upper notched or 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, stamens 4, in unequal pairs within the corolla, anthers close together, style linear dilated at the top, stigma 2-lobed; capsule round, 2-grooved, opening by 2 or 4 valves, seeds many, very minute. small, annual, found in marshes, much and widely branched from the root in threes, smooth or slight- ly hairy ; leaves 3-1 in., sometimes toothed, ovate or lanceolate, shortly stalked; flowers 3 in. long, pale purple, solitary on axillary straight slender stalks, 3-13 in. long or crowded towards the ends of 802 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Vandellia erecta, SCROPHULARIACE®. FB. B. 1. iv. 281. The Plains. llysanthes parviflora, SCROPHULARIACE®. is JBL, 1, iy, SSB). The Plains. LeAF Marcins Entire. Prtats UNITED. CoroLLA Two-LIPPED. StaMENS Four. branches, calyx 74 in. and in fruit } in., shortly 5-lobed, longer than the capsule, nearly bell-shaped, not angled, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip erect notched, lower broader, horizontal, 3-lobed, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, 2 anterior longer with curved fila- ments spurred near the base, 2 posterior, usually included, anthers touching or joining in pairs under the upper lip, style curved, stigma flat 2-lobed ; capsule shorter than the calyx, oblong-ovate, blunt, opening through the lines of junction, seeds wrinkled. very like the last species, but smaller, and more erect, quite smooth, leaves sessile oblong with rounded ends, flower stalks twice as long as the leaves, calyx lobes shorter than the rounded ovoid capsule. small, annual, usually much branched, found in marshes ; leaves 4-1 in., ovate with ends rounded or linear oblong, sessile, usually untoothed ; flowers 4-1 in. long, white or blue, on threadlike stalks {-3 in. long in the axils of leaves or at the end of branches in racemes, calyx half the length of the corolla, lobes narrowly lanceolate, corolla 2-lipped, z-} in. tube cylindric, upper lip erect, concave, notched, lower larger, spreading, 5 lobed, stamens 4, two upper perfect, enclosed in the corolla, fila- ments threadlike, anthers meeting, two lower, two lobed, one lobe glandular, the other smooth, style single, stigma round consisting of two plates ; cap- sule ovate, oblong, short-pointed, {longer than the calyx, PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 803 HERBS, ERECT, WITH OpposITE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs, Striga lutea, ScROPHULARIACES. F. B. I. iv. 298. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Dharmpur (Bomford). Striga euphrasioides, SCROPHULARIACE&. FP. B. I. iv. 299. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Chakwal (Douie). Sesamum indicum, Hygrophila salicifolia, ACANTHACER, BeBe Liv, 407. The Plains. Lear Mareins ENTIRE. Prats UNITED. CorouLaA TWo-LIPPED. STAMENS Four. small, annual, rough or hairy, slender, branched or not, leaves 3-13 in. long, linear, sessile, upper alternate sometimes reduced to floral bracts; flowers yellow, sometimes white, scarlet or purple, 3 In. long, sessile, solitary, axillary forming ter- minal spikes, calyx tubular, ten, rarely fifteen ribbed, 5-toothed, corolla variable in size, tube slen- der, twice as long as the calyx, bent in at the top, two lipped, upper lip usually short notched or deeply cut, lower divided into three, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, within the corolla, anthers one-celled, vertical, fixed at the back portion of the sta- men behind the anther, sometimes pointed, style thickened above, stigma undivided ; capsule nearly round, splitting through the cells, seeds very many, netted. small, slender to stout, branched, rough or cover- ed with stiff hairs ; leaves 3-2 in., often 1 to 2-tooth- ed, linear; flowers 3-2 in. long, white at distant intervals in a terminal spike, calyx } in., 15-ribbed, lobes as long as the tube, be)l or funnel-shaped in fruit, corolla 3-3 in., tube velvety at the bend ; other- wise like the last species. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed, Corolla Two-lipped, Stamens Four. small to medium size, found in wet places, near- ° ly smooth ; leaves 23 by 3-3 in., lanceolate, smooth, nearly sessile, narrowed at both ends, marked in lines by raphides ; iL 2 flowers 3-3 in., pale purple, sessile in bractate and bracteolate axillary circles, bracts 7-3, ovate or oblong, round at the end, brac- teoles 5-1 in., lanceolate, short pointed, half as long 804 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. HERBS, ERECT, WITH OpposiITE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Hygrophila spinosa, Talmakhana gokula kan- ta, gokshura. ACANTHACES. F. B. I. iv. 408. The Plains to 3 000 ft. Lepidagathis purpuricau- lis, ACANTHACES. 1d, 18}, JE hv GIG). The Plains. — Hoshiarpur son). (Aitchi- Lear Marcins ENTIRE. Perats UNITED. CoroLtLaA TWwo-LIPPED. STaMENS Four. as the calyx, calyx 4-3 in., divided half way down in flower, all the way down in fruit, lobes 5, linear, covered with bristly hairs, corolla tube dilated near the mouth, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, concave, notched or 2-lobed, lower broad, 3 lobed, stamens 4, in equal or unequal pairs, style long, hairy, stigma linear, undivided ; capsule 4-3 in., narrowly oblong, 20-28 seeded, seeds ovoid, flattened, white-hairs spring up when wetted. medium size to large, found in wet places, stout, hairy, stems in clusters; leaves 3-7 in. long, lan- ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, covered with scattered white hairs ; flowers 1 in. long, pale blue or purple to white in large dense hairy axillary clustered circles with 6 straight stout spines 3-13 in., bracts 3-1 in., lanceo- late, bracteoles 1-3 in., narrow, calyx 4-lobed, lobes 3-4 1n. lanceolate, upper one largest, lower blunt, toothed or divided into two, corolla 1 in. long, upper lip 2 lobed, stamens as in the last species ; capsule 4 in., shorter than the calyx, 4-8 seeded. small to medium size, leafy, branches many, smooth or hairy, often purple; leaves 1-5 in., lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes in un- equal pairs, larger narrowed at both ends, smooth, smaller, nearly ovate, somewhat velvety ; flowers + in., white with brown spots at the base of the lower lip, sessile, in axillary sessile solitary or clustered oblong hairy spikes, 3-14 in. long, bracts x by % 1n., marked with longitudinal lines, lanceolate or ovate lanceolate with a bristle point, bracteoles + in., linear curved, calyx nearly divided to the PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 805 HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExstipuLate SIMPLE LEAVEs, Lepidagathis hyalina, ACANTHACES. PB. 1.iy. 521, The Plains to 4,000 ft. Ocimum basilicum, | Sweet basil, —Furunj, mushk, tulsi, baburi, niyazbo, panr. Lapiatz. F.B.L. iv. 608. The Plains to 2,000 ft. | Cultivated, but indige- nous in the low hills (Aitchison). Baluchistan (Hughes- , Buller), os ow Lea¥F Margins Entire. Perats Untrep. CornoLta Two-.iprep. Stamens Four. base into 5 segments, one segment large, guk ie 3 in. broad, the others 3 In. linear, corolla + tubular, suddenly dilated in the middle, 2- cats upper lip erect, notched, lower 3-lobed, longer, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, anthers 2-celled, cells oblong blunt, stigma round ; ; capsule} in., 4-seeded, oblong, seeds flattened, hairs rise upon eens wetted. medium size, perennial ; leaves 3 by 13 in., ovate or oblong, stalked, upper narrow, hanging down, stalk 3 in. ; flowers white with brown spots at the base oF the lower lip, crowded in oblong or ovoid, one-sided, terminal or axillary spikes 3-12 in, long, bracts nearly + in., lanceolate long-pointed with an abrupt point, bracteoles + in., linear-lanceolate with an abrupt point, calyx nearly divided to the base in 5 segments, segments linear lanceolate, 4 in. with scattered hairs, outer segment larger, corolla, sta- mens, style capsule and seeds as in last species. medium size, strongly scented, many oil glands, smooth or velvety ; leaves 13-2 in. -, Ovate, some- times toothed, stalk very slender, usually slightly hairy ; flowers 4-2 in. long, in clustered circles, 6-10 flowered, in bedereaee spikes and racemes, bracts stalked, ovate, minute, soon falling off, calyx 5- toothed, upper tooth rounded, shorter than the others, two lower teeth ovate-lanceolate with a bristle point, two lateral shorter than the lower ; corolla 3-3 in. long, white, pink or purplish, 2-lipped, tube short, upper lip nearly equally 4-lobed, lower lip curved down, not lobed, stamens 4, protruding, twice as long as the corolla, bent, hairy at the bend; stigma bifid; nutlets 4, 44 in. each, very black, 806 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExstIPULATE SIMPLE LEAvVEs. Ccimum sanctum, Sacred basil. Kala tulsi, ban tulsa. LABIATA. Reb liv G09: The Plains to 6,000 ft. Baluchistan (Boissier). Lear Marcins ENTIRE. Prrauts UNITED. CoroLua ‘Two-LIPPED. STAMENS Four. oblong with rounded ends, minutely dotted, convex on one side and flattened on the other, when wetted become coated with mucilage. These seeds form one of the ingredients of Char tukm, a preparation well-known to native druggists. They are used as a demulcent in genito-urinary diseases. The dried leaves are used as a substitute for cloves, and as a seasoning for culinary purposes. medium size, perennial, cultivated, doubtfully indigenous, often woody below, much branched, bushy, often with a purplish tinge ; leaves 1-23 in., oblong, blunt or sharp pointed, sometimes almost toothed, base narrowed, floral leaves sessile, ovate lanceolate or heart-shaped ; flowers very small, white, pink or purplish on small stalks in very slender brac- teate racemes, bracts as in the last species, calyx short, two lower teeth with very long bristle points, longer than the upper which is broadly oblong, ‘lateral broadly ovate, shorter than the lower, corolla scarcely extending beyond the calyx, calyx in fruit 3 in. long, on a slender stalk, widely bell-shaped, thin, nutlets nearly round, nearly smooth, pale reddish brown; other characters are like the last species. The leaves and seeds are used for the same purposes as the last species. 1tis worshipped by the Himdus and a plant is to be found in every Hindu’s garden. InnER Patz OF STAMENS LONGEST. Hepeta linearis, Nepeta connata, { see Herbs, Prostrate, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, see Herbs, Prostrate, Opposite, Exstipulate, — Simple. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. G Oo NI HERBs, ERECT, with Opposite ExstiputaTe SimpLE LEAVES. Origanum vulgare, Wild marjoram. Marzanjosh, sathra. LABrare. F. B. I. iv. 648. Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Thymus serpyllum, Hyssopus officinalis, Micromeria biflora and hydaspidis, Calamintha clinopodium, Wild basil. LaBiaTs. eB, LT. iv. 650. Himalaya, 4-12,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Changlagalli (Douie). Lear Mareins Entire. Pxrtats Unitep. CoroLLa TWwo-LIPPED. STAMENS Four. OuteR Parr Lonesst. medium size, scented, covered with hairs to some extent; leaves 3-1 in., broadly ovate, stalked, sometimes toothed; flowers very small, pink, crowded in many 4-sided spikes 1-1 in. long, in clusters or heads at the end of branches or forming terminal branching racemes, floral leaves like bracts lanceolate, longer than the calyx, overlap- ping often tinged with purple; calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, 10-13 nerved, throat hairy, corolla barely 2-lipped, upper lip erect, nearly flat, notch lower spreading, 3-lobed, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, just protruding, style divided; nutlets 4, smooth. This plant is used as a pot herb, it yields a volatile oil which is aromatic and stimulant. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple Corolla Two-lipped. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Corolla Two-lipped. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple Corolla Two-lipped. medium size, rootstock woody, stems slender, nearly unbranched, hairy; leaves 1-2 in., ovate, just pointed, hardly toothed; flowers 2-1 in., purple or pink in large crowded compact circular clusters each surrounded by many long, linear, hairy bracts, equal in length to the calyx, calyx + in., 2 lipped, curved, hairy, 13-nerved, upper lip 3- toothed, lower bifid, teeth nearly equal, very slender, 808 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, HERBS, ERECT, WITH OpposITE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Brunella vulgaris, Self-heal, Austakhadis. LaBIatTe. KF, B. I. iv. 670. Himalaya, 4-11,000 ft. Simla, common on road sides (Collett). Kashmir. Murree (Douie). Lear Marcins Entree. Prtats UNITED. CoroLia Two-LIPPED. Stamens Fovr. OvutER Pair LonceEst. corolla hairy, tube straight, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, flattish, lower spreading, 3-lobed, stamens 4, in unequal pairs under the upper lip, style lobes equal; nutlets 4, minute, nearly round, smooth. small, perennial, rootstock creeping, stem erect or partially so, thinly hairy; leaves 1-2 in., stalk- ed, ovate or oblong, sometimes toothed, pointed or blunt, upper leaves sessile; flowers 43-2 in. long, violet purple, rarely white, in clustered circles of 6 crowded in erect, terminal spikes 1-2 in. long, with a pair of sessile leaves at the base; floral leaves bract-like hairy, purple-edged, broadly ovate, short pointed; calyx tinged with purple, bell-shaped, 2- lipped, upper lip broad, 5-toothed, lower lip deeply bifid, mouth closed after flowering, corolla tube longer than the calyx, 2-lipped, upper lip erect; . hoodlike, notched, lower spreading, 3-lobed, Stachys parviflora, midlobe largest, minutely toothed, stamens 4 in unequal pairs uncer the upper lip, with a small projection below the anthers, style lobes awl-shap- ed; nutlets 4, oblong, smooth. The plant is used in Native medicine as an expectorant and anti- spasmodic. see Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB, 809 HERss, ERECT, witH Opposite ExstiPuLate SIMPLE LEAVEs, Leucas hyssopifolia, LaBIaATz. F. B. I. iv. 690. The Plains at the foot of the Himalaya, to 3,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Lear Marerns Entire. Prtats Unirep, Corotia Two-LipPeEp, Stamens Four, OvurerR Pair Lonerst, small, perennial, hairy, rootstock stout, woody branches many ; leaves 1-23 by + in., linear, blunt, often stiff, margins turned in; flowers ? in. long, white in small axillary and terminal circular clus- ters, 3-7 in. diam., bracts few, slender, awl-shaped, calyx } m., an inverted cone, smooth, mouth wide, abruptly cut off, smooth, teeth 10, very minute, erect, corolla tube cylindric, within the calyx, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, hood-like, very hairy, lower much longer, 3-lobed, mid lobe the largest not toothed, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, under the upper lip, outer or anterior pair longer, style awle shaped, undivided; nutlets 4, ovoid, blunt, three- ’ cornered. Leucas aspera, Chota-hal-kisa. Lasiatsx. F. B. I. iv. 690. The Plains. small, annual, stem stout hairy or bristly, much branched ; leaves 1-3 in. linear or oblong, some- times larger and 2 in. broad, also minutely toothed ; flowers 2-1 in. white in terminal and axillary clus- tered circles, often 1 in. diam., hairy, bracts long linear and thread like, calyx 3-3 in., tubular, curved, smooth below, green, rough, ribbed above, teeth 10, short, triangular, upper lip produced ; corolla, stamens, style and nutlets as in the last species. The plant is fragrant and used as a pot herb, and in chronic skin diseases and painfui swel- lings the juice is useful, 810 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, HERBS, ERECT, WITH OprosITE HxstIpuLATE StmpLe LEAVEs. Silene apetala, CaRYOPHYLLACEA. TO TB Lh ily) 2a ie)s The Plains. Peshawar (Vicary, Stewart). Ammania pentandra, LYTHRACES. BeBe vo G8: The Plains, in moist places. Ammania baccifera, Dadmari, pampa. LYTHRACES. A Be ea o00! The Plains, in moist places. Ammania salicifolia, LYTHRACEA, EBS 69: The Plains. Lear Marcins ENTIRE. Petras None. medium size, stem branched or not, annual, grey velvety ; leaves 1-14 in., linear oblong, long-pointed flowers. {-3 in., long, green (as the petals, if present, ; are enclosed within the green calyx), in irregular clusters in one-sided racemes, bracts sharp pointed, calyx 4-3 in., bell-shaped base, a reversed cone wit 5 short teeth, and 10 green hairy ridges, peta none or if any, minute, red, stamens 10, styles shortly stalked, 3 valved, seeds flat grooved with a double corrugated — (rarely 5); capsule round, marein. small, annual, smooth, much branched with man flowers ; leaves 1 in. long, oblong with rounde ends, sessile, floral leaves bract like, oblong, broa based ; flowers small, solitary, sessile in the axils leaves, bracteoles awl-shaped as long as the calyx, calyx teeth 10, 5 of which are accessory, lanceolate long pointed, petals, if any, pink, 5, stamens 5 inserted about the middle of the calyx tube, style — thread like or short; capsule round, depressed, 3-celled, seeds many black, half round, hollowed r the flat side. tJ flowers small in dense clusters forming knots ont stem, bracts thread like, shorter than the flow stalks, calyx widely bell-shaped, teeth 4, broad triangular, accessory folds or teeth very sm 1 petals none, or very minute, stamens and style in the last species, capsule like the last, but ope ing all round, about the middle, seeds like the las The leaves are used for blistering. i. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 811 HerRss, ERECT, WITH OpposirE HxSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Ammania senegalensis, LYTHRACEZ. F. B. I. ii. 570. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Common in rice fields. Ammania multiflora, LYTHRACES. F. B. I. 11. 570. The Plains. Oxybaphus himaiaicus, Punac, bhans. NYCTAGINACES. F. B. I. iv. 708. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Kulu (Edgeworth). Berhaavia elegans, Sant. NycracGiInacEz. FP. B. I. iv. 709. The Plains. Kahuta (Douie). Baluchistan. Cyathula tomentosa, AMARANTACES. BB. f. iv. 722. Himalaya, 2-6,500 ft. Simla (Collett). Lear Mareins Entire. Prrats None. medium size, annual, smooth branches 4-angled ; leaves 1-2 in. long, lanceolate, sessile, nearly ear- lobed at the base ; flowers minute in small shortly stalked clusters, calyx bell-shaped, 4 short teeth, petals, if any, 4, pink, stamens 6 or 8, capsule—¥, in. diam., round, larger than the calyx tube, red when ripe, seeds as in the last species. very like the last species, but the flowers and capsule are smaller. large, glandular hairy, sticky, branched ; leaves 15-25 in. ovate, short pointed leaf, stalk 3-1 in. long; flowers pink, small, solitary on long slender axillary stalks forming a loose cluster, one bract forming a 5-toothed cup, ; in. long, surrounding the calyx, calyx pink, tube short lobed, lobes soon falling off, stamens 4, united below, enclosed within the calyx tube; fruit £ in. long, ovoid, rough black. This plant is used for fodder. large, shrubby, much branched, leaves 1-1: in. long, few, linear oblong or oblong lanceolate, blunt, fleshy with a hoar frostlike bloom ; flowers minute, in very large two or three times divided clusters on very long slender main and minor stalks, calyx funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, petals none, stamens 1-5, projecting; fruit yo in. long, narrowly oblong with The The leaves are used as a diuretic. rounded ends, strongly ribbed, quite smooth. seeds are eaten. large, felted or woolly, branches nearly 4-angled ; leaves 2-10 in. long, oblong, pointed at both ends stalked, 4-3 small rarely round, shortly white round heads forming terminal spikes, each cluster in. ; flowers shining in clusters crowded in 812 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. HERBS, ERECT, WITH OpposirE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Cyathula capitata, AMARANTACES, F. B. 1. iv. 722. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett.) Pupalia lappacea, AMARANTACES. F. B. I. iv. 724. ‘The Plains to 3,000 ft. Baluchistan. Kothoszrua brachiata AMARANTACER. F. B. I. iv. 726. The Plains. Lear Mareins ENTIRE. Petrats None. containing one or two perfect flowers and many imperfect ones consisting of hooked sepals, spikes 2-6 in. long, stalked, calyx 5-fid, segments narrowly lanceolate, 2 or all ending in hooked extremities, lengthening with age, stamens 5, alternate with 5 fringed staminodes united below, style slender, fruit dry, bladder shaped, 2- nerved, seed one, ovate shining. stigma rounded; very like the last, only more slender and flowers collected in heads about one inch in diam. large, straggling, felted, branches rounded; leaves 2-4 in., broadly ovate to lanceolate and short pointed, base sharp pointed, leaf stalk 3-3 in.; flowers in small distant or adjacent clusters 7 in, diam., calyx of 5 sepals, green, 3-nerved, densely woolly, reduced in imperfect flowers to a process, bearing stellately spreading hooked bris- tles, petals none, stamens 5, nearly free below, .staminodes none, style slender, stigma roundish, fruit ovoid, flattened, seed one. medium size, annual, branched from the base, branches slightly velvety, spreading; leaves 1-2 in. ovate, blunt or short pointed, thin, green, stalk 0-2 in.; flowers very minute, woolly, in axillary solitary or clustered little spikes, 4-} in. long, white, calyx of 3-5 thin, colourless sepals a5 in. long, silky, one nerved, petals none, stamens 1-2, ununited, staminodes none, stigma nearly sessile; fruit minute, oblong, flattened, seed one. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB, 813 HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExstIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Achyranthes aspera, Lear Mareins ENTIRE. Prrats None. large, straggling, branched or not, branches long The Prickly Chaff Flower. and rambling ; leaves 3-5 by 2-3 in., ovate or round, Latjira, chichra, kutrv. AMARANTACES. F. B. I. iv. 730. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Rawalpindi. Baluchistan (Boissier). Achyranthes bidentata, AMARANTACES. F. B. I. iv. 730. Himalaya, 4-6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Atriplex hortensis, Atriplex crassifolia, Dianthus cachimiricus, CARYOPHYLLACES, HBT. i214: Kashmir. 34 thick, leathery, velvety or felted, shortly stalked ; flowers shining, dull green or purplish, soon bending down, crowded in long rigid terminal unbranched spikes, 6-18 in. long, bracts and bracteoles some- what spiny, calyx $-; in. long, 5-fid, segments stiff, lanceolate, short pointed, longer than the bracteoles, petals none, stamens 5, alternating and united below with 5 fringed staminodes, style long, stigma rounded ; fruit oblong enclosed in the calyx, seed one oblong. This plant is used as a diuretic, the ash contains much potash. very much like the last species, but much larger, leaves long pointed with a slender tip, bracteoles usually reduced to a spine, and staminodes toothed, not fringed. see Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Lear Mareins ToorHen. Petrats UNUNITED. small, perennial, stem jointed, much branched from the base, slender, smooth ; leaves 1-13 in., very narrow, toothed, solitary, bracts 4, lanceolate with long slender or leafy points, calyx 5-toothed, 1 in. long, teeth ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed, margins thin, petals 5, long-stalked, smooth, blade 3-2 by 1 in., margin toothed, stamens 10 and ovary one-celled, all on a long stalk, styles 2; capsule opening by 4 teeth. grooved, midrib stout, margin slightly thickened; flowers terminal, $14 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Dianthus Jacquemontii, CARYOPHYLLACEA. F. B. 1. i. 214. Kashmir. Dianthus angulatus, CAaRYOPHYLLACEA. He Be le ee iliens Himalaya, 7-13,000 ft. Silene inflata, Bladder campion. CARYOPHYLLACES. 15 183, Jb, tie UES, Himalaya, 5-11,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra Narkanda (Collett). Silence Falconeriana, CARYOPHYLLACEA. 1 1B} Iii, 22240), Himalaya, 3-9,000 ft. Simla on grassy slopes (Collett). Lear Mareins TootHen. Perats UNUNITED. small, stems many, slender from a woody stock; leaves 1-11 in., narrow, leathery, flat above, short pointed, radical slightly toothed, stem leaves hardly toothed, with thickened margins; flowers usually solitary, bracts 4, very broad, suddenly contracted into a thickened and blunt point, calyx 3-1 in,, teeth long with sharp stiff points, petals 5, long stalked, blade broad, rather deeply toothed ; other- wise like the last species. small, stems many, stiff, much branched, from a stout woody stock; leaves radical, 3-6 in., stem leaves 3-14 in., linear, short-pointed ; flowers pink, solitary, terminal, bracts 4-6, pointed, calyx 4-3 in., tubular, long and sharp pointed, petals 5, long- stalked, blade fringed; otherwise like the last species. . large, greenish blue, jointed, smooth or velvety, perennial; leaves 1-2 in. long, ovate or oblong, stem leaves sessile, margins minutely toothed, short pointed ; flowers 3-3 in. diam., white in drooping many-flowered clusters, bracts thin, dry, calyx ? in. long, ovoid, puffed out, base indented, 5-toothed, 10-or 20-veined, teeth broadly triangular, petals 5, stalked, blade deeply 2-lobed with pouch-like enlar- gement, stamens 10, styles 3; capsule round, opening above by 6 teeth, seeds many, concave in front, convex on the base, with lines of excrescences. large, perennial; stems several from the woody stock, branched, velvety and sticky below; leaves 3-24 in., linear lanceolate, narrow,velvety or smooth, minutely toothed ; flowers white in loose opposite axillary clusters, flower stalks slender, bracts minute, calyx 4 in. tubular, narrow, teeth short, blunt, petals very narrow stalked, blade blunt without 2 z o, scales, stamens 10, styles 3; capsule ovoid, seeds © minute, many, sides flat or convex, back grooved. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 815 HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExsTIPULATE SImpLe Leaves. Epilobium angustifolium Epilobium latifolium, Epilobium hirsutum, ONAGRACER. F. B. I. 11. 583. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Kotgarh, Sutlej and Lear Marertns ToorHen. Prats UNUNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple,- Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. large, robust, covered with soft white hairs ; leaves 1-83 by 4-3 in., lanceolate stem-clasping, teeth small, sharp ; flowers 4 in. long, pink-purple, axillary, forming long or short terminal leafy racemes, calyx tube on the ovary, linear 4-angled, teeth 4, short Giri Valleys in wet pointed, falling off after flowering, petals 4, erect or places (Collett). Shahpur Dist. (Douie). Epifobium parviflorum, ONAGRACES. Beeb le 11, 584. Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Simla, Sutlej (Collett). Epilobium roseum, var. cylindricum, and Dalthousianum, ONAGRACER. Beebe. 11.504. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Valley spreading, notched, stamens 8, 2 in. long, alternate ones shorter, stigmas 4, distinct, spreading; cap- sule 2-33 in., hairy, 4-celled, valves 4 splitting and curving down from the seed-bearing column, seeds very many, small, crowned by a tuft of long silky hairs. very like the last species, but the stigmas do not curve down and the leaves are not stem-clasping. large, stem round, hairs sometimes in lines, the bases of the leaves sometimes passing down the stem in lines, leaves stalked, linear-lanceolate, cap- sules long stalked, seeds ovoid with the top broad, flowers + in., stigmas combined ; in other respects like the previous species. 816 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE" LEAVES. Circea lutetiana, Enchanters, Nightshade, ONAGRACES. F. B. I. i. 589. Himalaya, 7-10,000 ft. Mashobra in woods (Collett). Circa cordata, ONAGRACER. F. B. I. 11. 589. Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. Simla in woods (Collett). Dalhousie, Chamba (C. B, Clarke). Circza alpina, ONAGRACES. F. B. I. 11. 589. Himalaya, 7-11,000 ft. Mashobra, Mahasu (Collett). Bryophylium calycinum, Lukm-haiyat, CRASSULACES. F. B. 1. nu. 418. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Lear Mareins ToorHen. PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, perennial, velvety ; leaves 2 ‘by 1-1} in., ovate lanceolate not transparent, long stalked, narrow to the base, short pointed, widely toothed ; flowers 4 in. diam., white or pinkish in ter- minal and lateral racemes, calyx ovoid, 2-lobed, hardly produced above the ovary, lobes reflexed, falling off after flowering, bracts none, petals 2, notched, stamens 2, style thread like, stigma almost 2-lobed ; capsule } in., pear shaped with the broad end uppermost, 2-celled, rough with hooked bristles, seeds one in each cell. lke the last species, but stouter and more hairy, the leaves are long pointed, capsule ovoid. small, smooth; leaves 3-1 in. across, broadly ovate, blunt or short pointed, thin ; capsule hardly hairy, very small, seed one, otherwise like the last species, Perats UNITED. large, perennial, smooth, stem hollow, sprouts on damp ground from the notches on the margin of leaves; leaves 3-6 in. long, ovate or oblong, fleshy toothed, stalked, blunt, rarely compound with 3 leaflets ; flowers reddish green, 2. in. long, drooping cylindric in a large terminal branching raceme, calyx tubular, swollen, green tinged with red and spotted with white, 4-toothed, corolla tubular, PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 817 HERBS, ERECT WITH Opposite ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Kalanchoe spathulata, Tatara, rungru, haiza- ka-patti. CRASSULACE. HW, By. ii. 414. Himalaya, 1-3,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Morina persica, Bekh-akwar. Dipsacesz. BS ii. 216, Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Hazara (Barrett). Baluchistan (Lace). Lear Mareins Tootuen. Prrats Univrep. twice as long as the calyx, green, lobes 4, tinged - with red, short pointed, spreading, stamens 8, in two series on the corolla-tube, styles 4; fruit of four carpels, many seeded, enclosed in the persist- ent calyx and corolla. The leayes applied to wounds. Roxburgh states that the plant was intro- duced into the Calcutta Botanical Gardens and has spread from there. large, perennial, stout, smooth; leaves 4-8 in. (upper 3-4 in.,) fleshy, toothed, oblong narrowed to the stalk; flowers yellow 3-1 in. long ina large terminal branched flat topped cluster, calyx 4- lobed, divided nearly to the base, lobes triangular, short pointed, corolla tubular, tube flask-shaped, twice the length of the calyx, lobes 4, spreading, short-pointed, stamens, style and capsule as in the last species. This plant is said to bea cure for cholera, it acts as a strong purge and is poisonous to goats and cattle. large, like thistles from the spiny leaves; leaves 6 by lin., oblong or linear, sessile, doubly spinous toothed, velvety or smooth; flowers 12 in. long, pinkish-white, sessile, crowded in the axils of the upper leaves forming a terminal interrupted spike, bracteoles few among the flowers, spinous, also united bracteoles forming a tubular cup (involucel) round the base of the flower, calyx tubular, 2-lipp- ed, notched, corolla 1-14 in., tube long slender, mouth oblique 5-lobed, stamens 2, fertile, as long as the corolla lobes, style nearly protruding, stigma dise-like ; fruit an achene in each flower, enclosed within the persistent involucel, tip free. 818 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Herss, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExsTIPULATE SimPLE LEAVES. Morina longifolia, DIPSACES. F. B. 1. in. 216. Himalaya, 9-14,000 ft. Mahasu Theog, Hattu (Collett). Morina coulteriana, DIPSACE. Tay IBY I, sbbt, ANG) Himalaya, 9-18,000 ft. Patarnala (Clarke). Scabiosa olivieri, Scabiosa Candolliana, Scabious. DIPSACEs, Toy ek, Il seh Zul Himalaya, 3-5,000 ft. Scabiosa speciosa, Ageratum conyzoides. CoMPosITé. F. B. I, iii, 243. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Lear Mareins ToorHeD. Perats UNITED. very like the last species, but with larger leaves, flowers more pink, calyx lobes not spinous, and stamens shorter. very like the last species, but smaller, flowers yellow, leaves singly, not doubly spinous, toothed, calyx lobes spinous. Frowers, Minut#, IN HeEapDs. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. medium size, rootstock perennial, stems tufted, little branched ; leaves 13 by }in., linear, slightly toothed, flowers 4-2 in. long, purple im terminal half round small heads, 4 in. diam. surrounded by short overlapping ovate bracts, g-¢ in,, calyx mouth with 5 short teeth, barbed, bristles } in. long, corolla tubular, 5-toothed or in some expand- ed into long rays, stamens 4, styles threadlike, stigma round; achenes crowned with the involucel and the persistent calyx bristles. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. oO medium size, annual, softly hairy; leaves 3 by 12 in., lanceolate or ovate, stalked, minutely round- toothed ; flower heads many, all the flowers alike, 1 in, diam., in dense rounded clusters, bracts round, the flowers narrow, nearly equal, ribbed, short- pointed in 2 series, flowers tubular, pale blue, calyx (pappus) of 3-5 linear, short pointed, minutely barb- ed scales, united in a toothed cup-like ring, corolla tube dilated upwards, lobes 5, short, style arms short; achenes 7 in., angled black, sticky. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 819 HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Marerins ToorHen. Petrats UNITED. Fiowers, Minutes, 1n Huaps. Siegesbeckia orientalis, CoMPOSIT&. BB. LT. i. 303. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree. Blajnvillea latifolia, or ri Pvoidea. Composit ®. F, B. I. ii. 305. The Plainsto 5,000 ft. Below Sipi (Collett). Schlerocarpus africanus, CoMPOSIT#. Be tin. 805. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla in cornfields (Collett), medium size, sticky with crisped hairs, a common weed near cultivation, much branched, often pur- plish ; leaves 1-5 in. long, triangular ovate, deeply toothed, upper leaves almost without teeth, leaf stalks winged, flowers yellow, rarely white, radiate with ray flowers, in heads + in. diam., arranged in leafy branching racemes, bracts sticky in 2 rows outer five long, narrow, spreading, inner shorter erect, receptacle flat covered with small concave scales, calyx hairs (pappus) none, outer corollas with rays (ligules) 2 or 3-lobed, inner corollas 3-5 lobed, achenes curved, angled, blunt at the base. medium size, stiff, much branched, roughly hairy annual ; leaves stalked, 2-4 in. long, ovate or ovate lanceolate, hairy on both surfaces, short or long pointed, slightly round toothed, upper leaves some- times alternate; flowers yellow or white, outer rayed in heads 3-3 in. diam., terminal at the end of branches or axillary, bracts few in two rows, outer broad, leaf-like, inner passing into scales, receptacle covered with rigid concave scales each holding a flower, pappus of 2-5 unequal bristles joined into a ring, rays of outer flowers 2 or 3- toothed, corolla of inner (disk) flowers 5-toothed ; achenes 3-angled, inner ones often flattened. medium size, annual, roughly hairy, leaves 13-3 in., ovate, short pointed, toothed, stalked; flowers yellow in sessile or stalked heads in the forks or at the end of branches, heads 3-3 in. diam., bracts few, leaf-like, outer spreading, receptacle covered with large ribbed scales, rays of outer flowers broad, notched, spreading, corolla of disk flowers 3-5 tooth- ed, pappus (calyx hairs) none; achenes curved, ribbed, enclosed by the rough boat-shaped scales of the receptacle. 820 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. HERBS, ERECT, WITH OpposITE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Maretins TootHen. Prtrats UNITED. Fiowers, Minute, 1n Heaps. Spilanthes acmelia, Akarkarha, pokar-mal. CoMPOSIT&. F. B. I. iii. 307. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Dharmpur. Guizotia abyssinica, ComPositTa&. F. B. I. ui. 307. The Plains east of the Sutlej (Gurgaon.) Bidens cernua, Composit x. F. B. I. iii. 309. Kashmir. Chamba, 5-6,000 ft. (Thompson. ) medium size, annual, velvety or hairy; leaves #-]3 in., ovate, lanceolate, stalked, toothed, some- times entire, flowers white or yellow in discoid or rayed conical heads, 3-3 in. long, solitary on long stalks, bracts of the heads green, lanceolate in two rows, receptacle conical, covered with concave scales, pappus none or | or 2 bristles, outer ray flowers one row, female, white or yellow, ligule short; inner disk flowers 2-sexual, tubular, 4-5 toothed; achenes flattened, enclosed in a scale. The seeds are pungent and are used medicinally for toothache and as a pot herb. medium size, annual, velvety, leafy upwards, stout; leaves 3-5 in., upper often alternate, ovate- lanceolate, or lanceolate-oblong, or linear, sessile, half stem-clasping, blunt-pointed, sharply toothed, flowers inner tubular, outer ligulate, yellow in stalk- ed axillary or terminal heads 3-1 in. diam., bracts of heads 5, almost in two series, outer almost leaf-like, broadly oblong or ovate, blunt, green, inner like the scales of the floor of the head, pappus hairs none, outer corollas ligulate, few, 2-5-toothed, inner tubu- lar 5-toothed, anther bases abrupt, entire, style arms hairy, achenes smooth, flattened, tip rounded. medium size, stout, annual, smooth; leaves 3-5 in., toothed, base sometimes nearly united; flowers yellow in drooping clustered or nearly solitary discoid heads, 3-1 in. diam., bracts in 2 rows, unit- ed below, outer green, inner dry, thin, receptacle scales narrow, flat nearly as long as the flowers, pappus of 2-4 stiff, barbed bristles, flowers tubular, 5-toothed, achenes flattened, slender, black, some- times thickened and armed with recurved spines. i ! PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. S2i HeErss, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExstrpuLATE SIMPLE LEAvEs. Lear Mareins ToorHen. PrEtats UNITED. Stamens Four. Scrophularia calycina, medium size, annual, stem stout, angular, ScROPHULARIACES. Ff. B. I. iv. 253. Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Narkanda, Hattu, Chor (Collett). Scrophularia Scopolii, SCROPHULARIACEX. WW. B. 1. iv. 254. Himalaya, 6,000 ft. Kashmir, Murree, Hazara (Fleming, Clarke). Scrophularia poly antha, SCROPHULARIACES. PB. B. I. iv. 255. _ Himalaya, 4-11,000 ft. smooth below, sticky from glands above; leaves 1-4 in., upper alternate, ovate, ovate and heart- shaped or oblong, shortly stalked, short pointed, coarsely toothed ; flowers greenish-purple, small in opposite stalked crowded clusters forming erect stiff terminal branching leafless racemes, calyx 5-fid, tube globular, lobes 5, short, flat, 4 upper equal, segments lanceolate, long-pointed, corolla erect, lowest spreading, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, turned downwards, enclosed in the corolla, staminode one, ovate, sharp-pointed, style long, stigma minute ; capsule }-4 in., ovoid, long-pointed, seeds several, oblong. large, stout, smooth or slightly velvety, branch- ed; leaves 1-3 in., upper alternate, ovate, oblong, or heart-shaped ovate, coarsely toothed, stalk 3-1 in.; flowers small, greenish in loose-flowered erect clusters, lower axillary, upper alternate, forming long straight narrow leafless branching racemes 12 in. or more in length, main flower stalk and lesser flower stalks short, stout, erect, calyx lobes 5, rounded, margins thin, dry, two upper corolla lobes longer than the others, stamens enclosed in the corolla, staminode round; capsule ovoid, beaked, seeds wrinkled, in other respects like the last species. large, annual, stout and smooth below, velvety sticky above, stem slightly 4-angled; leaves 2-8 in., upper alternate, ovate or ovate and _ heart- shaped, round toothed, sometimes lobed at the base, leaf stalk 3-1 in. long, sometimes with projec- tions ; flowers greenish, very small in stiff erect very large branched leafless racemes, flower stalks 822 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, HeERBs, ERECT, WITH OprosiTE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Buchnera hispida, SCROPHULARIACER. F. B. I. iv. 298. The Plains to 9,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Dharmpur. Verbena officinalis, Hemigraphis latebrosa, var. rupestris, ACANTHACES, F. B. I. iv. 423. Koti above Kalka. Lear Mareins ToorHen. Perats UNITED. STAMENS Four. short, calyx 5-fid, segments rounded, margins thin, dry, corolla 5-lobed, very short, 2 upper lobes much longer than the lateral, stamens 5, in unequal pairs, far protruding, staminode broad, style thread like; capsule round, seeds somewhat wrinkled. small to medium size, annual, stiff, slender, bristly, often branched above ; leaves 1-2 by 3-12 in., lower oblong or ovate broad at the apex, upper linear oblong or lanceolate, toothed or not, blunt pointed ; flowers white or pale purple, 3 in. long, sessile, solitary, in the axils of leaves forming ter- minal spikes, 6-10 in. long, calyx $in., tubular 5-toothed bristly, corolla lobes 5, spreading, nearly equal, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, enclosed in the corolla, style short, stigma round ; capsule oblong, shorter than the calyx, seeds very many, oblong, netted. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. medium size, branches many, spreading velvety ; ‘leaves 23 by 1-12 in. long, pointed at both ends, ~ ovate, toothed, leaf stalk 1-12 in., on the secondary flowering branches much smaller, bracts ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx, except in the outer- most flowers where they are stalked ; flowers 3-3 in., blue, sessile in dense heads terminal or nearly axillary on short branchlets, bracteoles none, calyx 5-fid, segments linear lanceolate, nearly equal, 3-1 in., whitish, hairy, corolla narrowly tubular funnel-shaped, tube white or yellowish, lobes blue, 5, rounded, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, just enclos- ed in the corolla, longer pair bearded in the upper half, shorter pair smooth, anthers triangular, sharp- PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 823 HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs, Strobilanthes atropurpureus, ACANTHACES. F. B. I. 472. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft Simla, Matiana Hattu (Collett). Murree (Douie). Acrocephalus capitatus, LABIATA. F. B. L. iv. 611. The Plains to 5,000 ft. In moist places. Pogostemon plectranthoides, LaBIATz. eB: £. iv. 632. Himalaya, 1-5,000 ft. Sutlej Valley. Suni (Collett). Lear Marcins ToorHen. Perats UNIveD. STAMENS Four. pointed, style long, unequal lobes; capsule + in., linear, hairy, seeds 6, hairy when wet. small to medium size, perennial, flowering at in- tervals of several years, growing in forests and swampy ground, velvety, sometimes sticky, stem 4 angled or furrowed; leaves 2-4 by 13-2 in., ovate or ovate lanceolate smooth, round or sharp toothed, tapering into a winged stalk; flowers blue, 1: in. solitary or in pairs at intervals on spikes 1-6 in, long, bracts leaf-like, persistent, bracteoles linear, calyx 5-fid, segments linear, corolla-tube curved, cylindric below, dilated above, pale blue, lobes 5, dark blue, nearly equal, rounded, 3-3 in. across, stamens 4, in unequal pairs on the corolla tube alternate with the lobes, anther bases blunt, style tip curved back ; capsule ? in. long, oblong, sticky, seeds #4 in., 4 or less. small, annual, slightly velvety, branched from the base or not; leaves 3-1 in., ovate or lanceolate, coarsely toothed, narrowed to the stalk ; flowers 23 in. pale purple, sessile, crowded in stalked ter- minal round heads, 4 in. diam., with 2 spreading leaves at the base, calyx 2-lipped, upper lip un- divided, flat, lower shorter 4-toothed, corolla tube very short, nearly equally 4-lobed, stamens 4, nearly equal, enclosed in the corolla, toothless, style 2-fid ; nutlets smooth. large, perennial, strongly scented, velvety, bushy, branches round, often purple; leaves 3-6, ovate, stalked, long-pointed, coarsely and toothed ; flowers i irregularly in., pinkish-white, in large circular clusters in many cylindric spikes, forming terminal erect branching racemes, florai leaves 824 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExstIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Dysophylla crassicaulis, LaBiaTa. F, B. I. iv. 640. Himalaya, 2-4,000 ft. Kashmir. Chama, Kulu. Elsholtzia incisa, LaBiata. PF. B. I. iv. 644. Himalaya, 3-5,000 ft. Elsholtzia strobilifera, Lasiats. FE, B, I. iv. 645. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Lear Marcins ToorHen. Prrats UNITED. Stamens Four. bract-like, hairy, glandular, ovate, short-pointed ; calyx tubular, 5-toothed, teeth nearly equal, corolla tube-curved, longer than the calyx, 4-lobed, lobes nearly equal, blunt, stamens 4 nearly equal, pro- truding far, lilac, bearded with long lilac beaded hairs, style 2-fid ; nutlets smooth. medium size, annual, smooth, strongly smelling, found in swamps ; leaves 4-6 in a circle, 1-2 in. long narrowly oblong or lanceolate, toothed, blunt; flowers minute, blue purple, in large circles crowded on slender cylindric terminal spikes 1-4 in. long, bracts lanceolate broad towards the tip, calyx minute, ovoid, 5-toothed, teeth erect or converging, corolla minute, 4-lobed, upper lobe 2-fid or un- divided, lower spreading, stamens 4, protruding, very long, bearded, style 2-fid ; nutlets very small, circular, flattened, pale, shining. medium size to large, branches 4-angled; leaves 1-2 in., broadly ovate, blunt pointed, coarsely round-toothed, stalk long, winged above ; flowers very small, white in very slender cylindric spikes 2-4 in. long, bracts small, slender, calyx sessile, sticky, 5-toothed, bell-shaped, enlarged in fruit, corolla 4-lobed, upper lobe nearly erect, notched, the others spreading, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, protruding, not bearded, style 2-lobed, lobes awl- like ; nutlets smooth, shining. small to medium size, slightly hairy; leaves 4-1 in., ovate, stalked, round or sharp-toothed ; flowers minute, pale purple on cylindric hairy or velvety cone-like spikes 3-14 in., bracts broad, thin, fringed, forming cups nearly concealing the flowers, calyx 9) PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB, | 825 HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Elsholtzia cristata, LABIATX. F. B. I. iv. 645. Himalaya, 1-9,000 it. Simla (Collett). Changlagalli (Douie). Perilla ocimoides, Bhanjiri. LABIAT#. F. B. 1. iv. 646. Himalaya, 2-5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Mentha sylvestris, Horse Mint, LaBiat x. Heeb. 1. iv. 647. Himalaya, 4-12,000 ft. Simla in wet places (Collett). Baluchistan (Aitchi- son). Lear Mareins ToorHen. Prrats UNITED. STAMENS Four. thin, transparent, tubular, corolla-tube slender, longer than the calyx, lobes 4, stamens and style as in the last species; nutlets red brown, shining. small to medium size, nearly smooth, fragrant; leaves 1-4 in., lanceolate, coarsely toothed, long- stalked, long-pointed, thin;, gland-dotted beneath ; flowers very small, pink purple in broad velvety one-sided spikes 1-22 in., bracts stalked leaf-like, round with a sharp abrupt point, calyx tubular, hairy, corolla tube curved, stamens style and nutlets as in the last species. medium size, annual, aromatic, shaggy ; leaves 3-5 In., ovate or rounded, blunt, sharp or round- toothed, stalk 1-3 in. ; flowers white, small in pairs on long one-sided erect axillary and terminal simple or branching racemes, bracts lanceolate as long as the flowers, calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, becoming much larger 2-lipped in fruit, corolla 5-lobed , stamens 4, hardly protruding, style 2-fid ; nutlets nearly round, netted. medium size, strongly scented, perennial; leaves 1-3 in., lanceolate, ovate or oblong, sharply-toothed, nearly sessile, short-pointed, grey velvety above, white-felted below; flowers lilac, small in large clusters, crowded on axillary and terminal cylindric tapering spikes 1-3 in., bracts lower leaf-like, upper smaller, lanceolate, calyx sharply 5-toothed, bell- shaped, hairy, corolla 4-lobed, lobes erect nearly equal, stamens 4, equal, protruding not bearded, style arms short; nutlets netted: var. incana is generally grey-felted. 826 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, ol. XX, HERBS, ERECT, WITH OpposITE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Mentha arvensis, LABIATZ. F. B. I. iv. 648. Kashmir, 5-10,000 ft. Baluchistan (May- nard). Micromeria biflora and hydaspidis, Blepharis sindica, ACANTHACES. F. B. I. iv. 479. The Plains. Biepharis edulis, ACANTHACE. F. B. I. iv. 479. The Plains. Baluchistan (Stocks. ) Lear Mareins ToorHen. Prerats UNITED. STtaMEeNS Four. medium size, hairy or smooth; leaves 1-2 in., flowers in round axillary head-like clusters, in other respects like the last species. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Corol- la Two-lipped. COROLLA ONE-LIPPED. small, rough or prickly ; leaves 1-2 in., linear or narrowly oblong, velvety, toothed or spinous; flowers 3-3 in., blue in few or many-flowered, 2-3 in. long spikes, bracts 1 in. or more, ovate with spread- ing lanceolate tips, prickly, hairy within and without, bracteoles } in., linear, hairy, shorter than the bracts, calyx 4-lobed, two outer lobes % in., ovate, 2 inner 3 in. narrowly ovate, corolla-tube ‘ ovoid, horny, one-lipped, the lower broad, 3-lobed, stamens 4,in unequal pairs, thick, rigid, anterior pair have a process above the anthers, anthers densely bearded, style linear, very shortly 2-fid; capsule 3 in. oblong with rounded ends, flattened, shining brown, seeds 2, } in., prickly. very like the last, but larger with large leaves and larger corolla. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 827 HERBS, ERECT, WITE OpposITE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Tencrium quadrifarium, Germander, LABIATS. ¥, B. I. iv. 701. Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Bonnaya brachiata, SCROPHULARIACES, F. B. I. iv. 284. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett. ) Mosla dianthera, SCROPHULARIACE. PF. BI. iv. 647, Himalaya, 1-6,000 ft. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Lear Mareins Tooruen. PETats UNITED. CoroLtta ONE-LIPPED. large, stout stem square, nearly round below, hairy; leaves 2-3 in., ovate or oblong ovate, shortly-stalked, base heart-shaped, short-pointed, toothed, often wrinkled, flowers purple, 2 in. long, sessile in pairs on one side of erect branching racemes, bracts $ in., broadly ovate, abruptly ending in a long point, hairy near the base, con- cealing the flowers, red purple, calyx $in., uppor lip rounded, 2 lower short pointed or blunt, corolla l-lipped, upper lip none, lower lip 5-lobed, long, broad, lateral lobes tooth-like, short pointed, terminal lobe broad, concave, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, protruding from the corolla-tube, style undivided ; nutlets minute, wrinkled. CoroLLa TWO0-LIPPED. STAMENS Two. small, erect or prostrate, rigid, annual, quite smooth; leaves 3-11 in, oblong, blunt or short- pointed, sessile, sharply deeply toothed ; flowers qin, long, white, spotted or tinged with pink, bracteate, on short axiliary stalks, forming terminal racemes, calyx 5-lobed, segments linear, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip erect, undivided, lower broad, 3-lobed, stamens 2 only, as one pair are aborted, stigma, flat, 2-lobed; capsule narrow cylindric, much longer than the calyx, seeds many, wrinkled. medium size, annual, strong scented, slender, slightly velvety; leaves 1-12 in., ovate, short- pointed, toothed, stalked ; flowers + in. long, white or purplish in twos on one-sided terminal and axil- lary racemes, bracts very minute or the lower leafy, calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, nearly equal 828 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExstIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Salvia glutinosa, Sage, LABIATS. he Bai ive Gow: Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Lace). Salvia hians, LABIATs#. F. B. I. iv. 653. Himalaya, 8-11,000 ft. Kashmir (Falconer). Salvia asperata, LABIAT#. F. B. I. iv. 654. Himalaya, 5-6,000 ft. Kashmir (Falconer). Lear Marcins ToorHeED, Prerans UNITED. CoRoLLA Two-LIPPED. Stamens Two, or 2-lipped, base pouched, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip notched, lower 3-lobed, lips short, stamens 2 on the posterior side, short, erect, apart, staminodes 2; nutlets 4, round, smooth or netted. large, perennial, very sticky, hairy, strongly scented; leaves 4-7 by 2-4 in., ovate oblong, two processes sticking out at the base, like a barbed arrow head, toothed, leaf stalk 1-3 in.; flowers 1-13 in., yellow, shortly stalked in large branched erect spreading racemes, floral leaves very small, calyx widely bell-shaped, 4+ in., upper lip ovate, short pointed, corolla-tube longer than the calyx, 2-lipped, upper lip dotted with purple, long, cury- ed, flattened from side to side, concave, lower wide, 3-lobed, stamens 2, wide apart, each divid- ing into two horns, upper horn with a perfect anther, lower with none, style long curved project- ing from the concavity of the upper lip, 2-fid;: nutlets 4, triangular, 3 in., smooth. very like the last species, but leaf-stalk much longer, often 10 in., leaves broader, calyx much wider, corolla’ 13 in., blue, lips shorter, nutlets larger. medium size, perennial, rough, branched, some- what glandular and hairy ; leaves 3-6 by 2-3 in., oblong ovate, heart-shaped, blunt, round-toothed, leaf-stalk long, floral leaves 1 in. diam. or less, rounded, bristly, tipped with a sharp hard point; flowers 2 in. long, white, arranged in distant 6-10- flowered circles on an erect spike, calyx i in. long, widely bell-shaped, hairy, stiff, 2-lipped, upper lip PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. HERBS, ERECT, WITH OPPosITE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Salvia Moorcroftiana, LABIATA. mb. T. iv. 654. Himalaya, 4-9,000 ft. Shali, Solon (Collett). Sanawar. Rawalpindi. Hazara (Douie). Salvia lanata, LABiaT a, Heeb. 1: iv. 654. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree. Salvia dumetorum , LaBiatz. fees: T. iv. 655. Kashmir, 6,000 ft. (Falconer, Clarke). 36 Lear Mareins ToorHen. Petats UNITED, CoROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS Two. 3-toothed, like the last species, stamens 2, as in the last species, but the horns connected by hard projections, bent backwards and the imperfect anther abruptly dilat- ed, style and nutlets as in the last species but smaller. corolla tube short slender, otherwise medium size to large, stout, woolly; leaves 6-12 by 3-5 in. oblong or rounded, heart-shaped, blunt, round-toothed, upper surface nearly smooth or cot- tony, closely wrinkled, under surface white-felted, thick, stalk green bordered and veined, round and abruptly pointed; flowers 1 in. long, pale blue, lilac or whitish in distant 6-10-flowered circles round an erect spike, calyx + in., bell-shaped, teeth spinous, upper lip 3-toothed, stamens, style and nutlets as in the last species, rough, corolla, but larger. very like the last species, but rather smaller, more woolly, leaves not stalked, flowers blue-grey, 3in, long. large, perennial, very stout, much branched, hairy, felted or velvety ; leaves 3-4 by 13-23 in., ovate or oblong heart-shaped, doubly round-tooth- ed, somewhat wrinkled above, leaf-stalk 1-4 in., floral leaves small, rounded with a hard sharp point 4 in. long ; flowers 3-3 in. long, blue in sticky dis- tant 6-flowered circles round an erect-spike, calyx 1 in., nearly sessile, ovate bell-shaped, 2-lipped, 830 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. HERBS, ERECT, WITH OpposiITE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Salvia plebeia, LABIAT. F. B. L. iv. 655. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Sutlej Valley, Suni (Collett). Salvia zgyptiaca, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 656. The Plains, 1-2,000 ft. Chakwal, Jhelum Dist. (Douie). : Baluchistan (Hughes- Buller). Sesamum indicum, Gingelly, Dat. PEDALIACES. F. B. I. iv. 387. The Plains. Baluchistan. Lear Mareins ToorHen. Prrats UNITED. CoroLia Two-LIPPED. STamMEnS Two. upper lip curved back with 3 converging teeth, lower abruptly 2-toothed, corolla, stamens, style and nutlets as in the last species. medium size, annual, stem stout, roughly velvety; leaves 1-3 in., ovate or oblong, toothed, blunt, stalk- ed, floral leaves small, upper lanceolate ; flowers + in. long, lilac or nearly white in numerous small circles in several slender branching racemes, calyx — + in. stalked, upper lip not toothed, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip short, nearly straight, stamens, style and nutlets like the last species but smaller. small, perennial, hairy, stiff, much branched from the base ; leaves hardly 1 in. long, linear or lan- ceolate, short-pointed, rigid, round-toothed ; flowers small, | in. in distant 2-3-flowered circles, calyx with hairy glands, upper lip round, minutely 3- toothed, lower lip, 2 awl-shaped teeth, corolla, stamens, style and nutlets as in the last species. Stamens Four. medium size, annual, velvety; leaves 3-5 in, oblong or ovate toothed, upper alternate, lower opposite, often lobed; flowers 14 in., white or purplish, sometimes marked , with yellow, axillary, solitary or a few clustered together on short stalks, ealyx 1 in., 5-fid, segments lanceolate, corolla 2- lipped, velvety, tube swollen out, nearly pouched PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 831 Heres, ERECT, WITH OpposiITE ExstIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Mimulus gracilis, Lindenbergia macrostach ya, SCROPHULARIACE. eee: Liv. 261. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Sutlej Valley. Suni (Collet). Lindenbergia polyantha, SCROPHULARIACES. Rese tv. 262. The Plains to 6,000 ft. On walls and banks. Lear Mareins TootHen. Prerants UNITED. Coronna TWO-LIPPED. Sramens Four. \ at the base, lobes 5, rounded, stamens/4, in un- equal pairs, enclosed in the corolla, anthers divided at the base, style thread-like, stigma 2-lobed; capsule 1 by jin., erect, rough, 4-angled, oblong, pointed, seeds many, brown, oblong. This plant is cultivated for the oil which is expressed from the seeds. see Herbs, Hrect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple Entire. large, smooth or velvety, stem stiff, stout, or slender ; leaves ovate, smooth, toothed ; flowers + in. long, yellow crowded in terminal or axillary, one- sided, rigid spikes, bracts shorter than the calyx, calyx 5-fid, bell-shaped, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip recurved, 2-lobed, lower lip much larger, 3-lobed with 2 permanent folds at the base, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, enclosed in the calyx, style slender, stigma 2-lobed ; capsule lanceolate, 2-grooved, seeds many, minute. medium size, coarsely velvety, stout or slender ; leaves 3-2 in. long, ovate, blunt, round-toothed, stalk short ; flowers yellow, +in. long, on one-sided axillary and terminal leafy spikes, 2-6 in. long, bracts ovate, longer than the calyx, calyx; in. long, 5-fid, lobes blunt, corolla, stamens and style as in the last species; capsule smooth above, hairy below, otherwise capsule and seeds as in the last species. 832 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. XX. HERBS, ERECT, WITH OPPOSITE ExXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lindenbergia urticzfolia, ScROPHULARIACER. KF. B. I, iv. 262. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra, Common on walls (Collett). Choa Saidan Shah (Douie). Baluchistan (Boissier.) Herpestis hamiltoniana, Torenia cordifolia, ScROPHULARIACES. F. B. IL. iv. 276. The Plains to 6,000 ft. - Valleys below Simla (Collett). Kothi. Vandellia crustacea, Vandellia erecta, LEAF Mareins ToorHen. Perats Unirep. CoroLia Two-LiPPED. Stamens Four. small, annual, slender, rough from glands or nearly smooth ; leaves 1-123 in. long, ovate, blunt, round-toothed, thin, stalk 4-2 in. ; flowers 3 in., yellow, shortly stalked one-sided all axillary, and solitary, or in pairs, or in leafy slender spikes, bracts longer than the calyx, calyx % in., lobes turned back, corolla slightly hairy, capsule hairy above the middle, other characters like the last species. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Margins Entire. small, annual, stems and branches 4-angled ; leaves 1-13 in., ovate, sharply toothed, stalked ; flowers 3? in. long, llac or blue purple solitary on axillary stalks, crowded at the end of branches, calyx 2 in., ovoid or oblong, winged, base rounded or heart-shaped, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip erect, concave, notched, lower larger, spreading, 35-lobed, tube cylindrical, dilated above, stamens 4, in un- equal pairs, style linear curved, stigma flat, ?- lobed ; capsule oblong, short-pointed, seeds many, wrinkled. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Margins Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Margins Entire. _ Euphrasia officinalis, PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 833 HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Mareins ToorHen. Prrats UNITED. CoroLia Two-LIPPED. STAMENS Four. Vandellia small, smooth, annual, stem 4-angled ; leaves 3-3 nummularifolia, in., nearly round, round toothed, sessile or nearly SCROPHULARIACE. so; flowers ; in. long, red-purple, edges white F. B. I. iv. 282. on axillary stalks or few-flowered Himalaya, 2-7,000 ft. racemes, calyx 5-toothed, 3 in., corolla 2-lipped, upper lip Valleys below Simla erect, broad concave, notched, lower spreading (Collett). 3-lobed, stamens 4, lower pair with a broad tooth, Kasauli. stigma 2-lobed ; capsule + in. long, much longer than the calyx, long, pointed, seeds wrinkled. Vandellia sessiliflora, SCROPHULARIACER. F, B. I. iv. 282. Himalaya, 2-7,000 ft. Kashmir. like the last species, except that the flowers are sessile as the specific name implies. small, velvety, glandular, branching, slender ; Eyebright, leaves 3-3 In. ovate, sessile, sharply toothed ; flow- SCROPHULARIACES. ers 7-3 in., white or lilac, purple-veined, throat F. B. I. iv. 305. tinged with yellow in terminal spikes, bracts leaf- like, calyx 4-lobed, tubular, corolla 2-lipped, tube cylindric, longer than the calyx, upper lip erect, Himalaya, 7-13,000 ft. Mahasu, Fagu, Hattu (Collett). 2-lobed, lower spreading, 3-lobed, lobes notched, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, anthers hairy, lower pair long-spurred, style long, stigma round; capsule oblong, flattened, seeds many, oblong, grooved. Bartsia Odontites, medium size, annual, rough, wiry, 4-angled, SCROPHULARIACEX. branched, branches ending in leafy spikes ; leaves 5. I. iv. 303. 4-2 in., lanceolate, somewhat toothed, sessile; flowers Kashmir, 7-8,000 ft. 4 in., pink in nearly one-sided spikes, lower bracts (Clarke), leafy, calyx 4-fid, bell-shaped, lobes ovate, short- pointed, equal to the tube, corolla 2-lipped, velvety, tube slender, upper lip erect, long, entire, lower 834 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, HERBS, ERECT, WITH OpposITE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Phryma leptostachya, VERBENACES. F. B. I. iv. 561. Himalaya, 3-7,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Ocimum basilicum, Qcimum sanctum, - Orthosiphon pallidus, LABIATA. F. B. I, 1v. 6138. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Kashmir. Lear Mareins Tooruen. Prrauts UNITED. CoroLia Two-LIPPED, STaMENS Four. convex, 3-lobed, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, under the upper lip, anthers yellow, spurred, protruding ; capsule ; in., longer than the calyx, seeds many, narrowly oblong. medium size, thinly hairy ; leaves 2-4 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, stalked, toothed ; flowers 3-3 in. long, pink in long slender terminal or axillary spikes 6-15 in. long, bracts linear, small, bracteoles minute, calyx } in., tubular, teeth 3, linear, with purple hooks, corolla small, tubular, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, concave, notched, lower larger, spreading, 3-lobed, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, enclosed in the corolla, style 2-lobed ; capsule dry, oblong, enclosed in the reflex calyx, seed solitary, loose. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Margins Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Margins Entire. small, perennial, smooth or slightly velvety, stout, woody stock, branches many; leaves 3-2 in., ovate, blunt, coarsely sharp or round-toothed, stalk 1-1 n., the length of the leaf blade ; flowers white, ¢ in. long, in long or short, stout or slender racemes, bracts minute, calyx ovoid, fruiting calyx turned down, upper tooth broad, thin, lateral and lower awl-shaped, corolla-tube equal to the calyx, 2-lip-_ ped, upper lip 3-4-fid, lower undivided concave, stamens 4, curved forward, enclosed in the corolla, nutlets nearly round, flattened, pale, nearly smooth. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 835 HERBS, BRECT, WITH OpposI1E EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Orthosiphon rubicundus, LaBIATA. F. B. I. iv. 615. Himalaya, 2-5,000 ft. Plectranthus, Gerardianus, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 617. Himalaya, 3-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Plectranthus striatus, Lapiata, F. B. IL. iv. 618. Himalaya 4-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Plectranthus coetsa, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 619. Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft. Simla. Lear Mareins ToorHen. Perazts UNITED. ss CoroLia Two-LIPPED. STAMENS Four. medium size, perennial, felted, velvety or smooth, stems 4-angled; leaves 2-4 in. long, corolla white or pink, twice as long as the calyx, nutlets minu- tely pitted, otherwise like the last species. large, perennial, smooth ; leaves 3-7 by 1-4 in., ovate, long-pointed, round-toothed, lower leaves stalked, floral leaves and bracts small; flowers white and purple, dotted, ¢ in. long, in small clus- ters forming axillary or terminal branched racemes, calyx bell-shaped, elongated and curved in fruit, gland-dotted, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip short, broad, recurved, 3 or 4-lobed, lower longer, boat- shaped, undivided, stamens 4, in unequal pairs along the lower lip of the corolla, ununited, projecting, style nearly equally divided ; nutlets oblong with rounded ends. small and roughly velvety, otherwise like the last species. large, perennial, velvety, strong smelling; leaves 2-4 by 1-2fin.,[ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharp or round-toothed, corolla lavender-blue, tube abruptly bent, much longer than the calyx, otherwise like the last species. 836 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Heres, ERECT, WITH OpposITE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Plectranthus ternifolius, LaBIATH. F, B. I. iv.- 621. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Plectranthus incanus, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 621. The Plains from 1-6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Coleus barbatus, LABiIaTs. ¥. B. I. iv. 625. Himalaya, 2-7,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Coleus aromaticus, LaBiatTas. FW. B. I. iv. 625. The Plains cultivated. Lear Mareins TootHEnD, PETALS Uniren. CoroLLa Two-LIPPED. STAMENS Four. large, densely white-felted ; leaves sometimes in threes round the stem or branches, corolla white, nutlets 3-angled, otherwise like the last species. medium size, velvety; leaves 2-4 in., broadly ovate, calyx 2-lipped, lower lip with 3 long-pointed teeth, corolla pale lavender-blue, tube nearly straight, lower lip very long nutlets large nearly round, otherwise like the last species. medium size, stem stout, hairy; leaves 3-5 in., ovate, blunt, round-toothed, stalked, upper surface hairy, lower felted, flowers 3-1 in. long, pale blue in circular clusters of 6-8 forming long, leafless, spike- like racemes, bracts ovate, soon falling off, upper calyx-lip rounded, ovate, short-pointed, 5-toothed ‘stamens united below, other characters like those of the last species. medium size, very aromatic; leaves broadly ovate, corolla pale purplish, stamens shortly pro- truded, other characters like those of the last species (To be continued). M ‘ ‘00S ‘“LSIH “LYN AvaWog ‘Nanor 837 A NOTE ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE GIANT CREEPER. CALYCOPTERIS FLORIBUNDA. BY . Proressor V. N. Harte, B. Sc. (With a Plate.) The plant Calycopteris floribunda, also called Getonia floribunda is fully described morphologically in all works on Bombay Flora. But this morphological description will not assist us in understand- ing the phenomenon of the dripping of water exhibited by the plant, when a piece of the stem, nearly a foot in length and stout as one’s wrist, is cut off from the entire plant, to which attention has been drawn by Mr. Wallace, C. E. In connection with this phenomenon a little consideration will tell us that it resolves itself into two factors, namely, that there must be a mechanism for readily absorbing and retaining large quanti- ties of water in the body of the plant and that there must be the means for preventing free evaporation or escape of water from the body of the plant. ‘To understand properly these two things we must examine microscopically, the structural details of the plant and study its surroundings. We shall consider the latter first. This plant grows more or less upon rocky soils, exposed to great heat, subject to great variations of temperature during 24 hours and long periods of drought. In short the plant grows in such conditions that it may be called a xerophyte. Now all xerophytes show a definite response in their structure to their environment, and thus we are led to examine closely the structural details of this plant to make out any special adaptations, and we find we are not disappointed in that. The stem has the general structure of a Dicotyledonous plant, being monostelic and having open fibrovascular bundles. extremity of the Vehar Lake, I came across a young Palmyra, whose bole was in the process of being embraced by four different Figs, such as Ficus bengalensis, Ficus Tsiela, Ficus religiosa and Ficus glomerata. ‘Tickell’s Flower-pecker, I magine, is mainly responsible for this phenomenon, as this pretty little bird is very common round the Vehar Lake catchment area forest. Karacut, 29th September 1910. G. M. RYAN, F.z.s. No. XLV.—THE VARIETIES OF HIBISCUS CULTIVATED IN GARDENS. Mr. O. V. Bosanquet, I.C.8., the Resident of Baroda, in a letter recently asked for information in regard to the different varieties of Hibiscus im cultivation in gardens on this side of India, and this inquiry induced me to try and ascertain how many could be found. No one appears to have MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 898 a collection at the present time, although, I learn, that Mr. Krumbiegel, the Superintendent of the Lal Bagh Gardens, Bangalore, is starting one. Many years ago, Mr. Robert Campbeil had a considerable number of varieties at his garden on Malabar Hill, Bombay, and a Parsee gentleman, the late Mr. Framji Nanabhoy Davar, also possessed some 25 different varieties at his garden at Tardeo, Bombay. The difficulty of distinguishing clearly between varieties has been some- what increased by the hybridisation of some, so that I can only describe the colours of the flowers and cannot give names, except in a very few instances. The following varieties were shown at our meeting on the 29th September 1910, and it may be of interest to put them on record. DouBLE VARIETIES. Double white changing to red (Hibiscus mutabilis). LS) hI Salmon with dark crimson eye. Scarlet with dark crimson eye. Searlet with no eye. Scarlet and white, mixed stripes. ST oe Dark maroon (the flower of this variety frequently does not open properly). Double white (H. syracus). “I SINGLE VARIETIES. Pale biscuit with white eye. oh » with crimson eye. Salmon with crimson eye. Hie 5 (semi-double). Deep salmon or apricot, with crimson eye. De oo NO Pink with white stripe on inside of petal, crimson and white striped eye. 7. Pale pink with crimson eye. 8. Pale pink with no eye. 9. Pink with red eye. 10. Pink (Aibiscus mutabilis). 11. Rose pink with cerise eye. 12. Rose pink with no eye. 13. Light crimson with small dark eye. 14. Light crimson with large dark eye. 15. Scarlet with crimson eye. 16. Crimson (H. rosa sinensis) normal. $5 * % with recurved petals and darker eye. 18. Cut-petalled (H. schizopetalus). There appear to be 2 varieties of this. 19. Mauve lilac with red eye (H. syrzacus). 20. Yellow, small flower. 894 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. 21. Reddish orange, small flower. 22. Tree variety : white or flesh-coloured small open flowers with dark reddish eye (H. collinus). 23. Tree variety: large yellow flowers with maroon eye, flowers turning red when old. Leaves three lobed (H. tricuspis). 24. Tree variety: large tawny red flowers with dark crimson eye, thick fleshy leaves, cordate to almost circular (H. tortuosus). H. rosa sinensis coopert with variegated leaves and H. tiliaceus, a tree with yellowish flowers, although not amongst the specimens exhibited, are also to be found in our Bombay gardens. If any members have specimens of any other varieties, I shall be glad if they will communicate with me. Bomepay, October 1910. W. S. MILLARD. No. XLVI.—NOTE ON SUBMERGED TREE STUMPS DISCOVERED IN BOMBAY HARBOUR. (With an illustration.) In a paper published in our Journal, Vol. V, No. 2, 1890, entitled “Prehistoric Bombay ”’ by W. E. Hart, an account is given of the various evolutions of nature that took place before our present Bombay as a single Island, to quote Mr. Hart’s words, ‘rose, as did of old, the Goddess of Beauty from the sea.” To shortly summarise Mr. Hart’s paper, he deduces from the evidences of marine and land fossils in the deposits on the flats and at Byculla and the discovery of a submerged forest in the excavation of Prince’s Dock, that after the various flows of the trap had completed the general formation of this portion of Western India, an area of some 1,000 square miles, including what is now Bombay, broke off from the Coast and was submerged in the sea ; and that subsequently in the area that includes Bombay there were at least 2 upheavalsand the subsequent subsidences, the last of which left Bombay as a succession of Islands which were eventually joined together by the silting up of the deposits brought down by the neighbouring creeks. The purpose of the present note is to place on record the finding of some additional trees in somewhat similar circumstances to those mentioned in Mr. Hart’s paper, as having been found by Mr. George Ormiston in the excavation for the Prince’s Dock. Mr. Ormiston states that he discovered some 400 trees, 223 of which were still standing at a depth of about 32 feet below high water. Of those fallen several showed signs of having been burnt, from which he deduces the presence of man. The trees or rather tree stumps discovered during the excavation for the New Docks were only 4 in number, 3 of which were standing. Their position is nearly half a mile from what was a few years ago the foreshore ~ MISCELLANLOUS NOTES. 895 and 40 feet below high water o.s.r. The largest of the stumps is 6:3 in height and 5 feet diameter. These trees appear to have been growing on the side of a creek which is filled with a light blue clay. Im this blue clay, a lot of drift wood, containing fossils of the Toredo navalis was found. The illustration is of one of the largest of the stumps found standing, the roots of which are seen spreading out over the rocky moorum. This tree was embedded in the blue clay with a very thin layer of moorum between the clay and the rock. Specimens of two of the three stumps were exhibited at our meeting in the hope that some of the botanical members present might be able to identify them. The trees found in the Prince’s Dock were stated to have been a specimen of Acacia (Acacia catechu). I have compared this timber with some of that taken from the Prince’s Dock, and as far as I can tellit isthe same. Some ofthe drift wood which, it will be noticed, has quite perished, although the toredo and portion of the wood has been fossilised, was also exhibited. Two of the tree stumps are still standing, and I should be glad to show them to any members who are interested in the subject. The finding of these trees does not throw any new light on the conclusion arrived at by Mr. Hart, but simply shows that the last subsidence was one of over 40 feet and that there was dry land at least 4 mile from the foreshore opposite St. George’s Hospital ; also that in these ancient times our present fine harbour was one of a very much reduced size, if it existed at all. BompBay, 29th September 1910. L. H. SAVILE. 896 PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING HELD ON 29TH SEPTEMBER 1910. A Meeting of the Members of the Bombay Natural History Society took place on Thursday, 29th September 1910, at the Society’s Rooms, 6, Apollo Street, Fort, Mr. John Wallace, C.E., presiding. The election of the following 11 new members since the last meeting was duly announced :— Mr. C. H. Hearsey, S.F.S. (Kaubalu, Burma) ; Hon’ble Surgeon-General H. W. Stevenson, I.M.S. (Poona) ; Mr. A. 8. Campbell (Jalgaon) ; Mr. C. E. Pargeter (Balaghat, C.P.) ; Mr. H. S. G. Vidal (Bombay) ; Major A.S. Teed (Multan); Mr. P. M. D. Sanderson (Bombay) ; Major J. Frizelle (Multan) 2 Mr. C. E. Fendall (Seraham, P.O., Bussahir State, Simla District) ; Mr. G. c C. Wakefield (Hyderabad, Deccan) ; and Mr. B. H. Backhouse (Itarsi, C.P. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM. The Honorary Secretary, Mr. W. 8. Millard, acknowledged the following contributions to the Museum since the last meeting :— : | Contribution. Loeality. Donor. | | | | * | 1 Flying Fox (Pteropus medius) . .| Nasik ..|L. H. Savile. | 2 Red-breasted Paroquets (Pale-|Assam ..|E. O. Shebbere. ormis fasciatus). 4 Kegs of Pheasant-tailed Jacana|Kashmir ..|Major J. W. L. Elgee. | (Hydrophasianus chirurqus). 113 Houbaras, (Houbara macqueent),|Mirpurkhas ../K. Priestley. 3 Black Partridge (Franco- linus vulgaris) 9 Rain (Cortu- nia coromandelisa) and Grey| Quail (Cortunix communis), 4 Squirrels (Funambulus sp.) | | 1 Snake (Simotes juglandifer) ..Ootacamund ..|H. C. Jeddere-Fisher. Dark-coloured Dhaman (Zamenis|Bombay ..|E. R. H. Jackson. MUCOSUS). 11 Snakes .. a ae ..\Kognole, Bel-|Vasuvada. | gaum. Chameleon (Chameleon caicaratus) Dharwar ../T. H. Abraham. (alive). PROCEEDINGS. 897 | Contribution. Welzocalubyanem| Donor. ! | . 1 Young Saw-fish | oe . .|Bombay ..|Capt. Hussells Yates. | 20 Beetles and afew Hymenoptera. Darjeeling ..|S. G. Wood. 39 Beetles .. Me ae A . Kurseong ..|E. A. D’Abreu. 18 Land crabs of 9 species .. Various ../[In_ exchange with | Indian Museum. Series of shells showing develop- Jamnagar ..|J. Wilson Pace. ment of the Pearl Oyster,| (Marginefera sp.) Minor contributions from Colonel Penton, R.A.M.C., Captain Lawson, Mrs. Monteath, Messrs. E. R. Jardine, H.S. Wise, F.C. Purkis, S. G. Wood, C. H. Dunford, W. S. Millard, S. D. Smith, S. H. Prater, P. Gerhardt, L. H. Savile and B. D. Richards. SMALL GAME SHOOTING SEASON, 1910-11. The Honorary Secretary mentioned that it was intended to again issue in the next number of the Journal a “Small Game Shooting Return,” and he appealed to all members to either fill in the schedule themselves or get their friends to do so. In the number of the Journal about to be issued (No. 2, Vol. XX), there was a short report on the shooting season of 1908-09, which was based on only 28 returns, and was therefore very incomplete. From various causes, this report had been delayed, but it is hoped, in future, to issue it in the first number of the Journal which comes out after the shooting season. The schedule had been enlarged to enable fuller information to be given, which would add to the interest of the report. The Honorary Secretary drew the attention of those present to the fact that not a single return had been made by a Bombay member for the season 1908-09; and, there- fore, he regretted to say the Bombay district was not mentioned in the Report. He added that, considering there must be at least 500 members of the Society who shoot regularly, more schedules should be returned, and he hoped that there would be a much larger number sent in at the end of the coming season. Actual dates are required particularly for Snipe, Duck and Grey Quail, arrivals and departures; and members are specially requested to note whether the Snipes are “ Fantail” or “ Pintail.” 898 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. LIBRARY. The Honorary Librarian, Mr. B. D. Richards, acknowledged amongst. recent additions to the Library :— The “Ibis” 1890—1902 presented by Mr. E. Comber. Catalogue of Birds’ Eggs—4 Volumes presented by Trustees of British Museum. “ Rhopalocera Malayana,” by W. L. Distant, purchased, and certain back parts of the “ Avicultural Magazine,” presented by Major Rodon. EXHIBITS. Mr. L. H. Savile exhibited specimens of a tree stump from the Bombay Harbour and enlarged photographs of the trees zm sitw. Mr. W.S. Millard exhibited a few new plants introduced into Bombay, namely, Gloriosa rothschildiana, Odontodenia harrisi, Clerodendron urticaefolia, Tecoma smithi and Musa coccinea, all in flower; and the foliage plants Dieffenbachia majesticus and splendens, Tococa latifolia, Nepenthes master- stana, Phenix rebelini, Dracaena sanderiana and broomfieldi, Musa vittata, Cissus causterlii, Heliconia Edwardus Rex, and young specimens of the hand- some flowering tree Gliricidia maculata and the candle-tree Parmentiera cereifera, the last two having been raised from seeds received from Peradeniya. PAPERS READ. Nore on PREHISTORIC TREE-STUMPS DISCOVERED IN BomBay HaRrsBour. Mr. L. H. Savile said:—The note on prehistoric tree stumps discovered in the Bombay Harbour records the finding of 4 trees of a species of Acacia, embedded in the blue clay which overlies the rock moorum at a depth of 40 feet below the level of high water spring tides. The position of these trees, which was shown on a plan, is nearly half a mile from what a few years ago was the foreshore opposite St. George’s Hospital. Reference was made to a paper by W. E. Hart on “ Prehistoric Bombay,” which mentions the finding of similar trees in the excavation from Prince’s Dock, and the present discovery goes to confirm the conclusion arrived at by Mr. Hart that our present Bombay has experienced at least two upheavals and subsequent subsidences before as a single Island— “She rose, as did of old, the Goddess of Beauty from the seal” NorE ON THE VARIETIES OF HIBISCUS CULTIVATED IN GARDENS. Mr. W. 8S. Millard said he need hardly apologise for introducing an Horticultural subject, as it was impossible to separate Horticulture from Botany or from Agriculture. It was recognized almost everywhere now that these sister subjects must advance hand-in-hand, and it was only on PROCEEDINGS. 899 this side of India that the branch of Horticulture had been so woefully neglected, although in Agriculture we had the reputation of being in advance of the rest of India. Mr. Millard said he had frequently been beseeched to start a Horticultural Society for Bombay, but he could not see how any material advantage was to be gained by such a Society without a Horticultural garden in which experiments could be carried on. Once possessing such a garden, he believed that the large amount of interest, which was taken by residents of Bombay, would ensure a flourishing Horticultural Society. He said from information he obtained, he believed that various persons had from time to time made collections of the different varieties of Hibiscus. Mr. Robert Campbell, many years ago, had a good collection at Malabar Hill, and he remembered hearing of a Parsee gentleman living, he thought, at Tardeo, who possessed some 25 different varieties ; some of these varieties seemed to have disappeared, and as the Huropean’s residence in India could never be more than a temporary one, it was greatly to be desired that Native enthusiasts in horticulture should try and establish collections of these and other flowers (which might almost be called indige- nous now to India) and thus guarantee continuity. Mr. Millard said that his attention had been drawn to this subject by Mr. O. V. Bosanquet, I.C.8., of Baroda, who was trying to start a collec- tion there. He then referred to different varieties, of which 24 single and 7 double were shown. The following gentlemen were thanked for sending specimens :— Mr. C. M. Cursetjee, Dr. R. F. Seervai, the Superintendent, Victoria Gardens, Mr. W. P. Pechey (Byculla Club), Col. K. R. Kirtikar, I.M.S. (Retd.), Lt.-Col. J. G. Hojel, I.M.S., Capt. Haymes (R. A.) and Mr. John Tv. Fry. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBE R—(ontd. PAGE. A NOTE ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE GIANT CREEPER “Calycopteris toribunda. (With a Plate.) By Professor V. N. Hate, Reviews.—Fauna of India. Coleoptera Lamellicorina, I; Catalogue of Orthoptera, Part III. Acridiide ;_ Indian Birds. Records of the Indian Museum..................0+. 841 MISCELLANEOUS NoTES :— I. Hyzena with deformed feet. (With an illustration.) By Canton HnElovd). 1 Mess), 00 co wween nn Nene ean Le, 847 II. Poreupines (Hystriv leucura) found in the hills. By C. [Be NGG Uh Ge ates ive AUB MMO ATE ASM MARNE Rug Ani 848 Til. An abnormal chinkara head. (With an illustration.) LEO Ls Ui MARNE SEA UL ean UTE aeRO Ee Den OU 849 IV. Hardwicke’s Hedgehog (Hrinaceus collaris) at Fatehgarh. BYE Mayor se Kinltonne genom b ane ny panna 84.9 V. King Crows and Butterflies. By H. Leslie Andrewes .. 850 VI. The Spotted Wing (Psaroglossa sptloptera). By Major H. Fulton MPA HET REL CNA HANOI RCRU. AML RC NRIND | 11 MRA 851 VII. The Himalayan Greenfinch (Hypacanthus spinoides). By B. B. Osmaston ..... aN aha ALAIN) Pai Sekt eu 852. VIII. Roller catching its prey in the water. By Gordon DSO deer een ee ae enn ERY co 853 TX. An Albino Hoopoe (Upupa wdica). By A. T. Brooke, SURGE oe GG, c.neas Sitios Aro ene nea onan MIR Uh 858 X. Nesting habits of the Common Pariah Kite (Milvus govinda). By E. A. Dy Abreu; mizis. eal inn 854. XT Nidification of the Sarus Crane (Grus antigone). By Stanley Pershouse bite Ec orb eid al ce bianca aA RUM 854, XII. Woodcock shooting in the Nilgiris. By Capt. G. C. TARR NEOR, ooo Ue aa ae esta ane DURES ee 854. XIII. The Lesser White-fronted or Dwarf Goose on Kabul SCE aya uca Ga Wienalley ei ven 855 XIV. Ducks in Okhamandal. By Capt. A. H. Mosse ......_. 856 XV. Do Smews (Mergus albellus) go in pairs ? Byei@z ahh THCUAEEINS lolp aly bese ieye erie bm era Sad 857 XVI. The Bronze-backed Tree Snake (Dendrelaphis tristis) at Bina, C. P. By E. Bernard Cooke CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER—Ccontd.). XVII. PAGE. MISCELLANEOUS NoTEs—contd. Extension of the habitat of Lycodon fasciatus. By HE. A. D Abrew, Beac8,. 1 RU koe ee ae 857 XVIII. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXXVI. XXVIT. XXVIII. XXIX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXII. XXXIV, XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL. Notes on a brood of young Sea-Snakes (Distira spiralis, Shaw). By Major F. Wall, 1.m.s., c.M.z.s......... Krait and Landria (D. trigonatus). By J. H. Smith Case of Snake bite from Himalayan Viper. By Capt. J. He Me Boyd Ra Mies i005 .5)3.. Ieee 864: 858 863 The food of a bull frog. By H. M.Chibber .......... 865 Fishing in Burma. By Major J. H. Whitehead ...... 865 Argynnis hyperbius, var. castetsi: an appeal. By Lt.-Col. N: Mandersirig.si iol). 0 as 1 866 Notes on Colotisin Sind. By Capt. F. C. Fraser, 1.m.s.. 867 The occurrence of Atella alcippe, Cramer, in North Malabar, By P: Ve Lushine ton, 11:s)... 9 ae 869 Food-plants of Atella phalantha. By H. Leslie Andrewes. 870 Larva of Vanessa indica. By HE. Ernest Green ........ 870 Butterflies of the Konkan. By E. Comber............ 871 Butterflies of Kumaun. Addendum. By F. Hannyngton. 87] Notes on life history of Vanessa indica and kashmirensis. By F. Hannyngton 872 Some butterflies taken at Fatehgarh. By Capt. H.D. Peile 873 By F. Notes on life history of Papilio ravana, Moore. Hann yn ston 360. sed a. seid Ve er 875 Hawk-Moth and Spider. By C. G. C, Trench, t.c.s. .. 876 The food of dragon-flies. By Major H. Fulton ...... 876 An ant granary. By Capt. F. C. Fraser, 1.mM.s. ...... 877 The food of a mantis. By Capt. A. H. Mosse........ 878 A new Indian grass-hopper injurious to Agriculture (Colemania sphenarioides, Bol.) By Leslie C. Coleman, MiAs, (PH. Dis 0 69 Lats kag oe 879 Remarkable mimetic resemblance between a cicadid and an Arctiid moth. By E. Ernest Green ........,... 882 The occurrence of the giant water-bug Belostoma indica in the Hastern Himalayas. By EH. A. D’Abreu, F.z.s... 885 A new method of making permanent preparations of Mosquitoes. By Chas. A. Bentley, M.8., D.P.H., and Capt. J. Taylor) Tames. oy eo ee 885 & £ ouroayy” Useat) P “FATS Ve OE SPT S G41 NiVd =A ime JOURNAL Oh Wr Bombay Natural History Society. May 1911. WOlt, 2X, No. 4. THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, BY PACS SHuARD” BAKER. Eias., EOZS. MOB OLUr IPN IA (With Plate IV) (Continued from page 602 of this Volume.) Family—CHA lA DRIIDAI, GALLINAGO. Genus GALLINAGO GALLINULA. | The Jack Snipe. Scolopax galhnula.—Linn., Syst. Nat., i, p. 244 (1766); Seebohm, Charadriidz, p. 480. Gallinago gallinula.—Blyth, Cat. p. 272; Jerdon, B. of L., iii., p- 676; Hume, Str. Feath., i, p. 285; Adam, ibid, p. 395; Butler, wid, iv, p. 15; Fairbank, ibid, p. 263; id., wid, v, p. 410; Hume & Dav., ibid, vi, p. 459; Dav. and Wendon, ibid, vii, p. 88; Ball, wid, p. 228; Cripps, aid, p. 302; Hume, ibid, p. 484; id, Cat. No. 872; Scully, Str. Feath., viii, p. 356; Legge, B. of Ceylon, p- 828; Hume and Marsh., Game B., iii., p. 373; Vidal, Str. Feath., ix, p. 89; Butler, ibid, p. 428; Reid, ibid, x, p. 69; Eden, ibid, 1 902 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. p. 165; Davidson, ibid, p. 320; Davison, iid, p. 314; Taylor, ibid, p. 465; Oates, B. of B., ii, p. 384; Barnes, B. Bom., p. 346; Hume, Str. Feath., xi, p. 321; W.Gaye, Journal, B.N.H.S., vi, p. 418; Stuart Baker, ibid, xii, p. 501; A. L. Butler, ibid, xin, p. 149; Inglis, ibid, xiv, p. 771; Marshall, ibid, xv, p. 354; Wall, ibid, p. 72; Macdonald, wid, xvii, p. 500; Dresser, Pal. Birds, ii, p. 763; Blanford, F. of B. IL., iv, p. 292; Bahr, Ids, 1907, p. 29; Dresser, ‘Eggs of Eur. Birds,” p. 690; Finn. Ind. Waders, p. 150; Bahr, Proceedings Z. S., June 1907, p. 28. Limnoeryptes gallinula.—Sharpe, Cat. B. M., xxiv, p. 665; 2d., Hand List, i, p. 166; Oates, Game Birds, 1, p. 131; «., Cat. Hees, B. M., ii, p. 66. Vernacular Names.—Chota Chaha (Hin.); Chota Bharea (Nepal); Olan (Tamil); Tibad, Pan Kawa (Mahrati); Daodidap Gajiba (Cachari). Description.—Adult male.—Crown to nape velvety black, stip- pled with rufous, a very broad supercilium pale buff; sides of the head dull white marked with rufous brown, two broad brown streaks running from the bill, the upper through the eye, the lower under the ear-coverts. Hindneck rufous stippled with white and dark brown; back, scapulars and rump black, glossed with purple and green varying in different lights, the outer webs of the scapulars buff, forming two bands and the inner more or less barred with rufous; upper tail coverts and tail dark brown with rufescent buff borders. Lesser and median wing-coverts deep brown or black, with very pale buff or white bars, greater coverts dark brown tipped white, wing quills dark brown, the first primary pale on the base of the outer web and the secondaries tipped with white. Chin white, neck, breast and flanks mixed white, brown and rufous, the brown predominating ; abdomen and — lower breast white, undertail coverts with dark shaft streaks. . Underwing coverts white barred with brown on the edge of the wing; axillaries white, sometimes slightly barred with brown but generally pure white. ; Adult Female.—Similar to the male. Winter Plumage.—‘ Scarcely to be distinguished from the THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 903 summer plumage, except by the greater amount of blackish mottling on the hinder neck and the generally more rufescent colour. ‘The pale bands on the back are lighter ”’ (sic brighter ? ) “but soon fade with exposure, and wear the paler tints of the spring and summer dress.” (Sharpe). There appears to be no difference in size between the sexes or in the colouration of the soft parts. Hume thus writes of this little snipe :—‘I cannot discover any constant or average difference in the sizes of the two sexes; they vary a great deal according to/age, but equally large and small birds of both sexes appear to occur. The following is a resumé of my measarements”’ :— “Length 7-75 to 9-0; expanse 13-25 to 14°80; wing 4:1 to 4-67; tail from vent 1:87 to 2:5; tarsus -89 to -95; bill from gape 1:5 to 1:7; at front 1-57 to 1-74; weight 1:53 to 2-48 oz.” “he legs and feet are pale greenish, at times with a bluish or ereyish shade, generally more or less olive or yellowish; the claws blackish brown; the irides deep brown; the bill is blackish brown at tip, and darkish brown on nares and alone the commissure; the rest paler, sometimes a pale grey brown, sometimes with a fleshy tinge, and sometimes with a dull bluish or slaty tinge, especially towards the base of the lower mandible. Butler calls the colour of the feet ‘‘ pale olive green.” Distribution.—The latest synopsis of the distribution of the Jack Snipe is that given by Oates in the Second Volume of his Game Birds. He writes :—‘‘The Jack Snipe is found over the whole peninsula of India from the Himalayas to the extreme South and also in Ceylon. It has not yet been obtained in the Andamans -and Nicobars and probably does not occur in these islands. To the Hast it ranges from Assam down to Pegu and to the latitudes of Moulmein, but I cannot discover that it has ever been shot in the Shan States.” “This Snipe, in summer, is found in Northern Europe jand Asia up to, and within, the Arctic Circle from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. In winter it migrates to the British Isles, Central and Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Palestine, Persia, India, Burma and China.’’ 904 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. To this we must now add a few other places. Osmaston records it as having been shot by Capt. Turner in 1896 at Port Blair in the Andamans. I have received specimens from the Shan States, and others again from the Federated Malay States. Specimens have also been received by the British Museum from Taiwan (Formosa), Yokohama and Hakodadi. As Hume says, its distribution in the non-breeding season is very perplexing and the thirty years which have passed since he wrote this have added very little to our knowledge as to its Winter haunts. It breeds, as has already been said, practically right across Northern Asia and Hurope but whilst in Winter it is recorded as comparatively common all through Northern Africa and through Asia as far Hast as Bengal, eastward of this it becomes rare in Burmah and almost unknown in China. It may be that its alleged extreme rarity in China is partly due to the fact that sportsmen are not scattered throughout its whole length and breadth as they are in India and so we have not the same number of sporting records. This is not, however, a satisfactory explanation as there are several European settlements, all with their quota of sportsmen and field naturalists who would almost certainly have come across and shot Jack Snipe had they been there to shoot. Again paucity of sportsmen and naturalists 1s no reason for the few records of Jack Snipe obtained from Burmah and there can be no doubt that Hast of the Bay of Bengal the Jack Snipe at once becomes very much more uncommon than it is to the immediate West of it. The only record I can find which shews this bird to be anything but rare Hast of Bengal is made by Oates in his ‘Game Birds,” p. 479, where he remarks :—“ In Upper Burmah where the Jack is fairly common, six may occa- sionally be bagged in one day. Hume suggested that all our birds were possibly Western migrants, but as he himself added, this 1s hardly possible as the birds arrive in Eastern India earlier than they do in the West. Itseems probable, therefore, that the migration of the Jack Snipe when leaving their breeding haunts is Western and South-Western and on the return journey Eastern and North- Hastern We have already shewn that the trend of migration of THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 905 the Pintail Snipe on its southern migration and on entering its winter resorts is decidedly Western and it would appear that the Jack in Asia carries this Western trend to an extreme. Within Indian limits the distribution of the Jack Snipe is very . irregular and they are not nearly as common as either the Pintail or Fantail though on rare occasions they may be come across in considerable numbers. It is to be found more or less all over the Indian continent at different times during the cold season, but there are few places in which one can rely on obtaining more than an odd bird or two with any certainty. Tickell says ‘‘on one or two occasions, in very jungly places of bog and rank weeds interspersed among rice cultivation, I have found the ‘“‘ Jacks” almost monopolizing the ground, to the exclu- sion of the Common Snipe, but this is very rare; | think I have met with more to the Southward, on the borders of Orissa, than in any part of Central India, on either side of the Ganges. In the Calcutta markets, where the Common Snipe is to be seen in heaps, dead and alive, the Jacks are seldom to be met with. They seem to me to take to the more retired parts of the country such as Singh Boom, where, especially in the ghat purrum (beyond the Ghats) the rice cultivation struggles for mastery with the swampy jungle.” In regard to this note Hume remarks: ‘ He is quite wrong, however, about the Calcutta market, to which thousands are yearly brought.” It is, however, very doubtful whether Tickell was really wrong in his estimate, as Finn says, when discussing this same point, there is no doubt that the numbers do fluctuate considerably year by year, but he watched the Calcutta markets very carefully for nine years and in the year 1882, 83 and 84 I did the same and never did either of us see the Jack Snipe exposed for sale in any quantities. Certainly in no year did the Jack Snipe number on an average one in a hundred of the various snipe thus exposed. No very careful record was kept in Hume’s day as to the com- parative number of the various species obtained and all estimates made were very rough and in many cases possibly not quite 906 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. reliable. Fortunately we are now in a position to give actual figures showing the proportion of Jack Snipe to other Snipe shot in many parts of India, sufficient to allow us to give a very close general estimate of their numbers as compared with the Fantail and Pintail. The most carefully compiled table I have received up to the present is one sent me by Mr. R. F. Stoney of the P. W. D. who has been good enough to let me have a complete account showing the snipe shot by him during the last ten years, 1901-2 to 1910, in the districts of Chingleput, Nellore, Madura, Bezwada, Villa- puram, Hllore and Tanjore. From this most interesting table we find that out of 7,131 snipe shot only 60 were Jack and that these were distributed fairly equally throughout the various districts of the Province. Shooting in Cannanore Major Wall, I.M.S., was even less fortunate in coming across this little snipe, for, out of 427, snipe shot, he records that there was only one Jack (B. N. H.5., XVen Pe ei2) Again Mr. H. Sauders, sending me notes on the comparative numbers of the different species of snipe shot by him, says that he got no Jack in Ceylon and that in Bangalore out of 2743 couple of snipe only four couple were Jack, but that shooting round about Lucknow Jack Snipe actually numbered no less than 403 couple in a total bag of 744 couple of snipe. It seems, therefore, that although Tickell records them as being more plentiful in Orissa than elsewhere, the same does not obtain further South. From the Deccan also we have. regular statistics compiled by Mr. W. Gaye and given in this Journal, (Vol. vi, p. 418) for the years 1888-90. There the total number of Snipe bagged is given as 621 of which only 28 were Jack. In Bengal in 1883-84 I kept an account of 2,000 snipe shot and amongst these there were no more than 19 Jack of which 8 were bagged in one day. In Behar, Inglis and others report them as “rather scarce” and “ rare. ” In Upper Burmah, as we have seen, Oates reports them as com- paratively common but Mr. K. C. Macdonald in writing on the birds of Myingyan records that Mr. Prideaux shot only three birds THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 907 during the season 1898-99 and that he himself only shot one Jack out of 461 Snipe shot by him in 1899-1900. In Cachar and Sylhet, as elsewhere, the numbers varied consider- ably in different seasons. One year Capt. (now Col.) Melville - and myself shot 94 couple of Snipe in three days in a bheel near the station of Silchar and got 15 couple of Jack amongst them and that season we must have shot forty couple of Jack at least. One day I got 8 to my own gun. Most years however saw only ten to a dozen killed during the whole cold season and some times the number fell to two or three. In the Brahmapootra Valley 1 found them very rare and I do not remember even seeing more than a couple in one day. The above statistics suffice to show, I think, that the Jack Snipe when compared with the Pintail and Fantail in India is a very much less common bird, though in particularly attractive spots it may occasionally be met with in some numbers. _ It is also possibly more common West and North of Allahabad than it is to the South and Hast and gets rare again in the further North and North-West, but our records from the extreme North-West are very meagre. As to the time of arrival of the Jack Snipe in India and the average date of its departure therefrom, we have not yet sufficient datia on which to declare anything very definite. The probability is that it arrives much the same time as does the Fantail and also departs with that bird, possibly arriving a little later and never staying on quite so late as the latest Fantails and Pintails do. Mr. Stoney’s records are the only ones we have upon which one can work out a theory of any value. During the ten years these records cover, he notes, the earliest Pintail as being shot on the 27th August and the average date of the first bird as about the middle of October. The Fantails also arrived in early October, but no Jack Snipe were shot until the 5rd of November. Where- as, also, his last Pintails and Fantails were shot in April, the last Jack was killed on the 10th March. The Jack Snipe is avery particular bird in his choice of an abode, and when shooting over a large tract of country the sportsman will find that but few spots are affected by the Jack, 908 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. but that these few places are resorted to again and again, by the same bird if it is missed when first put up, or by another if the original occupant is killed. Hume’s description of this little snipe’s favourite haunts cannot be improved upon, and I again indent on that much-quoted author. He writes:— “ Now, these pet abodes have a character of their own; they may always be correctly described as corners, sometimes they are corners of paddy fields, surrounded on two out of three sides by a low earthen embankment; sometimes they are in an angle formed by a little scrub, or a couple of bushes, often just at the corner of a bed of bulrushes or high reed ; they are always sheltered in secluded spots, where the ground is thoroughly moist or marshy and where the cover is pretty high.” This curious affection for ‘ corners’ exhibited by the Jack Snipe struck me very forcibly when shooting in Cachar. Our ground was a vast expanse of rice cultivation interspersed here and there with higher land, here and there with deeper pools or stretches of swamp, but for the most part dead-level riceland stretching field after field in every direction. In places, however, small patches of land had been left uncultivated, and in these patches, generally extra swampy and muddy, grew a dense, bushy grass mixed with weeds, always thicker and higher near the banks which divided the un- cultivated patch from its neighbours. It was in these places that we found the Jack Snipe, and we noticed also that they rose almost invariably from the corners where the vegetation was most rank. Shooting over this ground in the morning we put up Jack, sometimes two or three, out of each of these scraps of grass which we worked through, sometimes killing, sometimes missing. Returning again in the afternoon over the same ground, the same thing occurred, and that whether we had missed or killed in the morning. We shot over these fields on three consecutive days and each day we must have put up from 15 to 20 Jack Snipe killing about 10 of them. As far as I remember on no single occasion did we put up a Jack from the ordinary cultivated rice land, though we bagged one or two from corners of the swamps and in cosy little jungly cor- ners running up into the higher land. THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 909 As arule the Jack sits very close and requires a good deal of persuasion to make it rise. Nor does it run after alighting as the Common Snipe so often does, and if after being flushed it again settles, it will, if looked up at once, be found at the exact spot” where it has dropped. It is said to have an extremely strong smell, so that shooting with dogs, as at home, Jack are not often passed over, but out here, where dogs are, and can be, but seldom used, many Jack must be passed over as they lhe snug in their cover. Jack rise silently and very vertically, and once up and away, their flight is exactly like that of a butterfly. It may be slower than that of either the Pintail or Fantail, but it is a very disconcert- ing bird to fire at after one has been shooting for some time at the bigger birds. Hume says that it is probably one of the easiest bird in the world to shoot if you reserve your fire to the proper moment, but I must personally confess that I have never yet quite made up my mind as to which this proper moment is. The bird’s whole flight is so erratic that one can never tell what its next movement is going to be; it rises, drops, dodges to one side or an- other irrespective of all ordinary rules of flight and then when you think it has steadied down to a flight in one definite direction, it falls to the earth as if already shot, and you then walk it up to have the same performance repeated. Directions as to how to shoot the Jack Snipe are plentiful, and two may be quoted. Booth says:— “A Jack Snipe... . was almost invariably missed through firing too quickly, and... . I was forced to repeat aloud one, two, three, four, five, six before bringing my gun to the shoulder. . . now . . . ill-luck invariably attends the bird that is patiently waited for.” Colonel Hawker, however, gives the following advice :—‘* Noth- ing teases a poking shot worse than a Jack Snipe, but to one who has the knack of pitching and firimg his gun in one motion, they are generally speaking not much worse to shoot than other small birds.”’ Its curious flight seems also to be too much even for the power- ful winged birds of prey, for Finn records that Mr. Jesse ‘recently Saw one pursued by quite an assortment of Raptorial birds, and 2 910 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. yet evade the whole villanous combination, which included a pair cof Lugger falcons, two kites, a tawny eagle and two ruffians unidentified.” It is however a gamey little bird well worth expending one or “more shots on, as there is no daintier morsel of food obtainable than ‘a Jack Snipe, generally a little ball of fat and in flavour excelling any of his larger relatives. The Jack Snipe has been accused of being unable to swim, but this is quite incorrect, for I have seen a winged Jack fall into a ‘clear pool in a swamp, right itself at once and swim straight to the edge where it promptly concealed itself in the weeds. The Jack Snipe breeds from the Atlantic to the Pacific through- out Kurope and Asia in the far North and is perhaps most ‘common during the breeding season in Finland, where its nests were first taken by Wolley. Buturlin found it numerous on the JSolyma Delta in 1905. It is reported to breed in considerable mumbers throughout Russia, north of the latitude of St. Petersburg cand extends throughout Northern Europe to Great Britain, in which country it is said to have bred or been shot in the breeding season, as far south as Yorkshire. During the breeding season the Jack Snipe makes a curious sound whilst on the wing, but it is very doubtful whether this sound is ‘drumming ”’ in the true sense of the word and the best obser- vers still consider the sound a vocal one. Dr. Bahr thus writes about Gallinago gallinula ** The Jack Snipe thas 12 tail-feathers, of which the outer three are markedly shorter than the three central ones. ‘Their texture is soft and the rami are easily separated, in contradistinction to those of the species we have already.considered. On experiment these feathers produced no sound at all. “The structure of the outer web of the outer feathers more near- ly approaches that of the inner—a marked difference to that found in the other feathers we have been considering ; that is, the rami ‘of the outer web are provided with distal and proximal rows of radii and thus adhere together. The distal radii are provided with 4 hamuli both in the outer and inner webs.” THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 911 Buturlin writing to Dr. P. H. Bahr on the ‘“‘ drumming ”’ of the Jack Snipe says :—‘‘ I heard it every day in the summer of 1905, when on the Kolyma. The bird usually flies so high that even with the aidof the midnight sun and good Zeiss binocular it is- often quite invisible, nevertheless the sound ‘top-toppy, top- toppy "1s quite clearly heard. ”’ Wolley’s description of the breeding of this little Snipe still remains the best and the most interesting and is therefore quoted in extenso. He writes: “‘I scarcely like to tell you about the Jack Snipe; anything I can say must be so poor an expression of my real exultation at the finding of this long-wished-for egg. It was on the 17th of June 1853, in the great marsh at Muonioniska that I first heard the Jack Snipe, though at the time I could not at all guess what it was. An extraordinary sound unlike any- thing | had heard before. 1 could not tell from what direction it came, and it filled me with a curious surprise. My Finnish inter- preter (Theodore) thought it was a Capercally, and at that time I could not contradict him ; but soon I found that it was a small bird gliding at a wild pace at great height over the marsh. I know not how better to describe the noise than by likening it to the cantering of a horse in the distance over a hard hollow road : it came in fours, with a similar cadence and a like clean yet hollow sound. The same day we found a nest which seemed to be of a kind unknown to me. The next morning I went to Kharto- uoma with a good strength of beaters. I kept them as well as I could in line, myself in the middle, my Swedish travelling com- panion (Herr Salomon) on one side and the Finn talker on the other. Whenever a bird was put off its nest the man who saw it was to pass on the word, and the whole line was to stand whilst I went to examine the eggs, and take them at once, or observe the bearings of the spot for another visit, as might be necessary. We had not been many hours in the marsh when I saw a bird get up before Herr Salomon, and I marked it down. In the meantime the nest was found, and when I came up the owner was declared to have appeared striped on the back and not white over the tail. A sight of the eges as they lay raised my expectations to the 912 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. highest pitch. I went to the spot where I had marked the bird, put it up again, found that it was indeed a Jack Snipe, and again saw it after a short, low flight drop suddenly into cover; once more it rose a few feet from where it had settled, I fired and in a minute had in my hand a true Jack Snipe, the undoubted parent of the nest of eggs. I walked as composedly as possible back to my friend; he said : ‘A common bird, I suppose?” I replied “ves, very ’; but | shook him warmly by the hand and told him that common birds sometimes lay very rare eggs. As usual I took measures to let the whole party share in my gratification before I again gave the word to advance. In the course of the day and night I found three more nests, and examined the birds of each. One allowed me to touch it with my hand before it rose, and another got up when my foot was within six inches of it. It was very fortunate that I was thus able satisfactorily to identify so fine a series of eggs, for they differ considerably from one another. I was never afterwards able to see a nest myself, though I beat through numbers of swamps. Several with eggs, mostly hard sat upon, were found by people cutting hay in bogey places in July. I have spent a good many hours this present year (1854) in the same Kharta-uoma without finding one, though I had plenty of men and boys in good working order. There have been certainly few Jack Snipes in the country this season. The nest of the 17th and the four of the 18th of June were all alike in structure, made loosely of little pieces of grass and Hqumsetum not at all woven together, with a few leaves of the dwarf birch, placed in a dry sedgy or grassy spot close to more open swamp. I found them generally at the best time for finding birds by walking them up from their nests, that is in rainy weather or about midnight. The gnats are, however, there so terrible voracious—destructive—no word is too strong—that tar oil, Templar caps, veils and thick leather gloves are indispensable. “Tt was not long after I first heard it that I ascertained that the remarkable hammering sound in the air was made by the Jack Snipe; but I have not yet quite satisfied myself whether the /eet- koot keet-koot on the ground, and the Baa-aa-aa in the air, which —— Se -E~S”-:—“‘(i<‘( ié) English.—To all Anglo-Indians the snake is known by the name of ‘‘ banded Krait.” a “See my article in this J ournal, Vol. XVIII, p. 71), f Ind. Serp. 1796, Vol. I, Plate III. 934 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. (c) Vernacular.—The name applied to it in Orissa—‘ bunga- ? rum pamah”’ is Telugu and means “ gold snake.” In Bengal it is usually called ‘‘rajsamp,”’ a name probably suggested by the golden belts which encircle it, also “sankni.” This latter appears to be connected with the word pronounced like our English “sunk” which is applied to the couch shells blown in Temples. If I am correctly informed these large shells are sometimes cut into several pieces by cross sections so as to make bracelets which are worn by Bengali women, and there is a street in Dacca where many crafts- men engaged in this occupation have congregated, and given to the street the name of ‘“sunkaree.”” ‘‘Sankni” then appears to be a wearer of bracelets. Mr. H. Muir tells me about “ kalna” (Bengal) it is usually called ‘‘sankni,” but by the Hindus ‘‘dumukha”’ or two-mouthed. Also, he says, that the Santhals eall it ‘““bangphora”’ meaning two-mouthed, and “ beeng.” Inthe North-West of Bengal, Fayrer* says it is called “ kochlia krait.” In Burma it has many names, ‘‘mywe min” (king snake), ‘“ngan-wa”’ (yellow snake), ‘“‘ngan-daw-ja” (banded royal snake), “nat mywe” (spirit snake), and ‘“ ngan-than kwinsyut ” (or “ ngan-than-gwin-zok ”’ as Theobald has it) which means literally a cylinder with bands or rings on it. The banded krait when adult is a snake of respectable dimensions which attracts attention by its very General characters. distinctive, and highly ornamental, colouration. The head is broad and depressed, the snout short, and bluntly rounded. The eye is moderate in size, and blackish throughout, the pupil being usually invisible, but if looked at closely, sométimes an inconspicuous yellow- ish rim is seen to indicate its outline. The neck is barely apparent, the body smooth and glossy with a conspicuous ridge down the spine, and the tail short and ending abruptly in a finger- like extremity. Colour.—The whole snake is broadly and alternately banded with canary-yellow and black. These bands involve from 5 to 7 scales in the length of the snake, completely encircle the body, and are of wonderfully even width, like a broad bracelet. The black * Thanatophidia, p. 11, ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 935 are usually rather broader especially in front, and number from 16 to 27 on the body, and 2 to 5 on the tail.* On the nape isa large, elongate, black patch rounded behind, and ogival in front where it reaches the frontal shield, and this does not extend on to the belly. On the top of the head there is a large yellow V, the arms of which diverge backwards and pass over the temples to the throat. Except the lips and lore which are yellow, the rest of the crown is black. The chin and throat are yellow. Dimensions.—\t grows to 6 feet, but specimens over 5 feet are exceptional. I had one of 5 feet 3 inches in Berhampore (Orissa) and Evans and I had one 5 feet 9 inches in Rangoon. Vincent Richards+ records one 6 feet long, Talbot Kelly in his book on Burma (1905, p. 110) mentions one just over 6 feet, and Major Leventon, I.M.S., told me of a large gravid 9 he saw at Sibsagar in Assam that measured 6 feet 14 inches. Fayrer { says on the authority of Mason that it grows to 8 feet, but I very much suspect there was some guess work in this estimate. 1 have had over 50 specimens from Bengal, Orissa, Assam, Burma and China. Identification.—Though the colour and banding is so distinctive those who trust to these only may be deceived by the similarity in this respect shown by some specimens of the harmless snake Lycodon fasciatus. It is best in this instance as in every other to identify your snake by scale characters. The enlarged verte- brals, and entire subcaudals will proclaim the snake a Krait for certain, and the ridged spine, blunt tail or the yellow bands will distinguish this from all the other kraits. Haunts.—It is usually found in open tracts of country, grass land, crops, or low sparse jungle but not, I think, so much in dense jungle. It is no infrequent visitor or inhabitant of Cantonments, and is often to be encountered in well populated localities, getting into the bazaars, native huts, and Cantonment houses. In my early Indian days the rustling of something, one night across the mat in adak bungalow proved when a lantern had been lit to have proceeded from a large banded krait in the room which was “In a specimen I killed in Hongkong there was a large black blotch ventrally in many of the yellow bands. } Landmarks of snake poison, p. 5. { Thanatophidia, p. 11. 936 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. duly despatched, and I have heard of other similar experiences. About the Jail at Insein near Rangoon, it was very commonly disturbed by convicts, and I used to get one or two a week with great regularity in the rains. Instead of retiring to some place of security by day, many specimens seem to lie up in grass or shallow depressions in the ground or open drains and are often very badly concealed. Their bright yellow bands make them very conspicuous, and they are not likely to escape the notice of the village urchins at their games, or the chance wayfarer. Many of them show a special attachment to damp places, and are to be met with in paddy fields, and even in pools of water, or river sides. J had one brought to me in Assam that was reported in the water, devouring a fish. Another in Burma took refuge in a pool of water during the day. Captain Kelsall* encountered one in a hole in a bank which escaped him by taking to the water, and diving. Theobaldt, too, mentions its frequenting moist places, and the vicinity of water, and the Revd. HK. Muir says the natives of Jalna tell him it is generally found in flooded rice fields in the rains. A specimen in Assam in seeking to escape was reported to have climbed 10 feet high into a tree, but I have never heard of any other clambering efforts. Disposition.—The banded krait is a sluggard of the most con- firmed type. It is lethargic to a degree that is difficult to under- stand, and one is very apt at first to think that a snake which is really quite unhurt, is suffering from ill-treatment and severe injuries. If encountered coiled up péacefully in the day-time, instead of taking alarm, and trying to escape the probabilities are that it will remain “in situ,’? and even when stepped upon, or kicked up it will frequently merely shift its position, and take no further notice. I have seen it picked up by a parcel of noisy urchins, and carried over a stick, from which it fell off every few yards to be picked up again and again without endeavouring to escape or show resent- ment, atreatment too humiliating for even the defenceless and blind little burrowing snake T'yphlops braminus to submit to without some struggles, and attempts to defend itself. I have known it take refuge in a pool with a howling and excited mob, * Jour. Asiatic Soc., Bengal 1894, p. 12. + Report, Cat. Brit. Burma, p 62. ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES, 93% assailing it from all sides with stones, sods of earth, etc., and yet seen it lie inactive unless actually struck by a missile, or immersed by a wave from one when it simply re-appeared at the surface, and maintained a dignified unconcern. I have known it again when discovered swallowing another snake, take no notice ofa ring of spectators, but continue engulf- ing its victim. Many specimens have been brought to me alive and quite unhurt, and I have never succeeded in making one angry, never seen one bite at anything nor raise itself in menace, though provoked in a most outrageous manner. What it usually did was to sulk; sometimes it flattened itself to the ground, but more usually lay still, and hid its head beneath its body. Sometimes if an eye was still visible, and an object pushed towards it, it made a slight spasmodic movement and withdrew its head still further so as to avoid seeing the coming danger. If the tail was smartly rapped, it merely shook it, and moved its position. I have some- times thought that this singularly apathetic behaviour which strong- ly suggests that of an animal that has been drugged, is merely evinced during the day-time is, perhaps, due to its being dazed by the sun, or strong light, but an incident which occurred to a friend some years ago shows that, even at night the creature is naturally slothful and stupid. My informant, Colonel Evans, came across one when riding over an open piece of ground. He could clearly see the snake in the moonlight so dismounted, and having no weapon of offence, called to his servants to bring a stick. For several minutes Colonel Hvans walked round the snake, which in- stead of trying to escape, merely altered its direction as he con- fronted it. It moved in a lazy way, and offered no menace, and was eventually killed. Its movements are in keeping with its phlegmatic disposition. I have never seen one in the least degree active, and it is doubtless due to these traits in its character that no casualties in the human subject have hitherto been reported. I have never heard one hiss, but Colonel Evans remarked that the 9 that was found lying up with hatching eggs did so. The Same observer mentioned the intolerance shown by the young brood to the sun. 938 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Habits.—This krait is in the main of nocturnal habit. When encountered at night it is always on the move. In Assam the planters who owned motor-cars frequently saw it by the brilliant light of their lamps crossing the roads, and on most of the occa- sions when it was killed in or about habitations, it was seen at night. The specimens met with in the day-time were for the most part disturbed from some insecure quarter where they were lying inactive. It evidently, though is sometimes abroad during day- light in quest of food for the specimen reported above as eating a fish, was seen in the day. Mr. Jacob observed one which he shot in the day-time in conflict with a large tree snake, and Major Evans’ record of one eating a chequered kulback was also in the day. lt is most frequently about in the rains, in fact, no less than 13 of the 17 specimens, Evans and I collected in Rangoon, were killed in June, July and August. At other times of the year, it was decidedly scarce. Food. reason, expect that it usually preys upon small and defenceless From my remarks upon its disposition, one might, with creatures, such as frogs and toads, but this is not so. It shows a very great partiality for an ophidian diet, and in its choice by no means picks out the weaklings, but will attack snakes as large or larger than itself, and overcome such formidable species as the dhaman (Zamenis mucosus) and the Himalo-Malayan rat snake (Zamenis korros), as I have seen myself. Mr. Jacob, too, found one in conflict with a large tree snake of a very truculent nature, viz., Dipsadomorphus cynodon ; and Colonel Evans records it having swal- lowed that vicious reptile the chequered keelback (Tropidonotus pis- cator). Blyth says that its usual fare is cobras, and we must, there- fore, assume, that he has observed it swallowing this species. 1 once found a lizard of the Skink family ( Mabuia avultifasciatus ) had been eaten, and once a clutch of snake's eggs, which were probably of the buff-stripped keelback (Vropidonotus stolatus). Three of these eggs were intact, and I could discover no injury done to them, though I examined them closely with a lens. This seems remarkable when one reflects that there are two long rows of teeth in the roof of the mouth, and many opposed to them in the lower jaws. On one occasion in Assam, one was reported t0 ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES, 939 be swallowing a fish. In every other instance where | have found anything in the stomach a snake had been devoured, and in many other examples, where the stomach was empty, an examina- tion of the cloacal contents made it certain that a snake had pre- viously been victimised as the very distinctive ventral shields’ floated up to the surface after softening the mass in water. The victim in every instance lay fully extended within the krait, and, even when small, was never folded or collected into a mass. Although the stomach is remarkably elongate in this, and other kraits being 94 inches long in one which measured 4 feet and 4 an inch, it is not long enough to accommodate most of the snakes preyed upon. Often a considerable length of the victim lies in the gullet, and may even protrude for some distance beyond the mouth ; in fact, inevitably must do so when the quarry is of a length nearly equal to its vanquisher, or as sometimes happens even greater. A specimen | had in Assam, probably about 5 feet long, had been pickledin the act of eating a dhaman (Zamenis mucosus ), which from the length of its tail must have been about 5 feet long and no less than 1 foot 4? inches were protruding from the mouth. In another instance, a banded krait measuring 4 feet 24 inches was killed in the act of swallowing an Indo-Malayan rat-snake (Zamenis hkorros), which measured 4 feet 24 inches. In such cases, a considerable length of the victim must remain un- swallowed until that portion already in the stomach is liquified by digestion, and this organ capable of accommodating a further instalment. It is probable that there is some protrusion beyond the jaws for a day or two, and that the whole length of a relative- ly large snake is not completely digested for a week. The victim is at first seized anyhow, often being grasped in the middle of the body, but as its struggles grow feebler under the masterful grip of its captor, and the more powerful influence of its poison, it is released and siezed by the head. It would appear that sometimes the quarry is seized at first by the head, and swal- lowing commenced forthwith, for the most violent struggles ensue, in which the overpowered snake, although partially swallowed, has wreathed itself around its foe with a strength that refutes any idea of being enfeebled by the paralysing action of the krait’s venom. 940 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. These conflicts are very disagreeable to watch, the strenuous though futile contortions which are to be seen even to the last inch or two of the victim’s tail, must arouse the sympathy of the most callous spectator. It is rather.a pleasing reflection to my mind that the tables are sometimes turned, and the banded krait has itself to suffer from the same treatment it has probably meted out to scores of its weaker relatives. Mr. Primrose has recorded an encounter in this Journal, Vol. XII, p. 589, in which a banded krait had been over- come, and swallowed by its more powerful rival the hamadryad. The Sexes.—My notes in Assam show that the sexes are evenly balanced, for out of 11 specimens sexed, 5 were males and 6 females. There appears to be no difference in the relative lengths of the body or tail of sexual import. The anal glands in both sexes secrete a blackish material reminding one of the blackened oil caused by machinery in motion. Breeding.—Although over 50 specimens have passed three my hands I have been singularly unfortunate in gaining any in- formation about the breeding, never having had a gravid 9. All that is known on the subject is contained in the most interesting record furnished by Colonel Evans which appeared in this Journal.” The @ which measured half an inch less than 4 feet had retired beneath the ground where some elephant tusks had been buried, and had here deposited 8 eggs which she had evidently incubated as she was still in attendance when on the 19th of May 4 of them had hatched. She was thin as_ the result of her seltf- imposed imprisonment, but though she evidently possessed strong maternal instincts, it is curious that she showed no concern when her young brood were tampered with. The average dimensions of 3 eggs was 2-3 inches in length, and 1-5 in breadth. The young measured from 112 to 124 inches but as only two were taped, it is probable that these were not the extremes of length. They are reported as having more pointed tails than adults, and a modified colouring, the yellow being replaced by a dirty-white and the black by a leaden-hue. It is noteworthy, too, that they were re- markably active. Judging from the time of year when those young * Vol. XVI, p. 519. ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 941 appeared it is probable that the mating season is in January or February. A young specimen of | foot 2 inches was sent to me last year by Mr. Frere from Tharrawady (Lower Burma) killed in June. Growth.—It appears from my notes that the young grow about a foot during each of the first three years of life and the female reported above would therefore be completing her third year. Poison.—Though this snake is a poisonous one, and common in many districts there is no authentic case of toxemia in the human subject arising from its bite,“ and it even seems doubtful if it would prove fatal to man. Rogers by direct experiment on birds fixed the lethal dose as 14 times that of cobra poison. Lamb, however, estimated that it is but 7 times that of cobra poison. In any case since we know that an adult cobra some- times bites a man severely without injecting a lethal dose of poison, it would seem improbable that a lethal dose would be delivered in the bite of a snake of very similar proportions whose poison is 14 times or even 7 times less virulent. ‘This conclusion seems to receive confirmation by the Burmese who are a very observant race, and knowledgable in Natural History matters. Most of them affirm that the banded krait is not poisonous. If it were otherwise, [I think the Burmese of all people would be aware of it, for the snake is very common in their Province. Although it is not an evily- disposed snake it is difficult to believe that it is never the cause of a casualty, and if it ever occasioned loss of life or even serious symptoms, it is not likely to have escaped an evil reputation. Mr. Muir tells me that the natives about Kalna too are very doubtful * Fayrer records the case of a woman at Tavoy (Thanatophidia, p. 45) who was bitten on the dorsum of the foot by a snake identified as the banded krait by Dr. Paul. The accident happened at 8 p.m. and beyond some local tingling and swelling at the time no ill-effects were noticed, and she was discharged from the hospital next day as recovered. We may assume that if any poison gained access to the wound, the dose was insignificant as no toxic symptoms were noted. The case quoted as such by Calmette (Venoms, Venomous animals, etc., p. 336) is obvi- ously a fallacious record as this snake does not occur in Central India, the locality where the casualty occurred! The fact, too, that the original reporter says that the snake which was 28 inches long was full grown, and talks of a single mark made by an incisor tooth, proclaims a lamentable ignorance on his part of the snakes of India, and snakes in general. since no snake has incisor teeth. 6 942 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. as to its poison as it seems very seldom to bite. Mr. C. Gore told me of a bullock he once saw struck at and injured by this snake which succumbed 20 minutes later. Poison apparatus.—The tangs are lke those of other poisonous Colubrines, being much stouter, and shorter than those of a viper of similar length. ‘There are usually two operative fangs placed side by side in each maxilla. The poison glands are relatively smaller than those of the cobra. JI know of no special remarks made upon the physical properties of the poison. Towie symptoms.—To my namesake A. J. Wall we owe most of our knowledge of the poisonous properties of banded krait venom, indeed since his day further investigations have done little more than confirm his work. As no human records are available, the only picture we can present of the clinical mani- festations of the toxeemia is as a result of experiment in the lower animals, Wall says the local condition produced is the same as that seen in cobra bite. The part becomes swollen and painful, and later discoloured blood or bloody serum oozes from the punctures for some hours, and inflammation sets in later. He says the discolour- ation is much less than that seen in cobra bite, but if the tissues are cut into the same pinkish effusion of serum is to be observed in the areolar tissue. Lamb says the local reaction is much less than that seen in cobra bite ; in fact little or nothing is to be observed at the side of the bite. Constitutionally two very distinct types of disturbance oceur, both equally fatal, but each differing in the manner in which death is brought’ about, and the time that elapses before the fatal issue. In the first the symptoms are exactly those of cobra poisoning being due to a principle in the venom (neurotoxin) that acts upon the brain and cord. Within an hour or two, or perhaps longer, the bitten subject is prompted to assume a sitting or even a ly- — ing posture from a feeling of weakness. This is the beginning of | a paralysis that creeps on, affecting first the legs, then the trunk, and last the head, and as time advances the weakness, and loss of control of certain muscles becomes more and more pronounced. Breathing becomes increasingly difficult and hurried, the face ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 943 growing livid in proportion to the embarrassment of this vital function. The head droops, the lower lip falls away from the teeth, so that the saliva, which cannot be swallowed owing to paralysis of the throat, dribbles from the mouth. Movements of the tongue become impaired so that speech is rendered difficult, and the © eyelids droop. Finally, death is brought-about by asphyxia owing to the complete paralysis of the respiratory centre, and the final issue is frequently ushered in by convulsions. Consciousness is retained till the end. The heart is also affected in this form of snake poisoning owing to a synchronous paralysis of the vaso- motor centre, hence fainting witha feeble pulse may occur, directly attributable to the poisoning process quite apart from fright, or pain. In this last respect this poison differs in its effects from those of the common krait, and the cobra in both of which there is an element that by stimulating the heart muscle, and contracting the arterioles, counteracts the effects on the vaso-motor centre. Death may not occur till the 2nd or 3rd day from this type of toxemia. In the second type of disturbance symptoms are not evoked till the 5th day or Jater, and are then the result of a chemical des- truction of cells in the central nervous system (due to neurolysin). Though the toxic element responsible for this form of disturbance is met with in common krait and cobra venoms, it only occurs in quantities insufficient to make its presence evident, but in banded krait venom, and in this only of the snakes whose poison has been investigated, serious symptoms are evoked by its presence. ‘There are serious depression of spirits, loss of appetite, high fever, and very rapid and extreme emaciation. The kidneys become diseased, so that the urine contains albumen, and diminishes in quantity. Discharges from the eyes and nose and other mucous surfaces accom- pany the above, and death occurs in a few days from exhaustion. Treatment.—In considering the treatment of a bite from this snake it is best to begin by recalling the various methods which have been tested experimentally in animals, and found futile, as well as other orthodox measures. Both Lamb and Rogers have tested the efficacy of Calmette’s antivenene, and proved it useless, thereby falsifying Calmette’s claims in this direction. 944 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Drugs, such as Ammonia, Strychnia, and Alcohol, are not likely to do any good, but on the contrary harm. They all act on the central nervous system, and to administer them is like adding oil to flame, as they can only accentuate the paralysing effects of the snake venom. In addition Calmette has shown that Alcohol by neutralising any antitoxin that the subject may be forming in his own person, in response to the toxic absorption, acts in opposition to nature's attempts to subdue the toxic process. It is extremely dubious if hgature, the orthodox measure recom- mended in every text book, is of the shghtest avail, in this or any other snake poisoning process.” Finally, artificial respiration is quite useless in this form of ophitoxeemia as shown by Lamb and Rogers as the heart shares in the general embarrassment, and tends to fail unlike what occurs in cobra and ceruleus poisoning. The only method, which appears to afford a rational means of success, is the application of permanganate of potash locally. This salt is known to completely destroy the toxicity of all snake venoms. In practice, however, its merits have not met with the success one would expect. It must be remembered that the poison on absorp- tion becomes intimately connected with the tissues at the bitten part, and whether this locking-up is merely a mechanical or a chemical process, it is extremely difficult to dissociate the venom from the tissues so as to allow the permanganate to come into antagonistic relationship with, and destroy it. The success of the treatment, therefore, must depend upon the degree to which the tissues are cut into, and the extent of surface opened up, into which permanganate can be introduced. The surgeon should excise the bitten parts freely and dissect up all tissues, that show where poison has been absorbed, and then introduce permanganate crystals, and moisten them with water. If the non-professional man uses the knife at all he should cut a series of parallel incisions (as he would operate on a ham) close together, deeply and freely in the length of the limb, or member, | and then introduce permanganate. As free use of the knife to a * See Trans. Bombay Medl. Congress 1909, p. 249. ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES, 945 degree that is really necessary seems to me a dangerous proceeding for the layman to adopt, a better plan is to destroy the bitten part freely with red hot iron, or nitric acid and subsequently to apply permanganate. Fables.—Mr. E. Muir tells me that about Kalna it is said to have two mouths, one at the caudal extremity, and is reputed to be able to move forwards or backwards. Also that it is said to make a noise like the bellowing of a cow, which reminds me of the traveller Chateaubriand’s description of a S. American snake he had met which when approached became flat, appeared of different colours, hissed like a mountain eagle and bellowed like a bull! Uses.—The same informant says that the bones are sometimes made into necklaces, and worn by Hindus. Parasites.—Entozoa of several kinds infest this snake. I have found two distinct nematode worms in the stomach which were identified by Professor Von Linstow* as Kalicephalus willeyit, and larval and immature forms of an Ascaris. One of these, I forget which, anchors itself to the coats of the stomach and is found attached there after death, but the other is free, and though I believe inhabits this organ exclusively in life is often found to have wandered into the intestine after death, or into the gullet, and mouth. The Pterocercus or larval form of a tape worm, which Von Linstow suggests may be harboured in its adult form by birds of prey that devour snakes, is a very frequent parasite in the intestine. A fourth parasite is the linguatulid Porocephalus crotalit, a maggot- like, whitish animal half to three-quarters of an inch long, which attaches itself by four hooks to the mesenteric tissues, and does not enter organs. Distribution.—The Mahanadi Basin, Kastern half of the Ganges System, Brahmaputra, and Ivrawadi-Salween Basins, through Indo-China to South China in the Hast, and through the Malayan Peninsula to the Archipelago as far Hast as Java. Within our Indian Dominions it is a common snake in Burma, Assam and * Record, Ind. Mus., Vol. II, Part 1, p. 109. T Spol. Zeylan, Vol. I, p. 99. + Bombay N. H. Journal, Vol. XIX, p. 837. 946 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Hastern Bengal, less common in Bengal and Orissa, and not rare, I believe, in the Central Provinces.* A specimen of Colonel Beddome’s collecting said to be from the Anamallays is now in the British Museum, but I do not credit the locality, and have shown good cause to doubt the accuracy of this record.+ It is an inhabitant of the Plains, and rarely ascends to any Hills, and then probably not above 3,000 feet. Thus in the Hastern Himalayas in 1908, out of 778 snakes collected between 500 and 7,500 feet, no specimen came to hand. In 1909 Mr. Wright of Tindharia sent me a single specimen collected some- where between 500 and 2,800 feet, but he had forgotten the exact locality. In the Khasi Hills, Assam, out of 264 snakes collected in Shillong (4,900 feet) I got no banded krait, but saw a dead one on the road somewhere near Nongpho (1,900 feet) which IT guessed might have been about 3,000 feet elevation. Mr. Hamp- ton writing from Mogok, Ruby Mines (3,800 feet), though an industrious collector of snakes for many years, had, he told me, never seen this snake there. Lepidesis—fostral.—Touches 6 shields, the rostronasal sutures longer than the rostro-internasal, and the latter about twice the length of the rostro-labial. /nternasals—T wo, the suture between them equal to or rather less than that between the prefrontal fellows, and about two-thirds the internaso-preefrontal. Preefron- tals—Two, the suture between them rather greater than the preefronto-frontal: in contact with internasal, postnasal, preeocu- * A member of our oereny addressed the Secretary about February last year asking if he could name a snake which he had killed in Chanda, and he described as being completely banded with broad belts of yellow and black, and with a finger-like tail. I mislaid the letter which was handed to me, and cannot quote the writer’s name, Mr. H. H. Young wrote to me last year, and told me he had killed a banded krait in the Sal forest, 40 miles North of Bilaspur. Two Officers told me of a banded krait killed at Raipur some years ago. When on Famine duty in 1897, a friend told me of a yellow and black banded snake he had killed in his verandah the night before near Bilaspur, which I had no doubt at the time was a banded krait. Colonel Bannerman tells me he has known it from Raipur and Sam- balpur. + Terr. snakes, Brit. Ind. Dom. 1908, p. 17. MS we Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Tue BANDED Krair (Bungarus fasciatus). ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES, 947 lar, supraocular, and frontal. rontal—Touches 6 shields, the fronto-supraocular sutures rather longer than the rest. Swpraocu- lars—About half the breadth, and three-fourths the length of the frontal. Nasals—Quite divided by a nostril that is nearly as deep as these shields ; in contact with the Ist and 2nd only of the One. Postocu- 7 with the 3rd and 4, the 4th much the largest andin contact with 2 scales behind; the 4th (or drd and 4th) touching the posterior sublinguals. Sublinquals supralabial series. IJoreal—-Absent. Preoculars lars—Two. Temporals—One. Supralabials 4th touching the eye. Jnfralalials Two subequal pairs. Costals—Two headlengths behind head 15, midbody 15, two headlengths before the vent 15. Smooth with no apical facets. Vertebrals—Eniarged, broader than long, hexagonal. Sw- pracaudals—In odd rows with enlarged vertebrals. Veutrals—200 to 2354,* rounded. Anal—Entire. Subcaudals—23 to 39, entire. Anomalies.—1 have once seen the upper postocular confluent with the supraocular, and once two temporals on one side. Dentition.t —The maxilla has a pair of tubular fangs placed side by side, behind which are 3 teeth grooved on their outer faces, about one-third the size of fangs.t Palatine—11 to 13, subequal, about as large as the postmaxillary, and grooved on their inner faces. Pterygoid—10 to 12, the anterior as large as the palatine. the posterior slightly diminishing, grooved on their inner faces. Mandibular—16 to 17, abruptly decreasing in front, and more gra- dually behind, the median about as large as the palatine ; grooved on their outer faces. Our coloured plate is good but does not do justice to the glossi- ness of the scales in life. Plate A is taken from a photograph of a specimen in Parel that came from Raipur, C. P. We are indebted to Sub-Assistant Surgeon C. R. Avari tor the photo- graph which is a good one. * In my Rangoon specimens 208 to 221, in Assamese 221 to 231. } From 4 skulls in my collection. { Similar except in the number of the postmaxillary teeth, to those of caeruleus (See this Journal. Vol, XVIII. figures C and D of Diagram). 948 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. The genus Lycodon is one of many into which the Aglyphous series of the family Colubride is divided. This series is charac- terised by an absence of either grooved, or tubular fangs, in the maxille, and all the representatives are, therefore, non-poisonous. When treated by Mr. Boulenger in 1893 * it included 15 spe- cies. Since this time he has described another, viz., butleri from Perak in this Journalt, and I have described two, viz., machinnona from the Western Himalayas t, and jlavomaculatus from the Deccan.§ Of the 18 species now grouped together under this title, 11 occur within our Indian Dominions. As shown by Stejneger,{/ the title Lycodon is a misapplication to this genus, for the type of Lycodon is the 8S. American snake, now wrongly known as Lycognathus cervenus (t.e., the Coluber andax of Daudin). Lycodon then being clearly preoccupied should give place’ to Wagler’s name Ophites of which the Malayan suheimnctus is the type. In spite of this I adhere to the name with which we have all grown familiar. ‘This is an instance where in order to avoid con- fusion, custom, whether right or wrong, should be allowed to over- rule the ethics of nomenclature. If American systematists, however, adopt the title Lycodon to designate their present Lycoqnathus, we have no alternative but to change our generic name to Ophites. LYCODON FASCIATUS (ANDERSON). Anderson’s Wolf-snake. History.—The species was discovered by J. Anderson during his expedition to -Western Yunnan, and was subsequently in 1879 described, and figured by him.** Nomenclature (a) Scientific.—The generic name from the Greek ‘“‘lukos ” a wolf and “ odous ” tooth was given by Ferrusact{ in 1826, on account of the teeth in the maxille, and mandible which * Catalogue, Vol. 1, p. 348. + Vol. XIII, p. 336. { Vol. XVII, p. 29. § Vol. XVII, p. 612. { Herp. of Japan, 1907, p. 356. ** An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 827, and fig. 4, Plate LXX VIII. TT Bull. de Science Nat-, p. 238. Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Diagram I. Bungarus fasciatus ( xX 1s). SHIELDING ob Figures A, B& C or DIAGRAM. A.S. Anterior Sublinguals. F. Frontal, Int. Internasals, M. Mental. N. Nasals. Pa. Parietal. Po. Postoculars. Pra. Preccular. Prt. Prefrontal. IPs Sk Posterior Sublinguals. R. Rostral. 5. Supraoculars. Hs Temporal. 1 to 7. Supralabials. Ito lV. Infralabials ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 949 from their superior length, and position resemble the canine teeth of dogs and wolves. ‘“ Fuasciatus” is from the Latin meaning banded. (b) Hnglish.—I think the best name for it is Anderson’s Wolf- snake, a literal reference to its specific name being equally appro- priate, to many of the species. Mr. Hampton tells me that about the Ruby Mines in Upper Burma it is called Ngan-do-ja. This is the same (c) Vernacular. as one of the Burmese names for the banded krait, and implies “ banded royal snake.”’ General characters.—-It is a snake of moderate dimensions, and rather slender proportions, very strikingly and handsomely marked, and on this account likely to attract attention. The head is mar- kedly flattened, and the snout broadly rounded. ‘There is no ridge from the eyebrows forwards. The nostril occupies the whole depth of the suture dividing the nasal shields, but is nevertheless moderate in size, as the suture occurs at the lowest depth of these shields. ‘The eye is rather small, and the iris, unlike all the other species of the genus that I have seen, is heavily flecked with grey so that the vertical shape of the pupil is very apparent. The neck is fairly evident, the body long, round in section, and with glossy scales, and the tail is long, being about one-fourth the total length of the snake. The belly is somewhat abruptly turned up on either side of the ventral shields, 1.e., angulate. The head is quite black above, and the edge of the upper lip, the lower lips, and chin are yellow, more or less mottled with black. The body and tail are alternately banded black, and yellow or dove colour with very jagged outlines. The Colour and markings. black bands completely encircle the snake anteriorly and _posteri- only, but may be more or less incomplete ventrally in the middle of the body. They are broader anteriorly than posteriorly, and num- ber 23 to 33 on the body and 14 to 18 on the tail in my Burmese Specimens, 32 to 38 on the body and 15 to 20 in Shillong speci- mens, the anterior involving 9 to 10 scales vertebrally in the length of the snake. The intermediate bands are yellow, wheat, or dove- coloured, and often more or less subdivided by narrow or broad black crossbars. Such a specimen probably accounts for Ander- 950 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. son’s description of the type which had 55 bands, or twice the number as counted in my specimens. The snake should never be confused with the banded krait, even when attention is only paid to colour, but evidently some Burmese confuse the two as already mentioned. Again, Mr. Hampton himself sent me several specimens as kraits, probably being misled by his Burmans. It is for this reason that the two snakes are shown together on our Plate, and discussed together in this article. Identification.—The dual combination which follows will suffice to distinguish it from all other Indian Snakes up to the present time known, viz., (1) scales two-headslengths, behind the head 17, in midbody 17, and two-headslengths before the vent 15. (2) Loreal touching the eye (see fig. D of diagram). Dimensions.—Specimens over 24 feet are unusual, but I have had 7 such, the largest being a 9 3 feet and ? of an inch in which the tail was slightly imperfect, and ag 3 feet and + of an inch, both captured in Shillong. One 3 feet long I got from Burma. I have seen in all 31 specimens. Mr. Hampton tells me the largest he has seen was 3 feet 7 inches in length. Haunts.—It appears to frequent jungle tracts in hilly situations | for choice. Shillong where I got so many is heavily wooded, and — it was common inside the station, and more than one was en- | countered inside a bungalow. Mr. Hampton tells me that they do | well in captivity and will live for years. When they died they — appeared to be in excellent condition but, perhaps, too fat. Habits—From Mr. Hampton I learn that it is essentially a nocturnal snake, never appearing during day light, but he has | often noticed them in captivity visible, at 5 and 6 a.m. When | people began to move about the house they retired under their © blankets unless they were in their bath where they remained in — the water until mid-day. He tells me further that they are very | quiet, but very quick, striking right, left, or centre without the | slightest warning. The few specimens I have seen alive were active, and plucky | resenting interference, and showing it by assuming an offensive _ attitude. \ Ane NS, ; y sh i DistRIBUTION oF LYCODON FASCIATUS. 1 Tezpur (I.M.). 2 Shillong, Khasi Hills, 4,900 feet (I.M. and F.W.). 8 Haka Chin Hills, 6,500 feet (Wall and Evans.) and (F.W.). 4 Mansi, Katha, Upper Burma (Bom. M.). 5 Ponsee (Anderson). 6 Mogok, Ruby Mines, 8,800 feet (B.M., F.W.). 7 Maymyo (Evans). 8 Taounggyi, Shan States (B.M., Wall and Evans). B.M. implies British Museum, I.M. Indian Museum, Bom. M, our Society’s Museum, F.W. the author. Distrisution oF B. FASCIATUS. 1 Aska (I. M.) and Berhampore (F. W.). 2 Chanda (Record received by letter to Secretary of our Society). 3 Raipur (Information from two Sources received by me). 4 Near Bilaspur (F. W.and E.J. Young). 5 Calcutta(I.M.). 6 Raniganj (I. M.). 7 Bettiah GF. W.)- 8 Below Tindharia (F. W.). 9 Jalpaiguri (Infor- mation from Mr. W. A; Jacob). 10 Dacca (I. M.) and Silchar (Primrose in this Journal, Vol. XII, p. 589) 11 Near Nongpho, Circa, 3,000 ft , Khasi Hills (F.W.}. 12 Samaguting Circa, 2,000 ft., Naga Hills (I.M.). 313 Sibsagar (I. M.). 14 Dibrugarh Tinsukia, Doom Deoma (F. W.). 15 Near base of Daffla Hills, N. Lakhimpur, (F W.); 16 Ruby Mines (B. M.). 17. Mandalay, Sagaing (I. M.), 18. Pyawbwe and Meiktila (Wall and Evans). 19 Toungoo (B. M.). 20 Tharrawaddy (F. W.). 21 Rangoon (Wall and Evans). 22 Moulmein (F.W.) I. M. implies Indian Museum, B. M. British Museum, and F. W. the author. The dotted lines in the map imply that the exact limits of its distribution are here uncertain. an Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Map 36 i100 104 INDIAN EMPIRE a english prae _ ‘0 500 400 0 S970 200 OF catty | BENGAL ATM SS XS a. § (ae salt } = S € sien L On| c [ Ny 8 4 88 92 INDIAN EMPURE alish (Mle. © J 109 200 300 420 a ne Y OF 9 ; Andamansy hi ea hh AL } 2 ecCadive Si 3 Cochibl 44 ’ : eee la oh Colombd yLon 72 84 Distribution of Bungarus fasciatus. ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 951 I found the slough of one in a pine wood adhering some 5 feet nigh to the trunk of a tree that was fully 18 inches in diameter. This shows that it can climb deftly like its near relative aulicus, for the irregularities in the bark were very slight, and there were no branches to aid it. Food.—I have found the skink Lygosoma indica in the stomach once, and on another occasion a skink of similar dimensions and probably of the same species. Mr. Hampton says his specimens in captivity readily devoured lizards of the same species, and also the Burmese slow worm Ophisawrus gracilis, but took no notice of young rats or sparrows. Further, they evinced serpentivorous tastes, being specially fond of the blind snake Typhiops diardi, but if nothing else was handy the big ones practised cannibalism, eating younger specimens of their own species. Another snake which they devoured eagerly was Coluber porphyraceus.* On one occasion he saw one in captivity endeavouring to swallow a green pit viper Lachesis gramineus not quite so long but far more bulky than itself. It had swallowed half of it, but had to give up the attempt, the victim which was dead proving too large. There were plenty of lizards in the cage when this happened. It wreathes its body round its victim | am told. Fes.—Mr. Hampton says one of his was eaten by a cobra (Naia trupudians). Recently I had one sent to me which had been removed from the stomach of a hamadryad (Naia bungarus) by Mr. Venning in Haka (Chin Hills, Upper Burma). Sewves.—Males and females appear to be equally abundant. Out Of 13 sexed in Shillong, 6 were ¢ $, and 7 9 9. I can dis- cover no differences of sexual import. The relative lengths of the body and tail seems to be the same in both, and so are the num- bers of ventral and subcaudal shields. The secretion from the anal glands is yellowish and custard-like, and as abundant in a young specimen (a hatchling), as in mature examples. Breeding.—Vhe species is oviparous, for Mr. Hampton has had eggs laid on two occasions, once 10 and once 14. Unfortunately the dates of deposition were not noted. A small example which I *As Mr. Hampton was uncertain of the identity of the snakes herein referred to he sent me specimens. 952 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX_ am nearly sure was a hatchling and which measured 84 inches was found in a child’s nursery on the 19th of September in Shillong, and seems to indicate that the breeding season in these Hills is considerably later than in the snakes of the adjoining Plains. I have had two other specimens of similar length—84 and 82 inches—from Burma, the dates unknown. Growth.—The young appear to grow about 6 to 8 inches during the first 4 years of life, when they are about 3 feet in length. Distribution.—lUt inhabits Hilly Districts between the Brahma- putra and Salween River Systems, but has once been reported from Tezpur, Assam.* I presume this is the Tezpur on the North bank of the Brahmaputra, but since it was taken by Godwin Austen on the Duffla Hills Expedition it appears to me possible there may be another Tezpur in those Hills, especially as the snake with this exception has always been collected in Hills. It is common in the Khasi Hills about Shillong at an altitude of 4,500 to 5,500 feet, also in the North Shan Hills about the Ruby Mines (Mogok 5,800 feet), and may prove to be equally common in intervening Hills when those have been thoroughly exploited. Lepidosis—fostral.—Touches 6 shields, the rostronasal rather ereater than the rostro-internasal sutures. Internasals—Two, the suture between them about 4 to 2 that between the prefrontal fellows, and 4 to 2 the internaso-preefrontals. Preefrontals—Two, the suture between them rather greater than the preefronto-frontal : in contact with internasal, postnasal, loreal, preeocular, supraocular and frontal. Mrontal touches 6 shields, the fronto-supraocular sub- equal to or rather smaller than the rest. Swpraocular—Length about 2,and breadth along a line connecting the centres of the eyes, less than 4 the frontal. Nasals—Divided, in contact with the 1st and 2nd labials. Jioreal—One, elongate, not touching internasal, touching eye beneath the preeocular. Prceocular—One. Postoculars—Two. Temporals—Two, the lower touching the 6th and 7th labials. Supra- labials—8, the 3rd, 4th and 5th touching the eye. Infralahials —6, the 6th largest, and touching 3 scales behind, the 5th and 6th touching the posterior sublinguals. Sublingwals—Two pairs, the * Lately reported from Kerseong in the Eastern Himalayas (Journ. Bomb. N. H.S. Vol. XX, p. 857.) Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Diagrami Lycodon fasciatus ( X 2). Cece — A. Maxilla (a) and Mandible (6) of Dinodon riufozonatus. B. Mawxilla Ca) and Mandible (6) ot Lycodon fasciatus. - ys We ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 9538 posterior rather smaller. Costals—'Two-headsleneths behind the head 17, midbody 17, two-headslengths before vent 15. In the step from 17 to 15 the 4th row above the ventrals disappears, being usually absorbed into the 3rd, sometimes into the 5th. Keels present but rather indistinct, in all rows but the last one or two posteriorly. Apical pits present, in pairs, but often obscure. Ventrals—200 to 213, angulate laterally. Anal—Entire. Subcau- dals—74 to 88 (90 Boulenger), divided. Dentitiont —Maxillary.—From 3 to 5 progressively increasing teeth followed without a gap by 2 enlarged and subequal which are about twice the length of the last preceding. A gap that would take about 5 small teeth, then 2 (rarely 3), small subequal teeth, followed by 2 large and subequal which are about twice as long as the last preceding. | Palatine—13 to 15 subequal, and about the size of the smallest maxillary. Plerygord—19 to 29, small, subequal to smallest maxillary. Mandibular—s or 4, small, progressively increasing teeth followed by two large and subequal, about twice the size of the last preceding. A short gap that would take one small tooth, then from 10 to 12 small subequal teeth. _ Anomalies.—I have seen the prefrontal touching the eye below the preocular once, 9 supralabials with the 4th, Sth, and 6th touching the eye once, and the preeocular touching the frontal once. Our coloured Plate might be better. The yellow is too bright, but | have seen examples nearly as bright. The iris is shown much too bright. + From 4 skulls in my collection. i The distinction made by Mr. Boulenger between the genera Lycodon and Dinodon (Catalogues Vol.I pp. 348 and 360) is not tenable. I find that in my skulls of Dinodon rufozonatus, D. septentrionalis and D. senvicarinatus, there is no greater gap just before the last enlarged teeth than there is in any of the 5 species ot Lycodon of which I have skulls. The figure of the dentition of Dinodon rufozonatus on page 360 is not correct. On examining my two skulls it is obvious that a tooth has dropped out where the gap is shown in Mr. Boulenger’s figure, and has so escaped his notice. I think, however, that the two genera deserve recognition as such on other grounds, for I find in my three species of Dinodon there is a smaller tooth behind the last two enlarged ones, and this is represented in Mr. Boulenger’s figure. This small third tooth is not present in any of my Lycodon skulls, viz., aulicus, striatus, fasciatus, travancoricus, jara, and flavovma- culatus. To be continued. 954 | Reprinted with corrections from the “ Ipts” of 1909 by permission. | ON THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. NORTHERN INDIA. BY Lizut. C. H. T. Wuirrnean, Indian Army. With an Introduction by Masor H. A. F. Macratu, Indian Army. leauge UU (Continued from page 799 of this Volume.) [946.] Gecinus squamatus. The Western Himalayan Scaly-bellied Green Woodpecker. Fulton, J.B. N. HS. xvi. p. 57 (common in Chitral from 4,000 to 8,000 ft.) ; Rattray, t. ce. p. 659 (common in the Murree Hills): Ward. op. cit. xvii. p. 724 (widely distributed in Kashmir). 565. 2 ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 6th February. 659. Q ad. Hangu, 2,500 ft., 8th March. 713. g ad. Kohat, 1,850 ft., 20th March. A cold-weather visitor to the District from August to the end of March; fairly common in the Miranzai Valley, but scarce near Kohat. A resident on the Samana. Occurs sparingly in the Kurram Valley up to 9,000 feet. I have several times seen this Woodpecker climbing up a cliff as if it were a tree. [961.] DenDRocoPUS HIMALAYENSIS. The Western Himalayan Pied Wood- pecker. Fulton, J.B. N. H.S. xvi. p. 57 (Chitral: common from 5,000 to 11,000 £t.); Rattray, t. c. p. 660 (Murree Hills: abundant); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 724 (common). Common on the Samana from 4,500 feet upwards, and on the Safed Koh — up to tree-limit. [963.] DeNDRocopUs sInDIANUS. The Sind Pied Woodpecker. Rattray, J. B. N.H.S. xii. p. 341 (Thall: not rare) ; Marshall, op. cit. Xv. p. 351 (Quetta: common near Khojak). 655, 656. ¢ 9 ad. Hangu, 2,500 ft., 8th March. A fairly common resident throughout the District up to 3,000 feet. Nest- ing commences early in April, a mulberry-tree being usually selected for the — excavation. I have often observed this species in scrub-jungle some distance from trees. —— The arrangement and nomenclature followed are those of Oates and Blan- ford’s “‘ Birds” in the Fauna of British India. The numbers in square brackets before each name are the same as in that work. a | THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 955 In this and the last species the colouring of the lower parts varies from white to a rich reddish buff, the white parts of the upper surface being also frequently tinged with fulvous. No. 656 represents this ruddy variety. (969.| DeENDROCOPUS AURICEPS. The Brown-fronted Pied Woodpecker. Fulton, J. B. N. H. 8S. xvi. p. 57 (fairly common in Chitral from 4,000 to 10,000 ft.) ; Rattray, t. c. p. 660 (breeds in the Murree Hills up to 7,500 ft.); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 725 (rare in Kashmir). 580. QQ. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 13th February. GS, Qe Hangu, 2,500 ft., 8th March. 716. oG ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 20th March. A common winter visitor to the District, including the Samana, from October till April (last seen on the 9th). (972. LiopicUS MAHRATTENSIS (Hath.) is fairly common both at Rawal Pindi and Peshawar (an example from the latter place is in the British Museum), but has not been observed in Kohat as yet. | (1003.] Iynx rorqutiia. The Wryneck. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xv. p. 351 (Quetta: occurs regularly in April); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 57 (Chitral: one obtained in May); Ward, op. cit. Xvi. p. 725 (nests fairly commonly in Kashmir). 80. og ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., llth January. 69. © ad. 55 i 18th April. Not common. The only other examples seen were one on the 23rd of April near Peiwar, 7,000 feet (Kurram Valley), another cn the 29th near Kohat, and one more in February 1909 at Kohat. (986. BRACHYPTERNUS AURANTIUS (Linn.).—Major Magrath observed one individual at Bannu in October 1908. It is common at Jhelum. | [1022.] Cornactas indica. The Indian Roller. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 724 (rare ; occurs in the outer ranges). Resident, but partially migratory, being very common in summer and comparatively scarce in winter. {1024.] Cornactas corruLA; The European Roller. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 341 (Thall: common in summer) ; Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 351 (Quetta: common in May and early June) ; Fulton, op. cit. Xvi1. p. 57 (passing through Chitral early in May); Cumming, t. c. p. 689 (passing through Seistan in April) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 725 (summer visitor from May till November). A fairly common summer visitor to the District and the Kurram Valley, up to 3,000 feet, from early in May till September, being particularly com- mon round Thall, where it nests in colonies in the conglomerate cliffs. (|1026.] Mrrops viripis. The Common Indian Bee-eater. Rattray, J.B. N. H. 8. xii. p. 342 (mot common at Thall); Ward. op. cit. Xvii. p. 725. 956 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. 756. 3 ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 28th March. Abundant in summer, the majority arriving about the 20th of March and leaving in the middle of October. In a mild year odd birds and even parties of five or six are seen at intervals throughout the winter. [1027.| Merors pHILIppinus. The Blue-tailed Bee-eater. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 342 (Thall: June.) We have not met with the Bee-eater in Kohat. Colonel Rattray, however, observed a pair at Thall in June. Major Magrath has found it not uncommon in Bannu in early autumn and has procured an example. It is very common round Rawal Pindi. [1028.] Mzrops pERsicus. The Blue-cheeked Bee-eater. Major Magrath saw what he took to be this species in large numbers between Basal and the Indus, just outside our limits, in July 1907, and also observed one at Khushalgarh just inside. Another which he obtaimed in Bannu, where the bird is fairly common in summer, is now in the National Collection. [1029.] Mrerors apiasteR. The European’Bee-eater. Marshall, J.B. N. H.S. xv. p. 351 (Quetta: common summer visitor) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 57 (a few breed in Chitral) ; Betham, t. c. p. 749 (nests freely round Quetta); Ward, op. cit. xvi. p. 725 (abundant in summer). Passes through Kohat in April and the beginning of May, returning in August and September. Possibly a few pairs nest round Thall; several were certainly there up to the time that I left (May 20th), and Capt. Keen informs me that he saw some there in July. This species breeds freely in the Kurram Valley from 3,000 to 7,000 feet. Towards the end of July, when nesting-operations were over, flocks of from ten to forty used to fly up the valleys of the Safed Koh to tree-limit (12,000 feet) every morning, and return at dusk. [1033.] CerynE varia. The Indian Pied Kingfisher. Rattray, J. B. N. H. 8. xii. p. 342 (common at Thall: nests in March); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 725 (very common up to 6,000 ft.). A resident, but not very common, though found along most of the streams of the District, and in the Kurram Valley at least up to Dandar (4,700 feet). [1035.] AtcEDo Isprpa. The Common Kingfisher. Rattray, J. B. N. H. 8. xii. p. 342 (Thall: an uncommon resident) ; Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 351 (Quetta: common in spring); Cumming, op. cit. Xvi. p. 689 (a common resident in Seistan); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 720 (abundant in Kashmir up to 6,000 ft.). Common in the cold weather. It nests fairly commonly in the Miranzai and Kurram Valleys, but only a few pairs stay to breed in the plains around Kohat. It may often be seen hovering over water after the manner of Ceryle varia, if no perchis available THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 957 [1044.] Hatcyon smMyrnesis. The White-breasted Kingfisher. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 342 (Thall: common): Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 725 (occurs in Poonch). Abundant in Kohat and up to Sadda (3,500 feet) in the Kurram Valley. A permanent resident. This bird picks up lizards and insects from the .- ground like a Shrike. In Kohat its favourite food consists of freshwater erabs. Major Magrath has also observed it taking locusts and dragon-flies on the wing. [1066.] Upupa Epops. The European Hoopoo. Marshall, J. B. N. H. 8. xv. p. 351 (Quetta: summer visitor); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 58 (Chitral: summer visitor, occurring up to 14,000 ft.); Cumming, t. c. p. 690; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 726 (common in summer, rare in winter). Abundant in Kohat in the cold weather, but only a few individuals stay to nest. Occurs in the Kurram Valley up to 8,000 ft., but is scarce. [1068.] Cyrseus meLBa. The Alpine Swift. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 342 (Thall: May); Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 301 (Quetta: summer visitor) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 58 (common in Chitral in summer from 5,000 to 16,000 ft.) ; Rattray, t. c. p. 660 (found two nests: Murree Hills); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 726. Flocks of this fine Swift, often accompanied by the next species, pass through Kohat at intervals from mid-February till the end of May, return- ing in August and September. They merely pass over and do not stay. [1069.] CypsEeLus apus. The Common Swift. Rattray, J.B. N. H.S. xi. p. 342 (Thall: common in May; shot two) ; Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 8351 (Quetta: common in summer; found nests in eaves); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 58 (Chitral; common in summer up to 14,000 ft.) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 726 (summer visitor: nests in cliffs). Occurs like the last species and often in company with it. Breeds in small numbers in the cliffs of the Safed Koh, occurring up to the summit. [1073.] CypseLus aFFINIs. The Common Indian swift. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 342 (rare at Thall); Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 851 (common in summer); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 726. Abundant from early in March till November, and appearing at intervals throughout the cold weather if the season is mild. [1089.] CapRIMULGUS MAHRATTENSIS. Sykes’s Nightjar. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 342 (Thall) ; Cumming, op. cit. xvi. p. 690 (abundant in Seistan from April till September). Nightjars are not common in the neighbourhood of Kohat, but round Thall the country is better suited to their habits and they are plentiful. We did not meet with this species, and are indebted to Col. Rattray for the following notes he made at Thall:-—“Fairly numerous. The birds are not permanent residents, but arrive about the middle of May with C. curopeus. te) 958 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. I always found this species on the open hill-sides, and not amongst jungle. It breeds in the more open nullahs during June and July. I obtained four nests with eggs, the female in each case being shot on leaving the eggs. Major Magrath procured several examples at Bannu. (1090.] Carrimuneus monticona. Franklin’s Nightjar. Rattray, J. B. N. H. 8S. xii. p. 348 (Thall). The following details are again taken from notes made by Colonel Rattray at Thall:—“‘Common and a permanent resident. I found it breeding plentifully ; all the eggs that I procured from five nests were laid without any depression, and were extremely highly coloured, being almost brick-red.” (1092.] CaprimuLteus EUROPAUS. The common Nightjar. Rattray, J.B. N. H.S. xii. p. 345 (Thall: commonest Nightjar in summer ; found ten nests); Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 351 (fairly common at Quetta summer); Rattray, op. cit. xvi. p. (661 not common in the Murree Hills). Passes through Kohat in spring and autumn, and nests commonly in the serub-jungle around Thall. I shot several examples. [1104.] Cucunus canorus. The Common Cuckoo. Marshall, J.B.N.H.S. xv. p.351 (Quetta: very common in March and April); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 58 (Chitral: fairly common in summer); Rattray, t. c. p. 661 (abundant inthe Murree Hills); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p.726; Mag- rath, op. cit. xviii. p. 296 (abundant at Thandiani, 9,000 ft., Hazara District). The familiar call of the Cuckoo is heard in Kohat from early in April till nearly the middle of May. The bird is found up to the tree-limit on the Safed Koh, but is rather scarce. It continues calling there till well past the middle of July. Major Magrath (1. c.) records his finding blue Cuckoo’s eggs. (1118.] CoccystrEs sacopinus. The Pied Crested Cuckoo. Ward, J. B. N. H. S. xvii. p. 726 (Kashmir: not common, but several specimens were procuréd in the Valley). Occurs rarely during the autumn migration. I have met with it on three occasions in August and September. [1120.] Eupynamis Honorata. The Indian Koel. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 726. I cannot do better than quote the following notes made by Major Magrath :—“ A summer visitor in small numbers, much to the annoyance of Corvus splendens. In the early summer of 1905 there were probably not more than half a dozen birds in the station, but they made enough noise for a hundred. I picked up a dead fledgling in the month of August.” Arrives in Kohat about the middle of May. {1138.] Pataornis torquatus. The Rose-ringed Parroquet. Ward, J. B. N. HS. xvin. ip. 727. THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 9659 The following details are also from Major Magrath’s notes:—“A resident, though scarce. There are probably not more than eight or a dozen in the District, all of which frequent cantonments. I know of only two trees where they nest, one a large cotton-tree (Simal) and the other a Cirrus. A tame example which I kept in a state of semi-freedom used often to mix with the wild birds, but the females, to whom he made advances, he invariably found, to his cost, appropriated.” [1141.] Panaorntis scuisticErs. The Slaty-headed Parroquet. Fulton, J. B. N. H.S. xvi. p. 58 (Chitral: summer visitor, occurring up to 7,000 ft.) ; Rattray, t. c. p. 661 (very common in the Murree Hills) ; Ward, op. eit. Xvil. p. 727 (common in summer and autumn up to 7,500 ft.). Flocks of this Parroquet visit the District during April (noted on various dates from the 8th to the 26th) and stay afew days. Icame across a small nesting-colony on the 19th of June near Zeran, 5,800 feet (Kurram Valley) ; the young birds had just flown. [1157.] Asto accrpirrinus. The Short-eared Owl. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 727 (occurs in the plains). 456. g ad. Samana, 6,500 ft., 5th March. Migrates through Kohat in March, but apparently only in small numbers. /1159.] Syrnium BippuLPHI. Scully’s Wood-Owl. Fulton, J. B.N. H.S. xvi. p. 58 (Chitral: not common, occurs up to 8,000 ft.); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 727 (fairly common in Kashmir; eggs taken in April and May). 90. dS. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 19th January. 637. dS. Hangu, 2,700 ft., 3rd March. Fairly common from November till April in the orchards and wild olive- groves of the Kohat and Miranzai Valleys. This species spends the day in evergreen trees, but without troubling much about concealment, being often mobbed by Crows, Mynas, Bulbuls, &e. An individual so mobbed was rescued and taken to Major Magrath, who kept it till dusk and then let it go. He says that it allowed him to handle it and scratch its head, and it appeared to be of a gentle disposition. He adds that the bird is a not uncommon winter visitor to Bannu. |1164.] Kerupa zEYLONENSIS. The Brown Fish-Owl. 668. g ad. Kachai, 2,700 ft., 11th March. Probably not rare, as the streams of the District are full of small fishes and crabs. The stomach of the above-mentioned example was crammed with fragments of crabs’ shells and claws, with a few fish-bone. Besides this example I shot one of a pair at Kohat in November. [1168.] Buso BENGALENSIS. The Rock-Horned Owl. Rattray, J.B. N.H.S8. xii. p. 343 (rare: Thall) ; Cumming, op. cit. xvi. p. 690 (Seistan: one young bird brought in); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 727 {common in Kashmir). 960 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Major Magrath writes as follows on this species :—‘‘ A resident and fairly common. An example I shot on the 15th of January, 1906, was put up in broad daylight from a nullah in which it had just pounced on a huge bull- frog. It flew away withits prey some distance and was killed on the ground. The vast flocks of Pastor roseus that roosted in the cantonments _in August 1905 were much harried by Owls, this species being, as far as 1 could ascertain, the chief depredator.” This is the common Owl of the District. [1180.] ArHENE BRAMA. The Spotted Owlet. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvi. p. 727 (Kashmir.) 441, 3. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 19th February. 549. go. Thall, 2,550 ft., 15th May. A fairly common resident, not found about houses, as is usually the case, but only in cliffs in wild and desolate parts of the District, or occasionally in groves. In the cliffs near Thall it is particularly common, and this must, I think, be the species which Colonel Rattray took for A. bactriana. Curiously enough, in the adjoining District of Peshawar it occurs commonly about towns and villages. [1191.] Orocyes catvus. The Black Vulture. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. 728 (far from common in Kashmir). Rare. I met with a pair near Siau in November 1905, and a solitary individual on the grass-farm in February 1908. These are the only examples that I have observed. [1192.] Gyps FuLvus. The Griffon Vulture. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 343 (Thall: common); Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 351 (Quetta: very common); Ward, op. cit. xvil. p. 728 (breeds in colonies and is resident). Common throughout the District, especially on the Samana, where it breeds and is resident. Observed in the Kurram Valley up to 8,500 feet. [1196.] Pszupocyrs BENGALENSIS. The Indian White-backed Vulture. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 343; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 728 (rare in Kashmir). Colonel Rattray recorded this species from Thall, and made the following notes on it:—“‘ Common on the plains round Thall; they were feeding on the dead transport animals all along the road from Kohat to Thall.” This was during the Tirah Campaign of 1897-98, which doubtless attracted them to this part of the country, where in times of peace they are unknown. The nearest place where I have seen them is at Rawal Pindi, a hundred miles east of our limits, where, in October 1905, on the oceasion of thirteen mules being shot, a great number, in company with Gyps fulvus and Neophron percnopterus, assembled in anticipation of the feast. (1197.] PropHron pERcNoprerus. The Egyptian Vulture. Rattray, J. B. N. H. 8. xii. p. 343 (Thall) ; Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 3oL THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 961 (Quetta : common in summer) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 59 (Chitral : summer visitor from March till September) ; Rattray, t. c. p. 662 (common in the Murree Hills) ; Cumming, t. c. p. 691 (occasionally seen in Seistan) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 728. The common Scavenger Vulture of the District. A resident everywhere, ° except on the Samana and in the Kurram Valley, which it leaves on the approach of winter, returning early in March with Passer domesticus. Scarce in the Kurram Valley, though we noted it up to the head (7,000 feet). [1199.} Gypamrus BarBatus. The Lammergeier. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 343 (common at Thall) ; Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 352 (Quetta: very common and nests); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 59 (Chitral: a common resident) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 928 (common ; nests in February and March). Common and found everywhere from the plains to the summit of the Safed Koh, though seldom seen in the plains from June till October. [1200.] Aquila CHRYSHTUS. I have now seen the Golden Hagle in its summer-quarters in the Kaghan Valley, and feel fairly certain that the Hagle with the rufous-buff nape, which frequents the low rocky hills in Kohat in winter, is of this species. It is a regular visitor, but not common, and is not seen on the grass farm— the rendezvous of A. hehaca, bifasciata, vindhiana, and maculata—nor fighting over carrion, monitor lizards, &c., as these other species do, but is usually found singly in desolate country. [1201.| Aquina HELIAcA. The Imperial Hagle. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 728 (an uncommon winter visitor). A fairly common winter visitor. Mr. Donald has seen one give chase to a Lagegar Falcon, and finally force it to drop its prey. Immature birds of this genus are frequently seen about the grass-farm feeding on offal, mole- rats, &. [1202.] Aquiza BiFasciata. The Steppe-Hagle. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 336 (abundant in Kashinir). 772. 6 imm. Kohat, 1,900 ft., Ist April. Fairly common in winter, but those seen were mostly immature birds. [1203.] AquiILaA viNDHIANA. The Tawny Eagle. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xxi. p. 343; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 728. Fairly plentiful in the cold weather and probably resident. Mr. Donald told me that in May 1907, when swarms of young locusts were devastating Kohat, he counted in one spot alone thirty-five of these Eagles which had apparently been gorging on the locusts. Colonel Rattray writes that in the Tirah Campaign he often saw this species feeding in company with Vultures on dead transport animals near Thall. [1205.] Aquita mactLata. The Large Spotted Eagle. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xviii. p. 464 (Badarwa, Kashmir). 962 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX . One pair observed on the grass-farm and another at the Lachi reed-bed in April and May. Probably breeds in the neighbourhood. [1207.] Hinraxzrus Fascratus. Bonelli’s Eagle. Marshall, J. B. N. H. 8. xv. p.352 (Quetta: some breed in the hills) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 728 (not common in Kashmir). A fairly common resident, very destructive to game. Mr. Donald, who has trained several of these birds, says that they are most courageous and will hawk anything they are entered to; but that they are wild and difficult to train, even when taken very early from the nest, and that through want of practice in flying they are usually rather unwieldy; added to which, owing to their marked partiality for poultry, they are somewhat unsatis- factory from a falconer’s point of view. In the wild state they have a bad reputation for pursuing and killing trained Goshawks when they get the chance, and are said to be the worst enemies of the wild Goshawk. they hunt in pairs; their favourite quarry, if they can be said to have one, is perhaps the Wood-Pigeon, but little comes amiss, and they will snatch up a fowl when opportunity offers, or make off with a wounded duck. Watched a pair building in a cleft in a cliff on 17th March. [1216.| Circazrus eauticus. The Short-toed Eagle. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 728. Fairly common in winter, and perhaps resident. [1220.] Burastur TEESA. The White-eyed Buzzard-Hagle. 711. g ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 19th March. A summer yisitor, arriving early in March and leaving towards the end of October. Breeds fairly commonly in the Miranzai and Samilzai Valleys. [1223.| Hanianrus LEUCoRYPHUS. Pallas’s Fishing-EKagle. Cumming, J. B. N. H. 8. xvi. p. 691 (Seistan) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 728 (Kashmir). Resident and common along the River Indus. Mr. Donald found four pairs nesting there in March. Rare elsewhere; occasionally seen between Chikarkot and Hangu. [1229.] Mizvus covinpa. The Common Pariah Kite. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 344 (Thall: very common); Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 352 (Quetta: common, scarce in winter); Rattray, op. cit. Xvi. p. 642 (common in the Galis) ; Ward, op. cit. xvi. p. 729. 532. 2 ad. Peiwar Kotal, 8,000 ft., 25th April. A very common resident up to 4,000 ft., occurring up to 8,000 ft. in summer. Major Magrath writes: “The numbers of this species were considerably re- duced in the winter of 1905 by the excessive cold. The unfortunate birds were induced to breed early in January by the mildness of the weather, and had actually commenced to nest when the intense cold, lasting well into March, fell on us.” THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 9638 |1230.] Minvus metanoris. The Large Indian Kite. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xu. p. 344 (Thall: rare; shot a female off a nest) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 59 (Chitral: April); Rattray, t. c. p. 663 (rare at Murree); Ward, op. cit. xvil. p. 729 (common in Kashmir). Not common, more numerous on the Samana and in the Kurram Valley ~ than elsewhere. [1232.] Enanus c#@RuLEvuS. The Black-winged Kite. Fulton, J. B. N. H.S. xvi. p. 59 (common in Chitral in summer). Fairly common in Kohat from early in April till October. In a mild year a few stragglers stay the winter. I met with it as high as Dandar (4,700 ft.) in the Kurram Valley. [1223.] Circus MacruRrus. The Pale Harrier. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xv. p. 352 (Quetta: common in spring); Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 59 (Chitral: April). 739. g ad. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 25th March. This is the common Harrier of the District. Chiefly seen on migration from September till the end of November, and from February till May, only a few remaining for the winter. [1234.] Circus crnERAcEUS. Montagu’s Harrier. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 729 (winter visitor to Kashmir). Rare. We both observed this species on the Samana during the spring migration. I also saw one near Lachi in March. [1235.] Circus cyangeus. The Hen-Harrier. Marshall, J. B. N. H. 8. xv. p. 352 (occurs at Quetta in spring); Ward, op. cit. xvil. p. 729 (common in winter). Fairly common on passage in spring and autumn. [1237.] Circus zrucinosus. The Marsh-Harrier. Marshall, J. B. N. H. 8S. xv. p. 352 (fairly common in winter) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 729 (very plentiful ; possibly breeds in Kashmir). Common about reed-beds and irrigated crops from September till the middle of May, especially in spring and autumn. Dresser, in his ‘ Manual of Palearctic Birds’ (p. 504), writing of this species, says: ‘“ It is doubtful if it dares even to attack a rat.’”’ I once disturbed a bird feasting on a freshly-killed adult Nesokia hardwickii (a particularly fierce species of field- tat), which I think must have been killed by the bird. I believe that a pair nested on the grass-farm at Kohat in the summer of 1906. They were there up to the 14th of June, when I left for the Kurram Valley. On my return in August I found an immature bird in the same spot. [1239.] Burro FErox. The Long-legged Buzzard. Marshall, J. B. N. H. S. xv. p. 352 (common round Quetta im winter, chiefly the dark form ; probably breeds close by). A winter visitor and very common from October till April. I have shot. both the light and the dark forms, but the former is much the commoner. 964 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. (1241.] Burzo DESERTORUM. The Common Buzzard. Cumming, J. B. N. H.S. xvi. p. 691 (Seistan: one shot in February). 757. 9. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 28th March. A winter visitor, but by no means as common as the last species. [1243.] Asturn PaLumBARIus. The Goshawk. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 729 (rare). This species occurs on passage, but very rarely. Mr. Donald says that nets are set in four or five gorges in the independ- ent territory north of Kohat. These nets average twelve feet in height, have a two-inch mesh, and are made to fit roughly the bottom of the gorge, while they are so arranged as to collapse when struck by anything. The Goshawk is thus occasionally taken in spring and autumn. Bonelli’s Eagle is its chief enemy and pursues both wild and trained birds for its prey. This is the favourite Hawk with the local Khans, but it is an expensive luxury, females costing from Rs. 150 to Rs. 200 and males from Rs. 50 to Rs. 70. [1244.] Asrur Bapius. The Shikra. Ward, J. B. N. H. 8. xvii. p. 729 (Kashmir: rare). A summer visitor, arriving towards the end of March. Nests commonly in the Samilzai Valley. Large numbers are snared by means of a light cage formed of fine netting stretched over supports, and covered with nooses ; a live Quail is used as a bait. They are used for hawking Quail, and their price varies from 2d, to ls. [1247.] AccIPITER Nisus. The Sparrow-Hawk. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xi. p. 344 (Thall: occasionally seen; breeds in the Safed Koh); Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 352 (not common; occurs in spring at Quetta) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 59 (Chitral: shot one in May at 8,000 ft.) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 729 (a resident in Kashmir). Occurs on migration in spring and autumn. Colonel Rattray mentions a young bird in down being brought to Parachinar in July from the Safed Koh. Mr. Donald tells me that this species breeds freely in Tirah, which lies just north of our limits, and that every autumn some thirty or forty individuals are snared along the Kachai stream, by means of a drop-net set up in the open, with a fine network cage containing Sparrows suspended in front. The Hawk seeing the sparrows flutter up makes a dash and gets entangled in the net. The bazaar rate varies from 2s. to 10s. [1249.] Pernis cristatus. The Honey Buzzard. Occurs on spring migra- tion. [1254.] Fanco pereerinus. The Peregrine Falcon. Ward, J. B. N. H. 8. xvii. p. 729 (common in Kashmir). This species occurs chiefly on migration in spring and autumn, but is by no means common. Mr. Donald only knows of one instance of its being snared in the District, but has often observed it on passage. The bazaar rate for a good female is about Rs. 30. ‘THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 965 [1255.] Fatco pErEGRINATOR. The Shahin. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 344 (Thall: common along the foot of the hills); Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 729 (occasionally caught near Srinagar). A resident, and after the Laggar the commonest of our larger Falcons. Mr. Donald generally keeps a pair for hawking Chukor, Partridges, Teal, &e. He speaks highly of their courage, and has known one strike and kill a Mallard, but says that, though comparatively easy to train, after a year or two in captivity they deteriorate rapidly. There are many eyries scat- tered through the District. In June and July Mr. Donald has often seen them taking bats; these he thinks must be young birds practising. Eggs were being incubated on 16th March. Alarm note, krdp krdp. [1257.] Fatco suaceR. The Laggar Falcon. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xv. p. 352 (Quetta: fairly common); Ward, op. cit. Xvli. p. 729. Resident and common in open, cultivated country. Mr. Donald says that this species is the most frequent lure for taking other and more valu. able Falcons. It is usually trained to take hares, but is not thought very much of, being too slow. The bazaar price is Re. 1. [1258.] Fatco cHERRUG. The Cherrug or Saker. The Cherrug occurs in open country like the last species, but is not nearly so common, and is a winter visitor only, arriving about October and leaving in April. Mr. Donald kept two birds which he trained very success- fully to take Milvus govinda as well as Houbara-Bustards and Hares. _ After the Goshawk and Peregrine, this is the favourite amongst local fal- coners. The price ranges from Rs. 7 to Rs. 14 for a good female. {1260.] Fanco supputEo. The Hobby. Fulton, J. B. N. H.S. xvi. p. 60 (Chitral: one specimen obtained in May); Rattray, t. c. p. 663 (rare in the Murree Hills; breeds); Ward, op. cit. xvii p. 729 (breeds in the higher hills of Kashmir). - Mr. Donald states that this species is fairly common in spring and that he has observed it as late as May. I came across three individuals in beautiful adult plumage in February near Lachi; they were flying back- wards and forwards, sparring at each other, and occasionally perching in a tree close by, while constantly uttering a ery which sounded lke “ gyak- gyak.”’ (1263. | 4isaton RecuLus. The Merlin. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 729 (widely distributed in winter). This bird is fairly common from October till the middle of March; it is more often seen about the grass-farm and the Sarma and Lachi plains than elsewhere. It migrates over the Samana in March. It is seldom trained in this district. (1264.] Aisaton curceuera. The Red-headed Merlin or Turumti. An occasional visitor, but by no means common. I have only twice seen 966 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. it ;on one occasion the bird shot down just in front of me to take a Starling flying in to roost, and started to tear it up close by, giving me a splendid view through my glasses. Mr. Donald says that he has met with this species in Kohat in most months of the year. He has a great opinion of its courage, and has trained it to take Rollers (a bird a great deal bigger than itself), while he has known a pair to tackle a Blue Rock-Pigeon. It is a fairly common resident, he says, in the adjoiming districts of Pesha- war and Mianwali. Major Magrath has also found it not uncommon in Bannu. The wide open plains of these districts are more to its liking than the confined valleys of Kohat. [1265.] TINNUNCULUS ALAUDARIUS. The Kestrel. Rattray, J. B. N. H. 8. xi. p. 344 (a common resident at Thall) ; Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 352 (Quetta: common ; found many nests) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 60 (Chitral: a very common resident from 4,000 ft. upwards ; one seen at 18,000 ft.) ; Rattray, t. c. p. 663 (common in the Murree Hills) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 729. 753. ¢. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 27th March. GOL. Sic 5 3 23rd March. Common in winter; a resident on the Samana-and in the Kurram and Miranzai Valleys (nesting regularly at Thall, 2,550 ft., and Hangu, 2,700 ft.). [1292.] CotumBa INTERMEDIA. The Indian Blue Rock-Pigeon. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 344 (Thall: common in winter) ; Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 352 (a resident, at Quetta); Fulton, op. cit. xvi p. 60 (Chitral: resident, occurring up to 10,000 ft.); Cumming, t.c. p. 691 (occurs in Seistan) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 943 (Kashmir). Occurs in large flocks in the District from August to April. A few appear to be resident round Thall, but the great majority leave in April. Colonel Rattray, in his article referred to above, says that “ they were breeding in hundreds in a cliff near the Fort. About the middle of April they all disappeared suddenly.” On the 19th of May, 1907, however, I found some still about the cliffs at Thall. [1293.] CotumBa Livia. The Blue Rock-Pigeon. Rattray, J. B. N. H. S. xii. p. 344 (Thall: large flocks occur in winter) 5 Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 352 (Quetta); Ward, op. cit. xvi. p. 9435 (the common Pigeon of Kashmir). Occurs with flocks of the last species in winter, but is much less common. Never observed in separate flocks. [1295.| CoLuMBA EVERSMANNI. The Hastern Stock-Dove. Cumming, J. B.N. H. S. xvi. p. 691 (Seistan: April); Ward, op. cit. xvil. p. 943 (Kashmir: rare, occurs on migration). Migrates through Kohat in the latter half of April in small flocks which feed chiefly on the mulberries that are then ripening. Less wary than THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 967 other members of the genus. Appears to be searce in the Kurram Valley, and probably only passes through, I shot an example at 6,500 feet in Ilex- serub on the 2nd of May. [1298.] Patumsus casiotTIs. The Eastern Wood-Pigeon. p Marshall, J. B. N. H. S. xv., p. 352 (common on the hills round Quetta) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 945 (Kashmir). A resident species, collecting in large flocks in autumn in the scrub-jungle above Marai, about Shinauri, and in the wooded nullahs of the northern slopes of the Samana—these being its favourite haunts, but odd birds oceur all over the District. Mr. Donald tells me that it nests freely near the Zera Kotal, above Shinauri, and north of the Samana. It occurs also in the Kurram Valley, and probably breeds there, but was still in flocks in May. [1305.] Turtur FERRAGO. The Indian Turtle-Dove. Fulton, J. B. N. H.S. xvi., p. 60 (common in Lower Chitral in summer) ; Rattray, t. c., p. 663 (common in the Murree Hills); Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 943 (common in Kashmir). Small numbers migrate through Kohat from mid-April till the 3rd or 4th of May, returning in September and October. Mr. Donald has found it nesting on the Samana, I shot a specimen there as late as the 4th of November. It is common in summer in the woods of the Safed Koh, from 7,000 feet to tree-limit. [1309.] TurtuR caMBAYENSIS. The Little Brown Dove. Rattray, J.B. N. H. 8. xi., p. 344 (Thall: common) ; Marshall, op. cit. xv., p. 353 (resident at Quetta, largely reinforced in summer) ; Fulton, op. cit. Xvi., p. 60 (Chitral : probably common) ; Ward, op. cit. xvi1., p. 948 (Kashmir). A resident in the District and abundant at all seasons. Common in the Kurram Valley in summer up to 6,500 feet, and occurring at least up to 8,000 feet, at which height Major Magrath shot an example. [1510.] Turrur risorius. The Indian Ring-Dove. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii., p. 344 (Thall: common) ; Marshall, op. cit. xv., Pp. 355 (common summer visitor); Fulton, op. cit. xvi., p. 60 (common in summer) ; Cumming, t. c. p. 691 (very rare in Seistan) ; Ward, op. cit. xvil., p. 945 (Kashmir). : Abundant in summer, the majority leaving in autumn, though many Stay the winter. In the Kurram Valley the bird is common up to Dandar, but rather scarce higher up. I have met with it, however, as high as 8,500 feet. [1311.] GHNopoPELIA TRANQUEBARICA. The Red Turtle-Dove. Rattray, J. B. N. H. 8. xii., p. 345 (rare at Thall) ; Ward, op. cit. xvil., p. 945 (rare in Kashmir). A summer visitor to the District, and fairly numerous from the second week in April till August. [1816.] Preroctes ArENARIUS. The Black-bellied Sand-Grouse. 968 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XA. Rattray, J. B. N. H. S. xii, p. 845 (Thall: passes through in March), Marshall, op. cit. xv., p. 353 (Quetta: common in autumn and spring); Cumming, op. cit. xvi., p. 691 (said to occur in Seistan) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 943 (Jummu). Large flocks occur in the cold weather in the fields around Doaba and occasionally round Kohat, Lachi, and Dhand. I flushed a bird on the 21st of June, 1906, on the stony plain near Dandar in the Kurram Valley, which was possibly breeding in the neighbourhood. [1317.] Prerocues Fasctatus. The Painted Sand-Grouse. Ward, J. B. N. H. 5S. xvii., p. 944 (Jummu). A rare bird, probably resident. Mr. Donald told me that he had frequently flushed a pair of strange Sand-Grouse in the scrub-jungle west of Shinauri (3,800 feet), but that for a long time they managed to escape. Eventually, however, one was brought to bag and on being compared with Hume and Marshall’s ‘Game Birds of India’ was found to correspond exactly with this species. This is not the first record of its occurrence west of the Indus. In 1902, Major Barton, of the Guides, sent a skin to the Bombay Natural History Society, and ina note to the Journal (vol. xiv., p. 606) wrote that the bird was shot every year near Mardan and that it was said to be resident. [1321.] Prerocturus Exustus. The Common Sand-Grouse. A resident in Kohat, but not very common. Peroclurus alchata should occur, but we have not met with it, nor has Mr. Donald. [1342.| LopHopHORUS REFULGENS. The Monal. Fulton, J. B. N. H. 8. xvi., p. 61 (common in Lower Chitral); Ward, op. ‘cit. Xvil., p. 944 (common in Kashmir). Fairly numerous on the Safed Koh from 9,000 feet to tree-limit. I came across young ones fairly strong on the wing on the 27th of June. [1355.] Corurnix communis. The Grey Quail. Rattray, J. B.N. H.S. xii., p. 345 (Thall: passes through in spring and autumn, a few are resident) ; Marshall, op- cit. xv., p. 353 (Quetta: a few occur in spring and autumn); Fulton, op. cit. xvi., p. 61 (Chitral: passes through in spring, a few stay) ; Cumming, t. c., p. 692 (Seistan: fairly common ; nests in March and April); Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 944 (summer visitor, nesting). Passes through in varying numbers from about the third week in March till the middle of May, and returns in August and September. Forty-six brace to two guns is the best morning’s bag that I remember being made. Every year a few pairs stay to nest. Colonel Rattray found four eggs on the 21st of April near Thall. Mr. Donald has come across several nests, on one occasion actually treading on the sitting bird. [1556.] CoruRNIx CORAMANDELICA. The Rain Quail. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii., p. 944. (A rare visitor: has been known 10 nest in Kashmir.) THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 969 Two or three examples are yearly shot in Kohat about May; the bird probably nests in the District. [1370.] CaccasBis cHucAR. The Chukor. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii. p. 345 (Thall: a common resident) ; Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 353 (Quetta: very common) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 61 (very common, ranging up to 12,000 ft.) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii p. 944 (found every- where in Kashmir). 662. Sen? Marai, 3000 ft., 9th March. 763. 9 ad. Kohat, 1850 ft., 30th March. Resident, and fairly numerous from the plains up to at least 11,000 feet in the Safed Koh. [1371.] AMMoPERDIx BONHAMI. The Sisi Partridge. Rattray, J.B. N. AH. S. xii. p. 345 (Thall: a fairly common resident) ; Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 353 (Quetta : very common) ; Cumming, op. cit. xvi. p. 692 (Seistan : scarce). 2 A common resident on the stony hills of Kohat and the Kurram Valley up to about 6,000 feet, and abundant in the more remote parts, where it is less persecuted. [1372.] Franconinus vutearis. The Black Partridge. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xi. p. 345 (Thall: abundant); Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 353 (Quetta: occurs about the foot-hills) ; Cumming, op. cit. xvi. p. 692 (Seistan : abundant). A resident, and common in the Mazri scrub (dwarf-palm) of the Lower _ Kurram and Upper Miranzai Valleys, and, in fact, wherever there is plenty of Mazri. [1375.| FRaANCOLINUS PONDICERIANUS. The Grey Partridge. Rattray, J. B. N. H. 8S. xii. p. 345 (Thall: very common) ; Ward, op. cit. Xvil. p. 944 (Kashmir : occurs in the plains). A resident and fairly numerous, but less so than the Sisi. It is found on much the same ground, though more frequently about cultivated spots, and up to about the same altitude in the Kurram Valley. (1378.| TETRAOGALLUS HIMALAYENSIS. The Himalayan Snow-Cock. Fulton, J. B. N. H. 8. xvi. p. 62 (Chitral: found in winter down to 6,000 ft. and in summer up to 16,000 ft.) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 945) (common at high altitudes). This grand bird occurs in summer on the upper slopes of the Safed Koh from about 9,000 feet to the summit, but israther scarce. Like the Chuko it would often escape notice were it not so noisy. [1384.] Turnrx Tanxi. The Indian Button-Quail. A summer visitor in small numbers, breeding on the grass-farm. Major Venour shot one at Christmas 1909, so probably a few are resident. [1387.| Rattus aquaticus. The Water-Rail. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 945 (breeds in the Valley of Kashmir). 970 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. 402. g. Dhand, 1,200 ft., 17th November 1906. 