othe hon ashe heya bat pels He Ps Wi atangrpeniestuiadenaisaeas isos dame UB AALS str(QeiFrova warns ead het 1G Fer gse@ RA Ea AAS HOGAN TO reshma Tr arb tle ihe Gur oted gops halter Lg A et 09 i ayy Ne orn Co othesbeatempeite: Pays brits on biol treet " son Pac rig rere { Sree senate Er babe otra paula aud ase tp ett ah ashe H He Hees he Len ge prea thaeyh) ies ope tha he! ey ee Coan oasieat fepanibaly shea fend pve fh oA a Aseria ig ete Stee eased! span 7 lphel tery Pa veep peng theta nee ares Pi yy repaet A =p pa debate an ha Ds Satay Pe BR os pau if x so ina : syahat Faksode ive hee deweinuiye ae teeatae ian Hectivannie pl gee (ervey sao sel 34 paths pte i 9 d tee AF ead ey ‘4 ibe ps hb M , eee vnuedirase baneieenbtet baits Hone poate Hi wedcheicdeuensisnatiees i thera dull leer lunel pechradt rte Mes ba saripad ses Qainibs} 20 Cheater ren ern ty tienen a tr egy nas cept TDG sh eeu ogi het air bh « eek {a pe hE a Lure bt riers Letatatitats asntnerenensay ear veasoen sh Fiancee ip Sani uf : roa nivathe lt: t i air) yes: Sonniitin pieariey sé alps if ih 283 ht sp oud rid ipa ibe oes A) > penance cpus ite aitieventerads vicina iba hr i acnangninamedes) iether " ne ef bate ’ held Haste tp k eibeivalhs i Pi beive vriaees pete reer pe ae edn eh EDN gr gath &) ache muipe tbs Aya e phi vier (EG Se ey 23 HEE <4 SArbeilibatbeied ita Nia ysie e343 HeibSHt 5 ash 6h of a tent ae splot Cron min oy i q oi Bee bat bai ats 4 iby Miya ein iy i ta rovnsiiwashelishath aisicoainas a ft ‘ jaibeige cian doy nash re be * : eel eH Een at of Poi etelite Pehta-elh GY: (Pome be rye Hat ry AB gy toga Ng Ss yy , tify Becpaants Perey hee et abe ¥nN t mae *blnoe Ghaaietapemporitdevove ot : nr phe haben pia ed tet rete ‘eine ba rey YE on th peipsihema te bales os wrest oeyen yiaenebaguieaeb Aawcararaehat A ye i yada tha a in iter hi rel mn ms iid ses eee : vanes 4 PHYA iia Cin Why Mises eaibtd-aanhe aa eee baits oe tote weivenerre ea he Paipeibedee i: aati on ANNALS is Peed LPP ipo ara ion kt Vos M2 Nahe DNA (HALTER al () tne iW a Wabi sase nin iis0 trsitanewetioas ¥ rr) 4 is ha ey 0h aT Rt sant THE JOURNAL OF THE Bombay Natura History Socrery. EDITED BY W. S. MILLARD, R. A. SPENCE and N. B. KINNEAR. ' VOL. XXII. Consisting of Five Parts and containing Fifteen Coloured Plates, Sixty Lithographed Plates, Diagrams and Maps and Seventy-two Blocks, Dates of Publication. Part I(Pages 1 to 302) a. ase ese m0 aus o08 coc eee 31st Oct., 1911, » LL (Pages 303 to 719)... ane 580 C00 coc ese eee ee. lst Mar., 1912. » LL7 (Pages 721 to 1107) oo ove eco coe toe se ee 30th July, 1912. > LV (Pages 1109 t0 1364) © os ene) ee | tnee | wen eve eo 20h Nov., 1912. » V Cindex, éc.) coo oes eco «oo eve ove ace ee. 21st April, 1913. Bombay: PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS. 70013 CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXII. No. l. A PopuLaR TREATISE ON THE Common INDIAN SNAKES, Part XVI. (With Plate XVI and Diagram and Maps.) iby Wvilnonebe Valls Wives.) CML ZicS.0 i. of ,cens anieiele ne ain ofe 4 ler THE Game Brirps or [npi4, BURMA AND CEYLON. Part V. By E. C. Stuart. Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.B.0.U. ........, Notes on BUTTERFLIES FROM THE NaGa Huts. Part I. (With Plate A.) By Major H. C. Tytler, 17th In- ETAT | Une rPemree er Bath Sea AP Bea SES: ee Tue Patms or BrivisH INDIA AND CEYLON, INDIGENOUS AND IntropuceD. Part V. (With Plates XVIII-XXV and Text-figs. 13-19). By H. Blatter, 8.5. ............... THe RESIDENT BIRDS OF THE SaUGOR AND Damon Dis- TRICTS, CENTRAL Provinces. By R. C. H. Moss STN DYE OSI ie gee NG Dee PEA ie Ciera N/T Ah ot, DESCRIPTIONS OF InpDIAN MicrRo-LEPIDOPTERA. Part XIV. yale Meyrick) B) As RIRSs, i Zi8s. st ljseh yee slacken REPTILES COLLECTED IN CHITRAL. By Major F. Wall, TMS; CoM. ZaSup styh tugs th. aatyncuaa da ccasea sd capl betel cot ae ns A Last or Inpran FUNGI, CHIEFLY OF THE BOMBAY PRESI- DENCY, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF 'wo NEW SPECIES. CWrith a Phatesye: Wy Ui TlatternScditen.cs.) cecilia» asl NorEs ON THE BirRDS OF SEHORE, CENTRAL INDIA, WITH SpecIAL REFERENCE TO Migration. By Captain C. EE WVilhatehiendy aah lls. Sus Ve Se MOR MIE ORCHIDS oF THE Bompay PresmipeNcy. Part XII. (With aL creNC) eae Gre Nit Gy AMALIE HUES 00s Neg ne sae Wrenice alee FurTHER Norges oN SOME MamMmaLs FROM LOWER SIND, Eakin Cp NVMOUCRLOM 2 clauses esse segeee ee nu sc sinee ee ece nee PAGE A8: 66 87 104: 132 146 153 ql 175 iv CONTENTS. Some Nores on BIRDS FROM GYANTSE AND CHUMBI IN TIBET, WITH A LIST OF THE GAME BIRDS KILLED DUR- ING THE FOUR YEARS, 1906-1909. By Captain F. M. Bailey CC Ce ee ee ee ‘THE IMPROVEMENT IN THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF INDIAN Wueat. By Albert Howard, M.aA., 4.R.C.S., F.L.S., Im- perial Economic Botanist, and Gabrielle L. C. Howard, M.A., Associate and some time Fellow of Newnham College, Personal Assistant to the Imperial Hconomic Botanist CC ee et ey A New SNAKE FROM THE WESTERN Himatayas Trachis- chium quinquelabialis. (With a Text-fig.) By Major Ta Walla isenCiiuZas ethics btn iden vunie.ncls. falda Batiane PLANTS OF THE Punyas. A Brief Descriptive Key to the Flora of the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir. Part IX. By Colonel C. J. Bamber, F.L.S., (Indian Medieal, Senvice.. ci... dcr ee ieh. ee eal THE PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA ANDdy CBYEONG: Meh ececeee eee haent «cel annn nck onG ae i eaean seme MISCELLANEOUS NoTES.— I. Tiger calling like a Sambur. By Major H. H. Harington and J. W. Best, LF.s. ...... II. Young Tiger attacking Human beings. By SELAH oes aces ebin ioe sce tae ie). pene aed III. Panther and Wild Boar. By Lieut. F. Fitz- Gibbons .ceccacceseasete ths ccl spose IV. Golden Cat (Felis temminckt) killing Buffallo Calisy WyaiNio6 jKoinneaty ycaoaaeet sneer V. Mungooses in the Eastern Ghats. By P. Roscoe Aden. oc. fics eget epee aes VI. Distribution of the Sloth-Bear (Melursus wrsinus), and the Indian Lion (Felis leo). By R. Khengarji ..........c.sseeeecss ere eeeees PAGE 178 187 201 XIII. XUV, XY. XVI. XVII. evils XIX. . CONTENTS. The Birth of a Wild Elephant Calf. By Oo Wi, Allan, 06.0. walgasl lh. \ ) prea Notes on the Gaur (Bos gaurus). By , Ayl- HIT Fae gs HAT tas SANDS ise hyena h cence dee The Domestic Breeds of Indian Sheep. By Le bac raed DAN ic Sac Bice So ern ee AR GBmG AH O Weight and Measurements of a Serow. By Mex, MP rinitosehy ;cmclilsstwd. tahdeee ccs ded oe Weight and Measurements of a Goral. By lex IES EaGimiOse: 7) yeeaett fete onc clen te Strange Mortality amongst Black Buck (Antilope cervicapra). By Lt.-Col. G. H. ARVIN ara tes on Tes ep aokancie serians rasta Fe oie n.e omega Large Heads of Malay Sambar and Brow Antlered Deer. By H. J. Davis, F.a.s.... Crow and its Food. By P. T. L. Dodsworth, HZ Sy) MUSEO Usaha onsen Ad ya sheet oe Notes relating to the Habits and Nidifica- tion of the Black-headed Sibia (Lioptila capistrata, WVigors). (With 2 Text-figs.). By P. T. L. Dodsworth, F.z.S., M.B.0.U. ... A New Bar-wing from Burma. By Major EE, Harmretom. 20...20.. EE Dae ean Erect: Curious behaviour of a Myna. By Lieut. F. Bey Sco thigtias h4-Sagei ao caateotseakorenes Notes on Birds round Rawal Pindi. By H. Whistler, Indian Police, and N. B. 1 aa NP eens Ey, SC Rn IN Notes on the Nidification of Microcichla scou- leri (Vigors), the little Forktail. By P. mM Le Dodsworth wzise. M.BLOlU.s.0..sace cs Nesting Notes from Lower Burma. By S. AUUDEI SO) OVK@IS@TaNRA Eves core QA Ane) 2 ene 256 257 261 wi XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVITI. XXVITI. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXIT. XO: CONTENTS, Some winter visitors to Rawal Pind H. Whistler, Indian Police.................. Seasonal movements of the Himalayan Greenfinch (Hypacanthis spinoides). By Capi ity bi Skintier, aR re en. Occurrence of Hemilophus pulverulentus, (Temm.) The Great Slaty Woodpecker, in