869. Kohat, 1,700 ft., 8th March. These two were the only ones met with. [1593.] Porzana pustuta. The Eastern Baillon’s Crake. Rattray, J. B. N. H. 8. xii. p. 345 (large numbers pass through about the end of May) ; Ward, op. cit. xvil. p. 945 (Kashmir). 692, 698. 2 9 ads. Lachi, 1,540 ft., 17th March. Capt. Keen shot the first example on the llth of February, 1906, and from then till mid-April single individuals were met with at intervals. About the latter date the main body appeared, and up to the 20th of May large numbers continued to pass through, frequenting the grass-farm, irrigated crops, and cover near water. The bird has not been observed on the autumn migration, though common at Rawal Pindi (120 miles east) at that season. [1394.] PorazaNa MARUETTA. The Spotted Crake. 695. ¢$ ad: lLachi, 1540 ft. 17th March. Passes through Kohat in fair numbers in March and April, frequenting reed-beds and irrigated crops. A great skulker, but may frequently be located by its peculiar loud call-note. [1398.| AmavRornNis Fuscus. The Ruddy Crake. Ward, J. B. N. 0.8. xvii. p. 945 (breeds in Kashmir). 981. g ad. Dandar, 4,700 ft., 23rd June, 1906. I found numerous nests of this species in a marsh near Dandar, in the Kurram Valley. They were usually fairly well concealed in clumps of reeds or grass, and generally mere hollows scantily lined with bits of these plants. The first eggs are laid about the middle of June, the clutch vary- ing from five to seven. In colour they are creamy-white profusely spotted with pale red, and the average measurements are 1°22x°82 in. This species has brought the art of skulking to a high state of perfection, and it is only when the young have. emerged from the shell that it shews itself at all. : [1402.] GaLLiInuLA cHLOoRoPUS. The Water-Hen. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii. p. 945 (Kashmir). A rather scarce winter visitor to Kohat ; more numerous at Dhand than elsewhere. It occurs chiefly on migration in March and April, when it is frequently caught. It breeds in the Kurram Valley in small numbers. I found a nest at Dandar on the 9th of July. [1405.] Funica atra. The Coot. Marshall, J. B. N. H. 8. xv. p. 353 (Quetta: common in winter) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi. p. 62 (Chitral: shot in March at Drosh) ; Cumming, t. c. p. 693 (Seistan : a common resident) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii. p. 945 (Kashmir). Abundant on Dhand tank throughout the cold weather, occurring also m other suitable places in small numbers. I met with a pair near Lachi as late as the 20th of May, so possibly a few are resident. THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY, 971 {1407.] Grus communis. The Common Crane. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii., p. 345 (passes over Thall in great numbers: often driven back after storms). Large flocks pass over from the third week in February till the end of March, returning in August and September, but rarely halting except in - the Latammar Nullah or at Dhodha. Residents at Parachinar say that Cranes on migration fly straight over the Safed Koh Range (lowest point 11,760 feet) and not round the western shoulder, but that they are frequently forced to turn back by storms Major Magrath, too, has often observed them returning S.E. to Bannu after a storm. (1411.] AnrHRoporpEs virco. The Demoiselle Crane. Rattray, J. B.N.H.S. xii, p. 346 (Thall) ; Cumming, op. cit. xvi., p. 393 (Seistan: a few occur in February and March); Ward, op. cit. xvii, p. 945 {a winter visitor to Kashmir). This beautiful species passes through in big flocks from the end of March till about the middle of April (last flock seen on the 17th), returning in September. [1413.] Oris terrax. The Little Bustard. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvu., p. 945 (Kashmir: one shot in December). Very rare. We have never met with this species, but Mr. Donald says that he has twice flushed the “ Butterfly” Bustard, as he calls it, from its peculiar flight, when hawking the Houbara. [1415.] Housara MacquEENI. The Houbara Bustard. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xv., p. 353 (passes through Quetta in March and April) ; Cumming, op. cit. xvi., p. 693 (fairly common in Seistan in spring : said to breed). A rather scarce winter visitor, but fairly plentiful on the spring migra- tion in March. Mr. Donald frequently takes this Bustard with his trained Cherrug Falcons (Palco cherrugq). [1418.] Gipicnemus scotopax. The Stone-Curlew. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xvi., p. 353 (rare at Quetta) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 945 (Kashmir). I only once met with this species in Kohat and that was near Sheikhan on the 22nd of August, 1906. Mr. Donald says that it occurs commonly in the desert-country between Samrud and the mouth of the Khyber Pass, 7.e., about 40 miles N. E. of Kohat. [1427.] GuarEota LactEA. The Small Indian Pratincole. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S, xii., p. 346 (Thall); Ward, op. cit. xvii, p. 945 (said to occur in Kashmir). A summer visitor from April till August. Col. Rattray found it breeding freely on the gravel banks in the Kurram River in April. It was very com- mon when we passed through Thall in April and on our return in May. 972 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Major Venour saw three Swallow Plover at close quarters in spring 1909 which were not of this species but were either G. orientalis or G. pratincola. [1431.] SarncoaramMus InpDIcus. The Red-wattled Plover. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii., p. 346 (common at Thall); Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 353 (only one seen at Quetta, 5,600 ft.) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 946 (a few occur at about 5,000 ft. in Kashmir). A few are resident in the plains ; abundant in summer, but scarce in winter. [1436.] VANELLUS vuLGARIS. The Lapwing. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii., p. 346 (a few pass through Thall); Marshall, op. cit. xv., p. 353 (winter visitor to Quetta); Fulton, op. cit. xvi., p. 62 (Chitral: fairly common up to the end of May ; probably breeds) ; Ward, op. cit. Xvii., p. 946 (winter visitor). Fairly common from October tiil the third week in March. [1437.] CHETTUSIA GREGARIA. The Sociable Plover. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii., p. 346 (large flocks pass through Thall in April); Fulton, op. cit. xvi., p. 62 (Chitral: common in winter ; saw some at Drosh, 4,300 ft., at the end of May, probably breeds about there); Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 946 (scarce in Kashmir). Small flocks pass through from the last week in February till the end of March: many are then in full plumage, z.e., are black and chestnut on the abdomen (see Blanford, Fauna of B. I. vol. iv., p. 232). A solitary example was shot on the parade-ground at Fort Lockhart (6,500 feet), where it had alighted during parade. [1438.] CuHerrusia LEUCURA. The white-tailed Plover. Cumming N. L., J. B. N. H. 5S. xvi., p. 694 (Seistan, 6th May.) Mr. Donald shot a specimen on the grass-farm on the 3lst of March 1905, and sent it to Major Magrath for identification. This is the only occurrence in Kohat that I know of. In Bannu, however, it is very common in winter about the larger marshes. [1446.] Aiataniris ALEXANDRINA. The Kentish Plover. A somewhat rare spring visitor, arriving towards the end of February and disappearing before the end of March. Major Magrath has found it common in Bannu in spring and autumn. [1447.] Afcratiris pupia. The Little Ringed Plover. Rattray, J. B.N. H. S. xii., p. 346 (Thall); Marshall, op. cit. xv., p. 555 (common at Quetta in spring) ; Cumming, op. cit. xvi., p. 694 (fairly plentiful in Seistan) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 946 (Kashmir). This species passes through Kohat in small flocks from about the end of February till the middle of May (last seen on the 20th). The numbers vary a good deal. In the spring of 1905 Major Magrath noticed a great many passing through, but in the following year comparatively few were seen. On the gravelly shores of the Kurram it breeds abundantly from Thall up to THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 973 Dandar at least ; Colonel Rattray found many nests near Thall, from the end of May onwards. I once saw an individual trying to escape observation by lying flat on the ground with head and neck extended, after the fashion of the Stone-Curlew. [1451.] Himanrorus canpipus. The Black-winged Stilt. Marshall, J. B. N. H. S. xv., p. 353 (Quetta: common in March) ; Cum- ming, op. cit. xvi., p. 694 (scarce in Seistan); Ward, op. cit. xvil., p. 946 (breeds in Kashmir). A rather rare visitor to Kohat from March till May (last seen on the 28th). Major Magrath says that it is very common in Bannu in spring. (1460.] Totanus HyPOoLEUCUS. The Common Sandpiper. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S, xv., p. 353 (Quetta: occurs in April, but is rare); Fulton, op. cit. xvi., p. 62 (Chitral: one shot on May 30th); Ward, op. cit. Xvii., p. 946 (breeds in Kashmir). Occurs on passage in the spring and autumn, a few staying the winter. [1461.| Toranus GLAREOLA. The Wood-Sandpiper. Fulton, J. B. N. H.S. xvi., p. 62 (Chitral: one shot on the 6th of May). Cumming, t. ¢., p. 695 (common in Seistan in May); Ward, op. cit. xvil., p. 946 (Kashmir). Occurs in numbers on the spring migration in the irrigated fields round Kohat. [1462.| Toranus ochropus. The Green Sandpiper. Marshall, J. B. N. H. 8. xv., p. 353 (Quetta: common in winter; Fulton, op. cit. xvi., p. 63 (common in spring; believed to breed in Chitral; many found between 9,000 and 14,000 ft. in July); Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 946 (Kashmir). Abundant on migration in April and May, and from the end of August till November; the majority leave about that time, but many stay the winter in the plains, and a few non-breeding birds through the summer. It passes up the Kurram Valley in spring in great force, but does not stay to breed. [1463.] Toranus stagnatinis. The Marsh-Sandpiper. Noét at allcommon, but a few individuals pass through every year be- tween February and the middle of May, being generally found about the irrigated parts of the grass-farm. [1464.| Toranus catipris. The Redshank. Cumming, J. B. N. H.S. xvi., p. 695 (Seistan); Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 946, and xviil.; p. 464 (fairly common in Kashmir in winter; breeds in Ladak). I have only met with one solitary example, and that was on the 17th of March near Lachi. Major Magrath, however, has found the bird very com- mon in Bannu in winter. [1466.] Toranus Guorris. The Greenshank. Ward, J. B. N. H. 8S. xvii., p. 946 (Kashmir). 10 974 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. A fairly common cold-weather visitor, arriving in October and leaving towards the end of April. | [1468.] PavonceLta puGNAx. The Ruff. Marshall, J.B. N. H. S. xv., p. 353 (Quetta: one shot in February); Ward, op. cit. xvii, p. 946 (a winter visitor to Kashmir). Occurs in large flocks on the grass-farm and other suitable places from the end of February till the middle of May (I shot a single bird on the 17th). [1471.] Trinea minuta. The Little Stint. Fulton, J. B. N. H. 8. xvi., p. 63 (common in Chitral in April and May); Ward, op. cit. xvu., p. 946 Kashmir). Appears in small flocks towards the end of March, and is abundant about irrigated fields and shallow tanks, in company with Sandpipers, till the middle of May. Not met with in autumn. [1474.] Trrinca teEMMINCKI. Temminck’s Stint. Arrives and leaves about the same time as the little stint, but unlike that species is almost always found singly. I have only once met with it in autumn. [1482.] Scotopax RusticuLta. The Woodcock. Rattray, J. B. N. H. S. xii, p. 354 (Thall: a rare winter visitor); Marshall, op. cit. xv., p. 354 (Quetta : winter visitor) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi., p. 63 (resident in Lower Chitral, but scarce); Rattray, t. c., p. 663 (nests freely in the Murree Hills above 8,500 ft.); Cumming, t. c., p. 695 (scarce in Seistan); Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 946 (breeds in Kashmir). A winter visitor from November till the middle of March, but not com- mon: there are, however, several favoured spots in the district which can usually be counted on to hold one bird or more. In the gardens of Kohat itself some half-dozen are shot every winter. [1484.] GaLiInaco caLestis. The Common Snipe. Rattray, J. B.N. H.S. xii, p. 346 (Thall: common in March); Marshall, op. cit. xv., p. 354 (Quetta: fairly common); Fulton, op. cit. xvi., p. 63 (Chitral: a few noticed in April); Cumming, t. c., p. 695 (Seistan: abundant from September to April); Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 947 (breeds m Kashmir). Passes through in varying numbers from the last week in January till the middle of April. Few stay in Kohat, but in the Kurram Valley, where there is plenty of good feeding-grounds, bags of fifty and sixty couples of this and the next species are often made in a few hours. On the return passage in autumn comparatively few halt. [1487.] GaLLinaco GaLtLInuLA. The Jack Snipe. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii., p. 347 (Thall) ; Marshall, op. cit. xv., p. 304 (Quetta : occasionally met with); Cumming, op. cit. xvi., p. 695 (Seistan: said to be fairly common) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 947 (Kashmir). THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 975 The same may be said of this bird as of the last, but it is not quite so common. [1488.] RosrratuLa cAPENSIS. The Painted Snipe. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii., p. 347 (Thall in March) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 947 (a resident in the Kashmir Valley). Rare in Kohat. Capt. Keen shot a specimen in April 1904, while Mr. Donald and Major Venour shot several early in July 1907 and saw others. In the Kurram Valley it is a permanent resident, but is not common. [1498.] Hyproproene caspiaA. The Caspian Tern. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii., p. 347 (Thall) ; Cumming, op. cit. xvi., p. 696 (common in Seistan). Colonel Rattray saw a party of seven near Thall on the 22nd of May and shot one. Capt. Keen and Mr. Boyle observed a large solitary Tern on the Toi near Hangu between the 20th and 26th of March, 1906, and from their description it must, I think, have belonged to this species. [Major Magrath has also met with Larus ridibundus and L. cachinnans in Bannu, and as they both occur in Kashmir, they probably also do so in the Kurram Valley. | [1499.] Sterna anetica. The Gull-billed Tern. Rattray, J. B. N. H. 8. xii., p. 347 (Thall: common in March) ; Cumming, op. cit. xvi., p. 696 (Seistan : common). Small flocks pass through Kohat from the beginning of April till May ‘(last seen on the 5th), and are then usually to be met with about the grass farm or feeding in irrigated fields. [1504.| SteRNA MELANOGASTER. The Black-bellied Tern. Cumming, J. B. N. H.S. xvi., p. 696 (Seistan : not common). Major Magrath observed this species in some irrigated fields near Doaba on the 18th of May 1907. In Bannu he says that it is common. [1526.] PHatacrocorax carBo. The Common Cormorant. Marshall, J. B. N. H. 8. xv., p. 354 (Quetta : a few seen in March). A fairly common bird on the Indus between Khushalgarh and Makhud. It also oceurs occasionally up the Kohat Toi; Capt. Lyall sent me a Specimen that he had shot on this stream near Hangu. [1527.] PHatacrocorax FuscicoLiis. The Indian Shag. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii., p. 347. Colonel Rattray shot an example near Thall in February, 1898, after a heavy storm in the Kurram Valley: it was the only one that he saw. We have never met with this species. [1544.) Puecapts ratcineLtus. The Glossy Ibis. 1. Juv. Kohat, 1,760 ft., 22nd August. The only example that we have seen was a bird of the year which Mr. Donald shot in his garden on the 22nd of August, 1905, and sent to 976 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, Major Magrath, who forwarded the skin to the Secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society. Mr. Donald flushed another on the grass-farm. [1545.] Puaratea LEUCoRODIA. The Spoonbill. tattray, J. B. N. H.S. xi., p. 347 (Thall: a big flock at the end of May). I came across four Spoonbills on the grass-farm on the 30th of May, 1906. The following year, on the 50th of April, Major Magrath and I were standing on the Peiwar Kotal (8,200 feet) when a flock of about twenty came up from the Kurram and passed close overhead ; but appa- rently not relishing the strong north-west wind which met them as they topped the Kotal (7.e. pass), they wheeled round and fiew back down the valley. [1546.| Crconta atBa. The White Stork. Occurs regularly on the spring migration either singly or in small parties. In the Kurram Valley we saw a flock of some two hundred near Dandar on the 20th of April. Single individuals continue to pass through up till the end of May. [1547.] Crconia nigRA. The Black Stork. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii., p. 947 (occurs early in spring in Kashmir). Not common ; but small flocks are seen every winter from January till the end of March. [1554.] ARDEA MANILLENSIS. The Eastern Purple Heron. I flushed three individuals out of the Lachi reed-bed on the 20th of May 1906. Major Magrath and I also came on a small flock m the reeds at Dandar in the Kurram Valley in April 1907. These are the only occasions on which we have met with this Heron. [1555.] ArnpDEA CINEREA. The Common Heron. Rattray, J.B. N. H. 8S. xii., p. 347 (Thall: one or two always about) ; Marshall, op. cit. xv., p. 354 (Quetta: common, especially in March) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi., p. 63 (only a few seen in Chitral) ; Cumming, t. c., p. 696 (common in Seistan); Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 947 (abdundant in the Vale of Kashmir). ; Fairly common in suitable places, especially along the Kurram River, Probably a resident species. [1559.]| Heropias atBaA. The Large Egret. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii., p. 347 (Thall); Marshall, op. cit. xv. p. 3a& Quetta: fairly common in February); Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 947 (Kashmir). Colonel Rattray writes :—“ A few birds appeared at Thall in the middle of May for a day or two; one was shot and brought to me, it was in splendid breeding-plumage.” We have not met with this species ourselves in Kohat, though Major Magrath has found it quite common in Bannu in winter. [1565.| AnpEoLA Grayi. The Pond-Heron. Ward, J. B. N. H. 8S. xvii., p. 947 (breeds in Kashmir). THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. 977 Abundant in the plains in summer, arriving in the beginning of April, and nesting freely in the cantonments. A few stay through the winter, if fairly mild. [1568.] Nycrrcorax Grissus. The Night-Heron. Rattray, J. B. N. H. S. xii., p. 347 (rare, but presumably resident at Thall); Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 947 (breeds in Kashmir). Personally I have only met with this species in summer from April on- wards; but a few individuals appear to be resident, as Colonel Rattray observed it at Thall in winter, and Major Magrath at Bannu. It occurs in Kohat and the Kurram Valley (up to 4,800 feet at least), but is not common. [1570.] Arperra minuta. The Little Bittern. Cumming, J. B. N. H.S. xvi., p. 696 (Seistan: one specimen); Ward, op. cit. Xvil., p. 948 (breeds in Kashmir). I found a nest with seven slightly incubated eggs in a reed-bed near Dandar on the 9th of July, 1906, and shot the male bird. The nest was a flat pad of reeds on a stump, three feet above the water. I have several times put up a Little Bittern, either this species or A. simensis, in the reed beds in the plains in April and May, but have not secured a specimen, so cannot say to which species it belonged. [1574.| Boraurus sTELLARIS. The Bittern. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xu., p. 347 (Thall: very rare); Cumming, op. cit Xvi., p. 696 (Seistan: one shot in December) ; Ward, op. cit. xvil., p. 947 (a winter visitor, but not common). 72. Adult. Kohat, 1,600 ft., 7th January. A fairly common winter visitor, both to Kohat and the Kurram Valley. Leaves early in April (last seen on the 8th). [1579.| ANSER FERUS. The Grey Lag-Goose. Cumming, J. B. N. H. 8. xvi., p. 697 (common in Seistan in winter) ; Ward, op. cit. xvi1., p. 948 (abundant in winter). / Mr. Donald has shot this species on the grass-farm ; but it is very rare in Kohat, though occurring regularly in the Kurram Valley in spring. [1588.] Casarca nutina. The Brahminy Duck or Ruddy Sheldrake. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii., p. 347 (rare at Thall) ; Marshall, op. cit. xv., p. 354 (Quetta : occurs in February and March) ; Ward, op. cit. xvil., p. 948 (a winter visitor to Kashmir, breeds in Ladak). Passes through Kohat from the middle of February till the middle of April, but is not common. (1587. Taporna cornuta (8S. G. Gm.). Major Magrath writes that the Sheldrake is a regular spring visitor to Bannu in small numbers. | [1592.] Awas Boscas. The Mallard. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii., p. 347 (Thall: common in March) ; Marshall, op. cit. xv., p. 354 (Quetta: common in winter) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi., p. 64 978 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. (passes through Chitral) ; Cumming, t. c., p. 697 (Seistan : common) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 947 (a few nest in Kashmir). A winter visitor and one of our commonest Ducks ; it disappears towards the end of March. [1595.] CHAULELASMUS STREPERUS. The Gadwall. Rattray, J. B. N.H.S. xii., p. 348( Thall : common in March) ; Cumming, op. cit. xvi., p. 697 (not common in Seistan); Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 948 (Kashmir). Scarce in winter, but becoming fairly numerous in spring. Some stay very late. I shot an individual out of a party of three on one of the reedy tanks near Lachi on the 20th of May, 1906; they appeared to fly quite well. I was unable to visit this spot again before autumn, so cannot say whether the bird nests there or not. Colonel Rattray also writes:—‘“ One male was shot out of a party of three in June [at Thall] and brought to me.” [1597.] Nerrium crecca. The Common Teal. Rattray, J. B. N. H. S. xi., p. 348 (Thall: very common in spring); Marshall, op. cit. xv., p. 354 (Quetta: common in winter); Fulton, op. cit. xv1., p. 64 (Chitral : common on migration) ; Cumming, t. ¢., p. 697 (Seistan : abundant and apparently resident) ; Ward, op. cit. xv1l., p. 948 (Kashmir: occurs in June and July in the Valley, but no eggs found). Quite our commonest Duck and the first to arrive. The 9th of Septem- ber is the earliest date on which I have noted it. As with all Ducks in Kohat, itis much more numerous in autumn and spring than in winter. tt leaves towards the end of April. [1599.| Margnoa PENELOPE. The Wigeon. Fulton, J. B. N. H. S. xii., p. 64 (passes through Chitral) ; Cumming, op. cit. Xvi., p. 698 (Seistan : winter visitor) ; Ward, op. cit. xvil., p. 948 (fairly common in winter in Kashmir). Not common, but usually occurs in March and April. [1600.] Darina acuta. The Pintail. Rattray, J. B. N. H. S. xii., p. 348 (Thall: one flock seen in March); Marshall, op. cit. xv., p. 354 (Quetta: fairly common in winter); Fulton, op. cit. xvi., p. 64 (Chitral: passes through in February and March); Cumming, t. ¢., p. 698 (Seistan: a winter visitor); Ward, op. cit. Xvil., p. 948 (common on passage in Kashmir). Passes through in small numbers in February and March. [1601.] QuERQUEDULA crRcIA. The Garganey. Ward, J. B. N. H.S. xvii., p. 948 (Kashmir: common on passage), Mr. Donald shot one of a pair (a male) on the grass-farm in October; this is the only occurrence of the Garganey in the District that I have heard of. [1602.] Sparuna cirypEata. The Shoveller Duck. Rattray, J. B. N. H. S. xii., p. 348 (Thall: common in spring) ; Marshall, THE BIRDS OF KOHAT AND THE KURRAM VALLEY. We) ST 9 op. cit. xv., p. 354 (Quetta: fairly common in winter) ; Fulton, op. cit. xvi, p. 64 (Chitral: passes through in March and April) ; Cumming, t. ¢., p. 698 (Seistan : common in winter and probably resident); Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 948 (Kashmir). Not common in autumn and winter; but large numbers pass through in spring. Some individuals stay very late, and I have noticed them all through April and up to the 20th of May. | (1604.] Nerta nurina. The Red-crested Pochard. Rattray, J. B. N. H.S. xii., p. 348 (Thall: occurs in March) ; Marshall, op. cit. xv., p. 354 (Quetta: common in winter); Cumming, op. cit. xvi., p. 698 (Seistan : common in winter, probably resident) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 948 (Kashmir: common in February). Not common, but found throughout the winter at Dhand Tank, and occasionally elsewhere, up till the end of March. [1605.] Nyroca rermna. The Pochard. Marshall, J. B.N. H.S. xv., p. 354 (Quetta : common in winter) ; Cumming, op. cit. Xvi., p. 698 (Seistan : common and doubtless resident) ; Ward, op. cit. xvu., p. 948 (Kashmir). Next to the Teal this is our commonest Duck in the cold weather. (1606.] Nyroca FERRUGINEA. The White-eyed or Ferruginous Duck. Marshall, J. B. N. H. 8. xv., p. 354 (Quetta: common in February). Cumming, op. cit. xvi. p. 698 (Seistan: common in winter); Ward, op. cit. Xvul., p. 948 (Kashmir: a common resident). Less common than the last species, but fairly numerous on Dhand Tank in the winter. It leaves towards the end of March. [1609.] Nyroca FuLictta. The Tufted Pochard. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xv., p. 354 (Quetta: common in March); Cum- Ming, op. cit. xvi., p. 698 (a winter visitor in Seistan); Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 948 (common, especially in March). I have only met with this Duck at Dhand, where it is abundant and occurs throughout the winter, at least up till the end of March. _ (1611.] Erismarura tevcocerHata. The White-headed Duck. Marshall, J. B. N. H. 8. xv., p. 354 (Quetta: February); Cumming, op. cit. Xvi., p. 699 (Seistan: very common in winter, perhaps resident) ; Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 949 (not common, but a regular winter visitor in Kashmir). Very rare. I observed single birds at Dhand on the 18th of November, 1906, and the 21st of February, 1907, but could not get a shot; it is, how- ever, an unmistakeable species. Capt. MacNab, I.M.S., shot one at _ Mardan (thirty miles north of our limits) on the 12th of Nocona 1899 (ude J. B.N.H.S. xiii., p. 182). [1612.] Mereus atpettus. The Smew. 980 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Rattray, J. B. N. H. 5S. xi, p. 348 (Thall: February) ; Marshall, op. cit. xv., p. 804 (Quetta: common in winter); Ward, op. cit. xvii., 949 (Kashmir: often seen on the Wular Lake; breeds on the Shyoh). An immature bird was brought in to Major Magrath on the 26th of December, 1905. I also observed a big flock on the Indus on the 18th of February, 1907. [1613.| MerGanser castor. The Goosander. Ward, J. B.N.H.S. xviii., p. 949 (shot on the Wular Lake and seen on the Indus). A rare winter visitor, occurring on the Indus, where Mr. Donald has shot it. (1616.] PopicipEs NicRicotiis. The Hared Grebe. 403 & 404. Dhand, 1,200 feet, 17th November. Occurs regularly every winter on Dhand Tank, staying at least up till the end of March. [1617.] PopicirEs ALBIPENNIS. The Indian Little Grebe. Marshall, J. B. N. H.S. xv., p. 354 (Quetta: common in spring) ; Cumming, op. cit. xvi., p. 699 (Seistan: resident); Ward, op. cit. xvii., p. 949 (resident in Kashmir). A very common resident at Dhand, and in one or two other suitable localities. The following species not in the Kohat list were noted by me last March onthe River Indus near Kalabagh (a few miles south of our mits), and are of interest as they probably also occur in Kohat :— (867.]| AtaupuLa apAmst. The Indus Sand-Lark was common along the sandy shore wherever there were patches of vegetation ; it had then paired, and one pair allowed me to watch them building their nest under the lee of some tamarisk sheots. [1189.] Panpion Hatrantus. I saw one Osprey fishing. [1419.] Esacus recurvirosrris. I put up four Great Stone-Plovers off a stony bank. [1503.] Stprna seENA. The Indian River-Tern, the Black-bellied, and the Caspian were all common, especially the first two. [1517 .| Ruyncnors atsicoiuis. A flock of about thirty Scissorbills was seen flying up and down the river, occasionally resting on a sand-bank Cry, a nasal hap, kap. [1583.] AnsER tInpicus. I saw a flock of Bar-headed Geese cropping — young beans. ; j f j ° F ) 5 = “6 4 ie r I ne 1 , f - Fi ra a ‘ PratTe Xa: Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. j Bl 2 is hunvilis Rhap ( RAttTan GROUND — Low A ). Lodd >) ta B.—(Thrinax radia 981 THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, INDIGENOUS AND INTRODUCED BY E. BuattTer, 8.J. IeAyae JAY (With Plates XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI & XVII.) (Continued from page 705 of this Volume. ) TRACHICARPUS TAKIL, Bece. Webbia 1, 52.—Chamerops martiana (non-Wallich) Duthie in Gard. Chronicle 1886, 10th April, p. 457.—Royle, Illustr. of the Bot. of Himal. Mount., pp. 394, 397, 399 (ex parte ?)—Hook f. Himal. Journ. II, 280 (quod ad plant. ex Himal. occid. pertinet). Names.—Takil, Jhangra, Jhaggar, Tal (in Kumaon). Stem of young plants growing oblique, then ascending, erect, straight and stout, distinctly conical when young (in a young specimen, 124 feet high, the stem measured 34 feet in circum- ference at the base and only 1 foot at the top); when fully developed 30-40 feet high, produces Howers when about 34 feet high, always covered with the permanent leaves and the chestnut- brown fibrous network; the hgular appendages of the sheath erect, similar to those of 1’. eacelsa, but much shorter, broad, triangular, remaining erect in the terminal bud. Leaves all permanent, similar to those of 7’. excelsa, but those of the previ- ous year just below the last flowering spadices reflexed, but per- manent. Petiole about as long as the limb, slender, subtrigonous, the lower angle rounded ; margins very acute, armed with minute irregular subspinescent teeth or crenulations; ligule at the top of the petiole semilunar, irregular, crenate in the upper part. Blade ? orbicular, 33-4 feet in diameter, with 45-50 divisions measuring 23-25 feet from the top of the petiole to the apex of the median segments. Segments very irregularly divided, more or less down to the middle, green, rather shining on the upper surface, glaucescent pruinose on the lower; central segments about 14 inch broad from the base to almost the top, where they il 982 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. are shortly bifid or bidentate with the teeth obtuse and divaricate ; lateral segments gradually becoming more narrow and shorter. Male spadices very similar to those of 7’. eacelsa as regards size, ramification and shape of the spathes, but the branchlets are less densely covered with flowers. Flowers glomerulate, 2-4 together with minute yellow fleshy bracts at the base, in the well developed bud obscurely trigonous-globose, § inch long; calyx very small, sepals suborbicular, very obtuse and rounded at the apex; petals broadly ovate, concave, obtuse, twice as long as the calyx; stamens 6, equal uniseriate; filaments cylindrical—lesiniform, at least 1 longer than the petals; anthers ovate-oblong, versatile ; carpels 3, narrowly conical, slightly incurved and divergent, glab- rous, half as long as the petals, with an ovule apparently well developed. Female spadix and flowers not yet described. Fruit similar to that of J’. ewcelsa, but more distinctly reniform and somewhat broader. (After Beccari.) Hapirat.—Up to now this palm has been found in the West- ern Himalaya only. It grows on Mount Takil in Kumaon at a height of 6,600—8,000 feet, where it is annually covered with snow. According to Gamble it prefers the cool narrow valleys to the north-west. Duthie found hundreds of them at a height of 8,000 feet in the moist forests of Quercus dilatata. Beccari is probably the first to in- CULTIVATION IN EUROPE. troduce this palm in Europe. He obtained some plants from seeds in the year 1887. All the young plants showed a marked tendency towards unilateral development, as if they wanted to creep on the ground. Inthe course of time the stem grew upwards and became quite straight, but the lower part always remained much thicker than the upper portion. After the appearance of the stem this palm seems to grow quicker than 1’. excelsa. The trees are kept in the open in the vicinity of Florence and they did not suffer even during the severest of winters. Only once in an exceptionally cold winter the ice spoilt a few leaves. The heat seems to be more harmful to them than the cold. In 1904 some leaves were so to say burnt by the July sun and, perhaps, also in consequence of the exceedingly dry air. ! | | | | THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 983 In April 1902 one of the palms produced 3 male spadices. The same tree measured in November 1904 almost 15 feet, taken from the ground to the top of the central leaves. ERratTa.—On page 703 of the previous Number it was stated under the heading Habitat that Trachycarpus martiana was found in Kumaon; this appears to be a mistake as this species does not seem to occur in Kumaon. HelAlenhSS Weta Aut. Horts Kewe le AS: (From the Greek ‘‘ Rhapis ’’: a rod.) Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. t. 516.—Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. ITT, 253, t. 144.—Kunth, Enum. Pl. III, 251.—Walp. Ann. III, 471.— Bot. Mag. t. 1371.—Miq. Fl. Ind. Bot. III, 61.—Benth. and Hook. pene! Til, If. 930, 99. Stem low, cane-like, ceespitose, covered with the remains of the petioles. Leaves alternate, terminal, small, with the segments divided almost to the base; margins of segments denticulate. Spadix long-peduncled ; peduncle with 2-3 short, tubular spathes. Flowers dioecious or polygamous on the slender branches of the paniculately branched spadix, yellowish. Calyx cupular, 3-dentate. Corolla in male flowers club-shaped, in female flowers shorter, obovate. Stamens 6, rudimentary in the female flowers. Carpels 3, fleshy, ending in short styles. | Berry small, 1-seeded ; pericarp fleshy ; endocarp soft ; seed compressed-globose ; embryo ventral. Species at least 9°.—EHastern Asia, from China to the Sunda Islands. CULTIVATION IN HUROPE. Densely tufted green house palms. The species are of a very easy culture. They thrive in a compost of rich, strong loam to which is added a small portion of vegetable mould and sand; they require perfect drainage and plenty of water throughout the summer. Propagation may be effected by suckers. RHAPIS FLABELLIFORMIS, Ait., Hort. Kew. ed. I., I, '473.— Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III., 253, t. 144.—Kunth, En. PI. III, 251.—Jacq. Hort. Schcenbr. t. 316.—Bot. Mag. t. 1371.—Franch. et Savat. En. Pl. Jap. Il, 2.—Benth. Fl. Hongk. 340.—Bretschn. Hist. Kurop. Bot. Disc. 126. —R, kwanwortsik, H, Wendl., Ind. Palm. 34.—Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald, 416. + O. Beccari has lately described some new species of Rhapis. Cf. Webbia, vol. 3, Firenze,1910. 984 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Name.— Dwarf Ground-Rattan. DESCRIPTION.—Stem about 5-6 feet high, of the thickness of the thumb, sheathed by the reticulate persistent bases of the leaves. Leaves about 8, petioled, palmate, 5-7-parted; segments sub- plicate, ciliate-spinulous along the edges and keel of the plaits, indented-erose at the end; petiole round-ancipital, naked, very obscurely denticulate. Spadix sparse, paniculately branched, 4-5 inches long; spikelets thick-set with sessile yellowish flowers. Fie. 9, Rhapis flabelliformis. 1, Calyx of male flower with bract. 3, Corolla of male flower. 2. Male flower, All magnified, (After Martius). _Male flowers: calyx of one piece, urceolate, fleshy, green, smooth, scarcely 1 line in length, trifid, segments roundish-pointed, up- right, with a membraneous border ; corolla yellow, coriaceous-fleshy, Fig. 10. Rhapis flabelliformis. 1, Side view of female flower. 3, Part of Corolla of female fiower 2. Female flower seen from above, with 3 staminodes, 4, Longitudinal section through ovary. All magnified. (After Martius). 4, Open Corolla of male flower with stamens { PLATE XIIT. Sarwan R Ss = nN < S 5 (Phan - Ream aw Siny Swell -D yw i THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 985 obovate-oblong, tube clavate, triquetral, twice the length of the calyx, limb trifid; three times shorter than the tube, segment ovate, acute, subconnivent ; filaments 6, filiform-triquetral, shorter than the corolla, adnate to the tube, alternately somewhat thicker . and more detached. Fig. 9 and 10. Hasirat.—s. China and Loochoo, in the Happy Valley Woods. Uses.—This palm yields excellent walking-sticks, called “ oround-rattans.”’ CULTIVATION IN HurRopE.—The Dwarf Ground-Rattan is adapted to room-cultivation and may be kept at a great distance from the window. Of this species there exist varieties with white and golden-yellow leaves. IuLustration.—Plate XIII A shows a characteristic group of Dwarf Ground-Rattans as grown in the Royal Botanic Gardens of Peradeniya in Ceylon. Mr. H. F. Macmillan has been kind enough to take the photograph himself. RHAPIS HUMILIS, Blme. Rumphia, I, 54.—Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. MT, 254.— Walp. Ann. V, 818.—Wright J. Linn. Soc. vol. 36, p. 169. R. sterotsik, Sieb.— Chamerops excelsa, var. humilior, Thbg. Fl. Jap. 130. Name.—Low Ground-Rattan. DescriptTion.— Leaves cut into from 7-10 spreading segments ; petioles unarmed. Similar in general aspect to Pf. jlabelliformis. Hasirar.—China (cultivated in Japan). CULTIVATION IN EuRopE.—The Low Ground-Rattan is well adapted to room-cultivation. There exist beautiful garden- varieties with white and golden yellow leaves. Iuuusrration.—The photograph on Plate XII A, taken by the Rev. M. Maier, S.J., shows several specimens of the Low Ground-Rattan growing in the Victoria Gardens of Bombay. The position of the leaves and the greater number of leaf-segments at once distinguish this species from the Dwarf Ground-Rattan on Plate XIII A. The plants are about 5 feet high. COCCOTHRINAX, Sargent, Bot. Gazette; XX VII, 87, (1899). (The name was given in allusion to the berry-like fruit.) 986 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Thrinaw, Hndlicher, Gen. Pl. 253 (in part) 1836.—Meissner, Gen. 357 (in part).—Benth. and Hook., Gen. III, 930.—Drude, Engl. and Prantl. Pflanzenf. I], pt. Il], 34 (sect. Huthrinax).— Baillon, Hist. Pl. XIII, 517 (excl. sect. Hemithrinaw).—Sargent, Silva N. Ann. X. 49. (sect. Huthrinaz). Small unarmed trees, with simple or clustered stems or rarely stemless. Leaves orbicular, or truncate at the base, pale or silvery white on the lower surface, divided into narrow obliquely-folded segments acuminate and divided at the apex; rhachises narrow ; ligules thin, free, erect, concave, pointed at the apex; petioles compressed, slightly rounded and ridged above and below, thin and smooth on the margins, gradually enlarged below, into elongated sheaths of coarse fibres forming an open network covered while young by thick hoary tomentum. Spadix interfoliar, paniculate, shorter than the leaf-stalks, its primary branches furnished with numerous short slender pendulous flower-bearing secondary bran- ches; spathes numerous, papery, cleft at the apex. Flowers solitary, perfect, jointed on elongated slender pedicels; perianth cup-shaped, obscurely lobed ; stamens 9-12, inserted on the base of the perianth, with subulate filaments enlarged and barely united at the base, and oblong anthers; ovary 1-celled, narrowed into a slender style, crowned by a funnel-formed oblique stigma ; ovule basilar, erect. Fruit a subglobose berry raised on the thickened torus of the flower, with thick juicy black flesh. Seed free, erect, depressed-globose, with a thick hard vertically-grooved shell deeply infolded in the bony albumen; hilum basilar, minute: raphe hidden in the folds of the seed-coat ; embryo lateral or apical. Species about 15. DIsTRIBUTION.—Coccothrinaw is confined to the tropics of the New World. ‘Two species, of which one is stemless, inhabit southern Florida, and at least eleven other species are scattered over several of the West Indian Islands. CULTIVATION IN EuRoPE.—AlII the species of this and the next genus are stove-palms. When young they should be kept im a compost of loam, peat and sand; as they get older, turfy leam and sand is preferable. Propagation is effected by seeds. These ay r as xi 2 a oo i 2 . - ; s, T F 4 i Tees i fi - +; a“ PratE XLV: Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. JOURN. @ fd) wn Ory a .o) B to} Lo} fo) 4 © & iS) 2 3 S S > — Li! a 4H Photo etae to the kindness of Mr. H. F. Macmillan. THRINAX sw., Prodr., 57 (1788). (#rom the Greek ‘ Thrinax,’ a fan, alluding to the form of the leaves). Schreber, Gen. 772.—Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm, III, 254, 320, t. 103, 163.—Kndlicher, Gen. 253.—Meisner, Gen. 357.—Drude, Engl. and Prantl. Pflanzenf. II, pt. HI, 34. (sect. Porothrinax).— Sargent, Silva N. Am. X. 49. (sect. Porothrinax); Bot. Gaz. XXVII, 83. Bece. Webbia, II, 247. Small unarmed trees, with stems covered with pale-grey rind. Leaves orbicular, or truncate at the base, thick and firm, usually silvery white on the lower surface, divided to below the middle into narrow acuminate parted segments with thickened margins and midribs; rachises narrow borders, with thin usually undulat- ing margins; ligules thick, concave, pointed, lined while young with hoary tomentum; petioles compressed, rounded above and below, thin and smooth on the margins, with large clasping bright mahogany-red sheaths of slender matted fibres covered with thick hoary tomentum. Spadix interfoliar, stalked, its primary branches short, alternate, flattened, incurved, with numerous slender rounded flower-bearing branchlets; spathes numerous, tubular, coriaceous, cleft and more or less tomentose at the apex. Flowers solitary, perfect ; perianth 6-lobed ; stamens six inserted on the base of the perianth, with subulate filaments thickened and only slightly united at the base, or nearly triangular and united into a cup adnate to the perianth, and oblong anthers; ovary 1-celled, gradually narrowed into a stout columnar style crowned by a large funnel-formed flat or oblique stigma; ovule basilar THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 989 erect. Fruit a globose drupe with juicy bitter flesh easily separable from the thin-shelled tawny brown nut. Seed free, erect, slightly flattened at the ends, with an oblong pale conspicuous subbasilar hilum, a short-branched raphe, a thin coat, and uniform albumen . more or less deeply penetrated by a broad basal cavity ; embryo lateral. Sprcies.—At least ten are now generally recognized. DisTRIBUTION.—Thrinaw is confined to the tropics of the New World and is distributed from Southern Florida through the West Indies to the shores of Central America. Nore.—Several beautiful and ornamental species of this genus are cultivated in European hot-houses and Indian gardens ; but with regard to their names mentioned in books, herbaria and tickets of living specimens it is difficult to imagine a greater con- fusion. Though the number of species is not great, Beccari does not hesitate to say that “a critical revision of the literature on Thri- nae would be a bold, if not an impossible undertaking.” ‘ There are, besides,” he continues, “‘ numerous horticultural species which are only known by name or which have been described from the leaves of young specimens and which cannot be recognized anymore.” If an authority like Beccari speaks in these terms, nobody will expect us to identify all the different species which, at present, are growing in Indian gardens, sometimes without name, sometimes with names not to be found in any book, and very often with wrong names. The only way of clearing up the many doubts and uncertainties and to arrive at a correct nomenclature will be to describe accu- rately and with every possible detail the morphological structure of flowering and fruiting specimens, to preserve leaves, flowers and fruits, and wherever practicable, to take good photographs of young and adult plants. We reproduce in our series the photographs of two evidently different species, without adding the description, because we have not seen the flowers of those plants. Plate XII-B shows a palm which is known in Indian gardens under the name of Thrinax radiata, Lodd. The photograph was taken by Rev. M. Maier in the Victoria Gardens of Bombay. 12 990 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Very incomplete descriptions of Thrinaz radiata are to be found in the following books: Roem. et Schult., Syst.. Vege. VII, 2, 1301; Desf. Cat. h. Paris ed. 3, 31; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palmj ie 257; but they will not help much towards establishing the iden-_ tity of our specimen. We hope the Superintendent of the Victoria Gardens will be kind enough to furnish us, after some time, with a detailed de- scription of the flowers. Plate XIV represents a beautiful specimen of the High Thatch Palm, which is called in Indian gardens Thrinaw emcelsa, Griseb. (or Lodd. et Griseb.). Mr. Phipson has taken the photo- graph in a Bombay garden. This palm is a favourite with ama- teurs on account of its ornamental character. There are many palms which received the name of Thrinaz excelsa in the course of time. One of them is described and figur- ed in Hooker’s Botanical Magazine (t. 7088); but even so Beccari was not able to establish its exact identity. THRINAX PARVIFLORA, Sw. Prodr. 57 (1785;; Fl. Ind. Occid. {, 614, t. 13—Ait. Hort. Kew. Ill, 473—Willd., Spec. Pl. If, pt. I, 202.— Pers. Syn. I, 383.—Lunan, Hort. Jam. I], 28.—Poiret, Lam, Dict. VII, 635. —Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 112.—Spreng. Syst. Veg. II, 20.—Roem. & Sch. Syst. Veg. VII, pt. II, 18300.—Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm, III, 255, t. 103.— Kth. Enum. Pl. 111, 253.—Dietrich, Syn. IJ, 1091.—Walp. Ann. V, 818.— Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 515.— T. pumilo, Lodd. ex Roem et Sch., Syst., Veg. VII, 2, 1301.—T. evcelsa (Lodd.?) Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 515. Names.—Silk-Top Palmetto; Thatch Palm; Palmetto Royal; Palmetto Thatch. DescrirTion.—A tree, from 10-20 feet in heiyht, with a slender stem 4 or 5 inches in diameter, covered with thin smooth blue- grey rind. ‘The leaves are orbicular, from 3-4 feet in diameter, thin, bright green on the upper surface, paler and coated while young on the lower surface with pale caducous tomentum, and, except at the base, where they are split nearly to the ligula, divid- ed for about two-thirds of their diameter into laciniate lobes, with stout yellow midribs prominent on the upper side, and with much thickened reflexed margins; the lobes near the middle of the leat PratE XV. ‘a, Sw.) parviflor xv ~~ S THatcH Pato (Thr JourN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. a 7 iy \ =) = G ¢ a 3 7 my =r i s f \ cou maat i Re 4 , 1 =! . z be - a i Pa) 2 b" r £ x i 7 i : 2 carn - a < t 5 & THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 991 are 1-14 inch broad, diminishing in width towards the base of the leaf, where they are not more than } inch wide. Rhachis of leaf reduced to a thin truncate undulate border, and the ligula is erescent-shaped, about 4 inch long, } inch thick, and | inch wide,- and is furnished near the middle with a flat nearly triangular point 4 inch long, petiole thin and flexible, ? inch wide at the base of the blade, rounded and ridged on the upper and lower sides, about as long as the blade of the leaf, and enlarged below into the elongated sheath, which is coated while young with a thick felt- like hoary tomentum. ‘Three or four panicles of flowers, from 2-5 feet in length, usually appear each year; secondary branches much flattened, recurved, and 4-6 inches in length, the slender flower- bearing branchlets being from 13-8 inches long, and in the axils of ovate acute scarious brownish bracts about + inch long and % inch wide; spathes coriaceous, pubescent above the middle, and often ciliate on the mar- gins at theapex. Flow- ers raised on rigid spread- ing pedicels $ inch in length; perianta cup-like, 6-lobed; stamens usual- ly 6, with slender ex- serted filaments slightly united below and large oblong light yellow anthers; ovary subglo- bose, dark orange-colour- ed, surmounted by an elongated style dilated into a broad oblique stig- rome, (Cnuvers IED) = Ihe dark chestnut-brown or Ere. 11. hi nearly black, rather less Thrinax parviflora. than 4 inch in diameter, 1. Diagram of flower. 2. THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 995 stigma 3-lobed. Drupe about | inch in diameter, stipitate, olive- coloured, smooth when fresh, but soon becoming dry and wrinkled, l-celled ; the two abortive lobes of the ovary are always to be found at the base; pericarp friable ; endocarp adnate to the testa ; seed solitary, subglobular; perisperm equable, hard, horny, pale grey ; embryo simple, short, apical. Hasirat.—Bengal and Burma. FLoweErs.—In March and April; fruit ripens after about 12 months. ILLustRATIONS.—The photograph reproduced on Plate XVI was kindly supplied by Major Gage and represents a fully developed specimen of Corypha elata. The spiral furrows on the stem at once distinguish this species from Corypha umbraculifera and Corypha talliera. To the left of the Bajur is a young specimen of Phenix sylvestris and to the right the huge crown of a young Corypha umbraculifera. The photograph has been taken in the Calcutta Botanic Gardens. We reproduce on Plate XVII a photograph of the Talipot avenue in the Royal Botanic Gardens of Peradeniya. It is one of the most striking features of the garden, its shades of colour in green and gold affording delight to the artistic eye. This species (Corypha wmbraculifera) will be described in the next number of the Journal. The photograph has been taken by Messrs. Platé & Co. (To be continued. ) 996 A NEW MURINE GENUS AND SPECIES FROM SIND, WITH DIAGNOSES OF THREE OTHER NEW GENERA BASED ON PREVIOUSLY KNOWN SPECIES OF “« MUS.” BY OLDFIELD THOMAS, F. R. S., BRITISH MUSEUM. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) I owe to the kindness of Mr. R. C. Wroughton the opportunity of examining and describing a highly interesting mouse obtained in Sind by Mr. E. Priestley for the Natural History Society of Bombay, and now presented by the Society to the British Museum. Mr. Wroughton has himself given a note on the other species obtained by Mr. Priestley, among which is a Leggada so like the new species as to be readily mistaken for it. PYROMYS, gn. External proportions about asin Leggada platythriz. Fur pro- fusely mixed with spines, but not, as in Acomys, wholly spinous. Kars rather small. Thumb with a small triangular nail, other digits with normal sized claws; soles naked, smooth ; pads six in number, large, rounded, the last one not elongated. Fifth hind toe long, reaching nearly to end of the first phalanx of the fourth. Mamme 4—2— 12. Skull strongly bowed, its profile convex above. Supra-orbital ridges broad and strongly developed, but disappearing posteriorly half way across the parietals, the interorbital space narrow anter- iorly, rapidly broadened posteriorly. Anterior palatine foramina very long, extending to level of the anterior internal root of m’; posterior palatine foramina also long, extending from the level of the hinder cusp of m' to the front, cusp of m*. Posterior palate continued backward some way behind m™’, the narial opening narrowed, and the middle part of the palatal edge thickened into a median palatal spine. Bullz unusually large. Incisors normal, their edge not notched. Molars of the same A NEW MURINE GENUS AND SPECIES FROM SIND. 997 general type as in Acomys, not hypsodont as in the more typical Hpimys, and m* not disproportionally large as in Mus and Leggada. But their pattern is more zigzagged, so as to look more compli- cated, though the size, number and position of the cusps is the - same. Antero-internal cusp of m? very large, antero-external very small. M° well developed, with three distinct cusps on its inner edge. Type.—Pyromys priestleyi, sp. n. The most striking point about this genus is its unique mammary formula, no other known Murine having four pectoral pairs. PYROMYS PRIESTLEY], sp. n. General external appearance almost exactly as in Leggada platy- thriz sadhu, brought from the same locality. Fur thickly mixed with spines, those of back about 6 mm. in length. General colour above, uniform pale grey (‘ drab-grey ”) without any buffy suffusion. Undersurface white, the hairs and spines white to their roots; line of demarcation well defined. Face like back. Ears short, greyish-brown. Fore limbs, from elbows downwards, and hands white. Hind limbs greyish externally to ankles; feet white. Soles naked, pads large and rounded ; fifth hind toe, without claw, reaching to middle or end of the first phalanx of the fourth. Tail shorter than head and body, well haired; pale greyish above, white below, not shapely defined; scales small, about 16-18 to the centimeter. Skull and teeth as described above. Dimensions of the type, measured in the flesh :—Head and body 98; tail 73 ; hindfoot 16; ear 13. Shull.—Greatest length 26-2; basilar length 21; zygomatic breadth 12:3; nasals 10; interorbital breadth 3-5; breadth of brain case 11; palatilar length 12-5; diastema 7-6; anterior palatal foramina 6; posterior palatal foramina 1:9; length ot upper molar series 4:3. Habitat.— Virawah, Thar and Parkar, Southern Sind. Type.—Adult female. B. M. No. 11, 8, 18, 9. Collected 20th September 1910, and presented by Mr. E. Priestley, D.S. P., : through the Bombay Natural History Society. 13 998 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. AG This most interesting species, which | have named in honour of its captor, is remarkable for its striking resemblance to the local race of Leqgada platythriz, an example of which was taken at the same time and place by Mr. Priestley. Before their skulls were examined, the two animals would have been supposed to belong to one species, had it not been that the unusual mammary formula of the Pyromys showed clearly on the skin. In working out the generic position of this pecular animal it has become evident that, although the unwieldy genus Hpimys cannot yet be satisfactorily broken up into natural groups, certain peri- pheral species may, as a preliminary, be separated from it. Such are the species that have been called ‘“‘ Mus’ mettada, (more strict- ly meltada) gleadowt and humei, no one of which should be in a genus whose type is so essentially different an animal as the Black Rat ( Hpimys rattus, L.) The following are the chief characters of the groups I propose to form :— MILLARDIA,* g. n. Sole pads 4 or 5, the fifth pad of Hpinys always, and the sixth generally, suppressed. ifth hind toe short, not reaching to base of fourth. Tail of medium length. Mamme 2—2—8. Skull generally as in Hpimys. Palatal foramina very long. Posterior nasal opening of average breadth, close behind m”. Molars decidedly brachyodont, broad. Type.—Millardia meltada (Golunda meltada, Gray. Mus mettada auct.) Other species, listoni, Wrought, and combert, Wrought. The most essential character of this genus is the suppression, total or partial, of the posterior sole pads, the structure of the posterior palatal regions remaining still as in Hypimys. GRYPOMYS, g. n. Sole pads four only, the fifth and sixth suppressed. Fifth hind toe short, not reaching to base of fourth. ‘Tail rather short. Mamme 1—2—6. * Named in honour of Mr. W. 8S. Millard, to whose enthusiastic help, in connee- tion with the Bombay Natural History Society, so much of the recent progress ot Indian Zoology is due. A NEW MURINE GENUS AND SPECIES FROM SIND. 999 Skull very much as in Pyromys above described. Upper profile bowed. Supra-orbital ridges well developed. Posterior nares narrowed, the opening some way behind molars. Bullee large. Teeth as in Pyromys. Type.—Grypomys yleadowi (Mus gleadowi, Murray). This genus combines the foot structure of Millardia with the narrow and produced choanee of Pyromys. A new born specimen even of G. gleadowi shows: no trace of the fifth and sixth foot pads. Tt may be noted that these three allied genera may be distin- guished from each other by the number of their mamms alone, these being in Pyromys 4—2—12 (1.e., four pectoral and two inguinal pairs), Millardia 2—2—8, and Grypomys 1—2—6. True Mus, in the modern sense, containing the Mus musculus group, and Leggada, have 3—2—10. In Lpimys the number varies from 1—2=—6 to 3—3—12 but the anterior are never more numerous than the posterior. In the one Indian species of Apodemus (A. arianus) the number is 1—2—6. Vandeleuria, Golunda and Hadromys all have 2—2—8. HADROMYS, ¢. n. General appearance as in Golunda. Form stout. ‘Tail rather short. Sole pads six. Fifth fore toe very short; fifth hind toe reaching just to base of fourth, Mammze 2-—_2—8. Skull shaped almost exactly as in Glolunda, with the same short muzzle and well marked supra-orbital and parietal ridges. The anterior edge of the zygomatic plate is however concave, and the posterior palate ends behind the last molar. Incisors very broad and heavy. Molars wholly unlike those of Golunda, more like those of Hpimys, rather hypsodont, with lamminz well defined. No unworn specimens are however available for examination. Type.— Hadromys humet (Mus humer, Thos.*) The wide difference of “ Mus humei”’ from every other murine has long been evident, and its distinction as a special genus is now obviously called for. Its resemblance, both external and cranial, to Golunda is very striking. OO |. ~ Described in detail, P. Z. S., 1886, p. 62. te | { H 1600 ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF RODENTS * FROM LOWER SIND. BY R. C. WRovuGHTOoN. The Society has sent me for indentification a small collection of Rodents made by Mr. H. Priestley, D.S.P., Thar and Parkar. Though small, the collection is an interesting one, containing specimens not only of anew genus and of a new subspecies of Leggada platythria of the Dekhan, but also of Gerbillus gleadowi described by Murray in 1886 and not since rediscovered until now. The following is a list of the specimens; the number in brackets before the name of the species refers to Blanford’s Mammalia. (253 part) Funambulus pennants argentescens, Wrought. Funambulus pennant. argentescens, Wroughton, B. N. H. S. Journal, 1905, XVI, 3, p. 413. 3 133 (no skin), 2 136. The type locality is Murree, but this specimen seems to differ in no essential particular. (268). Gerbillus gleadowt, Mur. 1886. Gerbillus gleadowi, Murray, A.M.N.H. (5) XVII, p. 246. 2 5, 10,17. (No. 17 presented to the National Collection.) The type was taken by Mr. F. Gleadow, J. F. S., at Rohri in the extreme north of Sind; Mr. Priestley now, after 25 years, obtains it in the extreme south. (265). Meriones hurriane, Jerd. 1867. Gerbillus hurriane, Jerdon, Mamm. of Ind. p. 186. g 2, 4, 12, 14,15, 23, 37—89. © 1, 3, 11, 13) 16) >225ie (Nos. 4, 18, 28, 37 presented to the National Collection.) (272). Epinys ratius, L. 1758. Mus rattus Linneeus. Syst. Nat. (10) 1, p. 61. | 3 30, 33, 35, 36, 9 24-29. (Nos. 36 and 29 presented to the National Collection.) ft [* Besides rodents some skins of the desert Cat (F’. ornata, desert fox V. leucopus) several Mongoses (Herpestes) and two Hedgehogs (Hrinaceus) were obtained but | these could not be sent home in time to be incorporated in the present paper.—Hds.] I A SMALL COLLECTION OF RODENTS FROM SI ND. 1001 _ These specimens are of course not true rattus and I can find nothing in the Museum Collection with which they exactly agree. Probably in the loose terminology of students of rattus from the plague point of view, alexandrinus would include these specimens. The whole series is extraordinarily constant in coloration. (289 part). Leggada platythria sadhu, sub-sp. n. g¢ 21. (Presented to the National Collection.) Bennett originally described platythrie from specimens collected by Col. Sykes “in Dukhan” and stated its colour to be “ fusco- canescens ” and again “ testaceous brown ”’ with a greater or less admixture of black. The present is a true ‘ desert’ form, ‘ drab- grey ° darkening in the centre of the back to ‘ smoke grey.’ The skull closely resembles that of a specimen from Ahmed- nagar, which may be taken as typical; but the bulle are smaller, the palatal foramina shorter, and the brain case shorter and deeper ; the upper incisors are pale and white-tipped. Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh): head and body 79; tail 57 ; hind foot 17; ear 12:5. Skull :—Greatest length 25; basilar length 21; zygomatic breadth 12; nasals 10; diastema 7-5 ; anterior palatal foramina 6; upper molar series 4:5. Hab.—Lower Sind. (Type from Virawah, Thar and Parkar.) Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 11, 8, 18, 8. Original number 21. Collected by Mr. E. Priestley, D. S. P., Thar and Parkar, and presented to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society. (Gen. et sp. nov.) 2 20. (Presented to the National Collection. ) This interesting animal, owing to its characteristic desert colour- ing superficially, resembles the last so much that at a first glance it might be mistaken for it. Closer examination, however, proves it to be not only specifically but generically distinct. Mr. Thomas Js dealing with it in a separate paper. I would suggest that the Society should try and induce Mr. Priestley to obtain more specimens including one or two adult females (with well deve- loped mamme) in alcohol. | 1002 SOME MAYMYO BIRDS. BY Masor H. H. Harineton. Maymyo, the principal Hill Station of Burma, is situated about 40 miles east of Mandalay on the edge of the Shan Hills, and is about 3,500 feet above sea-level. ‘The country in the immediate vicinity of the station consists of a series of swampy hollows divided by low ridges covered for the most part by stunted oak and chestnut forest interspersed with patches of bracken. Many of these swamps have been drained, and numerous rides cut through the jungle and the station generally improved. From an ornitho- logical point of view Maymyo is not very attractive, as many of the more interesting birds so plentiful in other parts of the Shan States seem to be wanting. However, the country to the west of Maymyo and on the Ghats looks very promising, being more varied from the endless sameness of the jungles immediately round Maymyo itself, and I have hopes on some future occasion of being able to manage a bit of birds’ nesting between Mandalay and Maymyo. Early in April 1910 I was ordered up to Maymyo with four Companies of my Regiment for musketry, and so had hopes of getting a few good eggs. With the exception of finding the breeding haunts of the Burmese Jay (G. leucotis), and a nest of B. liventer, 1 was not very successful. We left Mandalay on the 11th April, and took four days for our march up. Owing to the heat and early marching I did not have much inclination or chance of indulging in bird’s nesting until we reached the plateau. On our arrival we were ordered out to Enlya, seven miles south- east of Maymyo, and it was here I did most of my collecting. The — country was very disappointing and bird life not at all varied, also five or six hours a day musketry did not give much opportunity of getting further afield and trying new ground. I have not included the migratory birds, only mentioning those actually noted during the breeding season, and no doubt there are SOME MAYMYO BIRDS. 1008 still a great many more nesting species within a radius of a few miles of Maymyo. No. 4. Corvus macrorhynchus, (Wagl.)—(The Jungle Crow.) Very common, and should be kept down if the residents of Maymyo ever - wish to get a decent head of game near the station, as the Jungle Crow is the worst poacher of the family, which is very well represented round Maymyo, and they must take a big toll of eggs and young birds. No. 8. Corvus insolens, (Hume).—(The House Crow.) Not so numerous as the above, keeping entirely to the station. No. 12. Urocissa occipitaks, (Blyth,)—(The Red-billed Blue Magpie.) Fairly common; I did not find any nests. No. 18. Dendrocitta himalayensis, (Blyth.)—(The Himalayan Tree-Pie.) Plentiful, 1 think I have also seen I’. rufa. No. 25. Garrulus leucotis, (Hume.)—(The Burmese Jay.) The only other record, I believe, of the nesting of the Burmese Jay is a short note by Mr. K. C. Macdonald, sent by me to The Journal. During former visits to Maymyo in the non-breeding season I found the Burmese Jay to be very plentiful in certain parts of the jungle and so always had hopes when opportunity occurred of procuring their eggs, and during my last visit my hopes were realised beyond expectation. On the 15th April at Thandoung, the last stage in to Maymyo, I made my first attempt at birds’ nesting, finding nests of M. burmanicus, Burmese _ red-vented Bulbul, G. pectoralis, Black-gorgeted Laughing Thrush, C, affnis, Burmese Roller and B. liventer, Rufous-winged Buzzard-Eagle. In the same bit of jungle as the last I was fortunate in finding my first nest of the Burmese Jay, G. lewcotis, with the parent bird sitting very tight, in fact not moving, until my man began to ascend the sapling. The nest was placed about 10 feet from the ground and very conspicuous, and contained four incubated eggs, two of which were addled. On the 30th April, Mr. P. F. Wickham arrived at my camp after we had finished musketry for the day, so we at once started out to try our luck in the neighbouring jungles, especially devoting ourselves to the Crest Bunting (M. melanicterus), which was common, but with no success. As Wickham had to return to Maymyo that evening we made an early start in that direction, trying some likely oak jungle with hopes of finding a Jay’s nest. We were soon rewarded by first seeing a Jay and then two or three old nests. Then at last my orderly spotted a nest on which the old bird was sitting, which on investigation contained a nice clutch of four eggs: On resuming our hunt we were rewarded in finding another nest close by which contained three eggs. We found two more nests in the same patch of ) forest, each having two eggs apiece. These we left in the hopes of getting complete clutches. Of these four nests three were in saplings from 10 to 1004 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. 12 feet from the ground and the fourth placed on a stump not four feet high. On the evening of the 2nd of May I rode out to visit the last two nests and found one deserted and the other with its two eggs quite warm which when I attempted to blow I found to be on the point of hatching. On the afternoon of the next day I again visited the same jungle and found two nests, each containing five eggs, and another with three young birds which I left until the 9th, when one had disappeared. The two remaining young birds I brought down to Mandalay, one only surviving and is very tame. It was most extraordinary finding seven nests all within an area of about 100 square yards, one or two being within 20 yards of each other ; shewing that G. leucotis when unmolested breeds in communities; also in every case except one the parent bird had to be driven off the nest. On going into Maymyo later on I found two more nests, one with eggs and the other containing two young birds. Nests.—The nests consisted of a rough outline of coarse twigs, containing a compact cup shaped lining made entirely of grass roots, which measured about six inches in diameter by five inches in depth. Four nests were placed in sapplings from 10 to 12 feet from the ground, one on a stump, and others on the branches of trees from 5 to 10 feet from the ground. iggs.—Nests containing incubated eggs were got of two, three, four and five clutches, shewing the bird to be irregular; one nest contained five addled eggs, and in many of the others one or two addled eggs were found. The eggs are of the regular family type and vary a great deal in size and colour, some being a uniform pale green with a dark zone round the larger end ; others being distinctly speckled all over with darker greenish-brown spots, many having black hair-like streaks, which if one is not careful are very liable to wash off. The average of fourteen eggs was 1'3 x °95, the largest being 1:43 x°97, and the smallest 1:23 x :92. Since writing the above I am sorry to say the young Jay died in the Red Sea on its way home. ; No. 32 (a). Parus commixtus, (Swinhoe.)—(The Chinese Grey Tit.) Very plentiful, and its loud notes may be heard in most parts of the jungle. On the 21st April I took a nest placed in a small hole in the trunk of an oak tree within a few yards of my tent. I watched the pair for three or four days and when the hen had apparently begun sitting I cut into the nest and was rewarded with a nice clutch of seven eggs. I secured both parent birds, as they do not seem to be so highly coloured as those procured at Sinlun Kaba, Bhamo District, also the eggs seem to be decidedly larger. No. 67. Dryonastes sannio, (Swinhoe.)—(The White-browed Laughing Thrush.) This is the common Laughing Thrush of the Shan Hills. I found several SOME MAYMYO BIRDS, 1005 nests containing both eggs and young. Four seems to be the usual com- plement, sometimes three, and I found only one nest containing five eggs. The white type of egg is much the commonest at Maymyo. The variation in the colouring or want of colour in this bird’s eggs is very interesting, as at Sinlun Kaba (Bhamo) I only found the white eggs late in the season, ° while at Taunggyi, to the south, I only got the blue variety. No. 72. Garrulax pectoralis, (Gould.)—(The Black-gorgeted Laughing Thrush.) Fairly common. I found three nests. No. 73. Garrulax moniliger, (Hodge.)—(The Neck-laced Laughing Thrush.) No nests; probably a later breeder. No. 118a. Pomatorhinus ripponi. sp. n. (The Shan States Scimiter Babbler.) Described in the Bull. B. O. C., Vol. XXVIL., p. 9. On comparing my specimen with P. olivaceus in the Natural History Museum, I was struck with the difference in the colour of its wings from those of birds from Tenasserim which have a decided rufous edging to their primaries while my specimen has the outer edges of its wing feathers decidedly olive. I then compared them with specimens from the Shan States which I found to agree with mine. And on separating all the skins by their localities I find that those from the Shan States have the outer edges of their primaries olive-brown like their backs, and those from Tenasserim have the outer edges decidedly rufous. I left notes to that effect for Mr. Ogilvie-grant who kindly described the species for one as below. P. ripponi is great skulker; its loud “ Hoop-Hoop” and almost black- bird-like note may often be heard but the bird seldom seen. I failed to find a nest, but on the march up [ saw one of a pair carrying a leaf, so they were evidently then nesting. Pomatorhinus rippont. sp. n. Described in the Bull B. O. U., Vol. XX VII, p. 9. Adult male and female most closely allied to P. olivaceus, Blyth from Lower Burma, but with general colour of the upper parts olive brown instead of rufous-brown; the tail similar in colour to the upper parts (in P. olivaceus it is much darker, blackish towards the tips and rufous towards the base), the chestnut patch on the sides of the neck somewhat paler, and the bill usually more slender. Total length ca. 8°3 inches, wing 3°4, tail 3:7, tarsus 0°85. Hab., Shan States. No. 134. Temelia jerdoni, (Sharpe.)—(The Red-capped Babbler.) Seen on several occasions. No. 139. Pyctorhis sinensis, (Gen.)—(The Yellow-eyed Babbler.) Common; we found several nests. It seems to be a much earlier breeder at Maymyo than at Taunggyi where it is equally common, as many eggs found early in April were on the point of hatching. 14 1006 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. No. 145. Pyctorhis subochracewm, (Swinhoe.)—(The Burmese-spotted Babbler.) Seen and heard on several occasions. No. 228. Zosterops simplex, (Swinhoe).—(Swinhoe White-eye.) Plentiful. Two nests. The birds up here seem to run very near Z. aureiventris as noted by Colonel Rippon in his list of Birds of the Southern Shan States, in having traces of a yellow band down the centre of their underparts. No. 248. Aigithina tiphia, (L.)—(The Common Iora.) Very common. Nesting in the beginning of May. No. 279. Molpastes burmanicus (Sharpe.)—(The Burmese Red-vented Bulbul.) Very common. Breeding during April and May. Some of the birds round Enlya seem to run very near M. nigripileus. No. 288. Otocompsa emeria, (Linn.)—(The Red-whiskered Bulbul.) Common near water. No. 317. Sttta neglecta, (Wald.)—(The Burmese Nut-hatch.) I saw a single Nut-hatch on several occasions near my camp, but failed to find its nest. No. 327. Dicrurus ater, (Herm.)—(The Black Drongo.) Common. Were still in noisy flocks at the end of April when they paired off and started nesting operations. No. 338. Dicrurus cineraceus, (Horsf.)—(The Grey Drongo.) Plentiful. J found three nests building but was unfortunate over the eggs . No. 335. Chibia hottentotta, (L.)—(The Hair-crested Drongo.) Plentiful. An early breeder up here. I found hardset eggs early in April. No. 374. Orthotomus sutorius, (Horsf.)—(The Indian Tailor-bird.) Common. No. 389. Megalurus palustris, (Horsf.)—(The Striated Marsh-warbler.) One or more pairs in every swamp. Was only successful in finding one nest with hardset eggs. No. 382. Franklinia gracilis, (Frankl.)—(Franklin’s Wren-warbler. ) Plentiful and noisy, but had not started nesting before I left Maymyo. No. 451. Horornis pallidipes, (Blan.)—(Blanford’s Bush-warbler.) A very noisy little bird, and a great skulker, inhabiting thick grass and bracken, and were evidently nesting in May. I made two attempts to find their nests by taking out a party of sepoys and systematically working through every square foot of grass, but failed to find any nest. My two specimens, both cocks, had their testes much enlarged and were evidently breeding. I have compared my specimens at the Museum and think this is the first record from the Shan States. I saw several Cisticola, Suyas, and Prinia, but as they had not begun nesting I did not collect specimens. SOME MAYMYO BIRDS. 1007 No. 474. Lantus collurioides, (Less.).—(The Burmese Shrike.) Very plentiful. We found several nests with eggs and young. Imadea very fine series of eggs ranging from almost a bright red to dull grey. No. 475. Lanius nigriceps, (Frankl.) ~(The Black-headed Shrike.) Saw none during the breeding season, but it is plentiful in Maymyo later on. ° No. 481. Lanius cristatus, (l.)—(The Brown Shrike.) Seen on two or three occasions, but as far as | could see not breeding. No. 488. Tephrodornis pondicerianus, (Genel.)—(The Common Wood Shrike. ) No. 491. Pericrocotus fraterculus, (Swinhoe.)—(The Burmese Scarlet Minivet.) Both fairly common, but I failed to find nests. No. 500. Pericrocotus perigrinus, (L.)—(The Small Minivet.) Common, breeding in May. J have taken nests at Taunggyi in March, No. 510. Graucalus macti, (Less.).—(The Large Cuckoo Shrike.) Seen on several occasions, as well as a species of Campophaga ? No. 512. eo oO > ss iss ss = eae A ta HS a3 Os 2 A 8 M4 2 oF B-s = = ° XS 5 ca) = = S 4 ae = | | xy eS i) = bo a bo On fon) bo I The plate accompanying this paper will appear in the Index number ? NOTES ON GAME ANIMALS NEAR GYANTSE, 1029 FELIS UNICA. Snow Leopard. Tib.—< Sa.” The snow leopard occurs near Gyantse but is rare. I have not heard of it in the Chumbi Valley. On 21st June 1908 I obtained a litter of three young ones which must have been born about a week previously. CANIS LUPUS. The Wolf. Tib.—‘ Changu.” These are not uncommon in this part of Tibet, but are not seen much on the main roads. A female measured 544'’ in length from nose to tip of tail and 26" in height at the shoulder. I kept young ones, but they were always wild and timid. On one occa- sion a six months’ old cub escaped, and after chasing it for four miles on horseback, | gave up all hope of recapturing it. I was much surprised to find that it had returned of its own accord during the night, and was waiting to be fed at the usual hour in the morning. I once shot a black wolf in Western Tibet, where they are commoner than in other parts of the country. I have seen three black ones together and one black one in the company of three ordinary wolves. I once tried to course a wolf with three ereyhounds. ‘The wolf showed no fear and the hounds would not tackle him when they had caught him up. VULPES WADDELLI. Tib.—‘ Wamo.” This fox is not uncommon in the scrub round Gyantse, and I have also found it on bare plains at a height of 15,000 feet. A vixen measured 4:2" from nose to tip of tail and 154" in height at the shoulder. I have killed these with greyhounds. VULPES FERRILATUS. The small Tibetan Fox. Tib.— “‘Dedze.”” I have never seen this fox below 14,000 feet, at which elevation [ have occasionally seen it at Phari. I once shot one that had just killed a mouse hare (Lagomys). LEPUS OIOSTOLUS. The Wooly Hare. Tib.—“< Regong.” This hare is very common in this part of Tibet, where it is found on the hills around Gyantse and also in the thorny scrub in the river bed. It is also common on the slopes of Chumolhari on the Tangla, but does not occur in the Chumbi Valley. I used to course these hares, but it was difficult to find them on level ground and in hills the greyhound had no chance. 17 1030 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. HQUUS HEMIONUS. Tib.—“ Kyang.” This animal. may be seen anywhere between the Tangla and Mendza on the road to Gyantse; after the latter place the valley is too confined, as they prefer very wide open plains. They are easy to approach and show very little fearof man. On one occa- sion when camped at the village of Nyiru, to the east of Kangmar, I was asked by the people to shoot one, as they did considerable damage to the crops. The young are born in August. A photo- graph of a young one appeared on p. 731 of Vol. XIX of our Journal. OVIS AMMON HODGSONI. Tib.—< Nyen.” Ovis ammon are occasionally to be found in the hills at the northern end of the Chumbi Valley and at several places on the road to Gyantse. The young are born in June; I have frequent- ly seen newly-born lambs in this month and at the beginning of July. I once saw a ewe apart from a herd with a single lamb at the end of June, ata height of 14,000 feet, where some small rhododendron bushes were growing which concealed the young one when it lay down. A photograph of the best head obtained appeared in Vol. XIX, page 980. Rowland Ward’s measurements for this head were :— Length on Front Curve u bi a +. 4gne Circumference. . 19" Spread from tip to tip 213" OVIS NAHUBRA. Burhel. Tib.—‘‘ Na.” Burhel are very common both in the Chumhbi Valley above tree level, and in the neighbourhood of Gyantse as well as at various places on the road. The eleven entered in the game book measure between 20 in. and 23in.; smaller ones were occasionally shot for food. I kept several tame ones which, though never tied up, seldom strayed far. On two occasions single young were born to these, on the 15th June and 8th August; but from what I have seen of young ones with the wild herds J think that August is exceptionally late. Once a tame ram, 24 years old, was lost for two days and eventually found with a herd of wild ones, which he ieft and ran to the man who was searching for him. ‘The horns of this one measured 13 ins. when three years old. These NOTES ON GAME ANIMALS NEAR GYANTSE. 1051 tame burhel were very fond of playing with my dogs and even with men. GAZELLE PICTICAUDATA. Tibetan Gazelle. Tib.—‘ Goa.” Gazelle are still fairly plentiful on the road to Gyantse, being found from the hills south of Phari up to the neighbourhood of Gyantse ; on the road itself they are much scarcer and wilder than they used to be. The horns of those entered in the game list measured between 104ins. and 14ins.; only one head of the last measurement was shot (by Captain Kennedy) though 134 ins. heads were not uncommon. The following are the measurements of two gazelles :— S S Nose to tip of tail aus Le a AROSE 372" Height at shoulder na * .. 242" 221 Length of horn .. ne ws a DM 113" In Western Tibet they are much wilder and more difficult to approach than in the country to the north of Sikkim. On one occasion, when camped near Kamba Jong I counted 117 in sight from my tent. I found the young difficult to rear in captivity. A photograph of one appeared at p. 121 of Vol. XIX of our Journal. A greyhound of mine once caught a full grown buck. CHERVIS AFFINIS. The Shou. Tib.—<“< Sha.” These stags are found in the Chumbi Valley, their lowest eleva- tion being about 9,000 feet. They are very scarce, a few only crossing the ridge which forms the boundary between Chumbi and Bhutan. I have seen them grazing on Lingmotang Plain in May, when the stags had no horns, and in the winter they are to be found in the dense pine forests, on the eastern side of the Chumbi Valley; but about December the forest is disturbed by the vil- lagers, who at this time are collecting their winter's supply of fuel, and the stags appear, for the most part, to return eastwards to Bhutan. They rarely cross to the western bank of the Ammo Chu and this river may be said to be the limit of their habitat on the west. I saw in captivity at Shigatse a stag which belonged to the Tashilama, and which I was informed had been obtained from the Bramaputra Valley, east of Lhasa; but I am unable to say to what Species it belonged. I found that the roofs of many houses in 1032 JOURNAL, B OMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Tibet north of Nepaul were adorned with stag horns which, I was told, had been brought from the north, but as the country is bare desert for hundreds of miles in that direction, I think it possible that these horns came from Nepaul. I was unable to bring any horns away as they had become too brittle from exposure to the weather, and in spite of the greatest care, broke in pieces after a few marches. MOSCHUS MOSCHIFERUS. Musk Deer. Tib.—“ La.” A few Musk Deer are to be seen in the Valleys round Gyantse. In the absence of forest in this part of their habitat, they live among rocks. ‘They are plentiful on the ridge dividing Sikkim from the Chumbi Valley and probably at other places in the neigh- bourhood. A few other animals may be mentioned here. The Serow Tib. ‘“‘ Gyara” is common in the Chumbi Valley, but difficult to shoot. It is not found above tree level. A photo- eraph of one appeared at p. 822 of Vol. XIX of the Journal. I have seen a Gooral, which had been killed by a native in the Chumbi Valley, but have never seen one alive myself. Wild Yak (Bos grunniens) and Tibetan Antelope (Pantholops hodgsoni) are not found in this part of Tibet at all. In travelling up the Bramaputra, antelope were not seen till about the 85° of longitude, and then in the hills to the north of the river. They were common some distance farther west. The Tibetan name for the wild Yak is “‘ Drong”’ and for the Antelope “Vso”. I have never heard the word “Chiru” used for this animal in Tibet. | A bear was occasionally seen by wood-cutters in the Chumbi Valley. A new species of monkey (Presbyfis lania) is found in the Chumbi Valley at an altitude of 10,000 feet. The Lynx, Tib. “J” (as the letter E), is found near Gyantse but is rare. A badger, Meles meles canescens was obtained in the Chumbi Valley and the skin forwarded to the Society. 1033 REMARKS ON THE SNAKE COLLECTION IN THE QUETTA MUSEUM. BY Masor F. WALL, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. At the request of Sir Henry McMahon the collection of snakes in the Quetta Museum has been recently submitted to me for identification. 120 specimens were forwarded which include 28 species. species, I think there can be no doubt, is new to science. belongs to the genus Contia, and I propose to call it memahoni after the President of the Quetta Natural History Society. In a few other instances the previously known habitat appears to have been extended, viz., Hryx john, Zamenis ravergiert, Conta waltert, Bungarus ceruleus, and Bungarus sindanus. All the snakes have been collected in Baluchistan. Family.—GLAUCONIIDAL. Glauconia blanfordi (Boulenger). A single typical specimen of this little snake is from Sibi. Family.—BOIDA. Eryx johni (Russell). Three specimens, all about two-thirds grown, are from Duki, and Hanna. I can find no previous records of this snake from Baluchistan. The Hanna specimen is the darkest I ever saw. It is brown dorsally, and there are very distinct black bars on the body and tail. The belly is heavily mottled with black. The two Duki specimens are similar, but the black bars are The details of scales and shields are as follows :— One This not so distinct. CosTALs. Te 3 a wn 220 | Ee E 2 Be see Se iF a se} Locality. — = aaa } aGe 3 BS Sd Q » rar ono 1 No ~ ° eo = eS irs} ogser a Q 2 Se ne Bo & =) eS = eH = (oD) 47 53 4] 190 33 Hanna. 42 47 34 199 33 Duki. 44 51 38 200 29 Duki. 1034 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Family.—COLUBRID 4. Tropidonotus piscator (Schneider). Four specimens from Harnai, Sibi, Kirta and Sharigh. All are olive- greenish with moderately large black chequers anteriorly, and quite typical in lepidosis. Lycodon striatus (Shaw). Three specimens from Quetta. One in particular shows a bright yellow adornment similar in pattern to the white observed in the usual Indian specimens. Probably the others were similar, but the bright yellow is sure to fade in spirit as it does in other Lycodons (jara, flavomaculatus, and Jasciatus). The ventrals and subcaudals are 179? + 60, 180 + 65, and 176? + 63. There are 9 supralabials in one specimen on the left side, and the 35rd, 4th, 5th and 6th touch the eye on that side. Zamenis mucosus (Linné). Six specimens from Quetta and Hanna. One large adult is unusually dark being a uniform blackish dorsally. In two specimens the loreals are two (1 + 1). Zamenis rhodorhachis (Jan.). Several specimens, all of variety Jadacensis (Anderson) from Quetta, Fort Sandeman, Hanna, Duki, Mach, Takatu, Spinkarez (Hanna), and Sibi. The supralabials are 9, the 4th is invariably divided and its upper part touches the eye. I think there can be no doubt that this is the correct interpretation of the condition, and that the upper part of this shield should not be designated a subocular (zzde Boulenger’s Catalogue, Vol. 1, p. 398). On one side in one specimen the 3rd supralabial is also divided as it normally is in the species 7avergier. The ventrals vary from 218 to 230, and the subcaudals are 131 in the only specimen where the tail is complete, and these shields can be counted. The costals in all are 19 two heads- lengths behind the head, 19 in mid-body, and 13 usually (11 once) two headslengths before the anus. The two first steps occur very close together, and are often intermixed but from 19 to 17 the row next to the vertebral usually blends with the one below, and from 17 to 165 above the ventrals blends with the 4th (rarely the 2nd). From 15to 13 the row next to the vertebral again blends with the one below. In all a regular series of spots of a darker brown than the ground colour pass down the dorsum. These spots are usually rather large, and roundish or oval, but in some specimens these are replaced by narrow bars. The teeth in this species are quite different from those of ventrimaculatus, the species to which it shows such a very close external resemblance. There is a gap at the back of the maxillary array followed by two enlarged teeth in ladacensis. Zamenis karelini (Brandt). Several specimens from Quetta, Pishin, Mastung, Walikhan, Gulistan, SNAKES IN QUETTA MUSEUM. 1035 and Bostan. The ventrals range between 192 and 206, and the subeaudals from 92 to99. The costals number 19 two heads-lengths behind the head, 19 in mid-body, and 13 two heads-lengths before the anus. The absorp- tion of rows from 19 to 17, and from 17 to 15 occurs very close together and the steps may be intermixed. Usually the row next to the vertebral first blends with the one below (or rarely with the vertebral), and then the 5rd blends with the 4th (rarely the 2nd). From 15 to 13 the reduction is similar to that in the first step, the row next to the vertebral disappearing. The supralabials are usually 9, the 3rd, 4th and 6th being divided, and the 4th, 5th and 6th touch the eye. This seems to me the true interpreta- tion of the condition, and Ido not agree with Mr. Boulenger in considering the upper parts of the 4th and 6th shields suboculars. None of these speci- mens were adorned with any suspicion of an orange vertebral stripe. The dentition is as follows in one:—mavxillary 12 left, 11 right, followed by a gap, and then two enlarged teeth. Palatine 8. Pterygoid 15 left, 16 right. Mandibular 16 left, 15 P right. Zamenis ravergiert (Ménétr). Several specimens from Hanna, Quetta, Kalat, Ziarat, and Harboi. This species does not appear to have been recorded from Baluchistan before, and is evidently common there. The supralabials are 9, the 3rd and 4th divided (the 3rd entire in two specimens) ‘and the 4th, 5th and 6th touch the eye. The ventrals range between 195 and 220, and the subcaudals between 87 and 93. In one example the 4th to the 8th are entire and in another the 4th to the 6th. The costals are in 21 rows, two heads-lengths behind the head, 21 in mid-body, and 15 two heads-lengths before the anus. The first two steps from 21 to 19, and 19 to 17 occur close together, and are sometimes intermixed. Usually the row next to the vertebral is absorbed first into the row below, or into the vertebral, then the 3rd row above the ventrals is absorbed into the 4th and finally the rows reduce from 17 to 15 by the row next to the vertebral being absorbed into the one below. Im adults the spots are usually rather a darker brown than the ground colour, but in one adult from Ziarat the dorsal spots are unusually black, and well defined. The maxillary teeth agree with those of rhodorhachis and karelint in having a gap posteriorly succeeded by two enlarged teeth. Zamenis diadema (Schlegel). Specimens of this snake are very numerous, there being no less than 30 examples, from Dhadur Bolan, Hirok, Ziarat, Mushkaf, Khushdilkhan, Harboi Hills (Kalat), Fort Sandeman, Kalat, Hudda, Hanna, Quetta, Urak, Kach, Sibi, Mach, Loralai, Sheikh Wasil, Shaltanzai, Pishin and Hazara Road. There are three distinct colour varieties. -4—Dorsally buff or pale brownish with a few or many scales deep claret coloured. 1036 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XA. There is no arrangement in the disposition of these dark scales, except in one or two specimens where a congeries of such spots roughly suggests the pattern seen in variety 6. The head is sometimes completely dark claret coloured, or there may be blotches of this hue irregularly disposed above. On the occiput and neck the claret hue merges into a brilliant crimson. B.—In this the ground colour is light brown. A dorsal series of large spots of a darker brown pass regularly down the middle of the back, and these spots alternate with those of a lateral series of similar but smaller spots. The head is light brown, with a somewhat irregular disposition of darker spots or mottlings, which ofter form a complete circle on the crown hence the name dzadema, There is no crimson cephalic or nuchal adorn- ment. C. This variety may be considered a melanoistic form of the last. The specimens are blackish, with the same arrangement of regular spots as the last variety, the spots being of a still blacker hue. In one specimen no such spots could be distinguished, the colour being uniformly black. There were many quite juvenile specimens, but itis remarkable that all of these conformed to the type of adults of variety B. I have noted this before in the Punjab where adults of variety A are very common, and it would appear that the colouration and markings may become very markedly modified with age. Unlike the preceding three species of this genus the maxillary array of teeth is not interrupted posteriorly, and there are no enlarged posterior teeth, a fact which leads me to think that the genus Zamenis as constitu- ted by Mr. Boulenger needs revision and further subdivision. Lytorhynchus ridgewayt (Boulenger). Four specimens from Quetta and Bostan. The ventrals are 182, 170, 171 and 172, the anal entire in 3, and dubiously divided in the 4th. The subcaudals are 41, 45, 50 and 51. The costals are normally 19 two heads-lengths behind the head, 19 in mid-body, and 15 two heads-lengths before the anus. In one the 8th and 9th rows above the ventrals repeat- edly fused and divided anteriorly so that the rows were 17 in some places. In another the vertebral, and next scale on the left side blended, and divided repeatedly posteriorly so that the rows were 16 in places. The absorption of rows from 19 to 17, and from 17 to 15 occurs close together and the steps may be intermixed, but usually the vertebral row blends with the next first, and then the 3rd and 4th rows above the ventrals coalesce. The supralabials are 7 or 8, and usually the 3rd and 4th are divided, and touch the eye. On one side in one specimen the 4th and 5th are divided and these only touch the eye. In another the 4th only is divided on one side, and the 4th and 5th touch the eye. In all the specimens there was but one loreal not two as mentioned by Mr. Boulenger (Catalogue Vol. SNAKES IN QUETTA MUSEUM. 1037 1, p. 416). The anchor-shaped mark on the head mentioned by Mr. Boulenger was rather disconnected in one specimen. The dentition is peculiar. There are 8 subequal teeth in the maxille, then a gap followed by two ungrooved enlarged teeth. The palatine teeth are 5 in number. There are no pterygoid teeth. The mandible supports 12 on one side, and 11 on the other. Contia walteri (Boettger). Two specimens from Quetta and Sharigh are without doubt this species. In both the heads are quite black above, and the body has zebra-like black stripes anteriorly which soon break up into spots, and then disappear posteriorly. The ventrals are 214, and the subcaudals 79 in one example. In the other damage made counting impossible. The anal is divided in both. The scales are 15 two heads-lengths behind the head, 15 in mid-body, and 15 or 13 two heads-lengths before the anus. In the specimen where the rowsreduced to 13 the numbers fell owing to a fusion of the 3rd and 4th rows above the ventrals. This wasadexample. The loreal was absent in both. The suture between the internasals was subequal to that between the preefrontals in one example, greater in the other. The breadth of the frontal was twice that of the supraocular in one example, and about two- fifths greater in the other. In other respects the specimens agree well with Mr. Boulenger’s description (Catalogue Vol. II, p. 264). Contia memahoni. spec. ? nov. There are four specimens of a little snake of the above genus which I cannot doubt is entitled to rank as a species distinct from any described in Mr. Boulenger’s Catalogue, and which I cannot find described elsewhere. These are from Quetta, Loralai, Mach and Spintangi. Three of these are, I presume, adults, and are nearly a foot long, the fourth is a young speci- men 6 or 7 inches in length. Description. Rostral.—touches 6 shields. Internasals.—Two, the suture between them equal to or greater than that between the priefrontals. Prefrontals.—Two, in contact with internasal, nasal, 2nd supralabial, pree- ocular, supraocular, and frontal. 1ontal.—Touches 6 shields, the supra- ocular sutures rather the longest, the breadth fully twice that of the supraoculars. Nasal.—Entire. Loreal.—Absent. Preocular.—One. Post- ocular.—One. Temporals—1 + 1. Supralabials.—7T, the 5rd and 4th touching the eye. Infralabials.—5, the 5th largest, and in contact with 2 seales behind, the 5th only touching the posterior sublinguals. Costals.— 13 two heads-lengths behind the head, 15 in. mid-body, and 13 two heads- lengths before the anus. In all the specimens these scales are 15 in the neck, but soon become 13 by the absorption of the 4th row above the ventrals. After one or two heads-lengths the rows become 15 again by the erd row dividing, and remain 15 till the hinder part of the body, where 18 1088 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX they again reduce to 13, the 4th row again blending with the 5th (more rarely the 3rd). The ventrals are 204, 206, 209 and 212, the anal divided and the subcaudals 96, 91,94, and 96. The body dorsally is nearly uniform light brownish, the scales basally rather darker and the head is of a duskier shade in the adult. In the young the head is black, but not quite so black as in typical persica and walterr. | Under-parts uniform whitish. It seems to be most close to persica but differs in the greater number of subeaudals, in having 15 scale rows anteriorly, and in the colour of the adult. Dipsadomorphus trigonotus (Schneider). Three specimens from Kirani, Sharigh, and Jhalawan. None of these conform to the variety melanocephalus (Annandale, Jour. Asiatic. Soe., Bengal, 1904, p. 209) first mentioned by Dr. Annandale and which appears peculiar to the Perso-Baluchistan area. The ventrals and sub- caudals of two are 236 + 80 and 232 + 84. Psammophis leitht (Giinther). A single specimen from Duki. The scales are 17 two heads-lengths be- hind the head, 17 in mid-body, and 11 two heads-lengths before the anus. In the step from 17 to 15 the 4th row above the ventrals disappears being ~ absorbed into 3rd on one side, and into the 5th on the other. In the step from 15 to 13 the row next to the vertebral is absorbed, and from 13 to 11 the 3rd row above the ventrals disappears. The ventrals are 172, anal entire, and subcaudals 98. There is a single temporal, and 8 supralabials, the 4th and 5th touching the eye. The belly is uniform saffron-yellow. Psammophis schokart. (Forskal). Several specimens from Quetta, Toba, Marachak, Jhalawan, Kishingi, Chaman and Khost. The specimen from Khost is exactly like specimens of condanarus mm colouration, there being a median and two lateral narrow stripes of buff, the median involving the vertebral row only, and the lateral the contiguous — halves of the 3rd and 4th rows above the ventrals. The specimen from Marachak is very similar, but the buff stripes are broader, the median : involving the vertebral, and half the adjacent rows, and the lateral invol- ves the 4th and half the 3rd and Sth rows. The striping is not so well | defined and conspicuous as in the previous specimen. The rest have a dark — | : vertebral stripe involving the vertebral, and the adjacent half rows, and i there is a series of blackish narrow apical stripes on the scales of the 6th | row. There are no light stripes at all anteriorly, but the buff stripes | typical of condanarus are obscurely indicated posteriorly. q It seems tome very dubious whether all these specimens should be considered schokari, I incline to the opinion that there may be two species” | judging from the peculiarities of the subcaudals, the supralabials, andy) | SNAKES IN QUETTA MUSEUM. 1039 the number of scales in the posterior part of the body as will be seen from the annexed tabulated details.* t Costals. | ; 1) j | al Ps 1 = : lt Be & 2 a 42 des 0 ee ales S S : a o| Ses Gi te ye = = Habitat. eee Heel e | ej) 42 = dg} os Sec 6S a= S 3 @| & aS ee TD hf fae i” | 11 | 181 | 121, 5th & 6th | Khost. 7 | | | | Me | 7 ee an oth Ss 6th eihtalawean- | i | Bee | 17 | Mt | 179) 115 | 5th & 6th Toba. Z | | | | | % 7 lode eS Te 88 2 | Chaman. ia | | | | | S) | | | = | i7 | 13 | 182! 84 [ard, 4th 5th] Quetta. E | | | Men 17 | 18 177 | 84 /4th, 5th & 6th| Quetta. i | Wz | 13 | 186! 75 4th, 5th & 6th) Marachak. J | | ) *T append details of other specimens I have examined from other localities for comparison :— Costals. | | muro iccos| | St | = 8 Eel | ma 60.4 2 ms | a | "e o0 | ; | ay To ie oi es S 25 Habitat. Saget ic) us io) | = = aS) oo on | ere a es | = ge See koe. |S in| & a | =| | a | a | io | a B { | | Bes is) | i e180 119 5th & 6th Muhammerah (Persia). 17 ie aera 175 119 | 5th & 6th Do. | | | 17 Lea ? 2? | 4th & oth | Persian Gulf. | meee | 17 | ll 181 149? | 5th & 6th | Dthali (Aden Hinter land), 17 17 11 | 175 124 | Sth & bth Do. | | 17 17 13? | 175 143 | ? Do, Bei | 18 | 172 2 | ? Do. I } | | Distira. cyanocincta (Daudin). Six specimens from Soumiani (Las Bela) and Manora. The ventrals of he four critically examined are 348, 363, 366 and 375. The costals are 1040 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. before the anus). There is one postocular on both sides in one example, one on one side in another. The temporal is single on both sides im one specimen, and on one side in two specimens, The body has complete black bands expanding into rhombs dorsally, and not connected ventrally. Enhydrina valakadyn (Boie). Two specimens from Soumiana (Las Bela) are quite typical. Bungarus ceruleus (Schneider). One typical example from Sharigh, which, as far as I am aware, extends the habitat of this species. The ventrals are 212 but the tail being im- perfect the subcaudals cannot be counted. Bungarus sindanus (Boulenger). Two specimens from Fort Sandeman. The ventrals are 201 and 214, and the subcaudals 48 in both. I can find no previous mention of this species outside Sind. The ventrals in these Baluchistan specimens are much lower than the range previously noted by me in my “ Poisonous terrestrial snakes of our British Indian Dominions.” Within the same week that 1 examined those specimens I received another from Fort Sandeman through the Secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society, and also details of four others killed this year in the same locality by Major C. H. Ward, of the 4th Rajputs. On revising my previous notes with these additional specimens I find the details noted by mein the above work require some modification. Tf find | for instance that in all the specimens in which I have measured the relative breadth and length of the vertebrals they are as broad or broader | than long, not longer than broad, as shown in the plate that accompanies — Boulenger’s description of one of the type specimens (Bombay Natural _ History Jour., Vol. XI, p. 73). Again I have stated that some of the | terminal subcaudals are divided, and I find that this is very unusual ; in fact, | is only the case in one of the many specimens I have now seen. | The examination of these recently acquired specimens has broken down many of the distinguishing characters, which at first appeared 10 | differentiate walli from sindanus, but in spite of this I still think that the, two species are distinct. In walli the body is very distinctly compressed, put I have never seen any tendency towards compression in s¢ndanus. | Further the markings in walli are distinct, and it appears to be a larger snake than sindanus. The record of 14 specimens of wall: I have examined | is 5 feet 42 inches, whilst that for the 17 specimens of sindanus referred t0 — below is 4 feet 3 inches. Mr. Boulenger’s quotation from Mr. Mountford | 4 that séxdanus commonly reaches 6 feet is not borne out by these speci- mens, the details of which I append. ‘The specimens recorded by | Mr. Cholmondeley in this Journal (Vol. XVIII, p. 921), and which I considered walli (vide Vol. XIX, p. 268) must in the light of our increased knowledge I think be acknowledged to be sindanus. I await specimens of | { y { f \! q 1041 MM. TTA MUSEU 1 SNAKES IN QU. both forms to convert into skull preparations which may throw further light on the subject. *‘pajou jou serjdmy ,, ‘URTOR, I" tofey_ Aq owt qyuos spieqyoqy | (1é6 “d TITAX TOA) [eudnog siyy ut AsjfepuowpoyD “Ayr Aq 0} pedtejor uowloedg ‘AoTopuoulpoyO ‘ap Aq ot ques usuttoodg |: ‘PAe AA “H 'O iP tolep Aq porddus Bae I° ‘UOIPOET[OH 8,AqyoID0g | AIO4STEL | ulnesnyy Bqygen() -d9[[09 "UOIZOOT[OD AYoI00g | jeanyen = Avquiog - “uoly | [" | oe IVMIV AL indypo¢ ‘op ‘op ‘op a1OpuyT ‘op ‘op ‘op ‘op ‘op ‘op uBvULapueg 4107 Aqoystyy [eangenNy Avquiog ‘(putg) oaowynsree “uNesny, ysijig oy? ur seddy, ‘op (pug) anyyng (purg) goyzeurg “SYIVMLO YY, ‘eqIQR A d ‘op *possoidwmoo Spog | SP ORR ITER, Ey SOK d ce ¢ ‘Op Sig ‘ATS | ¢ ‘op o¢ ‘op d ‘op Tr ‘op ‘op Gf ‘op ‘op ST "SOx ‘op LY ATAYSIS ‘op Lf ‘op ‘op SP ‘ON ‘op SP ATIYSIG ‘op SF “ON ‘op gy ‘op SP ‘OUON | 6P “ UF6F OVN9GT| ES " "OUON 6P eS a a8 Seis ' Hm = i) 2° 2 F 58 a = 2 Py one zl ar 5 aad "S[RIgUO | NA d << 2 é@ youT, “og < 1047 e YY NANA is —le leo | * sTRiq "YySuo] YN pereduroo -8J10A JO Yproig LI ZT | 20 ZT AU | Zl at AML ZAM Zf LI LT Mit ING} Lees bo a) Spee o S), ga) | Be @ iS) a? eo | 4 | oo >} =] . ar) B 99 OT Se er aie fA wf ‘STVISOD 1042 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIE TY, Vol. Xaxe Naia tripudians (Merrem). A single juvenile specimen from Duki. It is pale olive-brown with no suspicion of hood marks, and does not conform to the type of variety oviana (Hichwald). The costals are in 19 rows anteriorly, 21 in midbody, and 13 posteriorly. The ventrals are 189, and the subcaudals 64. Family.—VIPERID&. Vipera lebetina (Linné). Two specimens from Ziarat and Kalat. The ventrals are 170 and 171 and the subcaudals 42 and 46. The costals two heads-lengths behind the head are respectively 22 and 23, in mid-body 23 and 25, and two heads- lengths before the anus 19 in both. They are quite typical. Echis carinata (Schneider). Several specimens from Sharigh, Duki, Robat, Hanna, and Quetta. They are all quite typical. Eristocophis memahoni (Alcock and Finn). One specimen from Kharan lands is quite typical. The costals two heads-lengths behindthe head are 23, in mid-body 24, and two heads- lengths before the anus 17. The ventrals are 132, and the subcaudals 32, of which the 2nd to the 6th are entire. 1043 A SECOND LIST OF MOSSES FROM WESTERN INDIA BY L. J. SEDGWICK, I. c.s. The following list is a continuation of the « Fipst List ~ pub- lished in this Journal for February 1910. As mentioned in that article some of the specimens . collected by me at Mahableshwar and Panchgani in January and February 1909 had remained to be determined. Of these several proved to be new, and one small plant from a cave at Panchgani has resulted in the foundation of anew genus Mrrceyopsis, closely allied to MERCcEYA, but differing in the arrangement of the cells in the nerve of the leaf. To this new genus have been assigned the Panchgani moss, and six other Species, some new, and some previously included under Merceya and other genera. A full account of the genus will be found in an article by Mr. H. N. Dixon, F.ES., in the Journal of Botany for December 1910. In addition to this Merceyopsis Mr. Dixon has described in the same article four new species from Western India « >) all of which are included in the following list, and marked with an asterisk. ‘This does not conclude the publication of the results of my Mahableshwar collection, a good deal of which, together with some specimens gathered recently at Purandhar Fort, remains to be treated of in a subsequent number of the Journal of Botany. Since the “First List” was printed I have visited Purandhar Fort twice, and have also received from the Rev. Father Blatter, S.J.. the names of a few mosses collected by him in this part of India. | have also, through the courtesy of Mr. W. Burns, B.Sc., Heonomic Botanist, had the pleasure of seeing a few specimens at Poona col- lected by Professor C. A. Gammie, mainly at a place named Sakar Pathar, near Lonavla. Dr. Gammie’s specimens are mainly dupli- cates of the commoner species recorded in the “lsat Iria Ure, however, one a Brywn and the other apparently a Pylaisiu, are -hew to me, and have been sent to England for identification, As one recorded habitat after another comes to light it will gradually become possible to determine the approximate range and distribution of each Species. But at present I do not regard the data as sufficient to attempt anything definite. It must he remem- 1044 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX, pered that the bryology of this part of India had been until quite recently untouched,—how completely so will be apparent when it is said that Brachymeniwm turgidum described for the first time in 1907, is so common that hardly a tree or Euphorbia bush in the ghats from Trimbak to Castle Rock is free of it, while Hyophila subflaccida, a new species mentioned below, seems likely to turn out to be the commonest of species, a denizen of every chunamed wall. Progress must necessarily be slow so long as collecting is confined to occasional holidays in the hills on the part of persons whose ordinary work confines them to the plains. What is wanted is a bryologist resident at some suitable place, say, Panchgani. A year’s work in such a locality would be productive of literally hun- dreds of interesting species, many of which would be new. A. few of the species mentioned in the list were also recorded in the “ First List,’ but are mentioned again in order to record a new habitat. I have not thought it worthwhile to do this in the case of the commoner and better known species. Campylopus Gough (Mitt), Jaeg. c. fr., on rotten wood of trees, common, Mahableshwar, 1909, Sedgwick. * OC, Sedguicku, Card. and Dix., spec. nov. (described in J. of B. for Dec. 1910, p. 303) ster., on the ground in open places, common, Mahableshwar, 1909, Sedgwick. Pilopogon Blumu (Dz. & Mb.), Broth. ster., on earth banks, Purandhar, 1910, Sedgwick. Octobelpharum albidum, Hedw. on trees, Khandala, 1905, Blatter. ' Fissidens zippelianus, Dz. & Mb. e. fr.,on a wall, Poona, 1910, Sedgwick. * F. Sedgwicku, Broth. & Dix., spec. nov. (described in J. of B., loc. cit., p. 305) ster., on the stones of the stream above Dhobi’s waterfall, Mahableshwar, 1909, Sedgwick. * Calymperes tortelloides, Broth. & Dix., spec. nov. (described loc. cit., p. 306) c. fr., on trees, Mahableshwar, 1909, Sedgwick. Hymenostomum edentulum (Mitt.), Besch. c.fr., on banks, Purandhar, 1910, Sedgwick. (Very variable in robustness.) Hymenostylium vanthocarcum (Hook), Brid. c. fr., damp ground, Mahableshwar, 1907, Kirtikar ; c. fr., on earth banks, Purandhar, 1910, Sedgwick. : | | | f { | [ | } | q Ot LIST OF MOSSES FROM WESTERN INDIA, 1045 Anectangium stracheyanum, Mitt. e. fr., on earth banks, Purandhar, 1910, Sedgwick. * Hyophila subflaccida, Broth. & Dix., spec. nov. (described in J. of Bot., loc. cit., p. 308) ¢. fr. , on chunamed walls,: Andheri, 1908, Kirtikar. H. stenocarpa, Ren. & Card. on a basalt rock, Khandala, Blatter. Gymnostomillum vernicosun (Hook), FI. (mentioned in the “First List” under the name of Pottia vernicosa, Hampe) on damp rocks, Vehar, 1905, Blatter. * Merceyopsis pellucida, Broth. & Dix., gen. & spec. noy. (described in J. of Bot., loc. cit., p. 301) on the roof of a cave, and under stone ledges, sterile, Panchgani, 1909, Sedgwick. Didymodon rufescens (Hook), Broth. ster., on stones, Purandhar, 1910, Sedgwick. Barbula comosa, Dz. & Mb. on rocks, Khandala, 1904, Blatter. Brachymenium turgidum, Broth. on trees, Khandala, 1904, Blatter, and on trees and Euphorbia bushes, abundant, Purandhar, 1910, Sedgwick. (I mention this moss again because it was first named B. pectinidens by M. Cardot from Father Blatter’s specimen, and packets may possibly have been distributed under that name, which has however been withdrawn in favour of B. turgidum.) Orthomnium subcrispum (C. M.), ined. on a tree, ster., Mahableshwar, 1909, Sedgwick. * Stereophyllum Blattert, Card, spec. nov. (not known whether yet described) on trees, Khandala, 1904, Blatter on trees, Matheran, Kirtikar. S. ligulatum (C. M.), Jaeg. on trees, c. fr., Mahableshwar and Panchgani, 1909, Purandhar, 1910, Sedgwick. Pterobryopsis Walker, Broth. Khandala, Blatter; Sakar Pathar, Lonavla, Gammie. Macromitrium ellipticum, Hampe. on trees, Khandala, 1905, Blatter. Urocladium alopecuroides, Hook. on trees, Khandala, Blatter. Leucoloma sarchotrichum, C. M. on trees, Khandala, 1905, Blatter. 13 1046 THE MOTHS OF INDIA. SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN “THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.” SERIES IV, PART II. By Str Grorce F. Hampson, Bart., ¥.z.8., FES. (Continued from page 674 of this Volume.) Genus TRACHEA. Type. Trachea, Ochs. Schmett. Hur., iv, p. 75 (1816) non-descr. ; Treit. Schmett. Eur. (5) 2, p. 65 (1825) .. .. atriplicrs. Phosphila, Hiibn. Verz., p. 208 (1827) .. ue .. turbulenta. Hama, Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust, 11, p. 4 (1829) .. anceps. Berrhea, Walk., xv, 1721 (1858) ue a .. aurigera. Chandata, Moore, Lep. Alk., p. 113 (1882) He .. partita, Epa, Beth-Baker. Nov. Zool., xin, p. 192 (1906) .. . prattn. Achatia, Hubn. Tent. ined nt a a: .. atriphiers. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd jomt reaching about to middle of frons, the 3rd short and blunt ; frons smooth; eyes large, round ; head and thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the vertex of head with ridge of scales, the pro- and meta-thorax with divided crests ; tibize fringed with long hair; abdomen with dorsal series of crests. Forewing broad, the apex rounded, the termen crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from close to angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Sect. I (Chandata).—Antennz of male bipectinate with long branches, the apex simple. 1760. TRACHEA PARTITA. Sect. I7.—Antenne of male bipectinate with short branches, the apex serrate. 1758. TRACHEA CYANELINEA. Sect. I17.—Antenne of male serrate and fasciculate. A. Forewing with the subterminal line green ; expand- ing into a patch on inner area “e .. hastata. B. Forewing with the subterminal line not green. a. Forewing reddish-brown, the orbicular and reni- form confluent below “te ae .. confluens. 6. Forewing grey irrorated with fuscous and with patches of olive-green, the orbicular and reni- form separate .. as? ie .. stoliexce. ? Sa THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1047 1681. TRACHEA HASTATA. 1753. TRACHEA CONFLUENS. 1731. TRACHEA STOLICZCE. Sect. JV.—Antennez of male with fasciculate male cilia. 1744, TRACHEA DISTORTA. Sect. V.—Antenne of male ciliated. ; A, Hindwing of male with the upper part of cell short, the discocellu- lars oblique, veins 6:7 strongly stalked, their stalk curved up- wards and thickened. 1739. TRACHEA STELLIFERA. &B. Hindwing of male with the neuration normal. a. Horewing of male with the disk clothed with silky downturned hair on underside. 1712a@. Tracuea pistans, Moore, Lep. Alk., p. 130 (1882). Head and thorax rufous mixed with some black; palpi black above; tegule with slight dark medial line; tarsi blackish ringed with rufous; abdomen pale rufous irrorated with fuscous. Forewing bright rufous irrorated with black, the basal half slightly suffused with fuscous except inner area ; subbasal line double, black, waved, from costa to vein 1; ante- medial line indistinct, double, waved, bent inwards as a black streak above inner margin; claviform quadrate, defined by black and extending to median nervure, orbicular round, defined by black and with slight whitish annulus ; reniform more or less completely filled in with white, with strong black bar on inner side, otherwise slightly defined and with irregular outer edge; a medial black striga from costa; postmedial line double, bent - outwards below costa, then waved, oblique to vein 3 near subterminal line then incurved, some pale points beyond it on costa; subterminal line represented by a series of small dentate whitish marks, defined on inner side at middle by small dentate black marks, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal series of small black lunules. Hindwing pale rufous tinged with fuscous brown ; a terminal series of black lunules ; the underside pale rufous, slightly irrorated with fuscous, a small discoidal spot, slight waved postmedial line and diffused subterminal band. Hahitat.—Assam, Khasis; Singapore; Borneo. Evp. ¢ 34, 2 40 mill. 6. Abdomen of male clothed with ferruginous scales except at extre-_ mity above; underside of both wings clothed with ferruginous scales to submedian fold and postmedial line. 1712. TRacHEA INDISTANS. e. Wings of male normal. a’, Forewing with more or less olive or bright green mixed. a’, HKorewing with the subterminal line dentate at veins 4°3'2. 1048 a. Forewing with white striga or small spot beyond extremity of claviform. a‘. Forewing with white apical patch. a. Forewing olive-green mixed with some yellow.. ae a ah 6°, Forewing rufous slightly tinged with olive and mixed with yellow i, Forewing without white apical patch. a. Forewing with the orbicular defined at sides by white. a’. Forewing with the postmedial line strongly incurved and dentate below wenn) 47h ae ae ik b°. Forewing with the postmedial line much less imcurved and dentate below vein 4 o 6 °. Forewing with the orbicular large, olive- green, conjoined to the reniform. a®, Korewing without terminal series of black lunules a an 6°. Forewing with terminal series of black lunules .. dis Hi Pe o°, Forewing with triangular olive-green patch be- yond the claviform. a‘, Forewing without terminal series of black points. . O10 o6 ae Re b'. Forewing with terminal series of black points. c. Forewing without white or pale patch beyond the claviform. a‘. Forewing with the reniform white b*, Forewing with the reniform green -.. ae i?, Forewing with the subterminal line dentate at veins 43 .. 5 oa iy c. Forewing with the subterminal line excurved at middle but not dentate. a. Forewing with white or pale mark beyond the claviform. a’, Forewing with oblique white striga beyond the claviform . oF iy ay b*. Forewing with wedge-shaped white spot beyond the claviform .. Se ot af ce’. Forewing with oblique pale bidentate patch beyond orbicular and claviform JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX, albidisea. aurantiaca. auroviridis. chrysochlora. albinota. olivacea. VENOSA, literata. monilis. atrovirens. aurigera. macrospila. melanospila. auriplend. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1049 6°. Forewing without pale mark beyond the clavi- MOM 5, ye aie an .. chloroyrammata, 6. Forewing without olive or bright green mixed. a@. Forewing with the reniform not wholly filled in with white. 3 a. Forewing with the postmedial line oblique from below costa to vein 3 near sub- terminal line. a‘. Forewing almost entirely suffused with black oF - as us .. opposita. 6+, Forewing red-brown with slight fuscous suffusion .. ad oe oP .. consummati. c. Forewing red-brown suffused with purplish grey a af io a .. sederifera, d', Forewing grey-brown without rufous tinge xe a is ots .. Connivens. 6°. Forewing with the postmedial line excurved or straight from below costa to vem 4, and not approximated to the subter- minal line. a’. Forewing with the postmedial line minute- ly dentate below vein 4. a. Forewing with the ante- and postmedial areas concolorous be aM .. niveiplaga. . Forewing with the ante- and postmedial areas grey-white except towards costa fascrata. 6+. Forewing with the postmedial line evenly curved below vein 4 ae O00 2. secalis. &. Forewing with the reniform wholly filled im with white .. os iw Be .. ascoldis. 1735a. TRACHEA ALBIDISCA. Hadena albidisca, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 59, pl. 6, £. 17. Dianthecia nivescens, Butl., Ul. Het. B. M., vii, p. 58, pl. 128 f. 2 (1889). Head and thorax olive-green with a few white scales; palpi whitish, black at sides; sides of frons black; pectus and legs ochreous and whitish ; the tarsi banded with black; abdomen brownish, the dorsal crests and anal tuft rufous. Forewing golden olive-green with a bluish tinge before the antemedial line and on veins of medial area; subbasal line white, defined on each side by black, angled inwards in cell and ending at vein 1; a black mark above inner margin before the antemedial line, which is black defined by white on inner side, oblique, angled inwards I cell, on vein 1, and to inner margin, the area beyond it suffused with 4 1050 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. dark brown in and beyond the cell and below the cell and vein 2 to postmedial Ime; a small triangular white mark from vein 2 marking the extremity of claviform; orbicular blackish defined by some black scales and with slight white spot or bar on its outer edge, open below; a small elliptical white spot in cel] before the reniform, which is represented by a diffused white patch extending to vein 2; postmedial line black defined on outer side by white, strongly bent outwards below costa, then dentate and produced to black and white points on the veins, oblique below vein 4 and incurved at vein 2, the costa beyond it black with white points on it; subterminal line white defined on inner side by black marks below costa, then on outer side, dentate and diffused at veins 7,6; dentate at veins 4, 3, 2, and bent outwards to tornus; a terminal series of small black lunules slightly defined by white on inner side; cilia with a series of black points at tips. Hindwing pale uniformly suffused with fuscous brown, the cilia green mixed with brown towards apex; the underside white irrorated with brown, a black discoidal lunule, curved maculate postmedial line, and diffused subterminal band. Habitat.—W. Cuina; Punsap, Simla, Dharmsala; Sixnim; Assam, Khasis, Chittagong; Mapras, Nilgiris; Travancors, Pirmad. Erp. 32-36 mill. 1738. TRACHEA AURANTIACA. 1735. TRACHEA AUROVIRIDIS. 17356. TRaAcHEA cHRYSOcHLORA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vu. p. 143, pl. IIT, f. 10 (1908). Head and thorax olive-green slightly mixed with whitish and black, palpi whitish, blackish at sides except 3rd joint; sides of frons blackish; patagia rufous at tips; pectus and legs rufous mixed with some fuscous, the tibis and tarsi banded with black; abdomen fuscous brown, the dorsal crests and anal tuft rufous. Forewing olive-green tinged with rufous; the subbasal line represented by white strize from costa and cell defined on each side by black; a black patch above inner margin before the antemedial line, which is double, black filled in with white, oblique angled inwards in cell and on vein 1, and bent inwards to inner margin, the area beyond it in and beyond cell and below the cell and vein 2 ~ to postmedial line suffused with black; a small whitish tooth from near base of vein 2 representing the extremity of claviform; the orbicular conical, rufous defined by a few black scales and with white bar on its outer edge, open below; a slight white lunule concave towards base in cell before the reniform. which is small, green, its lower part suffused with purple-grey and white scales; postmedial line black defined by white ~ j on outer side, strongly bent outwards below costa, then dentate and produced to black and white streaks on the veins, oblique from vem 5 to 2, then angled outwards again, the costa beyond it black with white THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1051 points on it; subtermimal line whitish, defined on imner side by black towards costa, then on outer side, angled outwards at veins 7, 6, 4, 3, 2, and bent outwards to tornus; a terminal series of small black lunules defined on innerside by whitish; cilia with a series of black points at tips. Hind-, wing pale, wholly suffused with fuscous brown; cilia olive-green mixed with brown towards tips; the underside whitish irrorated with brown : a black discoidal lunule, curved postmedial line and indistinct diffused subterminal band. Hatitat.—Punsas, Dharmsila. Evp. 34 mill. 1734. TRACHEA ALBINOTA. 1733a. TRACHEA OLIVACEA. Berrhewa olivacea, Moore., P. Z.S., 1881, p. 357. Hmpsn., Cat. ep. Phal. B. M., vii, p. 144, pl. ITI, f. 12. Head and thorax olive-green mixed with red-brown, some of the hairs tipped with white; palpi brown; frons with lateral brown bars; pectus legs and abdomen dark brown; fore tibize fringed with green hair, the tarsi with pale rigs. Forewing olive-green suffused with reddish brown except on basal and terminal areas, the medial area rather darker, the veins with slight dark streaks irrorated with bluish white: subbasal line represented by double black striz from costa and cell filled in with green; antemedial line indistinctly double, waved, oblique, angled inwards on vein 1; claviform absent; an oblique greenish-white spot below base of vein 2; orbicular and reniform pale green irrorated with brown and defined by black except below where they are conjoined by a green fascia in and below cell; and indistinct waved medial line; postmedial line slightly defined by greyish on outer side, strongly bent outwards below costa, then minutely dentate, oblique below vein 4, some white points beyond it on costa; subterminal line green, slightly angled outwards and dentate at veins 4, 3, 2,1, a blackish patch beyond it at at vein 7 discal fold; a terminal series of small black lunules. Hindwing dark reddish brown, the basal inner area rather paler; cilia grey at base and tips; the underside whitish, the costal and terminal areas irrorated and suffused with brown, a discoidal spot, curved postmedial line and diffused subterminal band. Habitat.—Sixuim. Hxp. 36-48 mill. 1752. TRACHEA VENOSA. 1736. TRACHEA LITERATA. 1835. TRACHEA MONILIS. Tlattia monilis, Moore, P. Z. 8., 188], p. 348, pl. 38, f. 11. Eurois chaleochlora, Hmpsn., Moths Ind., iv., p. 510 (1896) ; id. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vii., p. 146, pl. ITT, f. 15. 1750. TRACHEA ATROVIRENS. 1052 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XX 1733. TRACHEA AURIGERA. Berrhea aurigera, Wik., XV, 1721 (1858); Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Pal. evr. ps U4ehple iis. Hadena megastigma, Wik., XX XIII, 738 (1865). 1735c. TRracHEA MicRosPILaA, Hmpsn., Cat Lep. Phal. B. M., vii, p. 149, pl. IIL, £. 19 (1908). Head and thorax fuscous brown mixed with some white and black scales and with patches of olive-green on vertex of head, tegule, patagia and metathorax ; pectus and legs brown irrorated with white, the tarsi with pale rings ; abdomen brown irrorated with grey. Forewing grey-brown irrorated with black and some’ white, the medial area suffused with olive-green;: | the basal area with patches of green below costa and cell and above inner margin ; subbasal line waved, from costa to a slight black spot above vein 1; antemedial line oblique, waved; traces of a claviform defined by black with small oblique white spot beyond its extremity ; orbicular and reniform green slightly defined by black and with more or less brown in centres, the former rather elliptical, the latter large, irregular, constricted at middle ; a slight waved medial line, oblique from costa to vem 2, then inwardly oblique ; postmedial line double at costa, strongly bent outwards below costa, then dentate, very oblique below vein 4, some white points beyond it on costa; subterminal line green, defined on each side by slight black marks and with more or less green suffusion before and beyond it, angled outwards at vein 7, excurved at middle and sharply angled inwards at submedian fold; a terminal series of small black lunules; cilia grey mixed with brown and black. Hindwing with the basal half yellowish- white, the terminal half fuscous, the inner area tinged with brown; cilia whitish with a dark line through them ; the underside white, the costal and terminal areas irrorated with brown, a black discoidal spot and curved minutely waved postmedial line with dark band beyond it. Habitat.—W. Cuina; Punsas, Kulu, Sultanpur, Dalhousie, Dharmsala. Bap. 50-58 mill. 1732. TRACHEA MELANOSPILA. Trachea melanosplia, Koll., Hiigel’s Kashmir, IV, p. 480 (1844); Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vii, p. 149, pl. III, f. 20. Hadena kosakka, Obuth, Et. Ent., V., p. 80, pl. 7, f. 4 (1880). 1732a. TRACHEA AURIPLENA. Trachea atriplicis, Koll., Higel’s Kashmir, IV, p.479 (nec. Linn.). Eurois auriplena, Wik., X1, 557 (1857) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. III, p. 37, pl. 148, f. 2. Hadena lucia,, Butt., A. M. N. H. (5) 1, p. 195 (1878) ; ed. Tl. Het B. M. III, p. 17, pl. 45, f. 2; Stand., Cat. Lep. Phal., p. 184. Head and tegul olive-green mixed with dark-brown, the latter with some white scales; palpi and lower part of frons dark and pale-brown THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1053 thorax fuscous mixed with red-brown and white, the patagia with green fascia; fore tibize brown mixed with green, the tarsi with pale rings ; ab- domen grey-brown, the dorsal crests and anal tuft tinged with rufous. Forewing olive-green irrorated with black, the veins and postmedial area purplish-grey, the costa black ; subbasal line waved, from costa to a black and white spot above vein |; antemedial line defined on mmerside by purplish-grey, oblique, minutely waved; claviform absent; orbicular and reniform with black, irrorated brown centres and green annlee, the former elliptical, the latter large, constricted at middle, an oblique purplish-white patch between them from subcostal nervure to submedian fold ; postmedial line double at costa, strongly bent outwards below costa, then dentate, oblique below vein 4, some white points beyond it on costa ; subterminal line green, expanding into a band on innerside below vein 3 and with ereen streaks from it to termen between veins 7 and 2, angled outwards at vein 7, excurved at middle and strongly incurved in submedian inter space ; a terminal series of small black lunules; cilia green mixed with black. Hindwing with the basal half yellowish-white, the terminal half fuscous, the inner area suffused with brown; cilia yellowish-white with a brown line through them; the underside with the costal area irrorated with black, a discoidal spot and sometimes a streak in cell, the termen erey. ab... lucia, Hindwing with the basal area more or less tinged with brown. Habitat —Japan ; Cornea ; W. Curna ; Kasumir, Scinde Valley ; Punsas, Kulu, Sultanpur, Dharmséla, Hurripur; Srkuimm; Mapras, Nilgiris ; TRAVANCORE, Pirmad; Cryton. vp. 48-54 mill. 17346. TRACHEA CHLOROGRAMMATA. 1716. TRACHEA OPPOSITA. 1713a. TRACHEA CONSUMMATA. Hadena consummata, Wlkk., X1., 591 (1857). i confundens, Wlk., X1., 757 (1857) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl., IU, p. 38, pl. 148, f. 3. Mamestra thoracica, W\k., XV, 1684 (1858). Hadena inertricata, Wik., XV, 1729 (1858). Apamea neurostigma, Snell. Tijd. O. Ent. XXIII, p. 46, pl. 4, f. 4, (1880). Hadena tulipifera, Saalm. Lep. Madag., p. 321, pl. x, f. 195, (1891). _ Head and thorax bright rufous with some black and whitish scales ; palpi black above ; frons with lateral black bars ; tarsi black ringed with rufous ; abdomen rufous. Forewing bright rufous slightly suffused with brown and irrorated with black ; subbasal line double, waved, from costa to submedian fold; antemedial line double, waved, oblique towards inner margin ; 20 1054 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. claviform quadrate, defined by black below and at extremity ; orbicular and reniform slightly defined by black, the former oblique elliptical, the latter irregular and with some whitish points on outer edge; a medial blackish striga from costa; postmedial line double, bent outwards below costa, then waved, oblique to vein 3 near subterminal line, then incurved. some pale points beyond it on costa; subterminal line represented by a series of small ochreous spots with minute dentate dark marks before them at middle, slightly angled outwards at vein 7; a terminal series of small black lunules; cilia rufous with a punctiform yellowish line at base. Hindwing whitish suffused with red-brown except basal half of costal area ; a fine waved black terminal line ; cilia whitish tinged with rufous. Under- side of forewing whitish tinged with brown except on inner area, the costal area rufous, a dark postmedial line angled outwards below costa and at middle, and diffused subterminal band ; hindwing whitish, the costal area suffused with rufous, a black discoidal lunule, irregularly crenulate post- medial line, diffused subterminal band, and terminal series of black lunules. ab.1. Hindwing entirely suffused with fuscous brown; underside of forewing suffused with fuscous leaving the costal area rufous to postmedial line. ab.2. Hindwing of male with the basal half much whiter and with dark postmedial line. ab.3. Forewing without white points on outer edge of reniform. ab.4. Forewing with prominent white spot on outer edge of reniform. ab.5. Forewmg with reddish spot on outer edge of reniform. Habitat.— Br. EK. Arrica; Transvaat; Nara; Mapagascar; Mavgi- rius; ADEN; C. CuHina; Punsas, Dharmsila; Breneat, Barrackpur; Bombay; Mapras, Gooty, Nilgiris ; Ceyton, Pundaloya, Trincomali ; Java ; CELEBES ; QUEENSLAND. Exp. 38-42 mill. Larva.—Brownish grey, the 4th and 11th somites humped; subdorsal — vesicular black marks on 4th and 5th somites; an irregular dorsal and , lateral black band on 4th somite and dorsal patch on 12th somite ; stigmata black. 17136. TRACHEA SIDERIFERA. Hadena siderifera, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1881, p. 357; Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. ~ B. M., vii., p. 202, pl. 113, £. 15. Head and thorax dark purplish brown with a few white and black scales; palpi blackish above ; frons with lateral black bars; tegule with traces of dark medial line; tarsi black ringed with rufous; abdomen dark purplish brown. Forewing dark purplish brown; subbasal line double, black, — waved, from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial line double, black, waved, : oblique ; claviform large, quadrate, defined by black on outer side and below; ~ orbicular defined by black, oblique elliptical; reniform defined by black on 4 inner side and below. with white spot on outer edge with white points above — ila 4 We i THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1055 and below it; a waved black medial line, oblique from costa to below cell: postmedial line double, bent outwards below costa, then waved, oblique to vein 3 near subterminal line, then incurved, with slight white points on it at the veins and with pale points beyond it on costa; subterminal line indistinct, ochreous, defined on inner side at middle by small dentate black marks and with small black spots on outer edge, somewhat angled outwards at veins 7°6°4:3; a terminal series of black points; cilia with minute black points at base followed by a dark line. Hindwing deep fuscous brown, the cilia rufous; the underside greyish tinged with rufous and irrorated with ‘brown, a black discoidal spot, sinuous postmedial line and diffused subter- minal band. Habitat —W. Cuina; Punsas, Kulu, Sultanpur, Simla, Dharmsila; SixHim. Lp. 44-50 mill. 1713 a. TRACHEA CONNIVENS. Apemea connivens, Feld, Reis. Nov. pl. 109, £. 27 (1874). Agrotis quadrisigna, Moore, P. Z. S., 1881., p. 350. », placida, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 117., pl. 4, f. 19 (1882). Head and thorax pale brownish grey slightly irrorated with fuscous : palpi blackish above, tegule with basal black points at middle and sides : tarsi black with pale rings; abdomen pale brownish grey. Forewing pale brownish grey slightly irrorated with fuscous; subbasal line double, black, waved, from costa to submedian fold; antemedial line double, waved, oblique ; claviform short and broad, defined by black except above; orbi- cular incompletely defined by black, somewhat elliptical; reniform with black bar on inner side and pale rufous or grey spot on outer with slight points above and below it, otherwise undefined ; a waved medial dark line. oblique from costa to submedian fold ; postmedial line indistinctly double, slightly bent outward below costa, then waved, oblique to vein 3 near sub- terminal line, then incurved ; subterminal line represented by a series of small pale rufous dentate marks, defined on inner side at middle by small dentate black marks and on outer side by black points, somewhat angled outwards at vein 7 ; a terminal series of black points ; cilia with pale rufous Ime at base. Hindwing whitish tinged with fuscous especially on terminal area ; cilia yellowish white; the underside white, the costal area slightly irrorated with brown, a slight discoidal lunule and traces of postmedial and subterminal lines on costal half. Hatitat.—Natat; Cape Cotony; Kasumir; Punsas, Kulu, Sultanpur, Simla, Dharmsala, Dehra Dhun; Breneat, Calcutta. Exp. 36-48 mill. 1713. TRAcHEA NIVEIPLAGA. Hadena niveiplaga, Wik. xi., 593 (1857). Mamestra terranea, Buti. Tl. Het. B. M. vii., p. 53, pl. 127, f. 10 (1889). Bombycia hodita, Swinh. A. M. N. H. (6) xv., p. 6 (1895). 1056 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, 3G 1717 d. TRACHEA FASCIATA. 1720. TRACHEA SECALIS. Noctua secalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed. x., p. 519 (1758); Schiff. Wein. Verz., p. 78 (1776), Bjerkander, Vet. Atk, Handl. xxxix., p. 290 (1778); Staud. Cat. hep. © Dalle >. L7H. zs oculea, Linn. Faun. Sucee., p. 321 (1761); Steph. M1. Brit. — Ent. Haust. i1., p. 9; Bell. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. a 13858; p. 704, pl, 14, i. 3: ; nictitans, Esp. Schmett. iv., pl. 126, £.7 (1788); nec Linn; — Hiibn. Eur. Schmett. Noct. ff. 97. 619-620. didyma, Esp. Schmett. iv., pl. 126, f. 7 (1788). Dup. Lep. Fr. vi., p.| 443, pl. 100, ff. 5:6; Err. Newey Beitr. v., ‘pl: 448, f. 2; Steph. GUS ngs ; Ent. Haust. iii., p. 8. ‘ lamda, View. Tab. Verz. ii., p. 81 (1789). - leucostigma, Esp. Schmett. iv., pl. 159, f. 7 (1791). Noctua lancea, Esp. Schmett. iv., pl. 174, f. 5 (1791). 5 secalina, Hibn., Kur. Schmett. Noct. f. 420 (1808). i rava, Haw., Lep. Brit., pp. 137-209 (1809). q if furca, Haw. Lep. Brit. p. 209 (1809); Steph. Il. Brit. 4 Ent. Haust. ii., p. 10. , L-niger, Haw., Lep. Brit. p. 211 (1809); Steph. Ill. Brit. 7 Ent. Haust. iii., p. 10. lugens, Haw. Lep. Brit. p. 212 (1809). Beene vilis, Hiibn. Verz., p. 213 (1827 Apamea moderata, Ev. Bull. Mose. 1848, iii., p. 547 and 1856, © , p. 06. : 4 Hadena strucei, Ramen, ‘oth Sicil. iv. e: 274, pl. 1V., £. 7 (188a)mm 1717 ¢. Tracuna Ascoupts. Genus PARATRACHEA. Type. Paratrachea, Ampsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. vii., p. 216 (1908) . oe iy ee me Se Giches: Proboscis ‘fully developed: palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching ahoul to vertex of head, the 3rd moderate or long and porrect; frons smooth; eyes large, round; antennze ciliated; head and thorax clothed with hair | and hair-like scales, the pro- and metathorax with divided crests ; tibice” frmged with hair; abdomen with series of dorsal crests and some rough hair at base. Forewing rather narrow, the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved, crenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3-4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of THE MOTHS OF INDIA. i057 discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 1730. PARATRACHEA CHALYBEATA. Nema chalybeata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 64, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Bhaly Ba Me vir psp 13s to, Hadena spectabilis, Pouj. Bull. Soe. Ent. Fr. 1887, p. ex. Genus EuPLExta. Type. Eupleaia, Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust., IIT, p. 3 (1829) .. lucipara. Karana, Moore, Lep., Atk., p. 106 (1882) .. decorata. Yula, Beth., Baker., Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 193 (1906) .. noveguinee. Sect. I. Antennze of male bipectinate with moderate branches, the apex simple. A. Forewing with the antemedial band strongly angled outwards below median nervure a .. senuata. B. Forewing with the antemedial band not angled out- wards below median nervure pectinata. 1743a. HUPLEXIA SINUATA. Lupleria sinuata, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 125, pl. 4, f. 25 (1882). 6. Head and thorax purplish-black ; antennz with tufts of white hair from basal joint; tarsi ringed with white ; abdomen fuscous, whitish at base. Forewing purplish fuscous, the basal area with some rufous below the cell : subbasal line represented by a whitish striga from costa and hoop-shaped mark on a black patch below the cell confluent with another black mark on inner margin ; a white antemedial band tinged with brown towards costa, strongly angled outwards below the cell and above inner margin and inwards on vein 1; orbicular quadrate, defined slightly by white at sides only and with black before it in cell and between it and reniform, which is fuscous defined by whitish and with some whitish in centre, angled inwards on median nervure to the orbicular; the medial area below the cell black, rufous at inner margin ; the postmedial area whitish tinged with rufous and pale brown ; the postmedial line obsolescent and defined by white on outer side, obliquely bent outwards from below costa to vein 6, below vein 5 in- curved to lower angle of cell, then oblique, slightly angled outwards at vein 2 and to inner margin, the costa beyond it black with white points; sub- terminal line indistinct, pale, slightly waved, defined on inner side by black from below costa to submedian fold, the area beyond it purplish fuscous to vein 4, then greyish; cilia black with brownish line at base. Hindwing whitish tinged with fuscous, the costal and terminal areas broadly suffused with fuscous ; indistinct postmedial and subterminal lines defined on outer side by whitish below vein 3 and with some blackish before them at vein 2; cilia blackish with a fine white line at base, pale towards tornus : the underside white, the costal and terminal areas irrorated with fuscous, a small discoidal lunule and diffused postmedial and subterminal] lines. 1058 JOURNAL, BOMLAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Habitat. —Sixuim. Lerp. 54 mill. 1759. KUPLEXIA PECTINATA. Sect. IJ. Antenne of male ciliated. A, Forewing ochreous white with the terminal area leaden grey. 2 a Me .. plumbeomarginata. B. Forewing not ochreous white with the terminal area leaden grey. a. Forewing with white band before the antemedial line. a'. Forewing with the antemedial white band angled inwards in submedian fold. a, Forewing without purplish band from costa before the reniform ans ae i .. albovitiata. 6. Forewing with purplish band from costa Pins the reniform .. re ME me .. fasciata. 6, Forewing with the antemedial band not angled inwards in submedian fold. a’. Forewing suffused with silvery metallic green and golden bronze. a, Hindwing wholly suffused with fuscous brown. decorata. 6°. Hindwing white, the terminal area suffused with brown .. oy ie Be .. gemmifera. 6. Forewing not suffused with silvery metallic green and golden bronze °. Forewing with the claviform with white annulus a defined by black .. ie .. calamestrata 6°. Forewing with the claviform ioureeocted by a black point ie : : a .. chlorerythra. 6. Forewing without white bond before the antemedial line. a, Forewing with pale patch on reniform. a, Forewing with the inner margin pale green on medial area. ; a. Forewing with oblique brown line between veins 7 and 4 beyond the postmedial line which is ex- curved well beyond the reniform .. .. discisignata. b®. Forewing without oblique brown line between veins 7 and 4 beyond the postmedial line which is closely approximated to the reniform .. striatovirens. 6’. Forewing with the inner margin not green on me- dial area. a>, Forewing with the postmedial area paler than the terminal area. a‘, Forewing with the postmedial line formed by three ochreous lines Re de .. plumbeola. > a iY THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1059 h*. Forewing with the postmedial line not formed by three ochreous lines. @. Forewing with the postmedial area greyish or purplish without rufous tinge. 6 a°. Forewing with the postmedial line not angled outwards at vein 2... .. albonota. 6°. Forewing with the postmedial line angled outwards at vein 2 .. a .. polochroa. /’. Forewing with the postmedial area strongly suffused with rufous : . semifascia. 6°. Forewing with the postmedial and terminal areas concolorous . melanistis. Forewing without pale patch on reniform. a. Forewing with small white lunule on outer edge of reniform. Forewing red-brown largely mixed with grey...magmiclavis. 6°. Forewing dark brown with a purplish grey gloss. a. Forewing with the orbicular and reniform not connected by a fascia on median nervure .. metallica. *, Forewing with the orbicular and reniform connected by a fascia on median nervure...harfordt. 6*. Forewing without white lunule on outer edge of reniform . erythriris. 1743a. HKuUPLEXIA PLUMBEOMARGINATA. 1743. HurLEexia ALBOVITTATA. 17436. WopLExia FASCIATA. Euplexia fasciata, Hmpsn., Ill. Het., B. M. viii, p. 77 pl., 145, f. 20 (1891). ©. Head and thorax black mixed with some white ; antennz ringed with white and with tufts of white hair from basal joint; tibiz and tarsi ringed with white; abdomen fuscous, the ventral surface black irrorated with white. Forewing purplish fuscous ; some pinkish at base and below costa near base; a black spot above vein 1 before the antemedial band, defined on inner side by a white striga representing the subbasal line, and above by a white fascia connected with the white antemedial band from subcostal nervure to inner margin, angled inwards on median nervure and above inner margin; orbicular quadrate, fuscous defined by white at sides only and with black before and beyond it in cell; reniform white with slight fuscous spot in upper part, confluent below with the white post- medial area and emitting a slight white streak on median nervure to the orbicular ; the medial area black below the cell and pale reddish at inner 1060 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. margin ; a purplish fuscous band beyond the reniform, the area beyond it white to the subterminal line, below vein 4 bent inwards to lower edge of reniform ; postmedial line very indistinct, formed of black scales bent out- wards below costa, then double, minutely waved, below vein 4 bent inwards to lower angle of cell, then oblique, the costa beyond it black with some white points ; subterminal line slight, white defined on inner side by black between veins 7 and 2, waved, more strongly below vein 4, the area beyond it purplish fuscous on apical half, pale brownish on inner half; a terminal series of slight black lunules ; cilia white at base, black at tips. Hindwing fuscous black, some whitish at base, a small postmedial white spot on vein 2 with some black on each side of it and a wedge-shaped white patch on termen from above vein 2 to vein 1; cilia white at base, black at tips, the underside black-brown irrorated with white, some white below the cell, a white discoidal spot and traces of diffused black postmedial and sub- terminal lines. Halitat.—Manpras, Nilgiris. Evp. 42, mill. 1743c. EUPLEXIA DECORATA. Karana decorata, Moore, Lep. Atk, p. 107 (1882) ; Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. vii, p. 228, pl. 113, f. 30. Head white mixed with black; palpi black with some white in front and at tips; antennee black; thorax black-brown mixed with red-brown and white, the patagia with curved golden-green marks ; pectus and legs black- brown irrorated with white, the tibiz with some rufous hair above, the tarsi ringed with white ; abdomen black-brown irrorated with white, the crests red-brown. Forewing black irrorated with white and with patches and streaks of golden-green, the veins purplish grey, the medial area with reddish streaks below subcostal nervure and vein 7, on median nervure and between veins 4 and 2, and above vein 1; a silvery white subbasal band, from costa-to vein 1, expanding into slight streaks in and below cell; a white antemedial band, nearly straight from costa to above inner margin, then bent inwards, emitting an oblique streak on inner side above vein 1; claviform represented by a white lunule on a black patch : orbicular a small round white spot defined by black; reniform white with two small round black spots in its upper part, its brown edge excised, a white spot above it on costa ; an indistinct medial line, oblique from costa to lower angle of cell, then inwardly oblique; postmedial line indistinct, strongly bent outwards below costa, then dentate, incurved below vein 7 and oblique below vein 4, some white points beyond it on costa; subterminal line very indistinct, formed of yellowish white strize and small spots below veins 7 and 5 with obscure blackish spots on their inner side ; a terminal series of small black spots; cilia black and white with fine white line at base. Hindwing black-brown with indistinct sinuous postmedial line, some white on termen below vein 2; cilia brown and white with white patch at ~ THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1061 sub-median interspace ; the underside black-brown thickly irrorated with white, the inner area slightly whitish, a black discoidal spot defined by white, diffused crenulate postmedial line, and traces of subterminal line. Habitat.—Sixuim. Lp. 40-46 mill. 1742. EupPLEXxIA GEMMIFERA. Plusia gemmifera, Wik. xii. 934 (1857). Karana similis, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1888, p. 407 ; Butl. Hl. Het. B. M. Willen (Oe CO, jolly IBN ai, tek, 1737. HKuPLEexIA CALAMISTRATA. 1741a. HupLexia CHLORERYTHRA. 1728. HEuPLEexiIa DISCISIGNATA. 1728a. HUPLEXIA STRIATOVIRENS. Euplexia striatovirens, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 58; Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. vii., p. 233, pl. 114, f. 1. Head and thorax purplish fuscous slightly mixed with grey, the meta- thoracic crest whitish ; tarsi with slight pale rings ; abdomen whitish suffus- ed with brown. Forewing purple-brown ; subbasal line: black defined on each side by green, waved, from costa to vein 1; antemedial line defined by green on inner side, angled outwards below costa, then curved ; medial area with the cell and area below it to submedian fold dark brown, the inner area green irrorated with brown; claviform and orbicular purplish fuscous slightly defined by grey and black, both confluent with a similar spot below the cell; reniform white, defined by black on inner side only, its centre defined by dark brown spots, rather oblique elliptical, the area beyond it greenish to the postmedial line which is double filled in with greenish, slightly bent outwards below costa to just beyond the cell, incurved at discal fold, incurved and sinuous below vein 4; subterminal line slight, greenish, slightly defined on each side by blackish, somewhat excurved below vein 7 and at middle; cilia with a fine pale line at base. Hindwing whitish suffused with fuscous brown except the inner area, in female wholly suffused ; traces of a sinuous postmedial line with a blackish and white striga at vein 2; a white subterminal line from above vein 2 to tornus ; cilia with a fine pale line at base ; the underside white, the costal area suffused with brown, a small discoidal spot and indistinct postmedial and subterminal lines. Haiitat.—Sixumm. Exp. 32-34 mill. 1741. HKupLexta PLUMBEOLA. | 1729. Eupnexta ALBoNOTA. | 1729a. Evuriexia POLIOCHROA. } Euplexia poliochroa, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. vii., p. 237, pl. 114, £. 5 (1908). 2. Head and thorax grey mixed with reddish brown; tegule with ochreous patches ; tarsi blackish with whitish rings; abdomen grey mixed 2) i 1062 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XX. with brown. Forewing violaceous grey tinged with brown, the medial area, suffused with brown except towards costa; subbasal line double, black angled outwards on median nervure, from costa to vein 1, and with slight streak beyond it in submedian fold; antemedial line indistinctly treble, curved and somewhat waved; claviform minute, defined by black; orbi- cular grey defined by black at sides only, oblique elliptical ; reniform grey with some whitish at centre and whitish annulus defined by black on inner side only ; postmedial line double at costa, bent outwards below costa, then treble, oblique below vein 4 and angled outwards at vein 2; sub- terminal line indistinct, greyish, slightly defined on each side by fuscous brown and very minutely dentate ; a terminal series of slight dark lunules ; cilia with a fine white line at base. Hindwing grey suffused with brown ; traces of a minutely waved dark postmedial line defined by whitish on outer side ; a fine white line at base of cilia; the underside whitish tinged and irrorated with brown, a black discoidal spot, sinuous postmedial line and traces of subterminal line. Habitat.—Maoras, Nilgiris. Exp. 34 mill. 1726. KuPLExia SEMIFASCIA. 726a. KUPLEXIA MELANISTIS. Euplevia melanistis, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vi, p. 243, pl. Ay i 9) (1908): Head and thorax black, the scales tipped with grey ; tarsi ringed with white ; abdomen black-brown mixed with grey. Forewing black-brown tinged with purple and irrorated with white ; subbasal line represented by double black stricze from costa and cell and one in cell; antemedial line indistinct, double, oblique, slightly waved ; claviform slightly defined by black ; orbicu- lar rounded, defined by black except above, and connected with a spot below the cell; reniform rather narrow and slightly produced at upper extremity, slightly defined by white and with pale yellow marks at middle on inner and outer sides ; postmedial line indistinct, double at costa, bent outwards below costa, at vein 4 bent inwards and obliquely waved to inner margin, some white points beyond it on costa ; subterminal line represented by a series of black marks in the interspaces ; cilia with a pale punctiform line at base. Hindwing black-brown, with a white postmedial point on veim 2 and subterminal points on veins 3 and 2; cilia with a slight pale line at base and whitish tips; the underside irrorated with white, a blackish discoidal lunule, curved postmedial line: and diffused subterminal line. Habitat.—Mavras, Palni Hills, 7,000. #rp. 30 mill. 1804a. EUPLEXIA MAGNICHLAVIS. 1727. EUPLEXIA METALLICA. 1766. EupPLexiIA HARFORDI. 1727a. WuPLEXIA ERYTHRIRIs, : Euplevia erythriris, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vii, p. 246, pl. 114, f. 15 (1908). THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1065 ¢. Head and thorax black-brown, the scales slightly tipped with grey ; legs irrorated with white; abdomen fuscous brown. Forewing black- brown irrorated with purple and grey, the medial area darker except to- wards custa, the inner margin with red streak; traces of a double waved subbasal line from costa to submedian fold; antemedial line indistinct, double, oblique, waved ; claviform indistinctly defined by blackish; orbi- cular and reniform with red annuli defined by black, the former oblique elliptical, the Jatter rather narrow and angled inwards on median nervure below orbicular to the antemedial line; a very indistinct waved medial line oblique from costa to below cell; postmedial line double, bent outwards below costa, then minutely dentate, excurved to vein 4, then oblique, some white points beyond it on costa; subterminal line reddish, defined on inner side by black-brown patches in the inter- spaces, slightly angled outwards at vein 7 and incurved below vein 3, with slight black streaks beyond it in the interspaces to the terminal lunules ; cilia black-brown with slight pale line at base. Hindwing dark brown with traces of a pale subterminal band except towards costa and inner margin; cilia with whitish line at base and whitish tips; the underside greyish brown with traces of discoidal lunule, curved postmedial line and diffused subterminal band. Habitat.—Assam, Khasis. Lap. 50 mill. Genus, ANCARA. Type. Ancara, Wik., xv, 1714 (1858)... ss Be .. replicans. * Sect. 1.—Antennz of male bipectinate with long branches to three- fourths length, of female with short branches. A. Forewing deep purplish red-brown suffused with viola- ceous grey... Hi Bs NE .. obliterans. B. Forewing ochreous more or less completely suffused with olive-fuscous a a ae .. anemica. 1765. ANCARA OBLITERANS. 1763a, ANCARA ANZZMICA. Ancara anemica, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal, B. M., vii, p. 253, pl. 114, f. 23 (1908). 3. Head and thorax ochreous tinged with rufous and mixed with some fuscous ; tegulee with slight dark medial line; pectus, legs and abdomen ochreous, the legs slightly tinged with pink. Forewing ochreous, irrorated and in parts suffused with olive fuscous, the base of inner area and a patch | beyond the reniform tinged withrufous ; antemedial line double and minutely ‘dentate at costa, then single, angled inwards on vein 1 and outwards above inner margin; claviform represented by a blackish patch with an ochreous {atch beyond it; orbicular and reniform faintly defined by blackish, the former ochreous and conjoined to the patch below cell, the latter narrow | | ; ; 1064 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX, with some olive in centre and slight pale annulus; a dark medial line, oblique from costa to vein 2, then inwardly oblique and somewhat dentate ; postmedial line blackish, double towards costa, bent outwards below costa, then dentate, excurved to vein 4, then oblique; subterminal line dark, dentate, angled outwards at ves 4°3 and inwards at discal and submedian folds, with a dark streak beyond it above vein 3; a terminai series of small black lunules; cilia reddish brown. Hindwing ochreous tinged with pinkish and irrorated with fuscous, the terminal area suffused with fuscous, the termen and cilia ochreous; the underside ochreous, the terminal area slightly irrorated with black, a black discoidal spot and curved pinkish postmedial line. Q. Head and thorax suffused with olive fuscous; abdomen tinged with brown; forewing with the ground colour olive fuscous, the markings indistinct ; hindwing wholly suffused with fuscous brown. Habitat.—Cryton, Haldamulla, Hambantota. Evp. 6 42, 9 44 mill. Sect. IJ.—Antennz of male ciliated. A. Forewing with the ground-colour violaceous grey. ylaucochlora, B. Forewing with the ground-colour red-brown .. virdypeta, 1770. ANCARA GLAUCOCHLORA. 1770a. ANCARA VIRIDIPICTA. Genus, ARBORICORNIS. 1858. ARBORICORNIS RUBRA. Genus, CornyTHURUS. 1824. CoORYTHURUS NOCTURNA. Genus, OLIGIA. Type. Oligia, Hiibn. Verz., p. 218 (1827) a: .. strigils. Miana, Steph., Il. Brit. Ent. Haust., in, p. 11 (1829) .. literosa. Photedes, Led. Noct. Eur., pp. 44 anil ISS) (QUID) < .. captiuncula. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the second joint reaching about to middle of frons and fringed with hair in front, the third short, blunt, naked; frons smooth ; eyes large, round ; antennze of male ciliated; head and thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the pro- and metathorax with spreading crests ; tibisee moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal” erests on basal segments. Forewing triangular, the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomising with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the | cell near base only. . Sect. I.—Forewing of male with fan of large scales in cell on underside. | A, Forewing with the orbicular and reniform confluent | on median‘nervure .. a is .. ptyophora, | THE MOTHS OF INDIA. L065 &. Forewing with the orbicular and reniform not con- fluent on median nervure we BG .. nadgani, 1979a. OLIGIA PTYOPHORA. Oligia ptyophora, Ampsn. Ill. Het. B. M., vii, p. 363 (1908). Head and thorax greyish mixed with brown and black ; tarsi black ringed with grey ; abdomen grey mixed with fuscous, the crests black. Forewing red-brown tinged with grey and suffused with fuscous on basal inner and terminal areas; subbasal line represented by black strize from costa and cell; antemedial line formed of black striz, somewhat oblique, waved and with short black streaks before it in cell, submedian fold and above inner margin; orbicular and reniform pale brownish incompletely defined by black and open above, the former with slight dark centre, oblique elliptical, the latter with fuscous centre, extending to well below the cell, angled inwards in median nervure and slightly confluent with the former ; a black bar from middle of costa and traces of a waved line on inner area ; postmedial line black, slightly bent outwards below costa, then minutely waved, strongly excurved to vein 4, then oblique to submedian fold, some slight points beyond it on costa ; subterminal line represented by a sinuous grey band from costa to vein 6, spot at middle and oblique striga at tornus; a terminal series of black strize ; cilia blackish. Hindwing whitish suffused with brown except on costal area; cilia white mixed with grey, with white line at base followed by a dark line; the underside ochreous white irrorated with fuscous, a fuscous discoidal spot, curved minutely waved postmedial line, and a terminal series of slight black lunules. ab. 1. Forewing with patch of white suffusion in and below cell. Habitat.—PunsaB, Simla, Dalhousie ; Stxkuim, 1,800. Lvp. 24-28 mill. 1979. OLIGIA NADGANI. Sect. I7.—¥Forewing of male normal. A. Forewing with the subterminal line distinctly dentate. a. Forewing violaceous grey suffused with dark-brown vernuculata. b. Forewing ochreous suffused with red-brown. a’. Forewing with the postmedial line slightly incurved below vein 4 and widely separated from the lower extremity of reniform .. pallidisca. 6‘. Forewing with the postmedial line strongly incurved below vein 4 and approximated to the lower extremity of reniform .. .. gaucostigma. £. Forewing with the subterminal line excurved at middle and not dentate. a. Forewing with the postmedial line slightly incurved below vein 4 and widely separated from the lower extremity of reniform .. chasiana. 1066 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX 6. Forewing with the postmedial line strongly incurved below vein 4 and approximated to the lower extremity of reniform .. .. albirivula. 1984. OLIGIA VERMICULATA. Erastria vermiculata, Snell. Tijd., v, Ent., xxiii, p. 89, pl. v, f. 3 (1880). PDacxata glaucescens, Butl. I. Het. B. M., vii, p. 81, pl. 133, f. 4 (1889). Anophia undara, Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1890, p. 254. 1083. OLIGIA PALLIDISCA. 1985. OLIGIA GLAUCOSTIGMA. 1981. Onicia CHASIANA. Bryophila khasiana, Hmpsn. Moths Ind., ii, p. 299 (1894); id., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vii, p. 373, pl. 117, f. 20. o obliquifascia, Hmpsn., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1895, p. 299; id., Moths Ind. iv, p. 513. Hupleria repetita, Swinh. A. M. N. H. (7), xv, p. 499 (mec. Butl.). 198l@. OLIGIA ALBIRIVULA. Ohqia aliirivula, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vii, p. 375, pl. 117, f. 21 (1908). 2. Head and thorax whitish mixed with bright rufous; palpi bright rufous ; frons with dark lateral bars; tarsi fuscous ringed with whitish; abdomen grey tinged with rufous. Forewing with the inner and post- medial] areas, except at costa, white, the basal costal area, the medial area to submedian fold, and terminal area bright rufous; subbasal line double, waved, from costa to submedial fold, with a slight blackish streak beyond it above vein 1; antemedial line double, angled outwards below costa incurved in cell, then strongly excurved and slightly angled mwards on vein 1; claviform defined by brown, extending to median nervure ; orbicular with slight ochreous annulus defined by brown, elongate elliptical ; reniform defined by brown, with whitish centre defined by brown and yellowish annulus on inner side, whitish on outer, somewhat angled inwards on median nervure ; postmedial line double, bent outwards below costa, incurved at discal fold and strongly below vein 4, some whitish points beyond it on costa; subterminal line defined by a rufous shade on inner side, angled outwards at vein 7 to termen and excurved at middle; the terminal area with dark patches atmiddle and above tornus ; a terminal series of black lunules; cilia rufous mixed with black towards tornus and with series of black spots at tips. Hindwing whitish tinged with brown; a terminal series of dark striz ; the underside whitish irrorated with brown, a slight dark discoidal spot, curved postmedial line and terminal series of strize. Hatitat.— Assam, Khisis. vp. 30 mill. THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 1067 Genus, AGROPERINA. Type. Aygroperina, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vii, p. 398 (1908)... laterttia. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd jomt reaching about to middle of frons and fringed with hair in front, the 3rd short, porrect ; frons smooth ; eyes large, round ; antennee of male ciliated ; head and thorax clothed with hair and hair-like scales, the latter with indistinctly double ridge-like dorsal crest ; tibize moderately fringed with hair ; abdomen with dorsal crests on basal segments, some rough hair at base, and lateral fringes of hair. Forewing rather narrow, the apex rectanguiar, the termen obliquely curved and slightly crenulate ; veis 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with8 to form areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6-7 from upper angle, 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 1710¢. AGROPERINA LATERITIA. Phalena lateritia, Hiifn. Berl. Mag., ii, p. 306 (1767) ; Esp. Schmett., iv, pl. 131, ff. 3-4; Dup. Lép. Fr. vii, p. 208, pl. 113, f.5; Frr. Neue Beitr. 1, pl. 65; Smith, Cat. Noct. N. Am., p. 134; Staud, Cat. Lep. pal. p. 175. Noctua molochina, Hibn. Eur. Schmett. Noct., f. 74 (1802). Mamestra obliviosa, Wk., xv, 1683 (1858). Hadena expallescens, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1882, p. 41. Hadena satina, Streck, Lep. Rhop. and Het. Suppl., i, p. & (1898) ; Dyar, Cat. Lep. N. Am., p. 115. Hadena borealis. Strand, Arch. Naturv. Christian, xxv, 9, p. 13 (1903). Head and thorax dark purplish red; palpi and frons at sides dark brown ; pectus with the hair pale; tarsi dark brown ringed with whitish; abdomen ochreous or reddish brown, greyish at base. Forewing purplish red brown with slight dark irroration, the costal area rather browner, the veins irrorated with some white scales; subbasal line indistinct, waved, from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial line double at costa, oblique to submedian fold, angled inwards to a dark point on vein 1, and bent inwards to inner margin; claviform absent; orbicular and reniform narrow with dark brown centres and incomplete white annuli, the former oblique elliptical ; a dark medial shade, oblique from costa to vein 2, then incurved ; postmedial line double and filled in with whitish at costa, bent outwards below costa, then dentate and produced to black and white poimts on the veins, excurved to vein 4, then oblique, some white points beyond it on costa ; subterminal line indistinct, pale, slightly defined on inner side by brown, angled outwards at vein 7 and dentate at veins 45; a terminal series of smal) black lunules. Hindwing pale suffused with ochreous brown, the 1068 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX, veins and terminal area darker; cilia ochreous ; the underside ochreous white, the costal and terminal areas tinged with purplish and irrorated with brown, a dark discoidal point and curved postmedial line with minute dark streaks on the veins. ab. 1. boreahs.—Darker and browner. Lapland. ab. 2.—Pale purplish red. ab. 3. expallescens.—Forewing ochreous suffused with pale red except on inner and postmedial areas, the terminal area tinged with brown. W. and H. Turkistan ; Tibet. Habitat.—Canapa, U. S. A.; Europe; Armenta; W. Turxistan; EH. Turkistan; Tipet; Moncouta; H. Sippria; Japan; Kasumir, Goorais Valley, Nubra. vp. 46-54 mill. Larva, Kirby, Butt. and Moths Hur., p. 240; Hffm. Raup., p. 97, pl. 27, f. 14. Dark-grey with the thoracic and anal plates black; head brown. Food plants, Grasses, 4. Genus RHYNCHOPLEXIA. Type. Rhynchoplexia, Hrapsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vu, p. 433 (1908) . .7wbra. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint fringed with long hair in front, the 3rd long, naked, porrect; frons smooth, with tuft of hair; eyes large, round; antennze of male ciliated; head and thorax clothed with hair and hair-like scales, the pro- and metathorax with spread- ing crests; tibiee fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crest at base only. Forewing with the termen crenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars; 6°7 from upper angle; 8 anasto- mosing with the cell near base only. A, Forewing purplish red, the reniform defined by white marks on outer side.. a a .5 RUT: &. Forewing fuscous brown, the reniform not defined by white marks on outer side .. on e griseimarginata. 1767. RHYNCHOPLEXIA RUBRA. 1779. RHYNCHOPLEXIA GRISEIMARGINATA. Genus LASIPLEXIA, Type. Lasiplexia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal., B. M. vii, p. 483 (1908)... casprena. Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to about middle of frons and fringed with long hair in front, the 5rd moderate porrect ; frons smooth, with large tuft of hair; eyes large, round ; vertex of head with crest; thorax clothed with hair only, the pro- and metathorax 3 THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1069 with spreading crests; tibie moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with some rough hair at base and basal crest only. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and slightly crenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of ' cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars; 6:7 from upper angle: 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Sect. I.—Antennee of male bipectinate with rather short branches, the apex serrate. 1693. LAsIPLEXIA CUPRINA. Apamea cuprina, Moore, P. Z.S., 1881, p. 345, pl. 38, f. 2. Eurois chalybeata, Hmpsn., Moths. Ind., ii, p. 230 (nec. Wllk.). Sect. I7.—Antennee of male ciliated. A. Forewing with white or pale spots on outer edge of reniform 5 ee .. chalybeata. L,. Forewing without white or pale spots on outer edge of reniform. a. Forewing red brown suffused with purplish- Oneyaee As a5 ae cub alor 6. Forewing black brown irrorated with silvery blue .. ae Bee at .. eyanea. 1785a. LASIPLEXIA CHALYBEATA. 1729a. LaAsiPLEXIA NUBILA. 17856. LaAsiPLEXIA CYANEA. Lasiplecia cyanea, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M, vii., p. 486, pl. 119, f. 32 (1908). ©. Head and thorax very dark brown, the head rather more rufous; tarsi ringed with whitish; abdomen grey brown. Forewing very dark brown with a reddish tinge, irrorated with some silvery blue scales especially on medial area and termen; subbasal line represented by a semi-circular silvery blue mark below costa; antemedial line indistinct, dark, defined on inner side by silvery blue, angled outwards below costa, incurved in cell, then excurved; claviform slightly defined by silvery blue at extremity ; orbicular irrorated with silvery blue and defined by black, oblique elliptical ; reniform indistinct, slightly irrorated with blue, defined by black and its centre also defined by black, a greyish lunule on its outer edge; traces of a eurved dark medial line; postmedial line indistinct, dark, defined on outer side by silvery blue towards costa and inner margin, bent outwards below costa, then minutely waved, excurved to vein 4, then incurved, some white points beyond it on costa; subterminal line silvery blue, excurved at vein 7, slightly angled outwards at veins 4-3 and inwards at submedian fold; a terminal series of small black lunules; cilia dark brown at base, yellowish brown at tips. Hindwing deep fuscous brown; cilia yellowish with a dark 22 1070 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX, line through them; the underside yellowish tinged with brown and broadly suffused with brown on costal and terminal areas, a curved postmedial line. Habitat.— Assam, Khasis. Z2vp. 46 mill. Genus TRIGONOPHORA. Type. Trigonophora, Hiibn. Verz., p. 217 (1827) or .. meticulosa, Solenoptera, Herr. Schaff Eur. Schmett. 11., p. 299 (1845).. meticulosa. Brotolomia, Led. Noct. Eur., pp. 35 and 115 (1857) .. meticulosa. Mesolomia, Smith, Cat. Noct. N. Am., p 171 (1897) non deser. iris. Proboscis fully developed; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint reach- ing to about middle of frons and broadly fringed with hair in front, the 3rd short; frons smooth, with large tuft of hair; eyes large, round; antennz of male with fasciculate cilia; thorax clothed with hair only, the tegule produced to a dorsal ridge, the prothorax with triangular crest, the meta- thorax with large paired spreading crests; tibize moderately fringed with hair; abdomen clothed with rough hair at base, with dorsal crests on basal . segments and lateral frmges of hair. Forewing with the apex obliquely truncate, the termen and cilia slightly crenulate, the termen slightly excised below vein 4; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from below middle of dis- ld cocellulars; 6°7 shortly stalked; 5 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 17586. 'TRIGONOPHORA FUSCOMARGINATA. Genus CHUTAPHA. Type. Chutapha, Moore, Lep. Atk, p. 151 (1882) Bh rs costaliss Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching about to middle of frons and moderately scaled, the 5rd short; frons smooth; eyes large, round; antennze of male typically serrate and fasciculated; head and thorax clothed with hair only, the prothorax with triangular ridgelike crest, the meta thorax with paired crests; tibiz moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal series of: crests and lateral tufts of hair on terminal segments, the male with extensible basal tufts of long hair from lateral stigmata. Forewing with the apex obliquely truncate, the termen and cilia dentate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell: 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Sect. I,—Antennie of male bipectinate with short branches, the apical third ciliated. '1758a. CHUTAPHA CONSERVULOIDES. Sect. I7.—Antennz of male serrate and fasciculate. 1756. CHUTAPHA COSTALIS. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. L071 Genus CONSERVULA. Type. Conservula, Grote, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sei., 11, p. 17 (1874). anodonta. Appana, Moore, P. Z.8., 1881, p. 355... By .. wmdica. A. Forewing with the antemedial line not bent out- wards to inner margin ne by ca) UMENGU. B. Forewing with the antemedial line bent outwards to inner margin .. Ss 3 Se .. vb-brunned, 1827. CONSERVULA INDICA. 1828. COoNSERVULA V-BRUNNEA. Genus ORoPLEXtIA. > Lype: Oroplezia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vu, p. 510 (1908). decorata. Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching about to vertex of head and fringed with long hair in front, the 3rd moderate ; frons smooth; eyes large, round; antenne of male ciliated; thorax clothed with long hair mixed with a few hair-like scales and without distinct crests; pectus clothed with Jong hair; tibiz moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with some rough hair at base and lateral fringes of hair, but without crests. Forewing with the apex rectangular, the termen evenly curved and slightly crenulate; veins 5 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; ~ 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 5:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars; 6°7 from upper angle; 8 anasto- mosing with the cell near base only. _A, Forewing with the reniform angled mwards on median nervure to or to below the orbicular, the postmedial line not filled in with whitish .. decorata. B. Forewing with the reniform not angled inwards on median nervure to or to below the orbicular, the postmedial line filled in with whitish. a, Forewing with the postmedial line bent inwards along inner margin to the antemedial line .. retraheus. 6. Forewing with the postmedial line not bent inwards along inner margin to the antemedial line. a‘. Forewing with the antemedial line bent inwards to inner margin .. a fe .. lutetfrons. 6. Forewing with the antemedial line not bent inwards to inner margin. a. Worewing with the postmediai line oblique below vein 4. a. Forewing with the orbicular V-shaped .. separata. °. Forewing with the orbicular oblique quadrate .. a Es .. sumulata. 1072. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. b°, Forewing with the postmedial line incurved below vein4 .. Pre ne .. albiflecura. 1774. OroprLEexia DECORATA. 1772. OROPLEXIA RETRAHENS. 1773. OROPLEXIA LUTEIFRONS. 1775. OROPLEXIA SEPARATA. 1776. OROPLEXIA SIMULATA. 1719. ORoPLEXIA ALBIFLEXURA. Genus Dara. Type. Data, W\k., Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vi, p. 191 (1862) .. thalpophiloides. Lasiosceles, Beth. Baker, Nov. Zool., xiii, p. 204 (1906) .. pratti. Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching about to vertex of head and moderately scaled, the 3rd long; frons rounded ; eyes large, round; antennze of male ciliated; thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the pro- and metathorax with spreading crests; pectus clothed with long hair; mid and hind femora and tibize with large tufts of hair, the hind tibize with the Ist jomt fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal series of crests. Forewing with the apex produced and acute, the termen crenulate, a slight scale-tooth at tornus; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 absolescent from just below middle of discocellulars; 6°7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. A. Forewing with the veins streaked with whitish, the subterminal line white tu Se .. callopistrordes. B. Worewing with the veins not streaked with whitish, the subterminal line bluish white towards costa .. thalpophaloides. 1769. DAvTA CALLOPISTROIDES. 1768. Dara THALPOPHILOIDES. Genus NEoPISTRIA. Type. Neopistria, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vii, p. 530 (1908). viridinotata. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching about to vertex of head and moderately fringed with hair in front, the 38rd moderate ; frons rounded; eyes large, round; antennze of male ciliated ; thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the pro- and metathorax with spreading crests ; tibize moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crests on basal segments. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen excurved at middle and excised below apex and towards tornus, where there is a slight scale-tooth; veins 8 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 7, 8,9, 10 stalked; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1075 angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 shortly stalked ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 1971. NEOPISTRIA VIRIDINOTATA. Genus, Eriopus. Eriopus, Treit. Schmett. Eur., v. (1), p. 365 (1825) Callopistria, Hiibn. Verz., p. 216 (1827) ae Agabra, Wik., Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool., vi., p. 136 (1862) .. Obana, Wik., Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vi., p. 190 (1862) nec. Wlk., xxiv., 1103 (1862) .. : Eulepa, Wik., Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vii., p. 54 (1869) Cotanda, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1881, p. 374 . Methorasa, Moore, P. Z. 8. > lets Jo. 374 Hy ; Herrichia, Grote, New Check List, p. 38 (1882) non. dese nec. Staud. Lep. 1870 ne a2 ae Euherrichia, Grote, Papilio i1., p. 122 (1882) non. descr. ; id. Ent. Am. vi., p. 163 (1890) Gnamptocera, Butl. A. M. N. ss (6) vil., p. 71 (1891) Haploolophus, Butl. A. M. N. H. (6) viii., p. 71 (1891) Dissolophus, Butl. A. M. N. H. (6) vii, p. 71 (1891) Hyperdasys, Butl. A. M. N. H. (6) viii., p. 71 (1891) Hemipachycera, Butl. A. M. N. H. (6) viil., p. 71 (1891) Rhoptrotrichia, Butl. A. M. N. H. (6) viii, p. 71 (1891) Platydasys, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1892, p. 126. Type. Juventina. Juventina. trilineata. pulehrilinea. niveigutta. placodoides. latreiller, mollissima. mollissima. minuta. mollissima. chloriza. evotica. rivularis. mallard. pryert. Sect: I.—Antennz of male with the oe part of ances icone then with angular projection from upperside the tibiz and Ist joint of midtarsi fringed with long hair. A, Antennze of male with scale teeth on shaft beyond the angular projection. a. Antenne of male with the angular projection tufted with hair and with long curved bristles beyond it from shaft on upper- and under-sides. 1848. ERiopus INDICA. 6. Antennee of male with the angular projection not tufted with hair and without long bristles beyond it. a. brown. Forewing with the ground-colour dark red- aethiops. 6, Forewing with the payed colour sate rufous albistriga. 1847. ERIopUS ZTHIOPS. 1847a. ERIOPUS ALBISTRIGA. Callopistria trilineata, Hmpsn., J. Bomb. Soc. xvii, Wk). p. 471 (nec. 1074 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Eriopus albistriga, Ampsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. vii., p. 538, pl. 120, f. 29 (1908). ~ B. Antenne of male without scale-teeth on shaft beyond the angular projection. «. Antennz of male with the angular projection strong ; the tibiz and Ist joint of tarsi tufted with hair, the mid tibise with the spurs tufted with long hair. 1846. ERiopus PLACODOIDEs. Eriopus placodoides, Guen. Noct. ii., p. 296 (1852). doleschalh, Feld. Reis. Nov., pl. 110, £. 14 (1874). 6. Antennze of male with the angular projection slight. a (Eriopus) Antenne of male with long bristles beyond the angular projection fore and hind tibize of male and Ist joint of tarsi fringed with long hair, the mid tibize, inner spur and tarsus to near extremity with very large tufts of hair. 1846a, ERIOPUS JUVENTINA. Noctua juventina, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv., pl. 400, f. N. (1782). a purpureo fasciata, Piller, Prov. Posega, p. 70, pl. vi., f. 2 (1783); Staud. Cat. Lep. pal,, p. 183. lagopus, Hsp. Schmett. iv., pl. 125, f. 7 (1788). pteridis, Fabr. Ent. Syst., p. 90 (1794); Hiibn. Eur. Schmett. Noct., f. 65; Dup. Lép. Fr. vi., p. 324, pl. 93, ff. 1-2; Frr. Neue. Beitr., pls. 76 and 305. Pyralis formosissimalis, Hiibn, Eur. Schmett. Pyr., f. iii. (1798). Callopistria obscura, Butl. A. M. N. H. (5) 1., p. 200 (1878) ; id. Il. Het. B. M. iii., p. 21, pl. 46, f. 3. Head and thorax bright rufous mixed with yellowish white and some black scales; palpi blackish below; frons with paired black points above ; antenns of male with the basal part of shaft black at sides ; tegule yellowish at base, with black lines at and near base and yellowish tips; pectus and legs yellowish white mixed with some rufous, the legs irrorated with brown ; abdomen yellowish white suffused with fuscous leaving pale segmental lines, the crests rufous tipped with black, the anal tuft tinged with rufous, the ventral surface yellowish white irrorated with black. Forewing bright rufuous irrorated with black, the veins streaked with yellowish white ; subbasal line represented by a white striga from costa and oblique yellowish white line from subcostal nervure to vein 1; antemedial line indistinct double, blackish filled in with pink, defined THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1075 on outer side by white at costa, then by pink, angled outwards below costa, then excurved, an oblique pinkish striga before it from submedian fold to vein 1; claviform represented by an oblique pinkish streak, acute and defined by black at extremity; orbicular with rufous centre and yellowish annulus defined by black, very narrow and oblique ; reniform white slightly defined by black, its centre ochreous defined by red-brown, produced at upper extremity, and at lower extremity to a hook; a faint oblique black shade from lower angle of cell to inner margin ; postmedial line double, black, the inner line strong, the outer slight, filled in with pink, angled inwards below costa, then bent outwards slightly incurved at discal fold, incurved below vein 3, some white points beyond it on costa; subtermi- nal line yellowish white, oblique to vein 7, where it is met by an oblique yellowish white shade from apex, with oblique bar above vein 6, angled inwards to postmedial line above vein 5, then outwards to termen at vein 4, then slight, oblique to submedian fold and bent outwards to tornus; a yellowish white line before termen angled outwards at vein 4, then waved ; cilia chequered white and black with a slight blackish line at base. Hindwing yellowish white, suffused with fuscous brown except on costal area ; a Slight dark discoidal bar, pale postmedial line, and terminal series of dark lunules defined by whitish on inner side; cilia chequered brown and white ; the underside white, the costal area tinged with ochreous and slightly irrorated with brown, the apical area tinged with pink, a black striga on upper discocellular, brown postmedial line bent outwards below costa, then slightly waved, incurved below vein 3, subterminal shade from costa to vein 5, and terminal series of small brown lunules. ab. 1. obscura.—Head, thorax and forewing browner and less rufous, with hardly any pink tinge. Haintat.—Kurorprk; ARMENIA; Asta Minor; Persia: EH. Siperta ; JAPAN ; CornEA ; Centrat Cuina; W. Cuina; Assam, Khasis. rp. 34-40 mill. Larva. Kirby, Butt. and Moths Hur., p. 248. Hffmn. Raup., p. 100, pl. 28, f. 5. Green with oblique yellow subdorsal stripes often defined by pink; lateral line yellow often defined by pink below; warts slight, yellow ; head reddish. Food plant: Ptervs aguilina. 8-6. 4’. Antennze of male ciliated beyond the angular pro- jection ; tibize, Ist joint of tarsi, and imner spur of mid tibize fringed with long hair. a, Worewing with orange apical patch .. .. “anthopera. 6°. Horewing without orange apical patch .. rivularis 1843¢. ERiopus XANTHOPERA. Eriopus canthopera, Ampsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. vir., p. 545, pl. 121. f. 1 (1908). 1076 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. - XX. Head black mixed with some rufous and white scales ; palpi rufous ; tibize rufous in front; abdomen grey-brown with slight whitish segmental lines, the crests blackish, the anal tuft ochreous. Forewing black slightly mixed with grey, the veins with fine ochreous streaks, some long rufous hair from base of inner margin ; subbasal line white, slightly angled outwards below costa and ending at vein 1; antemedial line double, black filled in with ochreous, defined on outer side by a white striga from costa and slightly by grey below the cell, angled outwards below costa, then excurved, an oblique yellow striga before it from submedian fold to vein | ; obicular with yellow annulus defined by black, oblique V-shaped ; reniform with oblique white line on inner edge followed by a black line, then yellowish defined on outer side by an oblique white line and triangular spot at lower extre- mity ; postmedial line double, black filled in with white, defined on outer side by a yellowish band with slight dark line on it from vein 6 to inner margin, slightly angled imwards below costa, then bent outwards, very slightly angled outwards at vein 6, incurved below vein 4, and slightly excurved at vein 1, some white points beyond it on costa ; subterminal line white with an orange patch beyond it at apex and orange mark at vein 4, angled outwards at vein 7, very slight and angled inward to post- medial line at vein 5, then forming a strong oblique striga to vein 4 near termen, then incurved and almost obsolete, with white striga between veins 3 and 2 and slightly excurved at vein 1; a series of white striz before termen ; cilia blackish with a fine yellow line at base, wholly yellow at tornus, the scale-tooth whitish. Hindwing dark reddish brown; a slight discoidal lunule ; cilia whitish with a brown line through them; the under- side whitish thickly irrorated with brown, the terminal area suffused with brown, a brown discoidal lunule, postmedial line bent outwards below ~ costa, then waved, incurved below vein 4, a terminal series of small lunules defined by whitish on inner side from apex to vein 2. Habitat.—Mapras, Belgaum, Shevaroys; Travancore, Pirmad, Cryton, Maskeliya. Zep. 30-32 mill. ; 1843. HEriopus RIVULARIS. Sect. I.—Antennze of male with the basal part of shaft slightly thickened and without angular projection, down-curved at middle. A (Rhoptrotrichia).—Antennz of male with scale-teeth im curve at middle with long cilia fromthem anda tuft of four long curved hairs from upper side; the tibie, spurs, and Ist joint of tarsi fringed with long hairs. 1849. ERioPUuS MAILLARDI. Eriopus maillardi, Guen Maillard’s Reunion, Lep. p. 39, pl. 22, £.8 (1862). Callopistria recurvata, Moore, Lép. Atk., p. 144 (1882) ; id. Lep. Ceyl. m., p. 60., pl. 151., f. 1; Hmpsn.; Nat. His. Socotra, p. 324, pl. 20, f. 8. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1077 8B. Antennz of male without scale-teeth, serrations, or long cilia at middle. a. (Hyperdasys) Mid and hind tibize and Ist joint of tarsi of male with tufts of very long hair. a’, Forewing with the postmedial line distinct, double filled in with whitish a me .. dupheans. 6’. Forewing with the postmedial line dark and obso- lescent .. te eh By, .. celasigna. 1845. Eriopus DUPLICANS. 1849 a. ERiopus C@LISIGNA. 6. (Dissolophus). Mid tibizee of male and tarsus to near extremity fringed with very long hair, the hind femora with fringe of long blackish hair, the tibize fringed with long hair. 1839 d. ERIOPUS RETICULATA. Lriopus reticulata, Pag. J. B. Nass. Ver. xxxvii. p. 226., pl. vi., f. 7 (1884). Callopistria rivularis, Hmpsn. Ill. Het. B. M. ix. p. 103. pl. 163, f. 2 (mec WIk.). 6. Head and thorax reddish brown mixed with whitish; frons with lateral white points with black points above and below them; tarsi ringed with white, the fringe of hair from mid femora of male black; abdomen grey suffused with brown and with whitish segmental lines, the crest on 3rd segment tipped with black. Forewing yellowish white suffused with red-brown and irrorated with black, the veins with whitish streaks ; sub- basal line whitish, curved, from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial line double, black filled in with white, slightly angled outwards below costa, then strongly excurved, an oblique whitish striga before it from sub- median fold to vein 1; orbicular with black centre and whitish annulus slightly dfiened by black, oblique V-shaped; reniform white, slightly defined by black, more strongly on inner side, oblique, its upper extre- mity produced, narrowing below, a white striga beyond lower angle of cell, a black patch before it extending to costa; an oblique fuscous shade from lower angle of cell to inner margin; postmedial line double, black filled in with whitish and defined by grey on outer side, angled inwards below costa, then bent outwards, strongly incurved below vein 4, some white points beyond it on costa; subterminal line white, angled inwards to postmedial line above vein 5, then outwards to termen at vein 4, then almost obsolete, incurved and with oblique white striga between veins 3 and 2; the termen black-brown defined on inner side by a fine white line angled outwards to termen at vein 4, then reduced to striz; cilia black- brown with a yellowish line at base. Hindwing whitish suffused with brown ; cilia white tinged with rufous ; the underside white irrorated with brown, a slight discoidal bar and indistinct waved postmedial line. 23 1078 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. ab.1, Forewing with the ante- and postmedial lines defined by points on outerside—New Hebrides. © Much darker. Habitat.—Sixuim ; Travancore, Pirmad; Cryion, Maskeliya, Uva Burma, Hsipaw, Myingian; Stncapore; Borneo; Punto Laut; Nias L; Java; Ampotna; New Hepripes; Sotomons; Fisi. Exp. 26-28 mill. e. Fore femora of male with tuft of hair at extremity, the mid tibiz above and frons fringed with long hair, the hind femora with fringe of long blackish hair, the tibize with the inner spurs and the tibiz between them fringed with long hair. 1844. ERiopus YERBURI. Sect. ITZ. Antennze of male sinuous at middle but not thickened and without ridge of scales. A, Fore tibie of male and Ist joint of tarsi with large tufts of hair, mid tibise with very large tufts of hair, the inner spurs fringed with long hair, the first joint of tarsi with very large tufts of hair above and below, the terminal joints with tufts above ; hind femora with fringe of long blackish hair, the tibiee and first joint of tarsi fringed with long hair. 1842. ERiopus REPLETA. B. (Gnamptocera) Tibi of male normally fringed with hair ; fore- wing with the termen slightly angled at vein 4. a. Forewing with the medial area yellow, the veins streaked with yellow i .. munuta. 6. Forewing with the medial area rufous, the veins streaked with rufous BY ~< minor. 1840. ERiopus MINUTA. 1841. ERiopus mrNnor. Sect. IV. Antenne of male simple and ciliated. A, Forewing with the termen distinctly angled at vein 4, the mid and hind tibiz and first joint of tarsi moderately fringed with hair above. a. Forewing without oblique white subapical streaks .. ee me .. guttulalis. 4. Forewing with oblique white subapical streaks. a‘, Forewing with the white bar on inner edge of reniform erect, the veins of medial area not streaked with pink .. a .. strigihneata. 6’. - Forewing with the white bar on inner edge of reniform oblique, the veins of medial area streaked with pink... he .. venatt: THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1079 1839 6. ERtopus GUTTULALIS. 1839. - ERIopUS STRIGILINEATA. 1839 e. ERiopus VENATA. Callopistria venata, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1900, p. 111; Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vi, p. 578, pl. 121, f. 11. Head and thorax black-brown mixed with white and some rufous, a white bar between antennee, tegulze with white medial line and whitish tips ; tibis and tarsi mixed with white: abdomen grey-brown with whitish segmental lines, the crests ochreous and black. Forewing greyish tinged with purplish-pink and thickly irrorated and suffused with black, the veins of medial area with pinkish streaks; subbasal line represented by white strie from costa and cell with an oblique white striga beyond it across the cell; antemedial line double, black filled in with white and defined by pinkish on outer side, oblique from costa to vem 1, bent inwards to inner margin, an oblique whitish striga before it from submedian fold to vein 1 ; elaviform defined by an oblique pinkish streak above ; orbicular with black centre and whitish annulus, oblique elliptical ; reniform with oblique white bar on inner side, curved pink lunule in centre defined by black on inner side, its outer edge defined by an oblique white striga and bar beyond lower angle of cell; an oblique series of blackish marks in the interspaces from lower angle of cell to inner margin ; postmedial line double, black filled in with white, the inner line lunulate, bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved, some white points beyond it on costa; subterminal line formed by oblique white streaks above veins 7 and 6, then slight and angled inwards at discal fold, with oblique white streak to termen at vein 4, then obsolescent and defined by blackish on inner side, incurved and with white striga between veins 3 and 2; a terminal series of white lunules ; cilia black at tips. Hindwing reddish brown with terminal series of slight brown lunules ; cilia with slight white line at base, wholly white at subme- dian interspace; the underside white irrorated with brown especially on costal area, a slight discoidal spot, waved postmedial line, indistinct diffused subterminal shade, and terminal series of small lunules defined by white on inner side. Habitat. Centra Cuina; W. Cuina; Assam, Khisis. vp. 30-36 mill. B. Forewing with the termen very slightly angled at vein 4. a. (Methorasa) Mid tibie of male fringed on both sides with very long hair, the first three joints of tarsi fringed with long hair above, in female the first joint only fringed with hair above ; hind tibize moderately fringed with hair above. 1838. Hriopus LATREILLEI. 6. Mid and hind tibie and Ist joint of tarsi and the inner spurs of mid tibisze with very large tufts of hair and scales. 1080 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. 1839a. Eriopus VARIEGATA, ce. Fore, mid, and hind tibize of male with large tufts of hair and scales above. 18397, HERIopuS LEUCOBASIS. Eriopus leucobasis, Hmpsn, Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. vii, p. 581, (1900)... : Th va eee . Head and thorax purplish brown mixed with some white and black scales; palpi blackish, the extremities of 2nd and 3rd joint white; frons white with lateral black bars; tegulee with blackish lines at base, middle, and tips ; spurs tipped with white, the tarsi ringed with white ; abdomen whitish suffused with red-brown leaving whitish segmental bands, the crest on 3rd, segment, black.- Forewing ochreous whitish almost entirely suffused and. irrorated, with. dark purplish-brown; subbasal line represented by double. blackish strize from costa, and cell; antemedial line very indistinct, blackish, interrupted, with black line before it from submedian fold to inner margin ; orbicular a small indistinct whitish spot; reniform: indistinctly. defined by, whitish,; narrow’ and with white points beyond its lower extremity; a. diffused oblique waved blackish line from beyond. lower angle of cell to inner margin; postmedial: line blackish with white striga at costa, bent outwards below costa, then dentate, oblique, to: vein. 4,. then. inwardly oblique, some white. spots’ beyond it on costa; subterminal line strong, white. and dentate from costa to-vein 6, oblique and yellowish to vein 4, then blackish, waved,,with small whitish spot beyond it below vein’ 3; a terminal series of small black lunules defined on inner side by some white acaleg; a fine yellowish line at base of cilia., Hindwing with the basal half yellowish white, the terminal half purple-brown ; cilia chequered yellowish white and brown; the underside white irrorated with purplish brown except on basal half of-inner area, a black discoidal spot, diffused purple-brown medial band, black postmedial line bent outwards below costa, then crenulate, incurved and obsolescent below vein 3, a terminal series of black spots from apex to vein 5. Rare Habitat.—Assam, Khasis; Ceyton, Kandy; Perax; Java. Exp. 28-30) mill. Genus PacHyLzPtis. Type. Pachylepis, Feld. Reis. Nov. p. 7 (1874) non. deser.; Hmpsn. Moths. Ind. u1., p. 337 a “ys ii ,. dilectissima. 2109. PACHYLEPIS DILECTISSIMA. Genus XANTHOLEPIS. Type. Xantholepis, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix, p. 518 (1910) . .dieyela. Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint broadly scaled, hollowed out on inner side and reaching to middle of frons, the 3rd moderate THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1081 and thickly scaled; frons oblique below and produced to a transverse corneous ridge at middle; eyes large, round; antennze of female almost simple; thorax. clothed almost entirely with scales, the prothorax without crest, the metathorax with depressed crest; tibize moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crests on basal segments. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and not crenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from below upper angle; 7 from angle; 8°9-10 stalked; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of ‘discocellulars; 6:7 shortly stalked; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 2110. XANTHOLEPIS DICYCLA. Genus BorBoTaNna. Type. Borbotana, Wik., xv. 1651 (1858) . A 2. nivifascia. Choluata, Wik., Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vii., p. 57 (1864). . nivifaseia. Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint moderately ‘scaled and reaching about to vertex of head, the 3rd moderate; frons ‘smooth; eyes large, round; antennze with large tuft of scales from basal joint, in male typically serrate and with long fasciculate cilia; thorax ‘clothed chiefly with scales, the pro- and metathorax with spreading ‘crests; tibize thickly scaled; abdomen with dorsal crests on basal ‘segments. Horewing with the apex rectangular, the termen evenly curved; veins 3 and‘5 from. near angle of cell; 6 from below upper angle; 7 from angle; 8°9°10 stalked, or 10 from cell in male; ‘11 from cell; forewing of male typically with vein 7 down-curved at base and with groove of ribbed membrane above it. Hindwing with veins 3:4- from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars; 6-7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 1756 6. BorsoraNa NIVIFASCIA. Genus P@cILOGRAMMA. Type. Pecilogramma, Buil., P. Z. 8. 1892, p. 126 Ws .. ~ picata. Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to vertex of head and rather broadly fringed with scales, the 3rd moderate frons smooth; eyes large, round; antenns.of male. with long cilia; thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the pro- and metathorax with . spreading crests formed of long spatulate scales; mid tibiz fringed with very long hair on outerside, the hind tibiz moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crest at base only. Forewing rather narrow and elongate, the apex rather produced and acute, the termen evenly curved and not crenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hind- wing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from below middle 1082 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. of discocellulars; 6°7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Underside of forewing with rough yellowish scales at base on costa and below the cell; hindwing with rough yellowish scales on base of costa and on inner area. The typical section has the antennze and forelegs of male normal. Sect. J.—Antennze of male with the shaft excised just before middle, with tuft of hair from upperside just before the excision and_ slight thickening beyond it; fore coxze with tufts of long hair, the femora with thick tufts of hair above, the tibize with the tuft of long hair on outer side at extremity. 21396. PacILoGRAMMA ALBISCRIPTA. Genus CHYTONIX. Type. Chytonx, Grote, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., ii, p. 66 (1874)... .pallkatricula Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd jomt reaching about to vertex of head and moderately fringed with hair in front, the 5rd_ short frons smooth; eyes large, round ; antennze of male typically ciliated ; thorax clothed chiefly with rough scales, the prothorax with spreading crest, the metathorax with very large crest; build slender; tibize fringed with long hair ; abdomen with dorsal series of crests, the crests on 3rd and 4th seg- ments very large. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen slightly excised towards tornus and hardly crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from or from just below upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomos- ing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3-4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6-7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. A. Forewing with the medial area dark brown below the submedian fold . . ets ie ds .. albipuncta. B. Forewing with dark fascia on inner margin on medial area .. a6 56 50 ke .. excurvata, 1982. CHYTONIX ALBIPUNCTA. 1979a. CHYTONIX EXCURVATA. Genus PSEUDERASTRIA. Type. Pseuderastria, Ampsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vii, p. 614 (1908). darentica. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint reach- ing to vertex of head and moderately scaled, the 3rd rather long, porrect ; frons smooth; eyes large, round ; antennze of male ciliated ; thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the prothorax without crests, the metathorax with spreading crest; build slender ; tibiz slightly fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crests on basal segments. Forewing with the apex rectangular, the termen evenly curved and not crenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1085 the areole; J] from cell; male with a fovea in cell before middle covered by a valve of scales from median nervure on upperside. Hindwing with veins 3'4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 1836. PSEUDERASTRIA LARENTICA. Genus CHDEREMIA. Type. doi (Ederemia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vii, p. 405 (1908). . “thoplasta. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned and slightly fringed with hair in front, the 2nd joint hardly reaching middle of frons, the 3rd short ; frons with rounded prominence with curved corneous plate below it ; eyes large, round; antennze of male ciliated; thorax clothed with scales and hair mixed, the pro and metathorax with spreading crests ; tibize moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crests on basal segments, the crest on 3rd segment large. Forewing with the tips rounded, the termen slightly crenulate and somewhat excised towards tornus ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3'4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 1971e. QCipDEREMIA MEDIALIS. Cderemia medialis, Ampsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vii, p. 407., pl. 124, f. 8 (1908). 3. Head and thorax white; palpi brown; tegule, patagia at extremi- ties and metathorax suffused with red-brown ; fore and mid tibize at extre- mities and the tarsi black ringed with white ; abdomen white tinged with rufous except at base. Forewing white; subbasal and antemedial brown patches on costa; afew antemedial black scales below cell and on inner margin ; a broad medial brown band with patches of leaden grey scales on it, defined by waved interrupted black lines and with traces of a minute white orbicular with brown centre and black points on its imner and outer edges and a minute black discoidal lunule; the postmedial area with some brown spots on costa and traces of a dentate white postmedial lime from costa to vein 3 with some brown suffusion on its inner side and the area beyond it dark defining the subterminal line which is excurved below costa and at middle ; terminal area irrorated with brown. Hind- wing white with a large fuscous apical patch extending to vein 2; some brown suffusion on inner margin and on termen towards tornus. Habitat.— BeLoocnistan, Quetta. zp. 26 mill. 1084 PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB, A BRIEF DESCRIPTIVE KEY TO THE FLORA OF THE PUNJAB, NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE AND KASHMIR. By Lieut-Colonel C. J. BAMBER, F.L.S., Indian Medical Service. Part VI. (Continued from page 836 of Volume XX.) HERBS, ERECT, WITH OpposiTE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Nepeta eriostachya, LABIATA. : ¥. B. I. iv. 657. Himalaya, 11,500 ft. Kashmir (Clarke). Lear Mareins TootHen. Prerarts UNITED. CoroLLaA TWo-LIPPED. STAMENS Four. InNER Parr oF Stamens LONGEST. small, sparsely hairy; leaves 3-2 in., ovate or ovate heart-shaped, blunt, round-toothed, sessile, velvety beneath; flowers 4 in., bright blue, in unbranched terminal cylindric-oblong densely flowered hairy spikes, 1-3 in. long, calyx + in., sessile, 5-toothed, teeth slender, feathery, tubular, corolla- tube slender near the base, dilated towards the mouth, twice the length of the calyx, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, straight concave notched, lower spreading 3-lobed, lateral lobes small, tuned back, mid-lobe much larger, narrow at the base, concave, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, ascending under the upper lip, enclosed in the corolla, the upper inner and posterior pair longer than the lower outer and anterior pair, style with two awl-shaped lobes, nutlets smooth. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. L085 HEBBS, ERECT, WITH OPPosiTE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Lear Marcins ToorHEp. PETALS UNITED. CoroLLA Two-LiPPED. STAMENS Four. InnER Pater oF Stamens LoneEst. Nepeta nervosa, LaBiatTz. F.B. 1. iv 658. Kashmir, 6-10,000 ft. (Falconer). Nepeta campestris, LaBIATs, F. B. I. iv. 658, Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Nepeta elliptica, LaBiatTz. ‘F. B. I. iv. 658. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra_ (Collett). Wepeta supina, ‘LABiat aA. EF. B. I. iv. 658. Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Murree (Fleming). 24 smooth, rootstock long woody ; leaves 2-4 by 3-3 in., linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, sharply toothed, bracts ovate with an abrupt point, medium-size, otherwise like the last species. very like the last species, but the spikes are much longer and more slender, calyx teeth less hairy and more divergent, corolla more slender. very like Nepeta nervosa, but the leaves 4-1 m. felted and stem woolly. small to medium-size, finely velvety; leaves 3-1 in. blunt, -round-toothed, felted’ beneath, in. long, in’ dense flowered circular ovate, flowers 3-2 clusters, lower axillary, upper in an avoid spike, bracts lanceolate, calyx } in, curved, narrow, softly hairy, mouth very oblique, teeth of bristles, shorter than the tube, nutlets z+ in., 3-angled, linear; corolla, stamens, and style as in other species of Nepeta. 1086 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. HERBS,’ RRECT, WITH OrrositEe EXsTiIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Mareins ToorHen. Prrats UNITED. CoroLLA TWo-LIPPED. STAMENS Four. InnNER Pater or StaMENS LONGEST. Nepeta spicata, LABIATS. F. B. I. iv. 659. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree, Changlagali (Douie). Nepeta raphanorhiza, ' LABIATA. F. B. 1. iv. 659. Himalaya, 5-12,000 ft. Kashmir to Chamba (Jacquemont). medium size, smooth or velvety, much branched ; leaves 13-4 by 3-3 in., ovate or triangular heart- shaped, short-pointed, coarsely round or sharp- toothed, leaf stalk 1-5 in., spikes terminal, oblong or cylindric to 4 in. long, bracts ovate or lanceolate with a bristle-like point, calyx sessile + in., bristly, teeth hairly or bristly slender, flowers are other- wise as in Nepeta campestris. small to medium-size, rootstock round, black, 1 in. diam., edible, stems many, branched or not, slender, smooth or softly hairy; leaves 3-1 im., broadly ovate or ovate heart-shaped, blunt, round or sharp-toothed, stalk half the length of the blade ; flowers 3 in. purplish-blue in ovoid or ecylindrie spikes, bracts ovate to lanceolate, calyx ¢ in., sessile, teeth lanceolate, shorter than the tube, corolla-tube slender, twice as long as the calyx; ‘ other characters like those of other species of Nepeta discolor, LABIATA, F. B. 1. iv. 659. Himalaya, 10-15,000 ft. Nepeta giutinosa, LABIATA. F. B. 1. iv. 660. Himalaya, 11-13,000 ft. Kashmir. Nepeta. very like the last species in habit and foliage but has a long, not a tuberous root, the leaves are often white-felted beneath, and the flowers white or pale blue. medium size, velvety from glands, sticky, strong- 4 ly scented, stem stout, stiff, leafy ; leaves 3-1 im., 4 ovate heart-shaped, short pointed, sharply toothed ; like a comb, sometimes partly stem-clasping ; flow- — ers 2 in. long, white or blue, in axillary few-_ PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1087 HERBS BRECT, WITH Opposite ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Mareins ToorHep. Prrats UNITED. CoroLLa Two-LIPPeED, Stamens Four. Inner Parr oF Stamens LoNnGEsT. flowered circular clusters, bracts lmear oblong bristle pointed, calyx 3 in., stalked, teeth ovate with an abrupt point much shorter than the calyx- tube, corolla-tube curved, slender, lips small, other- wise like the other species of Nepeta. Nepeta mollis, small to medium size, softly felted, stem slender, LaBiatZ. slightly branched; leaves 1-2 by 3-1 in., ovate- F. B. I. iv. 660. heart-shaped, blunt, round-toothed, shortly-stalked; Himalaya, 8-9,000 ft. flowers Zin., pink in few-flowered circular white — Murree (Fleming). softly hairy clusters at intervals on spikes 3-8 in. Kashmir (Jacquemont). long, bracts ovate or lanceolate, bristle-tipped, calyx + in., mouth oblique, teeth lanceolate, softly hairy, shorter than the calyx-tube, corolla-tube slightly protruding beyond the calyx, lips small, otherwise like the other species of Nepeta. Nepeta distans, very like the last, but the bracts are linear and Lapiatz. the calyx longer and more curved. F. B. I. iv. 660. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Dewal (Douie). Nepeta ciliaris, medium size to large, stiff, softly felted ; leaves | Lapiarm. 3-13 in., ovate heart-shaped, blunt round-toothed : FP. B. I. iv. 661. flowers 3 in., lilac, stalked, in one-sided dense- Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. flowered circular clusters at intervals along softly Simla, Mahasu hairy spikes, 4-8 in. long, bracts lanceolate, often (Collett). tinged with purple, calyx + in. curved, softly 1088 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. HERBS, ERECT, WITH OpposITE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lea¥F Mareins ToorHeD. Prrats UNITED. CorouLa Two-LIPPED. StamEns Four. InnNER Pair oF StamMENS LONGEST. Nepeta ruderalis, | LABIATAE. -W. B, 1. iv.661., > | The Plains to 4,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). : Choa Saidan Shah (Douie). hairy, teeth 5, slender, shorter than the tube, nutlets broadly oval with rounded ends, otherwise like the other species of Nepeta. medium-size, annual, velvety, stout or slender, slightly 4-angled, common on road sides ; leaves 3-23 In., green or grey, broadly ovate or circular heart-shaped, shortly stalked, blunt, round-toothed ; flowers { in., blue or purple, minutely dotted, stalk- ed in very densely flowered circular one-sided stalked and branched clusters at intervals along softly hairy spikes, calyx 3 in., softly hairy, mouth - of calyx-tube nearly equal, 3 upper teeth triangu- - lar, bristle-tipped, 2 lower thread-like, corolla very Nepeta Cataria, LABIATA. fF. B. I. iv. 662. Kashmir, 1-5,000 ft. (Falconer). Baluchistan (Lace). small, tube shortly projecting beyond the calyx, nutlets broad, granulate, other characters like those of other species of Nepeta. medium size, perennial, stem acutely 4-angled, branched, grey velvety; leaves 1-3 in., ovate oF ovate heart-shaped, short-pointed, coarsely round or sharp-toothed ; flowers 2 in., dotted with purple — in circular clusters on long narrow terminal shortly- _ stalked densely-flowered spikes 4-10 in. long, bracts — awl-shaped equalling or not the calyx, lower bracts leafy, calyx } in. curved, velvety, mouth oblique, teeth nearly equal, awl-shaped, shorter than the calyx-tube, nutlets broadly oblong, smooth, other characters like those of the other species of Nepeta. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. _ 1089 Hers, ERECT, WITH OprosiTE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE Leaves. Lear Mareins ToorHen. Prrats UNITED. CoroLLA TWOo-LIPPED. StraMENs Four. InnNER Parr oF STaAMENS LONGEST. Nepeta leucophyita, LaBIaTs. F. B. I. iv. 662. Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. _ Simla (Collett). Nepeta graciliflora, LaBiaTx. F. B. I> iv. 663. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Valleys below Simla ° (Collett). - Nepeta Govaniana, Lapiataz. F. B. 1. iv. 663. Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Narkanda (Collett). Nepeta erecta, Lagtata. F. B. I. iv. 663. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Mashobra. Narkanda (Collett). Changlagalli (Douie). medium size, slender, branched, grey-felted. stem slightly angled, leafy ; leaves 1-l41in., ovate heart-shaped, blunt or short-pointed, round-toothed wrinkled above, shortly stalked, otherwise like the last species. very like Nepeta ruderalis, but more slender with thin coarsely round-toothed leaves, longer leaf stalks, flowers pale-pink and nutlets more granulate. large, stem 4-angled, branched, finely velvety ; leaves 3-6 by 13-3 in., very variable, ovate or oblong short-pointed, round-toothed, leaf-stalk 3-2 in., flowers 1 in., yellow, stalked, at-intervals in few-flowered long-stalked axillary and terminal racemes, calyx 3 in., straight, cylindric, teeth triangular, much shorter than the calyx-tube, corolla-tube long, very small, curved, greatly dilated above the middle, nutlets broadly oblong smooth, otherwise like the other species of Nepeta. very like the last species, but the flowers are blue, and only the lowest clusters are stalked. 1090 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. HERBS, ERECT, WitH Opposite ExstrpuLaTEe SIMPLE LeEavsEs. Lear Maretns ToorHen. Petats UNITED. CoroLtLa TWwo-LIPPED. STAMENS Four. Inner Pairz oF Stamens LONGEST. Nepeta Clarkei, LAaBIATA, F. B. I. iv. 663. Himalaya, 7,500-11,000 ft. Kashmir. Tilail. Kunylwan (Clarke). Nepeta salvizfolia, LABIATA. F. B. L. iv. 664. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Kashmir (Jacquemont). finely velvety, branched, stem straight, slightly angled; leaves 1-2 in., ovate oblong or lanceolate, somewhat short-pointed, shortly stalked, sharp or round-toothed, flowers 4 in., blue in dense- flowered clusters at intervals along terminal straight spikes 3-6 in. long and shortly stalked in the lower axils, bracts lanceolate, lower leafy, calyx 4 in., velvety, teeth nearly equal, triangular, short-pointed, much shorter than the tube, nearly straight, mouth oblique, corolla tube, 5-times the length of the calyx, mouth dilated, lips small, not 1 in. across; otherwise like the last species. medium-size, slender, branched, covered with densely white felt, stem cylindric ; leaves 1-12 in, oblong or ovate, blunt round-toothed, shortly stalked ; flowers ? in., pale blue or white, in shortly stalked circular clusters at intervals along a long straight narrow raceme or spike, sometimes 12 in. long, bracts minute, awl-shaped, calyx + in. stalk ed, roughish, teeth triangular nearly equal, much shorter than the tube, corolla-tube very slender, throat shortly dilated, lobes 4+ in. across, nutlets oblong, otherwise like the last species. OutER Pair oF Stamens LoNGEsS?. Origanum vulgare, Calamintha Clinopodium, see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Margins Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Margins Entire. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1091 HERBS, ERECT, WITH OprostrE ExstipunatTe Simpie Leaves. Lear Mareins Toorugp. Prerats UNITED. CoroLtia TWwo-LIPPED. STAMENS Four. OvutTER Pair or Stamens LoncEs?, Calamintha umbrosa, LABIaAT&. F. B. I. iv. 650. Himalaya, 4-12,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Dracocephalum speciosum, Dracocephalum nutans, Dracocephalum moldavicum, LaBIATA. F. B. I. iv. 665. Himalaya, 7-8,000 ft. Kashmir (Falconer). small, annual, hairy, stems ascending, rooting at the base ; leaves 3-13 in., ovate, sharply toothed, shortly stalked; flowers pink-purple, + in. long, in small loose whorls, bracts few, short, calyx 2-lip- ped, tubular, 13-nerved, upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2-toothed, lower longer narrower, mouth open after flowering, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip erect, nearly flat, notched, lower 3-lobed, spreading, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, style-tip divided, nutlets 4, minute, nearly round, smooth. see Herbs, Unbranched, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Simple, Toothed. medium-size, annual, quite smooth, branched from the base; leaves 1-2 in., lanceolate, deeply bluntly toothed, sessile or narrowed into a short stalk, flowers 2-1 in., blue, shortly stalked, in circular clusters at short or long intervals along leafy spikes, 4-8 in. long, bracts lanceolate with bristle points, calyx 4 in., 2-lipped, leathery, smooth, upper lip broad, 3-toothed, teeth broadly ovate with abrupt points, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip erect notched, lower spreading, 3-fid, mid-lobe largest, tube greatly dilated to the throat, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, ascending under the upper lip, nearly projecting beyond it, style-lobes awl-shap- ed; nutlets 4, smooth, narrowly oblong abruptly cut of at both ends. 1092 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. HERBS, ERECT, WITH OpposITE ExsSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Mareins Tooruen. Perats UNITED. CoroLta Two-LipPED. StaMENS Four. OvureR Parr or Stamens LonGsEst. Dracocephalum stamineum, Lallemantia Royleana, LaBIATA. F. B. I. iv. 667. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Sargodha (Douie). ‘ Baluchistan (Boissier). Scutellaria grossa, LABIATA, F. B. I. iv. 669. Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). see Herbs, Prostrate, Opposite, Exstipulate. Simple Toothed. small, annual, branched or not, stem slightly angled; leaves 3-1 in., ovate or oblong, blunt, coarsely round-toothed; flowers % in., pale lilac, shortly-stalked, in many circular clusters at mter- vals along narrow long spikes, bracts small, soon falling off, oblong, or lanceolate, teeth with long bristle points, calyx 3 in., erect, stiff, 2-lipped, upper lip with 3 obtuse lobes of which the lateral are under the mid-lobe, corolla-tube hardly projects beyond the calyx, lobes small, stamens 4, in unequel pairs, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, and enclosed within it, otherwise like Dracocephalum. medium size, perennial, velvety, stem slender growing along the ground, then ascending, branch- ed, nearly round; leaves 1-3 by 3-2 in., ovate, triangular or lanceolate, short-pointed, coarsely round-toothed, smooth, stalk 4-1 in., slender; flowers 2 in., dark-blue, solitary, axillary, forming terminal slender racemes, 3-6 in. long, bracts 4-3 in., longer than the calyx, calyx 2-lipped, lips closed in fruit upper lip soon falling off, tube bearing on it a small shield or cup, (scutellum), corolla-tube much longer than the calyx, sharply upcurved near the base. dilated upwards, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, hood- ‘like, notched, Jower spreading, 3-lobed, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, ascending under the upper lip, anthers hairy ; nutlets 4, slightly velvety. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB, 1093 HER&S, ERECT, WITH Opposite HxstIpuLATE SimeLe Leaves. Lear Marcins TootHen. Prraus UNITED. Corouta Two-LIPPED. STAMENS Four. Outer Parr or Stamens Loncssr. Scuteliaria angulosa, LasiatT. F. B. I. iv. 669. Himalaya, 4-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Dharmpur. Scutellaria galericulata, Skull cap, LABIAT&. F, B. I. iv. 670. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Kashmir, Koti. Brunella vulgaris, Marrubium vulgare, White horehcund, LABiatz. eB. f. iv. 671. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Kashmir (Falconer). Baluchistan (Boissier). 25 medium size, perennial, velvety or thinly hairy, branches long, spreading, sharply 4-angled ; leaves 1-3 in., pointed, round or sharp-tcothed, shortly stalked ovate or lanceolate, bluntly or shortly lower surface often purple; flowers 1 in., white or yellowish, tip tinged with purple, in leafy racemes, bracts leafy, upper small entire, nutlets granulate ; otherwise like the last species. medium size to large, perennial, slightly velvety, stem procumbent at first then erect ; leaves 11-22 in., ovate-lanceolate blunt, or nearly shortly pointed round-toothed, shortly-stalked, upper leaves are not toothed ; flowers % in., yellow, shortly stalked in the axils of leaves and bracts, bracts much longer than the calyx; otherwise like the last species. see Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire, Corolla Two-lipped, Stamens Four. large, leafy, stout, shortly woolly ; leaves 3-13 in. diam., ovate or circular-toothed, wrinkled, stalk in.; flowers 4 in., white in circular axillary 4-2 clusters, many and dense-flowered, woolly, calyx 3-1 in., teeth 10 awl-shaped, spreading and hook- ed, throat woolly, corolla short 2-lipped, upper lip erect, divided, lower spreading, mid-lobe largest, stamens 4, enclosed in the corolla, style-lobes short, blunt ; nutlets 4, blunt, smooth. 1094 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAvEs. Lear Marcins Toorwen. Prrats UnItep. CoRoLLA Two-LIPPeD. StamMEeNS Four. OvutTER Parr or Stamens LONGEST. Craniotome versicolor, LABIATA. Webel ine, OIL. Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Anisomeles ovata, LABIATA. 1th, 183, ih, te Or, The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla, Sipi (Collett). medium-size, perennial, softly hairy all over stem round, slender ; leaves 2-4 by 1-3 in., broadly ovate heart-shaped, long-pointed, sharp or round- toothed, stalk 1-2 in., slender; flowers + in., white, pink or yellow, numerous, crowded in small, stalked clusters forming narrow terminal branched leafy racemes, bracts awl-shaped, calyx 75 in., ovoid equally 5-toothed, teeth triangular, corolla tube much longer than the calyx, 2-lipped, upper lip — very short, erect, hood like, lower longer spreading, 3-lobed, mid-lobe largest, stamens 4, in unequal — pairs, ascending under the upper lip, style nearly — equally divided; nutlets 4, very minute, nearly round, shining. large, annual, hairy, or felted and densely © woolly; leaves 1-3 in., ovate, round toothed, long” pointed, stalk 3-12 in. ; flowers 3in., white, mid-— lobe of lower lip purple, crowded in axillary clusters at intervals along terminal spikes, bracts variable, calyx i-} in., hairy, ovoid, teeth 5, lanceolate, long= pointed, corolla-tube short, 2-lipped, upper lip short, erect, concave, entire, lower 3-lobed, spreading, mid-lobe much longer than the lateral, deeply not- ched, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, protruding, style nearly equally divided ; nutlets 4, broadly, - oblong, polished. F, PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1095 HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Marerns Tooruep. PrEtats UNITED. CoRoLLA TWOo-LIPPED. Stamens Four. OvutER Parr or Sramens LONGEST. Stachys floccosa, Woundwort, LaBIaTz. eee. Lav. 675. Himalaya, 5-6,000 ft. Kashmir(Jacquemont). Stachys sericea, LABIATE. He. Liv. 675. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Col- lett). Murree (Douie). Siachys melisszfolia, LABIAT x. eG. I. iv. 675. Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Stachys palustris, Marsh betony, LABIAtTx. a. L. iv, 676. Himalaya, 5-6,000 ft. Kashmir (Thomson). large, stout, densely covered with white wool stem 4-angled ; leaves 3-4 by 1-2 in., ovate or ovate- lanceolate, heart-shaped, shortly pointed, round- toothed, thick, velvety above, stalk 3-1 in., very thick ; flowers 3-3 in., pink, spotted with purple sessile, crowded in axillary woolly clusters and in terminal spikes with interspaces, bracts as long as the calyx, calyx } in., bell-shaped, 10-nerved, teeth 5, triangular points, spinous, coloured pink, corolla two-lipped, woolly, upper lip erect, lower spreading 3-lobed, mid-lobe largest, tube shortly projecting out of the calyx, stamens 4, ascending, style-lobes nearly equal; nutlets 4, ovoid smooth. very like the last species only less woolly, and sometimes unbranched. very like the last species, only more slender, less hairy, silky and leafy, the calyx is shorter, as broad as long, teeth triangular with a thickened tip not ending in a spine. medium-size, perennial, stem 4-angled, bristly with reversed hairs ; leaves 3-4 by 3-1 in., narrowly oblong or ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed, toothed, sessile, floral leaves longer than the calyx ; flowers small, pink in 6-flowered circular clusters, 3-1 in, diam., at intervals, never spicate, bracts minute, 1096 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. HERBs, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. ~ Lear Mareins Tooruen. Prrats UNITED. CoRoLLA 'TWwo-LIPPED. Stamens Four. OvutER Pate or STAMENS LONGEST. Stachys sylvatica, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 676. Kashmir (Falconer). Stachys parviflora, LaBiatTZ. 18 Ley ES aie ON The Plains to 5,000 ft. Salt Range, Sakesar. Rawalpindi (Douie). Baluchistan (Lace). Leonuru Cardiaca, calyx 3 in., hairy, teeth lanceolate, tips spinescent, corolla-tube not projecting beyond the calyx, nutlets broadly ovoid, broader towards the top, nearly smooth ; otherwise like the last species. medium-size to large, rough with long stiff hairs, rootstock growing along the ground, stem 4-angled ; leaves 2-4 in., long-stalked, broadly ovate, heart- shaped, toothed, softly hairy, floral leaves sessile, longer than the calyx ; flowers 3 in., pink, in glan- dular-hairy few-flowered circular clusters, bracts minute, calyx 4 in., teeth triangular, tips needle- like, corolla-tube projecting from the calyx, nutlets nearly round ; otherwise like the last species. medium size, perennial, densely covered with * floceulent white wool, stem and branches very © stout, nearly round, branched from the base ; leaves — 1-3 in., very variable, smooth and shining or cot- tony above, oblong or ovate or lanceolate, thick, sessile, upper leaves woolly all over ; flowers pink or red-purple, very small in clusters separated, 2-4 1 flowered, calyx 3-% in., immersed in wool, cupular, teeth short, incurved over the nutlets, corolla-lips very small, upper short, rounded, nutlets 2, im. ~ long, grey, granulate, flat on one side, convex Om — uh the other ; otherwise like the last species. ‘ see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1097 HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Lear Marcins ToorHen. Perats Unitep. CoroLia TWwoO-LIPPED. Stamens Four. Outer Parr or Stamens LONGEST. Lamium rhomboideum, LABIAT. F. B. I. iv. 678. Himalaya, 12-15,000 ft. In stony debris. Lamium amplexicaule, Lamium album, Leucas urticzfolia, Lasiata. F. B. IL. iv. 680. The Plains. Choa Saidan Shah (Douie). Baluchistan (Boissier). small, stem very stout, zigzag, densely felted ; leaves lower small, upper 2-4 in. diam., crowded, square, wrinkled, toothed, base suddenly contracted into a very thick, short woolly stalk ; flowers 13 in. long, purplish in axillary, many-flowered, clusters or in leafy heads, bracts awl-shaped, calyx 2 in., woolly, teeth 5, lanceolate, 5-nerved, corolla 2-lip- ped, upper lip arched, lower spreading, 3-lobed, mid-lobe broad contracted at the base, tube straight, naked within, upper lip or hood, broad, woolly, later- al lobes ovate, undivided, stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, anthers hairy, style lobes awl- shaped ; nutlets 4, sharply three-cornered. see Herbs, Prostrate, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Prostrate, Opposite, Hxstipulate, Simple. small, annual, stem covered with white hairs ; leaves 2-3 in., ovate, stalked, coarsely toothed, smooth or covered with white hairs; flowers 3 in., white in axillary round clusters, 1 in. diam., many flowered, at distant intervals, bracts hairy, brac- teoles as long as the calyx, calyx 3-3 in., cylindric, netted, velvety or hairy, 2-lipped, lower lip abruptly cut off, teeth minute, corolla-tube within the calyx, not ringed within, 2-lipped, up; er lip concave, erect, crown woolly, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, mid-lobe very large, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, ascending under the upper lip, style one-lobed; nutlets 4, ovoid, sharply 3-angled, blunt. 1098 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Lear Marcins ToorHeD. PrEtats UNITED. Corouta Two-LIPPeED. Stamens Four. OurER Patr oF STAMENS LONGEST. Leucas lanata, LABIAT. Bley GSile Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Leucas nutans, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 688. The Plains. Leucas Gephalotes, LABIATA, F. B. 1. iv. 689. ‘The Plains to 6,000 £t. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Leucas aspera, Leonotis nepetzfolia, LABiatTa. F. B. I. iv. 691. The Plains. Berara, Ambala Dist. medium-size to large, root-stock stout woody, stem sometimes woody, branches stout, nearly 4-angled, everywhere densely woolly, hairs erect ; leaves 1-3 in., thick, ovate or oblong, blunt or short- pointed, round-toothed, bracts bristle-like : other- wise like the last species. . small, annual, branches spreading ; leaves 1-2 in., oblong or linear-oblong, blunt, slightly toothed, sometimes stalked; flowers small in terminal and axillary dense-flowered clusters, calyx 3 in., bent down, hairy, deeply marked with lines, thin, teeth long, much longer than the hairs of the mouth ; otherwise like the last species. large, annual, stout, hairy, hairs spreading ; leaves 2-4 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, short- pointed, shortly-stalked, round and sharp-toothed ; flowers in very large terminal round clusters, 1-2 in. diam., surrounded by membranous overlapping linear lanceolate bracts, bristle—pointed, unlike those of any other species, calyx 2in., tubular, slightly curved, velvety, teeth short awl-shaped, not longer than the hairs of the mouth: otherwise like the last species. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. Kntire. large, annual, stem 1 in. diam., 4-angled, grooy- ed, minutely velvety; leaves 4-8 by 2-5 in., ovate, round-toothed, thin, stalk 1-3 in., winged above, slender, floral leaves lanceolate, sharply bent down : flowers 1 in. long, orange, in densely many flowered PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1099 HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExstIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Lear Mareins ToorHen. PErTALs UNITED. CorRoLua TwoO-LIPPED. STAMENS Four. OutER PatRp oF StamMEeNS LONGEST. Phiomis spectabilis, LaBIATz. F. B. I. iv. 692. Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft. Kashmir (Jacquemont) Abbotabad (Barrett). Baluchistan (Lace). globular clusters 2-3 in. diam. round the sten, like the head of a drum stick, at some distance apart, prickly from the spinescent bracts, bracteo- les many, slender, calyx 3 in. long, ribbed, netted velvety or woolly, tubular turned in, mouth oblique, teeth 8-10, spines, upper } in. long, lower a with 3 recurved spinescent teeth, corolla-tube slender, projecting beyond the calyx, 2-lipped, upper lip long, concave, crown woolly, lower minute, spreading, concave, mid-lobe largest, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, ascending under the upper lip, style awl-shaped, 2-lobed, upper lobe very short ; nutlets 4, sharply 3-angled, linear-oblong, widen- ing upwards, cut off short. large, stem | in. diam., round, white with hairs, or downy with star-shaped hairs; leaves 6-10 by 4-8 in., ovate heart-shaped, round-toothed or nearly small-lobed, wrinkled, felted with star-shaped hairs beneath, tip rounded, stalk 6-12 in., floral leaves small; flowers rose-purple in axillary many flowered circular clusters, 14-2 in. diam., with rigid thread-like bristly needle-pointed bracts, calyx i-2 in., velvety, mouth equal, 5-toothed, teeth spiny } shorter than the calyx-tube, corolla tube ringed within, 2-lipped, upper lip concave, crown woolly, fringed with silvery hairs, lower spreading, 3-fid, stamens 4,in unequal pairs, as- cending, style 2-fid ; nutlets 4, | in., linear. 1100 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. HERBS, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExsTIPULATE SIMPLF LEAVEs. Lear Marcins TootHen. Petrats UNITED. CoroLLa Two-LiIPPED. STAMENS Four. OvutER Pater or Stamens LONGEST. Phiomis cashmeriana, LABIATA, F. B. I. iv. 692. Himalaya, 5-6,500 ft. Kashmir (Royle). Phiomis setigera, LaBiaTz, F. B. I. iv. 698. Kashmir (Clarke). Phiomis bracteosa, LABIATA. K. B. I. iv. 693. Himalaya, 5-11,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). medium-size, root-stock stout, stems several, stout, covered with white loose star-shaped woolly hairs; leaves 5-9 by 2-4 in., linear oblong, blunt- pointed, round-toothed, wrinkled, base heart- shaped, leathery, finely velvety above, stalks 4-6 in., flowers pale purple in many-flowered axillary circular clusters, 1-12 in. diam., bracts % in., many, thread-like, felted, tip needle-like, calyx 4-2? in., folded, felted, teeth spiny, 4 the length of the calyx tube, corolla upper lip very large, felted, not fring- ed, lower lip very broad, nutlets 31 in. long, broadly oblong ; otherwise like the last species. large, stem 1 in. diam., nearly smooth, 4-angled like the branches ; leaves 4-8 in., ovate, long-point- ed, round-toothed, base rounded or heart-shaped, stalks 3-1 in.; flowers in many-flowered axillary circular clusters, bracts short, stiff, bristle-like, ' tips spiny, calyx 1-1 in., hairy, teeth erect, awl shaped, 4 the length of the tube; nutlets 4 in, ovoid with broad top as if cut off short; otherwise like the last species. large, stout, velvety with white hairs, stem and branches 4-angled, hairs on the stem, present, sharply turned down; leaves 2-4 in., (ip Kashmir, 6-8 ovate-lanceolate, long- pointed) ovate, in. long, when blunt-pointed, round-toothed, base broadly heart-shaped, stalked; flowers 1 im, dull blue-purple, in many dense-flowered axillary — PLANTS OF THi PUNJAB. P10) HERBS, ERECT, WITH OppositE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAvVEs. Lear Mareins ToorHen. Perats UNITED. CoRoLLA Two-LIPPED. Stamens Four. OvutTER Pair oF STAMENS LONGEST. Ajuga bracteosa, LaBiaTs. F. B. I. iv. 702. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Abbottabad. Rawalpindi Kahuta (Douie). Ajuga parviflora, LaBiataz, F. B. I. iv. 703. Himalaya, 2-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree (Douie). 26 circular clusters, 3-1 in. diam., bracts erect equalling the calyx, outer thin lanceolate or linear, tip not spinous, inner narrower, calyx 4-1 in., tubular, hairy or smooth, 5-toothed, teeth slender with scattered hairs, corolla upper lip fringed with white hairs, nutlets 3-g in., ovoid with the tip broad and rounded; otherwise like the last species. small, stems and branches from the root-stock many, velvety or smooth; leaves 1-4 in., lanceolate - with a broad tip or spoon shaped, blunt-pointed, toothed more or less, lower stalked, upper sessile ; flowers 4 in., pale blue or lilac, crowded in axillary circular clusters at short intervals forming leafy spikes, much shorter than the ovate leafy bracts, calyx ¢ in., 5-toothed, softly hairy, teeth 4 the length of the tube, ovate-lanceolate, short-pointed, corolla-tube straight, nearly twice the calyx, 2-lipped, upper lip very short, erect, deeply notch- ed, lower spreading, mid-lobe dilated, side-lobes oblong, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, protruding, style 2-lobed; nutlets 4, in., oblong with rounded ends, deeply wrinkled, pitted. like the last species, but the corolla is smaller, the base is not inflated, the stamens are included, the flower clusters are on bracteate spikes and not axillary. HERBS, ERECT, WITH OpposireE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. | Lear Mareins ToorHen. Prerats None. CoROLLA TWo-LIPPED. SramMENs Four. OvutreR Pair oF STAMENS LONGEST. Euphorbia hypericifolia, see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple, Entire, Petals None. Bryophyllum calycinum, see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple Toothed, Petals None. ( To be continued. ) L105 PROTECTION OF WILD BIRDS IN INDIA AND TRAFFIC IN PLUMAGE BY ear Ea) ONS WOR TEI Zane In the Selborne Magazines for 1910, Mr. James Buckland has described the enormous havoe which is being made among the birds of the world to satisfy fashion’s demands for millinery. For commercial purposes the feathers must be procured during the breeding season, for the reason that the plumes are at that period in their prime condition. At other times they lack smoothness, lustre, and elasticity, and are, therefore, worth- less to the miller. Many species of birds resort annually to ancestral homes with the object of reproducing their kind, and the feather hunters avail themselves of these opportunities. Thirty years ago the heronries in the United States contained about 3,000,000 White Herons, and now they have been practically exterminated. In the low Coral Islands in the North Pacific the destruction of birds by Japanese “ plume hunters” has been appalling. On Marcus Island, one of the largest Albatross colonies in these waters has been wiped out. Midway Island was found, by the United States Special Inspector of Birds and Animals, to be covered with mnumerable Albatross carcasses, which a crew of poachers had left to rot on the ground, after the quill feathers had been pulled out of each bird. On Lisiansky Island, the property of the United States and a bird reser- vation, some poachers from Yokohama were caught, and it was found that they had in their possession the skins and feathers of 300,000 birds. On the Hawaiian Islands Reservations, twenty-three plumage pirates, who were arrested, had in their possession 259,000 pairs of birds’ wings. These taids led to an interchange of views between Washington and Tokio, and despite stringent orders issued by the Japanese Government, no check has resulted on the activity of plunder. In 1898, 1 098,738 Egrets were killed in Venezuela for their plumes, and ten years later only 257,916 birds were found by the hunters. Exclusive of the plumes of Kgrets, the port of Cuidad Boliwar shipped in a single year (1908), 10,612 pounds, or nearly five tons weight of other plumage. The American Jabiru, the largest but oe of all living storks, found in the shallow lagoons on the ereat Savanna ‘regions of the Middle Orinoco basin, is on the verge of extirpation—in London alone about 30,000 of their quills are sold annuall y- Sorelentlessly has the humming bird been pursued for its feathers, that certain species in the West Indies with a restricted habitat are already exterminated, while in the case of other species a similar fate seems imminent. In Trinidad here were, till a few years ago, eighteen species of humming birds, now here are only five. At three plume sales held in London this year, the 1104 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. skins of over 25,000 humming birds were catalogued, and sold for a penny or three half pence each. The shore birds of the Atlantic Coast of the United States which formerly were found in incredible numbers have only veen saved from complete annihilation by the timely appointment of wardens. ‘The poaching in these regions has assumed so serious an aspect that quite recently three of the wardens have been murdered while dis- charging their duties. In the lake district of Southern Oregon—the nursery of immense flocks of migrating waterfowl of the Pacific Coast—hundreds of tons of ducks were found, by an Official of the Biological Survey, to have been killed for their green wing feathers, and the bodies thrown away. White Herons, Swans, Pelicans, Ibises, Terns, and other species too numer- ous to mention, were all butchered in a like way, and for a like paltry purpose. Realising that wild birds constitute a valuable asset to the countries which possess them, various legislative measures have been taken by our overseas possessions to protect bird life, but all these well meaning efforts have been rendered abortive by illicit export. Feathers are conveyed clandestinely out of the country under fictitious names, or under false declarations. In March 1908, six cases described as containing “ cow- hair ”’ were shipped from India, and were found on their arrival in London to consist of the skins of 6,400 green paraquets. A vast number of feathers which are used in the millinery trade in Great Britain are smuggled into her ports under false declarations; and the action of the brokers by suppressing all detailed advertisements of the London plume sales, says Mr. Buckland, ‘“‘is indicative of a knowledge on their part that there is being carried on in the heart of the City a business of so ques- tionable a nature that it is expedient in their interests to interpose darkened glasses, or the equivalent, between its inner history, and the eyes of the public.” In conclusion, Mr. Buckland adds that the traffic in ornamental feathers is a national disgrace, and must be stamped out. The great interest and criticism which this article has called forth, has prompted us to examine the various measures which have been taken, from time to time, in India for the protection of bird life, and we publish the results of our enquiries inthe hope that, not only will they be of some ~ interest to ornithologists in general, but also that some good may come of — them. The fauna of British India is protected by the following Acts and Rules :— .. (1) Madras Act II of 1879.—The operation of this Act is confined 10 — the Nilgiris. Jt provides for close seasons, and prohibits the killing, cap-— turing, and selling of game and fish during such seasons. é PROTECTION OF WILD BIRDS IN INDIA, 1105 (2) The Elephant Preservation Acts of 1873 and 1879. (Madras I of 1873, and India VI of 1879).—These Acts prohibit the killing, injuring, or cap- turing of wild elephants, except in self defence or under a license. (3) Forest Laws. (a).—The Indian Forest Act, 1878 (VII of 1878)— Sections 25 (2) and 31 (j); (6) Madras Forest Act, 1882—Sections 21 (1) and 26 (f); and (c) Burma Forest Act, 1902—Sections 26 (h) and 33 (ce). The amount of protection afforded by the rules made under these laws differs in various Provinces. They provide (exc2ptin the case of Coorg) for a close season, and most of them require permits before any hunting, snaring, or trapping can be indulged in in reserved forests. (4) The Wild Birds and Game Protection Act of 1887. (Act XX of 1887). (5) The Act relating to Fisheries in British India. (Act TV of 1897). This Act prohibits the destruction of fish by dynamite or other explosive substance in any water, or by the poisoning of water; and provides for the protection of fish in selected waters. As the scope of the present enquiry is restricted to birds alone, it will only be necessary to turn our attention to No. (4)—The Wild Birds and Game Protection Act of 1887. This Act extends to the whole of British India, and empowers Local Governments, Municipalities, and Cantonments to frame rules prohibiting (z) the possession or sale during its breeding season within the Municipality or Cantonment of any kind of Wild Bird recently killed or taken; and (6) the importation into the Municipality or Cantonment of the plumage of any kind of wild bird during such season. It would be tedious and wearisome to dilate on the early history of what is known as the “ protection” movement, which, beginning in 1869, culmi- nated in the Act of 1887. It will suffice to state for our purpose that in 1886 the question of having a general game law for India engaged the attention of the authorities, hut such law was then considered unnecessary. It was, however, decided that Local Governments should be empowered to frame rules prohibiting the sale of game within cantonments or towns during a specified season of the year, and with this object, the Act (XX of 1887) was passed. It is chiefly directed against the destruction of birds, but Local Governments have the power to apply its provisions to any other game. The limited provisions of this Act, which apply to Municipal and Can- tonment areas only, will be readily understood when we bear in mind some of the reasons which actuated Government in objecting to afford wider and more stringent measures of protection. ‘They were :— (2) The predominant claims of agriculture, to which all other considerations must be subservient. (0) The undesirability of interfering with the livelihood of forest and other wild tribes, who depend largely upon the capture of game for their subsistence. 1106 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. (c). The general objection to the creation of new penal offences. (d). The unjustifiability of legislation in the interests of the sportsmen. (ce). The absence of evidence that the destruction of birds for the sake of their plumage was carried out on an extensive scale, and that there was any serious diminution in their numbers. In 1900 the Honorary Secretary of the Society for the Protection of Birds raised the question of the advisability of stopping the export of the plumage of ornamental birds; and in the following year in the Budget Debate of the 27th March in the Supreme Legislative Council, the Hon’ble Sir Allan Arthur urged upon Government the expediency of protective measures for game in India. During his visit to Burma in 1901 Lord Curzon was approached upon the subject in a public address. His Lordship returned a sympathetic reply, admitting that the enact- ments in force did not go far enough, and that more stringent measures were called for. In addition to this, numerous other representations to a similar effect were received by Government, or appeared from time to time in the public press. In view of these representations, and of the fact that a considerable time had elapsed since the passing of the Wild Birds and Game Protection Act of 1887, Lord Curzon’s Government decided to enquire into the matter, and to ascertain how far the existing measures had been attended with success. The Local Governments were accordingly asked to report (i) ~ upon the working of the Act in question; (ii) whether it afforded an adequate measure of protection; (111) the extent to which the skins of birds of handsome or useful plumage were exported, and whether the trade had increased or decreased of late years ; and (iv) whether there was any extensive destruction of wild birds, especially of non-migratory insectiy- orous birds, during what should be close seasons for them; and, if so, whether it was leading to the extermination of any species. The replies received to this reference showed clearly that the working of the Act had proved a failure. And this was only to be expected, since the prohibitions applied only within a specified cantonment or town during a specified season. Rural areas (except forest areas) were beyond the scope of the Act. There was nothing to prevent birds being killed during the close season, and the detention of their skins or feathers outside Municipal or Cantonment limits as the case might be, until the prescribed period was over ; or by the transfer of the bird-killing operations beyond the specified boundaries. As to the adequacy or otherwise as a measure of protection, the general ~ tema ea concensus of opinion was that existing legislation did not sufliciently meet ~ the necessities of the case. After a careful review of the whole subject, PROTECTION OF WILD BIRDS IN INDIA. 1107 the authorities have taken up the question of the advisability of a general Game Law for the protection of game in India, and this is at present under consideration. The proposed bill is of a very simple nature, and affords adequate protection to those wild birds and animals which are threatened with extermination. It defines game, and takes power for | Local Governments to declare a close time during which it will be unlaw- ful to capture, kill or deal in any specified kind of game or the plumage of any specified bird. The proposed measure, moreover, provides a general exception in favour of the capture or killing of game in self-defence or in protection of crops, and gives power to the Local Governments to apply its provisions to birds other than certain specified ones. Fish have been excluded from the scope of the proposed bill, as their case has been suitably provided for by rules under the Indian Fisheries Act. The replies to (111) and (iv), in respect of exportation and destruction, disclosed not only a serious, but a most disastrous, state of affairs. From all parts of the country came the same cries of destruction and diminu- tion, which amounted to virtual extermination. Of Impeyan and Argus pheasants throughout the Himalayas, of Peacocks and Black Partridges from Bombay, of Egrets from Sind and Burma, and of a host of others, including Jungle-cocks, Paddy-birds, Kingfishers, Jays, and Orioles throughout India generally. So lucrative was the trade that single districts, such as Lucknow in the United Provinces, and Amritsar in the Punjab, contributed between them nearly 16,000 lbs. of plumage annually. Taking as an average 30 skins to the pound, the figures indicated the destruction of nearly five hundred thousand birds in a single year from two districts alone! From Bombay it was reported that a single Railway Station to the north of Sind had exported within a few months 30,000 skins of Black Partridges, and that over many square miles in the Rohri Division these birds had, within two seasons, been absolutely exterminated by a single party of professional trappers. Various other reports showed that birds were netted and trapped, not by thousands, but by millions, without any regard to season or sex. The hen on her eggs, or with chicks at her feet, were all fair spoil to these unscrupulous hunters. A Postal Official, who was stationed for many years at Dharmsala, gives an interesting account of these operations. ‘ Monal and Argus pheasants,” he remarks, “ are snared in large numbers by professional trappers in the Kashmir and Chamba Native States, and also in the hills near Kulu, Dalhousie, Dharm- Sala, Palampur, etc. Snares are set in localities which are not frequented by sportsmen and others, andfemale birds and animals are destroyed wholesale. Ihave personally seen scores of young Monals and female pheasants entangled in the snares. The intention of the snares is, of course, to entrap male Monal and Argus Pheasants, but the system is | such that every living thing that comes into the traps is destroyed. A 1108 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX, short description of the system of snaring might prove of some interest. A hedge of branches of trees, brushwood and grass is erected from the bottom of a hill to the top. At every ten or twelve paces, there is a small opening in which a spring snare is fastened. The snare is composed of a bent branch and a slip-knot. While the birds and animals are feeding, they come across the hedge, and naturally look for an opening in order to cross it. On finding one, they endeavour to pass through it, and are caught in the snare.” The writer adds that “the extent of the indis- criminate slaughter under such a system can only be realised by those who have witnessed it.” And if these reports were startling, the enormous extent of the export trade in plumage was equally so. During the years 1895-1900 the total quantity and value of feathers (Indian merchandise) exported by sea from India to other Foreign countries amounted to the gigantic total of 11,49,354 Ibs., representing a value of Rs. 15,51,831. The details were made up as follows :-- Province from which Exported. Quantity- Value, Lbs. Rs. Bengal 1,69,499 6,64,942 Bombay ... 9,46,067 7,43,807 Sind 668 300 548 ses ado B00 500 881 1,710 Madras ... S00 Bs0 ae 00 380 900 23,459 1,12,388 Burma 9,408 28,984 Total ...| 11,49,354 | 15,51,831 The greater part of these feathers were exported to the United Kingdom and China ; a considerable portion also went to Austria-Hungary, France, Germany and the Straits Settlements, and the balance was distributed in small quantities between Belgium, Japan, Arabia, Persia, etc. Nor were these the only figures which the authorities had before them at the time. It — appeared that much of the export trade was also conducted through the medium of the Indian Post Office. For the period from Ist July 1898 to 30th June 1901, the records of a single Post Office, namely, that of Bombay, disclosed the facts that 1,521 parcels, containing birds’ feathers of the aggregate weight of 6,815 Ibs., and of the total declared value of £26,004 were despatched by the Foreign. Parcel Post. Of this total number, 1,404 parcels, weighing 6,256 lbs., and valued at £23,653 were addressed to the United Kingdom, while the rest were addressed to other countries. PROTECTION OF WILD BIRDS 1N INDIA. 1109 With these data before them, it was obviously impossible for the authorities to view with equanimity such an intolerable state of affairs. All reports and returns showed conclusively that the trade was rapidly increasing ; that birds were being killed wholesale for the sake of their plumage ; and that, if prompt measures were not taken, the extermination of various species, which are to be found in India only, was imminent. Accordingly as a first step to check this indiscriminate slaughter, a Notification, No. 5028 S. R., dated the 19th September 1902, was issued, under the Sea Customs Act, 1878, (VIII of 1878), prohibiting the taking by sea or by land out of British India of skins and feathers of all birds other than domestic birds, except (2) feathers of ostriches, and (6) skins and feathers exported bona fide as specimens illustrative of Natural History. As this prohibition was issued without notice or warning, a large number of representations were received, notably from a trader in Simla, who had in stock skins of Impeyans and black Argus to the value of Rs. 6,000, and from two firms in Calcutta who had in hand 6,000 skins of Impeyan and Argus pheasants, and six cases of Kingfishers’ feathers, and to enable them to dispose of their stocks, and to wind up their businesses, the operation of the orders was suspended until the 1st January 1903. Shortly after this, the attention of Government was drawn to a letter Which appeared in the Madras Mail of the 29th June 1903, in which the writer gave prominence to the fact that no provision had been made for detecting the export of feathers and plumage by land to territories of Foreign Governments in India, such as Goa and Pondicherry. This point immediately received due attention, and with the cordial co-operation of the French and Portuguese authorities, these outlets for export were also closed. In July of the same year (1903) a Postal Notice drawing attention of the public to the prohibition of 18th September 1902, was issued to the following effect :— “Itis hereby notified that the transmission by post out of British India of Skins and feathers of all birds other than domestic birds, except (a) feathers of ostriches and (4) skins and feathers exported bond fide as specimens illustrative of Natural History is prohibited. “2. In the case of all parcels containing birds’ skins or feathers for which customs declarations are required, the name of the bird must be entered in the customs declaration ; and if exemption from the above prohibition is claimed on the ground that the skins or feathers are being exported bond fide as specimens illustrative of Natural History, a statement to this effect must be made in the customs declaration, otherwise the parcel will not be accepted for transmission by post.” The trade in plumage, however, being very lucrative, the above measures were not suflicient to check it, and it appeared that export by foreign 27 1110 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. parcel post, under false declarations, was resorted to largely. In con- sequence of this, two Notifications Nos. 1819-60 and 1821-60, dated the 26th February 1907, were issued under the Indian Post Office Act, 1898, (VI of 1898), empowering certain postal officers to search, or cause search to be made, for birds’ skins and feathers im course of transmission by post to any place outside British India, and making the customs declara- tion in respect of parcels handed to the Post Office for transmission by the Foreign post, a declaration required by the Post Office Act. As the position in respect of the illicit traffic in plumage from India is not generally known, we have given in detail the foregoing review of the various preventative measures, taken from time to time, in this country, and it will be observed that the Indian Government have practically closed every possible channel of export. But in spite of all these prohibitions, smuggling toa large extent has commenced, and still contmues. The explanatory memorandum which is prefixed to Lord Avebury’s “ Importa- tion of Plumage Prohibition Bill” is most pertinent to the subject, and deserves to be quoted in full :— “ The object of this Act is to check the wanton and wholesale destruction of birds which is being carried on everywhere throughout the British Empire, and in all parts of the world, without regard to agricultural, educational and . Hindwing narrower, not evenly rounded ; colour black with blue band and spots. a}. Forewing underside, with the cell unmark- ed. Size 3"2 to 375 .. iy .. teredon. (P1. D5, fig. 30 ¢, 80a @.) i’, Forewing underside, the cell with four large spots in it. Size 32 to 35 .. eurypylus. These two fast-flying butterflies have the forewing narrow and have a broad blue (sometimes with a yellow tinge) band from the apex of forewing to along the inner margin of hindwing, broken into spots towards apex; the first has, besides, only a single row of spots on the hindwing, just before the outer margin, the other has many extra spots. B. Hindwing with prominent tails. a. Tails narrow and parallel-sided. a’. Tails very long, black and white, colour more or less white all over. Size 2-7 to 375... ay OE we a .. nomius. Another species, similar to this, is found in the jungles further south than Bombay ; it has two green bands across the black apex of forewing. [t is Papilio antiphates. Size 35 to 4". 6. Tails short, broader, black; JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC. THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS Horace Knight, del. a PLATE D, OF INDIA. Hentschel-Colourtyp® THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS CF INDIA. EXPLANATION OF PLATE D’. Fie. 28. Papilio demoleus, L. ¢. wae 2: » agamemnon, L. 3. 30. ,. teredon, Felder, ¢. 30d. ye) 29 ” 2 2 9 7 auees Gs COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 1117 a, Colour upperside green and black. Size 35 to 4” a me Bis .. agamemnon. (Pl. D5, fig. 29 ¢.) The tails are, perhaps, very slightly spatulate in this species. 6°, Colour upperside black and crimson. Size 3""5 to 4!"75 ae om 5 —fosecop, (al, IDL ules. 935, 28a .) 6. Tails well developed, broad, spatulate. a’. Very large; colour black with large white or yellowish patch on hindwing. Size AN25: to 55 fy cS ite .. daksha, (P\. D3, figs. 263, 26a 9.) There is another species similar to this in size and aspect except that the white patch is replaced by peacock blue-green ; this is called P. tami- lana and is found in the Kanara Ghats. b'. Smaller; forewing black, hindwing black with white discal spots and a row of sub- marginal bright red ones, especially bright on the underside. Size 3” to 45 .. aristolocue. (P\. D1, fig. 24.) ce. Size of aristolochie ; male black with a band of white spots across hindwing from above tail to apex, continued on to outer margin of forewing as an edge; females of three forms: one like the male, one like P. aris- tolochie but with brownish rose-colour instead of the red, a third somewhat like P. hector but the tails as in the male. Size 3/5 to 4". 3 a: .. polytes. (Pl. D2, figs. 25$,25a and / 2 2.) There is another species, P. demolion, found in the Western Ghats in Kanara, &c., which is like the male of P. polytes except that it has two white bands to the wings ; that is an extra one inside and _ parallel to the sub-marginal one of that species. Size 4/°3 to 4"°5. d', Colour above: black with a peacock-green band across both wings. a’, The green band very broad. Size 4/-2 GORA 5) Var ye ae a .. budha., b?. The green band narrow. Size 4” to 4’"6. erino. These last two will not probably be found away from the hills; the first is not uncommon in the Konkan, south of Goa. 28 1118 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. The above table is arranged merely for reference, using easily ascertain- ed characters only ; natural affinity has no part in it. If the genus Papilio as constituted by the species here mentioned were to be grouped accord- ing to the relationship of its members, these groups would be as under— Group I :— Ormthoptera minos Papilio hector , aristoloche >» pandiyanus with the larval characters as already given; the pupz of the last two abnormal in having abdominal expansions, of menos quite normal. The clasper-character further distinguishes the first from the other two in the imago state. The food-plant of all three is Aristolochia of several species of the Family Aristolochiacee. Group II :— Papo clytia already mentioned: with the larva shaped as in the foregoing, the abnor- mal, stick-like pupa and the food-plants Litsea Alseodaphne, Cinnamomum, of the Family Laurine. Group III :— Papilio demoleus » daksha 5, polymnestor » polytes » dravidarum with the larvze and pups quite normal: the young caterpillars resembling bird-droppings in colouration and pattern, quite naked; in the mature stage the colour is a rich green crossed by sullied white bands. The food- plants are all of the Family Rutacee. Group IV :— Papilio tanulana » ouddha py GRUAO with larvee and pup resembling the last group but nearly without mark- ings, the latter narrower than those in that group. The food-plants are rutaceous. Group V :— Papilio eurypylus 5) sarpedon NOMUUS.« antiphates AYAMENCRON COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 1119 with larvze of various colours, slightly spined when full grown, very heavily so in the first stage; pups narrow with thoracic process. Food-plants Anonacee and Lauracee (sarpedon). The Papilionide are a very fairly homogeneous group of butter- flies. They are found in all parts of the world being most numer- ous in South America. They are distinguished from other butter- flies by ‘legs well developed; claws large and simple; no empodium ; front tibize with a pad; metanotum free, exposed between mesanotum and abdomen.’ In the Indian region Bingham enumerates some 89 species of which 75 are belonging to the genus Papilio, the 14 others are divided into five genera : Armandia, Leptocircus, Teinopalpus, Parnassius and Myperimnestra. These five are confined to mountainous regions at high elevations. The Papilionide are known at home as Swallowtails because the two only species of the genus Papilio (the only one represented in England) ever found in the British Isles are provided with long narrow tails, one to each hindwing; the commoner being Papilio machaon or The Swallowtail; in early days of the eighteenth century it was called the Royal William. ‘This home representa- tive of the family is really scarce nowadays, though it is said to have formerly been fairly abundant in places. The other is not really a butterfly of the British Isles but it is believed has once or twice been blown over from across the Channel and caught there ; even this is not quite certain. Its name is Papilio podalirius. Both are plentiful enough in places in France and Germany. The family contains some of the largest and most brilliant of the butterflies. Papilio (Ornithoptera) iminos female has been known to reach nine inches in expanse of wing, the male always averaging somewhat less. It is a butterfly of the Plains but is sure to be found in some of the Hill Stations. One of the commonest is P. aristolochice which may be seen sailing along near the ground at any time of the year anywhere in India, its tailed hindwings with their large white patch and red spots being very conspicuous. Little scarcer is the more brilliant, nearly allied P. hector, larger than the last, with thinner tails, white on the forewing in streaks forming a band and with much brighter red, especially on the underside, on the hindwing. The prevailing colours are black or 1120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. very dark brown variegated with white, grey, blue, green, &c., according to the groups to which the insects belong—for even the genus Papilio is susceptible of division into many well-marked sections, and has been so split up by entomologists—and there are numbers of them suffused with brilliant metallic peacock-blues and greens either in large spots or all over, metallic colours which vary in shade with different angles at which the light strikes them. There are a few insects which are nearly uniformly dull, that is dark brown (with the exception of a white border to the wings. however, in every case), such as P. clytia, form panope; others again are streaked brown and grey or brown and white as P. clytia, form dissimilis; and these dull species are extremely like some of the protected members of the danaine sub-family of the Nymphalidee. This resemblance of insects without a disagreeable smell and (presumably) taste to members of a different family widely re- moved from them in affinity is one of the puzzles of Nature. How did it come about and why? If the Paynhos ‘imitating ” danaines habitually consorted with these latter or, even, if they fed upon the same plants, it might perhaps be possible to suggest some vague clue to the conundrum, psychical or material; but none of them do either one thing or other. The subject, however, is somewhat out of place here and little would be gained by discussing it, however interesting it may be. The flight of the Swallowtails—the name is hardly applicable to many of the insects here treated of as tails are by no means present in all—is generally strong and quick, even the largest of them being capable of rapid progression. Many of them, under ordinary circumstances, sail along gently with wings outstretched, hovering over flowers now and again as the fancy seizes them, barely touching the petals with their long legs, to extract the nectar with their uncurled proboscis which, under ordinary con- ditions, is held safely rolled up and stowed away between the palpi. When disturbed or alarmed in any way, however, they will depart at a great pace, dodging from side to side as they go; and, when near the ground or among trees, they know how to tale \ COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1121 advantage of any obstacle which is likely to baffle a pursuing enemy. ‘The larger ones, like minos, polymnestor, daksha, &c., keep nearly always to the protection of trees and bushes high up among the tops of the former or much lower down near the ground, skim- ming the verdure of the latter; others, smaller in size, more rapid in flight, amuse themselves sailing backwards and forwards over the highest trees or round the tops of hills in open country, chasing each other at intervals up into the blue sky to become mere specks in the distance; and return again to their playground. P. clytia is very fond of this form of amusement. The style of flight is perhaps more varied amongst the Papilios than in any other group: the same insect may sail, hover, dart and skip, though the skipping is only true of the very fast-flying species. They all without exception are fond of flowers; few of them bask in the sun: when they do so it is with outstretched wings, the upper drawn down to cover a goodly portion of the hinder ones. It is even then perhaps more to rest than to bask that they assume this position. They are very active, keep on the wing for very long periods and always seem to be busy about something. ‘They are all fond of strong bright light and generally rest under leaves of trees in rainy weather with the wings in the same horizontal position. The weakest flier is P. aristolochue, those of the agamemnon group are the strongest. These insects always lay their eggs singly, with the exception of P. demolion which deposits them one on top of the other in a stick of as many as 1d. As a very general rule they are laid exposed on the top of a leaf or on a young shoot. They are nearly spherical in shape, slightly broader than high (this may be due to the necessarily flattened bottom where the egg rests on the leaf) ; quite smooth on the surface or very minutely pitted ; white, green or orange in colour and sometimes blotched with reddish. In the case of demolion each egg is flattened on both sides where it rests on the one beneath and supports the next. The insect flutters while depositing, resting with its legs and applying the end of the abdomen to the surface. The larva emerges by eating a hole through the egg-shell, not 1122 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. necessarily always in the same place, in a rather jagged way ; it eats the shell as its first meal and then makes a bed of silk some- where near the edge of the leaf; changing this, after it becomes bigger, for the midrib, stretched along which it always les as in the case of the larvee of the next family, the Pieride. It is sluggish in its movements at all periods of its existence, eats voraciously, grows fast and wanders generally before pupating. The pupa is formed against a twig or small branch, the larva lying with its head directed upwards, grasping the pad of silk, prepared before it finally comes to the quiescent state, with its claspers and encir- cling its body with a loop of the same, one end of which is attached to the support about two-thirds of the distance from tail to head ; both the attachments are very strong. When the pupa breaks through the larval skin the cremastral hooks are wound into the tail-pad and the loop supports the downward weight—the larva having let go of the stem or twig some time before to fall back against it—in segment 4/5 as a very general rule, though, owing to same slight disturbance, the position may be somewhat displaced. Ag the skin of the chrysalis becomes dried by the air the part of the loop touching the body gets stuck to the surface and se keeps the whole more or less secure. In some cases the loop is very short, so that the pupa lies close up against the support with its ventral surface ; in others it is long and the pupa swings freely on the tail support. .The length of the loop is characteristic of the species or group. The Swallowtail caterpiller is easy to distinguish from any other by the fact that it possesses an organ called an osmeterium (meaning the “ scented wonder” or something of the sort) behind the head. It is situated on the back in the membrane between the head and the second segment and consists of a protrusible single cylindrical stem, dividing into two longly conical branches a short way from the origin, the whole thing not as long as the greatest thickness of the larva. The branches are withdrawn back into themselves from the top downwards, both finally being folded into the main stem which is then‘similarly drawn into itself. This organ is shiny, thin-skinned and glutinous ; it is variously coloured COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1128 in different species and emits a very strong scent or smell, some- what pungent but not disagreeable, recalling the concentrated essence of the juices of the food-plant. The device is certainly protective though how it exactly acts on the senses of enemies it is not easy to say. The smell, through its pungency, is almost certainly obno- xious to insect foes ; for concentrated essences or vegetable juices are known to be avoided by them: witness cloves, cinnamon, lemon, lavender. The stickiness of the organs may, by actual contact with a parasitic fly or wasp of small dimensions, ward of injury ; the sudden protrusion and motion of the same might possibly have a like effect in the case of larger enemies. The larve often strike at the part of the body menaced with the protruded organs: that much is easy to observe and has often been noted; that an attacking fly is frightened thereby has also been seen ; whether the attempt is repeated by the same fly with successful issue is not known. ‘That larve do get parasitised is well known. Some of the species suffer greatly in that way. The form of papilionid caterpillars is spindle-shaped with the ends blunt or cut off square. The head is large and withdrawable under segment 2. Segment 4 is mostly thickened somewhat transversely to the length of the body and often bears a ridge in the same sense; this region is generally the broadest part of the larva. The tail end bears two tubercles of characteristic length as do very often segments 2, 3,4 also. There are several very well characterized types of these larvee, each representing easily distinguished divisions of the genus Papilio :— Section I.—Larve when full grown without conical fleshy tubercles. A. Full grown larva with the anal segment continued into two short parallel, sharply conical points, close together. a. Full grown larva having the appearance of being transversely lined, segment 4 differently coloured to rest. a’. Full grown larva black on dorsum of segment 4.. nomdus. 6', Full grown larva green on dorsum of segment 4.. antiphates. These two larve are generally whitish in the ground colour though nomeus is sometimes dark brown or reddy brown. 6, Full grown larva more or less concolourous. 1124 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX a'. Lateral spine on segment 4 broadened out into a triangular tooth, white, the two connected by a crest or ridge across the dorsum of oe = BH ». sarpedon. >. Lateral spines of segment 4 perfectly conical and sharp. a*. Colour green sullied with blotches of a very slightly darker shade ue .. agamemnon. 6*, Colour pure green or rusty black .. eurypylus. These three larvee are all black in their first stage and are profusely covered with little branched spines which they gradually lose in the suc- cessive stages, the branches or spinules having disappeared altogether in the 4th stage. B. Full grown larva with the anal segment not continued into such points ; those points represented by mere knobs much more widely separat- ed; the segment high, sometimes nearly perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the rest of the body while that of the A division is nearly continuous in the same plane as that axis. a. Full grown larva green, a prominent broad green, whitish or yellow band from dorso- ventral margin of segment 8 running up and back to hinder margin of segment 10 on dorsum or in that direction; a triangular whitish parch occupying the whole of the spiracular region of segment 10. a’. The full grown larva with a dorsolateral, small, conical, fleshy tubercle on segment 9 ERAN Ne MEA a ay ie .. demolion. 6’. The full grown larva without such tubercles. a’. The band on segments 8, 9 yellow- brown, spotted lighter ; this band some- © times broken, irregular .. o .. demoleus. 2 a t . The band on segments 8, 9 green, in- distinct because the same colour more or less as the larva ze : .. adravidarum. S t 2. The band on segments 8, 9 with ground- colour white, sullied as a rule with grey, brown. a°®. Full grown larva with lateral ocellus on segment 4 black, a brown line across centre and yellow-brown margin, one of the largest Papilio larvec lee: A of ae .. daksha. COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 1125 6°. Full grown larva with lateral ocellus on segment 4 black, a white line across centre and bordered brown in front, blue behind, also a large larva. polymnestor. e*. Full grown larva with lateral ocellus black, not quite as above, very much smaller. aie . polytes, b. Bi grown larga e green, not raered by bande . The ocellus on segment 4 orange-brown, small and not well developed, the crest joining them white. . at a .. tamilana. 6’. The ocellus on segment 4 otherwise, the crest joing them yellow. . a .. buddha (erino). Section I1.—Larve with many conical, fleshy, pointed tubercles. A,.—Conical tubercles not red-tipped ; the larva with broad creamy markings .. 38 clytia. B.— Conical tubercles red-tipped; the larva oath no yellow markings; marking, if present, white or pinkish. a. No band on segment 7.. bi oi Wey HCCtO 6. A band on segment 7 The front margin of segment 2 rosy- white Se a8 : .. pandiyanus. . The front margin of sooment 2 ane white. ie Colour more or less evenly black .. arrstolochie. a *, Colour dark rose-brown, marbled satin- grey aie cs ae Minos. Many of these larvee are euined, when they first emerge from the egg; some of them very profusely so; the spines are modified in the later stages into small conical tubercles or fleshy knobs on a few segments, disappearing completely on others; those on which they subsist always are sesments 2 and 14; next on segment 4, then 9. The young larve of section I, sub-section B, resemble bird-droppings in their colouration ; those of Section IT, sub-section A also, though in a less degree. The pupze are also somewhat variable, though all built on the same general plan with the exception of that of P. clytia, alluded to” before as resembling a piece of cylindrical stick with the end broken off. In the others, that of the hector-aristolochice type has dorsolateral, small, flattened expansions to some of the abdominal segments ; menos is like the demolius-polymnestor-polytes form, 29 1126 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX, with a few roughnesses on the dorsum ; tamilanu-buddha is nearly quite smooth; those of nomius-eurypylus have the apex of the thorax produced forwards into a blunt process. Demolion has the apex of the thorax produced into a curiously twisted, thin process though otherwise like polytes ; its suspending loop is, however, very much longer than in this latter. All the pups wriggle when touched and produce a hissing sound; this is very noticeable in that of minos. The food-plants of the caterpillars also characterise the groups. Minos, hector, aristolochice pandiyanus teed upon Aristolochiacec ; clytia, however, affects Lawrinece ; so does sarpedon ; nomius, anti- phates, agamemnon, eurypylus eat Anonacece; all the rest eat Rutaceee (once demolens was discovered feeding upon Chlorowylon swietenia, one of the Meliacew, to which family the Neem belongs). The four families consist of plants with strongly aromatic juices ; but is this the only reason why the Swallowtails chose them in the past? There are probably more intimate relations between the families than the botanists allow or recognise. Chlorowylon is also aromatic; so is the Wild Carrot at home which feeds the larva of P. machaon. Carrot belongs to Umbelliferce, a family quite unlike any of the above. There are, however, exceptions to every rule. The Papiliones are probably of tropical origin and when a species had to become acclimatised to more northern climes by being forced to live there, it would naturally choose food with some of the characteristics it had always been accustomed to; laurels, rues, custard-apples, Aristolochia are all uncommon in cold countries and so machaon was forced to depend upon carrot which was as good as anything else it could find. It would be interest- ing to know what all the species of the Papilionde of the world feed upon. 77. Papilio minos, Cramer.—Male upperside : forewing rich velvety black, pale yellowish streaks on either sides of the nerves beyond the cell; cilia short, black, alternated with pale, buffy white in the middle of the inter- spaces. Hindwing with the abdominal fold, the whole of interspace | (narrow yellowish streak of underside showing slightly in some specimens), the termen broadly, the extreme base of cell, the costal area, not extend- ing below vein 8 except where it meets the terminal border, black; the rest of the wing rich silky yellow; the veins narrowly but prominently COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1127 black ; the inner margin of the terminal black border produced inwards into cone-shaped markings in the interspaces. Abdominal fold inside filled with a dense mass of buffy-white, scented, cottony fluff. Underside similar, on forewing with the pale streaks along nerves much broader ; on hindwing, in interspace 1, the black is limited more or less to centre of interspace, bordered anteriorly by a yellow streak along median vein and vein 2 (sometimes very narrow at the ends or obsolescent), posteriorly by the buff-coloured outer face of fold; the lateral margins of cone-shaped projections of terminal border of interspaces 2, 3 and sometimes 4 lateral- ly bordered, in some specimens, with yellowish extending into the black border. Antenne, head and thorax black, the collar narrowly crimson ; abdomen yellow with a lateral and lateroventral row of black spots.— Female upperside and underside similar to those in the male but with the following differences:—Forewing: the pale nerve streaks broader and more prominent, white. Hindwing: upperside with the black in interspace 1 sometimes strongly suffused with whitish, the streak along median vein and vein 2 white as also the border to cone-shaped marking in the latter interspace, this interspace suffused white to near base; a large postdiscal black cone-shaped spot in each interspace 2-6, the black terminal margin filling apical half of interspace 7 but interrupted at extreme apex by yellow, sometimes obsoletely ; the cilia rather largely grey in the inter- spaces. Underside like upperside, the black on underside of forewing and in interspace 1 of hindwing much browner. Antenne, head and thorax as in the male; abdomen also similar but dark brownish black above. Expanse: 150-190mm. In both male and female the hindwing on the upperside is clothed with soft, long, brownish-black hairs from base along the dorsal area. The male is always smaller than the female. Larva.—Head black, round from front view, moderately thick through slightly covered by segment 2. Segment 2 is flat on top with a semi- circular, shiny space on the dorsum ; front margin straight ; immediately im front and immediately behind this shiny space is a sub-dorsal red spot; on the front margin is a lateral, long, and a marginal, shorter, fleshy tubercle. The shape of the larva is sub-cylindrical, squarish looking, the belly being more or less flat, the anal segment being about the same breadth as segment 2, and sloping much—nearly perpendicularly. Hach of segments 3 to 9 are of the same size. Each of segments 3 to 14 has a sub-dorsal, fleshy longly conical tubercle, those of segments 9 and 10 being longest: these tubercles are perpendicular to the surface of the body and slightly curved forward; from the 9th and 10th segments these tubercles gradually decrease in length to segments 3 and 13; those on segment 14 are much smaller than those on the preceding segments and are mere knobs. Segments 2, 3, 4, 1128 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. 5 and 14 have a similar lateral tubercle, that on segment 14 being a simple knob, that on segment 5 short, those on the other three segments being longer—the one on segment 4 is slightly longer than the other two. Besides these tubercles there is a spiracular row, on segments 2 to 14 of short ones about half as long as the lateral ones on segment 2: the spiracular tubercle on segment 14 is a mere knob and that on segment 2 is very short. On segments 2 to 13 is a small tubercle on the base of the leg or in the spot where the base of the leg ought to be. The legs are shiny black. The spiracles are longly oval and shiny black. The colour of the body is a velvety, rosey black, marbled with satiny grey on the back. On segments 7 and 8 is a diagonal rosey white band reaching from the base of the subdorsal tubercle of segment 8 to the base of the spiracular tubercle of segment 7, The subdorsal tubercle of segment 8 and the spiracular one of segment 7 are both rosey-white with red tips. All the pointed tubercles—for they are all pointed—are the same colour as the body, with bright red tips. L: 90mm; B: at broadest part (centre of the body) : 15mm; H at the same place: 14mm; L of the longest tubercle : 14mm. Pupa.—Head quadrate, top surface flat and sloping, front edge ridged, straight, with a short, triangular, round-topped projection, pointing side- ways. Segment 2 hus a carination separating it from segment 1, is divided into three trapeze-shaped portions which are flat, by two ridges—sub- dorsal—converging towards the centre of the hinder margin ; slight-dorsal ridge. Thorax is convex, nearly hemispherical, with a strong dorsal cari- nation running from front margin to apex where it divides into two curved, short, diverging ridges at right angles to each other, which latter two turn in and soon become parallel, running thus to the hinder margin. The thorax is short and the space between the two parallel ridges on its hinder slope is flat. The shoulders have a diagonal ridge running to a point towards the thorax apex. Segment 4 is in the same plane as the back slope of the thorax, the suspending string runs across its centre and behind two extraordinary waxy looking small out-growths situated on the wing-case line. The abdomen from this point to the end of segment & is somewhat flattened dorsally ; the sides of thorax to where the suspending string passes are parallel to each other, the wing cases are expanded strongly in a curve from this point to the front of segment 8, the expansion being broadest just before the hind margin of segment 7. The abdomen from segment Y (incl.) to the end is strongly curved down—a full quadrant of a circle—the intersegmental membrane of segments 8/9, 9/10, and 10/11 show- ing dorsally. Segments 8, 9, 10 have a subdorsal, laterally much flatten- ed, contorted, pointed tooth, those on segments 8 and 9 being very large, those on segment 7 being hardly developed. From the base of each tooth of segment 9 a ridge runs to the base of the short cremaster. The ventral line of the pupa runs at first from the head parallel to hinder slope of COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 1129 thorax in a curve so that the plane at the end of wing-cases is parallel to dorsum of segments 6, 7, 8. The shape is that of P. hector or aristolochic. Spiracles of segment 2 in a deep hole with a thickened front margin ; the rest oval, raised, colour of body. Surface somewhat rough. Colour pink-brown or green with the saddle orange or yellow, and the back of the' abdomen the same as saddle; the whole surface reticulated with brown; also with smokey suffusion on the sides of ventrum. The colour of the scent-organs or “osmeterium” is orange. Antennze and wings bordered with a thin line of black and another of red or pink. L: 50mm.; B: 20-25 mm; H: 15 mm. Habiis.-The egg is laid on the upperside of a leaf, generally on a young one, or on a shoot, sometimes on the stem of the plant and only one is deposited at atime. The butterfly hovers while depositing, holding on with the tips of the toes; the situation chosen being always dense jungles, on the side of a slight opening as often as not. The little larva lives on the undersides of the leaves—in this differing from all others with the exception of hector, aristolochic and pandiyanus, its nearest relations—in its first stages, later on it is often found on the stems and stalks, rarely on the upperside of the leaves. It is very sluggish, sits at rest much contracted like other Papilio larvee and feeds hungrily mostly in the mornings and evenings. It is much parasitised by a small braconid hymenopteron or wasp which lays many eggs in its body ; the little grubs, emerging, feed upon the inside of the caterpillar and come out through holes which they eat in its skin to turn into pupz in little cocoons covered with a white or yellowish cottony wool, many together, the mass often completely hiding the body of the host. The caterpillar wanders before pupating, finally fixing itself up against a bit of stick, stalk of a leaf, stem of a plant with the usual tail fastening and a loose body-loop, generally not far off the ground. The pupa makes a loud hissing sound when disturbed by touch. The noise is pro- duced by rubbing the abdominal segments 8, 9, 10, 11 together at the margins by a contracting motion repeated at short intervals. The butterfly emerges in the morning just after sunrise, or a little later. It.has a slow, sailing flight as a rule when undisturbed but flies quickly when frightened. It is fond of flowers and frequents shady walks and glades in the jungles, keeping fairly high up, 1130 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. often, indeed, among the tree tops. It is most plentiful in the monsoon months. The females are quite as plentiful as the males at all times. The larva has been bred on Aristolochia indica, a weak climber with not very showy flowers and dry, expanded fruits resembling little baskets, often full of seeds, which grows plenti- fully in the forests and hills, from sea-level up to 2,500' in Bombay and is found nearly throughout India; also on Bragantia Walichii, a shrub of the underwood in the forests of Western India, south of Goa, with leaves somewhat resembling those of Cinnamon and long thin pod-like fruits. Both these are belonging to the bota- nical family Aristolochiacee ; the leaves of the former are locally supposed to be a certain cure for snake-bite; the roots of the latter are said to be equally efficacious in cases of cholera; the foliage of both is aromatic and smells rather nasty. The family is most largely represented in tropical America and, there, some of the flowers reach a large size and are very curiously coloured Papilio minos is confined to Western India from Bombay to Tra- vancore. ‘Three other species, similar to this, are found in British India ; one of which, P. darsius, exist, only inCeylon. The group contains some beautiful forms with* green hindwings in the Malayan Sub-region. 78. Papilio hector. Z. (Pl. D1., figs. 239, 23a 9.)—Male upperside black. Forewing with a broad, white, interrupted band from the sub-costal nervure opposite the origin of veins 10 and 11, extended obliquely to the tornus and a second short preapical similar band; both bands composed of detached, irregularly indented, broad streaks in the interspaces. Hind wings with a discal, posteriorly strongly curved series of seven crimson spots followed by a sub-terminal series of crimson linules. Cilia black alternated with white. Underside : forewing dull brownish black, hindwing black; markings as on upperside, but the crimson spots and erescentic markings on the hindwings larger. Antennz, thorax and base of abdomen above black; head and rest of abdomen bright crimson; beneath: palpi, sides of thorax and abdomen crimson. Female similar, the discal series of spots and sub-terminal linules much duller, pale crimson irrorated with black scales; in some specimens the anterior spots and lunules almost white barely tinged with crimson; abdomen above with the black colour extended further towards the apex. Exp. 88-120mm. Larva.—Shape more or less cylindrical, squarish in transverse section because of the rows of tubercles which produce the effect; anal end high, COMMON BULLTERELIES OF THE PEATNS OF ENDEA. . 1131 flap nearly perpendicular to longitudinal axis of larva. The body stoutest at the segments 4 and 5. Head black, round, somewhatjhidden under seg- ment 2, shiny. Segment 2 is straight infront and on the dorsum is a dull black shield, in front of which, on the front margin, are four bright red, short, fleshy tubercles, two on each side of dorsal line and under each other; on the back margin are two more of the same sort, one on each side of the central line. Segments 5 to 13 has each a sub-dorsal, longish, conical, fleshy tubercle the same segments have also a marginal row of similar tubercles. Segments 2 to 5 have each besides a row of lateral similar tubercles, the tubercle on segment 5 being reduced to a spot. The tubercles of the subdorsal row are longest, the lateral tubercle on the 2nd segment however is longer than any and points forward, all the others being at right angles to body-surface. On the front margin of segments & to 12 are two subdorsal, flesh coloured spots, and on the 7th segment are two on the posterior margin, but larger, of the same colour. At the anterior base of each subdorsal tubercle on segments 6 to 14 is a spot of the same colour. On segments 8to 11 is alateral small spot on anterior margin, and 2 lateral on segment 7 on the posterior margin: these spots are flesh-colour- ed also. All the tubercles are bright red. Spiracles oval, shiny black. The two long tubercles on segment 2 are black-tipped. Colour of body is rich black-brown ; the osmeterium 1s orange. L. 45 mm.; B: 10 mm. Pupa.—The general shape is that of the tailed Papilos. Head flat im front, produced out into two sharp-edged, semi-circular, rounded, ear-like, lateral projections connected by a ridge. Segment 2 surrounded in front by a sharp, turned-up ridge; with a dip towards the centre of the segment, and then an ascent towards thorax. Thorax carinated on dorsal line, this carination splitting near centre of thorax into two sharp, rounded ridges, diverging at first, but shortly running parallel to the hind margin of segment. The thorax is convex, smooth, eared fiatly and largely on the shoulder, the surface of ear facing outwards, and the ear itself directed outwards and slightly up. Segments 4 to 7 are flat on top and trapezoidal, narrower in front than behind, sloping perpendicularly on sides, then sloping out and down to edges of wings; segments 8/11 have each two large ear-like projections, one on each side of dorsal line laterally, thin and rounded, facing out and inclined outwards ; the 8th segment has also a spiracular one at edge of wing. Abdomen much eurved down, the dorsal line of segments 4/7 being at an angle of about 120° to the hinder slope of thorax, a somewhat greater angle than in P. minos; the wings are produced in the central ventral line, but not much. Surface smooth, hardly shiny. Spiracles of segment 2 situated in a round, circular depression ; the rest raised, oval, dark-brown in colour. Cremaster short, strong, square at end. Colour of pupa light brown, mark- ed on dorsum with white; it looks like brown alabaster; a whited orsal 1182. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. line on segment 2, another, raised, on each side of this; another round the spiracular hole of same segment. L: 30mm. ; B: 10mm. Habits —The same as P. minos. Young larva lives on under- sides of leaves, where the egg is laid; afterwards sometimes on stems, &c. Pupation as in that species also, the loop equally lax. The food-plant is A. indica also. The imago or butterfly has also very similar habits except that it does not fly so high as a rule, is very much commoner and is as much an insect of the Plains as of the jungles and hills. It is found in Bengal, Orissa, Chittagong ; in the southern half of Peninsular India and Ceylon. In southern India it is one of the commonest butterflies of the Plains. The figure in the coloured plate is good. ‘The red on the underside of hind wing is hardly bright enough. 79. Papilio aristolochiz, /abr. (Pl. D1, fig. 24.)—Male upperside velvety black. Forewing with well-marked, pale streaks along veins on the discal area that do not reach the terminal margin; the latter broadly velvety black; the streaks beyond end of cell extended into its apex. Hindwing with elongate, white, discal markings in interspaces 2-5 beyond the cell. In dry-weather specimens these markings are very short and do not nearly reach the bases of the interspaces ; beyond these a curved series of sub- terminal, lunular markings in interspaces 1-7 dull crimson irrorated with black scales, the spot in interspace 1 large, irregular, diffuse, margined interiorly with white. Underside ground-colour and markings similar, but the red sub-terminal spots on the hindwing much brighter, not irrorated with black scales, better defined, the anterior four sub-quadrate, the next — _ two crescentric, sometimes quadrate also, the spot in interspace 1 triangu- lar and pointed. -Antenne, thorax and abdomen above to close to end black ; the head, sides of prothorax above and of the whole of the thorax and abdomen beneath vermillion-red ; last segment vermillion-red.—Female similar; differs from the male only in the comparatively broader wings ; this is most conspicuous in the forewing. Hxp. 76-114mm. Larva.—Head black, shiny, round from front view, half hidden. Segment 2 identical with that of P. hector. The larva is like P. hector in everyway, but differs in the following points: lateral tubercle on segment 5 is absent: all tubercles are shorter and there are no flesh-coloured spots. On seg- ment llisa white spot at anterior base of sub-dorsal tubercle, and an indication of one in the same position on segment 12. On segment 8 is a small white spot at posterior, and a larger one at anterior base of sub- dorsal tubercle. The posterior half of segment 7 is pure white, the border of white being irregular anteriorly, the band extending to just below spiracular tubercle, and as an included black spot between spiracular SS ee COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 11388 and subdorsal tubercles: these two tubercles are both white, being on the band: the band extends out in front from the base of the subdorsal tubercle to anterior margin of segment in a square patch, and has a small indentation on the dorsal line. The colour of scent-organs is orange. Colour otherwise the same as P. hector. L: 30mm; B: 8mm. Pupa.—"xactly similar in every way to P. hector except that the ear-like processes are longer in proportion to the size of the pupa; the top of segment 2 is covered with a shiny red-brown colour as also the front part of the flat dorsal portion of segments 5, 6, 7. The pupa is somewhat smaller in size than that of P. hector. Habits.—Identical with those of P. hector. like the larva of that species, that of this is also badly parasitised by the same small wasp that attacks P. minos. The imago is found in N.-W. India; Sikkim; W. and 8. India; Ceylon; Assam; Burma; Tan- nasserim; extending east to China and Siam and south to Malacca, Java and the Philippines. It is found practically all over India in the Plains and is one of the commonest of butter- flies. It has a similar flight to the two preceding species though it is weaker on the wing. Inthe coloured figure there is too much red in the ground colour. The red on the underside of hindwing is not brilliant enough. 80. Papilio demoleus, L. (Pl. D5, fig. 28).—Male and female upperside black. Forewing with the base below the cell and basal half or latter so irrorated with yellow scales as to form more or less complete, transverse, dotted lines; two outwardly oblique, yellow spots im cell and a curved spot at its upper apex; a spot at base and another beyond it in interspace 8; a discal, transverse series of cream-yellow spots, irregular in arrange- ment and size, extends from interspace is la to 8; the series interrupted in interspace 5 and the spot in interspace 7 double; this is followed by a similar, postdiscal series of spots and an admarginal, terminal series of smaller spots. In many specimens, between the discal and postdiscal series the black ground-colour is irrorated with yellowish scales. Hindwing base, and edging that decreases in width along the dorsal margin, irrorated with yellow scales; followed by a broad, medial, yellow, irregular band, a sinuous, postdiscal series of outwardly emarginate, yellow spots and a ter- minal series of smaller, similarly coloured spots as on the forewing. The Inner margin of the medial band is curved inwards, the outer margin is very irregular and uneven; in the cell the band does not reach the apex, but beyond the cell there are one or more cream-yellow spots and the black ground-colour is irrorated with yellowish scales ; finally at the tornal angle there is an oval, ochraceous-red spot emarginate on its inner side in the 30 1134 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. female and in both sexes surmounted by a blue lunule ; while in interspace 7, between the medial band and the postdiscal spot, there is a large ocellus- like spot of the black ground-colour more or less irrorated with blue scales. Underside: ground-colour similar, the cream-coloured markings paler and conspicuously larger. The Jatter differ from those on the upperside as follows :—Forewing: Basal half of cell and base of wing below it with eream-coloured streaks that coalesce at base ; irregular ochraceous spots in interspace 5-8 and a discal series of spots complete, not interrupted in interspace 5. Hindwing: The black at base of wing and along the dorsal margin centred largely with pale cream-colour; the ocellus in interspace 7, the apex of the cell and the black ground-colour between the medial band and postdiscal markings in interspaces 2-6 centred with ochraceous margined with blue. Antenne dark reddish-brown, touched with ochrace- ous or the inner side towards the club; head, thorax and abdomen dusky black; the head and thorax anteriorly streaked with cream-yellow ; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen cream-yellow with lateral longi- tudinal black lines on the last. Exp. 80-100mm. Larva.—Head round, flattish in front nearly hidden under segment 2 in repose, light brown in colour. Seginent 2 saddle-shaped, four-sided, cut square off in front, with a small short, fleshy protuberance at each front corner; the front margin of segment is as broad as the head and it eradually increases in breadth posteriorly. Segment 3 nearly twice as broad as segment 2, broader behind than in front, convex. Segments 4 re and 5 are the thickest part of the body and are swollen, the anterior margin of segment 4 and posterior of segment 5 being thickened slightly and coloured yellow-brown, the yellow-brown colour on segment 4 reaching only half way down the side, bordered thinly with black and with a series of loops composed of thin black lines and a circular black eye- like mark at each extremely crossed transversely by a light blue line. The hinder margin of segment 5 has some dark spots on the yellow-brown part, this yellow-brown part reaching down the sides half way. Segments 4 and 5—the green part—are broad on top and very much narrower on sides. Segment 6 is slightly smaller in transverse section than segment 5 and the rest of the segments decrease in order in transverse section to the anal segment which is in a plane nearly perpendicular to the others. There is a pair of subdorsal points on segment 12 pointing out horizontally backwards. All the upper part of body is yellow-green with a broadish, ereasy-looking white, spiracular band to them. The perpendicular part of the anal segment is whitish. The anterior margin of segment 6 and pos- terior margin of segment 5—that is the connecting membranes of those two segments—is whitey-black. The white spiracular line on body only reaches from segment 5 to end, and the green-dorsal part of segments 2 to COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1135 5 is bordered narrowly with a curved black line, and does not reach the base of the legs, the part below, as well as abdomen and legs, being a dirty transparent white. On segments 8 and 9 is a diagonal band reaching from centre of segment 9 near dorsum to the anterior margin of segment 8 at white, spiracular, marginal line: this band -is irregular in contour and: coloured yellow-brown, spotted with lighter colour. There is a patch similar in colour to this band at posterior lower margin of segment 10, and two small, similarly coloured spots on hind margin of same on each side of dorsal line. Prolegs large and fleshy. The bands are sometimes obso- lescent, osmetria flesh coloured. L: 33mm; B: 7mm. Pupa.—Head like pamon or daksha with two projections out in front, these projections short, broad, diverging, toothed slightly on the in- side, ridged on top, and separated widely and squarely by a sharp ridge forming the front margin of head. Front of head-segment is sloping, hind margin is flat. Segment 2 is broad and flatly concave on top. Thorax is parallel-sided, shoulders being slightly prominent, the front dorsal slope nearly perpendicular to plane of segment 2, this front slope being overhung by the apex which is produced into a short, square-topped projection; from the top of this projection two ridges diverge to the back margin of thorax—slight ridges—-between which the surface is flat transversely, although longitudinally slightly convex. The sides of thorax are slightly convex. The abdomen, dorsally on segments 4 to 8, is rather flat, the wing expansions are very slight, so that the pupa at segment 7 is very little broader than at the shoulders. The abdomen is cylindrical in section, except the last two segments which are square. The cremaster ends off square and is rather broad. There are a pair of very small tu- bercles at the base of each of the head projections on the top of the head, and asubdorsal one on each of the segments 8 to 11. The projection of the ventral line of junction of the wing cases is accentuated, and broadly parabolic. The surface of each wing-case is flat. The inclination of the dorsal line of the first four segments to the rest is about 120°. Spiracles oval, small, inconspicuous, raised, sunk in pits. Surface very finely but moderately deeply pitted all over. Thecolour is generally green with a more or less great quantity of yellow marking dorsally on abdomen; when the pupa is formed in a cage and not among leaves it is generally different shades of browns and greys. L: 30mm.; B: 10mm. Habits.—The egg is laid on the top surface of a leaf. he young caterpillar that emerges is one of those that, from the next stage on until the last but one, imitates a bird-dropping; it is somewhat yellower in shade than that of P. polytes. The pupa is formed on the underside of a leaf, against a stalk or twig, Xc. ; and the loop is rather short that supports it. Itis a good deal 1186 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. slighter for its length than that of P. polytes. he larva is very much parasitised and does not use the osmetertum much. The butterfly has a very quick and strong fight and is always hurrying along whenever met with like, P. machaon at home, though it is a faster flier than this latter. It does not rise very much above the ground and is fond of flowers and the sun; it is commoner in the Plains than in the jungles and hills and may be seen on the wing throughout the year. Its range is Kashmir to Ceylon ; eastwards to Burma up to a moderate elevation in the hills; westwards to Persia; it is found also in China and For- ~ mosa. The food-plants are belonging to the family Rutacez and it has been bred on uta graveolens, L.; Glycosnis pentaphylla, Correa; Murraya koenigii, Sprengler; Citrus decumana, L.; Aegle Marmelos, Correa; all rutaceous; on Chlorowylon swietenia DC., ~ one of the Meliaceer. The last food-plant is very exceptional and the larvee did not look very healthy that were found on it. C. swietenia looks at first sight rather lke a leguminous tree and this most probably led to a statement made in ‘“ Notes on the Larvee and Pupz of some of the Bombay Butterflies ” by H.H.A. that it had been found on ‘‘ leguminous plant with aromatic leaves.”’ In that paper, published in this Journal in the year 1896, the butterfly is called P. erithonius. The figure on the coloured plate is good. ~ (To be continned. ) 137 A SURVEY OF THE MAMMALIAN FAUNA OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. Up to 1891, Naturalists in India had to rely for information on Mammals to Dr. Jerdon’s “ Mammals of India,” a delightful book with many interesting notes on the habits of the different animals, but sadly wanting in details of distribution, and complete- ness in descriptions. This was through no fault of the author, but owing to lack of good collections and the paucity of informa- tion. At this time practically the only collections of Indian Mammals of any importance were in the Indian Museum at Calcutta and the British Museum in London. For observations over and above his own, the author relied on those of Colonel Sykes, Sir Walter Elliot, Brian Hodgson, Colonel Tickell, Major Hutton, Horsfield, Blyth and Kelaart, all of whom had made collections and published notes and papers in various journals and proceedings. Some years later, namely, in 1884, R. A. Sterndale published his “Natural History of Indian Mammalia,” a purely popular work not adding much to Jerdon’s however. A few years before Sterndale’s work was published, namely, in 1881, a memorial prepared by Dr. P. L. Sclater, then Secretary to the Zoological Society, and signed by Darwin, Hooker, Huxley and other well known Scientists, was presented to the Secretary of State for India. In the memorial it was recommended that a series of volumes dealing with the Fauna of India should be prepared and that Dr. Blanford be appointed as editor. The out- come of this memorial was that in June 1888 the first part of the first volume of the series was published. his dealt with the Mammals as far as the Insectivora (Shrews and Bats), but it was not till 1891 that the second part completing the Mammals was published. ‘The delay was caused by Dr. Blanford having to edit 11388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. other volumes in the series on birds, fishes and reptiles. Since 1891 this volume has been the standard work on Indian Mammals. A glance through Dr. Blanford’s book, the Mammals of the Indian Region, will show that there is still plenty of work to be done amongst Indian Mammals, even amongst the commonest species. Much has still to be learnt of the habits and distri- bution of nearly all the Mammals and from the want of specimens, in more than one case, several species were united under one name. This want has also hindered the study of the extent to which the different species vary. As an instance of our ignorance of the distribution of some common animalsit may be mentioned that the exact range and where they meet of the three kinds of Langur monkey, 1.e., the Langur, the Madras Langur, and the Himalayan Langur is still unknown. Amongst the smaller carnivora, we find that the Waved Cat was supposed to have been originally obtained from Nepal and since then specimens have been obtained in as far distant localities as Kashmir and Rajputana. To this information Dr. Blanford adds :— “This cat must therefore be widely dispersed through Northern India, though it does not appear to be common.’ The Brown Palm-Civet is only known with certainty from the Palni and Nilgiri Hills, but Dr. Blanford suggests that it also probably in- habits the higher ranges of Cochin and Travancore. This has not been proved yet. Though many people do not know it, a Marten closely allied to the Indian Marten, Mustila flavigula, is found in Southern India in the Nilgiri and Travancore Hills. Ina paper on the Indian Marten published some years ago by Mr.’J. L. Bonhote, — the distribution of this Southern Indian race was given as the Peninsula of India ! When the Fauna was published it was thought that four Otters — were found in India, but since then Mr. O. Thomas has pointed ; out that there are in reality only three, the Common Otter and the Himalayan Otter being the same. The distribution of these three j SURVEY OF THE MAMMALIAN FAUNA OF INDIA. 1139 Otters is still very badly known, and though an otter is supposed to inhabit Ceylon it is not known to which species it belongs. In a recent number of the Journal Mr. Wroughton pointed out how little was known also in regard to the species and distribution of the Hedgehogs of India and practically nothing of their habits. Years ago the Rev. H. Baker reported, in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, that he had found in Malabar some black-velvet-coated animals which he supposed were moles. His description sounds as if the animal was mole-like, but no moles are known to inhabit that part of India. Of the thirteen white-toothed Shrews recorded in India, Burma, etc., one is found in only one locality and two known only from single specimens. ‘The Assam short-tailed Shrew is likewise only known from a single specimen. In * Notes on Jerdon ~ Colonel McMaster mentions seeing a black Shrew swimming in a stream near Nagpur. No water shrew is known south of the Himalayas so it is impossible to say to what species this Shrew belongs. Coming to the bats we find that according to Blanford there are 95 species, of which 12 are known from single specimens and 7 others from only one locality. Several new species have been described since 1891, and many additions made to our knowledge of their distribution. Even the range of such common animals as the Common and Black-naped hares is wanting, and from information recently received it seems as if, there was a variety of the last-named was confined to parts of Southern India. Of that interesting animal the Hispid Hare, found along the foot of the Himalayas and in Assam, hardly any thing is known regarding its habits. The exact range of the common Mouse Deer or Indian Chevrotain is imper- fectly known, and the study of a large series of skins from all parts of India would, in all probability, lead to some interesting results. The same might also be said of the wild Pig about which we have more to learn than many people imagine. To try and remedy the above defects, the Committee of our Society have decided to undertake a survey of the Mammals of India, Burma and Ceylon, and recently issued an appeal to members 1140 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. for funds to enable them to employ two or more trained European Collectors to make a collection of the Mammals of India, Burma and Ceylon, all over the country, and in anticipation of obtaining the necessary money they commenced by engaging the services of Mr. C. A. Crump who collected for several years with Colonel Ward in Kashmir. The sum, which it has been estimated, will be required for the | purposes of this scheme to maintain two Collectors for two years only is Rs. 30,000 (€ 2,000), which can hardly be considered a large sum when we consider the enormous expanse to be covered and the great value the results of the work will be to Zoology in India. In recent years a few volunteers have sent In specimens parti- cularly Colonel Ward, Major Dunn, Major Magrath and Captain Whitehead, but it is recognised that the Kuropean in this country, whether in Military or Civil employ, has neither the time nor opportunity to collect Mammals and that the only way in which such work can be satisfactorily done is by the employment of trained men for the purpose. Mr. Oldfield Thomas, in charge of ~ the Mammal Department at the British Museum (Natural His- tory), South Kensington, fully supports our scheme and has agreed to identify all specimens for our Society and to describe t any new species or varieties in our Journal. i At present, until sufficient funds are forthcoming, the Society P dare not employ more than the one Collector, but it will be a reerettable thing if this is not speedily altered, and if only the money was obtainable the Society has at the present moment the chance of obtaining the services of Mr. Shortridge, as he has been recently invalided home from the New Guinea Expedition. A good many members and others in Burma and elsewhere have kindly offered to help our Collectors when they visit their districts, and this assistance is greatly appreciated, but more money must be obtained if the scheme is not to fall through. The Society has some 1,500 Members on its Register, and it a only each member would contribute Rs. 10 a year for two years this would guarantee the whole sum. SURVEY OF THE MAMMALIAN FAUNA OF INDIA. 1141 The following donations have been received up to 15th April 1911 :— NAME. | Amount. [Xs A iP. H. H. the Maharaja Scindia (1st donation) .. | 2,000 ) 0 The Hon. N.C. Rothschild .. ys se I) Ls) 0 0 H. H. the Rao of Cutch ae a Fle O00 0 i) HW. H. the Maharaja of Mysore BY ae e000 | 0 0) Sir Dorab J. Tata .. vt se | ALCOCK) i) 0 H. H. Sayajirao Gaikwad of Baroda .. Pa o00 0 0 Mr. H. M. Phipson .. ay ie | 5 2D) 0 0 , Arthur Sassoon .. a ne bole SPD 0 0 Peis. Millard .. 2: Ss i 200 0 0 Dr. N. Anandale Exe 150 0 0 H. E. Sir George Clarke, G.C. M.G. oy ME CAL 100 0 0 Mr. G. Laird MacGregor a ; es 100 0 0 » HH. Ernest Green ra be a 100 0 Oe Prof. G. A. Gammie. ie a a 100 0 | 0 Mr. G. R. Lowndes .. se i, so | OO) 0 0 Capt. R. D. MacGregor ee a8 Jo) eeOO 0 0 H. H. Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan .. an earl» 2 JOO) 0 0 Hon’ble Mr. W. T. Morrison .. 100 0 0 Shrimant Chintamanrao Appasaheb Patw ardhan, 100 0 0) Chief of Sangli. | Lt.-Col. W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S. ne iol DO oO 0 Mr. H. P. Macnaghten an Ve 50 0 | 0 » H. W. Warburten, I.C. S. Nee: an 50 0) 0 » J.A. Brandon .. iA ae aia 50 0 0 » D.G.Hatchell .. re iN AeA 50 0) 0 ,» Geo. E. Bright .. ns a er | 50 0 0 Lt.-Col. T..E. Dyson, I.M.S. .. ree bad| 50 0 0 Col. H.D. Oliver... 2 ae me 50 0 0 Mr. L. H. Savile ! am ae 50 0) 0 ,» A. T. Wilson a ee ass 50 0 ) Capt. J. L. Lunham, 1I.M.S. .. i aot 30) Mi) 0 Mr. J. EK. B. Hotson, 1.C.8. .. ce ae | SOMO) 0 oo VE ME. Currie, 1-C.S8. —. ot me aui| 30 Ory © Capt. R. A.Lyall . ni = Dr engae 30 0 0 Mr. J. E. Needham .. ue aif sre 30 0) 0 » HH. L. Sale, I.C.8. o. ibe | 25 0 0 ee Vv. Hi Boalth .. mee 25 0 0 » J. MeNeill, 1.C.8. oe oe | 25 0 0 Lt. Commdr. Honb’le R. O. Bridgeman ae 25 0 0 Mr. B. D. Richards .. a ss -. | 25 0 0 » R.A. Wilson i : 25 0 0 Lt.-Col. N. A. H. Budd Py 5 0 0 | Carried over ..| 9,825 0 0 | t l 1142 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. NaME. Amount. ts: Aes Brought forward ..| 9,825 0 0 Capt. A. H. Mosse, I.A. ; ae a 25 0 0) A. T. Hunt, RN., C.1.E. *. a 25 0 0 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker ; 5 oe 25 0 0 Rear-Admiral Sir H. E. Slade, K.C.LE., M.V.O. 25 0) 0 Mr. G. 8S. Hardy, I.C.8S. Kg ae Ae 25 0 0 Hon’ble Mr. R. A. Lamb as a ae 25 0 0 Mr. F.G. Preston .. ae cts 25 0 0 ,» W.O. Hannyugton, J.C. S. of Ws 25 0 0 General Osborn ae ae ae - 20 8 0 Mr. A. L. Emanual, 1.0.8... th Ae 20 0 0 » L. V. M. Robertson ate ae - 20 0 0 | Capt. H. F. Salt, R.F.A. sit Hie ta) 20 0 0 Mr. P. S. Patuck, I.C.8. BG we a 20 0 0 Major V. G. Drake-Brockman ae: ee 20 0 0 Capt. W. R. G. Scroggie, I.M.S bis ‘7 20 0 0 Mr. C.8. Barton... be Bie 16 0 0 » H. Alan Hay .. os re af 15 9 0 », stanley Pershouse ay a oe 15 $ 0 | , H. G. Chippindall ye bi Ley 15 8 0 » -.R. Lawrence.. ay ae a 15 OT ae Capt. J. M. Skinner... or ti fs 15 0 0 Lt.-Col. R. M. Betham Ne Me ie, 15 0 0 Mrs. S. D. Sassoon .. ae Be oo 15 0 0 Capt. J. R. Tyrell .. $i a te 15 0 0 Mr. C. Petley ie as ee i 15 0 0 » H. F. Saunders.. ap i is 15 0 0 pp dolovay ARG May 9) ad ue a * 15 0 0 Capt. C. K. C. Stuart of oe =: 15 0 0 Mr. C. G. Trench, 1.C.8. as ne ye 15 0 0 | Capt. F.C. Fraser .. sh ae a 15 0 0 Mr. J.M.Coode ... oe me 15 a0) 0 Major P. P. Kilkelly, I.M.S. at aps 15 0 0 Capt. K. G. Gharpurey on oe aS 15 0 0 Mr. Chas. Mackinlay are ne ery 15 0 0 Ee Blantord sD). Cay a ee a 15 0 0 Capt. C. R. Routh .. or on 2 15 0 0 Prof. K. Burnett... wv; ck Kd 15 0 0 Major C. H. Ward .. si aM “is 15 0 0 Mr. Chas. White Be: Me a ie 15 0 0 » H. V. Cobb, I.C.8. - ie se 15 0 iG ,» EF. Hannyugton.. % ts ue 15 0 0 Dr. Wm. Forsyth .. a ue a 15 ) 0 Mr. L. O. Clark, 1.C.S. me ae uh 15 0 0 Lt.-Col. H. Lowther. oF be 16 0 0 M. Harington, LM. on ae ate 15 0) ae Mr. G. B. 8. Cubitt . a ate is 15 0 «Re Carried over .. | 10,633 2 0 SURVEY OF THE MAMMALIAN FAUNA OF INDIA. 1148 » N. B. Kinnear Received since 15th April Total received up to 30th April NAME. Amount. Rs. A iB Brought forward 10,633 2 O- Mr. R. G. Campbell .. 15 @) 0 Capt. D. Campbell 14 13 8 Prof. P. F. Fyson 10 4 0 Capt. W. H. Evans .. 10 8 0 Mr. H. Whistler 10 4 0 Dr. G. R. Tambe 10 0 0 Mr. R. H. Heath 10 0 0 Pe Vialsh. : 10 0 0 ,» A. EH. Jones a3 10 0 0 » G. C. Butterworth 10 0 0 Prof. J. N. Fraser 10 i) 0 Mr. K. P. Comber 10 0 0 Dr. M. F. Suter 10 0 0 Capt. H. H. Smith 10 0 0 Mr. F. J. Mitchell .. 10 0 0 Major J. Girvin, R.A.M.C. 10 0 0 - , %H.A. F. Magrath 10 0 0 Mr. A. Wimbush 10 0 0 », H. Vernon Purkis 10 0 0 Lt. F. B. Scott, 1.A... 10 0 0 Mr. R. Volkart 10 0 0 » W. Reinhart 10 0 0 » BR. Whately 10 0 0) » K. R. Bomanji .. 10 0 0 Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, 1.M. Ss. 5. (Reta) 10 0 0 Mr. W. J. N. Ryan .. 10 ) 0 » ». B. Tyabji 5 0 0 Total Rs. 10,908 15 8 The following subscriptions have been promised :— Mr. G. M. Ryan Jee, + LOO » L. RK. Bell , 10 per month. » ». C. G. Wood a 10 2nd donation. Major J. Girvin, R.A.M.C. wei fon 0) ea os Extra donations :— Mr. G. R. Lowndes Camp Kit. Second-hand Rifle. Rs. 1,565 0 0 _ Rs. 12,473 15 8 1144 REVIEW. AN INTRODUCTION TO BLOLOGY FOR STUDENTS IN INDIA. BY R. H. Lioyvp, Caprt., 1.M.s. {Longmans § Co. Price Rs. 4. | Teachers of Natural History all over India will cordially welcome this work which, with the exception of a small book by Powell, is the first attempt to adapt the teaching of Animal Biology to the local conditions and needs of the Indian student. The first eight chapters are devoted to excellent descriptions of Indian ~ examples of most of the Invertebrate sub-kingdoms. These examples are for the most part easily obtainable and have been selected with judgment. No vertebrate or vegetable organism is described, nor do we think there is any great necessity to describe the vertebrates, as so many English text- books give satisfactory descriptions of types easily obtainable in India. The last four chapters are good but brief essays on the principles of Biology, Evolution, Variation and Heredity, which are however mainly illustrated by facts in vegetable and vertebrate organisms. There are few points in the book which call for further criticism Aon warm praise. For instance, we are told that “‘ Distoma is not common in India.” Ten years ago we never had any difficulty im finding it in Calcutta. In Hastern Bengal this parasite has at times caused us personally pecuniary loss, and seemed to us to be present in the majority of apparently healthy sheep and goats. We are surprised to learn that Hugiena cannot be easily obtained in Calcutta. The author’s description of the Earthworm Pheretima ( Per- cheta posthuma differs in many particulars from the older account by Powell; thus the dorsal pores are said to occur between each segment ; the vasa deferentia on each side are said not to unite, but run separately side by side till they reach the “prostatic” duct. We have examined six specimens since reading Capt. Lloyd’s book, and found the ducts unite in all six cases in the 12th segment. Perhaps Capt. Lloyd’s description was taken from an aberrant specimen, or possibly the worm of Caleutta differs from that of Bombay. Lloyd describes as the “crop” the thick walled organ usually called the “ gizzard.” We do not quite appreciate what he describes as “‘the cesophageal glands.” The drawing shows these glands in the situation of what — Powell has described as “ mop-shaped or compound nepbridia.” These | structures are undoubtedly nephridia. The name “cesophageal glands ” has already been given to well recognised structures of totally different homology. REVIEW, )145 Few will agree with the author’s account of the thorax of the mosquito. He regards the scutellum as representing the whole of the mesonotum and all anterior to it “‘more than three-quarters of the whole” thoracic terga as the pronotum. On page 180 we read “In a European species of cockroach the males are wingless "—an obvious slip of the pen for females. But why European ? Is not S. orventalis all too common in India ? One or two sentences might perhaps be better worded, for example page IX—“ Science is our united experience of material things as expressed mm books.” On page 2, “ Bacteria which have emerged from minute round bodies called spores, just as a chicken emerges from its egg.” These are small faults easily rectified in future editions. The book as a whole will be a great assistance to both teacher and student. A. POWELL. INDIAN EARTHWORMS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. W. Michaelsen, “The Oligochzeta of India, Nepal, Ceylon, Burma and the Andaman Isles, “ Mem. Ind. Mus., vol. i, pp. 101-253 (1909), and “ Die Oligochatenfauna der vorderindisch-ceylonischen Region,” Abhandl. Naturwissen. Verein, in Hamburg, Band xix, Heft 5, pp. 1-107 (1910). In the’two papers to which a reference is given Dr. W. Michaelsen, of the Hamburg Natural History Museum, the author of the admirable volume on the Oligochzeta in “ Das Tierreich,” discusses the taxonomy and distri- bution of the earthworms of India and Ceylon and of their allies, the minute aquatic species of the families Aeolosomatidze, Naididze and Tubificide, his investigations being based mainly on the collections preserved in the Indian Museum. In his last paper he recognizes 177 species of Oligo- chzeta as occurring in India (including Nepal, Burma and the Andamans) and Ceylon. Of these, 24 species belong to the aquatic families, 1 species (Henlea lefroyi, Beddard) is parasitic in habits, and 152 are true earthworms. The aquatic Oligocheta exhibit many interesting features as regards habits and structure,“ but with few exceptions they have an extremely wide distribution, the same species often occurring in all geographical regions. They are therefore of less geographical interest than the true earthworms. Dr. Michaelsen divides the earthworms, considering them from a geo- - graphical point of view, into two categories, ‘“‘endemic”’ and “ peregrine ” species, the latter being species which accompany man in his wanderings and are introduced with garden plants and the like into the country sur- “ As regards the Indian species see Stephenson’s papers (Mem. Iné. Mus., Vol. i. pp. 255-281 : Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. i, pp. 133 and 233 (1907) : vol. ii, p. 39 (190s) : vol iii, p 105 (1909) ; vol. v, pp. 59, 233 and 241 (1910). 1146 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. rounding human habitations. He regards 31 of the species found in India and Ceylon as peregrine and a considerable number as of doubtful origin, but the great majority he asserts to be endemic in the strict sense of the word. It may be noted, however, that while the earthworms of Bengal, certain parts of the Himalayas and Madras, the plains of Travancore and of the United Provinces are now pretty well known, those of the Bombay Presidency have still been very imperfectly collected and studied. In the first of his two papers Dr. Michaelsen states that the Indian Empire and Ceylon may be divided, so far as the earthworms are concern- ed, into three geographical regions, a North Indian Region, a South Indian- Ceylon Region, andan Indo-Malayan Region. The last is of course not confined by the political boundaries of the Indian Empire but extends eastwards and southwards into Malaysia. So far as our fauna is concerned it includes only Burma and the Andaman Islands. The North Indian Region includes all India north of a line drawn from west to east “ some- what north of the latitude of Madras.” The South Indian-Ceylon Region is divided into two sub-regions, the South Indian and the Ceylon Sub- region. With afew exceptions the earthworms of the Western Himalayas, as well as all those known from the Punjab, are Palearctic species, but Dr. Michaelsen considers them to be peregrine, and is apparently prepared to deny that there are any indigenous earthworms in North-Western India. As some of the specimens he has examined come from localities in the Western Himalayas far from any human dwelling, and asthe many other elements (¢.y., the Diptera) in the fauna of the same localities are Palearctic, it is difficult to accept this verdict as final. A different view is taken by Beddard as regards the earthworms of Gilgit.* Dr. Michaelsen isan enthusiast on behalf of the earthworms. “The | endemic terrestrial Oligochzetes,’ he writes, “give us one of the best documents for the geological history of a country.” He evokes a chain of islands between New Zealand and the Eastern Himalayas to afford a passage for the westward march of the Octochetine, and when it is no longer needed for the use of these favoured creatures, dismisses it beneath the sea. We may not be able to follow him in such flights, but it is impossible to avoid recognition of the laborious and accurate work that forms their starting pomt. All Indian naturalists must be grateful to him for his researches on a group that has hitherto been much neglected m this country but possesses a real geographical importance.—N. A. *““ They are entirely European, 7.¢., Palearctic species: they belong, in fact, to the usual British forms. This is of interest, as being an approximation to discovering the limits of the Oriental region for worms”: Beddard in Alcock’s Report on the Natural History Results of the Pamir Boundary Commission, p. 45 (Calcutta, 1898 ) 1147 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. No. 1.— VITALITY OF A WOUNDED TIGER. In March 1888 [ was out in the banks of the Kosi where it leaves Nepal. On the 19th March I fired at a tiger as he disappeared into the jungle and hit him over the left kidney, he could not be followed that evening as it was almost dark. On the 21st he was put up and fired at. On the 24th he was seen, also on the 28th. On the 30th he was put up and killed by a bullet through the skull. One of the party got off his elephant and on to the pad elephant to help in putting up the dead tiger. He was not long at work when he was seen to leap off wildly and begin vomiting and remarked that the stench from a wound in the tiger’s back was awful and that it was the tiger I had wounded a week ago. A post mortem was made—my bullet had struck the spine just above the left kidney, breaking up the kidney, part of the liver, the whole of the left lung and the pericardial sac was filled with blood, the side of the spine was deeply scraped for about 3 inches and the last rib broken. W. FORSYTH. Pen ItHon Hatt, Newtown, N. Watszs, 4th January 1911. 1148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. No. 11.—OLD WOUNDS IN TIGER AND PANTHER. The accompanying illustration is from a photograph of the left and right femur of a tiger and panther respectively, shot by myself. It will be noticed that they have both been fractured but have re-united, making of course in each case one hind leg shorter than the other. In the case of the tiger, | was unable to ascertain how the bone (the larger one in the photograph ) had been fractured, but in the case of the panther the injury had, no doubt, been caused by a bullet, as I found no less than three old bullets in its body. The tiger too had probably been wounded in the same way although there were no signs to show this. Both animals must, at the time of the injuries, have had considerable difficulty in obtaining their natural food if indeed they were not quite incapacitated from doing so. It is at such a time that tigers and panthers are supposed to take to man- eating as being the easiest way of satisfying their hunger, but I can confi- dently say that neither of these animals were man-eaters. The panther was an exceptionally fine one and measured 7 feet 8 inches in length. It had killed two or three of my young buffalloes before | shot it. There is room for much conjecture. Marsn Hat, Sourn Morron, N. Devon, L. L. FENTON, 30th October 1910. Lr.-Cot. {Our Society has in its museum a somewhat. similar specimen tothe above—— being the tibia and fibula of a tiger shot by Lt.-Col. G. H. S. Gimlette, I.M.S at Rewah, C.I., some years ago. Major Gimlette when sending the specimen. remarked that the tiger when shot was going quite soundly and showed no sign lameness. The bullet, if we remember rightly, was still in the leg bone.—EDs. | No. I11.—THE NUMBER OF CUBS IN A TIGER’S LITTER. In March 1887 I was out on the banks of the Kosi after tiger, when a tigress was shot. On examination it was found that the uterus held 5 foetus. In 1888, on the 3lst March, on the same ground a tigress was shot, the uterus held 5 foetus within a work of being born, the skins were to be sent to Rowlend Ward. In 1887, 7 tigers were shot in 6 days. In 1888, 21 tigers were shot in 31 days, over ground some 20 miles im length and 10 miles in breadth. This ground is partly in British India Territory and partly in Nepal. It isa great grazing ground in the hot weather and tigers follow the herds and in addition hog-deer and pig are very common, so tigers are well fed and their procreative powers are well developed. We came several times on a tigress and 3 cubs. Pen IrHon Hatt, Newron, N. WALEs, W. FORSYTH. Ath January 1911. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1149 No. LV.—SAMBUR AND TIGER. A short account of the behaviour of a sambur doe whilst | was waiting for tiger the other day may be of interest. When some men went out to bring in one of my tied-up buffaloes about, 7 A. M. they were unable to approach on account of tigers growling ; the buffalo had not then been touched but when I arrived at 8 a. a. the buffalo had been killed and partly eaten. Isat over it from 1 P.M. Soon after that hour, I heard roars every fifteen or twenty minutes and the sharp clarion call of a sambur hind sounding from almost exactly the place from which the roars and other noises made by the tigers were coming. The doe or hind stuck gamely and continuously to her enemies and never once appeared to leave them all the long afternoon, frequently uttering her bugle-like note of alarm. I could trace the gradual advance of the tigers towards the kill, till at last the doe’s bell sounded quite close and almost immediately two fine tigers stepped into view. I killed one with a shot through the heart and the other disappeared. The doe however continued calling loudly for some time notwithstanding the shot fired so close to her. Had she a fawn near ? Why did the tigers not molest her ? H. W. SETON-KARR. November 1910. No. V.—FOOD OF SAMBUR. Last September I was out Pykara way—that is west of Ooty—I was much interested in noting that the sambur had eaten, and in largo quantities, the common Nilgiri nettle—Gvrandinia teterophy, etc. This nettle has large species on the leaves and ordinary clothes are no protec- tion when working through it. The irritation lastsfor some time and is very painful. It seems strange food for an animal and this in the wet weather or here there is any quantity of food of all sorts in the jungles and on the hill-sides. There is no mistake about the sambur having eaten this plant, the ground all round the plants was trodden down, and the foot marks were quite distinct. I drew the attention of two friends who were with me at the time to this, and though both of them have been in this part for many years (2.e.,in Pykara) and are most observant, this is the first occasion on which they have seen the nettle eaten by sambur, or any animal. CHAS. GRAY. OxcHARD DzENE, Coonoor, November 8th, 1910. 32 1150 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. No. VI.—ABNORMAL NUMBER OF YOUNG IN A MARKHOR. Whilst up in the Chilias district | was in the Rakhiot nullah shooting. On the 21st June I was on the hill-side between Rakhiot and Jalipur Nullahs which overlooks the Indus, trying for a good Oorial. I got a nice one of 282 inches and later whilst searching for others saw a very interest- ing sight. This was a female Markhor, sitting on a high rockin the middle of the fir jungle, with three small kids lying beside her. I watched them for a long time. Every now and again the old female would get up and look round for danger, when the little kids had a great struggle so as not to be left without a drink of mother’s milk, I was well above them and so was able to approach moderately close without being seen. I was very supprised to see them where they were as the ground was not like markhor holding ground though there was some about a mile and a _ half further along the hill-side. The local people I had with me were both well known local shikaries and said that it was the first time they had either seen or heard of markhor producing three kids at one time though tame goats not infrequently do so. They also had never seen markhor so far outside the nullah and away from their usual haunts. JHANSI, J. A. POTTINGER, August 16th, 1910. 30th Punjabis. No. VII. NEW INDIAN BATS. In the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for December 1910 Dr. Knud Anderson describes ten new Fruit-bats among which is a racial form of cynopterus sphint=C. marginatus of the Fauna of B. I., the short-nosed Fruit-bat. This race Dr. Anderson calls C. sphina gangeticus destinguishing it from C. S. sphina by its larger size. He remarks that this bat C. sphiny “falls into two well-marked races. The smaller C. s. sphina ranges from Ceylon northward along the western side of the Peninsula at least as far as Bombay, and along the whole of the eastern side to Bengal, Assam, and N. Siam (in Asam and N. Shan it meets the extreme northern outpost of C'. brachyotis angulatus). he larger C.s. gangeticus is probably generally distributed over the North-Western and Central Provinces of India, but so far identified only from Lucknow and Nasik.” The type was collected by Major A. S. Begbie at Lucknow and was presented to the British Museum by the Society. In the same magazine for February 1911 Mr. Oldfield Thomas gives the description of new species of long-eared bat collected by C. A. Crump at Leh, Ladak. The bat is named Plecotus wardi after the donor Col. A. H. Ward. It is distinguishable from P. homochrous and P. puck by a broader skull and paler colour. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1151 No. VIII.—_GREAT INDIAN FIN WHALE NEAR RATNAGIRI. On the 9th of January the Society received information from the Collector of Salt for the Bombay Presidency of a large whale having been washed ashore near Viziadrug in the Ratnagiri district, some miles south of Bombay. Mr. C. Crump, the Society’s Mammal Collector, was at once des-' patehed to Viziadrug, but unfortunately when he arrived there he found the whale had gone to pieces, only a few bones remaining. He, however, secured several blades of baleen, the largest of which measured 14?” broad at the base and 22 inches in length. In colour the baleen was a uniform black. The whale was said to have measured between 68 and 70 feet and probably therefore was an example of the Great Indian Fin Whale (Balenoptera indica). In volume XVII of this Journal the stranding of a large whale—said to be 63 feet in length—at Bassein on April 11th, 1906, was recorded. In both eases, owing to the delay in information reaching the Society, chances have been lost of correctly determining the colour of this large whale. Through the kindness of the late Mr. Wood, I. C. S., instructions have been issued to the various officers of the Salt Department near Bombay to immediately report by telegram to the Society any large whale which may be washed ashore. Bompay Nar. Hist. Soc., N. B. KINNEAR. March 1911. No. [X.—THE RUFOUS-BACKED SPARROW (PASSER PYRRHONOTUS, BLYTH). In the Fauna of British India, Vol. Il, p. 238, the distribution of this bird is given as ‘Bahawalpur; the Eastern Nara, Sind.” Since then it has been recorded from Lahore [Journal, B. N. H. S., XTX, 259}. It may therefore be of interest to record that on February 19th of this year I met with a flock of small birds, which proved to belong to this species, in some trees on the R. Sutlej side of Ludhiana. The behaviour of the birds reminded me of a flock of Siskins or Redpolls, and I shot one, fully expecting to find it to be one of those birds. But on picking up a male: Sparrow that was new to me, [ shot a second bird and it too was a male of the same kind. The birds were tame and cared little for the gun, merely flymg afew yards and then continuing their busy search for food. Their notes were low and sweet. A few days later, on the 2nd of March, I shot a solitary female in a small grove of trees at Phillaur on the other side of the river. Rawat Pinpt, H. WHISTLER, November 29th, 1910. Indian Police. 1152 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. No. X.—THE HIMALAYAN GREENFINCH (HYPACANTHIS SPINOIDES). With reference to Mr. Dodsworth’s enquiry in the last Journal, | may mention that I have observed Himalayan Greenfinches at Kurseong (6,000 feet), Eastern Himalayas, from early in October to late in December. Kurseone, 20th December 1910. K. A. DABREU, F.Z.5. No. X1.—BLYTH’S BAZA (BAZA JERDONT). I was much interested in Mr. D’Abreu’s note of the occurrence of Baza jerdoni at Kurseong which appeared in the last Journal (No. 2, Vol. XX). I may mention that the bird is not excessively rare in this part of the district (reputed elevation 1,200 ft. to 2,000 ft.) and Mr. C. M. Inglis while staying with me shot a fine adult at the beginning of the year. I have frequently seen others while going round the garden since then and to-day came across four of these birds. One of these settled close by and from its elongated and at the time half-erected crest was unmistakable. On my pointing my stick at it, it jomed three others that were soaring round within easy shot. I may mention this is the only occasion on which I have ever seen it in more than pairs, though 4. lophotes (The Black-crested Baza) is not very rarely met in threes, fours and even up to five in a party, the latter being presumably two adult birds and the young of the season. I took a clutch (three) of the latter birds’ eggs in the early rains from a sal tree, the nest being about 25 feet from the ground. These are now in Mr. Inglis’s collection. I had great hopes of obtaining eggs of B. jerdoni as well, but the birds deserted the tree in which they showed favourable signs of breeding. However I hope to be more successful next year. The Nepalis consider both the Bazas common birds and have one name for _ both. Microhierar eutolmus (The Red-legged Falconet)—of which I have shown them four specimens—they consider an unknown bird ! Imay add in conclusion that to a casual observer 5b. jerdont may be readily mistaken for Lophospizias trivirgatus (The Crested Goshawk), the coloration of both birds being very similar. Loneview Tra Hsrare, ALEX M. PRIMROSE. PunxKaBary. P. O., D. H. Ry., 29th November 1910. ee eo ee ee ate ee ee No. XII.—SECOND OCCURRENCE OF THE EUROPEAN GREAT BUSTARD (OTIS TARDA) IN INDIA. On the 5th instant I sent you by registered letter post a skin of what I make out to be the Great (European) Bustard (Ofs tarda), an imma- ture female. . It was shot by a Zamindar near Jacobabad on Sunday, Ist January 1911, MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1153 out of a party of four. They had been about the village for some days in the gram and mustard fields. I had not heard of them or I should have gone out to try to watch them. I saw them flymg round on the Sunday morning when out pigsticking, but could not tell then that they were anything out of the ordinary. The Zamindar tells me that they used to fly around on the evenings. They have not been seen since this one was shot. All four were about the game size. The man’s father tells me that a bird like it was shot here about 25 years ago, but whether that was another Ot?s tarda or not it is impossible to say. All the people about here recognise this as a Bustard but all agree it is a strange. Would you please let me know if this is a specimen of Otis tarda, as 1 see the only one previously recorded was shot near Marden 40 years ago. LARKHANA, SIND, M. H. SIMONDS, Capr., 8th January 1911. 7th Hariana Lancers. The above skin was sent to Mr. Stuart Baker, who writes as follows :— It is now almost exactly forty years ago that Hume through his collec- tors obtained the first specimen of the Great Bustard ever obtained in India. This bird was killed on the 23rd December 1870 at Mardan, north of the Kabul River, and was one of a small party feeding im some mustard fields. A second specimen of this magnificent bird has now been obtained by Captain M. H. Simonds at Jacobabad, Sind. This bird, like Hume’s, is a young female adult and Captain Simonds has recorded the following notes as to its measurements, &c.:—Length 31:5"; tail 8”; wing IP aay tarsus 4°5"; bill from gape 2°75"; weight, after cleoneae 5 lbs.” The weight of the uncleaned bird, fresh, we may estimate at about 8 lbs. The wing in its dry state is just over 19” and the bill from tip to feather of forehead is 1°38”. The tarsus if measured at the side from joint to joint is 4°30"; mid toe, including claw, 2°41”. The rufous pectoral land, which in the male extends across the heart, is well developed in this female on both sides of the heart, though hidden to a great extent by the superlying grey feathers. Dacca, 13th March 1911. BE. C. STUART BAKER. No. XITI.—THE EUROPEAN BUSTARD (OTIS TARDA) IN NORTHERN INDIA. Tam sending you a wing and foot of a great Huropean Bustard, two of which were shot by a Daffadar of the 15th Lancers on the 8th instant, between this place and Mardan. Seven of these rare visitors have been seen near here during the last fortnight, and I have been out after them several times but could not get 1154 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NA TURAL HIST. SOCKET Y, Vol Ae near them. Iam sorry I cannot send a whole skin as the man hallaled them very badly. In North China I once saw a large number of both the Great Indian and European Bustard on the same ground, and it was very interesting to note the difference between them; the Great Indian Bustard were always seat- tered when feeding, and rose and flew independently like Houbara, but the European ones did not separate so much when on the ground, and rose and flew together more like geese, although, of course, not in V formation. This habit of the Great Indian Bustard of feeding apart can often be turned to good account when stalking them if riding on a camel you disturb one of the outside birds, so that it does not fly very far. Then you lie down in a direct line between the solitary bird and the rest of the flock and send your camel round to disturb the latter who will nearly always fly to join their companion and often give an easy shot, as they do not fly high. It was very cold in the north of India about Christmas, the thermometer falling to within 4 a degree of the record which accounts for their presence here, and also for some Mute and Bewicke Swans which were shot on the Kabul river near here last week. We doa great deal of hawking here specially Houbara, and it is the sreatest ambition to kill an European Bustard with a Saker Falcon, but up to now no flight has been obtained after them. I see from Hume and Marshal that it is just 40 years since an European Bustard was killed in India, and that one was then shot at the same place as these were. Itis very doubtful if they will ever be seen here again, as most of the ground will in a few years be under cultivation by means of the Malakand canal. Both the birds killed were females and weighed 92 lbs. each. ' RisaLpur, 9th January 1911. H. FOOKS, Lisvr.-Cot., I.M.S. No. XIV.—LITTLE BUSTARD (OTIS TETRAX) IN KASHMIR. I am sending you by Post a skin of what I believe to be the Otis tetrax or Lesser Bustard. This is the second of these birds, which has been shot in Kashmir during the last 12 months. This one was shot by Major Smith near the Woolar Lake. Srinacar, 16th November 1910. F. J. MITCHELL. [In Volume XVII, p. 945, Col. A. E Ward recorded a Little Bustard which was obtained near Hajan, Kashmir, in December 1906.— Eads. | No. XV.—WEIGHTS OF NILGIRI WOODCOCK. [ notice in an article under the heading ‘‘ Woodcock Shooting in the Nilgiris” in Vol. XX, No. 3, page 854, that it is stated that the heaviest bird known to have been killed on the Nilgiris turned the seale at 14% MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1155 ounces and was shot in March. In reference to this statement, it may perhaps be worth mentioning that in February 1901, I killed a Woodcock outside Ootacamund that weighed exactly 16 ounces. I weighed it several times to make sure, and finally sent to the local taxidermist, Mr. Van- Ingen to have it set up, as it was certainly the finest bird I had ever seen. H. R. BAKER, Masor, CanNANORE, 11th February 1911. 73rd Carnatic Infantry. No. XVI—OCCURRENCE OF THE GREAT SNIPE (GALLINAGO MAJOR) NEAR BANGALORE. On the 28th October 1910, a specimen of Gallinayo major, the Great, a Double Snipe was obtained by Capt. A. Boxwell, of the 119th Infantry, near Bangalore, this being the second record of its appearance in India. This specimen is that of a very young bird, probably of a late June hatching, and is remarkable for the amount of colouring in the outer tail, feathers, exceptional even for a bird of this age. It is, however, easily distinguishable from the Fan-tail by its great size and from our other large snipe, solitaria and nemoricola, by the shape of its tail feathers. From solitaria it also differs in its much shorter wing and from nemoricola in the comparative length of primaries and secondaries. From megala and stenura it can be separated at once merely by a glance at its tail feathers, none of which are attenuated. Capt. Boxwell writes concerning this specimen in a forwarding letter and a subsequent note as follows :— “The bird weighed 7 ounces. It got up from a piece of loose mud on the edge of a stream which divided some sugar-cane from a rice-field.” “Tt made no noise as it got up except the flutter of its wings which I thought was more noticeable than that made as a rule by a snipe, but I did not realize that it was not an ordinary snipe till its size on the snipe stick drew my attention.” Dacca, EK. C. STUART BAKER, F.1.s., 30th December 1910. F.Z.S., M.B.0.U. No. XVII.—MUTE SWAN (CYGNUS OLOR) ON THE MEKRAN COAST. At 6-30 a.m. on the 11th of February my cook Abdul Aziz informed me that two geese had settled on the Kalingi-Ab, about half a mile from the Telegraph Concession. I was too ill to go myself, so roused Mr. Griffiths, of the Indo-European Telegraph Department, who occupies the same rooms. He dressed and took his double barrelled gun with him. The ground adjoining the abovementioned patch of water affords no cover, so Mr. Griffiths, therefore, took a few cartridges containing ball. He fired at the birds from a distance of about 100 yards, hitting the male bird through 1156 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. the neck and slightly winging the female with the same ball, She, however, rose and flew slowly over Mr. Griffiths who shot her. The birds turned out to be Swans, and were identified with the assist- ance of Captain White, 117th Mahrattas, as being Mute Swans Cygnus olor and tallied in every respect with the description in Indian Ducks and their allies. The male was pure white, but the female was a very light lead grey on the back, and must, therefore, have been an immature bird. Abdul Aziz is a well recognised shikari in these parts, his experience extending well over thirty years, but he has not seen such birds in the neighbourhood of Jashk before. JASHK, F. G, STEINHOFF, 23rd February 1911. Medical Officer, Indo-European Telegraphs. [ As far as we are aware this is the first record of this Swan in Persia, but it is known to occur in Egypt.Arabia, Asia Minor, Afghanistan and N.-W. India.—Kds. | NO. XVIII. THE DWARF GOOSE, ANSER ERYTHROPUS, NEAR FYZABAD. To-day whilst on the river Gogra, which flows past here, [ came across a flock of geese, amongst which I noticed four very much smaller birds than the usual Indian geese. Later on in the day I very luckily came across this flock for a second time and managed to bring to bag one (I think a female) of these smaller birds. Looking up its description in Indian Ducks and their alles, 1 came to the conclusion it must be a “Dwarf Goose.” I am sending the skin down to you for identification—unfortunately in skinning, the man entrusted with the work cut off the legs, wings and beak, which will spoil it for the specimen I intended it to be. FYzABAD, G. H. PLINSTON, 23rd February 1901. XI Rajputs. [The remains of the bird are those of a Dwarf Goose, an uncommon species in India.thouch according to Blanford it is common in Persia where it breeds—EDs. | No. XILX.—NOTES ON DUCKS AT KOHAT. Lam sending you by parcel post to-day a skin of a female stiff-tailed duck, Erismatura leucocephala as I see from “ Indian Ducks and their allies” that this is considered a rare bird, and thought you might care to have the skin. I shot it a few days ago on a large tank in the salt range near Lilla, and L saw about 20 more at least; another man in my Regiment, who was shooting further west also shot two, and I saw a lot more, so it appears this duck is not so rare as is frequently supposed. T also noticed a large number of the common Sheldrake, Tadorna cornuta and shot one. Neither of these two ducks have I ever seen before in this MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1157 country. The Smew, Mergus albvellus was present on this tank, too, in big flocks, and I shot two of them and found them not bad eating after being kept several days. I see it says in Stuart Baker’s book that it is exceptional to find the Smew in large flocks. I noticed one big flight of over a 100 birds one evening. Kowat, W. M. LOGAN HOME, January 1911. 112th Infantry. No. XX.—BIRDS NESTING IN THE NILA VALLEY (GARHWAL). The following notes may be of interest as some of the nests and eggs, I believe, have not been described before. The Nila stream joins the Bhaghirathi at Searsic at about 8,000 feet elevation and the valley runs up tothe Nila Pass, on crossing which one descends into the Sutlej drainage: the valley being at the back of the first snowy range is protected from the full force of the monsoon, and although there was plenty of rain and mist. the atmosphere was fairly dry, even at the end of July. Graculus erennta.—Red-billed Chough.—I found a nestin a crevice of a cliff at an elevation of 8,800 feet on April 25th, made of deodar twigs and thickly lined with wool; it contained four fresh eggs of a whitish ground colour, thickly spotted with yellowish brown and purplish grey. It being at rather a low elevation for the Chough to build. I secured the female and within 48 hours the male had brought another mate, who actually sat in the nest for some hours; they ultimately, however, abandoned it. There were two other pairs breeding not far off, but in an inaccessible place. Lophophanes rufinuchalis.—Simla Black Tit.—These birds I found very common from 8,000 up to 11,000 feet; they appear to build invariably in a hole in the ground, usually under a stone or root, and except when building it is practically impossible to find the nests, as they are usually in most unlikely looking holes. It is also not easy to hit off the right time to get a full clutch of fresh eggs, as they have an exasperating habit of carrying in wool long after the eggs have been laid, and I lost two clutches by their being hard-set when dug out, however five nests with fresh eggs were secured, and many were seen with young in May. The nest isa mere pad of wool with a little moss and is placed sometimes two feet from the entrance ; the eggs seen were much less spotted than most tits and four seems the full clutch, at least I never saw more, either of eggs or young. Tribura thoracia.—Spotted Bush Warbler.—This bird breeds fairly com- monly in the Valley at about 12,000 feet, and a good many nests were seen in June and July: they are domed and placed on the ground in a tuft of grass or among thick herbage, and are made entirely of dry grass with usually a single feather as a lining, I only twice saw two feathers used and never more. The full clutch seems to be four, but commonly three only are 33 1158 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. laid: the eggs are longer in shape and much less speckled than those of Tribura luteiventris or Tribura mandelii. Merula mavima.—Central Asian Black-bird.—Several pairs were seen at 13,000 feet and over, and several nests with young, the eggs must have been laid early in May, when the whole place was under deep snow. However, I was lucky enough to find one pair building in June and on the 21st gota fine clutch of four from the nest, securing the birds. Their dimensions are somewhat larger than given in the Birds of India, the male being 12 inches long, wing 6°25, tarsus 1°55, bill from gape 1:25 and the eggs are larger than those I have seem from Cashmere. All the nests seen were massive structures of dry herbage and grass with a little earth on the foundation and very thickly lined with fine grass. They were all placed on ledges of rock, sometimes quite unconcealed, but the birds were very wary in approaching them. It is curious that the existence of this bird should have been overlooked in these parts, as it is fairly common and much in evidence, both from its frequenting the open and from its rattling alarm call. Adelura ceruleccephala.—Blue-headed Robin.—I got three nests of this bird, each with four fresh eggs, or from 10 to 11,000 feet in the last fortnight of May. They were all placed in banks and concealed by drooping grasses. The eggs are as described by Wardlaw Ramsay of a dull cream colour with a darker zone. The birds are very wary, while building the male appearing to be always on guard, anyhow I never saw him assisting in building: the female sits very close, once the eggs are laid, and we could never find a nest by searching, the only chance was to find a pair building, which was not at all easy, and I consider these nests as among the most difficult to find. Great numbers of these birds were passing up the Bhaghirathi Valley in April, and it would seem they do not all remain to breed in these valleys. Ruticilla frontalis.—Blue-fronted Redstart.—This was a common nest from 11 to 13,000 feet ; it has, of course, been recorded before, but I found one nest building in a cavity in a birch tree, quite 20 feet up, and on June 5th, I took the eggs (3) and secured the bird, it being such an unusual position for the nest of this bird, all the numerous nests I have seen having been on the ground, usually sheltered by an overhanging bank, stone, or grass tuft. Grandala celicolor.—Hodgson’s Grandala.—On July 15th we found a nest with two young at 16,700 feet, it was placed under a ledge of rock at the top of a snow bank and was very neatly built of fine moss with a lining of teathers, a rather large nest, 9 inches across, internally 5; meches. The eggs must have been laid by June 15th, when the place would have been in- accessible from snow. The nest was discovered by seeing the female eatching little white moths in the grass and flying off with them, but it MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1159 took several days as she went up fully 1,500 feet to her nest and the mist (which was incessant over 14,000 feet) made it very difficult to follow her. I kept the young alive for six days on white moths and ants’ eggs when they died very suddenly. One other nest with two young wasseen. Upto June 25th these birds were about in small flocks of from 5 to 10, feeding at 14,000 and some of them must have been building at that time fully 2,000 feet above their feeding grounds, so it would seem they do not separate into pairs when building, and this makes the nest more dificult to find. Accentor nepalensis.—Kastern Alpine Accentor.—Two nests were found with two and three eggs on June 27th and July 4th both in precisely simi- lar situations, being placed well under flat stones, at nearly 15,000 feet. The nests were beautifully made of moss throughout, no other material being used. The eggs were, of course, blue and unspotted. Later on several nests with young were seen. The dimensions of several specimens I secured are much less than those given in the Birds of India, all I measured being 6 inches in length with a wing of 3°5 as against 7 inches and 4 inches, and it would almost seem that this is a smaller race. Propasser thura.—White-browed Rose Finch.—Two nests of this bird were taken at 13,000 feet at the end of July, the nests were placed low down in juniper bushes and built solidly of dry grass with an mner lining of hair. The eggs are clear greenish blue, sparingly spotted with black, not with brownish grey as mentioned by Mandelli. The clutch appears to be four. Propasser ambiguus.—Hume’s Rose Finch.—Two nests were found at 12,000 feet, and I watched the birds building from afew yards off. The nest and eggs do not differ from those of Propasser pulcherrimus and the females are practically inseparable, though ambiguus is slightly the smaller, the specimens I got being 5°6 in length with a wing of 2°8, and I never got a female pulehervimus under 5:8 in length with a wing under 3:0. Propasser pulcherrimus.—Beautiful Rose Finch.—This bird was exceed- ingly common, and I saw over 30 nests, all placed low down in prickly bushes and made of dry grass and lined with hair. The clutch was usually four, but sometimes five and many full clutches were laid by July 20th. The hen sits very close and can be examined on the nest once the full clutch is laid, until then she is wary enough. Propasser rhodochrous.—Pink-browed Rose Finch.—This species was not so common as pulcherrimus, but a good many nests were seen. I should consider the eggs of ambiguus, pulcherrimus and rhodochrous as quite inseparable, a clear greenish blue with black spots, but rhodochrous is easily recognised on the nest by the broad supercilium, which shows up well while the bird is sitting. Fringillauda sordida.—Stoliezka’s Mountain Finch.—This was a common 1160 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. breeder at 13,000 feet and over. The nests are of dry grass lined with hair and always placed in a hole in the ground. The full clutch appears to be four; the bird can frequently be caught on the nest as she sits very close. I do not think this bird has been recorded as breeding in these parts before, though, of course, it has been from Cashmere and elsewhere. Besides the Grandala, I was unfortunate in finding nests with young only of Pyrrhospiza punicea, the Red-breasted Rose-Finch; Trchodroma muraria, the Wall-creeper; and Buteo feror, the Long-legged Buzzard; of other nests of interest, which however have been recorded before from other parts, we got JLerwa nivicola, the Snow-Partridge ; Cephalopyrus flammiceps, the Fire-cap ; Larvivora brunnea, the Siberian Blue Chat; Turdus visctvorus, the Missel-Thrush ; Sttta leucopsis, the White-cheeked Nuthatch; Oreocincla dixoni, the Long-tailed Mountain Thrush ; Accipiter nisus, Sparrow Hawk ; Chelidorhynx hyporanthum, the Yellow-bellied Flycatcher ; Pycnorham- phus carneipes, the White-winged Grosbeak; Horornis pallidus, the Pale Bush-Warbler, and Anorthura nepalensis, the Nepal Wren. BareiLiy, December 1910. S. L. WHYMPER. No. XXI.—THE BROAD SNOUTED MUGGER IN THE INDUS. | A fallacy that numbered me among its victims until quite recently was that of the non-existence in the Punjab rivers of the broad-snouted mugger, 7.e., either Crocodilus porosus or palustris, the variety Gavialus gangeticus, or fish-eating crocodile, is of course common. Formerly I had y F J fi supposed that this latter species was the only one to be found in the Indus or its tributaries, and from questioning other sportsmen it appeared that I was by no means the only one to hold these views. Quoting from the Indian Field Shikar Book, it being the only reliable work in which I have found any reference to the crocodile, we learn that Crocodilus prosus in- habits the rivers of Bengal, the East Coast of India and Burma, whilst the habitat of palustiis is practically the same as that of porosus. So there would seem to be fair excuse for my former supposition. During a three years’ sojourn in Dehra Ismail Khan, I never heard of such a thing as a broad-snouted crocodile in the Indus. Though, I shot not a few fish-eaters and spent many days after them. In October last I proceeded on a boating trip downstream, and in due course of time arrived opposite the formerly important town of Leiah, some sixty miles as the crow flies from my starting point. The boatmen had already excited j my curiosity by accounts of some broad-snouted crocodiles, which lived in a “dhand” or sluggish tributary of the Indus close to Leiah. They said there was a regular colony of these brutes living in this place, the larger ones measuring 10-12 feet in length and the smaller ones anything ~ down to 3 or 4 feet; that they had taken several people during the last © four years or so, besides occasional goats, sheep, &c., and that they were MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1161 only to be found in this “ dhand” and never in the main river. As sport had hitherto been rather poor, I resolved to go and look up these muggers, though I was sceptical of their existence. We arrived at last at about 4-30 p.m. at the place where the guide said that the muggers were most often seen. The “dhand” here was’ some 30 yards broad with banks from 10 to 15 feet high covered here and there with clumps of long grass and small bushes. The water subse- quently proved to be very deep, the banks seeming almost vertical except at certain well-marked fords. I was gazing at what looked like a piece of driftwood in the water, when it slowly sank and re-appeared a few yards further on, proving the existence of one mugger, anyway. Shortly afterwards the shikari spotted one on the bank opposite us. He was lying in the middle of some rushes, and was so well hidden that I could scarcely make out anything without my glasses, although the distance was only about 40 yards. The mugger did not move in the slightest, while we were watching him and appeared to be quite used to men, and I finally shot him through the neck. A local fisherman, who was with us, volunteered to swim across and tow the mugger back, a feat which he performed without any difficulty, although there were certainly more muggers in the water close by. The mugger proved to be a well-conditioned little beast of 5 feet 6 inches with a girthof 242 inches, and on skinning him we found him to be covered with fat. Natives keep this fat for use as an embrocation, and we took twice as much of this off him as off any fisheater I have ever shot. The reason for this is that the stream swarms with various sorts of fish, moving up to 15 lbs. or more, and these evidently provide the muggers with an easy and inexhaustible supply of food. _ Although I stayed at this place until the following afternoon, I did not succeed in bagging another, though I killed a fish-eater of about 11 feet, and also blew up the head of a mugger of quite 10 feet, which rose to the surface of the water close tome. Neither of these corpses were retrieved. It was apparently very lucky to find the small one out on the bank, as the people told me that the broad-fronted muggers seldom came out to bask, though they often float on the top of the water. I very much regret that I did not count the teeth of this crocodile, so the question of the genus being palustris or porosus still remains to be decided. The local name for the broad-snouted mugger, by the way, is (“baghori”) Urdu wy gel the fish-eater being knownas “magegar,” magear mach or “sansadr” usually the latter. ‘Gharial,” the native name attributed to Gavialus gangeticus in the Indian Field Shikar Book, is unknown on the Indus, and I have yee to meet a native who understands it. Can anyone solve the problem of how these crocodiles got inte that “dhand?” They are unknown in the main stream, although the “dhand” 1162 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX, leads directly into the Indus. They have been there now some 4 or 5 years according to local accounts. The accompanying photos are disappointing, as the sole of films turned out to be a bad one. They show, however, the mugger, and also the dhand” where he lived. R. FRANCIS, Lirsvr., JULLUNDER, 25th January 1911. 47th Sikhs. [The name “ gharial” is probably a Ganges or Brahmaputra name. The broad- snouted crocodile was probably C. palustris, which is the common one on the West Coast of India, vide Boulenger’s Reptilia Fauna of British India Series.—Eps. | No. XXII.—A NEW SNAKE SIMOTES JUGLANDIFER HITHERTO UNRECOGNISED AS A DISTINCT SPECIES. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1163 In a previous issue of this Journal (Vol. XIX, pp. 5 and 8) under the name Simotes albocinctus, Variety juglandifer 1 commented upon a snake which has up to the present time been considered merely a colour variety of the species albocinctus. I remarked that this form appears so different in its markings from the typical variety of albocinctus, that to those unacquainted with ophiology the two would certainly be taken to be different species. The fact that after a repeated and critical examination of the two, side by side, I could discover no difference im the lepidosis, compelled me as it had done others before me, to accept the view that juglandifer was merely a colour variety of albocinctus. I have now, however, evidence to put forward to claim for the former the rank of a species distinct from albocinctus. 1 find that in juglandifer there are short edentulous spaces anteriorly and posteriorly in the palatine bone; the former would accommodate one tooth, and the latter two or three. In albocinctus there is no space anteriorly, and a short space that might accommodate one tooth posteriorly. In both species there is a slight interval in the pterygoid bone anteriorly that might take a single tooth, and in both the maxilla and mandibles are toothed to their extreme anterior limits. As will be seen from the synopsis of dentition from three skulls of each in my collection, there are rather fewer palatine teeth in juglandifer. The fact that the lepidosis in the two appears to be identical makes a detailed description of this unnecessary, but in colours and markings the two are very distinct. Albocinctus is usually reddish or dark-brown dorsal- ly with light, black-edged crossbars. Juglandifer is dark-brown dorsally, and has a series of peculiarly shaped marks reminding one of the kernel of a walnut running down the back, just like those seen in L. splendidus and oligodon venustus. These marks are sometimes completely bisected by the masial anterior and posterior indentations. Sometimes too there are broken crossbars in the intervals as shown in figure 1 of our Plate. Both appear to grow to a similar length. Both species occur in the Eastern Himalayas and the Assam (Khasi) Hills. I have found albocinctus in the Assam Plains at Dibrugarh. 1164 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Though not very uncommon juglandifer is not nearly so numerous as albocinctus. The dentition of the two in my specimens is as follows :— J Be) eh es le 3 9S : a Habitat. = = 4 2 iS Species. 3 Sea we Wie anne Co ~~ an om hes et X | 2 a |Dibrugarh .. ..| Left. | 10 8 19 | 16 | albocinctus. Right.| 11 9 19 | 15 | Var. typrea. 6 |Dibrugarh .. —..| Left.| 10 | 92] 18 | 18 Do. ; Right.| 10 9? 19P | 14 : ¢ |Pashok (East Hima-| Left.| 11 | 7 ipa) Deo. layas). i Right.| 10 8 ? 15 } d|Tindharia (Hast| Left. | 12 es 17? | 13 | puglandifer. Himalayas). . Right.} 11 i 18 15? e Ditto He Wettal| 10) |) wen) Min @leey leis Do. Right.| 10} 7 | 17(18?)| 15 f | Pashok or Tindharia.| Left. | 10?| 6(7?) | 16(172)| 17 | ‘Do. Right.| 10 | 6(72)| 17—«*|:17 F. WALL, c.m.z.s., Masor, I.M.S. CuirraL, Ld5th March 1940. No. XXIII. NOTES ON THE COLOUR OF THE COMMON KEELBACK. Major Wall in his article on the Macropisthodon plumbicolor refers to Can- tor’s descriptive word “ plumbicolor” as misleading, and states that the Com- mon Keelback is always some shade of green. ‘This, of course, is perfectly true of the dorsal and costal scales, but the ventrals in all the young I have examined not a great number, unfortunately have been the exact colour of plumbago, and for them plumbicolor is 2 most apt descriptive word. I should like very much to know whether young keelbacks are always found with plumbaginous belly scales. If it is owing to the charasteristic, | have mentioned that Cantor used MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1165 the word “ plumbicolor” his choice is unfortunate for the descriptive word should apply to some evident, permanent characteristic, while as far as I have observed the keelbacks, the plumbaginous belly scales disappear with age. T. M. EVANS. PancHGANI, 7th January 1911. No. XXIV.—MOSQUITOS AND FISH. The fact that fish devour the larva of mosquitos has attracted the attention of several observers in Bengal in recent years. At first sight this habit of fish does not appear to be of much significance. Mosquitos and fish as well as malarial parasites have all been living in Bengal for some time past. But the fish have become important in this connection, because of certain circumstances which are believed to appertain to the island of Barbadoes. Ii is said that there is no malaria in Barbadoes, because there are no mosquitos there. Mosquitos cannot live because all the fresh waters are swarming with a small fish called “the millions,” which would devour the larvee if they were present. It is evident that the millions do not devour mosquito larvee in Barbadoes, they have not the opportunity. The absence of malaria and mosquitos and the presence of “ the millions’’ may, for the sake of discussion, be called the narrative concerning malaria in Barbadoes. ‘There is no reason so far as | know for believing that this narrative is untrue, but it is evident that before any steps are taken in India to fight malaria by means of fish, we ought to be quite sure that it is true. If the narrative is true, there is something very remarkable about the fish called “ millions.”” In nature there is a balance between the numbers of any species and the amount of food that is available for their nutrition. Population is diminished by famine and increased by plenty, this-is no less true of fish. A given volume of natural water cannot support more than a certain weight of fish. If then the fresh waters of Barbadoes are constantly swarming with a particular kind of fish, that kind of fish must have some special source of nutriment. Most fresh waters in the world contain fish but not in swarms. Tf the millions are able to live in swarms in any kind of tropical pond, it is evident that they ought to be introduced into malarial regions. But it is most unlikely that a species of fish can exist in vast numbers in any kind of fresh water, if it has this power it must have a special method of extracting nitrogenous food out of pond water, a secret which it does not share with other animals. The suggestion has been made that in Bengal the fish Hapochilus panchar should be encouraged to play the part of the 34 1166 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Barbadoes “millions,” on the assumption, of course, that the narrative concerning the latter is strictly true. But it is unnecessary to stock tanks in Bengal with Hapochilus, for they are already stocked to a large extent. It was recently stated in one of the daily papers that the waters of some of the colliery districts in Bengal were to be stocked with Haplochilus in order to lessen malaria. Before money is spent on such a venture, it would be well to enquire whether those waters are not already supporting as many small fish as possible. It cannot be dogmatically asserted that every tank in Bengal contains Haplochilus, but fish of this kind are certainly as common and as widely distributed in Bengal as sticklebacks in England. In either case if we were to find that a long existent pond was devoid of small fish, we should strongly suspect that such were unable to live in that particular pond. The statement has been made that since the introduction of Haplochilus into the waters of the Zoological Gardens at Alipore, the larvze of mosquitos can no longer be found there. This is a misleading and even a harmful statement, for it might well induce people to spend money in stocking ponds which are already stocked with Haplochilus. Mosquito larve are still to be found in the tanks at Alipore, and the Haplochilus was there before the time of its alleged introduction. J myself saw it therein 1907. It is sometimes spoken of by observant children as the fish with the white topee. R. E. LLOYD, Carr., 1.M.S. Canourra, 13th February, 1911. Y; No. XXV.—NOTE ON THE BUG, ASPONGOPUS JANUS. During a recent tour in the Southern districts of the Bombay Presidency I happened to spend a day (October 29th) in the town of Bagalkot in the Bijapur district,—and very quickly noticed that the streets seemed to be alive with the immature forms of a pentatomid bug—Aspongopus janus. These were crawling about the road in almost every street and lane through which we passed, on the roads leading from the town, and along the railway line near Bagalkot station. Not a single adult form was noticed on the.ground in this position, but on examining one of the very common large malvaceous weeds round the town, Abutilon muticum, the adult bugs of the same species, were found in very large numbers. Several individuals were found on almost every plant, feeding on both the young shoots and the older leaves. The results of their feeding on the plant did not appear serious, and only a slight shrivelling and curling up of the younger leaves was noticed. The difference between the appearance of the adult and immature msects in this case is sufficiently striking to be figured, and the appearance MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1167 of the two is shown below. The unshaded portion is in both cases an orange red, though the tint varies much in different specimens, and the shaded part black. The figures are illustrated twice the natural size (x 2). Immature. Adult. From the same plant (Abutelon muticum) at the same time and place, I obtained several other bugs, and the fact that this is a food-plant for each of them is worth noting. 1. Nezara graminea, originally described as feeding on gramineous plants, but recorded from Bombay as found on Gynandropsis pentaphylla (Dixon). 2. Dysedercus cingulatus.—The so-called red cotton bug. 3. Oxycarenus lactus. The immature bugs of this species were present in immense numbers, almost every plant giving a considerable number. A few adults were caught, but as the insect is a fairly active flier, it would naturally not be obtained to the same extent. This insect has already been noticed attack- ing the seed capsules of other malvaceous plants. Green records it on Abutilon asiaticum in Ceylon and Dixon on Gossypium stocksii in Bombay. HAROLD H. MANN. Poona, 10th November, 1910. No. XXVI.—FEROCITY OF FEMALE MANTIS. In the note on the “ Food of a Mantis” (Journal, Vol. XX, No. 3, p. 878), your correspondent records the case of a female mantis eating the male during the act of mating and enquires if the phenomenon has been hitherto recorded with regard to this group. As a matter of fact it has been recorded more than once, Riley having 1168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Voi. XX. noted it in America as long ago as 1886 (Science Vol. VIII, p. 326). Ina note on the same subject in Insect Life (Vol. V, p. 145, 1893), the same author states :—“ It is a well known fact that the male insect of the family Mantidse approaches the female at the risk of his life.” My attention was called to this note in 1905, when I was in Washington, D. C., studying in the laboratories of the Bureau of Entomology. At that time I had a pair of the only American species, Stagmomantis carotina, under observation. One day I discovered the pair in coitu and to my astonishment the head, the anterior pair of legs and a goodly portion of the prethorax had already been devoured. The male which seemed in no way inconvenienced re- mained quietly engaged in the copulatory act, while the female continued her meal. I interrupted the copulation by pulling aside the abdomen of the male with a pair of forceps, but immediately on releasing it it returned to the original position and copulation proceeded as before. I finally killed the pair and preserved them in my collection. Unfortunately in travelling on three continents since that date, these interesting specimens became so damaged as to become useless and had to be thrown away. LESLIE C. COLEMAN. BancGaLore, 17th February, 1911. No. XXVII.—A COMMON BLISTER BEETLE (CANTHARIS ROUXT, Cast.) AS A NUISANCE TO MAN. That the blood of the Blister Beetle (Fam. Cantharide) contains a blister- ing principle (cantharidin) and that these insects are able to force the blood out through pores situated at the femoro-tibial joints of the legs are well known facts. The blistering power of Indian species seems not to have been at all vestigated, and I have been unable to find a record in print of any of these forms causing inconvenience to man. On the 11th October 1910, I received from Dr. P. Palpu, Deputy Sani- tary Commissioner, Mysore, specimens of one of the commonest Indian Blister Beetles (Cantharis rouxt, Cast) with the statement that they were swarming into the houses at nights at Harihar, flying to the lights and producing blisters by getting between the clothing and the skin. In response to an inquiry for definite information, the same gentleman stated that, in the early part of October, they had come to lights in the Harihar station in great abundance, and that he had not only examined a number of people on whom blisters had been produced by this beetle, but had also succeeded in producing blisters on his own arm by applying the exuded fluid and leaving it for 8 to 10 hours. That the above is by no means an isolated case is indicated by the fact that another gentleman has since informed me of a similar experience, although he could not inform me as to the species concerned. It would be MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1169 interesting to ascertain just how common it is, and it suggests a possible economic source for cantharidin and fly blisters in India. LESLIE C. COLEMAN. Bancatore, 17th February 1911. No. XXVIII.—GALLS OF PARACOPIUM CINGALENSE, WALK.. ON CLERODENDRON PHLOMIDIS, LINN. f. At Agali in the Bhavani Valley, on 21st January 1911, I found a num- ber of deformed flowers on a Clerodendron phlomidis bush. On opening these individuals of a Lygeid Hemipteron were discovered, which turned out to be Paracopium cingalense, Walk. (vide Rhynchota, Fauna of British India, Vol. II, p. 128, fig. 92). The normal flower of C. phlomidis has a tubular carolla, with expanded limb, from # tol inch long, extruding from a wide campanulate calyx (fig. 1). In the deformed specimens the carolla fails to develop on the ordinary lines, but swells into a globular gall distending the unaltered calyx. The throat remains open, but is blocked by the undeveloped lobes outside (fig. 2), and the rudimentary stamens within. The gall is moderately thick- walled and hollow, no trace of ovary and style being present. From 1 to 7 live individuals were found in a single gall, all in the same gall being in the same stage of development, but in the several galls all stages of development were to be seen. That the insect reaches maturity before emerging can hardly remain in doubt, seeing that in two cases pairs were detected in copulla within a gall. The growth of the gall keeps pace with the development of the insects within and remains green till after the latter have matured, when the walls break down or crack through desiccation. In the smallest galls very young wingless nymphs were found and the mature only in the large galls and proportionately with the intermediate sizes and stages. The rudimentary stamens effectually prevent the egress of the guests until the walls of the gall break down, but apparently permit the entrance of visitors, for occasionally small diptera and lepidopterid larvz were found within. When a practical exit was cut in a mature gall, the perfect insects eagerly escaped into the light; in the opposite case, the immature ones sought to conceal themselves in the darker recesses and under the debris of cast off integuments. I could detect no eggs and am unable to suggest where and how these are laid. No “ambrosia ”’ fungi or other source of food occurs in the lumen of the galls, and it must be presumed, therefore, that the insects feed entirely on juices extracted from the walls of their prison. 1170 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. = OSS_ 1. Normal flower of Clerodendion phlomidis (Nat. size.) 2. Deformed flower of Clerodendron phlomidis, Lin f. containing (Nat. size). 3. Nymph of Paracopium cimgalense, Walk. (much enlarged). 4. Adult Paracopium cingalense, Walk. (much enlarged). The nymphs (fig. 3) before the wings are fully developed are translucent : green; just before maturity the insect is very light grey, almost white, and darkens when mature (fig. 4). [omit any further description as that will be found in full on the page quoted above. CorImBATORE, 19th February 1911. C. E. C. FISCHER. No. XXIX.—NOTE ON THE RATE OF GROWTH OF BARNACLES IN. INDIAN SEAS. Mr. W. 8. Millard has submitted to me for examination three large specimens of the Acorn Barnacle (Balanus tintinnabulum, Linn.) and has asked me to write a note upon them for the Society’s Journal. As the approximate age of these specimens has been ascertained, I avail myself of the opportunity of compiling what is known as regards the rate of growth of barnacles in Indian seas. It is well known that both Acorn Barnacles (Operculata) and the stalked species (Pedunculata) are hatched from eggs as minute free-swimming larvee 99 of the “nauplius” type. After a short period of active life, their form changes and they settle down on some solid object, to which they finally fix themselves, in this position they attain the adult form. Precise records of the rate of growth of barnacles in Indian seas are few, | and even as regards European waters further information of a detailed kind _ MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1171 is needed. Gruvel, in his “ Monographie des Cirrhipédes,”’ page 426, states that the rate of growth from the fixation of the larva until the attainment of the normal size of the adult, is approximately 1 mm. a day; but it is clear from the observation of others both that the rate of growth is not uni- form in different species and under different conditions and that the rate cited by Gruvel is often exceeded. Darwin (‘ Monograph on the Cirripedia—Balanidze,’ page 156, and “ Monograph on the Cirripedia- Lepadidze,” page 63) quotes some interesting observations of his own and of other observers made in different latitudes and on different species, and a few notes on the subject may be found in the works of other writers ; but as regards Indian seas I have been obliged to rely in compiling this note on observations that have come under my own notice. As regards Pendunculates from Indian seas, I only know of one precise statement (see ‘Rec. Ind. Mus.” page 295), which was based on an ob- servation made by Dr. J. Travis Jenkins. A clean buoy was moored off the Madras Coast on February 25rd, 1910, and was lifted on March 3rd of the same year. On it were found numerous specimens of Lepas anserifera and several of Conchoderma virgatum var. hunteri. The largest of the former measured 8 mm. in capitular length, and of the latter 15 mm. JZ. ansevi- era is the commonest non-parasitic Pedunculate in the Bay of Bengal and its larvee must swarm off the Kast Coast of India in February, for every piece of driftwood or other floating substance is rapidly covered at that time of year with young barnacles of the species. Hoek (“ Siboga-Expeditie,’’ Mon. xxxia (Cirr. Ped.), p. 2) states that in the Malay Archipelago, in which L. anserifera (a cosmopolitan species) is also common, specimens with a capitular length of 2lmm. were found on the keel of the “ Siboga ” forty days after the bottom had been cleaned, and that, on another occasion, specimens with a capitular length of 25mm. were found one hundred and seven days after cleaning. The larvze of the genus Lepas do not measure more than 1:5mm. in length at the time of fixation, and I think it is legiti- mate to assume that the individuals found on the buoy must have settled on it almost as soon as 1t was put into the water. The specimens of Conchoderma found on the buoy by Dr. Jenkins are the largest examples of the variety to which they belong I have seen. This variety is apparently confined to the Indian Ocean and probably does not attain the samedimensions as the typical form of the species, which is practically cosmopolitan. Darwin states that off the Galapagos Islands certain individuals of the typical form reached a total length of half an inch (ca. 11mm.) and became sexually mature in a period of not more than thirty-three days. He gives the length of the larva at the time of fixation as 0°05 inch. The rate of growth of the Acorn Barnacles does not seem to be quite 1172 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. as rapid as that of the stalked forms. Professor Herdman found specimens of Balanus amphitrite (perhaps the commonest Indian species) on May 9th on baskets which had been placed in the sea off Galle (Ceylon) on April 17th. These specimens measured from 3 to 8mm. in basal diameter, and some of them were sexually mature (see Herdman’s “ Report on the Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries,” part v, p. 147). Balanus amphitrite is a widely distributed species, the size of which varies greatly in different circumstances ; on the East Coast of India the basal diameter of fully grown specimens is usually about 14mm. 3B. tintinnabulum, also a common species in all warm seas, usually reaches a larger size than B. amphitrite. The base of the largest of the three specimens sent me by Mr. Millard measures 56 X 59mm. These specimens were taken from the bottom of a light-ship in Bombay Harbour and must have been less than nine months old. J have examined another specimen of this species, the base of which measured 60 x 65mm. It was known to be not more than a year old, and was from the Gulf of Manaar (“‘ Mem. As. Soc. Bengal,” 1, p. 79, footnote). Darwin puts on record a statement that specimens of Bb. tintinnabulum, measuring from 5 to 6 inches in diameter, have been found on ships that had been to sea for not more than a year, while he himself found, on the Coast of Chile, a specimen of a somewhat similar species (B. psittacus) that had attained a basal diameter of 1:3 of an inch on a chain that had been six months under water. These observations, scattered and incomplete as they are, give some idea of the rapid growth of barnacles on ships’ bottoms and in similar situations, but valuable observations of a more precise nature might be made without much difficulty in a sea-port provided like Bombay with an extensive harbour. N. ANNANDALE, : Indian Museum, Calcutta. December 16th, 1910. So PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING HELD ON 19rH JANUARY 1911. A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took place on Thursday, 19th January 1911, at the Society’s Rooms, Mr. H. M. Phipson presiding. Mr. R. Gilbert, in proposing that Mr. H. M. Phipson be asked to take the chair, said that it was not often that the Society now had the chance of welcoming one who was one of the founders of the Society, and as Mr. Phipson was only making a short stay in India, they should get all the benefit they could do from his visit. Mr. H. M. Phipson then took the chair amid acclamation. NEW MEMBERS. The election of the following 96 new members since the last meeting was duly announced :— Mr. A. Kirke-Smith (Bombay); Lt.-Col. R. E. Dyer (Multan); Lt. R. B. Seymour Sewell, I.M.S ( Caleutta) ; Mr. W. H. Hunter (Calcutta); Mr. H. W. Oddin Taylor, B.Sc. (Lon.), A.M.I.C.E. (Satara); Major H. Gough, 1.A. (Quetta); Mr. A. EH. Perey Rae (Rangoon); Mr. M. N. Varvill (Bombay); Mr. D. Clouston (Nagpur); Mr. F. Ludlow (Karachi): Capt. K.G. Gharpurey, I.M.S. (Andheri) ; Major H. Robinson (Poona): Capt. W. H. Leonard, I.M.S. (Malakand); Mr. B. Gale, I.M.S. (Peshawar); Mr. J. B. Jenkins (Jalgaon); Lt. F.C. L. Grieve (Mhow); Mr. George Girard (Calcutta); Lt. C. M. Maltby (Upper Topa); Capt. W. B. Spalding (Cawnpore); Mr. A. A. Lane Roberts, I.C.S. (Kulu Punjab) ; Mr. S. R. Perfect (Karachi); Mr. H. R. Blunt (Kashmir); Lt. A. J. Lee, I.M.S. (Delhi); Capt. G. W. Hay (Hurope); Capt. E. Burd, I.A. (Rangoon); Mr. Hugh Whistler (Rawalpindi); Mr. J. C. Higgins, I.C.S. (Assam); Capt. H. D. Henderson (Manipur); Capt. B. Fagan (Manipur); Mr. F. M. Dowley (Bez- wada); Capt. W.G. B. Hawley (Multan); Mr. Rk. C. Rilley (Kandri wa Kamptee); Mr. R. N. H. Reid (Coorg); Lt. B.C. T. Paget (Wellington, Nilgiris); Mr. J. 8. Wilkes (Russellkonda, Ganjam); Mr. W. R. Shelton (Agar, Burma); The Secretary, Flyfishers’ Club (36, Piccadilly, London W.); Mr. F. von Bock (Jacobabad, Sind); Mr. H. A. Inglis (Anarh, Leberia Sarai P.O.); Mr. R. V. Gregory (Purna, Deccan); Mr. A. C. Duff, 1.C.S. (Russell- konda, Ganjam); Mr. C. C. Wilson (Coimbatore); Mr. E. M. F. Nicholson (Bombay); Major A. M. Fleming, I.M.S. (Raipur); Mr. W. T. N. Ryan (England); Major W. Selby, D.S.O., F.R.C.S., I.M.S. (Lucknow); Mr. N. Calder (Lucknow); Mr. C. H. K. Chamen (Hyderabad, Deccan); Mr. J. ¥. Keddie (Raheng, Siam); Major Lowther (Bolarum, Deccan); Mr. Colin R. White (Trichinopoly); The Mess Secretary, 18th Infantry (Ferozepore): By) 1174. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XX. Mr. K. Hacker (Mandalay, Burma); Lt. A. H. P. Cruickshank (Lahore Can- tonment); Mr. J. A. Brandon (Bombay); Lt.-Col. J. Farmer (Punjab); Mr. M. Wall (Punjab); Capt. G. F. 8. Routh (Meerut); Mr. W. Mayes (Lahore); Mr. H. G. Young (Ferozepore); Mr. P. E. Gourju (Berhampore); Mr. N. F. Peck, I.C.S. (Chittagong); Rev. E. Gombert, 3.J. (Trichinopoly); Mr. N. Gupta, Bar.-at-law (Dacca); Mr. C. C. Lumley (Decca); Mr. J. L. Remington (Bandikui); Mr. EK. Boothe (Bombay); Rev. EK. EH. Hill, M.A. (Satara); Mr. W. EK. C. Johnson (Assam); Capt. L. C. Taullier (Bombay); Mr. J. F. Blackwood (Jalpaiguri); Mr. K. L. Gordon (Ceylon); Mr. R. C. Dod- son (Sialkot); Mr. A. K. Digby (Rawalpindi); Prof. R. 8. C. Brown, B. Sc. (Poona); Rev. Father Joseph Asmuth, 8.J. (Bombay); Mr. F. B. Wilkins (Dacca); Mr. C. F. Coates (Lakon, U. Siam); Mr. D. Aitchison (Madras); Mr. E. S. Pinfold, B.A. (Rangoon); Capt. A. M. Addison (Rawalpindi); Lt. H. G. Martin (Rawalpindi); Lt.-Comdr. The Hon’ble Rh. O. B. Bridgeman, H. M.S “Redbreast” (Bombay); Mr. HE. T.C. Farr (Ceylon); Capt. W. F. Reichwald (Mhow); Lt. The Hon’ble H. G. O. Bridgemen, Rh. H. A. (Ra- walpindi); Mr. A. A. L, Parson, C.S. (Patiala, Punjab); Mr. R. C. Bolster, L.C.S. (Dera Ghazi Khan); Mr. J. H. Luke (Narayanganj); Mr. A. H. Ley, 1.C.S. (Calcutta); Mr. I. M. Cameron (Bagaha P.O., Champaram, Bengal); Mr. H. F. Treeby (Ambala); Mr. F. C. Fowle (Bombay); Capt. G. N. Reynolds (Saugor); The Mess President, 52nd Sikhs (F.F.) (Peshawar); and Capt. Boxwell (Bangalore). CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM. The Honorary Secretary, Mr. W. 8. Millard, acknowledged the following contributions to the Museum, since the last meeting :-— | Contribution. | Locality. | Donor. Young Leopard Cat (Helis benga lensis). | ] Himalayan Palm Civet (Paradoxurus niger). , $Haka, ChinjCapt. F. EH. W. Venning. Small Shrew and a Mrs. Hume’sPhea-! | Hills. sant (Phasianus humic.) J Several Jackals, Foxes, Desert and, Thar and Parkar,| Mr. E. Priestley, D.S.P. Jungle Cats, Mice, Squirrels and; District, Sind Hedgehoes. 1 Stoat (Mustela whitheadr) ? ..| Chitral .-| Major F. Wall, I.MS8. | 2 Wild Dog (Cyon dukhunensis)Skins. Kadra, Kanara ..|Mr. W. A. H. Miller, LES. 4 Bats, 3 Rats and a Squirrel . | Kurseong, Darjee-] Mr. E. A. D’Abreu. ling. 1 Marmot. 2 Mouse Hares and 1 Vole. | Baltistan . | Mr. A. S. Brooke. 1 Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys badius) ...| Jalpaiguri ..|Mr. A. Field. . | Chitral . | Mehtah of Chitral. Markhor (Capra falconeri) head Arabian Thar (Hemitragus jayakari) | Muscat .| Capt. Hunt, R.N., C.L.E. Skin with horns. | PROCEEDINGS. Contribution. Locality. Donor. Pair of Sambar horns (Cervus uini- | Kurnool .| Mr. B. H. Barlow Poole. coler). Shou (Cervus affinis) head . | Tibet .| Through Col. Manners 5 Bird Skins 35 Bird Skins ... Great Snipe (Gallinago major) ie 3 Solitary Snipe (Gallinago solitar ia). Wood Snipe (Gallinago memoricola)... Pintail Snipe (Gallinago stenura) (variety). Curlew (Numenius arquata) .. Scimitar Babbler (CBarivatior: ne erythrogenys. Marbled Teal (Marmaronetta angusti- rostris.) 1 Bittern (Botaurus stellaris) 2 Swan (Cygnizs musicus) heads 1 Whooper’s Swan (Cygnus musicus) . 1 Bewick’s Swan (Cygnus bewicki) ... 2 Golden-eyed Duck (Clangula glau- c101v). Stiff-tailed Duck (Hrismatw-a leuco- cephaia). Smew (Mergus albellus) Little Bustard (Otis tetrax) . Bueopean Great Bustard (Otis ‘tar da. 5) 5 Great Indian Bustards (Hupodotis edwards). 3 Houbaras (Houbara macqueent) 8 Bengal Floricans (Sypheotis benga- lensis). A number of Duck, &c. 400 ond 274 Birds Eges of 50 species . 3 Eges of Indian Plantive “Ondean (Caccomantis passerinus.) A large number of Snakes and Li- zards. 25 Frogs and Toads, 20 Lizards, 3 Salamanders, several Centipeds, etc. 10 Frogs... odo 500 Zamenis gemonensis Krait (Bungarus ceruleus) and Brown Tree Snakes (Dipsadomorphus tri- gonatus). King Cobra (Naia bungarus)... 0 Burmese Krait (Bungarus magnima- culatus). Several Snakes .. Dac 42 Snakes and 184 Lizards cOC errr eee BEE Ee eo ee eee WL eet ee oe ..- | Baltistan - | Garhwal -| Agra District -| Bannu -| Bhadarwa -| Neliput Hills, -.. | Rajputana : --|Thar and Parker Bangalore Chitral A Almora Bhandup Panvel Simla Ferozepore ..| Capt. F. L. Hughes. ..| Mr. S. L. Whymper. . .| Capt. Boxwell. ..| Major F. Wall, I.M.S. | Mr. J. L. Symons. ..| Mr. P. M. D. Sanderson. .| Mr. P. T. L. Dodsworth. ..| Mr. A. S. Brooke Campbellpore Marden, N.-W F. P. Jhelum Kohat Kashmir Jacobabad : Thar and Parker District, Sind. Do. Do. Pithoro, Sind Assam Hyderabad Various localities. Kurseong S. India. - | Muhammerah, Persian Gulf. Bhuj, Cutch S. Lushai Hills Shewbo, Burma. District. .| Mr. C. A. Cooke. . .| Lt. Hornsby. .| Lt. G H. Dempster. ..| Lt. W. H. Logan Home . .| Mr. EH. A. D’Abreu. .| Mr. J. H. Smith. ..| Mr. J. Masters. .| Lt.-Col. Smith. Capt. Lyall. Major H. A. F. Magrath. Major H. W. Codrington. .| Mr. H. Vernon Purkis. .| Mr. F. J Mitchell. -.|Capt. M. H. Simonds. Mr. E. Priestley. Do. Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker. . -| Messrs. J. E C. Jukes, G. M. Lane, C O. Lowsley and C. W. Arbuthnot. ..|Mr. BE. C. Stuart Baker . -| Prof. K. Burnett. Major F. Wall, I.M.S. Mr. A. M. Kinloch. Lt. A. T. Wilson F, da I M.S. Dewes, .| Mr. H. N. Coleman. Mr. E. Priestley. & ‘(1176 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Contribution. | Lecality. | Donor. 1 Snake and several Insects -.. --|Ootacamund .. .| Mrs. Millard. Some Fresh Water Fishes, Frogs and| Goa ..|Mr. P. F. Gomes. Crabs. A small collection of Butterflies ...| Kulu . -| Mr. H. Whistler. 12 Butterflies =... «. sus ...| Pachmahri . -| Capt. G. H. Evans. 1 Meteorite BAG 300 000 e--| Kotteir, Punjab. .| General W. Osborn. Minor contributions from :—Major W. H. Kendrick, Major C. H. Ward Messrs. J. H. Skelton, G. D. Ommanney, EH. C. Stuart Baker, G. M. Ryan, A. H. Marshall, W. Palmer, L. Newcome, A. Marshall, B. N. Mundy and Jaber Alt. A WHALE AT VIZIADRUG. The Honorary Secretary said that the Society received information from Mr. A. Wood, I.C.S., Collector of Salt Revenue, on the 11th instant, that a large whale had been washed ashore on the rocks about 23 miles from Viziadrug Customs House (Ratnagiri District). The Society at once sent off a man to try and measure and obtain some information about the exter- nal characters, which are still unknown, of the Indian Fin-Whales, but unfortunately it was too late and the specimen had been broken to pieces iby the sea. | From the information gained on the spot the whale measured about 70 feet in length, and was, therefore, probably a specimen of the Great Indian Fin-whale (Balenoptera indica). It was apparently stranded on the 6th — instant, and if only telegraphic information had been sent immediately to — the Society, it might have been possible to have obtained some valuable information and notes on the subject. This was the second large whale which had been washed up on the Bombay coast during the last 5 years, | and unfortunately they were still without any information as to the exter- nal characters of the Indian Fin- Whales. SPECIAL APPEAL FOR THE COLLECTION OF MAMMALS. 4 The Honorary Secretay then drew the attention of members to the urgent need of good specimens of Indian mammals, in which not only the Society ) h itself, but even the South Kensington Natural History Museum, London is more deficient than is generally realised. He considered the question of such importance and he felt sure that m ; this he had the support of all those interested in Natural History, that hem had drawn up aspecial appeal for funds to meet the expenses of two trained i collectors, whom it was proposed to bring out from home, to collect Indian a mammals for the Society. # This would be the first real attempt to collect mammals in India, which as far as he knew had never before been systematically worked. , PROCEEDINGS. WIZ This appeal, he was glad to say, had met with a response, which, seeing that the list was open only a week ago, might be considered encouraging. All subscriptions would be acknowledged in the Society’s Journal, and subscribers would be informed from time to time of the progress made in carrying out this important work. He appealed not only to members of the Bombay Natural History Society, but also to any one interested in Natural History, who would recognise that a work of this kind was not only of value to Science, but of interest to themselves; in that it supplied a want which was keenly felt even in the premier Museums of the world. This was, he said, the first appeal for funds which the Society had made since its foundation in 1883, for any of its various enterprises in Natural History, and, therefore, it was hoped that it would meet with the response it deserved. A MARINE AQUARIUM. The Honorary Secretary said that during a recent visit to Madras, he had the opportunity of inspecting the Marine Aquarium and it so impressed him with its excellence that it occurred to him that members of the Bombay Natural History Society might care to hear some details about it, and possibly by bringing it before the notice of the public, the description of it might influence some local benefactor to give to Bombay a similar institu- tion which would prove to be both popular and of educational importance. The Marine Aquarium, at Madras, was the first institution of its kind in India, if not the first in the tropics. It owes its inception to Lord Ampthill, who, while Governor of Madras, drew up in conjunction with Mr. Edgar Thurston, Superintendent of the Madras Museum, the first rough plan of a public Aquarium. It was constructed in 1908, by the Government of Madras, at a cost of about Rs. 15,000, the object being for Kducational and Scientific purposes and an annexe to the Presidency College and also for the general public. The building is a low, unpretentious brick edifice and is situated on the seaward side of the famed Madras Marine, less than a hundred yards from the sea. The site is very similar to that of Chowpatty. The main entrance leads into a large paved area with a central fresh-water pond and fountain, and on either side are five tanks with plate-glass fronts, lit from above, each measuring 7x33 feet. The entire seaward side of the central area is occupied by a large open tank at present stocked with turtles (Chelone mydas). On either side of the entrance passage are two rooms designed for Committee meetings, storage of materials, etc., and one of them is at present occupied by the zeration plant. With the exception of two tanks for fresh water fish (at present con- taming species of Megalops, Ophiocephalus, Notopterus, etc.,) which are 1178 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX. oxygenated by living Vallisneria, the remaining eight tanks contain salt water, which circulates from tank to tank and in addition are supplied with air from two compression cylinders, forced into each tank through a Berkfield filter candle. At present the cylinders are filled by hand pumps, but the use of an oil engine is contemplated. Seawater is conveyed to a covered well in the rear of the Aquarium along a pipe filled by hand at the seaward end. From the well it is pumped into filter beds, and from these passes to large elevated cisterns, whence it is distributed to the tanks. The shore water on the Madras Coast is so disturbed by the surf that this filteration is unavoidable at present, though the removal thereby of small organisms is undoubtedly a drawback. The water which has circulated through the Aquarium tanks can, if desired, be brought back to the filter beds and used a second time. The Director of the Aquarium is the Superintendent of the Madras Museum, and he is assisted by a small local Committee. The number of visitors at first was something like 1,100 a day and even now some 400 to 600 persons a day visit the Aquarium. A small admis- sion fee is charged (3 an anna) and one day in the week is reserved for the upper classes who pay 4 annas each, and one day is reserved for purdah ladies. The number of visitors from 21st October 1909 to 31st March 1910, was 100,463 and the amount realised in admission fees was Rs. 3,330-4-6. The largest number of visitors on a single day was 3,456. The staff consists of 8 keepers, 2 door-keepers and coolies costing about ts. 100 per mensem, so that at present it may be considered as self- supporting. The magnificent colours and wonderful shapes of many of the fish form a most attractive display. The exhibits include Sea-snakes (Lnhydrina and species of Distia) and among the fish species of the following :— Ginglymostoma, Stegostoma (Tiger sharks), Chilosecyllium, Murzena (Eels), Arius, Therapon Serranus, Lutjanus, Myripristis, Trachynotus, Pterois, Caranx, Antennarius, Heniochus, Julis, Teuthis, Balistes, and Tetrodon. The invertebrates comprise cuttle fish, holothurians, hermit crabs (Clibanarius), swimming crabs (Scylla and Neptunus), lobsters (Panulirus), prawns (Penzeus), etc. All the specimens had been taken on the Madras Coast within a few miles of the Aquarium. Fish are brought in by paid fishermen who, however, will not bring in live edible fish. Rs. 5 has been offered for a live pomfret without success and none of the common edible fish appear to be procurable. Feeding.—Owing to the fact of the water being filtered artificial food has to be supplied and lumps of raw fish are given every afternoon. Many of the details given here were kindly sent him by Professor P. ¥. — Fyson of the Presidency College, Madras, who also forwarded some rough PROCEEDINGS. 1179 colour sketches of the fish which had been enlarged by Miss G. Millard. Other technical details were obtained from an account of the Aquarium written by Dr. J. P. Henderson, which was published in Nature in February last. The photographs would also enable members to gain some idea of the. general appearance of the Aquarium and also of the interior. In conclusion the Secretary asked “Is it too much to hope that some public spirited citizen will come forward and enable Bombay to follow the execellent example which Madras has set us ?” There could, he thought, be no doubt that such an Aquarium in Bombay would be both popular and of great educational value. Professor Powell said it would be difficult to exaggerate the importance of such an Aquarium as an educational factor. No progress in the study of practical Biology can be expected till such an Aquarium is available for teachers, students and those engaged in original research on Biological problems. He would venture to say that ninety per cent. of our University eraduates in Biology had never seen or handled a Sea Urchin, Star Fish, Jelly Fish, or Lancelet, though they possibly write glib polysyllabic accounts of their structure, development and life-histories. Such “learn- ing ” obtained from text-books is not science. At present the Bombay student of Natural Science learns it in exactly the same way as he learns history from text-book. He knows not science but the “history of science.” He can tell you what Huxley, or Darwin, or De Vries has observed as he can tell you how Napoleon or Hannibal has fought. He has made no personal observations or experiments, but with an Aquarium at hand to supply our colleges with Biological material this state of affairs can be remedied, not otherwise. SMALL GAME SHOOTING IN SIND. An interesting paper on this subject was read by Mr. N. B. Kinnear, who gave his experiences of a three weeks’ shoot in December with Mr, H. Priestley, D.S.P., a member of the Society, in Lower Sind. OF THE MEETING HELD ON 2np FEBRUARY 1911. A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took place on Thursday, 2nd February 1911, at 6-15 p.m., at the Society’s Rooms, H. E. Admiral Sir Edward Slade, M.V.O., presiding. NEW MEMBERS. The election of the following 5 new members since the last meeting was duly announced :— Mr. E. B. M. Bulkely (Sabathu); Capt. H. C. H. O’Brien (Nowshera) ; Lt.-Col. A. L. Duke, M.B. (Quetta); the Hon’ble Mr. W. Fraser (Cawnpore) and the Mess Secretary, 45th Sikhs (Nasirabad). 1180 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. ACCOUNTS FOR 1910. The Honorary Treasurer, Mr. L. H. Savile, presented the Statement of Accounts for 1910, which, he remarked, continue to show fairly satisfac- tory results. The subscriptions received during the year amounted to Rs. 22,872-15-10, which included Rs. 827-10-0 for subscriptions in arrears and Rs. 3,089-9-4 for subscriptions for 1911 and 1912 paid in advance. The entrance fees amounted to Rs. 2,690, which is slightly less than last year. 285 new members were elected as compared with 294 in 1909. It was resolved that the accounts be passed subject to the usual audit and a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Savile, the Honorary Treasurer. ELECTION OF THE COMMITTEE. The following gentlemen were elected as office-bearers for the present year :— ‘ President, H. HE. the Right Hon’ble Sir George Sydenham Clarke, i G.C.M.G., G.C.1.E., F.R.S.; Vice-Presidents, Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B., Rev. F. Dreckmann, S.J., and the Hon’ble Mr. Justice N. C. 4 Macleod; Honorary Secretary, Mr. W. S. Millard; Honorary Treasurer, . Mr. L. H. Savile; Honorary Librarian, Mr. T. M. 8. Culbertson; Managing Committee, Mr. HE. C. Stuart Baker, F.Z.S., Lt.-Col. W. B. Bannerman, M.S., Mr. T. R. Bell, LE.S., Mr. C. L. Burns, Mr. HE. Comber, F.Z.S., Vet.-Col. G. H. Evans, Prof. G. A. Gammie, Mr. E. Ernest Green, F.H.S., Mr. N. B. Kinnear, Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, I.M.S. (Retd.), Mr. J. McNeill, LC.S., Lt.-Col. A. Newnham, F.Z.S., Dr. A. Powell, Mr. G.M. Ryan, 1.F.8., Major F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S., Mr. John Wallace, C.H., and Captain W. 4H. Evans, R.E. APPEAL FOR FUND FOR MAMMAL COLLECTION. - The Secretary said that although some members had kindly subscribed to the Society’s appeal for funds to enable them to make a collection of mammals, he hoped that many more would send in subscriptions. If each a member gave Rs. 10 only per annum for two years the whole amount would } be subscribed as the Society had more than 1,500 members. One member had promised to subscribe Rs. 10 per mensem until further notice and such help was greatly appreciated. One of the original objects of the Society was the promotion of the study of Zoology, and therefore he hoped that by ve the next meeting he would be in a position to announce many more sub- scriptions, PAPER READ. Mr. H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial Entomologist to the Government of India, then read a paper on “ The Progress of Entomology in India.” The paper will be published in the Society’s Journal. The meeting then ter- minated with a vote of thanks to Mr. Lefroy for his interesting paper. PROCEEDINGS. 1181 OF THE MEETING HELD ON 91H MARCH 1911. A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took place on Thursday, the 9th March 1911, at the Society’s Rooms, the Hon. Mr. R. A. Lamb, L.C.8., C.1.E., C.S.L., presiding. The election of the following 23 new members since the last meeting was duly announced :— Mr. F. Ware (Madras); Mr. M. P. Thomas (Danpur); Mr. T. Cooper (Abu Road); Mr. K. W. Barlee, 1.C.S. (Bombay); Maharaj Kunwar Major Dowlatsing (Idar, Mahi Kantha); Mr. G. F. W. Elwes (Europe) ; Mr. R. G. Abbott (Bombay); Mr. C. D. Donald (Rangoon); Mr. G. B. Seott (Ahwaz P.O., via Persian Gulf); Capt. R. B. Worgan (Madras) ; Capt. C. A. Godson, I.M.S. (Assam); Mr. H. N. Colan (Jodhpur, Rajpu- tana); Mr. J. V. Collier, L.F.S. (Ramnagar); Mr. J. H. Lyall, LES. (Haldwani); Mr. J. N. Oliphant (Kheri, Oudh); Mr. H. EH. Wells, M.B. (Minbu); Mr. F. R. R. Rudman, I.C.S. (Jubbulpore, C.P.); Dr. A. J. M. Paget, M.D. (Berbera, Somaliland); Mr. L. Volkart (Bombay); Mr. W. Reinhart (Bombay) ; Mr. A. C. Hiley (Belgaum); Mr. R. W. Inder (Belgaum) and Mrs. Mary H. Nichol] (Selangor). CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM. The Honorary Secretary, Mr. W. S. Millard, acknowledged the following contributions to the Museum since the last meeting :— { Contribution. Locality. Donor Jackal (Canis aureus) Skin ... ...|Thana Dist. ...| Mr. EH. G. L. Laird Mac- Gregor, 1.C.S. Four-horned Antelope (Tetracerus Do. Me Do. quadricornis). Head Skins of Indian Gazelle (Ga-|Okhamandal ...| Capt. A. H. E. Mosse, L.A. zella bennetti) and Black Buck ~ (Antilope cervicapra.) Shed Antler of Shou (Cervus ie Chambi Mantes .| Major Barclay. 7 Mammal Skins see . |\China .| Trustees of British Mu- seum. Pallas’s Squirrel (Scwurus erythreus) .|\Shillong ...| Major Wilson. Stone Curiew (Gidienemus scolopazx).. |Karjat ...| Mr. J. Black. Grey Partridge (Francolinus pondice-|Fort Munro ...| Mr. F. J. Mitchell. rianus) (variety). Stiff-tailed Duck (Hrismatura leucoce-|Jhelum Dist. ...| Capt. F. L. Hughes. phala). Golden Eye (Clangula glaucion) ... |Roorkee ...| Major A. H. Cunning- ham, R.E. Whooper Swan (Cygnus musicus) ...|Sohan, R.Punjab.| Lt. P. L. Orde. Whooper (Cygnus musicus) head and|Lahore ...| Mr. L. C Glasscoke. feet. White-winged Wood Duck (Asarcornis |Burma ...| Mr. W. O. Hannyington. scutulatus). : 1 Spur (Galloperdia spadacea) and 1 Keteradeatt ...| Lt.-Commdr. Hon'ble R. Grey Jungle Fowl (Gallus sonmne- O. B. Bridgeman. rat). 36 1182 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Contribution. Locality. Donor. 12 Fishes ot a5 .-- |Madras ...|Prof. P. KF. Fyson. 1 Snake (Hryz johnii)... 000 ... |Bombay ---|Mr. C. N. Robinson. Several Butterflies ... it 496 Ei dinauedl Sind.|Capt. F. C. Fraser. A number of Beetles ... 500 ... |Various --|Lt. H. G. Chippindall. Sponges and Crustaceans ... sco |] 1D: -e.|Indian Museum. J Minor Contributions to the Museum from :—Ut. A. Wilson, Messrs. R. Gilbert, H. E. Standage, L. H. Savile, C. Lowsley, C. B. Antram and A. Dunbar Brander. | INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. The Secretary said that the members who had subscribed would doubt- less like to know how this was progressing. So far the Society had receiy- ed some Rs. 3,000, but in addition to this His Highness the Maharaja Scindia had kindly promised Rs. 2,000 as a first donation and H. H. the Gaekwar of Baroda Rs. 500, so that the total received and promised up to date was over Rs. 5,000. The first collector, Mr. C. A. Crump, had already started work im Hast Khandesh, where Mr. A. H. A. Simcox, I.C.S., the Collector of this Dis- trict, had kindly offered to help him, andit was proposed that he should work eastwards from Khandesh—south of the Nerbudda towards Jub- bulpore. As to whether the Society would be able to employ a second man depend- ed entirely on the members themselves. It would of course take many years for one man to cover the whole of India, Burma and Ceylon, but the Society would not feel justified in employing another collector until the sum of Rs. 15,000 at least was received and a similar amount would be required the following year. One member (Mr. Lowndes) had kindly presented them with all his camp kit in addition to a handsome subscription, and the Secretary once again emphasized the fact that if only each member would give Rs. 10 the amount would be subscribed. He should mention that H. E. Sir George Clarke, F.R.S., who was Presi- dent of the Society, in forwarding a cheque for Rs. 100 towards the object of the appeal wrote, “I have seen your appeal for funds to make a systematic collection of mammals of India. I did not realize that existing specimens were so inadequate and I cordially agree with you that an effort should be made to improve it.” The Chairman said he hoped that all members would respond to the appeal. Some people, he believed, considered that it was the duty of Goy- ernment to do such work, but he was unable to concur in that view” The PROCEEDINGS. 1185 benefits to be derived from the Survey, however great they may be to Science, are not sufliciently connected with Government administration in any of its branches to justify the expenditure on it of public funds. PAPER READ. The following paper was then read ‘On the improvement in the yield and quality of Indian wheat with an exhibit of the new wheats obtained at Pusa by selection and hybridisation, by Mr. Albert Howard, Economic Botanist to the Government of India, and Mrs. Gabrielle L. C. Howard, Personal Assistant to the Imperial Economic Botanist. Most of the merchants interested in the wheat trade attended and there was an exhibit of the new Pusa wheats which have been obtained by selec- tion and hybridisation. By adopting these modern methods of improve- ment new Indian wheats have been produced of the same grain quality as American and Canadian Spring wheats which now command the highest prices on the English market. These new wheats are far superior in milling and baking qualities to the average Indian wheat exported from the country and it is expected that they will soon be grown on a suflicient scale to influence the trade. In addition to quality, great improvements have also been made in the production of wheat. New methods of cultivation and soil management have been devised by which crops of over 2,500 Ibs. of wheat to the acre have been grown continuously on the same land without manure and without irrigation water or rain after sowing time. Such yields were not considered possible in India under dry farming conditions, but they have been obtained at Pusa using only the means at the command of ordinary cultivator. The paper in question will be printed in full in a forthcoming issue of the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. OF THE MEETING HELD ON llrtH APRIL 1911. A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took place on Tuesday, the llth April 1911, at the Society’s Rooms, Lieut.- Colonel W. B. Bannerman presiding. The election of the following 15 new Members since the last meeting was duly announced :— Mr. Gulabrai Bhawandas (Shewan, Sind); Mr. P. Vlasto (Bombay); Lt J. Wolfe Murray, R.N. (Bombay); Mr. A. R. Villar (Tharrawaddy, L. Burma); Mr. R. KE. Macpherson (Sholapur); Lt.-Col. H. Fooks, I.M.S. (Risalpur, N.-W. F.P.); Mr.Freeman Roper (England); Mr. C. P. G. Jones (Sinbo, Burma); Mr. E. H. Burt (Bombay); Lt. C. B. Evans, R.N. (Bombay); Mr. A. Barnes (Rutlam); Shrimant Chintamanrao Appasaheb Patwardhan, Chief of Sangli (Sangli, S.M.C.); Mr. W. EH. Beazley (Mafakand) ; and Mr. N. H. Deane (Rangoon, Burma). 1184 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX, CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM. Mr. N. B. Kinnear, in the absence of the Honorary Secretary, acknow- ledged the following contributions to the Museum since the last meeting :— Contribution. Locality. Donor. 2 Markhor Masks (Capra falconepi | Chitral ...| Capt R. A. Lyall. 2 Muntjac heads (Cervulus muntjac.)| Kangra Dist. .». | Genl. W. Osborn. 2 Pine Martens ( Martes flavigula) .. | Chitral ...| Cap. R. A. Lyall. 1 Flying Squirrel (Sciwropterus| Do. Sue Do. fimbriatus). I Large Brown Flying Squirrel Almora --.| Major F. Wall, 1.M.S (Pteronvys oral). 2 Indian Desert Gerbilles (Tatera Sibi, Baluchistan.| Major C. Ward. hurriane). 2 Afghan Gerbilles (Tatera eryth- Do. ae Do. TUL). 1 Shrew Be Dehra Dun ...| Major H. Fulton. I Wing European Bustard (Otis Risalpur ..| Col. H. Fooks, I.MLS. tarda 1 Head of Mute Swan (Cygnus olor). Nowshera -. | Capt. H. O’Brien. 2 White-winged Wood Ducks (Asar-| Shwebo ...| Mr. W. O. Hannyngton. corms scutulatus). 1 Himalayan Pied Kingfisher} Almora ...| Major F. Wall, I. M.S. | (Ceryle lugubris). 1 Solitary Snipe (Galinago sol-| Do. 200 Do. taria). 1 Golden Hye (Clangula glaucion)...| Jhelum ...| Mr. F. L. Hughes. 3 Grey Partridges (Hrancolinus pon-| Mekran Coast ...| Capt. A. Hunt, R. N. dicerianus). 1 a Bunting (Himberiza schenic-| Rawalpindi .».| Mr. H. Whistler. lus). 4 Spotted Wings (Psaroglossa spilop-| Dehra Dun ...| Major H. T. Fulton. tera). 2 Hees of Sandgrouse (Pteroclurus| Orcha ...| H. H. Maharaja of exustus). Orchha. 1 Python (Python molurus) (alive).| Wardha. ...( Mr. P. S. Patuck, I.C.8. | 1 Burmese Krait (Bungarus magni-| Minbu, Burma ...| Major F. Wall, IMLS. maculatus). | 5 Typholps brahminus Guy) ...| Assam eric Do. 1 Cobra (Nata tripudians) . | Palli Hill, Bandra} Col. J. Forbes. | 1 Green Whip Snakes (Dryophis Do. e-.| Mr. J. Brikett» mycterizans). : | 1 Stmotes arnensis ... ...| Thana --.| Mr. H. Bulkley. | 1 Phoorsa , (Hichis car ina). --.| Cutch ..| Mr. J. H. Smith. | 9 Fishes, 7 Crabs, 1 Lizard . ...| Karwar --.| Mr. P. Gerhardt. INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. The Secretary announced that since the last meeting of the Society he had received some Rs. 6,500 making the total subscription up-to-date about Rs. 10,000. Among the principal contributors were H. H. the Maha- raja Scindia, Rs. 2,000 (which was mentioned at last Meeting), the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, Rs. 1,500, H. H. the Rao of Cutch, Rs. 1,000 and H. H. the Maharaja of Mysore, Rs. 1,000. The Society’s collector, Mr. Crump, was still in Khandesh working eastwards towards the Berars from where it PROCEEDINGS. 1185 was proposed that he should work north into the 'C. P. The first instal- ment of skins had been received and was exhibited. There was nothing of special interest in the collection as it was made in rather a poor district— from the mammal point of view. The mammal life in Hast Khandesh does not seem to have recovered yet from the famine and the ravages of the Bhils. A second instalment of skins was expected shortly and as Mr. Crump had mentioned in his last letter that he was in a better district, a more varied and interesting collection was expected. The Secretary added that Sir Dorab Tata had just promised a donation of Rs, 1,000 towards the mammal appeal. The Hony. Secretary proposed that a vote of thanks should be passed to Mr. A. H. A. Simcox, I.C.S., with whom Mr. Crump had been staying part of his time in Khandesh, Mr. Simcox had given every assistance in his power and had, therefore, made Mr. Crump’s work much easier. Mr. Nigel Kerr, in seconding the vote of thanks to Mr. Simcox, said it appeared that had it not been for the public spirit of the Indian Princes mentioned and Mr. Rothschild, the funds received in response to the appeal would not have been encouraging and would not hold out much chance of the services of a second collector being obtained. He hoped that the members of the Society would all respond to the appeal. It was not too much to ask every member to contribute at least Rs. 10. PAPER READ, The following paper was then read by Capt. J. Taylor, I.M.S.—Ex- PERIMENTS ON THE BREEDING OF “MUS RATTUS” IN WHICH HE SAID:— The experiments on the breeding of rats were done at Parel in order to estimate the fecundity of Mus rattus. The details given and the calcu- lations from them are based on actual observations in specially constructed godowns in which the natural conditions were reproduced as closely as possible. From the results of the breeding experiments a table of total fecundity was produced and in this was shown the enormous possible rate of increase of these rodents. The factors affecting the rat population were considered and the importance of destruction of young rats by their parents shown. The bearing of the observations on general questions of rat destruction was considered and a comparison made between Mus rattus and Mus decumanus. GONTENTS OF THIS NUMBE R—(contd.). PROTECTION oF Wi~p Birps In Inpia AND TRAFFIC IN PioaGce. By PAs le Wodsworthy PZSie ees eeee Common BUTTERFLIES OF THE Puains oF InpIA. Part IX. (With Plates D1 and D>.) Bg pb ers a eeecee A Survey or THE Mammatian Fauna oF Inp1a, BURMA AND CEYLON C0 oe I Ge AUREL choo ote ieee ee Review.—An Introduction to Biology for Students ip India by Capt. R. E. Lloyd, 1.m.s. Indian Harthworms HAG L GUIVeTHD DHA OUBOIN gosnsddnamaobosodddoucduagddecgdao00%>: MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :— I. Vitality of a wounded Tiger. By W. Forsyth...... II. Old wounds in tiger and panther. By Lieut.-Col. MeueWentons oo astse oe oe ce ee III. The Number of Cubs in a tiger’s litter. By W. IMorswdey sn eguseo ag agsbganaeocupinca dues ounco 4 TV. Sambur and Tiger. By H. W. Seton-Karr........ Wer Hood of samburs | By Chas: Graig ine er eee VI. Abnormal number of young ina Markhor. By J. A. iPothinger (i. ere ices Sen Golan ne Wits New Indian) Bats, (00. ).2 50... oe ee VIII. Great Indian Fin Whale near Ratnagiri. By N. B. Kanmegn’ 0. Seed Sh ee eee he oer IX. The Rufous-backed Sparrow (Passer pyrrhonotus) Blyth). By El Whistler te. eer oa.) ce eee X. The Himalayan Greenfinch ( Hypacanthis spinordes). By HvA. Abreu, 832.8...) 0.0: nae XI. Blyth’s Baza ( Baza Jerdoni). By Alex. M. Primrose. XII. Second Occurrence of the European Great Bustard (Otis tarda) in India. By Capt. M. H. Simonds .. XIII. The European Bustard (Otis tarda) in Northern India. By Lieut.-Col. H. Fooks, 1.M.s................... XIV. Little Bustard (Otis tetrav) in Kashmir. By F. J. I Dhol ns) realy eae ec ceccrultnmd oa 8 otc : ee XV. Weights of Nilgiri Woodcock. By Major H. R. Spoil =) ae OY aber eMC SAC ab 8.0.0 0 Jc 3) PAGE. 1103 1115 1137 1144 1147 1148 1148 1149 1149 1150 1150 1151 1151 1152 1152 1152 1153 1154 1154 Hombay dlatural Historp Soctety. OFFICE-BEARERS, LIFE MEMBERS, HONORARY CORRESPONDING MEMBERS AND MEMBERS ON ist JULY 7971. LIST OF OFFICE-BEARERS. President, H. BE. The Right Honourable Sir George Sydenham Clarke, F.B.S., G.C.M.G., G.C.LE. Vice=Presioents. Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.a., LL.B. | Rev. F, Dreckmann, 8.3. The Hon’ble Mr. N. C. Macleod. ‘bon. Secretary. Mr, W. S. Millard. bon. Treasurer. Thon. Librarian. Mr. L. H. Savile. ( Vacant.) bon, Boditors, Mr. W.S. Millard. Mr. R. A. Spence. SiN Behunnear. Managing Committee. Mr, E. C. Stuart Baker, ¥F.z.s. Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, 1.a.s, (retd.): Lt.-Col. W. B. Bannerman, .u.s. ) Mr. H. Maxwell-Lefroy, m.a., Mr. T. R. Bell, 1.7.8. BB ESe. B25. Mr. C. L. Burns. Mr. J. McNeill, ics. Mr. EK. Comber, F.z.s. Lt.-Col. A. Newnham, F.z.s: Lt.-Col. G. H. Evans,t.c.v.p.,F.L.s.| Dr. A. Powell. Capt. W. H. Evans, B.5. Mr. B. D. Richards. Prof. G. A. Gammie. Mr. G. M. Ryan, 1F.s. Mr. B. Ernest Green, ¥.z.8. Major F. Wall, 1.01.8., C.M.Z.S.. Mr. N. B. Kinnear. Mr. John Wallace, c.r. Ist Section. —(Mammals and Birds.) President—Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.4., LL.B. Secretary—Mr. E. Comber, F.z.s. 2nd Section.—( Reptiles and Fishes.) President—Rev. F. Dreckmann, s.3. Secretary —Major F. Wall, 1.m.s., c.M.z.s. 3rd Section.—(/nsects.) President—Mr. H. Maxwell-Lefroy, M.A., F.H.S., 7.2.8. Secretary —( Vacant.) 4th Section.—(Botany.) President—Professor G. A. Gammie., F.L.S. Secretary— Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, iu.s. (retd,) Hombay Aatural PHistory Society. LIST OF MEMBERS. Lire Mermeers. Aga Khan, H. H. Aga Sultan Mahomed Shaha ... Europe. Austria, H. 1. H. the ‘Archduke Franz “Gandkiaemdl. Hurope. Baker, E. C. Stuart (¥.Z.8., M.B.0.U. ) ... Hurope. Balcrishna Venayek Wassoodew (B.A.) . Bombay. Baroda, H. H. the Mahar: raja Sir aoe Rao, (G.c.8.1.) Gaekwar of 3 .. Baroda, Barton, E. L. 20 is seh .. Kurope. Beale, H.F. on oa . Karachi. Bell, H. F. E. (1.0.8.) . Mandlo G.P. Pho nagar, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Bheasne (G.C.S.1.) * Blow ate Bhurie Singh, H. H. Sir (K. Os. Migs Olea Th ») . Chamba. Bikaneer, ie, TEL Major Sir Gunga Sing si (G.C.S. t 3) Maharaja of ... .. Bikaneer, Burder, H. C. fs nae ae .. Lurope. Caccia, A. M. (1.F.8.) ses Bei ... Hurope. Cama, Dr. Maneckji D. ual oe ... Bombay. Campbell, Lt. D. ... ee .. Europe. Oassamalli Jairajbhoy Peer! hoy es ... Bombay. Clarke, L. O. (i.0.8.) bee .. Mymensing, E. Ben- © gal, Coltart, Dr. H. N. - Saeco T.S.Ry. Cooch Behar, (Gol.) H. H. (the Maharaja) Sir Nri- pendra Narayen Bhup Bahadoor, G.C.1.E. .. Cooch Behar, Coode, J. M. on ... Kamptee, C.P, Cowie, Rev. A. G. : Kai me _,. Rawal Pindi. ‘Craw, H. H. (cs. nh .. Rangoon. Cursetji, Khan Bento oO. M. . Bombay. Cutch, H.H. Sir Shri Kengurji Sawai i Bahdoor, (G.C.1.E.,) Rao Saheb of ... .. Cutch, Dawson, W. H. (1.c.s. ) BAA nite ... Furope. Dhar, H. H. Raja of re des ro. Dhar Dhunjibhoy Bomanji --. Bombay Drake-Brockman, Lt.-Col. H. BE. (IM. 8) --- Bombay. Duxbury, Capt. Cam) ... Europe. Foulkes, Major T. H. (1.™.s.) ik ... Madras, Fulton, Capt. H. T. (D.8.0,) ... pe .«» Dehra Dun, U. P. LIST OF LIFE MEMBERS, XXXV Gammie, Professor G. A. ... Ae bee Oona. Hahbibudin, S. (x.c. .) ses 508 - ,.. Hyderabad, Deccan. Hide, P.... soe See se. Loerope. Hill, Lieut. R. D. Oo; ... Dehra Dun. Holkar, HA. H. the Maharaja Taku Rao ... Indore. itehands, H. W.S. ... Hingoli, Deccan. Hyam, Judah, (G.B.v.C., F.2.8. i pee ... Pusa, Bengal. Ichalkaranji, The Hon’ble Meherban Aes Govind, alias Babasaheb ce Chief of bee Inglis, C. M. As .. Lahiria-Sarai, P. O, Darbhanga. Inverarity, J. D. (B.A., LLB.) ... Mes ... Bombay. Ivens, J. H. ne 500 a ... Agra. Jamkhandi, Shrimant Parashram Ramchandra Patwardhan, The Chief of .. Kolhapur. Janjira, H. H, ‘Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan, Nawab of . ... Janjira, Kagal, Meherban Piraji Rao oe Saheb ae Chief of .. Kagal, 5S. M. C. Khan, Muncherji Framji se . Bombay. Kolhapur, H. H. Sir Shahu Chhatrapati, The Maharaja of (G.0.8.1., G.C.v.0. ) .. Kolhapur. Kotah, H. H. Sir Umed Sing Bahadoor, IK. SL, the Maharaja Ol we .. Kotah, Lamb, The Hon’ble Mr. R. A. i Clay CEE uy ... Poona. Lee, D. H, ... Hurope. Long, G. R. (1. FS.) Hee oa ... Rangoon. MacDonald, Dr. D. .. Kurope. Manavadar, “Khan Shree Fatehdin Khan, Chief of... Kathiawar. Manders, Lieut.-Col. N. (R.a.M.c.) we .. Colombo, Ceylon. Mandlik, Narayan Vishvanath 60 ... Bombay. Marshall, Arch. Mch. Lee bea ... Europe. Marshall, J. MeL. sae es w-. Hurope. Martin, Col. Gerald.. ... Hurope. Masani, A. M., Curator, Baroda State Museum ... Baroda. Millard, W.S. (F.Z.8.) ase .. Hurope. Mills, 7 D. sie . Hurope. Miraj, Shrimant Gungadharrao Caaeda, alias Baba- saheb Patwardhan, ' Chief of ee .. Hurope. Monteath, G. (1.¢.8.) cee a. .. Karwar, Kanara. Mosse, Capt. dak, Jale Is (ee) nap ... Dwarka. Mysore, H. H. Krishna Raj Woodayar Bahndoor, the Maharaja of (G.c Class) "ee be .. Mysore. By XXXVI LIST OF LIFE MEMBERS, Naraenji Dwarkadas se sor .-- Bombay. Narotum Morarji Goculdas ... ia .-- Bombay. Nurse, Lieut.-Col. C. G. (.E.s.) Sth ... Europe. Olivier, Col. H. D. (z.5., F.z.s.) ae --. Hurope. Patiala, H. H. Maharaja of ... nee ee» Patiala. Pestonji Jivanji (N.c.s.) Ree ee -»» Hyderabad, Deccan. Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw oe 3 --- Bombay. Petit, Dbunjibhoy Bomanji ... Ee! -+- Bombay. Petit, Jehangir Boman}ji os ane «+> Bombay. Phipson, H. M. (F.2.S.) ace .-« Europe. Pickersgill,-Cunliffe, Lieut. J, C ae .-» Jhansi, Poncins, Baron Edmond de ... Bue --- Hurope. .Ravenshaw, Col. C. W. a a -» Hurope. Roberts, Major M. B. Sp oe -- Europe. Ross, Major Tyrell Bae 208 e-- Lucknow. Scindia, H. H. The et Sir soa (GC.S.L, GC.V.0.)es. ee - Gwalior. Seton- Kame, H. W.. 600 ae .. Hurope. Spooner, T. a (cu) sae a .-- Gadag, 8. M. R. Standen, B. (1.c.s.) 506 503 e-> Pachmarhi, C. P. Tata, Sir Dorabji J. “a ... Hurope. Tejpal, Goverdhundas Goculdas ee .. Bombay. | Tillyoudelte Sas . Rangoon. Travancore, H. H. the Maharaja Sie Guile Rene Raja Bahadoor-(¢.¢.8.L, G.C.1.E.) oe .. Trivandrum. Ulwar, H. A. Sawai te Singh es the Maharaja ot sai ae .. Ulwar. Unwalla te Naieeen es Sa ... Bhownagar, Vaughan, W. (F.#.8.) see wes ... Cevlon. Venning, Capt F. BE. W. ... nee ... Mvitkyina, Burma, Venour, Major W. E. “60 ae ... Kohat, Whitehead, Major J. H. ae ue ... Mandalay. Whitworth, G. C.(Las.) ... ay ... Lurope. Wroughton, R. C. {7.2.8.) ... a ... Hurope. Yerbury, Col. J. W. 366 ae .. Hurope. ee —— LIST OF MEMBERS. XXXVU Honorary CorrEsponDING MEMBERS. Forel, Monsieur Auguste... as Heeckerenez, Le Baron Von... Kerthoven, Kk. J. Oates, HK. W. A re Mermeers. Abbey, Major W. B. T. (1.4.r.z.s. Abbott, R. G. Abbott, Capt. 8. tl am (eats) Aeworth, E. C. B Adam, 3 Adam, J. B. Mercer (Fs.) . Adams, Rk. M. Addison, Capt. A. M. Shaha | Life Member) Ach: irker, Shankar Purshotum Acricultural and Horticultural Society of India, ... Calcutta. .. Ahmedabad. ‘The Secretary Ahmedabad P. R. Training C Colle 22e, Principal Ainslie, Major H. P. ae Ainsworth, Major H. a M.S. va 0s aa Bee Aitchison, D. Aitchison, P. E. (1.8. 8) Aitken, A. B. Aiyar, L.. Allan, C. W. (p.rs.) ae Allen, P. Roscoe... Bou Alston, G. C. fh Ameerudin Tyabjeo... American Museum of Natural Tlistory vee Anderson, A, Anderson, CAV: Bs Maderson, dC ae Anirew, G, P. Bee es Andrews, Capt. 8. G. oer Andrewes, H. Leslie Bee Annandale, Dr, N... Anstead, R. D.... Antram, C. B. (£.E.s.) Archibald, W. Archer, Lt.-Col. C. (OLE) . Armstrony, J. E. ... Armstrong, 8. soe oe a . Murope. . Hurope. . Java. .. Hurope. .. Kyaukse, Burma. ... Bombay. a Dalhousie, Punjab. ... Bombay, .. Lueknow. .. Pyinmana, Burma. .. Peshawar. -- Rawalpindi. Aga Khan, His Highness Aga Sultan “Mahomed . Kurope. . Bombay. .. Kamptee, C. P. ..- Lahore. 72 Niloiris: .. Madras. a Belgaum. .. Kotkhudayar, P. OF Punjab. .. Ranipet, N. Arcot. .. Henzada, Burma. - Bellary. .. Lurope. iz Bombay. ... New York. .. Quetta. Ge Rangoon. i .. Hurope. .. Mergui, Burma. rf Bombay. ... Guynd,P.O.Nilgiris, .. Calcutta, ... Bangalore. .. Europe. ... Hurope, .. Hurope. .. Burma, .. Lurope. XXKEViil LIST OF MEMBERS. Arnould, F. G. ake Ziad ane ;.. Vasad, B. BSG I. Ry. Arthur, David (1.™.s.) on iat ... China. Ash, H. D. Ee Hap ... Bombay. Asmuth, Rev. J. (s.3.) yah ay, ... Bombay. Aspinwall, Se auaear a ee ... Hurope, Aston, H. R. ae =e ase .. Hurope. Atlay, F, . Mogok, Burma, Austria, H. I. A. the Archduke Franz “Dsuinnnd (life Member) ... oa so .-. Hurope. packhouse, B. H. ... ae ee ‘1 Liars Ciplee Bacon, A. L. ae oo 200 ... Mogok. Bagnall, Lieut. R. Wee ... Lucknow. Bagshawe, Capt. H. V. (R.A. ne dae ... Europe. Basshawa, GV AU ... Pinleboo, Burma, Bailey, Capt. F. M. ties see ... Hurope. Baker, ©. D. :. Bombay. Baker, B. C. Stuart (e. Zes)) ( (Life Member) .o. Hurope. Baker, Major H. R. Le0 .. Cannanore. Baker, P. M. (3.8c., A.M.L.M. B., > AMLLE. EH.) . Bombay. Balkrishna Venayek Wassoodew (B.A) (Life Member. ) ... Bombay. Bale Sons & Daniolsson, Ld., “Messrs. John ... Hurope. Balding, C. J. : so: ... Calcutta. Baldrey, Vet.-Major 0, SELL Eee ... Nagpur, Balfour, i. M. ae Bet vise ..» Jhansi, Us Be Ball, vel, bat See .-. Ahmedabad. Ballance, Wid IL, Ae see .- Hafflon se Cachar Hills. Bamber, Col. C. J.( r.s., 1.01.8.) a, .. Simla, Banatvala, Lieut.-Col. H. H. (1.u.s.) ... ... Amraoti. Bannerman, Lt.-Col. W. B. " MGS.) esse ... Madras. Bapat, 8. K. eet .. Karwar, Kanara, Barker, P. W. Ae Ha ct ... Neschindipur, KE. B, Ry. Barker, C. C. se ies »-. Lezpur. Barkley, Mrs. L. G. M. es ath ... Lurope, Barlee, K. W. (a.c.s.) Bi ... Bombay. Barlow-Poole, B. H. (r. FS.) eH ... Kurnool. Barnes, L. H. see oes ... Rutlam. Barnett, C: apt. W. A. as ies ... Mandalay. Barnett, W.G. . Saugor, O. P. Baroda, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Sayaji Rao Gaekwar of (G.c.s.1.) (Life Member) ... . Baroda. Barrett, Capt. F. W. tee ... Lucknow. Barrington, Jeileh, Wl. GASG. F.) he ... Rangoon. Barrow, Col, Eads Walle (CYNIC) oc ... Hurope. LiST OF MEMBERS. Barron, Lt. A. H. D. fen Bele Barton, C.S8. = Barton, Kh. L. (Life Member) Bateman, C Batten, C. Clifford. Battie, aS. (unis: we * Battye, Major W. R. (1.M.s.} ae Baumbach, R. Soe si Baxter, N. B. Bayley, Hon’ble Sir Chas. (Kr., TCS Bayley, Major F. G. oe Beadnell, ©. B. Beadon, W. R. ©, (#.6.s.) Beale, H. F. (Life Member) imeamish, H. Hf. ... Beaumont, T. L. F. Beazley, W. pi Beckett, R. wie Beebe, ©. 7 allies Beechey, JS Sis WG CigaaS) eet, A. C. (I.0.s.) ... Beg, Mirza Nazir .) K.08.1,) Beobie, Major A. 8. el C.F. (1.F.8.) ss. Bell, HW. N. (1.c.8.) ... ell, Hl. E. BH. (1.c.s.) See Or. i. BT. ... ell, R. D. G.c.s.)\... Bell, T. R. (.5.s.) ... Bell, W. M. aes Bellairs, R. G. Me Bennett, Douglas ... Bennett, H. C. (1.F.s.) Benson, Miss A. M. (m.p.) Bentley, Dr. Charles (1.B.) Berhampur, Krishnath College The Principal. Bernard, Col. H. C. Berne, Capt. J.G. QAM, 0). Bernhardt, K. bes Berthon, Major H. W. tar Best, The Hon’ble James W. Betham, J. A. # sf Betham, Lt.-Col. R. M. Betham, W.G. or Betioni, G. Betts, Capt. hod, We Gas.) Betts, CRs. XUKIX .. Manipur. ... Burma. .. Lurope. ... Jalpaigoorie. .. Mussoorie. ... Chittoor, .», Udaipur, Rajputana. ... Pachmarhi, C. P. me Dinalian .. Hurope. ... Meerat. ... Calicut. ... Bombay. ... “arachi. ... Mandalay. ... Narachi. .. Malakand. Ss Wap, Os Je, ... America, .. Balaghat, C. V. _.. Nimar. .. Nander, Hyderabad (Deccan). ... Murope. .. Khandwa. ... Myingyan, Burma. .. Jubbulpore, ©. P. .. Hubli, 8. M. RB, ... Bombay. ... Belgaum. ... Dombay. ... Kumaon, U. P, ... Bombay. ... Chatrapur. ... Bombay. .. Bengal. . Berhampur. ... Nasirabad. .. Europe. ... Hurope. ... Bombay. ... Bilaspur, G. P .. Hurope. Europe. ... Hurope. .. Hurope ... Nasik. ... Bokakhat. x] LIST OF MEMBERS, Beynon, F. C. .. Kasauli. Bhagalpur, The Principal, College of Agriculture... Punjab. Bharda, J. D. ... Bombay. ’ Bhatavadekar, Sir Bhalchandra Krishna, Kz. ... Bombay. Bhatia, G. R. bs .. Gonda. Bhownagar, HL. . the] Maharaja Sir ‘Bhaosingji Takht ‘Singji of (a.0.s.1.) (Life Member) . Bhownagar. Bhurie Singh, G.H. Sir (K.8.6.1., 0.1. i Member Chamba, Biggie, H. Ww. ae és -- Dera Ismail Khan. Biges, Ool. H. V. (RE) te . Murree. Bijawar, H. H. the Maharaja Sawai Sawant Singh Bahadur.. « Bijawar, C. I. Bikanir, H. H. Major the Maharaja ‘Sir Gunga Singji Bahadur of (G.¢.s.1., G.C.LE.) (Life Member ms Bikanir. Jaman, 2 (Cn WES eas wae wee .. Herozepore. Bird, Major R. (1.m.s.) ae ee .. Calcutta. Saeed. MisseBsnn hs. ale sah .. Sima, Biscoe, W. Fraser me MSs) «Gee Soe ..- Lndores@ ale Bishop, Fred. uf 653 si ... Rangoon. Bishop, Dr. T, H. WS ec ... Paksey, Hastern Bengal. Bisset, Capt. E. (1.m.8.) 385 so0 ... Bannu, Blackwood, J. F.... 506 sue ... Jalpaiguri. Blackwood, N. O’ Reilly ee bo ... Secunderabad. Blake, A. A. we va ... Chapra, Saran. Blanford, Capt. C. E. (ps) bo as ... Kohat. Blanford, BLS 18% (Uiiash) vk its ... Rangoon. Blascheck, Elan tbe see ... Bombay. Biathwayt, C. H. (1.0.8. ) ... ate ... Mirpurkhas. Blatter, Revd. E, (s.3.) Bo 600 ... Hurope. Blunt, H. R. eee sos 56 see OTINagar. Boalt Neselen seo... as Bl ... Lahore. Bock, EF. von oe me nee .. Nasik. Bogle, Capt. J.S. ... 00 ue ... Mardan. Boles, Dac: : bo Hae 3. Haugons Cages Bolitho, E. W. (R.F.A. \ Bae ae ... Neemuch. Bolster, R. C. (1.c.8.) aan ae ... Europe. Bomanji, K. R. (1.06.8.) .«- Dhulia. Bombay Government, The Chief Secretar ve Separate Department we .-- Bombay. Bombay Veterinary College, The Principal --- Bombay. Bomford, Rev. Trevor (M.A., C.M.S.) —... ... Amritsar. Book Club, Hon. oe 67th ee ... Multan Cant. Boothe, H. Oy ... Bombay. Boughey, G. M. (1. OS, ) iN es ... Simla, Boarchier, E. E.G. 390 eee ..- Peshawar. Bourke, DR Sule 206 ate ... Hurope. Bowden, H. F. oh tee Ss ... Hurope. LIST OF MEMBERS. Bowen, J.C. G. Boxall, E. A. Ae Boxwell, Capt. A. ... Boyd, ©. ©. {1.0.8.)... Boyd, J. BH. M. (8.a.M.¢.) Boyle, D. H. M.... Bracken, G. P. A. (R.A.M.C.) «. Bradshaw, Jiawei Brady, W. H. Brandon, J. A. Us oe Branford, R. poe bs Branson, e M. 2 Brassey, Capt. L. P. Brendon, B. A. (1.¢.8.) Bridzeman, Lt. The Hon. H. G. 0. Bridgeman, Lt. Comdr. The Hon. R. O. B. Bright, Geo. B. (C.E.) oe Briscoe, 16 Ol oe er Brodie, D. Brodie, N.S. (Los.) Bromley, We: 105 (CCHS) Brook-Fox, E. (.z. ) Brooke, A. F. an Brooke, A. 8. Brooke, R. H. ane Broughton, Capt. T. D. (Rw)... Brown, Major H. R. (m.s.) .. Brown, Prof. R. 8. C. (sc) mel A. A. Be a Browne, D. R. H. Browning, G. E. (0.8) Brownlow, Oe Brymer, Weise » Budd, Lt.-Col. N. A. H. Bulkley, E. B. MM. Burd, Crate 1D, (Ge AY ..) Burd, Ps ss Burder, H. C. (Life Member) .. Burke, H. F’. (n..) Burkill, I. H. (at.a.) Burn, J. G. (1.c.s.) ... Burne, Capt. L. E. L. Burnett, Prof. K. ... Burnett. R. H. e a .. Bombay. .. Lakon, U. Siam. ... Bangalore. . Ahmednagar. .. Ferozepore. ... Rangoon, ... Lrimulgherry. ... Bombay. .. Bombay. .. Bombay. ... Punjab, .-- Bombay. ... Murope. ... Belgaum. -- Rawalpindi. .. Hurope. Bombay. ... Hurope. .-. Calicut. .. Chittoor, N. sea N IIMA: .. dJamalpore. .-. Ambala. ..» Herozepore. ... Bombay. .. Malta. .. Bangalore. 500 JOON .- Bombay. .. Shikarpur. ... Lrichoor. ... Hurope. .. Panniar Bridge, O., S. India. xii Arcot. lee ... Bolarum Deccan. .. Nabathu. ee. Lhana .. Europe. .. Hoogrijan, P. O. ... Rangoon. ene Itakhola,P.O.Sylhet ... Hurope. ... Bungi Gilgit. .. Calcutta. ... Hurope. ... Falam, Chin Hills. ... Hyderabad,Deccan. .. Sholapur. xlit LIST OF MEMBERS, Burns, C. L pe i oe ... Bombay, Burns, W. bes ia an .-, Poona, Burt, B. EL. Bo ee .. Hurope. Burton, Ln-Col. BR. G. Burton, Major Richard W. Bury, Charles H. ... Busch, H. F. Butcher, A. ae es sce 503 Bor 500 .. Europe. ... Santa Cruz. ... Assam. .. Hurepe. pak .». hvangoor. Byculla Club, The Hon. Seerets ary ae 503 Butler, A. L. Butler, Capt. H. M. Butler, S. G, eA Butterworth, Case Buxton, Rae Had, Cabell, W. H. L. (1.c.s.) Caccin, A. M. (r.s.) (Life Member) Cadell, P. R. (1.C.8.) Calcutta, Hon. Secretary, Zoological Gardens Calder, H. a eee Calder, N. We cee Caleb, Dr. C. C ‘ Cama, Dr. Mane! . Hurope. ee Larkhana. .. Bombay. ... Bombay. .- Planters’ Stores, Di- brugarh, Assam. noe Hoshang: a ft, Cx: se Bombay. ... Simla. .. Hurope. . Kamptee, C. P. .. Kodaikanal. .. Mongnai, S. Shan States. .«. Imphsl, Manipur. .. Rangoon. ... Dibrugarh, Assam. xlviii LIST OF MEMBERS, Farmer, H. J. (1.¢.5.) Benes, Ils dks (Cr of Farrel, R. C. (LES.)... Farrington, Sir H. A., Bart. (Lr. S.) Fatehsingrao of Akalkote, H. H. Raja ..- Fayrer, Major F. D. 8. (tu.s.) Fellowes, Capt. H. Le M. Fendall, C. E. ay Fenton, Col. L. L.. Fenton, Capt. L. a = Foreuson, H. 8. (LED F.L.S.) Ferrar, Capt. M. LL... Field, Frank Hield, wVeee. Filson, J. T. W. Finlay, C. K. bas Fischer, C. E. C. (.F.8.) Fisher, W. D. (1.5.s.) Fitz-Gerald, H. G.. Fitz-Gerald, Capt. O, Ba C Pitz- Bibnon, Lt. F. (p.a.) Fitz-Gibbon, P. J. Fleming, Major A. M. (I.M. = Fletcher, ‘I. Bainbrigge (¥.. By) Florence, James Flower, Capt. 8. 5. Flyfishers Club, The Suerte Flynn, A. A. ee Forhes, Col. James Forbes-Sempill, The Hon’ble R.A, .. Lashio. ... Ceylon. ... Aurangabad, _. Port) Blain yA mans. .. Kirkee. .. Bombay. ... Lucknow. ... Bussahir State,Sim- la District. ... Lurope .. Deesa. .. Hurope. .. Kulu Valley. ., Guizarbagh, H.LR. ,. Jalpaiguri. .. Hurope. .. Rangoon. _.. Coimbatore. _.. Bandra, .. Hurope. ... Queita. ,. Jubbulpore. . Poona. ? _. Raipur. .. Pusa, Bengal. _.. Cawnpore. ... Lyypt. .. Hurope. .. Karachi. .. Bombay. . Rangoon. Forel, Monsieur Auguste (Hon, Correspg. Member). Europe. Forster, T. W. (BF. rs) Forsyth, Dr. W. ; Foster, R, Guy Foster, Capt. R. T. f oulkes, George Fr, iE. (LF. S.) Foulkes, R. Foulkes, Major T. H. (L M.S.) (Life fem) Domaetne, Miss M. H. (F.2.8.) Fowle, F. ©. Sok tee Fowler, H. doe ee Fox, J. H. Manning ven Francis, R. F. iv ees . Tharrawaddy. .. Hurope. a0 Sallebile Lea On Kadur District. .. Europe. .. Manantoddy, Malabar. .. Coimbatore. .. Madras. eo Europe. ... Bonioaiya .. New York, U.S.A. .. Barrackpore. Sn Holllionacln a LIST OF MEMBERS. Fraser, Capt. F.C. (1.M.s., M.D., F.L.E.S. ) Fraser, Prof. J. N. as Hiraser, ©. M. (1.0.8., C.1.E.) ... Fraser, D. de M.S Fraser, J. 8. Fraser, W. 8. ae Frederick, Capt. E. B. Frenchman, Lt.-Col. B. P. (ta1.s.) Frere, Capt. IX (Cine ae Friedlander and Sonar Messrs. R. Mritchley, H.W. ... Frizelle, Major J. ... Frost, G. Fry, John T. Fulton, Major H. T. “(D. coke (Life Member) Fyson, Prost P. F. Gaddum, 8. Sas Gales, R. R. a Gale, B. ... : Gale, Capt. HE. 8. Gallie, H. H. Gammie, Prof. G. NG Gardyne, Major A. D. G. Garrett, H. B. G. (1.7.s.) Garrett, J. H. (1.c.s.) Garrett, R. 8. ae Gaye, W.C. Gatherer, Capt. R. G. Abs Gebbie, F. St. G. George, GaP. Gerhardt, Paul Gervers, Capt. F. R. 8. oi Gharpurey, Capt. K. G. (.m.s.) Ghosaleio(L.C.S.). . -.. aa Giberne, HDS 2! 60 Gibson, ey (lepers) Gibson, R. EH. (1.c.s.) sae Gibson, W. R. (F.B.G.S., L.R.GP.) Gilbert, C. EH. L. (1F-.s.) Gilbert, Reg. (F.Z.S.) Gilhert-Cooper, W. J. 1. (ues. Giles, A. R. Giles. G. We Gill, Capt. C Gill, C. G. Gillespie, Capt. R. S. (R.B.) . Gillett, Capt. EK. S. (a.v.p.) . be (La4s.) ° ° e xlix . Madras. .« Bombay. .. Hurope. Goons: . Madras. ... Ajmer, Rajputana. ura pe. .. Poona. .. Minbn, Burma. oe Hurope. ... Bombay. .. Multan. .-. Quetta. ... Luro pe. .. Europe. .. Madras. .. Bombay. .. Calcutta. .. Peshawar. ... Maymyo. .. Rangoon. .. Poona. .. Cawnpore. .. Bangkok, a5 NESE. ... Sirsa, Punjab. .. Necundérabad. .. Bhano, Burma. .. Karachi. . Secunderabad. . Bombay. ... Hurope. Jombay. .. Ratnagiri. Bae Mandalay. .-- Kotgarh,Simla Dist. ... Hyderabad, Sind. . Madras, es Bandra. .. Hurope. .- Kado, Moulmein, .. Tezpur, Assam. .. Europe. . Lahore, Punjab. .. Amritsar, «e- Chamba, Punjab. ee Mativiri,Salem Dist. 1 LIST OF MEMBERS, Gillies, Capt. Ff. G.. wa oes eo. Secunderabad, Gillum, S. J. ee ... Calcutta. Gimlette, Lt.-Col. G. H. D. (Cat nae ... Hurope. Gamicie, Dik dl 1D), ... Federated Malay Girard, George Gipatn, Major J. A. M.C.) inden, H. S. (¥.2.8., F.B.S.E,) Glascock, itp CONE aee Glasson, J. W. (1.0.S.) Glazebrook, Hon. Mr. N.S. ... Gleadow, F. (F.R.M.S. ) Gloster, Capt. J. H. (1. MED) Godber, Rev. John ... Godson, Capt. OC. A. (IM. S) Goldsmith, Disa Goldsmith, H. A. ... Gombert, Rev. EB. (S.J) Gonsalves, A. EF. ..- Gordon, D. M. tordon, K. L. Gordon, R. «, (1.¢.s.) Gordon-Ralph, J. B. Gore, I. W. Gore, Col. St. a C. un ost) Goss, E. H. A Gough, Major G. Gouch, Major H. (1.a.) Gourjn, eo We a Gover, A. A. Gradon, A. F. (1.8.) Grafton- Wignall, J. D. Graham, ia an Graham, C. T. Graham, D. N. Ki Graham, Capt. G. isl, 1, Graham, J. A. oo8 Graham, L. “ Eee Graham, itn lt Ds (Ge A.) Graham Roe, fi. W. Graham, Hon’ble Mr. W. Grant, BF, A. Gray, Chas. Gray, John Gray, P. B. Greaves, Hon’ble Mr. eles Greaves, S. E. Green, B. Ernest (es, States. ... Calcutta. ... Ahmednagar. .. Europe. .. Lahore. .. Godaveri, Madras. ... Bombay. ... Lurope. ... Bombay. . Calcutta. . Assam. .. Hurope. .. Bolarum, Deccan. - Trichinopoly. .« Bandra, .. Keng Tung,S.Shan : Ceylon. ... Ahmedabad. . Europe. .. Hoogrijhan, Assam. ob Hurope. .. Shwebo. . Ahmednagar. ... Quetta. .. Berhampur. Bangalore. .. Europe. .. Rampore. .. Karachi. ... Rangoon. ... England. -- Chakdara. e e . . Mercara, Coorg. ee Bombay. » Nacoun Cae > Hurope. .. Bombay. .. Meiktila, Burma. .»» Coonoor. .. Rawalpindi. ie Hurope. ... Bombay. ees Hurone, -. Ce ylon. [States, : | LIST OF MEMBERS, Green, James nee bch Green, Lt.-Col. J. S. (n.a.m.c.) Greer, R. F. ae Sie Greer, W. (1.¢.8.) Gregory, BR. V. Greoson, Capt. C, D. Greeson, Gi wees. Gregson, T. S. ne Greic, Capt. W. B. Gribbon, M. C. Ae ies Be Grigson, T. 8. se ce cee Grieve, ec. DL. (R.F.A.) fe Gronvold, H. ape an Gross, Carl Grube, Major E. A. Bes Gul: rea Bhawandas ae Gupta B. Sen aod Gupta, N. (Bar.-at-Law) .. Guyon, Capt. Gas: aoe Habibuddin, 8. (x.c. =) (Life aes Hacker, K. Haeberle, Curt. (1.F. S. 5) ses Haffenden, Ed. D. H. oe Haig, Major INE We Haigh, Rebs. (1. Casi) obs Hale, Major (Of; dale Oe AVIV Os) eee Hall, W. D. Bee Hallaner, Martin... Hamburg Natural History Museum Hamilton, Ng (Or Hamilton, J. D. (3. F.S.) Hammond, PALS EL) ee Hampson, ‘Sir George F., Bart. (F. LS, Hankin, A. C. (c.1.2.) ee Hannyngion, F’. (1.c.s.) Hannyngton, W. O. Harcourt, Capt. J. S. M. on Hardie, Dr. Geo. W. ae Hardy, G.S. (I.C.s.) ec ae Harington, AMtaior 1BL, Jal, cal Harington, Col. V. (IMs)... Harker, 0. Alien ... San Bee Harper, E. W. (F.z.8.) Harris, Capt. O. M. eS H. A) Harris, W. 7 Europe. .. Nainital. oi ,.. Rangoon. .. Belgaum. .- Purna, Deccan. . Bangalore. .. Peshawar. . Bombay. .. Belgaum. .. Hurope. ... Aangoon. ~oe) Mivowny Gs ole .. Hurope, ... Rangoon, .-. Hurope. ... pind. . Gane Watt tay bnOe Dooars. .. Dacea. . Trimulgherry. .-. Hyderabad, Deccan. .. Mandalay. Hurope. . Rangoon. Mhow. .. Karwar. ... Secunderabad, ..- Bombay. .-- Bombay. ..- Hamburg. ... Europe. .. Hurope. 50 ..- Hurope. ey Sa . Secunderahad. . Caleutta. .. Shwebo, Burma. . Europe. Europe. .. Big Canjeeveram., S. India. ... Ratnagiri. Mandalay, Burma, . Europe. .- Dhulia. Africa. .. Allahabad. Dacea. ln LIST OF MEMBERS. Marrison, A. J. ::. ae Harrison, Majer C. B, (1.m.s.) Harrison, Major C. F. rep Harrison, ©. 1. ey Harrison, Ry IU Harrold, W. ; aA Hart, B. lal, ae bates fart, G.S. ae Harter, R. W. ay Harvey, Capt. W. F. ( (ias.) Hasted, Major A. W. ee Hasted, He R>G. Hasted, J. KH. H. Hasted, W. A. 5S Hassels- Yates, Capt. G. ie (6.8, Hatchell wDaGey ie Hate, Profr. Vinayek N. Haughton, H. Ll... 506 Haughton, Samuel ... fee Hauxwell, T. A. (1.F.s.) Hawkins, ia Butane Hawley, Capt. W. G. B. Hay, WH. Alan Eee leva Cantie Ge Wires Hayden, H.H. .. Haymes, Capt. R. L. (R.a.) Hazlewood, Miss M. Hearn, EH. 8. Headlam, Lt. 1. James Hearsey, C. H. ne Hearsey, T. N. (ur. 2 Jelenvde, Jolsvay |) Ree Heath, R. H. (cn. Hector, G. P. Qna.,, Bus) Heeckerenz, Baron Von (Hon. Corres. Hemans, Capt. G. W. Henderson, Capt. H. D. Henderson, Capt. R. R. Henderson, G.S. ... Ate Henderson, W. L. ... i Hepburn, W. Herbert, H. P. Herbert, V. A. Heron, F. A. ie Heseltine, Capt, G.. Heseltine, Capt. J. b. N. TElessaanisoin, Major A. W. (x. ae 4.) Heygate, Col. R. H. G. (p.s.0.) . s -. Lakhimpur, Assam. . Madura. . Rangoon, .. Camp, Punjab. ce Hneland. .. Ahmedabad. .. Lonavla, ie Nagpur, C. PB. -» Bombay. .. Kasauli. a Kasauli, .. Kurnool. te Kistna. .-. Palameottah. ... Hurope. Madras. .. Bombay. .. STinagar. ... Hurope. . Maymyo. Digboi, Burma. . Multan, .. Hurope. .. Lurope. ,. Calcutta. e . Singapore. .. Rangoon, .. Meerut. .. Rangoon. ... Burma, ..- Ucimbatore. .. Horawala, Ceylon. .. Ahmedabad. Se -2x Waceas Member)... Europe. aA ... Bolarum, Decean. «. Lmphal, Manipur. .. Hurope. .. Europe. .. Rangoon. Europe. ... Trevandrum, .. Allahabad, 5 Punjab. ... Hurope. .. Jubbulpore, C. P. .. Hurope. .. Hurope. eae LIST OF MEMBERS. Hichens, G. W._... lilt ... Rangoon, Hickman, R. Si. J. a aa .. Cachar. Hide, P . (Life ee fo ae ... Indore. Higgins, eiyAY, ah : ... Hatikhira Sylhet. Higgins, J. C. Higginson, GR. ... Hignell, 8. R. (1.c.8.) .. Imphal, .. Lucknow. .. Daltonganj, E.L.Ry. Manipur. Hiley. pe Cs (I.F.8.) Belgaum. Hill, ahev. bh. EH. (.a.) i .. Satara, Hill, Claude H. (1.c.s., c.1. Be ... Hurope. Hill, HK. W. .. Mandalay. Hill, R. D. O. (Life Member) .. .. Dehra Dun. Hitchcock, R. H. ... an .. Malapuram, Mala- Heare, H. J. (1.0.8.) Hobart, RK. C. (.0.8.) Hodgson, Capt. M. R. K. Hodgson, Hon’ble Mr. H. P.. Hojel, Lt.-Col. J. G. (Im oe Holberton, N. V. (1.F. > Hole, R. 8S. (1.F.8.) Holkar, H. H. the “Wanenegp Tako “Rao (Lite Member) “cc Holland, Dr. H. T. (ca.s.) Holland, L. B. aA Holme, A.T. (GCL) Holme, H. B. (1.c.s.) Holmes, H. R. ie Hood, A. F. Homfray, Jeston ... : Hoosein Belerami, The Hon'ble Mr. Syed Nawab Tmud-ul-Mulk Babadoor Ce 8.1.) een bar District. ... Hurope. .. Gorakhpur. .. Jubbulpore. ... Hurope. ..- Bombay. .. Rangoon. . Bombay. -- Indore, C. I. .. Quetta. .. Lahore, Punjab, Hurope. . simla. .. Kandri Mine, P.O. .. Kindat, U. Burma, .. Assam. .. Hyderabad, Deccan, Hope, A. J. R. ... launggyi, Burma. Hopwood, J.C... ou Monywa, U.Burma. Booed, S. F. (1.8.8.) : ... Maymyo,'.Burma, Hosken, Fayrer... sh “cn .-. Secunderabad. Hoste, R. h. ... Purulia, Bengal. Hotson, J. H. B. (1. c. 8.) ... Hurope. Howell, iH. B. ee .-. China, Howell, G, C. (1.¢.8.) oe aps ... Hurope. Howlett, Capt. A. W. (1.1.8. ) ies -- Quetia. Howlett, HY. M. (M.a., FES.) . .. Rusa. Hudson, Lt.-Col. C. T. (1318, Hudson, Capt. C. «2: ‘ Hudson, CHW. M. (i.¢.8:) Hudson, Major J. H. Bidson, Captaris 1.23 Hudson, HE. H. (A.M.1.c.8.) .. Dharwar. .. Bangalore. .-. Hurope. -- Meerut. ... Rangoon, -. Jalna, Deccan. liv LIST OF MEMBERS, flauggins, J. R. ce ae sas ... Madura. Hughes, Capt. &. L. eae oe ... Jhelum. Hughes, T. O. s00 Sas oo ... Europe. Hughes, E. A. Bes ... Munmar, 8S. India Hulbert, Major J. G. & M. Nie ee ... Muttra. Hume, A. R. (p.s.P.) 500 at ... Hurope. Humphrys, Capt. F. H. see ae ... Europe. Hundley, G. wis = ... Rangoon. Hunt, C. B. Holman. bet se ... Federated Malay States. Joliopme, Ny Ra (iEYS))oce Tee a ... Akola, Berar. Hunt, Capt. A. T. (8.N.) 2 ae .. Hurope. Hunt, Dr. EH. A. ... me a ..»» Secunderabad. Hunt, Capt. F. W. . se - ... Somaliland. Hunter, Monat se ... Calcutia. Husbands, H. W. S. us M.I.C.E. ) re ... Hingoli, Decean. Husbands, Capt. G. S. (1.M.8.) ai 566 pe N. Wea Husbands, J. H. (1.c.s.) Ae. sm ... Thana. Hutchinson, Major F. H.G. (1mns.) ... Belgaum. Hutchinson, Major L. T. R. (1. M.S.) ... Bombay. Hyam, Judah (G.B.v.¢., F.z.8.) (Life Member) ... Pusa, Bengal. Hyde-Cates, Lt.-Col. Gne ... Idar Ahmednagar. Hyderabad, the Librarian, State Library ... Hyderabad, Deccan. Ichalkaranji, The Hon’ble Meherban Narayen Govind alias Babasaheb Ghorpade, Chief of (Life Member) ... ... Kolhapur. Idar, Maharaj Kunwar Major Dowlatsing, A.-D.-C. Mahi Kanta, Inglis, C. C. ue ... Hyderabad. Inglis, Chas. M. (hie Member) fe ... Durbhanga. Inglis, H. A. nee Ee .. Anarh Laheri a Serai. Ingram, Capt. A. C. aus) Be AS ... Madras. Inman, Capt. H. M. (t..s.) ... obs ~,.. Bombay. Innes, Charles (B.s.c.) ue a ... Rangoon. Tones, Capt. H. (1.m.s.) ... Barisal, HE. Bengal. Tuverarite, J. D. (B.A., LL.B.) (ite Member) ... Bombay. Irvine, Major T. W. (t. M.S.) . wae ... Peshawar. Irwin, Ch als (CCHS) sind 50 ... Nagpur) ©2s Ivens, Capt. H. T. CG. os .-. Miranshah. Ivens, J. H. (p.w.p.) (Life Member) oe foo SET Iyer, V. Subramania (M.A.) . ae Be Dehra Dun, U. P. Jackson, Dr. T. 8S. .. 450 sis ... Abu Road. Jackson, Mrs. F. E.. oes Bee ... Assam. Jackson, EGE: diye, eas ... Naini, Mal; Use Jacob, W.R. LeGrand (LES. ) Het ... Jalpaiguri, LIST OF MEMBERS, ly James, UC. H, ee a ... Lahore. James, Major C. H. (na. Sail tec oe ... Patiala, Punjab. James, Capt. idealaleree .. SantaCruz, Salsette Jamkhandi, Shrimant Pamshram Ramehandra Pat- wardhan, The Chief of (Life Member)... ..- Kolhapur. Jamsetji M. Doctor .. Bombay. Janjira, H. H. Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan (6 C.LE. ’ Nawab of (Life Member) ... .. Janjira. Janson, V. T. ee ue ... Bombay. Jardine, A.J. A. (p. sr) ses os ... Rangoon, Jardine, E. R. : A ae ... Rangoon, Jardine, M. R. Bas ae Bey ... Bombay. Jardine, W. HE. (1.C.8., C.1.E.) .«. Neemuch. | Jayakar, Leak Le uC: Coe Hetd.) ..- Bandra. Jayakar, M.S. (a. A.) as ... Alibag. Jeddere-Fisher, H. C. Ne Bee .. Meerut. Jellett, H. H. nee Mey ie .-. Calcutta. Menkins, it. N. M. (R.G.A.) ... dee sou CM. Jenkins, 8. E. F. (1.8.s.) oh ae ... Loilem, Burma. Jenkins, J. B. was ae ane ... Jalgaon, Jenkins, H. H. (1.0.8.) A ... Lahore. Jennings, Lt.-Col. W. EH, (1m. 8) Sa ... Europe. Jermyn, Col. T. Bae set ... Hurope. Jesse, William eee 208 cc .-- Meerut, olinson, Vivo! JgMOQBY Ge Bee ses ... Assam. Johnston, EH. G. ... ee aa ... Mandalay, Burma. Johnston, Capt. P. D. C. ee Mee .. Lucknow. Johnstone, J. W. D. (c.1.8.) ... Ae ... Gwalior, Johnston, Capt. R. G. M. (8.H.A.) Se ... Europe. Johnston-Stewart, H. E. ... ie ... Lucknow. Jones, A. E. mee ae uae ... Lahore. Jones, Oak... G. £35 ase ... Burma. Jones, Lt.-Col. F. W. C. (RAM. Cyn) ses ... Europe. Jones, Lt.-Col. J. Lloyd (1.m.s.) Bae ... Calcutta. Jones, Major M. D. Goring ... a6 ... Nasirabad. Jones, Capt. T. W. H. Ses Aon .-- Bombay. Jones, W. Harvey ... ay aes ... Calcutta. Jones, Dr. W. D. ... eee sae .-- Kyankse, U.Burma. _dulius, V. A. ae se .-» Colombo. dukes, J. H.C. (10. 8) sie abe 1. Calcutta, Kagal, Meherban Piraji Rao a Saheb eae Chief of .. Kagal, S. M. C. | Karachi Victoria Museum... ac va ness Sind. Kauffman, Oscar... nee Hes ... Marburg A/Z, Ger- : many. Keddie, D. I. ae sae ae ... burma. | Keddie, J. F. coe vee oa ... Raheng, Siam. lvi LIST OF MEMBERS. Kelly, B. P. a Pe ... Hurope. Kelly, Capt. C. R. (R. Gea) eevee oe ... Srinagar. Kelly, Major H. N. oe a) ... Jubbulpore, GC. P Kelsail, Major H.J.(R.a.) ... aot ... Hurope. Kemball, Major A. G. ses ues .» Nowshera. Kemball, H. L. _... uae hE ... Gurgacn, Punjab. Kemball, H. V. (c.£.) ese oe ... Poona. Kennedy, Capt. R. S. (.m.8.) a ... Europe. Kennedy, R. sag ... Bombay. Kennion, Major Rh. O. (F.2Z.8. + ue ... Hurope. Kenrick, Major W. H. (m.s.) iP ... Khandwa. Keogh, A. D. ou ace te ... Narayanganj, E. B and Assam. Kerthoven, Ii. a (Hon. Poses, Member) we. JAVO. Kerr, Dr. A CAG ie ... Chiengmai, Siam. Kerr, H. R. shes Son sds ... Pyinmana, Burma. Kerr, Nigel see oat ... Bombay. Kettlewell, Capt. H.W. oa 3H ... Hurope. Keys, Capt. W. D. A. (@.m.s.) si ... Rajkote. Khan, Hen Framji (Life Member) ... Bombay. Kiiareehat, Me se i@:c.s)))) 0: vas ... Bombay. Kiddle, J. 7 ORs se dias ... Moulmein. Kilkelly, aE or P. P. (I.M.8.) “Ae ... Europe. Kilner, Dr. J. N. (...) a a ... Chinpina, — Adra, Bengal. Kilmartin, A. J. ... ... Jaffna, Ceylon. King Edward Library, The Hon. Secretary ... Rawalpindi. King, A. W. : ... Dacea. King, Capt. Geo. (ia, Solinar ces ae =e Ca lemttee King, R. °C. Hi. Moss (i.c-s.)... oe _.. Nagpurs@iies Kingston, ACL tye a oi ... Bombay. Konloch; eas Ey. Bie Be: ... Nelliampatty. Kinloch, Victor... ae 585 ... Klang, Federated Malay States. Kirkness, L. H. ... Madras. Kirtikar, Lt.-Col. ik, (qe M.S +» Retd.). ».- Andheri, Salsette. Knyvett, Capt. W. A. aa d .. Bankipur. Koechlin, M.C. . Travancore. Kolhapur, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Shahu Chhatra- pati (G.C.S.1., G.c.v.0.) (Life Member) .. . Kolhapur, Kotah, H. H. the ates Sir Umed Sing, Baha- door (&.c.8.1.) (Life Member) .. Kotah. Kushal Pal Singh, er s aoe . Kotla, Agra Dist. Kynaston, HE. : oe “0 Yati yantola, Ceylon. Lace, BE. W. aes ... Waltair. Lace, Jolin H. (.F.s., F.L8. ie oo -.. Maymyo. LIST OF MEMBERS lvii Lahore, Curator, Central Museum . Lahore, Lahore Punjab Veterinary College, The Principal. Lahore. Laird-MacGregor, E.G. l.(0s.) — ... .. Dharwar. LaTouche, J. N. D. . Bombay. Lamb, The Hon’ble Mr. R. A. . (ie Se, Cl. a) (Life Member)... bon JEOOME, Lambton, Capt. Ce --. Ootacamund, Lane, H. 8. it. Capt. W. et Lantour, 1. de ane ae Laurence, Revd. Mr. F. (cans @) Laurie, A. §. (P.w.D.) : Lawrence, T. R. Leach, F. B, = Lee, A. J. (1.M.s.) ... Lee, Major A. W. H. Lee, Lt.-Col. F. LeMesurier, H. P. (¢.8.) Lemarehand, Ory al Lee- Wilson, Rev. H. W. Lee, D. H. (Life Member) Lege John ecson. G. W. Bee Leete, F.A A. (F.C.H., 1.F.8.) Lefroy, [. Maxwell (1t.a. F.BS., F.2S.) Leftwich, ore: Gcc:s:) eae Legard, Chas. bes Leonard, Capt. W. H. bc Leslie, Major 6. A. J. ue Bficslic, M Ley, A. H. ( (i08.) .. a Light, Capt. W. A. .. Bangalore. ... Baroda Camp. one HOUtapue Wieder. ... Amritsar, Punjab. ... the Nagavalli Pro- ject, Vizagapatam Dist. ... Bombay. ... Rangoon. .» Delhi, .-. Quetta, ... Hurope. .-. Calcutta. .. Kookila Mook, Assam, Pee oonmeas ... Murope. ... [takhola Sylhet. ... Barisal, Bengal. .. Tharrawaddy. ... /urope. .. Khandwa, ... Mercara. .. Bombay. .. Hurope. Hurope. .. Caleutta. .. Bombay. Lightfoot, S. Stee ia) 90 Taung gyi, Burma, Lilburn, W. ee 664 ... Europe. Limaye, 8. P. ee ... Uhuiia. Lindley, E. S. (c.8.) Lindsay-Smith, rue J. a) Linneli, Fred. ... Dombay. .. Punjab. ... Rangoon. List, ohaLN ... Henzada, Burma. | Lister, Res! :-, Ghoom, Di Hey ii, Liston, Major W. G. (0 M. 8.) ... .. Bombay. Little, E. |... aoe .-. Kirkee: Little, 13,10); ee .. Europe. Lloyd, Capt. C. R. (A.8.0.) nee floyd, Capt. R. E. (ums.)... ... Bom bay. .» Calcutta. Iwill LIST OF MEMBERS Lloyd, Capt. R. A. (1.M.s.) Loam, Mathew Lock, Major F. R. EL. (1.8.c.) Lodge, G. E. al Be Logan, R. O. : Logan Home, W. M. Lomas, Eley Agi (eerse) Long, G. RB. (1.F.S.) cane Member) Long, Capt. W. C. Longden, Coes a Lory, F.B.P. (M.A.) Lovegrove, W. H. G.r-.s.) Lovell, EH. H. (R.a.) Lowis, Major R. M. Lowndes, G. R. : Lowrie, A. E. (1.¥.s.) Lowsley, Ci 0: a Lowther, Major H.. Luard, Major C. E.. Lucas, NGS Lucas, The Hon’ ble Mr. W. H. (1. 0.8.) se. Luck, W. H. Lucknow, The Garon Peoria Museum Ludlow, F. Luffman, M. A. eve Luke, J. H. Luke, K. J. ers coe Lumley, C. C. ee Lumsden, O. F’, (.c.s. s.) Lund, E. . Lunham, (Cant. J. ib Lushington, P. M. (1¥s.) Lyall, Capt. Rp, ate Maes huyall, J. A. a Lynn, G. R. (c.5.) MacDonald, Dr. D. (Life Member) Macdonald, K. C. (0.s.P.) —.. C00 MacGregor, |) AN) aoe MacGregor, Capt. aD: (oats) dc Macintyre, D. Mackay, C. J. ek Mackenna, J. (1.c.s.) Nilesharnvils. Colin A. Mackenzie, Capt. K.L.W. ... Mackenzie, Lt. L, H. L. oe Mackenzie, M.M. ... ... Bannu, N.W.EE. .. Madanapalli, Mad- ras Presidency. .. Aurungabad. ... Murope. ... Wellington, India. .. Kohat. .. Mussoorie. .. Rangoon, .. Coimbatore. .»- Colombo. -. Kurope. .-- JUMMOO. -. Ambala, .». Dera Ghazi Khan. ... Hurope. ... Raipur. .. Hurope. .. Bolarum, Deccan. ... Lndore. .-. Hurope. ... Hurope. 5. Nasik. ... Lucknow. wee Karachi. -. Camilla, Tippera. ... Narayenganj. .. Chatalpara, Bengal. ... Dacea. .-. Amritsar. .. Balur P.O. 22) Boonae .-. Coimbatore, ... Hurope. .. Haldwani. .. Manore, Karachi. ... Hurope. .e- Amherst, Burma. .. Arconam, Madras. .-. Rangoon. ..» Dehra Dun. ... Mymensingh. .. Mandalay. ... Ootacamund. ... Europe. ... Bombay. .. saran, Bengal. LIST OF MEMBERS. lix .. Europe. .. Hurope. ... Mussoorie. ... Colombo. .. sukkur, Sind. ... Calentta. ... Kuro pe. .. Chatrapur, Ganjam. ... Calcutta. Mackie, A. W. W. (1.c.8.) Mackinlay Chas. ... Mackinnon, P. W. (¥.u.s.) Mackwood, I’. M. ... MacLachlan, R. B. . Macleod, N. A. Macleod, The Hon’ ble Mr. MacMichael, N. (1.¢.s.) MacNair, R. oa (3.0.8. ) Justice N.C. Maenab, ‘A. a ... Maymyo. Macnaghten, eh ee ANG (Doon ... Calcutta. Macperson, hk. EB. de ae ... Sholapur. Maepterson, Col. T. R. M. & .. Hurope. Macrae, Major J. L. (1.m.s.) .. Hurope. Maewatt, Lieut.-Col. R. C. (2. MS.) as ye Hurope. Madras, The Professor of Zoology, Christian College Madras. Madras, The Principal, Prosideney College .. Madras. Madras, The Principal Agricultural College and Research Institute ... Coimbatore. Madras, The Librarian, Govt. ‘Central Museum... Madras. Magrath, Major H. A. F. sc ... Peshawar. Mahaluxmiwalla, C. D. ... Bombay. Mahomedbhoy Currimbhoy Ebrahim .. Bombay. Main, T. F. é .. Poona. Major, Major Forbes ... Baroda. Maltby, C. M. as WW ypjio@w lo pa, Murree. Chief of ee .. Kathiawar. “BLAB, F.E.S.) (Life Manavadar, Khan Shree a (Life Member) _.... Manders, Lt.-Col. N. (R.A.M.C., Member) .. Colombo. Mandlik, Narayan V. ‘(Life semen ... Bombay. Mann, H. H. es ae ... Poona. Mann, T. H. ... Hurope. Manners -Smith, Lt. “@alede (v.c Ca GE, te ..- Nepal. Manson, C. E. EF. Lea Ae: .. Mandalay, Marjoribanks, Ne Ei: ie Sh) eee ... Madras, Marryatt, N. za Hor .-. Abu Road. Marsden, E. ... Hurope. Marshall, Arch, MeL. (Life ae Marshall. A. W. ra ie Marshal!, D. is wee se Marshall, Dr. H. H. (1.8.¢.8.)... ... Hurope. .«. Bombay. .-. Hurope. .. Rangoon, Marshall, J. MeL. (Life Member) Marshall, Major T. Ef. (R.a.) ... .- Quetta. Marten, James as: a ves ... Mussoorie. Martin, A. Ff. .. Ramnad Dist., 8. 1, 8 .. Kurope. Ix LIST OF MEMBERS. Martin, Col. Gerald (Life fone) Martin, Capt. J. Martin, L. K. Martindell, H. B. W. Masani, A. M. (Life Member) .. Mason, C. W. _ Masson, The Hon’ ble Sir D. P. (x. OG B.) Maung, Po Bye (K.s.M. & F.R.C.1.) Maunsell, Capt. H. C. C, Maxwell, R. M. (1.c.s.) Ne Maxwell, Capt. W. F. ( oy Mayes, W. Mayne, Capt. H: B. ‘(RG ae son MeCarrison, D. L. (D.8.P.) ... 507 McComas, H, ee McCrie, C. M. G.r.s.) McCudden, Capt. J. A. McDiarmid, K. McDonald, J. sae McDonough, A. D.... McGeorge, J.C. ... McGlashan, John (c.£.) Mellwrick, L. oe sit McIntosh, Alex. (c. 3.) Ba 500 McIntosh, Jit, (LIB) ee aa ; MecKerron, R. G. GI.A., OSE) McKendrick, Saye A. G. oe .. Hurope. ... Hurope. ... Chanda, ... Shwebo, Burma. — .. Baroda. ... Hurope. .. Lahore. .Myaung-Mya, Burma. .. Baroda. . Karwar, Kanara. i Fatehgarh, U. P. ... Liahore. ... Bombay. .. Rajamundri, ... Lucknow. ... Dehra Dun. .. Poona. .. Murope. . Europe ... Campbellpore, .. Hurope. : .. Calcutta. ... Bombay. ... Lrichinopoly. .. Tharrawaddy. ... Rangoon. _.. Coonoor. McKenel, A. .. Hurope. McLeod, W. C. : . Mergui, Burma. McMahon, Jol. The Hon. Sir i 1B\, (K.c. C. I. Key O.Sa0e i Caleutta. McMullen, Capt. G. C. w ees ... Amritsar. McNeale, ap H. is 7 rf .. Europe. McNeill, as (QEKGHSE)) oe 290 McPherson, Major G. (LLM. Se ao McPherson, Capt. J. (1.01.s.) - Mead, P. i (GEE) cx Mears, Major A. (1.A.) Meikle, H. G. W. Meinertzhagen, Capt. h. Menon, K.G Mercer, A. W. ee Merewether, Lt.-Col. H. D. ... Mess President, R. A. Mess ... Mess President, R. A. Mess Mess Prcgilenit. Leicestershire Regt. ... Mess President, 1st South Wales Borderers Mess Prosident, Ist Connaught Rangers py Poona. .. Bombay. vs Bombay. ... Bombay. .. Bombay. .. Bombay. .. Mauritius. .. Cochin. | Rawal Baa ... Gurope. .. Colaba. _ Roorkee. .. Madras. . Kurope. .. Dagshai. LIST OF MEMBERS. [xi Mess President, 2nd Worcestershire Regt. ... Jhansi. Mess President, 6th Jat. Light Infantry ... Secunderabad. - Mess Secretary, 18th Infantry at a Mess Secretary, 1/39th Garhwal Regiment . Lansdowne, U. P. Mess President, 41st Dogras ... 4 ... Cawnpore. Mess President, 44th Mevwara Infantry ... Ajmer. Mess President, 45th Rattray’s Sikhs ... ... Nasirabad, Mess President, 52nd Sikhs, F. F. ses ... Peshawar. Mess Seeretary, 58th Rifles F. F. >. Quetta. Mess Secretary, 59th Scinde Rifles a ... Kohat. Mess President, 64th Pioneers ... Belgaum. Mess Secretary, 74th Punjabis, Book Club ... Lucknow. Mess President, 85th Regiment (K.s.L.1.) ..- Secunderabad. Mess Secretary, 87th Punjabis bes ... Jhelum. Mess Secretary, 91st Punjabis re ... Meiktila, Burma, Mess President, i0Ist Grenadiers oe ..- Mhow. Mess President, 103rd Mahratta Lt. Inty. ... Ahmednagar. Mess Secretary, 109th Infantry ... Secunderabad. Mess President, 110th Mahratta L. Infantry ... Belcaum. Mess Presidont, 117th Marathas oe nog WEI Mess President, 122nd Infantry so ... Fort Sandeman. Mess Secretary, 39th U. I. Horse ase .. Goona. Mess President, 1/10th Gurkhas a .-. Maymyo. Mess Secretary, R. I. M.S. “ Dufferin ”’ ... Bombay. Messent, P. G. (¢.2.) ses 500 ... Bombay. Metcalfe, J.G. KE. ... Hee Bae _.- Bombay. Meyer, 0. a eer ... Bombay. Meyrick, B. (r.n.s. ae Se ee .. Muro pe. Middleton, L. W. ... ae ... Nonapore. Assam. Millard, W.S. (r.z.8.) (Life Member) ao ... Murope. Miller, W. A. H. ai oe ... Karwar. Milleti, pon be Mr. G. P. (LF. S.) a -.; Poona. Mills, ID) . (Life Member) ... oe ... Hurope. Milne, Mrs. Leslie ... see Hs .»» [urope. Milner, (Opnlde ae we ... Tharrawaddy, Milward, R. C. (1F.8.) ae oe .. Dehra Dun. Minns, Mrs, H.C. ... Rangoon. Miraj, Shrimant Gungadhar Rao Ganesh, ‘alias Baba- saheb Patwardhan, Chief of cal Member) .. Miraj. Mitchell, F. J. oo oe .-. Srinagar. Mitchell, lity tek 5, SH a oe ... Nanded Dn. Mitchell, H. H. G. ... ie see ... Madras. Mitchell, J. 0. H. ... ae aes ... Tezpur, Assam. Mockler, Major G. F. Sp oe .-. Kashmir. Modi, Bomanji Hdulji Sch oy ... Kaira. Mogoridge, COBSeas ... Mandalay. Mohun Shumshere J ung Bakadurt General we Nepal Mollison, J. ae as wv» Europe. Ixil LIST OF MEMBERS. Montagnon, D. J. ae Monté, Dr. D. A. de (Lu. & 8.) Monteath, G. (1.c.s.) (Life ee Monteath, Jp (GEES) Montmorency, G. ¥. de (i. ©. 's.) Montgomerie, A. (1.¢.8.) ; Montgomerie, C. W. H. (1. ¢. s.) Montresor, Capt. L. B. ee F. *) Moore, T. 1D) Moore, J. BAS bee Bi Moore, \io (Rabi) ac 56 Moore, W. G. vole eas Morgan, Mrs. Chas. Morris, Major A. H. (R.a.M. c.) Wome, Xe Je (UBIO) Morris, Major D. O. Bae eee Morris, Major G. M. Mosse, Gn A, el, 18, oA Member) Mosley, N. Motilal Vallabhji Moule, Capt. H. E. Mowbray, G. B. De... Moylan, W. MM... i = Moysey, HE. L. (1.¢.8.) Muir, G. B. F. (1.¢.8.) Mudhol, Shrimant Chief of Mullan, J. P. (1. oe MitmiDlere, (Cl, Vile J8No eae Miiller, Professor O. V. Mullings, C. '’. Mullins, Bt -Col. W. 'B. Mulraj, ‘Lala ae Mumford, J. Mundy, B. Hor: (6.8) Mundy, N.S. Munna LAl, Dr. (Ln M. & 8.) . Munn, Deaaard ie Murison, Capt. C. 6. (I.M.S.) ... Murphy, Capt. A. cee us Murphy, E. J. 50 Murray, A. G. Murray, Lt. J. Wolfe (R, } N) Murray, Capt. J. H. (uas.) Murray, EA Cerne a Murray, R. D. ee Murray, S. B. (p.w.p.) meee Musprait, Lt.-Col. F. ©. aes Malojirao Raje . Sylhet. . Bandora. . Kurope. . Radhanpur. ... Lyallpur. .-» Dhulia. .. Jubbulpore. ... Belgaum. .. Bombay. Euro pe. . Bombay. .. Mandalay. Mt Mangalore. ... Hurope. .. Myittha, U. Burma. ... Akola, Berar. .e» Rawalpindi. .-- Dwarka, .. Bombay. e e . Bombay. ... Myitkyina, Burma. ... Maskeliya, Ceylon. ee Betula Cars .. hana. spe fee Apna Ghorpade, a .- Mudhol, S. Mees ... Bombay. ... Lahore. .. Bombay. .. Guntur, .-. Chaman. ... Quetta. ... Hurope. ... Bombay. .. Silchar, Cachar. .. Bara Panki. . Secunderabad. . Bombay. . Europe. ... Rangoon. ... Nelliampatty. Persian Gulf. .. Europe. .. Peshawar. ... Kasauli. .. Madras. .. Bombay. LIST OF MEMBERS. xii Mysore, Agricultural Chemist . Bangalore. Mysore, The Superintendent, Mysore Government Musenm ... Bangalore. Mysore, H. H. the Maharaja Kr ishna Raj Woodayax Bahadoor (a.c.s.1.) (Life Member) oa .. Mysore. Nahar Singh of Bedla, Rao ... ass ... Bedla near Udaipur. Nangle, Capt. M. C. ee va ... Rangoon. Napier, A. G, Fitz.. Hee a ... Allababad. Napier, A. H. (1.m. s.) a ... Dera Ismail Kian. Naranji Dwarkadas (Life Member) : .. Bombay. Narrotumdas Morarji Goculdass (Life Member) ... Bombay. Nasrulla Khan, H. H. Nawab Mahomed we ohonaley © ssl Needham, J. HE. ... -o» Bombay. Nene, Sadashive Sitaram .... ses ... Sangamner,Ahmed- nagar Dist, Well; N.C. .... a8 ees, J) 1 ove Lurope. Newcome, Lionel ... = as ... Shanivarsante P.O., N. Coorg, S. India. Newnham, Lieut.-Col. A. (F.z.8.) ae ... Jullundur. Nicholetts, W. A. ... sei sas ... Hurope. Nicholson, FH. M. F. sis ae ... Bombay. Nicholson, KE. F. (¥.z.s.) Boe ase .-- Bombay. Nicholson, Capt. KE. H. oe be ... Mauritius. Nicholson, Major W. C. — bo ... H'erozepore. Nicoll, Mrs, C. V.. ... 60 od ... Kajang, Selangor. Nisbett, Major W. re an .. Mandalay. Nizam’s College, he “Lilbnentar ae .. Hyderabad, Deccan. Noyees l. (1.C.s.) |... .. Kurope. Narse, Lt.-Col. C. G. (F.5.s.) (Life Member) -.. Hurope. Nuttall, WWM: wes Bae -.- Dibrugarh. Oates, HE. W. (F.z.s.) (Hon. ee eae .. Kurope. Oberholser, H. ©. ... 500 .. Washington, U.S.A, O’Brien, Capt. Jal (Gh Jel, ae ee .. Nowshera. O’Brien, P. bog ae >. Chana. OQ’ Brien, Major Edward afc 608 ... Europe. OQ’ Callaghan, Eve Se aes ... Gauhati, Assam. O2Wonel. HL Vs 8. ae wa ... Alipur, Duars. O'Donnell, O. vas ... Hurope. O’Donnell, Lt.-Col. T. J. Os S. on R. sane) -.- Quetta. O’Nash, E. .-- Calcutta, Ogilvie, A, W. (LF. s.) be Be ... Raheng via Moul- mein and Kaw- kerick. Ogilvy, W. Soe aes Boe ... U. Burma. Okeden, W. P..'*.... ee Jog ... Rangoon, Oliphant, J. Sai sos Sor ... Hurope. lxiv LIST OF MEMBERS, Oliphant. J.N, Oliver, Lt.-Col. L. G. Olivier, Col. H. D. (2.5., F. 2.8.) (Life Member) Ollenbach, O. C. ... KS Orchha, H. H. the Raja Bhagvunt Singii Ormiston, W. es bia Orr, Capt. H. M. oe ae sae Orr, J. P. (1.0.8.) se ; Osborn, Genl. W. ... due Osmaston, A. KE. (iF.8.) tee Osmaston, B. B. (1.¥F.s.) 3 Osmaston, L. 8. (1.F.s.) i, ake O'Sullivan, Col. D. (R.A.M.C. ) Owen, W. Tudor (1.¢.8.) Oxley, Capt. J. C. Paddison, G. F. (1.¢.8.) “ Page, W. G. a be Page, W. T. (£.2z.8.) Page, W. W. K. Paget, BG ey i, Pacet, Dr, A. J. M. (a.p., ete.) Painter, lek JL (TOS) S. (LMLS.) vee wee Palanpur, Shah Zada Taley Mahomed Khan Palmer, Capt. C. 1. (1.u.8.) . Be Palmer, W. L. Gr. ») oA ea Paral, Mrs. a lies nee Pandit, S. Prem N.. Eoainen H. H. the Maharaja Mohendra ‘Yadven- dra Singh Bahadur Prnmraas. hi Vercors) is Pargeter, C. E. en Sar Parish, N. B. ise onion, 2 R. N. (L8. s. ) ah Parnell, R. (TS. ee Parrinston, Capt. J. W. (Rts) Parsons, A. A. L. ie hee Parsons, A. E. B. oe She Dapsaie. Ss. R. Kia PA : Parshotumdas Vishram M aoji- Partridge, WM. A. ... aes Parton, ony ae Pascoe, J. Harding... an eee Pasteur Institute of {ndia, The Director Kulla .-- Kheri, Oudh. ..Allahabad. --. Lurope. Dehra Dun, U. P. ee likumgarh, Bun- delkhund. ... Ceylon. .-. /uro pe. -e- Bombay. ...Kangra District, ... Gorakpur, «Dehra Dun. ... urope. .. Hurope. .-Palitana, Rathi awar,. ... Hurope. ... Madras. ... Hurope. --. Lurope. -.- Calcutta. .-. Wellington, Nilgiris .-. Berbera,Somaliland .-- Bombay. ... Palanpur. ... Bombay. ... Murope. ---Bombay. ...Jaipur, Rajputana. --- Ajmer. -«- Wrnakulam,Cochir. .. Huro pe. Alain Rajputana. .-- Abbottabad. ... Kangra District. ... Dangalore. .-- Patiala. .-. Peshawar. ...Mandla, ... Bombay. ... secunderabad. ...Koppa P. O., Kae Giles dur District. Kamby, Nilgiris. .. Kasauh, Punjab. ; ’ ss . i on : LIST OF MEMBERS. Ixv Patel, Khan Bahadoor Burjorji D. _... ... Quetta. Patiala, H, H. the eee a of aA .. Patiala. Patton, Capt. Vis Se GES) ... Guindy, Saidapet. atuck, 5. (1.C.8.) a ue ... Wardha. Powalla, Jamsetji C. a .. Bombay. Payne, R. (B.a.) ... .. Bankipur, E, I. Ry Pearce, Major C. R. Gm. s) . .. Maymyo, Pears, 8. G. (SOLS H) bce ease, Lt.-Col. J. ie Pearson, R.S8. (1.5.8. ) Pechey, W. P. Peck, N. F. (1.0.8.) ae. eile. Capth oD) sGems.) 2s. Pendlebury, W. M. F. Be ... Parachinar. .. Europe. .. Dehra Dun, U. P. .. Bombay. a ... Chittagong. ... Hurope. ... Jalna, Decean. Penton, Lt.-Col. R. H. (R.A.m.c.) Be ... Poona, Percival, A. P. (1.F.s.) an ya ee Imercival, GS. P. !.. As .. Mercara, Coorg. Percy-Rae, A. HE. ... . Rangoon, Periect, S. R. (®.w.b.) . ue a 1 ered. Perreau, Capt. G. A. Bakloh, Punjab. Pershouse, Lt. 8S. ... cad .. Rangoon. Pestonji Jivan ji (v.c.8.) (Life Member) ° .. Hyderabad, D. Peters, Col. ©. T. (Lu.s. retd.) .. Dinajpur. Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw (Life Member) : .. Bombay. Petit, Dhunjibhoy Bomanji (Life ent .. Bombay. .. Bombay. Petit, Jehangir Bomanji (Life peer) Petley, C. A. pate ners, Capt. R. ce (R..) Phipson, H Pickersoil]-Cunliffe, Lt. J. C. Pickthall, Capt. J. W. ae Pilcher, Col. J. G. (i.m.s.) . M. (@.z.s.) (Life Member) a Phythian, ecm, Ibis, 1s (Gig Jee .. Loungoo. .. Maymyo. .. Lurope. .. Kurope. .. Jhansi. ... Rangoon. ... Hurope. Piles J: ... He i Ss .». Necunderabad. Pinfold, EH. 8 ue .. Rangoon. Pinhey, Lt. Gor ae F ac if Bs) on .. Hyderabad, Deccan.. Pipe, T.S. ue ... Nasik. Pitt wv.. HH. Plunkett, Eee Deed Pollard, Capt. A. B. St. V. Pollard, G. F. (¥.z.8.) Polovtsoff, Mons. A. woe .. Rajamundri, .- Katha, U. Burma, .. Port Blair, Anda- mans. ... Dehri, Garhwal. .. Hurope, Poncins, Baron ea de Chie Memb) » France. Pope, J. A. (1.0.8) .. . Satara. Porter, A. A. Pottinger, Lieut. J. os .. Lakon, U. Siam. .. vhansi, Ixvi LIST OF MEMBERS. Pottinger, Major R. 8 eee Powalla, Jemsetji CL : Powell, Dr. A. Powell, J. i. Powell, W. a Powell, W.S. (L.F.s.) Praed, Ti G. A. M. es at Prall, Tit -Col. S.B: (TSE) ee ae Pratt, Jel, Ch a ae aA Preston, I’. J. Priestley, hi. Primrose, Alex. M. Procter, The How’ble Sir H. EB. Proctor, Capt. Alfred H. (1.M.s.) Professor of Forestry, Oxford University Punjab Seuieal tural College, The Principal Punjab Government Horticultural Gardens, Supdt. sce ... Rangoon. «. Madhopur, District Parkis, F. C. (B.F.s.) lopeeletsy Jet, aoe Bes Glamis (Gayo, lit JES nSs 5c 208 Quinlan, D. (M.R.C.V.Se) See Be Quinn, Dr, T. W. Rae, Capt. M. it. Raikes, H. B. 504 Rajkumar College, the Principal ae Ralston, Lt. W. H. oe ee Raper, J. C. D. (a.M.Lc.B.) ... Ravenshaw, Col. C. W. (Life Member) .. 353 Readymoney, N. J. Ae ee Rebello, Rev. Joao -. wee Rector, St. Mary’s College Redmond, Rev. J. Rees, R. Rees, W. E. noe Reichwald, Capt. W.E. (R.H.AL) 500 Reid, Clee EL (1.0.8.) on ss Read GH em (Curse eee aa ae evo am Newrlen ueee 508 n04 Reid, OWodk (iseiS))ies st nae Reiley, R. C. se 500 ds Reilly, N. E. son “a0 Reinhart, W. 50 anh Reinhold, Capt, ©. H. (Lars.) ee Remington, (Cm, ded 300 nee a s .. Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. ... Mussurrie, .. Europe. .. Rangoon, ... Nowgong. ee Ades ... Selangor, ... Bombay. ... Mirpurkhas. .. Punkabari, Duars. ... Hurope. ... Hongkong. ... England. .- Lyallpur. Lahore. Gurdaspur. . Cawnpore, .. Caleutta. - Betul amas .. Murope. w-. Hurope. ... Rajkote. ... Kashmir, .-- Lanowli. --. Hurope. --- Bombay. ... Margoa, Goa. ... Mazgaon, Bombay, ... Chickmagalore, My- sore. .-. Chandkhira Sylhet. ... Gaya, Bengal. ... Mhow. . Calentta. . Hurope. .. Mercara, Coorg. -. Dacea. _. Kanda -- Panjgur, Mekran Coast. ..- Bombay. -. Murope. --- Abu Road. LIST OF MEMBERS. Rendall, H. D. (1.¢.8.) Rennick, Lt.-Col. Alex. de Ce. Rennie, Thos. (1.C.V.D.) Reynolds, aus D, (B.F.A.) Reynolds,G.N. ... Reynolds, L. W. (1.c.8.) Rhé-Philipe, G. W. V. de Rhenius, C. E. e Rhodes, T. M. Rice, H. D. Richards, B. D. @. 'se.) Richmond, R. D. (1.¥.s.) ay Ritchie, Major C. MclI. a Robert, A. W. at 2 bberts, AE AG luane (1.0.85) .-- Roberts, Capt. A.S. B. ae Roberts, Lt.-Col. J. RB. (1..s.) ee Roberts, Major M. B. ( Life Member) ... Robertson, Hon’ble B. (1.¢.s., C.1.8.) Robertson, T. B.... aa Robertson, J. H. (1.c.s.) F Robertson, Laurence (1.¢.8.) ... Robertson, L. V. M. (i.0,8.) ... Robinson, Li. H. G. Bes Robinson, H. K. (1.F.s.) Robinson, Hon’ble Mr. Justice 8. M. * Robinson, Major H. Roddis, F, Rodger, A. (1.F. a) ce Rogers, A C. aay Rogers, AK... Rovers, C. G. (1. F.S. yy Rogers, J. B, Leslie | Rovers, Rev. K. St. A. | a cars, W.S. ay Rome, ee C. Rooke, EH. A. Roper, Ff. Rorie, J. J. | Rose, Col. H. Rosenthal, F. M. Bivoss, J. P. Ross, Major Tyrell (Lite Member) | Routh, Capt. G. F.S. “Roughton. N. J. coo een Row, Dr. R. (.p.) a Rowan, Revd. ‘I. Ue By Row: andson, E. J. Ixvil ... Junagad. .. Delhi. ... Rangoon. ... Nowshera. .. saugar, C, P. _.. Calcutta. ... Hurope. ... Europe. .. Hurope. .. Hurope. .. Lanowli. ... Coimbatore. ... Lahore Cant. ... Kistna District. .. Kulu, Punjab. ... Rangoon. 2 lindoney@emle ... Garhwal, U. P. ... Calcutta, ... Hurope. ... Hurope. ..- Bombay. . Hyderabad-Sind. .. Peshawar. .. Kurseong. .. Rangoon. ... Poona. ..» Dacca. .. Dehra Dun. ... Europe. ... Barrakpore, Bengal. ... Bombay. ... Euro pe. ... Rarai, Hast Africa. .. Bombay. ... Peshawar. .». Balaghat, C. P.. .. Europe. .- Toungoo, Burma. .. Lucknow. .. Secunderabad. ... Bombay. ... Dilkhusha, U. P. -.. Kohat. ... Khandwa. .» Bombay. .. Panchgani. .. Vellore, N. Arcot.’ Ixvili LIST OF MEMBERS. Royal Asiatic Society, The Honorary Secretary ... Bombay. Roy, Sampat Liladhar 8. as ae ... Bombay. Ruddle, W. H. a oe ... secunderabad. Rudman, F. R. R. (1. cs). ee ee ... Jubbulpore. Rushton, C. E. ees a0 ae ... Mandalay. Russell, "A. J. ae .. Banmank,U. Burma, Russell, Hon’ble Mr. ‘Justice L. P. oe ... Bombay. Rust, ©, die (I.c.8.) . nan cae ... Rupar, Umballa. Rutherford, W. FE. ue ee ... China. Ryan, G. M. (LF. Sa. a Bel .. Karachi. Ryan, J. G. : Be: Be ... Cawnpore. Ryan) Wig deg NEIae co: = nea ... Hurope. Rylands, H. Rh. ne ies A ... Europe. Ryves, A. H. ane Bas Sec .-. Allahabad. Sale, Edward IL, (1.¢.s. SY) ote ah .« Bombay. Salkeld, Capt. R. E.. se oe ... Kismayu, British East Africa. Salmon, Capt. W. H. B. oa ab ... Poona. revit, (hyo, Jal, 1s (GRA) S60 aoe ... Rawalpindi. Samers, W. B. (a. a) es sen ... Rangoon, Sampson, EH. D. —.. ae Be .. Hubli. Sanderson, P. M. D. . Bombay. Sangli, Shrimant Chintamanrao Appasaheb Patwar- dhan wei a coe Pee a .. Sangh, S. Mags Saone, G. Prier De ee Laipines Schultz, Chas, S., .. sa) ces ... Hurope. Scot, TS (TmESS)iee- oe aoe ... Guntur. Scott, Edmund ae ae oe ... Ceylon. Scott, Capt..G. B. ... ae sks ... Alipur. Scott, G. B. us vf nee ... Ahwaz. Scott, F. B. oe ee ss ... Dehra Dun. Scott, R, P. na oe ah ... Bombay. Scrafton, J. RuBoeee sk eh ... Secunderabad. Scroggie, Capt. W. R. J. (1.m.s.) aed ... Mereara, Coorg. Scroope, OW ees.) La oH ... Hurope. Selby, Major W. ee S.0., F.R.0.S., 1.M.S.) .. Lucknow. Seale, Dr. C. E. B.. ee .. Darjeeling. Sealy, Major A. E.. ie ae .. Gurdhaspur, Punjab LIST OF MEMBERS. Sedgwick, L. J. (1.0.s.) Seervai, Dr. Rustom F. Sirdar, Anandrao-‘Scindia =. Seton-Karr, H. W. (Life Member) 2 Settlement Reading Club, The Principal Sewell, J. H. Seymour Sewell, BB. (I. M. 5) Shakespear, Lt. -Col. J. Shand, J. H. B. (1.m.s Sharp, ‘The Hon'ble Mr. W. H. Sharp, H. au Shaw, H. J. Ae Shaw, Capt. W. S. ye (I.M.S.) i Sheldon, [Dips digSle be | Shebbeare, HE. O. ‘Shepherd, Philip... ‘Shepherd, W. ©. (1.c.s.) Shepperson, C. J. W. Shipp, W. Ez é Dhevade, S. V. (s. 80) ‘Shore, H. A. ‘Shortland, C.V.N. (Aa.0.8.) Short, Lt.-Col. A. (k.H.a.) Shoubridge, H. O. (c.8.) Silvester, C J. om Sim, @. L. Simcox, A. H. A. (1.0.8.) Simonds, Capt. M. H. Simpson, J. Hope ey Simson, Lt. R. es Sinclair, R. L, Sind Club, The Hony. Secretary Sitwell, Capt. INS SS. ee = | Skelton, J. H. - ‘Skilling, W. ‘Skinner, Capt. J. M. (. M.S.) . “Skinner, Capt. R. B. Ge) Skinner, R. R, lade, G. E. R. wile ‘lade, Rear-Admiral Sir E. Th “Warre... sladen, Dr. R. J. L. soe later, H. Kelshall . en J. Sanders ‘mallwood, H, St. Pe Beles, Chas. B. ‘1.F.s. Es mart, eA. G. M. (Ello TB) oc S fy Ixix . Poona. ... Bombay. .. Gwalior, C. I. ... Europe. ... Port Blair. ... Rangoon, Burma. ... Calcutta. ... Imphal, Manipur. ... Baroda Camp. ... Poona. ... Shillong. ... Bombay. ... Rangoon. ... oungoo, Burma. ... Jalpaiguri. ... Quetta. ... Bijapur. ... Europe. ... Ajmer, ... Kirkee. ... Waltair. sag ollsypnae, (Ch JP, .. Mhow, C. I. ... Nasik. .. Moradabad, U. P. ... Bombay. .. Jalgaon, Khandesh, ... Ferozepore. ... Gorakhpur, U. P. ... 'yzabad. .. Srinagar. --. Karachi, ... Dam Dum. ... Hurope. .. Hurope. ... Ganjam. ... Dagshai. .-. Fort Bilaspur. ... Sabarmati. ... Ceylon. .. Hurope. ... Bangalore. .-- Bombay. ... Thabeitkyn, U. Burma. .. Tharrawadi. .. Kelanton, via Sin- gapore. Ixx | LIST OF MEMBERS. Smith, A. Kirke Smith, J. H. Smith, J. J. (10.8) «. Smith, Major F. A. (1.M.s.) ... Smith, Capt. B. H.... sc Smith, Major O. A. Es Smith, S. D. (B.A.) ... He Smith, W. J. tee aes Smythies, B.A. ... bo Somers, W. B. (M.B.) Snow, Lt.-Col. E, Graham Souter, OC. A. (1.¢.s.) Senta! Capt. C. E. (I. M. 4) Spalding Capt. W. B. a Sparke, W. Bes 7 ve Sparling, A, H. oid Ape wee Spence, A. D. oe coe Spence, R. A. Spooner, T. J. (c. 2) (Life Member) Squire, D. Stables, Major Alex. (n A.M.C. y Stack, Mrs. CARs. coe Stallard, R. H. (R.8.) -Stanbridge Capt. W.. J. Standen, B. (L.C.S., C.1.E.) Stanton, W. C. wed ve Staples, A. W. H. (c. E.) see Stebbing, EH. P. (1.F.S., F.L.S., F.EAS., P28.) Steel, Capt. DD. (iMs.) Ps: ees Steen, Capt. R. oa M.S. - : ws Steffen, O. Stephens, L. B. ... Stevenson, Lt. I. (1.M.s.) : Stevenson, Hon’ble Surg. a Genie, Wee Stevens, Herbert _... see Stevenson, Capt. W. D. . (1. m8) Stewart, Capt. G. H. (1.M.8.) .. Stewurt, Capt. J. M. x Stirling, J. H. son Stockley, C.H:.°.. Stocklev, Oapt. J. i Stokes, 1. W. oe Stoney, EH. W., c1.E. Stoney, R. F. Np Stonor, W. Mae Storey, Thos. H. ... Bomhay. ... Outch, Bhuj. n Koraput, e 6 .. Oodeypur. . Bharatpur. ... Fyzabad. ... Alipore. ... Hurope. .., Colombo. ... Naini Tal. .. Rangoon. ... Peshawar. ... Madras. . Bombay. _., Cawnpore. _.. Rangoon. ,. Luronve. _. Rangoon. . Bombay. . Gadag. . Tellicherry. ... Lurope. ... Hurope. _.. Sialkot. ... Kasnuli. . Pachmarhi. . Bombay. . Dum Dum. , Hurope. ... Bombay. P ... Mainpuri, U. P. i | ... Bombay. a _.. Karachi. ¥ ... Manipur State. 4 ... Hurope. i, .. Lak him gale Assa . Bombay. . _ Rangoon. . Bombay. . . Jodhpur, Rajputana . Belozaum: 7% . Kotra, Tajpasia j . Bombay. > aI _.. Gvonoor, ... Madras. , .. Nagasamudram, — Vizaga- patam Dist, M. Ry. LIST OF MEMBERS, Stockley, Cant. C. H. Story, 4 S. Street, 1 Be cicllow, BL Pe Strong, F. W. Gos.) Strong, R. P. Stuart, Capt. C. 1 Koitody-Criord Fv2.8. Stuart, C. J. Stuart, G. A. D. (1.08) Stuart, J. D. Stubbs, L. M. (1.0.8.) Sullivan, Col. G. D. F. | Sallivan, EK. H. 4 Surveyor, Dr. N. F. (Gn. D.) puter, Dr. M. FE. ... | BS inhoo, Gol, C. Sykes, Major C. A. (tata.) bykes, C. M. (¢.z.)... Sykes, M. G. (1.c.s.) Sykes, Sir Tatton, Bart. Symes, W. C. A Symons, H. (R.c.A.)... Symons, C. T. ee Talbot, W. A. (1.F.s.) Taylor, James H Tenison, Lt. W. P. C. aces Tennant, G. F. D. Tew, G. C. ( (L.0.8.) Thom, W. 8. i = Thomas, BH. EF’. (1.¢.s.) ne oe ' Thomas, F. B. ao: of aes Thomas, M. P. | Thomasset, lols ee ‘Thompson, Miss A.. see Thompson. 2. H. B. (LES.) ane ‘Thompson, Mijor W. G. (2.4. A.) Sc Thomson, Lt.-Col. Henry (i.m.s.) Thomson, Major D. B. ee (Thomson, Capt. W. M. (1.m.s.) ) Tambe, Dr. Gopal Kt amchandra (an.a., B.SC. aL: u.& 8.). ‘Tanner, Major C. O. O. iS Tata, Sir Dorabji J. (Lite Member) ‘Taylor, H. W. O. (B.su. A. a Taylor, Capt. J. Tejpal, Goeeranendas Goculdas (Life Member) [xx1 ... Barrackpore. ... Hurope. ... Mandalay. .-- Bombay. ... Dinajpur. ... Hurope. ... Myitkyina, Burma. ... Nellore. ... saidapet. ..- Minbu. ... Muttra Cantt. ... Murope. ... Madanapalli. ... Bombay. ... Bombay. 4ro pes ... Bangalore. ... Dwarka. ... Luro pe, ... Hurope. ... Bombay. ... Kirkee. .. Colombo. _. Kirkee. Indore, C. I. ... Karachi. ... Hurope. _, Satara, ... Bombay. ... Hurove. .. Bombay. ... Nowshera, Punjab. ... Bombay. ... Pyinmana. .. Paletwa, Aracan. Hill Tracts. ~« Palghat, Malabar. 5 KE anchrapara, EK, R. S. Ry. we. Orissa. ... seychelles. 2 Betula Pe ... Hurope. ... Hurope. .. Madras. ... Hurope. .. Chaubattia, U.P xxii LIST OF MEMBERS. Thornhill, Lt.-Col. H. B. (¢.1..) oe ... Simla. Thornton, H. A. (t.c.s.) S00 .. Lashio, Shan States, Thornton, Capt. F. H. BF soe ... Lransvaal. Thorpe, Capt. L. L. G. (R.A.M.C.) eee ... Hurope. Antirimes i latt= Colle busses) meee ee me Thruston, Lie Aine wis ee . Mandalay. Thubron, J. B.S. ... sedi ue _. Nasik. Thuliier, Capt. L. ©. (1.a) ... as ... Bombay. Mibbss Revetk.G.neees sep oe ... Bombay. Tilly, T. H. (Life Member) ... See ... Rangoon. Tinley, Col. G. F. N. ae ae ... Meerut. Tipper, G. H. (8.4.) Eo ae ... Calcutta. Mippingspea Gan mee. ee se ... Sidapur, Coorg. Tod, Alex. M. - Be ..- Bombay. Tomkins, Major E. Ib, (R. Me wie ... Jubbulpore. Toppin, S. M. (R. A.) is ... Drosh, Chitral. Tottenham, W. F. L. Rs.) Ue .. Pokokku, Burma. Townsend, Major K. C. en .. Akyab, Burma. Traill, W. H. . Europe. Travancore, H. H. The Maharaja Sir Sultan Rama Raja Bahadoor (G.c.8.1., G.C.LE.) ce mae Trivandrum. Treeby, H. &. - .. Ambala, Trench, C. G. C. (1.0.8.) nes ae .. Damoh,.C. P. Trevor, C. G. (1.F.s.) sie .. Europe. Trevor, Surg.-Genl. F. W. (m.a.atc.) a: . Calcutta. Trivandrum, The Director, Government Museum and Public Gardens ss ae -»» Lrivandrum. Trotter, E. W. see ee fs ... Bangkok, Siam. Troup, INA Tane gaily Bee sat ... Kousanie, Almora. Troup, Jie 1S (CEES) eo0 Be wee ... Dehra Dun. Truninger, L. a nee ... Caleutta, Turkhud, iD To er ie ... Bombay. Turner, A. J. (B.SC.) carer sr ... Bombay. ‘Varner, Sir Montague sic oe ... Europe. Tweedie, A. G. aes a3 Us; -,.. Caleutta. Tweedie, Mit dig Joy wae wae ... Cairo. LIwiss, Capt. A. M. e E.) a ss ... Kirkee. Tyabji, S. B. Ut ss ... Hangal, Dharwar District. Myler, EM Msle! SevIe\(TsC!S.))) bee ... Waltair. Tyrrell, Major J. R. (1.M.s.) ... ee ... Sirdarpore, C. I. Tytler, Maj. H.C. ... eee ee ... Manipur. Ulwar, H.H. Maharaja Sawai Jaisingh Bahadoor (K.c.S.1,) (Life Member) af . Ulwar, Rajputana. United Service Club, The Secretary ede .. Bangalore. United Service Library, Hon. Secretary ... Poona. Unwalla, J. N. (Life Member)... oe ... Bhavnagar. LIST OF MEMBERS. Ixxili Urwin, Capt. J.J. .. Motihari, B.-N. Ry. oS. Department of ‘Agriculture, The Librarian . --- Washington D. C. Vakil, J. D. - eee a ... Bhavnagar. Varvill, M. N oe ... Bombay. Vaughan, W. (F. ELS. ) (Life Member) BS ... Ceylon. Vonning, F. E. W. (Life Member) ? .-. Monywa,U. Burma. Venoar, Major W. KE. (1.4.) Ot Member) .-- Kohat. Vernon, C. V. (1.c.s.) ... Hyderabad, Sind. Vernon, H. A. B. (1.c.s.) 500 Be ... Madras, Victoria College, ‘Khe Principal a ... Palghat. Victoria Technical Institute, The Curator and Librarian pas 34 ae ... Nagpar. Widal, H.S.G.... eee 02 ... Bombay. Villar, A. R. ate Aas .. Tharrawaddy. Vincent, W. H. H. ‘(1.c.8.) wes .. Mozafferpore. Vithuldas Damodhar ey. The Hon'ble Sir... . Bombay. Vlasto, P. ae . Bombay. Volkart, L. 53; one ae .. Bombay. Waddington, T. H.. ... Phillaur, Punjab. Wadia, D. N. (Prof ‘of Biology Part il sNow ss tesin “ - —— On an entophytic Alga occurring in the leaves of Limnanthemum indicum, with notes on a peculiarly parasitic variety of Mycoidea. Ibid., Part III, No. 4, 1887. -—— On certain diseases of Fungal and Algal origin affecting economic plants in India. Ibid., Part. X, No. 5, 1897. - On the phenomena of fertilization in Ficus roxburghii, Wall. Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard., Calc., vol. I, App. 11-51 (1888). = - On the phenomena of propagation of move- ment in Mimosa pudica. Scientif. Mem., Part III, No. 9, 1887. - —-—— The causes of Fluctuation in Turgescence in the Motor Organs of Leaves. Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard., Cale., vol. 6 (1895), part 1, p. 1—161, 7 ps. Curtis, W. The Botanical Magazine: continued by W. J. Hooker and J. D. Hooker. (Contains descriptions and plates of numerous Indian plants.) Datta Torre pr Harms. , Genera Siphonogamarum. Cum. Indice, ie 2 vols., Leipzig, 1907. Datzett. New Leguminosz from India. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot., vol. 15, p. 185. Dicxiz, G. Notes on Algze from the Himalayas. Journ. Linn. Soc., No. 120, June 1882. Dickson. Fibre Plants of India, Africa and the British Colonies. Dublin, 1863. Distet, P. Chnoopsora, eime neue Uredineen-Gattung. Ann. Myce. Berl., vol. 4 (1906), p. 421-433. ————-— Monographie der Gattung Ravenelia, Berk. Beih. z. Bot. Centralbl. vol. 20, Heft 3, p. 343-413. ——_——— Uredineen aus dem Himalaya. Hedwigia, 1890, No. 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BOTANY OF BRITISH INDIA. xcii 206. Dirrricu. Synopsis Plantarum. 5 vols., Vimar, 1859-52. 207. Direcrory or THE CuinF INDUSTRIES OF INDIA, CEYLON, ETC., 1910. Calcutta, 1910. 208. Drxon, H.N. Merceyopsis, a new genus of Mosses, with further contributions to the Bryology of India. Journ. Bot., vol. 48 (1910), p. 297-310; 2 pls. 209. Drxon, R. M. The Giant Orchis. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 10, p. 328. 210. ——-——_--—- The size of Mango Trees. Ibid., vol. 9, p. 488. lle -- The strychnine tree. Ibid., vol. 10, p. 328. 212. Donen, C. kh. A descriptive catalogue of useful fibre plants of the world. Washington, 1897. 213. Don, G. A monograph of the Genus Disporum. Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. 18, p. 518. 214. ——— An account of the Indian Species of Juncus and Luzula. lipid vol18."py 37. 215. —--— A review of the Genus Combretum. Ibid., vol. 15, p. 412. 216. -——— Descriptions of Indian Gentianez. Ibid., vol. 17, p. 503. 217. —-— Descriptions of the Indian Species of Iris. Ibid., vol. 18, p. 309. 218. Dracenvorrr, G. Die Heilpflanzen der verschiedenen Volker und Zeiten. Stutg. 1898. 219. Druve, O. Atlas der Pflanzenverbreitung. Gotha, 1887. 220. ——-—— Die Florenreiche der Erde. Mit 3 Karten. Gotha, 1884., 221. ——-—— Die geographische Verbreitung der Palmen. Petermanns Geogr. Mitt., 1878. 222, ——--—— Die systematische und geographische Anordnung der Phanerogamen, Breslau, 1885. 223. ——--—— Handbuch der Pflanzengeographie. Mit. 4 Karten. Stutgart, 1890. Uber die Trennung der Palmen Amerika’s von denen der Alten Welt. Botan. Ztg., 1876, No. 51, p. 801-807. 225. Drummonp, J. R. anp Praty, D. Notes on Agave and Furcreea in ie India. Calcutta, 1907. 226. Drury, H. Hand-book of the Indian Flora, being a guide to all the flowering plants hitherto described as indigenous to the continent of India. 3 vols. Madras, 1864-69. 227, ——---—— The Useful Plants of India, with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine and the arts. 2nd ed. London, 1873. XC1V 228 229. 230. 231. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BOTANY OF BRITISH INDIA. Dusy. Choix de Mousses nouvelles ou mal counues. Fase. IT, 1869. Dvctovx. Plantes industrielles. Paris, 1904. Durrene, H. La flore sanscrite. Essai d’ explication des noms sanscrits servant a désigner les principales plantes de Y Inde d’ aprés leur etymologie. Paris. Doranp, TH. Index generum phanerogamorum usque ad finem anni 1887 promulgatorum in Benthami et Hookeri genera plantarum fundatus, cum numero specierum synonymis et area geographica. Brux. 1888. Durants, C. Herbario nuovo. Con figure, che rappresentano le vive plante, che nascono in tutta Europa, e nell’ Indie orientali ed occidentali. Venetia, 1584. Durniz, J. KF. Descriptions of some new species of Orchids from North-West and Central India. Calcutta, Journ. As. Soc., Beng., vol. 71, pt. II. (1902) p. 37-45. ————-—— Periodical Flowering of certain Plants. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. V, p. 417. Dyrr, W. T. Tuisetron. Notes on some Indian Dipterocarpee. Journ. Bot. Lond., 1874. ———__ -—_-- The Botanical Enterprise of the Empire (Col. Inst.)London, 1880. Dymock, W. Economie Botany of the Cucurbitacez. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. V, p. 286. ——-——-— Substances used as Incensein the Kast. Ibid., vol. VI, 399. ———-—— Value of the Plant Pangala in cases of bites by the Phursa Snake. Ibid., vol. VI, p. 450. Dymock, WARDEN, AND Hooprr. Pharmacographia Indica. 3 vols. Calcutta, 1890-93. EveewortH, M. B. Observations on the Genus Spathium. Journ. As. Soc. Beng., vol. Il, p. 145, and in Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. ool. Enewer, A. Das Pflanzenreich. Regni Vegetabilis Conspectus. Mit vielen EKinzelbildern. Leipzig, 1900 (in progress). ——-—— Die Entwicklung der Pflanzengeographie in den letzten 100 Jahren. Berlin, 1899. —_———— Die geographische Verbreitung der Coniferen. 1887. ———--——— und Prantl. Natiirliche Pflanzenfamilien. Leipzig, ? 1887 (in progress). BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BOTANY OF BRITISH INDIA. xev 245. bo bo bo or or ot ONS ErtINGHAUSEN, von. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Vegetation der Erde. Sitzungsber. der K. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, I. Abt., March 1874. Fatconer, H. On Athalamia, a new Genus of Marchantiexe. Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. 20, p. 397. ——-——-—— Ona reformed Character of the Genus Cryptolepis. Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. 19, p. 53. Frercuson, A. M. ann J. Allabout Aloe and Ramie Fibres. Colombo, 1890. -————— All about Cinnamon. Colombo, 1902. —_—__— All about Pepper. Colombo. -——-——--—— All about Spices. Colombo, 1889. -——— India-rubber and Guttapercha. Co- lombo, 1882. Fercuson, J. All about Rubber. Colombo, 1899. —— ———— All about the Areca Palm. Colombo, 1897. ————-—— All about the Cocoanut Palm. 2nd ed., Colombo, 1898. FERNANDEZ. Manual of Indian Silvaticulture. Ferrari, J. B. De florum natura. Roma, 1633, 4to. Fresca, M. Pflanzenbau in den Tropen und Subtropen. Bd. 1, Berlin, 1904. Fieip, F. A. Branching Date Palm (Ph. sylvestris). Journ., Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., XVIII, 699. . Fippran, J. P. Index to the Natural Orders and Genera in Hooker’s Indian Flora, vols. I-V. Madras, 1891. Fincgeruutu, A. Monographia Generis Capsici, cum 10 Tab., 1832. Wiscuer, C. H.C. Host Plants of Loranthacez. Ind. Forester, vol. 33, p. 353. Summary of genera and species described in the Flora of British India. Ibid, vol. 33, p. 355. Fiscuer, Tu. Die Dattelpalme. EHrginzungsheft No. 64. In Petermann’s Mitt. Gotha, 1881. FisHer. Manual of Indian Forest Botany. FisHer, W. kh. Botany by Indian Foresters (a review of papers in the Ind. Forester) Nature. Lond., vol. 65 (1902), p. 413. Furiscuer. Die Musci der Flora von Buitenzorg, Bd, I, II, Leiden, 1900-1904, 1054 pp. (contains much on Indian Bryology). xevi BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BOTANY OF BRITISH INDIA. 267. 269. Fremine, J. On some microscopic Leaf Fungi from the Himalayas Monthly Microsc. Jourl., Dec. 1874. FLEMING, Joun. A Catalogue of Indian Medicinal Plants and Drugs, with their names in Hindustani and Sanscrit. Asiat. Res., vol. II (1810), p. 153. Fiercuer, F. Note on a Toxic Substance excreted by the Roots of Plants. Mem. Agr. Dep. Ind., Bot. Ser., vol. 2, No. 3. —_—__-_—-——— The Date Palm. Agr. Ledg. No. 1, 1906. Fiucxicer, F. A., anp Hansury, D. Pharmacographia, a History of Drugs. London, 1874. Founxes, T. Biographical Memoir of Dr. Rottler. Madras Journ., Lit. and Sce., vol. 22 (1861), p. 1. Fowxke. Gums and resinous products of India. Calcutta, 1871. —.— Tables of the results of a series of experiments on the strength of British, Colonial, and other woods. London, 1867. FRANKENHEIN, M. L. Uber die geographische Verbreitung der Acanthaceen. Halle, 1849. Fritscu, F. E. The Podostemacez of India and Ceylon (an abs- tract of J. C. Willis’ ‘Studies’). New Phyt., London 2, (1903), 59-62. Fyson, P. F. Some experiments in the Hybridising of Indian Cottons. Mem. Agr. Dep.Ind., Bot.Ser., vol. 2, No. 6. Gace, A. T. Catalogue of Non-Herbaceous Phanerogams culti- vated in the Roy. Bot. Garden, Calcutta. Part I. Numerical List. Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind., vol. 5, No. 1, Caleutta, 1910. GAMBLE, J. S. A Manual of Indian Timbers. London, 1902. ___-___—— Bambusew of British India. Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale., vol. 7, p. 133. ; —____—-——— Description of a new Genus of Bamboos, Journ. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 59 (1890), p. 207. —_———_—1— Notes on the small Bamboos of the Genus Arundi- naria. Ind. Forester, Roorkee, 1888. Gammiz, G. A. The Indian Cottons. Mem. Agr. Dep. Ind., Bot. Ser., vol. 2, No. 2. Ganpoczr, M. Tabule Rhodologicee Europe et Orientis. Paris, 1881. i oe SR enon cal Sal ge a ee ae BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BOTANY OF BRITISH INDIA. xevii GanpocrEr, M. Monographia Rosarum Europe et Orientis. 4 vols., Paris, 1892-95. GARDENING CrrcuLaR, THE. Calcutta, 1899. . Garpner, G. Description of Christisonia, a New Genus of the Tribe Cyrtandrese. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. : Calcutta, 1847. ———.—— Description of Peltophyllum, a New Genus of Plants. Trans. Linn. Soc., 40., London, 1843. —____—— On the structure and aflinities of the Podoste- monacez. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 165 (1846). Gatin, C. L. Recherches anatomiques et chimiques sur la ger- mination des palmiers. Paris, 1906. Transformation diastasique du mannose en glucose au cours de la germination du Borassus flabelli- formis. Bull. Soc. Bot. Franc. vol. 55 (1908), p. 383-86. Geert, A. Iconographie des Azalées de Inde. Gand, 1882. GERARD (SHERARD) J. Catalogus arborum, fruticum ac plantarum, tum indigenarum tum exoticarum, etc. 1596. Guosz, A. Asphodelus tenuifolius. An Indian Famine Food. Agric. Ledg. IX, No. 7, 1902. Gigson, A. Note on tke various vegetable substances used in India for the purpose of producing intoxication. Hook. Journ. Bot., vol. 5, p. 89. GosLet p’AtviELA. Inde et Himalaya. Paris, 1877, pp. 395, 1 map. Gorpon. 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Translated from the German. Edinburgh, 1848. 359, Hoxupicu, T. H. India. Chapter [IX on Agriculture and Revenue. London. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BOTANY OF BRITISH INDIA. ci 360. Honz, R.S. The Growth of Palmyras. Ind. Forester, vol. 35, p. 632. 360a. ———-—— Manual of Botany for Indian Forest Students. 1909. 361. Hotrermann, C. Fungus culture in the Tropics. Arn. Roy. Bot. | Gard. Perad. vol. 1, p. 27. 362. Hooxer, J.D. A Century of Indian Orchids. With 101 plates, Calcutta, 1895. 363. ——-————. A sketch of the life and labours of Sir W. Jackson Hooker, with portrait and bibliography. Ann. Bot. Oxf. vol. 16 (1902), ix-cexxi. 364. ——-——-_—. An Epitome of the British Indian Species of Im- patiens. Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind., vol. 4, Nos. 1, 2, 3, Calcutta. 365, ——-——-——. ‘Botany,’ being Chapter IV of vol. I of the ‘Im- perial Gazetteer of India’. Oxford, 1907. 366, ————-——. Flora of British India, 7 vols., London, 1875-98. 367, ——-——-——. Observations on some Indian Species of Garcinia, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot., vol. 14, p. 484. 368. ——-——-——. On the species of Impatiens in the Wallichian Herbarium of the Linnean Society. Journ. Linn Soc. Bot., vol. 37, p. 22. 369, ————-——. On the structure and aftinities of Balanophoree, Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. 22, p. 1. 370, —= AND Jackson, B.D. Index Kewensis. Enumeration of the Genera and Species of flowering plants. 2 vols. and 3 suppl. Oxford, 1893-1908. 3/1. —————— AndTuHomson, T. Flora Indica, being a systematic account of the plants of British India together with Observations on the structure and affinities of their Natural Orders and Genera, Vol. I, Ranunculaceze to Fumar- lace, with an Introductory Essay. London, 1855. 372, —-—-——_—_—_.-—___ Preecursores ad Floram Indicam. Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. vol. 2, p. 1, 54, 163; vol. 4, p. 106-157; Vol. 5, p. 128-181. 373. Hooker, W. J. Exotic Flora, containing figures and descriptions of new, rare, and interesting exotic plants. 3 vols., 233 col. pl. Edinburgh, 1823-27. 3(4, ———-———— MHilices exotice. 100 pl. London, 1859. eii BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BOTANY OF BRITISH INDIA. 375. 376. 377. 378. 379. 380. 381. 382. 385. 384. 385. 386. 387, 388. 389. 390. 391. 395.. Hooxer, W. J. Garden Ferns. Coloured figures and descriptions of exotic ferns adapted for cultivation. With 64 col. plates. London, 1862. —_—____—__-—— Musci exotici. 2 vols. 176 tab. London, 1818-20. - Species filicum. 5 vols. London, 1846-64. —_—__—__—— anp Baker, J.G. Synopsis filicum. London, 1874. —_———— AND GREvILLE. Icones filicum. 2 vols., 240 col. plates. London, 1831. ——_——-——— anp Lyons. A Century of Orchidacceous plants, selected from Curtis’ Magazine. London, 1846, 100 col. pl. Hoorrer, D. Adhatoda vasica. Calcutta, 1897. Camphor leaf-oil. Agr. Ledg. II, No. 5, 1895. ———-— Cinnamon leaves. Ibid. III, No. 38, 1896. ———— Indian Tanning Materials. Ibid. TX, No. 1, 1902. ————— Some instances of vegetable pottery. Pharm. Journ., London, Ser. 4, vol. 22 (1906), p. 662-63. ——-— Tamarisk Manna. Journ. and Proc. As. Soc., Beng., vol. 5, p. 31. Howarp, A. First Report on the Fruit Experiments at Pusa. Buil. Agr. Res. Inst., Pusa, No. 4. ——-—— Second Report on the Fruit Experiments at Pusa. Ibid. No. 16. Howarp, A. anp Howarp, G.L.C. Studies in Indian Fibre Plants, No. 1. On two varieties of Sann. Crotalaria juncea, Mem. Agr. Dep. Ind., vol. 3, No. 3. —_—__ —________——_—— Studies in Indian Tobaccos. No. 1. The Types of Nicotiana rustica, Ibid., vol. 3, No. 1. ———_— — — —_ —__ —__ The influence of environment on the milling and baking quali- ties of wheat in India. Ibid., | vol. 3, No. 4. ———— The varietal characters of Indian wheats. Ibid., vol. 2, No. 7. a Wheat in India, Pusa, 288 pp. ( AND AsBpuR RauMan KHAN. The Economic Significance of Natural Cross-Fertilization in India. Ibid. vol. 3, No. 6. Howarp, J. E. On the Genus Cinchona. Journ. Linn. Soec., Lon- don, 1875. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BOTANY OF BRITISH INDIA. ciii 396. 397. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. 407. 408. 409. 410. All. Alla. 412, Howarp, J. E. The Quinology of the East Indian Plantations. London, 1869-76. ———_——_—— an OruHERs. Botanical Descriptions of the Species of Cinchonez growing in India and Ceylon, London, 1861. Hvurpsner, Baron pe. A travers empire britannique, 1883-84 ; Paris, 1886, 2 vols. Humeoupr. Hssai sur la géographie des plantes. Paris, 1805. Hunter, W. The Plant Morinda and its Uses. Asiat. Res., vol. 4, (1795), p. 35. ImpeRiat GazetTEER OF Inp1a. Vol. I, Chapter 4; Botany, by J. D. Hooker. Oxford, 1907. ——-—— Institute Series. Hand-books of Commercial Products. Indian Section. Calcutta (in progress). InpiaAN AGRICULTURIST, THE. Calcutta (in progress). ForestER, THE. Allahabad (in progress). GARDENING AND Piantine. Calcutta (in progress). ——— Mvsrum Nores. Calcutta, 1884. InpRAJI, JAIKRISHNA. The Bhakhu Plant and its Effect on Cattle, Journ. Bomb. Natural Hist. Soc., vol. viii, 444, TronsipE. Account of a Banian Tree. Phil. Mag., vol. 4 (1799), p. 360. ——-—— Ofthe Sun-plant. Phil. Trans. 1740. Ives, EH. A voyage from England to India in the year 1754 and an historical narrative of the Operations of the Squad- ron and Army in India, ete. Also a journey from Persia to England by an unusual route with an Ap- pendix containing an account of the diseases in Admiral Watson’s Squadron. ) SLI 37, 342, 460a, 469, 640, Sugarcane. . _ 649, 717, 1186, 1199 Sun-Plant aig ZO) Sunderbans . .1202 Swertia .. 108, 1138 Sylhet 862, 1209 Synonyms 573, 574 Tamarisk : .. 386 Tamarix .. . 1244, 1314 Taraxacum .. 1375 Tea .. 20, 26, 299, 516, 672, 686, 778, 842, 929, 940, 1009, , 1168, 1169, 1209, 1210 Telegu District .. 5 Us Terebinthacex .. . 159 Tetracrypta .. 1050 Thuidium . 674 Thwaites, G. H. K. (Obituary of)1048 Tibet.. 1486, 1487, 1503, 1505, 1506 Timber... 24, 64, 85, 278, 693, 712, 962, 995, 996, 1127, 1216 Tinnevelly a .. 1098 Tobacco 162, 164, 165, 166, 390, 459, 505, 763 Torenia .. L085 Trachycarpus . 1462, 1463 Trapa 458, 1298 Travancore 1286, 1307, 1334 Trees .. 88, 462, 513, 841, 9934, 1110-1111, 1128, 14238, 1433 Turgescence -¢) SY elxxxv NUMBER. Turnera es so. WSU Tupistra .. . 476 United Provinces. . 1200 (Vide Gan- getic Plain). Urandra .. ts Ne .. 1051 Uredine .. 33, 34, 36, 2038, 205, 1450, 1451, 1453, 1454, 1455 Ustilaginez He a3 oo UY Utricularia St 4% .. OOF Vanilla . L413 Varnish tree .. 930 Viscum 513, 325 Vitis . A383 Violacee., , . 563 Water-yielding Plants. . . 1405 Waziristan .. 1267 Western Ghats .. 5 . 1386 Wheat 118, 391, 392, 393, 467 Wight (obituary) 148, 790 Willow 11, 622 (Vide Salix). Wood 18, 99, 274, 745 Wormia .. se ae . 859 Wrightia. . ae ihe B40) Xylia -. 369 Yam . 1402, 1403 elxxxvl A LIST OF THE PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO THE ORIENTAL REGION. FROM THE “ZOOLOGICAL RECORD,” 1908. 1.—CoMPREHENSIVE ZOOLOGY. Allen, J. A.—Pennant’s “Indian Zoology,’ New York. N. Y. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1908 (111-116). Borgert.— Bericht iiber eine Reise nach Ostafrika und dem. Victoria- Nyansa nebst Bemerkungen iiber einen kurzen Aufenthalt auf Ceylon. Bonn. Sitz Ber. Ges. Natk., 1907, 1908, Natw. Sektion (12-33). Gardiner, J. Stanley.—Second report of the Committee appointed to carry on an expedition to investigate the Indian Ocean between India and South Africa. London, Rep. Brit. Ass. 1907-1908 (351-353). Koningsberger, J. C.—Hinige aanteekeningen over de fauna der Dui- zendeilanden. (Hinige Bomerkunzen wtber die fauna der “ Duizend’’- Insel.) Teysmannia, Batavia, 1908 (863-374). Morton, W.—Récit de voyage 4 Ceylon at 4 Sumatra. Lausanne Bul. Soe. Sci. Nat. 1908 (148-204). Liste des animaux rapportés (176-204). Stewart, F. H —Report on a collection of aquatic animals made in Tibet. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, pt. 4, 1908 (309-311), 2 pls. Wanrer, J —lListe der Triasverste inerungen [von Verbeeks Reise im Ostlichen ostindischen Archipel]. Jaarb. Mijnw. Ned. Ind., Batavia, 1908 (666-667) ; Cd. franc. 37, 1908 (681-682). IT.— Protozoa. Anderson, A. R. S.—Note on the occurrence of Ameba coli in Port Blair, Andaman Islands. Ind. Med. Gaz., Calcutta, 1907 (126-128). Harris, Norman M —A méthod of preparing the Romanowsky stain. Calcutta, J. trop. vet. sci., 1908 (92-94). Kashyop Shiv Ram ence on a peculiar form of Bunion Rec. Ind. Mus., Caleutta, 1908 (111-112). Minchin E. A.—On a Hemogregarine from the blood of a Himalayan Cigard (Agama tuberculata). Wondon, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1907 (pub. 1908), 1 (1098-1104), pls. lv and lvi. Pascoe, E- H.—Marine Fossils in the Yenangyaung Oil-field, Upper Burmah. Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., Calcutta, 1908 (135-142), pl. xviii. Patton, W. S.—Inoculation of dogs with the parasite of Kala Azar (Leishmania donovani), with some remarks on the genus Herptomonas. Para- sitol, Cambridge, 1, 1908 (311-313). Patton, W. S. Heemogregarines of Mammals and Reptiles Parasitol, Cambridge, 1, 1908 (318-321). LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. elxxXvil Patton, W. S.—The devolopment of the Leishman-Donovan parasite in Cimex rotundatus—Second Report. Sci. Mem. Med. Ind., Calcutta, 1908 (1-15), 2 pls. Patton, W. S.—Pathogenic Protozoa. With special reference to the malarial parasite and the Piroplasmata. Hewlett, 182. ; Patton, ‘.S.—Essay on Malarial parasites and malaria. Shipley, 419. Patton, W. S.—Review of the relation of blood-sucking Invertebrates to the Life-cycles of Trypanosomes of Vertebrates. Patton and Strick- land, 337. Patton, W.S.—Relative frequency of occurrence of intestinal Amcebe and Flagellates in cases of dysentery in the Andaman Islands. Anderson, 4, Patton, W. S.—A case of dysentery in a monkey (Macacus cynomolgus associated with the occurrence of Balantidium coli; Noc. 315. Patton, W. $.—Method of infection of Lugzeus militaris with Herpe- tomonas lygzei: no hereditary infection ; Patton, 354. Patton, W.S.—Unsuccessful attempts to imoculate dogs with the parasite of Kala Azar (Leishmania donovani) ; Patton, 535. Patton W. S.—Infection of dogs with the parasite of Kala Azar (Leishmania donovani); possibility of the disease having a canine origin and being transmitted from dogs to man. Nicolle, 506 and 3809; also Nicolle and Comte, 310 and 311. Patton, W. S.—Experimental infection of a monkey (Macacus sinicus) with ‘ bouton d’Orient,” and Wright’s bodies (Leishmania tropica). Nicolle and Sicre, 314. Robertson, Murill—aA preliminary note on Hcematazoa from some Ceylon Reptiles. Spolia, Zeylan, Colombo, 5, 1908 (178-185), 1 pl. Shipley, A. E.—Malaria { “In Pearls and Parasites” |. London, (Murray), 1908 (129-154). Smith, Warren D.— Peridinium, Philippine J. Sci., Manila, P. I. A. 3, 1908 (187-188). Vredenburg E.—Nummulites dowvillei, an undescribed species from Kachh with remarks on the Zonal Distribution of Indian Nummulites. Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., Calcutta, 1906 (79-95), pl. vill. Vredenburg, E.—Otoliths from the Miocene of Burma, erroneously de- scribed as a new genus, “ 7wingonia,” Pasccee. Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., Cal- cutta, 1908 (inset between pp. 138 and 139). Vredenburg, E.—The Cretaceous Orbitoides of India. Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., Caleutta, 1908 (171-218), pls. xxv-xxix. Vredenburg, E.— Nummulites vredenburgi, Prever. nom. mut. Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., Calcutta, 1908 (239). Vredenburg, E.—Occurrence of the genus Orditolina in India and Persia. Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., Calcutta, 1908 (814). 24 elxxxvill LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. LII.—PoriFrera oR SPONGIDA. Annandale, N.—Notes on some fresh water sponges. VIII. Prelimi- nary notice of a collection from Western India, with descriptions of two new species. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, pt. 1, 1908 (25-28). Annandale, N.— Notes on fresh water sponges. IX. Preliminary notice of a collection from Burma, with the description of a new species of Tubella. Rec. Ind. Mus., Caleutta, pt. 2, 1908 (157-158). Aanandale, N.-—Note on Lphydatia meyeni (Carter). Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 3, 1908 (306-307). Kirkpatrick, R. Indian Ocean. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 1908 (21-24), with 1 pl. Kirkpatrick, R.—Description of a new variety of Spongilla loricata, Weltner. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, 1908 (97-99). LV .—CoELENTERATA. Annandale, N.—Observations on specimens of Hydra from Tibet, with notes on the distribution of the genus in Asia. Rec. Ind. Mus., Caleutta, , 1908 (511-313). Waltons Leonard V-—Notes on the Geology of Burmah. London, Q. J. Geol. Soc., 64, 1908 (604-644), pls. liv-lv1i. Dollfus, G. F.—Sur quelques polypiers fossiles des Indes Neerlandaises Jaarb. Mijnw. Ned. Ind., Batavia, 37, 1908 (676-686), pls. 1-3; Ed. frane., 37, 1908 (691-701). Harrison, Ruth M.—Some new Alcyonaria from the Indian and Pacifie Oceans. (Prelim. notice) London, J. Linn. Soc. Zool., 30, 1908 (185-190). Pascoe, E. H , and Cotter, G. de P.—On a new species of Dendrophyllia from the Upper Miocene of Burmah. Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., Calcutta, 36, 1908 (147-148), pl. xxi. Thompson, J. Arthur.—Note on a remarkable Alcyonarian, Studeria marabilis, g. et. sp. n. London, J. R. Microse. Soc., 1908 (675-681), pl. Xvi. V.—EcHINODERMA. Clark, Austin Hobart.—Preliminary notice of a collection of recent Crinoids from the Philippine Islands. Washington, D. C., Smithsonian Inst., Mise. Collect., 52 (quart. ser. 5) 1908 (199-234). Clark, A. H.—Two new Crinoid genera. Washington, D.C., Proc. Biol. Soc., 21, 1908 (149-152). Clarke, A- H.—Some Japanese and East Indian Echinoderms, Cam- bridge, Mass. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Havard. Coll., 51, 1908 (277-311). Delage, Y.—Les vrais facteurs de la parthénogenése expérimentale. Hlevage des larves parthénogénétiques jusqi 4’ la forme parfaite. Arch. Zool., Paris, sér 4, 7, 1907 (445-506). LIST OF PUBLICATIONS, elx xxix Koehler.—Description d’une Astérie nouvelle (Nepanthia joubini) prove- nant du cap Saint-Jaeques (Cochin China). Bul. Museum, Paris, 1908 (232-235). V1I.—VERMIDEA. Barrois, Th .aud Noc.F.—Sur la fréquence du Fasciolopsis buskt (Lank, 1857) en Cochinchine. Discuss: M. Bellet, Grall. Paris, Bull. Soc. path. exot., 1, 1908 (216-221). Camerano, Lorenzo.—Gordiens du Musée Indien. Rec. Ind, Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 2, 1908 (113-117). Ehlers, E.—Die bodensissigen Anneliden aus den Sammlungen der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. (Wissenschaftl. Ergebnisse d. D. Tiefsee- Expedition, Bd. 16, Lfg. 1.) Jena (G. Fischer), 1908 (1-167), 23 Taf. 35 om. 45 M. Linstow, O. von.—Recent additions to the collection of Kntozoa in the Indian Museum. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 1, 1908 (108-109). Noc, F.—Filaires d’Indo-Chine. Paris, Bul. Soc. path. exot., 1, 1908 (869-372). Porta, Antonio —Descrizione di wna nuova specie di Gnathostomide (Nematodes) Zool. Anz., Leipzig, 83, 1908 (8-9). Richters, F.—Moosfauna-Studien. Frankfurt a. m., Ber. Senckenb Ges., 1908 (14-30), 2 Taf. Rosa, Daniele —Nuove specie di Tomopteridi. Diagnosi preliminari. Torino, Boll. Musei Zool. Anat., 23, 1908, N. 588. S:ephensoo, J.—The Fauna of Brackish ponds at Port Canning, Lower Bengal. Pt. viii. Preliminary description of an Oligochcete worm of uncertain position. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 1, 1908 (89-42). Stiles Ch., Wardel| and Goldberger, Joseph.—Observations on two new parasitic trematode worms : Homalogaster philippinensis, Agamodistomum nanus. Washington, D. C., Treas. Dept., Pub. Hlth. Mar. Hosp. Serv., Hyg. Lab., Bull., No. 40, 1908 (23-33), pl. Verdun, P., and Bruyant, L.—La douve du chat (Opisthorchis felineus Riv.) existe au Tonkin et s’observe chez homme. Arch. parasit., Paris, 12, 1908 (125-134). Yoshida, Sadao.—Niwatori no ketsu-maku ni kiseisuru senchyu. (A Nematode parasitic in the cornea of poultry (Ovyspirura mansonr). Dobuts. Z. Tokyo, 20, 1908 (359-364), pl. VII.—Bracuioropa AND Bryozoa. Boehm, Georg.—Beitriige zur Geologie von Niederlandisch-Indien. I. Abteilung. Die Siidkiisten der Sula-Jnseln Taliabu und Mangoli. 3. Abschnitt. Oxford des Wai Galo. Paleeontographica, Stuttgart, Suppl. 4 pt. 2, 1907 (59-120), pls. ix-xxi. cxe LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. Reed, F. R. Cowper —Sedgwick Museum Notes. Notes on some Fossils from Nepal. Geol. Mag., London, ser. 2, dec. 5, 5, 1908 (256-261). Waoner, J.—Triaspetrefakten der Molukken und des Timorarchipels. (Geologische Mitteilungen aus dem Indo-Australischen Archipel, hrsg. v. Georg Bvehm. IV) N. Jahrb. Min. Stuttgart, Suppl., 24, pt. 1, 1907 (161- 220), pls. vii-xil. VIII.—Bryozoa. Annandale, N.—The Fauna of brackish ponds at Port Canning, Lower Bengal. Pt. VII. Further observations on the Polyzoa with the Wee tion of a new genus of Entoprocta. Rec. Ind. Mus., Caleutta, 2, pt. 1, 1908 (11-19). Annandale, N.—Corrections as to the identity of Indian Phylactole- mata. ec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 1, 1908 (110). Annandale, N.—Three Indian Phylactolemata. Rec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta, 2, pt. 2, 1908 (169-174). IX.—Mo..vsca. Alcock, A., Annandale, N., and MacGilchrist, A. C.—TIllustrations of the Zoology of the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator Crustacea (Malacostraca), pt. xu, pls. Ixxili—lxxix. Crustacea CEembrtinea), pt. 1, pls. ici. Mollusca, pt. iv, pls. xiv-xvu, Calcutta, 1907, 10 pls. Dail, W. H.—A gigantic Solemya xnd a new Vesacomya. Nautilus, Boston Mass., 22, 1908 (61-63). Dalton, Leonard V.—Notes on the Geology of Burma. London, Q. J. Geol. Soc. 64, 1908 (604-644), pls. liv-lvii. Dautzenberg. Ph.—Description de coquilles nouvelles de diverse pro- venances et quelques cas tératologiques. J. Conchyliol, Paris, 55, 1907, (327-341), pls. iv-vi. Dautzenberg, Ph., and Fischer, H.—Leste des Mollusques récoltes par M. Mausny en Indo-Chine et description d’espéces nouvelles, Il. J. Con- chyliol, Paris, 56, 1908 (169-217), pls. Dubois, E—Das geologische Alter der Kendengoder Trinilfauna. Amsterdam, Tydschr. K. Ned. Aarder, Gen. Ser. 2, 25, 1908 (1235-1270), 1, Taf. Fischer, Hermann.—Ueber ein Vorkommen von Jugendformen des Ceratites compressus (Sandb). HE. Phil. bei Wurzburg. Geogn. Jahreshefte, Munchen, 19 (1906), 1908, (187-189). Godwin-Austen, H. H.—The Dispersal of Land Shells by the Agency of Man. London, Proc. Malac. Soc. 8, 1908 (146-147). Icke, H.,and Martin K.—Over tertiaire en kwartaire vormngen van het eiland Nias. (Ueber tertiire und quartare Bildungen der Insel Nias) LIST OF PUBLICATIONS, excel Leiden, Samml. Geol. Reichmus., ser. 1, 8, pt. 34, 1907 (204-252), pls. X1V-Xviil. Iss: 1, Raffzele.—Un novo genere di Molluschi Eteropodi | Aloysia phyllo- gosoma, n. gen. n. sp.| raccolto duela R. Nave “ Liguria” (1903-05). Mon. Zool. ital. Fireuze, 18, 1907 (174-176). Krebs, W.—Die Perlenbanke bie Ceylon und die perlenerzeugende Krankheit. Unter Benutzung der neuesten englischen und franzésischen Farschungen. Himmel u. Erde, Berlin, 20, 1908 (268-277). Martens, E. voz.—Beschreibung einiger in éstlichen Borneo von Dr. Martin Schmidt gesammelten Land-und Siisswasser-Conchylien. Hrsg. v. Joh, Thiele. Berlin, Mitt. Zool. Hus., 4, 1908, (249-292), 2 Taf. Martin K.—Systematische Uebersicht tiber die Gastropoden aus tertidren und jingeren Ablagerungen von Java. N. Jahrb. Min., Stuttgart, 1907, 11, 1908 (151-162). Martin, .—Das Alter der Schichten von Sonde und Trinil auf. Java. Amsterdam Ursl. Wis. Nat. Hfd. K. Akad. Wet., 17 [1908], (7-16). Martini and Chemaitz.—Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet. . .neu hrsg. u. vervollstandigt v. H. C. Kuster, nach dessen Tode fortgesetzt v. W. Kobelt. Lfg. 515-522—Bd. 1, H. 206-213, (489-608, 129-184, 1-72). Taf.; Nurnberg (Bauer and Raspe), 1907. 30 cm. Die Lfg. 9 M. Auch in Sektionen zu 27 M. Martini and Chemnitz.—Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet neu hrsg und vervollstandigt v. H. C. Kiister nach dessen Tode fortge- setzt v. W. (ilh.) Kobelt. Lfg. 525—Bd. 6, H. 216 (201-240), Taf.; Niirn- berg (Bauer and Raspe) 1908. 30cm. Die Lfg. 9 M. Auch in Sektionen zu 27 M. Martini and Chemnitz.—Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet . . neu hrsg. u. vervollstandigt v. H. C. Kiister, nach dessen Tode fortgesetzt v. W. (ilh.) Kobelt, Lig. 526-554—Bd. 1, H. 216-224 (73-160, 609-711, 241]- 312), Taf. ; Nirnberg (Bauer and Raspe), 1908. 30 cm. Die Lfg. 9 M. Auch in sektionen zu 27 M. Mollendorff, 0. F.—von. Landmollusken. Ergainzungen und Berich- tigungen zum 38. Bde. Nach des Verf. Tode fortgefiihrt v. Wilhelm Kobelt u. Gertrud Winter. (C. Semper, Reisen im Archipel der Philip- pinen. Wissenschaftl. Resultate. Bd. 10, H. 3-4) Wiesbaden (C. W. Kreidel), 1907, (63-104), 9 Taf. 33 cm. Mollendorff, 0. F.—von. Landmollusken. Erginzungen und Beri- chtigungen zum 3. Bde. Nach des Verf. Tode fortgefithrt v. Wilhelm Kobelt u. Gertrud Winter. (C. Semper, Reisen im Archipel der Philip- pinen. Wissenschaft]. Resultate. Bd. 10, H. 5) Wiesbaden (C. W. Kreidel), 1908, (105-128), 4 Taf. 33 cm. 25 M. Pilsbury, Henry A.—Manual of Conchology ; struetural and systematic with illustrations of the species. (Second series; Pulmonata.) (Vol. 20 excell LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. part 77: Family Ferrussacide) Philadelphia (Conchological dept., Academy nat. sci.) (1908). (1-64), pl. 24.5 em. Pilsbury, H. A., and Hirase, Y.—New land and fresh water Mollusca of the Japanese Empire. Philadelphia, Pa., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 60, 1908, (31-56). Preston, H. B.—Description of a new species of Clathurela probably from Ceylon. London, Proc., Malac Soc., 8, 1908 (6). Preston, H. B.—Descriptions of new species of marine and fresh water shells in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Rec. Ind. Mus., Caleutta, 2, pt. 1, 1908 (45-48). Preston, H 6.—Descriptions of new species of land, marine and fresh- water shells from the Andaman Islands. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 2, 1908 (187-210), 4 pls. Reed, F. R. Cowper.—Sedgwick Museum Notes. Notes on some fossils from Nepal. Geol. Mag., London, ser. 2, dec. 5, 5, 1908 (256-261). Rolle, H.—Zur Fauna von West-Sumatra. Frankfurt a. M., Nachen Bl. D. Malakozool-Les., 40, 1908 (160-161). Schepman, M. M.—Prosobranchia of the Siboga Expedition, Part 1, Rhipidoglossa and Docoglossa with an appendix by Prof. R. Bergh. [Résult explor. Siboga, Monagr. 49 A. Livr. 39, Leide (HE. J. Brill), 1908 (1-187), 9 pls. Schlesch, Hans.—New varieties of Nanina berlangert and Corbicula fuminalis Miiller from India. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 1, 1908 (108). Smith Maxwell._—A new varietal form of Turbo petholatus, Linn. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Conchological Club, Brooklyn, N. V., 1, 1907 (5-6). Tes h, J J.—The pteropada of the Leyden Museum. Leyden Notes Mus. Jentink, 29 [1908] (181-203), pl. X.—CRUSTACEA. Budde-Lund, G.— Lsopoda yon Madagaskar und Ostafrika mit. Diagnosen verwandter Arten. In: Voeltzkow, Reise in Ostafrika in den Jahren 1905- 1905, Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse 2 Syst. Arb., Stuttgart, 1908 (263-308), pls. Xil-Xvlii. Coutiere, H.—Sur quelques nouvelles especes d’Alpheide. Paris, Bul. soc. philom. 10, 1908, Nos. 5-6 (191-216), 11, 1908, No. 5 (1-26). Man, J. G, de —Description of a new species of the genus Sesarma, say, from the Andaman Islands. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 2, 1908 (181- 185), pl. xi. Man J G.de —The Fauna of brackish ponds at Port Canning, Lower Bengal, Part X. Decapod Crustacea with an account of a small collection, from brackish water near Calcutta and in the Dacca District, Eastern Bengal. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2. pt. 3, 1908 (211-231), pls. xvili-xix. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. excill Man, J.G. de—On Caridina nilotica (Roux) and its varieties. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 3, 1908 (225-288) pl. xx. Stebbing, J. R-R —The fauna of brackish ponds at Port Canning, Lower Bengal, Part IX. A new species of Amphipoda. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 2, 1908 (119-123), pl. vi. Tattersall, W. M.—The Fauna of brackish ponds at Port Canning, Lower Bengal, Part XI. Two new Myside from brackish water in the Ganges Delta. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 3, 1908 (233-239), pls. xxi- XXii. XJ.—ARACHNIDA. Bernard, Ch.—Notes de pathologie végétale. II. Sur quelques mala- dies de Citrus sp., Castilloa elastica, Thea assamica, Oreodoxa regia, etc. Buitenzorg, Ball. Dép. Agric. Indes Néerl. 11, 1907 (1-55) av. 3 pls. Bernard, « h —Notes de pathologie végétale. III. Sur quelques mala- dies des plantes 4 caoutchouc. Buitenzorg, Bull. Dép. Agric. Indes Néerl. 12, 1907 (1-79). Cooper, W. F., and Robirson, L. E.—On six new species of Ivodide, including a second species of the new genus Lhipicentor. N.and W. Cam- bridge, Proc. Phil. Soc. 14, 1908 (457-470). Hirst, A. S.—On some Oriental Solifuge, with descriptions of new forms. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 5, 1908 (241-247). Kelczynski, VI.— Arance musei nationalis Hungarici in regionibus Indica et Australica a Ludovico Bir6é collectae. Budapest, Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Nat. Hung. 6, 1908 (428-494), pl. ix. Kulczynski, Vi.—Symbola ad faunam aranearum Javae et Sumatrae cognoscendam. 1. Mygalomorphe et Cribellate. Kraké6w, Bull. Intern. Acad. 1908 (527-581), pl. xxiii. Neumana, L. G.—Notes sur les Ixodidés; VI. Arch. parasit., Paris 12, 1908 (5-27). Nuttall, G. H. F-, and Warburton, Cecil.—On a new genus of Lvodida, together with a description of eleven new species of tieks. Cambridge Proc. Phil. Soc. 14, 1908 (392-416). Simon, Eugene.—Etude sur les Archnides du Tonkin. (Yére partie) Bul. Sci. France Belgique, Paris 42, 1908 (69-147). Tullgren, Alb.—EHine neue Olpiwm—Art aus Java. Leiden, Notes Mus. Jentink 29, 1908 (148-150). XIT.—InseEcra. Adamson, C. H. E.—Catalogue of butterflies collected in Burmah by Lt.- Col. C. H. E. Adamson, C.I.E., up to the end of 1895, and presented by him to the Museum of the Natural History of Northumberland, Durham and Neweastle-on-Tyne. Part II. Newcastle, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. 3, 1908 (116-148). (Lepidoptera). CXC1V LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. (Advisory Committee.)—Reports on plague investigations in India, 29. Observations on the bionomics of fleas with special reference to Pulex cheopis, 30. The mechanism by means of which the flea clears itself of plague bacelli. J. Hygiene Cambridge (236-265). (Aphaniptera). Andre, Ernest.—Description de quelques nouveaux Mutillides du Musée National de Hongrie. Ann. His. Nat. Mus. Nat. Hung., Budapest, 6, 1908 (375-383). (dymenoptera). Annandale, N —Notes on Oriental Diptera, V., and description of a new species of psychodid of the genus Phlebotomus. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 1, 1908 (101-104). Antram, Charles B.—Some notes on Pintia ferrea W\k., Cyclosia papilio- naris, Drury, and Heterusia magnifica, Butl. Bombay, J. Nat. His. Soc., 18, 1908 (480-481). (Lepidoptera). Antram, Chas. B.—Sexual attraction in Lepidoptera. Bombay, J. Nat. His. Soc., 18, No. 4, 1908 (923-924). Arrow, Gi:bert J.—A contribution to the classification of the Coleop- terous family Dynastide. London, Tr. Ent. Soc., 1908 (821-358). Arrow, Gilbert J.—Notes on the Coleopterous genus Oniticellus and description of some new species from India. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Lon- don, ser. 8, 1 (178-183). Arrow, G. J-—On some new species of the Coleopterous genus Mimela Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, ser. 8, 1, 1908 (241-248). Bagnall, Richard S.—On some new genera and species of Thysanoptera. Newcastle, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc., 3, 1908 (183-217), pls. vi and vil. Bastclberger-—Neue exotische Acidaliden aus meiner Sammlung. Intern. ent. Zs., Guben, 2, 1908, (83-34, 37-38). (Lepidoptera). Bastelberger.— Weitere Neubeschreibungen exotischer Geometriden in meiner Sammlung. Wiesbaden, Jahrb. Ver. Natk., 61, 1908 (78-87). (Lepidoptera). Bergroth, E.—Neue indische Hemiptera. D. ent. Zs., Berlin, 1908 (589-595). Bernhauer, Max.—Neue Staphylinde aus dem subtropischen und tro- pischen Africa. (In; L. Schultze, zool. u. anthrop. Ergebnisse e. Forschun- gsreise in Sudafrica. Bd. 1, Lfg. 1.) Jena, Denkschr. med. Ges., 13, 1908, (101-118). (Coleoptera). Bezzi, M.—Secondo contributo alla conoscenza del genere Azareza. Ann. Hist.-_Nat. Mus. Nat Hung., Budapest, 6, 1908 (495-504). (Diptera). Bierman, C. J. H.— Homopteren aus Samarang (Java) gesammelt von Herr Edw. Jacobson. Leiden. Notes Mus. Jentink, 29, (1908) (151-169), 2, Taf. 111 and iv. Bingham, C. T.—Notes on aculeate Hymenoptera in the Indian Museum. tec. Ind. Mus., Caleutta, 2, pt. 4, 1908 (347-368). LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. CXev Biatter, E.—The praying Mantis. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1907 (203). (Orthoptera). Blatter. E. —Caterpillars as ants’ pets. Bombay, J. Nat. His. Soc., 18, No. 8, 1908 (591-595). (Lepidoptera). Bourgeois, J.— Diagnoses de Lycides nouveaux ou peu connus. 9° partie. Paris, Ann. Soc. Ent. 77, 1907 (501-504). (Coleoptera). Bradley, J. Chester.—The Lvaniide ensign-fiies, an archaic family of Hymenoptera. Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer., Ent. Soc., 34, 1908 (101-194), 11 pls. Breddin, C.—Noch ein Dreuches der wniguttacus-Gruppe (Rhynchota). Stettimer Hnt. Ztg., 69, 1908 (31-33). Brunetti, E.—Notes on Oriental Syrphide with descriptions of new species. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 1, 1908 (49-96). (The corres- ponding plates are published in op. cit. Vol. I. (Pls. xi., xii. xiii). Brunetti, E.—Correction to No. IV (Limnophora and Anthomyia of “Notes of Oriental Diptera”? (Rec. Ind. Mus., 1, p. 881), Rec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta, 2, pt. 1, 1908 (1907). Brunetti, E.—Indian Psychodidae, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 4, 1908, (869-384), pl. xxiv. (Diptera). j Brunner, V —Wattenwy! K. und Redtenbacher, Jos. Die Insektenfa- lie der Phasmiden. Lfg. 3 (Schluss: Phasmid@w anareolatz (Phibalosomini, Acrophylini, Necroscimni). Bearb. v. J. Redtenbacher. Leipzig (W. Engelmann), 1908 (840-589), 12 Taf. 86 cm. 30 M. (Orthoptera). Burkill, 1. H.—Notes on the pollination of flowers in India. 5. Some autumn observations in the Sikkim, Himalaya. 6. The spring flora in the Simla Hills. Calcutta, J. Proc. As. Soc., Bengal, 4, 1908 (179-231). Burr, Maicolm.—Notes on the Forficularia, xi. On new and little- known species and synonymic notes. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, ser. 8, 1, 47-51). (Orthoptera). Burr, Malcolm.—Notes on the Fovjicularia, xii. Note on the genus Apachys. Serv. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, ser. 8, 1, 1908 (51-54). (Orthoptera.) Burr, Malcolm.—Notes on the Forficularia, xiii. A revision of the Brachylalide (Isolabide). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, ser. 8, 2, (246-255). (Orthoptera). Burr, Matcolm.—Two new Dermaptera in the collection of the Leiden Museum. Leiden, Notes Mus. Jentink, 30, 1908 (95-97). Cameron, P.—A contribution to the aculeate Hymenoptera of the Bombay Presidency, Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (800-311). Cameron, P.—A contribution to the aculeate Hymenoptera of the Bombay Presidency. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (649-659). 25 " e@Xevi LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. Cameron, P.—Descriptions of the new genera and species of reared Chalcidide from Borneo. OD. ent. Zs., Berlin, 1908 (559-561), Cameron, P.—On some undescribed Vespide from Borneo. D. ent. Zs., Berlin, 1908 (561-565). (Hymenoptera). Cameron, P.—Description of two undescribed bees from Borneo. D. ent. Zs., Berlin, 1908 (565-566). (Hymenoptera). Cameron, P.—Description of a new species of parasitic Cynipide from Kuching, Borneo. D. ent. Zs., Berlin, 1908 (588). (Hymenoptera). Cameron, P.—Descriptions of new species of Braconide from Borneo. D. ent., Zs., Berlin, 1908, (687-694). (Hymenoptera). Cameron, P.—A new species of Tyremea (Stricidw) from Borneo. Ento- mologist, London, 41, 1908 (83). (Hymenoptera). . Cameron, P.—A new Pseudagenia from Sikkim. Entomologist, London 41, 1908 (88). (Z1ymenoptera). Cameron, P.— Descriptions of two new species of ‘Chrysidide from Borneo, Entomologist, London, 41, 1908 (61). (Hymenoptera). Cameron, P —Descriptions of two new genera and species [chnewmonrdee (NXoridini) from Borneo. Entomologist, London, 41, 1908 (82-84). (Hyme- noptera). Cameron, P.—Description of a new species of Megachile from India. Entomologist, London, 41, 1908 (88). (Hymenoptera). Cameron, P.— Description of a new species of sawfly (Selandria) from Borneo. Entomologist, London, 41, 1908 (124). (Hymenoptera). Cameron, ?-—On two new genera of Chalcidide from Borneo. Ento- mologist, London, 41, 1908 (151-153). (Hymenoptera). Cameron, P.—On some Bornean species of Trigona (Apide). Entomolo- gist, London, 41, 1908 (192-195). (Hymenoptera.) Cameron, P.—Descriptions of two species of Zvana from Borneo. Entomologist, London, 41, 1908 (237 and 238). (Hymenoptera.) Cameron P.—On three undescribed fossorial Hymenoptera (Crabro and Psen) from Borneo. Entomologist, London, 41, 1908 (242 and 243). Cameron, P.—Description of a new species of Ceratina from Borneo. Entomologist, London, 41, 1908 (285). (Hymenoptera.) Cameron, P.—Description of a new genus and species of Cryptine (Ichneumonidae) from Borneo. Entomologist, London, 41, 1908 (290 and 291). (Hymenoptera.) Cameron, P.—Description of a new genus and species of Braconide from Borneo. Entomologist, London, 41, 1908 (295). ( Hymenop- tera.) Cameron, P.—Descriptions of a new genus and two new species of parasitic Cynipide from Borneo. Entomologist, London, 41,1908 (299 and } 300). (dTymenoptera.) ’ LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. exevil Cameron, P.—On some new genera and species of Ichneumonide from the Himalayas. [Forts.] Zs. Hymenopter., Teschendorf, 8, 1908 (87-44). ( Hymenoptera.) Campbell, W. Howard.—Sexual attraction in Lepidoptera. Bombay, J. Nat. His. Soc., 18, 1908 (511). Carl, J —Coneéphalides du muséum de Geneve. Rev. suisse zool. Genéve 16, 1908 (131-150), pl. iv. (Orthoptera.) Carl, J. (and Fritze, Adolf).—Neue Locustodeen von Ceylon und Borneo. Bern Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Ges. 11, 1908 (299-305), pl. vii. ( Orthoptera.) Chapman, T. A.—iwo new genera (and a new species) of Indian Tycenids. Uondon, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1908 (676-678), pl. xxxviii. (Lepi- doptera). Cookerell, T. D. A-—Description and records of bees, xix. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London,"ser. 8, 1, 1908 (857-544). (Hymenoptera). Comber, E.—The classification of the Lepidoptera. Bombay, J. Nat. His. Soc., 18, 1908 (695-696). De Rhe-Philipe, G. W. V.—Further notes on the butterflies of the Konkan. Bombay, J. Nat. His. Soc., 18, 1908 (884-886). (Lepidoptera). De Rhe-Philipe, G. W. V.—Description of a new species of Charaacs from the Bhutan Frontier. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 8, 1908 (285) (Lepidoptera.) Distant, W. L.— Rhynchota Malayana. Part I. Rec. Ind. Mus., Caleutta 2, 1908 (127-151), pls.vii and viii. Distant, W.L.—The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Rhynchota, Vol. iv, pt. 2 (265-501). Dreckmann, Fr.—A large Cricket (Callimenellus opacus, Walker) from Khandalla, Western Ghats. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (924- 925). (Orthoptera.) Eggers, H.—Funf neue Borkenkafer. Ent. Bl., Schwabach, 4, 1908 (214-217). (Coleoptera.) Enderlein, Gunther.—Neue arten der Braconidengattung Stantonia. Stettimer, ent. Ztg., 69, 1908 (110-112). (Hymenoptera.) Enderlein, Gunther.—Cyaneoderes dormeyeri, eime neue Xylocopide. Stettiner, ent. Ztg., 70, 1909 (Octr. 1908), (203-205). (Hymenoptera.) Enderlein, Gunther.—Die Copeognathen fauna der Insel. Formosa. Zool. Anz. Leipzig, 33, 1908 (759-779). . Fauvel, Albert.—Tiste des Perigona Lap. et description d’especes nouvelles. Rev. ent., Caen., 26, 1907 (97-104). ( Coleoptera.) Fletcher, T- Bainbrigge.—On the larva of “ Prodenia synstictis.” Spolia Zeylan, Colombo, 5, pl. 18, 1908 (95-97). (Lepidoptera.) Fleutiaux, E.—Descriptions d’Hlatérides nouveaux du Tonkin. Paris, Bul, Soc. Ent., 1908 (164). (Coleoptera.) X¢Vill LIST OF PUBLICATIONS, Foerster, Fr.—Neue Aeschniden. Bruxelles Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 52, 1908 (213-218). (Odonata.) Forel, A.—Formiciden. (In: Wiss Ergebnisse der Exped. Filchner. Bd. 10, Tl. 1.) Berlin (HK. 8. Mittler & 8.), 1908 (105). (Hymenoptera.) Forel, A.—fourmis de Ceylon et d’Egypte (etc.).- Lausanne, Bul. Soc. Sei. Nat. 44, 1908 (1-22), pl. i. (Hymenoptera.) Fruhstorfer, H.—Neue ostasiatische Rhopaloceren. Ent. Wochenbl., Leipzig, 25, 1908 (87-38, 41). (Lepidoptera.} Fruhstorfer, H.—Neue ostasiatische Satyriden. Ent. Zs., Stuttgart, 22, 1908 (127). (Lepidoptera.) Gestro, Raffaello.—Materiali perslo studio delle Hispide. Deserizi- one di specie nuove. Firenze, Boll. Soc. Entom., 38 (1906), 1908 (176-193). Green, E. E —Note on the genus Antecerococcus. Ent. Mag., London, 19, 1908 (41-42). (Coccide). Green, & E.—Remarks on Indian scale insects (Cocede), Part 5. Mem. Dept. Agric., India, London, 2, 1908 (15-46), pls. il.-iv. Green E.—Mimicry in insect life, as exemplitied by Ceylon insects, — Spolia Zeylan, Colombo, 5, pt. 18, 1908 (87-94). (5 pls.) Green, E. E.—Re Mr. F. M. Mackwood’s note in “Spolia Zeylanica,’ November 17, 1907, p. 67. Spolia Zeylan, Colombo, 18, 1908 (102). (Lepr- doptera.) Green, E. E.— Vitality of dragonfly larve. Spolia Zeylan, Colombo, 5, Pt. 18, 1908 (104-105). (Odonata.) Green, E. E.— Mosquitoes and eye flies. Spolia Zeylan, Colombo, 5, 18, 1908 (106). (Diptera.) Griffini, Achille.—Intorno a due Giyllacris di Birmania. Entomol. Ztg. Wien, 27, 1908 (205-209). (Orthoptera.) Griffini Achille.—Sulla Gryllacris genuatis, Walker e sopra una nuova specie affine. Entomol. Ztg., Wien, 27, 1908 (229-232). (Orthoptera.) Griffini, Achille.-—Sopra alcuni Grillacridi del genere remus Brun- ner. Milano, Atti. Soc. ital. Sc. nat., 47, fase. 1-2, 1908 (1-9); (Orthoptera). Grouvelle, A.-—Etudes sur less Colobicus vrais de ’Europe, de |’Asie et de l’Australasie. Leiden, Notes Mus. Jenkink, 30, 1908 (113-4122). ( Coleoptera.) Grouvelle, A.— Coléoptéres de la région Indienne. Rhysodide, Trogost- tide, Nitidulide, Colydiide, Cucujide. Paris, Ann. Soc. Ent. 77, 1908 315-495), pls. vi-ix. Grouvelle A—Sur le genre Ithyphenes. Rev. ent., Caen, 26, 1907 (1908), 109-112). (Coleoptera.) Hagedorn, Max.—Diagnosen bisher unbeschriebener Borkenkafer. D. ent “s., Berlin, 1908 (869-382). (Coleoptera.) LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. _ CXelx Hampson, Sir Georzge.—The moths of India. Supplementary paper to the Volumes in “ The Fauna of British India.” Ser. ii, pt. x., Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (257-271). (Lepidoptera.) Hampson, Sir George,—The moths of India. Supplementary paper to the Volumes in “The Fauna of British India.” Ser. 3, Part xi. Bom- bay, J. Nat. His. Soc., 18, 1908 (572-585). (Lepidoptera.) Hampson, Sir G. F.—Catalogue of the Lepidoptera phalene in the British Museum. Vol. 7. London, British Museum, 1907 (xv, 692), pls. evili-cx xii. Heller, K. M.—Neue indomalayische Riisselkiiter, vorwiegend aus Madras und Borneo. Stettiner, ent Ztg., 69, 1908 (122-194). (Coleoptera.) Hendel, Friedrich —Acht neue Pyrgotinen. Entoml. Ztg, Wien, 27, 1908 (145-153). (Diptera.) Horn, Walther.—Hine neue piilarktische Cicindela. D. ent. Zs.. Berlin, 1908 (85-54). (Coleoptera.) Horn, Walther.— Heptodonta vermifera sp. (Col., Cicind.). Ent. Wo- chenbl., Leipzig, 25, 1908 (24-85). Horn, Waither— Prothyma schultzei, anew species of Philippine Ciein- deide. Philippine J. Sci., Manila (A. General Science, 3, 1908 (273-274). ( Coleoptera). Hors, Walther.—Six new C%cindelide from the Oriental Region. Ree. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, 1908 (409-412). (Coleoptera). Horn, Walther.—Cicindela prothymoides, nu. sp. Stettiner, ent. Ztg., 69, 1908 (120-122). (Coleoptera). Horvath, Geza.—Colobathristinze et Heterogastrine novae in Museo Nationali Hungarico. Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Nat. Hung., Budapest, 6, 1908 (591-595). (Heteroptera.) Jacobson, G.—Neue Fundorte einiger Kafer in Chinesisch-Centralisien. St. Petersburg, Ann. Mus. Zool., 13, 1908 (1909) (lix). ( Coleoptera.) Jordan, Kar].—Some new and some unfigured Lepidoptera. Nov. Zool., Tring, 15, 1908 (253-258), pls. xi-xil. Jordan, Karl, and Rothschild, N. C —Revision of the non-combed eyed Siphonaptera. Parasitology Cambridge, 1, 1908 (1-100), pls. i-vii. Karny, H.—Dictyoptera, Tettigonioidea, Acridoidea. (In: Wiss. Er- gebnisse der Exped. Filchner. Bd. 10, Tl. 1.) Berlin (HK, 8. Mittler &8.), 1908, (1-56) 2 Taf. (Orthoptera). Kerremans, Ch.—Monographie des Buprestides. Tome 3, fasee. 1-12 Bruxelles, etc., 1908 (1-384). (Coleoptera). Kieffer. J. J.—Revision des Scelionidw (Hyménoptéres). Bruxelles ann. Soe. scient. 32, 1908, Mem. (111-250), pl. 1. Kieffer, J. J.—Zwei neue Serphiden aus Java. (Hymenoptera) Leiden, Notes Mus. Jentink, 30, 1908 (92-94). Kieffer, J. J.—Description de galles et d’Insectes gallicoles d’Asie. Marcellia Avellino, 7, 1908 (149-167), pls. i11 and iv. cc LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. Kieffer, J. J.— Description de quelques Hyménopteres exotiques. Metz, Bull. Soc. Hist. 24, 1905 (85-114). Kieffer, J, J.—Description de quelques Cynipides exotiques dont l'un forme un genre nouveau. Metz. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. 23, 1904 (59-66), (Hymenoptera). Kieffer, J. J.— Description de Stephanides et d’ Evaniides nouveaux. Metz. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. 23, 1904 (1-30). (Hymenoptera). Kirby, W. F.—Description of a new cavernicolous phasgonurid from Lower Siam. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, 1908 (48). (Orthoptera). Kirkaldy, G. W.—Notes on some Sinhalese Hemiptera. Bruxelles Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 52, 1908 (9-14). Kirkaldy, G- W.—A note on the species of Micronecta occurring in India and Ceylon. Canad. Ento. London (Can.) 40, 1908 (209). (Heteroptera). Kirkaldy, G. W.—Two new genera of oriental Hemiptera. Canad. Ento. London (Can.) 40, 1908 (452-453). Kohli, F.F.—Ueber eine neue Dasyproctus-Art aus Java. Leiden, Notes Mus. Jentink, 30, 1908 (52-54). Kolbe, H. 1., Obst, P.. umd Weise, I.—Coleoptera. (In: Wiss. Ergeb- nisse der exped. Filchner. Bd. 10., Tl. 1.) Berlin (KE. S. Mittler and S.), 1908 (82-96) 1 Taf. Konow, Fr. W.—Neue mittel-und siidamerikanische Tenthrediniden. Zs. Hymenopter., Teschendorf, 8, 1908 (144-163). (dymenoptera.) Kotinsky, Jacob.—Some Coccidae from Singapore collected by F. Muir. Honolulu, Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., 1, 1908 (167-171). Kuhnt, P.—Neue Erotyliden. D. ent. Zs., Berlin, 1908 (626-653). (Coleoptera). Kuroiwa, H.—List of the Hymenoptera collected in Loochoo determined by Dr. 8. Matsumura. Published by Kunchan Nogakko, Ryukyu. 1908, Ge Lewis,G.—On new species’ of Histeride and notices of others. (xxxiv) Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. London, ser. 8, 2, 1908 (157-160). (Coleoptera). Ludlow, C. S.—Mosquito Notes. No. 6. Canad. Ento. London, 40, 1908 (82-34 and 50-52 and 331). (Diptera). Ludlow, Clara Southmayd.—The mosquitoes of the Philippime islands : The distribution of certain species, and their occurrence in relation to the incidence of certain diseases. (Thesis, Ph. D., George Washington Uni- versity.) Washington, 1908 (65). 23°5 em. (Diptera). Marlatt, C.L.—The genus Pseudaonidia. Washington, D. C., Proce. Hint. Soc., 9, (1907), 1908, (231-141), pl. vii. (Cocerdae.) Marlatt, C- L.—New species of diaspine scale insects. Washington, D.C. Tech. Ser., U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent., No. 16, 1908 (11-52), pl. (Cocerdae), LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. ecl Martelli, G@.—Osservazioni fatte sulle Cocciniglie dell’olivo e lore parassiti in Puglia ed in Calabria. Portici, Boll. Lab. Zool. 2. 1908 (217-296). Martin, Rene.—Cordulines. Cat. Coll. Selys fasc. 17. 1906 (1-94), 3 pls. and suppl., 1909 (95-98). Martin, Rene—Aeschnines, Cat. Coll. Selys fasc. 18, 1908 (1-84), 2 pls. Matsumura, 5.—Die Nymphaliden Japans. Ent. Zs., Stuttgart, 22, 1908 (157-158). (Lepidoptera.) Maxweli-Lefroy, H.—The tobacco stem borer (Gnorimoschema /eliopa, Low). Agri. Jour. Ind., Calcutta, 3, pt. 1, 1908 (65-68) 1 pl. (Lepidoptera.) Maxw-li-Lefroy, H.—Insect pests of mangel wurzel. Agri. Jour. Ind., Calcutta, 3, pt. 2, 1908 (161-163) (4819, 4827, 4831), Maxwell-Lefroy, H.—Cannibalism in caterpillars. Bombay. J. Nat. Hist. Soe., 18, No. 3, 1908 (696-697). (Lepidoptera.) Maxwell-Lefroy, H.—Classification of Lepidoptera. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (925-927). Maxwell-Lefroy, H —Notes on Indian scale insects (Coccide). Cal- cutta, Mem. Dept. Agri. Ind. Ent. Ser., 2, 7, 1908 (111-137), 3 pls. Maxwell-Lefroy, H.—Priority and practical entomology. J. Heon Biol. London, 38, 1908 (105-112). Meade-Waldo, Geoffrey.—Notes and observations made during a cruise to the Kast on board the “ Valhalla”, R.Y.S8., 1907-1908. Zoolo- gist, London, 1908 (261-267). Meijere, J. C. H. de.—Studien uber siidostasiatische Dipteren. ii. ’s Gravenhage, Tidjschr. Ent., 51, 1908 (105-180), 1 Taf. Meijere, J. C. H. de—Zwei neue Strepsipteren aus Java. ’s Gravenhage Tijdschr. Ent., 51, 1908 (185-190), 1 Taf. Meijere, J.C. H. de.—Studien uber sudostasiatischen Dipteren. iii. ’s Gravenhage, Tidjschr. Ent., 51, 1908 (191-332), 2 Taf. Meyrick, E.—Descriptions of Indian Micro-lepidoptera. Bombay, J. Nat. His. Soc., 18, 1908 (437-460). Meyrick, E.—Descriptions of Indian Micro-lepdoptera, Bombay, J. Nat. His. Soc., 18, 1908 (615-658). Meyrick, E.—Descriptions of Indian Micro-lepidoptera. Bombay, J. Nat. His. Soc., 18, 1908 (806-832). Meyrick, E.—A new Indian species of Anarsia. Ent. Mag. London, 44 1908 (197). (Lepidoptera). Meyrick, E.--New Micro-lepidoptera from India and Burma. Ree. Indian Museum, Calcutta, 2, 1908 (395-400). Montandon, A. L.—Nouvelles especes d’ Hemipteres aquatiques. Ann Hist. Nat. Mus. Nat. Hung., Budapest, 6, 1908 (299-304). Moser, J.—Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Cetoniden. iv. Bruxelles Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 52, 1908 (85-96), (Coleoptera). cecil LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. Moser, J.—Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Cetoniden. iv. Bruxelles Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 52, 1908 (252-261). (Coleoptera). Moser J.—Verzeichnis der von H. Fruhstorfer in Tonkin gesamelten Melolonthiden. Bruxelles Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 52, 1908 (853-367), (Coleoptera). Moser, J.—Neu Melolonthiden und Cetoniden. Bruxelles Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 52, 1908 (353-367). (Coleoptera). Navas. Longinos.—Neurépteros nuevos. Barcelona Mem. R. Ac. Cs. 6, 1908 (401-423). Newstead, R.—On a collection of Cocccde and other insects affecting some cultivated and wild plants in Java. Econ. Biol. London, 3, 1908 (33-42), pls. ni and iv. Oberthur, C.—Observations sur les lepidopteres de Vile Formose. Paris. Bul. Soc. ent., 1908 (330). (Lepidoptera). Ohaus, Fr.—Beitrig zur Kenntnis der Ruteliden. Bruxelles Ann. Soe. ent. Belgique, 52, 1908 (197-204). (Coleoptera). Ohaus, Fr.—Beitrige zur Kenntnis der Ruteliden. D. ent. Zs. Berlin. 1908 (634-644). (Coleoptera). Olivier, Ermest.—Lampyiides nouveaux du Musée de Genéve. Bruxel- les Ann. yoe. ent. Belgique, 52, 1908 (262 and 263). (Coleoptera). Olivier, L.—Le genre Ototreta K. Oliv. et descriptions d’espéces nouvel- les. Paris. Bul. Soc. ent., 1908 (115-116). (Coleoptera). Olivier, Ernest.—Neue Lampyriden des Deutschen Entomol. National Museums. D. ent. Zs., Berlin, 1908 (491-495). Paiva, C. A.—Notes on some chrysomelid beetles in the collection of the Indian Museum. Rec. Ind. Mus., Caléuitta, 2, 1908 (401-408). (Coleoptera). Pic, M.— Hedobia et Ptinides exotiques nouveaux. Genova, Ann. Museo Civ. st. Nat., ser. 3, 5, 1907-8 (606-607). (Coleoptera). Pic, Maurice.—Description de Coléoptéres d’Asie et d’Afrique. Natura- liste Paris, 30, 1908 (150-151). Pic, Maurice —Deux nouveaux Pyrochroa Geoff. de Chine. Paris, Bul. Soc, ent., 1908 (75). (Coleoptera). Pic, Maurice.—Description d’une nouvelle espéce d’Zdgia Cast. de Chine. Paris, Bul. Soc. ent., 1908 (128). (Coleoptera.) Pic, M-—Malacodermes et Hétéromeres de ’Inde. Paris, Bul. Soe. ent., 1908 (228-230). (Coleoptera). Pic, M.—Deux nouveaux Hétéroméres exotiques. Paris, Bul. Soc. ent., 1908 (274-275). (Coleoptera.) Pic, M.—Etude synoptique sur divers Acniopini. Echange, Moulins, 24, 1908 (88-40, 47-48, 56, 62-63). (Coleoptera.) _ Pic, M.—Contribution a a l’étude du gerne Pseudolichas, Fairm. Echange, Moulins, 24, 1908 (53-55). (Coleoptera.) LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. cclil Pic, M.—Coléoptéres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Hchange, Moulins, 24, 1908 (59-61, 85-86). Pic, M.—Diagnoses ou descriptions abrégées de divers Malacodermes exotiques. Echange, Moulins, 24, 1908 (94-96). ( Coleoptera.) Picard, F.— Description de deux nouveaux Stomorys du Bengale. Paris. Bul. Soc. ent., 1908 (20-21). (Diptera.) Raffray, A-—Psélaphides récoltés dans les montagnes des Nilghiris (Presidence de Madras) et dans le district de Belgaum ( Presidence de Bombay ), Inde anglaise, par M. M. H. Leslie Andrewes et H. S. Andrewes. Bruxelles, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 52, 1908 (205-219). ( Coleoptera.) Raffray, A.—Neue Psélaphiden des Deutschen Entomol. National- Museums. D. ent. Zs., Berlin, 1908 (405-411). (Coleoptera). Reitter, Edm —Die Arten der Gattung Laena Laitr. ( Tenebrionide) aus den Westlichen, Himalaya, gesammelt auf seinen Reisen von Herrn Karl Rost. D. ent. Zs., Berlin, 1908 (275-280). (Coleoptera). Reuter, O. M.—Noch eine Felocipeda, Art. Entomol. Ztg., Wien, 27, 1908 (90-91). (Heteroptera). Reuter, O. M.—Species nova generis Reduviidarum Lisarda Stal. St. Petersburg, Ann. Mus. zool., 15, 1908 (26-27). (Heteroptera.) Ribaga, Costantino.—Copeognati estreuropei del Museo ecivico di Storia naturale di Genova. Redia, Firenze, 5, 1908 (98-109), 1 tav. (Psocide). Ricardo, Gertrude.— Description of some new species of Tabanide, with notes on some Hematopota, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, ser. 8, 1, 1908 (54-59). (Diptera). Ritsema, C.—A new longicorn beetle from Borneo. Leiden, Notes Mus. Jentink, 29, 1908 (261-262). ( Coleoptera.) Rothschild, Hon. N. C.—New Stphonaptera. London, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908 (617-626), pl. xxvili-xxxi. Rothschild, Hon. W.—New forms of oriental Papilio. Nov. Zool... Tring, 15, 1908 (165-174). (Lepidoptera.) Schenkling Sigm.—Tillicera paula, n. sp. D. ent. “s., Berlin, 1908 (224). (Coleoptera). : Schenkling, Sigm.—Die Cleriden des Deutschen Entomol. National- Museums Nachtragi. D. ent. Zs., Berlin 1908 (361-367). (Coleoptera.) Schenkling, Sigm.—Die Cleriden des Deutschen Entomol. National- Museums Nachtrag ui. D. ent. Zs., Berlin, 1908 (701-707). (Coleoptera). Schenkliog, S —Some Cleride of the Indian Museum. Rec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta, 2, 1908 (387-388). (Coleoptera.) Schmidt, Adolf.—Ein Beitrag zur indischen Aphodiinen-Fauna. Ent. Wochenbl., Leipzig, 25, 1908 (46-48). 26 CClV LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. Schmidt, Edmund.—Die Arten des EHurybrachinen-Genus Ancyra, White, ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fulgo-riden (Hemiptera-Homoptera). Zool. Anz. Leipzig, 382, 1908 (764-769). Schmidt, Edmund.—Fulgora sapphirina, eine neue Fulgora-Art von Sumatra. Stettiner, ent. Ztg., 69, 1908 (93-95). (Homoptera.) S.hmidt, Edmund.—Zwei neue Fulgoriden aus dem stettiner Museum. Stettiner ent. Ztg., 70, 1.909 (Octr. 1908), (187-192). (Homoptera.) Schmidt, Edmund.—Beitrag zur Kenntnis der EKurybrachinen (Hemip- tera-Homoptera). Zool. Anz., Leipzig, 33, 1908 (241-247). Schubert, K.—Beitrag zur Staphylinidenfauna Ostindiens (West Hima- laya). D. ent. Zs., Berlin, 1908 (609-625). (Coleoptera). Schultze, W.—New and little-known Lepidoptera of the Philippine islands. Philippine J. Sci., Manila (A General Science), 3, 1908 (27-39) pl. Schultze, W.—Life histories of some Philippine Cassidide. Philippine J. Sei., Manila (A General Science), 3, 1908 (261-271), pls. (Coleoptera.) Schultze, W.—Notes on the appearance of Strea juvencus, Linn. in Manila, P. I. Philippine J. Sci., Manila (A General Science), 3, 1908 (299), ( Hymenoptera.) Schultze, W.—Notes on the abundant appearance of Gibbiwm scotias, Kabr. in the Philippine islands. Philippine J. Sci., Manila (A General Science), 3, 1908 (299-300). (Coleoptera.) Scott, Hugh.—On certain Nycteribiide, with descriptions of two new species from Formosa. London Trans. ent. Soc., 1908 (359-370), pl. xviii, Kuss. (Diptera.) Semenov-Tian-Shansky, Andreas.—Analecta colecopterlogica, xiv Nev. ent., St. Petersburg, 7, 1907 (1908), (258-265). Shelford, R.—Some new genera and species of Blattide, with notes on the form of the pronotum in the sub-family Perisphervine. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, ser. 8, 1, 1908 (157-177), pls. ix and x. (Orthoptera.) Shelford, R.—On a small collection of Blattide in the Natur historischen Museum zu Wiesbaden. Wiesbaden, Jahrb. Ver. Natk., 61, 1908 (27-38), 1 taf. (Orthoptera.) Snellen, P. C. T— Batrachedia myrmecophila, Snell, nov. spec, (Hollin- disch.) Gravenhage, Tijdscher. Ent., 51 (1908), (181-184), 1 Taf. (Lepedop- tera.) Speiser, P-—Eine neue blutsangende Fliege aus Annam. Zool. Anz., Leipzig, 33, 1908 (666-668). (Diptera.) Stebbing, E.P—On some Assam Sal (Shorea robusta) msect pests. With notes upon some insects predaceous and parasitic upon them. Cal- eutta, For. Bull., 1907, No. 2 (1-66), 8 pls. Stebbing, E. P.—On some undescribed Scolytide of economic importance from the Indian region. Ind. For. Mem., (Zool. ser.), 1, pt. 1, 1908 (1-12). ( Coleoptera.) LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. ecy Strohmeyer.—Neue Borkenkafer (dpide) aus dem Westlichen Himalaya, Japan and Sumatra. Ent. Wochenbl., Leipzig, 27, 1908 (69-70, 72-73) ( Coleoptera.) Strohmeyer.—Beschreibung zweier neuer Borkenkafer (pide) aus dem Westlichen, Himalaya und des Scolytoplatypus Raja, Blanford. Ent. Wo- chenbl., Leipzig, 25, 1908 (161). (Coleoptera.) Swinhoe, C.—New Eastern Lepidoptera. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, ser. 8, 1, 1908 (60-68). Theobald, Fred. V.— First report on the collection of Culiede and Corethride in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, with descriptions of new genera and species. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 3, 1908 (287-302) (Deptera.) Turner, Rowland E.— Additions to the So ae senera Myzine and Pleasia. Ann. Mag. Nat. His., London, ser. 8, 1, 1908.(497-514). Turner, R. E.—Remarks on ite es genus Tiphia. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, ser. 8, 2 (116-131). Ulmer, G.—Neue Trichopteran. Leiden, Notes Mus. Jentink, 29, 1907, (1-58). Imperfectly recorded last year. Warren, W.—New Thyridide in the Tring Museum, Nov. Zool., Tring, 15, 1908 (825-351). (Lepidoptera.) Wasmann, E.—Sur les nids des fourmis migrantes (citon et Anomma). Noma, Atti Acc. Nuovi Lincei 60, 1907 (1-6). Weele, H. W.—Van der Ascalaphiden. Cat. Coll. Selys. fasc.,8 pls. Weise, J.—Coleopteren aus Ostindien. Stettiner, ent. Ztg., 69, 1908 (213-230). Wurth, Th.—De boeboek (Xyleborus coffee n. sp.) op. Coffea robusta. Mededeel. alg. Proefst. Salatiga ser. 2, No. 3, 1908 (2-20), pls. 1-111. ( Coleoptera.) XV .—PISCES. Annandale, N_—A new string ray of the genus 77ygon from the Bay of Bengal. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 4, 1908 (893-394). Barbour, THOMASE Notes on Rhinomurena. Washington, D. C., Proc. Biol. Soc., 21, 1908 (59-41). Chauduri, B.L.— Description of a new species of Danio from Lower Burma. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 2, 1908 (125-126). Chauduri, B. L —Description of a new series of saw-fish captured off the Burma Coast by the Government of Bengal’s Steam Trawler “Golden Crown.” Rec. Ind. Mus., Caleutta, 2, pt. 4, 1908 (891-392). Fowler, H. W.—Notes on sharks. Philadelphia, Pa Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 60, 1908 (52-70). . Jordan, D. S., and Dickenson, M. C.—On a collection of fishes from Fiji with notes on certain Hawaiian fishes. Washington, D. C., Smithsonian inst. U. 8. Nation. Mus., Proc., 34, 1908 (603-617). | CGV LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. Jordan, D. S.. and Richardson, R. E—Fishes from island of the Phili- ppine Archipelago. Washington, D. C., Dept. Comm. Lab. Bull. Bur. Fish., 27 (1907), 1908 (253-287). Jordan, D. S., and Snyder, J. O.— Description of three new species of carangoid fishes from Formosa. Pittsburgh, Pa., Mem. Carnegie Mus., 4, 1908 (37-40), pl. - floyd, R. E-—On two new species of eagle-rays (Myliobatede) with notes on the skull of the genus Ceratoptera. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 1908 (175-180), 3 pls. Lloyd, R. E.—The occurrence of Rhinodon typicus at the head of the Bay of Bengal. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 3, 1908 (306). “Lioyd, R. E.—Report on the fish collected in Tibet by Capt. F. H. Ste- wart. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 4, 1908 (541-344). Pellegrin, J.— Mission permanente francaise en Indo-Chine. Poissons du Tonkin. Bull. Museum, Paris, 1907 (499-503). Peliegrin, J.—Conseils pour la récolte et la conservation des poissons. en vue de l’étude scientifique. Paris, Bul. Soc. Zool., 33, 1908 (16-21). Regan, C. T.._Report on the marine fishes collected by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner in the Indian Ocean. London, Trans. Linn. Soe., 12, 1908 (217- 255), pls. XXvil1—XX X11. Regan, C. T._A synopsis of the sharks of the family Scyliorhimde. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Soc., London, 1, 1908 (455-465). Regan, ©. T..Descriptions of three new Cyprinoid fishes from Yunnan collected by Mr. John Graham. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, 2, 190% (356-357). Regan, C. T.—A synopsis of the sharks of the family Sguakde. Ann Mag. Nat. Hist., London, 2, 1908 (89-57). Regan, C. T.— Descriptions of new fishes from Lake Candidius, Formosa collected by Dr. A. Moltrecht. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, 2, 1908 (358-360). Seale, Alvia.— Report of a mission to Guam. (Part 2.-Fishes.) Hono- lulu H. I., Oce. Paprs., Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus., 1, No. 3, 1901 (17-128). Seale, A.—New Hawaiian fishes. Honolulu, H. I., Occ. Paprs., Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus., 1, No. 4, 1901 (1-15). Wallenger, W. A.—Curious behaviour of mahseer (Babus tor). Bombay,. J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, No. 3, 1908 (690). XVI.—REpPritaA AND BAarRACHIA. Annandale, N.—Description of a new species of lizard of the genus: Salea from Assam. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, pt. 1-3, 1908 (804-305). Annandale, N.—Notes on some Batrachia recently added to the collec- tion of the Indian Museum. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, Pt. 3, 190% (804-305). Ee , : LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. cevil Annandale, N.—Breeding habits of Vylototriton verrucosus, Ree. Ind. Mus., Caleutta, 2, 1908 (505-506). Annandale, N.—Description of the tadpole of Rana pleskit with notes on allied forms. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, 1908 (345-346). Bannerman, W.B.—Note on the breeding of snakes in captivity. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1907 (208-209). Barbour, Thomas. —Some new Amphibia Salientia. Washington, D. C. Proc. Biol. Soc., 21, 1908 (189-190). Barbour, T.—Some new reptiles and amphibians. Cambridge, Mass. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard Coll., 51, 1908 (813-325) text fig. Begbie, Arundel —Flying snakes. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (919). Boulenger, G. A—A revision of the Oriental Pelobatid batrachians (genus Megalophrys). London, Proc. Zool. Soe., 1908 (407-430), pls. XXiI-XXv. Boulenger, G. A.— Description of a new frog and a new snake from Formosa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, 2, 1908 (221-222). Boulenger, G. A.—Description of a new snake from Yunnan. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, 2, 1908 (244). Burn, P. E.—Notes on the common Indian crocodile (Crocodilus palus- tris). Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (689). Cholmondeley, E. ©.—Kraits in Indore. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (921-923). Dreckmann, F.—Breeding habits of some snakes and lizards. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (484-486). Mocquard, F.—Sur les reptiles aquatiques de 1’Indo-Chine. Paris, Bul. Soc. centr. aquiculture, 19, 1907 (209-214). Muilan, J. P.—Abnormal scale in the snakes Zamenis mucosus and Dip- sadomorphus trigonatus. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (919-920). Namiye, Motokichi.—Taiwan san dokuja. (Poisonous snakes of For- mosa). I. Agkistrodon acutus (Gunth.). Dobuts, Z., Tokyo, 20, 1908 (192- 194) pl. Namiye, M.—Taiwan san dokuja. (Poisonous snakes of Formosa). II Trimeresurus mucrosqguamatus. (Cantor.) Dobuts. Z., Tokyo, 20, 1908 (463-464), pl. Ouwens, P. A.—List of Java snakes in the Britenzorg Zoological Mu- seum, Britenzorg. Bull., Dip. Agric. Indes, Neérl., 20, 1908 (16-19). Steindachner, Franz-—Bemerkungen zu Liparophis Bedoti Peracea und Lachesis monticola. (Gthr.) Wien, Sitz-Ber. Ak. Wiss., 115, Abt. I, 1906 (905-909), 1 Taf. Stejneger, Leonhard,—Two new species of toads from the Philippines. Washington, D. C., Smithsonian Inst., U. S., Nation. Mus., Proc., 33, 1908 (573-576). ecvill LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. islands. Washington, D. C., Smithsonian Inst., U.S., Nation. Mus., Proc., 33, 1908 (677-679). Stejneger, L.—Three new species of lizards from the Philippine islands. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Inst., U. 8., Nation. Mus., Proc., 34, 1908 (199-204). Stuart, G. A. D.—Abnormal tail in a lizard, Hemidactylus gleadovii. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (688-689). Van Denburgh, John, and Thompson, J. C.—Description of a new species of sea snake from the Philippine islands, with a note on the pala- tine teeth in ‘the Proteroglypha. San Francisco, Proc. Col. Acad. Sci. Zool., ser. 4, 3, 1908 (41-48), pl. Wall, F—Remarks on Stmotes splendidus. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2. 1908 (105-106). Wall, F.—A popular treatise on the common Indian snakes. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (1-17), with 1 pl. Wall, F.—Notes on snakes collected in Fyzabad. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1907 (101-129), 2 pls. (5603). Wall, F.—Ovoviviparous habit of the painted tree snake (Dendrophis pictus). Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1907 (189-190). Wall, F.—Extension of the habitat of the sand snake (Psammop/iis leithit). Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1907 (205). Wall, F.—Viviparous habit of the false Himalayan viper (Psammodynates puverentulus). Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1907 (204). Wall, F.—Remarks on the embryology of a snake. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1907 (205-206). Wall, F.—Peculiar progression of a cobra (Nata tripudians). Bombay. J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1907 (209-210). Wall, F.— A popular treatise on the common Indian snakes. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (227-243), 3 pls. t Wall, F.—Two new snakes from Assam. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc.. 18, 1908 (272-274), 1 pl. Wall, F.—Notes on a collection of snakes from the Khasi Hills, Assam. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (512-337). Wall, F —Remarks upon the snake Contia angusticeps. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (501-503). Wall, F—Notes on the incubation and brood of the Indo-Burmese snake-lizard or slowworm. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (503- 505). Wall, F.—Viviparous habit of the common Indian skink (Lygosoma indica). Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (505). Wall, F.—Remarks on the agamoid lizard (Ptyctolemus gulavis). Bom-+ bay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (505). 4 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. ecix Wall, F—Remarks on the agamoid lizard (Caletes jerdonii). Bombay. J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (505-506). Wall, F.—A popular treatise on the common Indian snakes. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (525-554) with 1 pl. and 3 maps and 2 dia; orams. Wall, F.—Extension of the habitat of the snake Zamenis jiorulentus. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (689-690). Wail, F.—A popular treatise on the common Indian snakes. Bombay. J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (711-735), 1 pl. and 1 diagram. Wall, F.Remarks on some recently acquired snakes. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (778-784). Wall, F—A new pit viper of the genus Ancistrodon. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (792-793). (5631). Wall, F.—Notes on a collection of snakes from Persia. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soe., 18, 1908 (795-805). Wall, F.—A new colour variety of the common green whip-snake ( Dryophis mycterizans). Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soe., 18, 1908 (919). Wail, F.—Notes on a gravid female of Sibold’s water snake (Aypsirina steboldit). Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (920). XVII.—AvEs. Allen, J. A—Penant’s “Indian Zoology.” New York, N. Y., Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 24, 1908 (111-116). Allen, P. Roscoe.— Notes on the Yellow-throated Bulbul (Pyenonotus vantholemus). Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (905-907). Alpheraky, S. et Bianchi, V.—| Notice préliminaire sur les formes du genere Phasianus, s. str. ]. St. Petersburgh, Ann. Mus. Zoology, 12, 1907, (1908) (425-462). Astley, H. D.—The crested wood Partridge (Rollulus roulroul), Avicult. Mag. Brighton, 2, 6, 1908 (201-203). Astley, H. D.—Some beautiful imsectivorous birds from the Himalayas. Avicult. Mag. Brighton, 2, 6, 1908 (277-281). Baker, E. C. Stuart.—Additional Cuckoo Notes. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (275-279). Baker, E. C. Stuart —Important additions to the Indian Avifauna. (The Chinese crimson-horned Pheasant and Bewick’s Swan). Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (755-755). Baker, E. C. Stuart.—An addition to the Indian avifauna. The Malayan Hawk-Cuckoo (Mierococcyx fugar). Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soe., 18, 1908 (915). Baker, E. C. Stuart.—The Zoology of parasitic Cuckoos. Bombay. J. Nat, Hist. Soc., 18, 1908, (915-916). eck LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. Beaufort, L. F. de.—Pyrotrogon vidua, Grant aus Sumatra, Ornith. Monatsber., Berlin, 16, 1908 (190). Begbie, Arundel.—Note on the habits of the Bengal Red-whiskered Bulbul (Otocompsa emeria). Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (680). Bentham, T.—A new species of Sun-bird (thopyga) obtained near Darjeeling, British Sikhim. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 2, 1908 (167-168). Betham, R. M.—The Quetta Rose Finch (Lrythrospiza obsoleta) (a correc- tion, not Coccothraustes hum, p. 520). Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (908). Betham, R- M —The Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908, (913). Biaochi, V.—(Révision des formes de Leucosticte, Swains. et Fringill- auda Hodgs. de la fam. des Fringillide). St. Petersburg, Ann. Mus. Zool., 13, 1908 (28-61). Bianchi, V.—(Révision des formes du genre Pyrrhula, fam. Fringillide, leur phylogenese et distribution geographique). St. Petersburg, Bull. Ac. Se., Ser. 5, 25, 1906 (1907), (159-198). Bingham, C. T.—Obituary. Ogilvie-Grant, London, Bull. Brit. Ornith. 51. 23, 1908 (27). Blackwelder, Eliot.—eport on Zoology. (Research in China). Wash- ington, D. C. Carnegie Inst., Pub. No. 54, Vol. 1, Pt. 2, 1907 ( 481-507 ) pl. Bomford, T.—Note on the House Sparrow and Geese. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (680-681). Bomford, T —Crows and their sleeping places. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (904). Bomford, T.—A Hoopoe incident. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (904-905). J Bourdillon, TV. F.—Nesting of the Rufous-bellied Hawk-Eagle. Bom- bay, J. Nat. Hist. Soe., 18, 1908 (499-500). ; soutan, L.—Le metis du Gallus ferrugineus et son utilisation au Laos pour la chasse au Coq sauvage. Paris, Bull. Soc. Zool., 33, 1908 (138-141). Bryan, W. Alanson, and Seale, Alvin.—Notes on the birds of Kauai. Honolulu, H. I., Occ. Papers, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus., 1, No. 3, 1901 (129-137). Bryan, William Alanson.—A monograph of Marcus Island. (With Appendix on Fishes by W. A. Bryan and A. C. Herre). Honolulu, H. L., Occ. Papers, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus., 2, 1903 (77-139), map. Bryan, Wm. Alanson.—Notes on the birds of the Waianz mountains. Honolulu, H.I., Occ. Papers, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus., 2, 1905 (229-241). Bryan Wm. Alanson.—Additional notes on the nesting habits of the Hawaiian Owl. Honolulu, H.1., Occ. Papers, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus., 2, 1905 (241-242), IIST OF PUBLICATIONS. ccxl Bryan, Wm. Alanson.—Description of the nest and eggs of Chilorodre- panus virens. Honolulu, H. I., Occ. Papers, Bernice Pauahi Bishop. Mus., 2, 1905 (243-244) (text fig.) Bryan, Wm. Alanson —Notes on the American birds collected in the Hawaiian Islands by Mr. Gerrit Wilder. Honolulu, H. I., Occ. Papers, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus., 2, 1905 (245-248.) Bryan, Wm. Alanson.—A bird’s nest of Pele’s hair. Honolulu, H. I. Occ. Papers, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus., 2, 1905 (249-250). Bryan, Wm. Alanson—Two undescribed nests and an egg of a Hawaiian bird. Honolulu, H. I., Occ. Papers, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus., 2, 1905 (251-252). Bryan, Wm. Alanson.—Nest and eggs of Heterorhynchus wilsoni, Rothsch. Honolulu, H. I., Occ. Papers, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus., 2, 1905 (253-254). Buturlin, S. A—Bean-Geese of Asia. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (555-561). Buturlin, S. A.—Additional notes on the true Pheasants. Ibis, London, 1908 (570-592). Comber, E.—The Birds of Chitral. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1907 (186). Connor, F. Powell—Notes on the Manipur Bush-quail (Microperdix manrpurensis) in captivity. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (496-498). Dewar, D.—Local bird-migration in India. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (843-356). ; Dewar, D.—The injury-feigning habit of parent birds. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (916-918). Bonald, C. H.—Keenness of sight in birds and animals. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (508-510). Donald, C. H.—Variety or species. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, - 1908 (687-688). Donald, C H.—Bearded Vulture or “ Lammergeyer” (Gypetus barbatus). Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (913-914). Donald, C. H.—Maternal solicitude. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist., Soc., 18, 1908 (914-915). Dresser, H. E —Eggs of the birds of Europe, including all the species inhabiting the Western Paleearctic area. Parts 11 and 12, , (361-428), Dresser, H E.—On the eggs of Phylloscopus viridanus and Lampronetta fischeri. London, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Cl. 23, 1908 (39). Dresser, H. E.—Eggs of Palearctic Birds. London, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Cl. 21, 1908 (52, 58, 98, 99). Eckardt, Wilh. R.—Ueber die Herkunft der Holarktischen, Vogelfauna auf den Philippinen und den Sunda Inseln. Globus, Braunschweig, 94, 1908 (225-226). 37 cexii LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. Fulton, H.—Notes on the White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons). Bom- bay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1908 (683). Glascock, L. ©.—Occurrence of the Crested Teal (Hunetta falcata) in Jullundur District, Punjab. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18,1908 (683-684), Grant, W. R. Ogilvie.— Additional notes on the Birds of Formosa. Ibis, London, 1908 (600-608), pls. xii, xiii. Grant, W. R. Ogilvie.—Report on the Birds with field notes by H. C. Grant, W. R. Ogilvie.—Death of Col. C. T. Bingham. London, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Cl. 25, 1908 (27 and 28). Harington, H. H.—Some notes on Birds’ nesting in Burma. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (686-687). Hartert, E.—On a new sub-species of the genus foreites. London, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Cl. 21, 1908 (107-108). Hartert, E.—Description of new species of birds from Africa, India and South America. London, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Cl. 23, 1908 (7-11). Hartert, E —Miscellanea Ornithologica. Critical, nomenclatorial and other notes, mostly on Palearctic Birds and their allies. Part V. Nov. Zool. 15, 1908 (3895-396). Hartert, E.— New sub-species of Blanford’s Bush-warbler (Horeztes palli- dipes). Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (892). Hopwood, J. Cyril—A further list of the birds from Chindwin, Upper Burma. Bombay, J. Natural History Soc., 18, 1908 (482-453). Hopwood, J. Cyril.— Notes on nidification of various birds in the Upper Chindwin and at Maymyo, Upper Burma. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (494-495). Hopwood, J. Cyril.—A note on .the distribution of the Burmese Grey Duck or Spot-bill (Polionetta haringtoni, Oates). Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc. 18, 1908 (498-499). Inglis, Chas. M.—'The Oology of Indian Parasitic Cuckoos. Bombay, J- Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (681-682). Inglis, Chas. M.—The Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) in the Dharbhanga District, Tirhoot. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (683). Inglis, Chas. M.—Indian Ducks and their allies. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Society, 18, 1908 (916). Macdonald, K.C.—Notes on birds in the Amherst District, Lower Burma. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (912-913). . McGregor, Richard C.—Notes on a collection of birds from Siquijor, Philippine Islands. Philippine J. Sci., Manilla, A. General Science, 3, 1908 (275-281). McGregor, Richard C.—Some necessary changes in the names of Phi- lippine birds. Philippine J. Science, Manilla, A. General Science, 3, 1908 (288). LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. ecxill McGregor, Richard C.—Philippine Ornithological literature, 1. Phi- lippine, J. Sci., Manilla, A. General Science, 3, 1908 (285-292). Magrath, H. A. F.—Occurrence of the Dusky Ouzel (Merula fuscata) at Bannu. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1907 (187). Magrath, H. A. F.—Occurrence of the Siberian Blue Chat (ZLarvivora eyanea) in the Hazara District. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1907 ISD), Magrath, H. A. F.—Notes on the birds of Thandiani. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (284-299). Magrath, H. A. F._Notes on birds found at Bannu, N.-W. F. P. Bom- bay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc. 18, 1908 (684-685). Magrath, H. A. F.—Notes on the common Cuckoo in India. British Birds, 2 (197-198). Mearns, Edger A.—Descriptions of a new genus and eleven new species of Philippine birds. Washington, D. C., Proc. Biol. Soe., 18, 1905 (1-8). Mearns, Edger A.—Note on a specimen of Pithecophaga jefferyi, Ogilvie- Grant. Washington, D C., Proc. Biol. Soc., 18, 1905 (76-77). Mearns, Edger A.—Descriptions of eight new Philippine birds, with notes on other species new to the islands. Washington, D. C., Proc., Biol. Soc., 18, 1905 (83-90). Mears, A., and Oates, Eugene, W.—On the birds of the Chindwin, Upper Burma. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1907 (78-87). Osborn, W.—Note on the Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) or “ Lammergeyer.’”’ Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (500-501). Parrot, C.—Ueber eine Vogelsammlung aus Siam und Borneo. Miinchen. Verh. Ornith. Ges., 8, (1907), 1908 (97-139). Parrot, C.—Beitrige zur Ornithologie Sumatras und der Insel Bank mit bes on derer Zugrundeleaung der von Dr. Hagen au Banka gesammelten Vogel Miinchen, Abh. ak. wiss., math-phys kl., 24, 1907 (149-286.) Primrose, A. M.—The occurrence of the Avocet (Recurvirostra avocetta) in Assam. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (283). Roberts, M. B.—The enemies of snakes. Bombay, J. Nat. His. Soc., 18, 1907 (197). Robinson, H. C.—A hand-list of the birds of the Malay Peninsula, South of the Isthmus of Kra. J. Fed. Malay Mus., Kuala Lumpur, 2, 1908 (66-83). Sclater, P. L.—Remarks on a collection of birds from the Sikhim Himalayas. Ibis, London, 1908, (116, 117). Smith, C. B.—Notes on breeding the Common Black Francolin (Lan- colinus vulgaris), Avicult. Mag. Brighton, 2, 6, 1908 (348-345). Snouckaert von Schauburg Baron R.—Een nieuwe vogelsoort voor Java. Amsterdam, Versl. Med. Ned. Ornith. Ver., 5, 1908 (58). ccxiv LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. Spennemann, Aug. jun.—Ornithologische Mitteilungen aus Semarang Gefied. Welt, Magdeburg, 37, 1908 (846-348, 354-356, 364-365, 381-382 414-415). Wall, F.— Vernacular names of some Indian Ducks. Bombay, J. Nat Hist. Soc., 18, 1907 (210). Ward, A. E.—Further note on birds of the Provinces of Kashmir and adjacent Districts. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (461-464). Whitehead, C. H. T.—On a new species of Bulbul from Bannu, N.-W. Frontier of India. London, Brit. Ornith. Cl., 21, 1908 (48). Whitehead, C. H. T.—Some additions to the birds of India. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1907 (190-191). Whitehead, C. H. T.—Nesting notes from the N.-W. Frontier. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1907 (191-193). Whymper, S. L.—Curious behaviour of Acquila hastata, the Lesser spotted Eagle. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1907 (187-183). Whymper, S, L.—_Nesting of the Indian Great Reed Warbler (Acroce- phalus stentoreus) in India. Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1908 (495). Whymper, S. L—Breeding of Hodgson’s Martin (Chelidon nepalensis) and the Red-billed Chough (Graculus eremita). Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, No. 4, 1908 (909). XVIII.—MammMatta. Aitken, E. H.—Do Bats eat Birds? Bombay, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18, 1907 (190). Anderson, K.—Twenty new forms of Péeropus. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 2, 1908 (3861-370). Annandale, N.—An unknown Lemur from the Lushai Hills, Assam. London, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908 (888, 889), 1909. (Anon).—Schomburgh’s Deer. Field, London, 1908, 111 (501, 502). Arnbach.—Christe-Linde, Agusta. A collection of Bats from Formosa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, ser. 8, 2, 1908 (235-238). Bentham, T.— ess 097 pA) Deen) ... 417, 536 .. 483, 434 So cpl Sh cone} we. 483, 497 Mes 52 5983 ama ce LOS SORT ST eceL IS 363, 385, 874 ait sso (3B ea ete 90 258, 856, 977 Se) Des OLB 663, 1068, 1064 one | uel O43 fe ae wi Hy OBE 65, 69, 70, 73, 258, 865 NIELS Bas aber Se ASR 7 R767 mee7Gln 762 Sy MR Peak: 356, 377, 613 woe) Sa 88 eoe ose 368 Andrographis ... Andromeda ... Andropogon .:. angiades see ANLTICA ove ese angulata oa0 angulatus aor angulosa eee angusta oo» angustata 335 angustifolia angustifolium... ANLUStITOSETIS 05 Anisodon cnc Anisomeles ... ann taess oto annada... ies annulata oO aDNUUS o. soe anodonta 505 anomalus 500 Anopheles 900 Anophia 205 Anorthura AN Series. ANSETLES.00 ansifera ees antennarius autennata Antha ... 500 Anthoscopus ... Anthracoceros... Anthracophera Anthropoides ... cCxxi pAGE wee 199 wae LOT 109 w. 199, 879 A EY Bhs OTE pee as 366 oes) 450, 814 pee :1098 emai 187 RNIN S857.98 BRON ie 419% ce S7ONSI5 A, ae NOUNS Beige ane! Pn ha toey! Pew sey sent een A ESE 3g w 246, 247 ... 1071, 1072 Pe ee 238, 399, 408 so ETTORE 170, 186, 1160 977, 980, 1156 sean 78 La Seema sie ees FE be NS is RB OT Py or iG® San ee s6 Be es ST PP oT) Anthus 175, 796, 797, 798, 799, 1008, 1009 anticentra 0eC antigone eee Antilope ove Antiochtha .. antiphates aoe ANCIGUB eee e008 Antirrhinum ... Antitype ove ANLTYAMIo00 eco ANytus ... ove aor cee ove APAMCAcee Apatura apetala ree von Apethistis «0. Aphneens ooo oe ARGS co Hs IHC! sos see 1SI ay msl .». 1116, 1123 ee ena see eee SCD 639, 647, 648 ee08 ae 96 ese ese 124 eve eee 430 671, 672, 1058, 1056, 1069 137, 141, 289, 324, 382, 757 ese eee 810 ers ese 708 .. 368, 888, 528, 580 C2xxl INDEX, PAGE Aphrophora ee ove on coe 20D apiaster a0 cnn doc eee 956 apicicaudus e« c00 ode -- 1010 Apidz ... coe ese O80 « 208 Apion eve aes ea 260 we 24 Apionine o00 kas «ne «oe 240 APPaDaree ose Lee see --. 1071 appiades eee owe ae’ Loli iss APPias «. ee» 363, 385, 426, 767, 874 PAGE Arenga ... aoe soe Sor 47, 52 ATCNOSA eee onc oor eos ewe 470 Arenostola ... 280 Sor ee» 665 areola se. coe eee soe eee 643 argentea coc --- 199, 200, 489, 987 ATGEDtESCENS eee 206 o00 «21000 argentia “ate 500 She oo» 418 argiades n00 aoe --- 365, 386 argocrossa oe 200 200 -e- 710 Argya .«-. As 900 181, 537, 799 Argynnide ... 000 208 «-- 866 Argynnis 141, 303, 304, 307, 309, 310, 384, 850, 866, 867, 873 Argyritis 000 200 ese oe 640 arhiza 200 eee 267, 418, 419 Arhopala coo 000 131, 366, 871 Arhopalinz .. 200 200 coe 306 ariaMma <00 aoe — ewe 423 ALIADA, ose coe coe ace eee BO aTiadne... 141, 316, 319, 320, 321, 384 arianus ... soe 900 ado spo HED) ATIASPA oe. eve ene ono con EH arenacea GAO on0 550 eo 12] Arenaria wes pci coe ©6476, 477 arenarius cas ae ee son WBE arquata one eee 000 -- A175 Artamus 500 000 te 1007 Artemisia 300 005 500 «- DAD artemisic see ove «. 638, 640 artiasta .. evo oa5 mo Aen (hile articulata Be 500 38 oo» 198 arundinacea... =00 ap one 254 ArULItiS oe. bot 500 250 ooo (29 arvalis ... S00 200 506 ie, LGS arvensis... 500 200 483, 798, 826 Asarcornis 206 eve eos L181, 1184 Asclepiadaces ... eee 483, 484, 485 ascoldis ..- tee soe eo 1049, 1056 asela we 200 bes eae vee B04 asiatica ... «227, 650, 799, 1008, 1009 | i Arboricola evo eco cee woe 206 i armata eee oe pe ae soe 728 asiaticum asiaticus VARIO TF ca. Asionine aspera ... asperata Asperuia Aspidoparia Aspongopus assamensis asterie ... asteris ... Asterogyne asterope asthala ... Astictopterus AStOla ese astorian astrarche Astrocaryum Astur ... ASUT& co atalanta ataphus ... atAxXUS 0. Atella INDEX, PAGE Pines geiy \ ouay ee RE AIIGD eek, Ba A MR 7B Se Seah eset STOOD eset. cee MRRIBTG .». 199, 355, 809, $13, 1098 SEM seas cade 2 ey! 888 Me iss wee 482 oad 5 B ee AB eae : --.1166 ert ie acere 8. 870 Pema eee sceat | hk. TBS Pee Ureca es pit G40 tic sae echt?) ace 136, 423 ih) CS aie cog LED) Erie aher ae ecae te 2A F39 Spy lari eam ePetwada (BXo sara x0 asta eee) cee tt ae BOL eae eee | 2. S64 48 Ade Aes ners 49 376, 964, 1010 Pier NTT 18s 188 woe oa 282, 383, 870, 872 w-. 870 we 367 140, 301, 304, 305, 306, 307, 310, 316, 384, 391, 869, 870, 878 ater 200 000 oon eee 185, 1006 athamas ese 5 187, 382, 757 Athene ... S00 ca0 = oo. 960 Athetis ... c00 ae coe 665 Athyma... 200 o00 ~ 138, 383 atkinsoni 637, 688, 641, 882, $83 atkinsonia 200 oe on6 eos 156 atlites ... 000 960 o0¢ con HSH) atra. coe cod 006 oo | Bel WU atrata ... ese eee S08 = Bhelll atrax ... eos ese 220 eee 300 atricapilla eee 600 ore +1008 atriceps 600 179, 180, 373 atricornis eve vale eee eos O45 atrifrons eee eee 200 eee 116 atrigularis ... eee ee «9102, 184 Atriplex zy coe S00 eee O13 atriplicis 200 -ee eee 1046, 1052 atripunctatis ... ale 000 oo LOO) atropurpureus see con eee 823 atrostriatus ... coe ene coo LUNI! atrovirens 500 ose ese 1048, 1051 Attalea ... eee ate «ee eee 48 atticls ... ee eee TIS 388 atymnus Aucha ... Audrolymnia augiades augias ... AUSUSTA ses aulias ... aulicus ... Aulocera @UIagZO ... aurantiaca aurantius aureiventris ANTEUS -26 auriceps AUTISETA se auriplena BUTItA os. auroviridis australis autologa autopoma Autosticha Auzakia se. avanta ... avanti Avicennia xs ON ess Azanus ... azedarach Azolla ... babylonica baecifer... baeccifera Bactris ... Badamia badius... Beehmeria baileyi ... baladeva Baleenoptera balanitis Balanus... balbidota baldus ...- Balistes os. balteata Bambusa CCXXill PAGE 369, 388 woe 660 . 664 Ste woe 424 53, 727 w- 447 248, 521, 584 135, 136, 756 coe 656 727, 1048, 1050 ooo “ShDb +1006 256, 636, 1181 1046, wee 955 1048, 1052 1048, 1052 sas 227 1048, 1050 199, 599 woe 446 wee 724 708, 725 24 188 136, 425 as Al 1024-1026 362, 766, 767 365, 386, 425 eee eco 184, 197 aEvaTs np Be ee 479, 810 sa at 370, 390 1010, 1174 pier eG 135, 756 J151, 1176 vee 452 ve. 1170, 1172 coe 450 136, 382, 425 -- L178 oe S12 woe 254 GCXXIV bambus2e Bambusicola Banisia eee Baoris Baracns... barbadensis barbatus barbirostris Barbula Barbus ... Barcella Barleria Bartsia ore basalis ... Basilica... basilicum basilissa batemani batuanus Baza becearii beddomi beema beiza bela belia Belippa... belladonna Belone ... Belostoma bengalensis ese ene eee eee benjamini benjaminii bennetti... Bentinckia Berrheea bethami... betonica Betta bevani eee bewicki... bhadra ... Bhairava bhamoensis Bibasis ... bicaiyeulata bicolor bleunea biddulphi Bidens eee “876, 586, 784, 891, 371, coe eee INDEX, PAGE 389, 424 va 220 «-. 100 wee 769 woe 388 992, 993 836, 961 398, 401, 402, 403, 406 -. 1045 234, 431, 525 48 498 833 672 .. 661 805, 834 wn 755 so SEE w-- 1075, 1028 518, 1152 ae wee 253 wee 195 . 536 136, 382 we 368 S110 . 368 . 432 . 883 892, 916, 959, 960, 1174, 1175 eee eco eco gan OD) eee 390 253, 849, 1181 47, 58, B4 104€, 1051, 1052 oo, 425 coe DVO ee 434 see 370, 889, 424, 426 eue «L175 ene 156 coe 105 oe STA oe B10 coe B02 1256, 8377, 378, 519 eee Jak coe 959 - 820 | | ' boscas bideutata bifasciata Diflora «ee bilaminata biloba ... bimaculata binghami Binsitta bipars ... birelli ... birupa ... bisaltide Bixines blackistoni Blainviilea blandiella blanfordi blasius ... blattarize blatteri.. . Blattidee Blepharidia Blepharis Blepharidia Blumea... blumii ... Blythia ... bochus .t. Boerhaavia boeticus.. bolina Bombycia Bompycids Bombyx bonhami Bonnaya boopis ... Boraginacez .. Boragines Borassez Borassina Borassus... Borbotana boreale... borealis... eco seo ete PAGE ae) ie ees a) Ge w. 807, 8266 re 00 . 1025, 1026, 1027 783, 798 MW 9 5 OE Rie 1687 vis) | gee) ae ... 1013, 1014, 1018 see” ane OBO SER 761, 762 304, 314 797, 798 wes 519 wns veal, ny 81, 82, 374, 877, 1033 we. 138 640, 641 wee 1045 no) | ee cee GC a $26 651, 652 Be be ioc LONE 336, 387, 771 365, 387 Sid 366, 387 a 140, "206, 285, 289, 261, 292, 294, 295, 383, 290, 850, 873 689, 642, 1055 88 671, 678 one £9 oa 280 4g 46 coo ee , 38, 42, 46, 49, 54, 55, 889 Borkhausenia ... Bos cod ate Botaurus Botauris eve 660, 1081 we 480 1067, 1068 143, 144 536, 1032 856, 977 378, 1175 977, 1175 375, 794, botium ... occ brabira ... 3 brabylitis ove bracculata eee brachiata Brachmia cece INDEX, PAGE. --- 430 ene «. 140 owe vee 129 ae 710 we 812, 827 460, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 718, 714,715, 716, brachyantha ... brachydactyla ... Brachymenium brachyotis coe Brachypoding... Brachypternus bracteata eee bracteosa Bay Brahee ... brahma brahminus brahminius .. brahminus brama ... ous braminus ahs brandisii eae brassicae Boe brayi .. breviceps S00 brevipennis brevirostris ... Brixia ... broomfieldi ... rotolomia . brugmansi ocd Brunella eae brunnea coc brunneicephalus Bryomima aes Bryophila one Bryophylium ... Bryphyllum Bryotype oe Bubalis ese. sec Bubo! =. ee buchanani Buchnera Bucklandia E buddha ee. cee Bufo cs. bulbosa bulis ... an bullulata ie ees ece 717, 718, 719—727, 734 a wate ACD Sab eenTGe --. 1044, 1045 te) HTB pee 3'74 PEN 955 PE 19 .-- 1100, 1101 pre 45) 697 368, 371, 765 See Won ys AM Mere tTI56 cof gs w-. 431, 960 Bea e 1608 “cok Hee .. 8638, 874 MEUM etOG 7 ah ee GIS .-. 640, 641 w. 194, 516 PA SWEC S00 25 BOS ETO UO 861, 862, 863 Pain es 808 91, 181, 1160 wes 22, 586 640, 650, 651 .- 660, 664 Pet bts 1 816 1108 639, 649, 650 Bea dai SE PEELE AEG co) TR Gem fond 97, 822 ein ess) 108 1117, 1118, 1125 608, 613, 773 end 476 Asin het. 0866 w. 448 CaGhiMiricus ov. Cacomantis ... cadesia ... caduca ... 5 celatella sae celebs ... ceruleicephala Calamiaess G0C Calamintha ... calamistis 500 calamistrata ... Calamus Calandrella ... calearatus cos calcarifer ae calida ... coc ealidris... sae caligatare. eee Callaeanthis ... Callenia callidice eallitricha Callixena ves Callcia 3 Callophis coe callopistroides... Callopristria ... Callosume S00 callogus... sae Callyna... ae Calugramma ee. Bungarus 1033, bupleuroides ... coe Buprestide eos | burmanica eee burmanicus ... set burtoni... sac eee Butastur $45, 96 Buteo ... oe Obe butyropa one one Byblia ... coc byrsodes eee ave byssina ... doc eee Caccabis ae cachemeriana ... cachemirensis.. oc cachemirica GCXXV PAGE. +858, 621, 623, 933—947, 1040, 11765, 1184 Beh) eee DUS UI eS COS «+ 1007, 1110 .-- 1008, 1006 Re ee 28% , 1002, 1008, 1010 we 963, 1160 RAWURO £2458 we 314, 384 Des eae Fes list WMS tne sie E969 seg GS ee ORNS Tal ie els G0) Sef eee Sag 256, 1009, 1175 Senne es ie a 5 tN Bag sal a0) coe PTSD Rb eal (A .-. §07, 1090 648, 661 .-- 1058, 1061 «+. 38, 40, 46, 51, 52, 53, 64, B5, 57 Mra Yi By Ay ry woe 432 el ee) wee 799, 978 eee coe 188 coc coe ‘CS eee eoe 640 cee --- 440 aoc ee. 668 eee oe 661 335, 842, 775 Ls eOTe 1078, 1074, 1077 eee wee 426 “ce wee 297 eee --- 665 coe 664 @CXXV1 Calotes ... Calotropis ... C2iVUS ose 200 calycina ove calycinum = ere Calycopteris ... Calymperes +. Caly ptrocalyx... Calyptrogyne ... Calyptronoma... CAMA ove Camadena = as» cambaiensis .«.. cambayensis ev. Camellia Camena O06 camiba oes campbelli 200 campestris ... Campylopus ... CANACE ooo Ae canariensis ... cancila S00 candidalis 900 candidulus ... candidus ane candolliana ... canescens os canicapillus ... caniceps oh canidentalis ... canidia... 000 CANING ove 990 Canis ... on0 Canta on0 cannabina C00 eanorus ae canosparaa_ ... Canscora sa0 Cantharis eels Canthecona ... cantillans 000 capensis cee caphusa capistrata 500 capitata oe capitatus 900 capnaula FOG Capra ... zee Caprata ... 500 INDEX, PAGE 76, 344, 629, 867-869, 874 1025 .. 376, 960 .. 821 Pe sy, ee OG 201, 202, 255, 588, 837 ogee OAL eae eee te Oran Ee i rT Se.) wae 2138 e105 Serre. eon et 187, 221, 967 Sem 18S. OT 368, 388, 765 289, 382 oor eco evo ose eco 97 ... 499, 797, 1085 eve eee oe L044 .. 140, 888 w. 677, 695, 697 Be AD Mos URaiate ts at eof 99 ... 1012, 1014, 1021 S| ED SHES, OS 818 seth NN ae RYO ws. 376, 1008 787, 1014, 1018 w 102 368, 385 we 641 256, 536, 1029, 1181 we 664 «. B15, 318, 320 ..181, 256, 958, 1009 652, 658 ao HOH 1168 we DAE sys 198 586, 606, 915, 920, 975 we 368 169, 778 489, 812 823 Seer llianh 9-751) as Gat tbilen le Tua eo 47,1007, 1009 517, coe ece eve _ e060 eve eco ese eco sec eee eee coe Capricornis ... Caprimulgus ... Caprona soo Captiuncula ... Caralluma aE Caranx ... no Carbo os» Fee Carcharodus ... cardiaca 208 carducha 500 Carduelis 000 Cardui ese Carduus ue PAGE ost) aie eee w. - 907, 958, 1009 ... B71, 388, 768, 872 wo) sn 48 we1178 224, 975 woe 424 «1096 wee 650 517, 787 coe eos 139, 279, 281, 282, 383, 878 one 2OL carinata 280, 231, 490, 523, 524, 537, 698 carinatus one carintheaca 0. carmentalis ... CATNEA oop 200 carneipes o0C carotina cor carphodes ese Carpodacus ... 599, 863, 1042, 1184 we. 557 ass. cove Meee a. 256, 788, 1160 - 1168 Soe oo OE Mise 8s Gee Caryophyllacese 468, 469471, 810, 813, 814 caryonhyllus .,. nO pac ee 468 Caryota.., coe S00 46, 51,52, 53 Catyotaurens ... ose sae eo. 5d caryotoides ... 200 000 oo) Ol Casarca... hak p08 F 256, 977 cashmeriana ... spo .--1100 cashmirensis ... ose ese eo 642 casiotes 000 ae eos wen 9ST CASPIA oes ose ose “ a. 975 Cassia ... 200 o50 .-. 246, 530 Castalius no0 ooo coe: 306, 387 castanea ecle coe ese eee (81 castetsi 309, 310, 384, 850, 866, 867 castor ... ooc aoe =o9 eo. 980 CASYAPA... anal ae oo O12 Catamecia. ... onc ood --- 660 cataphracta ... ere coe B04 Catapoecilma ... See eee 388 CAtaTia eve 000 500 O00 -» 1 088 catechu... cod 500 eee 9D, 53, 895 catilla ... oe eoed00, 390, 426, 874 Catoblastus ... Catochrysops ... Catophaga 206 eco eee eee 47 eo 365, 366, 287 eee ese 426 Catopsilia 325, 363, 364, 385, 390, 426, 850, 874 caudata o00 causidica ane causterlii 600 caustiplaga =». CavasiUs... 500 Cedrus ... aon Celesnorrhinus ... Celama ... celeno «.. oa celestina... ees Celosia ... 900 Celtis ese 00 cenchritis See ceneusalis 500 Cena ... 900 centaurus 600 centralasiz ... cephalochra ... Cephalopyrus ... csphalotes eos Ctphonodes CHAMBS.., ove Qrastium cee Clratolobus ove Ciratonema 900 egatophylloides CGrcopide «. ereoplasta coe ce¢eifera eae ecifera sts ernua noe | Qropegia 200 roxylinx --. ee aa8 rthia... ous pe bec TVICAPT& oe EVAL Seoe cee WWE nee Cryle ... arte Cthosia 2s Ctola ... 200 Cécniide ... ee a0 Ceoniini OF Ceoninze ae Ceia see eee cejanica see Ge\ONeDSIS are cejonica ae chgrona... 450 29 INDEX. PAGE 83, 107, 181, 38%, 799 500 a. 451 sats sco HI eee soo OY) 2 . 430 464, 465, 466 372, 888, 767 coo | NG ... 865, 387 fe nt ais BES ... 199, 200 141, 324, 326, 384, 423 @eos een 721 eve coe 635 eee --. 430 22) 181.266 3 «-. 650 es 707 cog, eg RD Beene 2-109 Pe neun04 Se dh aieve B88 we ATA, 475 Soe has 748 Pia sts 109 Bay neta ce: : we. 285 Reet i169 SU SE aa van bel i . 820 a ate ABM See ener a 5 oY 185, 463, 464 bee ish oid Sy Neel BER ... 266, 1184 253, 256, 1031, 1175, 1181 ... 956, 1184 -140, 297, 298, 301 Boi Seen 660 Say PLUS: a5 BETIS Ss Meee al ov .-. 841 ES ae: Boy git: B86 ee S58 777 380, 382, 425 rages. 809 ee chadiara coe Cherocampa ... Cheetoprocta ... Chaleidee aaa Chalcis ... ae Chaleosia doc Chaleosiansz .. Chalianee aes Chalicodoma ... Chalybeata ... Chameedore2 CCXXVIi PAGE 5 een (02 aoe 600 ou PLOTS Tre 506 S55 BOM ssa oe eal aes wats 97 900 on SOD) oe on Son OE ae ees coo | YG P21 208 See br 069 Se ese t3, 49 Chameleon x. be -- 650, 896 Chameerops 44,45, 697, 698, 699 700, 702, 704, 985 Chandata aoc cas 5 1046 chandica 060 ono 500 ee. 155 chandra 200 500 co JlSiz/ chandrana 500 20d con ee DIU Chapra ... eee 6 370, 431, 769 characopa eee noc oe. 450 characteris 900 600 oad ban C15) Charadriide ... 00 2, 259, 547 Charaxes 137, 289, 292, 382, 757, 851 charltonius coo 508 oo ki chasiana ose ose ee. 1065, 1066 Chasmina 600 one soc eee 665 Chaulelasmus ... 000 379, 856, 978 chaus ee. O00 S06 s0¢ Eee OOO Checupa one --. 674, 662 Cheirostylis ... 297, 601 Chelidon con : 50 con Abe Chelidorhynx ... 000 Osc -. 1160 chelonias coe coc eee eo. 159 chennelli coe se 00 ee. 162 chenui ... 500 coc 2 coe DOL cherandra m0 200 o00 coe VOT Cheritra 550 coe .. 31, 369 CHETTUS eee x00 coe --- 965 Chersonesi2 0s C cog da IB) Chettusia 505 S00 a0 coo Sle chi occ 560 °s oC oo. 647 Chibia ..- sog o00 000 --.1006 chicquera ese eos ese soo BG Chilades atc one -. 364, 386 childreni sa0 ec 20C eos AL Chiloscylliumes. cee wes oe1178 Chilwa oo cee 500 ee. 218,418 Chimarrhornisess eve eee soo Ua) chinensis 200 eee ee. 377, 1011 chinquis ece eos coe sos a 6CXXVI1 chirata .o. Pee Chiripha co chirurqus mee Chisonomide ... chitralensis ... Chlceon ... a8 Chiiaria chloserythra Chloridea eee chloridice 000 Chloris ... 200 chloriza ... one chlorogrammata chloropus =ae cehlorata... 008 Choaspes 300 cholopis eee Choluata son choritis ... coc chromus 200 Chrostogastria... Chrysalidocarpus cChrysippUS eee chrysochlora ... chrysococeys ... Chrysopelea ... Chrysophanus... chrysopygia ... chrysorrhoeum... chrysothrix .. chucar ... soe Chutapha 060 Chytonix soc Cicindelide ... Ciconia ee. cod Ciconiz... cae ciliaris einclorhyncha Cinelus nae cinderella 500 cinerascens ate GCINETEA cea ona cingalense “ee Cingalesa od cingulatus cinnamomea Circxa wo Rate Cireaetus sa0 circellaris doa PUNE gag coe INDEX, PAGE aes oe 493 aa eee 665 Bee eee 896 coe DOD o. = £23, 424 GOO ... 336 181, 365, 369 ... 1058, 1061 LON Qigas PA VENEE B68 Ee 41.99 aise AOS ws 1049, 1053 378, 970 ey ... 370 Lie Owe AT 1081 ane LU a. 370, 389 an 0 eae gu aaa 133, 881, 390, 850, 873 we 1048, 1050, 1051 ene ono «- 256 wut GOS ws 367, 368 Me tT 7 we BIB ee aTO20 ene MOG 662, 1070 “wee 663, 1082 wee 208 976 He 3v8 ...1087 PAE ATES a SIDA 783 1012, 1013, 1016, 1018 cineraceus 963,1012, 1013, 1016, 1017, 1022 eee aoc -.01006 veo 189, 221, 378, 976 eee 1169, 1170 200 «ee 669 ee). RMSE 666, LOL ... 816 wa. 629, 962 we 656 253, 856, 978 PAGE, Circus ... ; 376, 963 Cirrhia... oon eee 200 eee 657 Cirrhina and doc coe §©=—. 40 43 Cirrhochroa ... --» 810, 314, 384, 874 Cispia ... 008 so0 eae woe 114 Cissus ... Soc 20¢ zoe oo. 898 Cistelidee Hoe 006 ooh ee DEO Cisticola 200 206 -- 188/374 citrago ... 066 S56 eee oo. (00 Citreola... ses) se > eae citreoloides ... “00 seo ODA Citria ... so0 200 Bes +0 /OD citrostrota coo n00 203 ooo al Clangula eee vee 117511181, 1184 Clania ... o00 coe 600 98, 96 Claxammress ene ese coc ooo LAL clarkei ... S00 600 536, 1090 clavata ... 005 500 «0 /L2] Cleisostoma ... 900 aoe a clematais 500 soc e060 aoe) fos cleobis ... 200 one -.. 358, 588 Cieoceris ie aoe 200 we 042 Clerodendron ... 898, 898, 1169. 1170 clerodotes 200 coe 500 .. 150 Clethrorasa ... Kido Pee . 364 Clibanarinus ... coo Boe «78 clinia ... 500 ane oie son (AIL Clinideum O00 600 ... 240 clinopodium ... 900 see) COM USO Clinostigma ... 296 60¢ Oro (48 cloanthus a06 oa oes 302 Clovia ... 900 008 abe cae PEO) Clupea ... 000 ene cero Clupeidee O50 Bae 428,13] clypeata, 000 on0 coe CDOTS clytia ...361, 362, 426, 874, 1116, 118, 1120, 125 cnejus ... 5010 Sac oe = 60387 Cnicus ... Bae con Soc we BD coalpara ate 200 1/35 coccinea 500 One ose PDS Coecothraustes ave 0/85 Coccothrinax ... wos 985, 986987 Coceystes . 256, 537, 538, 958, 009 Cocoines sa0 506 veo . 48 Cocos ese woe 35, 41, 48, 49, 55, 5, 64 caddapann2 ... ave 000 .. 54 coelebs ... 200 c0C «. 188 coelestiis 258, 259, 260, 263, 264, 277265, 386, 647, 548, 569, 570,571, 578, 576, 577, 58, 974 INDEX, CCXxiX PAGE PAGE coelicolor onc 000 ---L158 | conoidea- za -00 e060 eee 470 colisigna one ces co0 --.1077 | conophania ... 200 son ccs HGH coerulea.e.. cee 400 -. 496 | Conservula ... coc eee 664, 1071 coeruleus : - 376, 963,1175 | conservuloides ane one ..1070 ceeruleicephala 200 006 «1158 | consimilis 200 eel 37, 289, 382, 758 ceruleus eee a0 --. 1033, 1040 | conspersa 20 200 eee «=, 636 ccetsa ... SoC 000 eo. 835 | constellata coe one coe 673 coila =... onc «oe Soc ree 29 consummata ... 200 -e. 1049, 1053 coitor ... 2 300 - 432 | Contia ... a o00 «ee 1033, 1037 colaca ee 000 1.389, 424, 136, 427 | continerella ... 600 oo cao ADH Coladenia 606 an 372, 388, 767 | contorta 5 F oe 491 Colemania oe S00 ee- 879,880 | contraria ae Ve ges coo LK Coleoptera ee ooC . 203 | conyzoides C00 LO OOS Coleus ... tai 200 --» 836 | cooperi... occ 600 oo. 894 Colias ... wwe 364, 385, 424,850, 874 | Copernicia ... ‘40, 46, 697, 698, 992 collaris ... 305 -.80, 81, 82, 93,849 ) Copsychus eee 506 S00 ..1008 collinus 20 S00 000 .. 894 | Coracias eee 225, 853, 955, 1003, 1009 collurioides ... coe oon L007 corax Zan aes coal collonum coe eee 199, 1025, 1026: | cordata ... eat coc 493,320, 816 Colotis 364, 385, 386, 426, 867, 868, 869, | cordifolia co C00 ad0 soe O32 Say corey ese -- 138, 381, 754, 850, 873 Colpothrinax ... be coo |] Copsetees CoC one «. 381], 850 Coluber ... Sob 337, 338, 603, 622, 623 | coriacea coc O06 ate Loo | BY) Colubridce Curculionids ... Curetinze 900 Curetis ... 400 curosca 900 cursitans CustOS 0. ese cyane ... BOA CVanea ... a Cyanecula oe cyanclinea CyaNescens ere cyaneus... tes Cyaniris... cyanocincta os. cyanopasta «se cyanophlyctis ... Cyanopterus ces CYANUS o.. ooo cyathicornis ... Cyathula 200 cyclas ... Bee Cyclopides ... Cygnus... Cylades... one Cylas ... one evlindricum cymata .. 500 cynanchica ... Cynanchum ... Cynodon a0 Cynthia Sa0 Cyon ... ode Cyornis eet Cyperus 600 Cyphokentia ... Cyphophenix... Cyprinidae Cvypselus eae Cyrestis ood Cyrtacanthacris Cyrtostachys ... cyrus ... coe cytis ... soc Cytocanis eee 316, 384 Pa hi) we MOLEC ws. 652, 658 -..1068, 1069 ase RAGS wan't eee ovat?! OBS we 366, 887 380 eee 85 250 Pree Kets) eee ewe 125 we 140, 297 wee S069 256, 875, 780 ROG ee 8 5 a “IBRD GE 364, 365, 386, 762, 763, 764 Pe pci) won OR: TiO 378, 1155, 1175, 1181, 1184 waa) ES GHB Perea 1,70) me ine woe!) yeas (Gees 22. Sate Bile dco) nae eas bea) teat SNE we eee on os ee 28 JM eee SS sey, oeaoee Ie ws? aese 48B ww. 488, 484 w= 1024, 1026 oR aie See sty, Pel leet wee Ube ane ...1024—1026 PE eae 2 oe Py es Meee a. 480, 432 Pray 51 139, 883 ie ces wie ae nS eee coe OV4 eoe eco 423 wos eee 660) ae a a se F< Dactylethra ... INDEX, PAGE 461 dactylifera 41, 351, 355, 677, 680, 694, 695, dactylon ese Deemcnorhopse. Dafila ... cco dahuricum .. Dairaio... B60 daksha.e. coc Dalbergia 900 dalhousianum ... dalmanni 900 damaris seh dan 500 000 Gama ec 500 dang .. 900 Danainse 590 696 ee) e024 ==11026 46, 51, 52, 58, 54, 57 856, 978 wee 474 op SR MS CARS 384, 1117, 1118, 1124 wee 189 w- 816 oy BLT Cae ee SMe ICIIS 5 »».372, 388, 767, 768 365, 387 386, 426, 867—869 ...133, 321, 850, 851 eco eco cece ene Danais 133, 301, 381, 390, 391, 753, 850, 581, 873 danava.:.. one S00 3s oe 138 Danio ... eee 900 at eso 431 danna ... coc 60 600 coe DIL daphis ... eu wes : suc BLOR daplidice coe CoC eco coo 424 CTE coo ces O00 PP Wests) daraxa oo 000 o0G see 550 Bis) dasahara S00 coe «. «301, 427 Daseocheta ... nd oe 664 Daseuplexia ... 200 -- 639, 645 Dasychira ... eee . eoemlell, Data ee. ase ere ee. 663, 1072 Datura ... o06 500 900 soo DNS davendra o00 ses o00 coo OID davisoni eee o00 ea non BE Daxata ... 560 906 eels ool 066 dealbata 000 000 ie eee 636 debris ... S06 900 Sah Se ool decemfida 360 Be 000 oon 489 decidia doc ano oe coo Bist Deckenia See oo6 eae S06 Me) declinans o0c cac O06 oo Wet?) decorata.e. 1057, 1058, 1060, 1071, 1072 Decuaria 000 C06 500 ee. 460 decumanus ... 500 ae «1185 Decussata ata 506 500 eee 487 deleastra 060 a60 506 ooo ali Delias ... eee soe 002, 363, 385, 874 delicatulus ... 500 dee ono Le delphinus 500 2 ae we. 424 Delta ... noc a0 eee exe 662 deltospila 208 505 : see 106 delusus... 406 demoleus demolion eae Dimya ... eve Dendralophis .. Dendrelaphis ... Dendrocitta ... Dendrocopus ... densiflora Rae dentata ee denticulata ... denticulosa ... dentilinea 00 deodarace. aoe Depressaria ... Dermaptera ... (lesanae.. deserti cee on0 desertorum co Desmoncus destructor S06 detonsa.es 000 Deudorix O00 devay ce. 900 devanica ae dhanada 6c0 Diacrisia coo diadema moe diaries ono diandra... o00 diana; >... 600 dianthera oOo Dianthecia ... Dianthus 500 Diczeum Bes Dichonia sae Dichorrhagia .. dichotoma ... dicksonii eee Dicliptera Dicrurus ee Dictyosperma... dicyda... o60 didyma... ose Didymodon Didymosperma Dieffenbachia diffusa... 200 digitatus ies Gina eee ccc 361, 384, 890, 391, 426, 874 CCXXX1 ) PAGE eos 240 ’ 1116, 1118, 1124, 1138 oo WUE ey] : 99 w+. 896 Se GA. (425 200259, 260, 263, 595, 596, 1155 ete UL TT i S182 [Se ee a Se Sam Megalurus doo megastioma Megisha S60 mekara... oot melampus melanacanthus melanacantha ... melanema 200 melanea feats meianicterus ... melanistis Melanitis aes melanocephalus Melanochlora ... Melanocoryphea melanogaster ... melanoides 500 melanolophus .. melanope 000 melanopogon ... melanoschistus melanospila ... melanostictus ... melanotis see m-lanotus Melastoma ... melba ... fet Meles ... OOG Melia... Meliz ... melicrata melicrossa melisseefolia Melitzea... Sec Mellinia wee melonina melonocarpa Metophus tae meltadare. its melursus B56 mendieella mentalis S00 Mentha... SOs 131, cexly PAGE --- 1006 eel 052 364,.386 wee (DD soe 370 ne ee. a ote --- 700 ao, TBI! : vee 133 «- L002, 1008 «-- 1059, 1062 136, 382, 425, 875 COC soo DOM “0 eee BU4 783, 798 i ono SElh ~» 123, 758 -.- 180 crc o-. 194 --- 188 ce ES BT «eo» 1048, 1052 608, 615, 763 oe oI O3 eee 1014, 1022 248, 534 c con SBE cee «Ll G32 fo WOE «ee --. 184 - 442 sto --- 160 coe «el 095 eavgue Mile Oss coe coe 657 woe 657 By: «-. 1003, 1608 ioe 998 Bee One -. 460, 461 = 80, 82 ws 825, 826 menzbieri coc soo eee 196 Merceya eet o -- 1043 merceyopsis *. eee 1043, 1045 Merganser oa occ co0 Pee Kort) Mergus .. 224, 857, 979, 1157, 1175 merione eee 141, 319, 320, 384 meriones “cc cco MOD) eexlvi Merops .«.. eee Merula ... 600 merulinus ons mesentina 590 Mesolomia ... mesomelana ... mesotherma mesothyrsa es. metacausta metalepsis metallica p60 Metatopha«.. metanastria ... metaphea eee metasaris eae metathermes ... metat hermistis Metborasa See meticulosa .e.. metoeca ... eae Metopidius ... Metoponia ... metrica.. eels Metroxylee ... Metroxylon «.. MECYEFL ove 000 -Miana ... wen micracma oa Micrapatetis ... Microbelia Microhierax .«.. Microhyla eee Microlepidoptera Micromertia «.. Micropera S00 micropterus micropus one microspila —.»» microta oo Microtus ove midamus 990 milionia, millardi 50 Millardia dex Miltochrista ... Milvus ... 905 Mimulus nee mineus ... sAD minima ono Minor ... ane minos INDEX, PAGE lmemnahin fey lr 536, 781, 782, 1158 es OR, NODS e863, B85, 874 POOR i. 1 eNO he age G2 9650 a Sh are cates ena Gl ae Sealers DU ee ae a ag BG ves 423, 1059, 1062 638, 642 8 sae gag LO ond a s-- 120 a0 S00 soe 2 an3 a -.. L108 .- 108 090 300 L673 209 op0 LITO 006 200 we 125 oe aia nese aH) Beirne Neeru ST eins, Clomnie STBs Nst VAN gursaeat, Tag aiaaks 42, 46 spas smote eA eth norm AUG er ee eae Uo Pays IN Ut LEO GO Paes any So SA eg cote 1152 1 618 ie Aan ae 8 SAU) sea, GOR SBe ORE Elie eos eri 9) eg s .. 1009 Sa cea n Me cP) sos eee LOS SHOE SON em, UA Ratio eats eas Cpl Hess) aan Mee! , BS UR 87 Ra ieee Ma Se eS, a BS CG 3 REST ... 854, 962; 1010 fase hi eee BOD 8 BH .. 134, 134, 881, 424 Seen @ee oes 97 we «221, 518, 1078 384, 1115, 1118, 1119, 1125, 3126 MINUS .. minuseula Be NII NMtaeee Cos minutus 900 Mirafraecs eats Miresa ... B50 mivifica... ais Mischophleeus... Miselia ... ee misippus - mithila... eon Miti8 os. con Modecca ae moderata 000 modesta, 900 modestus ope Moduza... sss moldavicum ... mollicellalis ... mollitera ea mollis ... ons mollissima ... Mollusca see molochina one PAGE at BaB wc ot eS 539, 974, 977, 1078 eee 22D os een wae) aOR ie ails Ja net wes eon SOB DALGSE 140, 289, 290, 383, 851, 873 .. 810, 811, 874 Be ny BE 301, 328 «-. L056 195, 650 . B40, 608 ws 13d, IBBN SES cc (oo ea ee... 100 one 188 ws: oh eelO ST 9 E10 iad wee 203 Oa eae cow eee wen Molpastes 175, 182, 183, 184, 185, 1003, moluccana molurus saa molybdias Boe: monachus eae monedula Monodes 200 moniliger ose monilis sels Monima ot monochorda es. monochroma ... monogyna ... monolitha S00 monostigma ... montana o00 montanus eos monticola Ss Montifringilla moorcroftiana MOOTEl | eee 505 mofar ... S00 Morenia... eas morgiani eee MOniniaiiesstenecs 1006 we 246 .. 540 1g8 PT 5 LIE weal.) |) eas ey son’ || nel anette We a8 (5: eM STUN a 1048, 105% Pe OST | ee wa Sa Ps RSS co) vee aera -199, 304, 307, 589 seo” aay, COU NI ws 66, 70, 233, 326, 343, 775, 782, 958 ws. 291, 222, 790 1.470, 488, 484, 829 a» :100, 135, 368 coe ces coe 431 e@o0 eee eve 47 aee a eo 137 SLC MOTIO oo age Mormo nee moschiferus ee Moschus Sete Mosla ... ae Motaciliide ... Motacilla acd mrigala sae mucosus 000 mucronata B06 Medaria awe mulciber awe multiflora wee multimaculata ‘multipunctata... multistrigatus Munda oo nae Munia we. Bn muntjac 200 Murena 506 muraria 500 Mus 000 C00 MUSA 00 500 Muscieapide ... musicus 630 Mustela on6 Mustilia ane mutabilis wee muticum 506 muticns sae myadelpha ... Mycalesis 600 mycterizans ... Si yiophoneus ... myrianthus ... Myripristis MyYTisticivora .. Myrrha... 208 MYSCUS... dc Myzomyia os. nahellica sk Nac.duba nadgani “C0 eee INDEX, PAGE ee coo Hats ears eee 668 thief (BE! a peed (BD) eer ees S AT edie Was 375, 794, 795 Be e430) 228, 835, 339, 529, 896, 1034 Be es 687 eco ... 508, 660 we 138, 754, 755, 873 cece eco 479, 811, 987 Riser nag = ll i aR Er et? eee 364 see coe DIS pee 1008 vee 256, 1184 Be eeLETS wwe 185, 1160 252, 996, 1000, 1185 eee coe O98 ove coo BU wee 1175, 1181 255, 514, 536, 980, 1138, ve0o 1174 eae coo 893 we. 1166, 1167 pelOLO vee 459, 706 133, 134, 381, 382, 424, 873 229, 624, 621, 1184 Bere eee Relies bo Resin 1178 a. 256,519 141, 324, 384 Bee ve 16d 390, 396, 397, 398, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 413 ‘ese 863, 494 365, 386, 387, 425,427, 764 ae) sis nadina ... uae Nenia ... wy nagensis nahura e. ee Nae Nasa wae nama ... mAG Namangana ... Namestra nana pandina Nandus... Nanegra... oe Nannorhops ... Nanophyes... Nanophyine ...- Mapi «ee narayana 600 NAreda oo. us narendra aes Nartkecoceros ... DAsBAkA wee nashona CGO Natada... o00 DAattixe.. cee nature ... 600 navalis ... «e> Neasura css negatella eae neglecta tee neglectus S06 negrita veo Neilgherriensis Nelsonia 500 Nemeobiide Nemeobius Oe Nemocera Rela nemoricola 253, 260, Nenga ... oe cexl vil PAGE 767 ee L057 ; we 51 eee -- 1030 eos coe 253, 54), 1041, 1042, 1175, 1784 .. 138,382 an) TRACES, Bean eos 665 «=. 1058 51, 189, 686 139, 425, 761 Bevan, lat . 430 eco oe “A, 15, 53, 697, 698 eee 241 we 241 coe BOD «we 139 coo Jlekr coo 385 abe wee 436. coo Stil; 761 eee LOT 604, 614 oe. O89 -.- 895 soo HUE cee eo. 146 --- 186, 1606 500 ew 190 HOG w- 116 ies eee 810 dui ooo 499 142, 526, 327 dae soa Beads one con DOD 270,571, 575, 580, eoo 1007, 1155, 1145 eco een 4g Neocellia 396, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 408, 404, 405, 406, 407,408, 409, 410 > 411,412, 413, 414, 415, 417 Neomilichia ... Neope ... neophron Neopistriz ... Neopistria Neopithecops ... Neornis Le Aeees G6 135, 156 . 960 sal One see 660 wee 365 . 574 cexlvuli INDEX. , PAGE , PaGH neottiez ose =00 ons ee 597 | nitidulus 300 eee eee 1015, 1028 nepalensis 374, 376, 538, 783, 784, 793, | uitidus... no cas 52,191, 1012 1159,1160 | niveifera .. ace eel REG Neperthes ... ane ‘ .. 898 | niveigutta ... eae ons apatllns33 mepetaress) .. -- 806, 1084-1090 | niveiplaga ... ... ... 1049, 1055 nepetefolla ... co -- 2.2098 || Divescens eee coe 200 oee1 049 nephelopera «2. eee ... 102 | nivicola oes : 000 +1160 nepheronia wwe ene 496 «| Divifascia es an) sigeetl OS Nephila 593 526, 528,667 || Biviferana |): 2.) eo eeeligy Nephogenes «.- oe. 144 nobilis ... eee ee 1012, 1014, 1020 Nephrosperma aoe ay .. 48 | Noctua... 636, 641, 667, 1056, 1067, 1074 Neptis ...131, 138, 139, 383, 425,760,761 | Noctuide .. 4... .. +. 120 Neptunus ss. ase ts sonllilits) || OLAS AVIS Gog 7 ccd wes 674 nerissa .. Pos yl ces 363, 385,874 | nocturna ae ace oss .- 1064 Nerodia ove oe .- 845, 603 | nodiflora meer) eon o+. 1026, 1026 NELVOSA..- aon one ee -- L085 nodyna see coe wee coo) nesciatella ... ene 000 roo 186 Noline... soe o00 ae ape ile! nesimachus ... wee eos coo 137 nomius ... 362, 1116, 1118-1123 Netta ore eee cee wee 979 || Nomagria ... ee) 1) even Serene Nettion... sn. so «« ase 606 | Morelia ... TE coe ES Nettium as) | teed on. ane 978 | Nosphistica em | co SS Nettopus re ane eels sap DB Notarthriuus ... oO ooo 50 BBR Neuroptera ... C00 006 eo. 256 | notifica... eee 000 0. 438 neurostigma ... 3 500 1053 | Notocrypta ... c00 «. 372,389 nezara ... 200 a0 eo. 245, 1167 Notodonta .. oe cos 8} NiCAeA o- oe 500 ... 137 | Notodontide ... cas eee 89 Nicara ... a2 soe occ «- 665 | Notonecta > 20 --- 238, 239 nicea ... 209 d00 ove eee 670 Notopteride ... 200 ve eee 432 nicetas --. ese ee 134, 756 Notopterus ... 500 «e» 432, 1177 nicobarica 500 p00 006 ono | BB} NOVeguinese 0. 500 oo ooL057 nicobaricus ... sos eee ee. 58 NOX ss. coe see -. 100 nicotia .. 395 eos i vo. 134 nubigena C00 =o0 e- 490, 720 nictitans 050 200 eae ---1056 | nubila ... 500 coo eae --- 1969 niger ... 900 soe = ones 02, 1174 | nucifera eee coe 3D, 41, 49, 55, 65 NEN, one a90 é Har | 85 OG || Wirvoumeyen * oar 500 ase LS nigriceps a06 sho 03 ool O07 nudiventris -.. oe =08 on nigricollis ... sess 69805 1007 |, Namenine 9 ©. ..5 | eeeeeibiags Higrifascia ... 200 --- 640,641 | nummularifolia oot coe 833 nigrigenis = a»« -. 263, 264 nutana ... 200 20 ond ee 1098 nigrogrisea ... ese eve coe 649 | nutans ... ces 30 : L091 nilgirica =n 500 aoe ee. 388 | Nyctaginacen... ee s00 coe Ola nilgiriensis 381, 382,385, 755,756,850 | Nycticorax ... eee see ONO NOG Nilionidz eee cae 300 «- 240 Nyctycia g0¢ one 639, 644, 645 Niltava.s. Si i Lee sn Bets nymphalide ... soe ne we tas: Nipa aes lacc0 ote 49)52.54.65 I UNymphalion) S|.) ernie nirius ... 00 abs sp we 871 | Nyroca... ase an 379, 856, 979 nirmala 500 O00 cos Ba6 LIBS NYSEUS ovo coe 500 500 coe 306 nissa ..- 00 a6 eee ec. 309 Nyssorhynchus 396,398, 399, 400, 401, nisus ... 506 376, 377, 964, 1160 | 402, 403, 104, 405, 406, nitens ... a ons coc eee 100 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, nitida ... abe as 350 oo. 656 412, 418, 414, 415, 417 nytha .. 0+. Obana oe oo obliquifascia ... obliquiorbis .. obliquisigna ... obliqulimbata... obliterans Sor obliviosa ase obolea .s. ove obscura... so0 obscurata evs obscurus oon obsoleta use obiruncata ... obtusa ... 0 occipitalis toe ocellata eae ocellipennis ... Ochna ... eee ochracea n0C ochrea ... FOO Ochria ... a0 ochropis eos ochropus oe ochrosceles’ ... Ochus... mate ocimoides oes Ocimum a0 ocreata ... see octayana octobelpharum ocularis... ee oculea ... 000 oculus .... bee odata. ... eed Odites ... donestis odontites 3 Odontodenia ... Odontoptilum... odoratissima ... (ceticine ... (cophoridz ... (ideremia ... Qidicnemus ... QGidipodine ... (Enopopelia ... (inocarpus ... Ginopopelia INDEX, PAGE 131, 135 1073 87 Denies Geo wa 643 oe eee 667 aie 1068 ese «0-1 067 eae ran its 667, 1074, 1075 Pe Ah 8528 388 ... 189, 243, 787, 193 evs “00 coe) 441 eee coo weal 600 2 825 cee --. (14 coc 01 044 n06 o-. O15 soe eee 973 451 381 Mar 32367 165 Bie tenet 833 GaAL R898 Soo. | BIBT re see DEO te coo BIS .. 148, 146, 167, 462 w» 661, 1083 98 ery LS (St ... 192, 1003 eek V7 Peete OV yas 07 se PATO Be ORT a Mn 656 eae 90 805, 806, 834 | ORG 378, 971, 1181 | oe 844 ee -1)10 was 2 ale} c cos Wa | officinalis mee olostolus ao5 oleagina eee oleracea coe Oliaxquees coo Oligia ... ono Oligodon 248, olivacea ah olivaceum olivasceus dae olivescaria ... Olivieri. G00 olor 500 500 omphacias omphisa 6 Onagracez ose Oncocalamus ... Oncosperma ... cexlix PAGH --- 807, $22, 838 --.1029 woe 647 289, 92 wee 434 ... 668, 1064-1066 338, 348, 534, 772, 1168 ee s048.. L057 ao But 373 wee 668 23 ASSIS Pe cee, Ten wee 445 5. OE 479, 480, 815, 816 PM, | OG Prey Orr see oon Onebala 449, 450, 451, 452-460, 706, 708 OMNES | boc oat opalina... 206 opercularis ... Operculata ... Ophidia 200 Ophiocephalidze Ophiocephalus Ophisaurus ... Opigena noe opistholeueca ... opposite eee Opsyra ... a oral ae a0 Orania ... 000 orbata .. 500 orbifera Pep Orbignya 000 Orchidacee .. ordinaria 560 OTEINUS..6 aoe Oreocincla ... Orevcorys coe Oreodoxa ace Organitis aoe Orgyia ... Bs orientalis 00 origanifolium ... Origanum soc Orinoma sats Oriolus ... eo orithya oes orithyia saa ey ae 48, BS 2h, ee GS si, 0) RRO S Salibe Gath ean add Vo ee aeeeTe TO woes bese: ENS Sill see yi: aoe PGES woo = 429, 433, 1177 sso set S4E nag sid | ce EEMOES ness || ose eP aS coe ave LOADUIOSS PMS leak BHA 262, 1015, 1016, 1184 eoe eee eee 47 Peers ty bs Tl MS iso ORS : Wie re eenesd fru ETO re A ( work 4) esd MEMOS tae! a eID 2) aoe BOs gi 41,47 ese) RN OPee eats) ans yy MeO 198, 245, 819, 1010 woe. (4) , ageni6#0 Se cr allay Tests tripuncta oe tripustulata ... triseriatus 400 tristis ... Trithrinax ... trivialis coe trivirgatus ... Trochalopterum trochilus 000 Tropidonoti ... Tropidonotus ... trupidans b0 Tryxaline co8 tsiela ... ono tulipifera ese Tunica ... turbatalis on0 turbinata 30 turbulenta .. turcipennis turcomana 500 Turdus ... ACO TuUrdis oe sale turgidum Turnix ... 505 Turtur oo. a0 Tyeracono ove Typha «e. eee PAGE. as, iv coe we 497 we 434 ove 287 ane 652 wee 842 Satu Senge meee wee 894 wie) Nawal ORS s.r Seo), se we, ade!) SOBNB EE ws | eel, 2S OMS .. 651, 662, 1070 wie) a0), AMONG 863, 864, 1038, 1175 ce) ees en BET a 256, 378, 974 vee —-253, 542, 1042 wee B85 senile ene eco eee 67 189, 190, 197, 771, $57, 1010 oss) ce I A Oo i ee o 1152 .-. 180 364 ome 340, 341, 629 eon eve eve see coe 67, 253, 840, 341, 343, 345, 589, 603, 604, 608, 614, 623, 770 173, 1034 «1184 wn S44 via a Se os ch aS ee en AES wie Gee ae ee cn. 222 ceo) heed UB Sees 2) we. ave GORGE 173, 536, 783 ce ss ae ge LE vee ove L044, 1045 wee 877, 969, 1011 ew. 221, 967, 1010 we 661 a 198 Typhlopide Typhlops typhlopis typica tyrochyta tytia... tytleri eco ubaldus Udaspes WESusiiwccen | ess umbraculifera ... umbratica umbrifera umbrosa TAGES — cdo undara ee. undularis unicolor unifarius uniformis Upupa ... uranopis UTANUE ove urbica ... ULeNS eee Urocissa Urocladium Uroloncha UrSINUS «.- Ursus ee Urtica urtice ... Urticaces urticefolia Utetheisa vaccaria vacha ee Vahlia .. vaivarta... valakadya Valeria oo. valezina&es. Valgini... Vallisneria INDEX. PAGE w. 336 623, 770 wee T15 eee ase eco ece ooo eee w+. 229, 259, 338, 606, 607, 675, 678, 775, 858 ee eee wines] HO BotS3 ewe w-. 365, 886, 425 y= Ry. BIR BBO =. 128, 124 52, 65, 235, 995 we 640 --- 670 oe 1091 1029 -».1066 Bake. ASE. TOT see 256, 536, 539, 621, 1175 PRS) eee Co lores BS BGR ae) 102, 508 i 589, 8E3, 957, 1009 os CEU 366, 426 ais WE Paine, . 51, 63, 58 Renmemne st Pose 1008 ste ca A eas (0 fs s- . 517, 784, 1008 RO eo eee aS oe 214 284, 870 2 878 a5 PAIL RYE 882, 898, 1097 see ece 109 eve eee eoe eco coe eco eee ese eee eee seo eee eee -e eos TNA ABO Pe e409 ey oc n eects 7 8 134, 766 +001 040 639, 647 eve 8423 «1178 seal aeeUSOGe. Vandeleuria Vandellia Vanellus Vanessa ne Vanessze eclxiii PAGE n06 G00 one eee 999 we oe 891, 802, 832, 833 Bei: ovethh aber BTSHSTS 139, 140, 279, 281, 282, 283 284, 383, 428, 870, 872, 873 coc on 500 eo. 324 Vanessidze coc Swekt La iioel oe 866 vaTaha .. eae wee 90 oes BOD VarantSec. aus fasta seo eco 930 vardhana oop ° ee 364, 365 VATIA eee one ‘; 5 eco 956 variegata ee eee 518, 1080 Varius ... 000 500 r vee 206 varmona c60 300 woo 138 varuna ... coo --- 361, 388 vasanta ee O00 aoe C00 coe 160 vasutana 000 900 one eco 370 v-brunnea ogo eee 00 ool O71 Vettchia coc eects nesiees woo 48 venata ... 364, 385, 425, 874, 1078, 1079 veneficella Sus Bs 900 coe 166 venningi oe +-.208, 340, 345, 763 VENOSA oe ove eee --- 1048, 1051 venosus .. oD é 200 coo 306 venusta... ; . coo oo. 490 venustus 6 c 001 163 Verbena 456 b06 coe 823 Verbenacez ... 900 ese ooo 834 VerMa os. . eco eoo §=6134, 756 vena ... ae 3 coe 498 vermiculata : ee 754, 1065, 1066 verniocosum ... 660 aoe oe 045 vernum... ono coc det oo. 482 Veronica 500 500 ee 497, 498 Verschaffeltia ... coc wee eee ts) versicolor 500 a6 «+ -1.094 versicolora 6 cod --- 668 verum ... O00 nae . coe 481 vespertina 006 on0 eee eos 162 Vest® e0e ese a08 eee 141, 321 vestalis ... ose ---426, 867, 868, 869 Viburnum male aoe S06 --. 109 victoria... cod ano WGP victrix ... S06 se coe con 2H vicularis aoe oe 125 VIgieTi o.. eae a ° ere 696 vigilax ... ane on wos coe 455 vikasi ... C00 ae ev 131,139 Viltsi) co see sae ace 0001056 viminalis cA 51, 52, 54, 55, 642 Vincetoxicum ee a0 eos eo» 483 celxivV Vindhiana vindhya Viola, ov. Violacez Violz oo Vipera... Viperidse Viperine Virachola Viraja os. virels virescens virgatum VITZO eee viridescens viridibasalis viridiflorum viridiflorus viridinotata viridipicta viridipunctata viridirostris ViFid18 oo viridula - visala visGivorus viscosa . Vitisadnata vitta vittata se. vittatus Viverricula vividinigra vulcanus VUIZATE ovo vulgaris vulgatum Vulpes ... Vultur ... waddelli walkeri ... walleri ... walli .«.. Wallichia wallichizfolia wallichii walteri ... evo INDEX, PAGE 389, 845,961 | waltoni a S00 200 eve 100 wardi : co0 eee 310, 334, 369, 874 { Washingtonia .., wee wee, we B04 | webbiana es ... 141, 321, 384, 851 wedah ... on0 528, 622, 1042 | Welfia ... 3 ee 66,343 | Wettinia is aE see 65 | whiteheadi 500 .. 870,388 | wightiana cos .. 139 | wightianum S00 we. 871 | willeyi ... eee ewe «650 651 | wiskotti = eco eel l71 eee eee 971 eco 430- eve ece 95 ese 126, 127 Bere easel 27 ... 1072, 1073 «1064 w. 868, 765 one 376 Bey ebay ODD 245 134, 381, 424 536, 783, 1160 beh REL TS eectih MASESASD Press WI) Sést cg enous OS Rey reer ty) UMS ieE Oe nde Pubes AN, 368, 388 807, 1090, 1093 184,378, 781, 808, 836, 969, 972, 1093 do0 ooo 474 252, 589, 1000, 1029 ono coe 046 Sang ROO » 1045 wee 536 . 1040 47, 51, 52, 58 ss ot) 388, 484 ... 1088, 1087 Wolffia ... ne wolfi ... Sa Xanthia nO0 KANthocarcuMeece xanthoceps «xe xanthochra Xantholxma ... Xantholepis Xantholeuca ... xauthomelena xanthopera ese xanthorhynchus xanthoschista .. xenocles 500 Xenopeltis xerastis .. xeraulas.. ' xiphia .. Xylena ... Xylina ... eee Kylocampa .. Xylophasia .. Xyloryctid ... XKyloryctide Xylostola YRJDA oe soe YAMA ee yerburii... eae yerburi ... eee yerburyii ase Ypt ima ypthim oides PAGE 252, 931 ove» SSD meme. C5 ie Re, Memes (C oa) hr veo, a vee 514, 1174 we 126, 314 we! BG MEG iio' |) pees sey eee 257, 418, 419 oe SEE eee woe 657 .. 1044 ae llS ie hope iv! sce) EeOOS 660, 1080, 1081 we 638 Pre rs 00 wo ieee on, TI ‘val peo Mr as SO w- 539, 621 see. SS eee ils 1120 . 862, 386 - 670 wc eeRGES wo, eee 670, 672, 673 Pre ass 18 Peau esi 7/30 pore er Peds) oS See =<, i) re i is Sh | i O 3 Hi Cc, iv ss Vee i > tL a | pen | Ss A a esi ) | vp a Oa ae eee Peeey SC te ae nO, DFE = ey 7 = ic wes "i SS as rt 37 .. oe vi uf | 4 ll tl fi i} q if aoa hag Perea Tia cil » ca 9 oe as 3 & BS Haag 5 Ea TET) OL; bet Sy ed C 2 WS ie eta nec hie a” eS ser se) oe fia l" Pith gy gn?" i Il EN ee ni i | ie x Ge ‘id i i i B : i | | | al si SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIO | | lt | iii 1205 0373 A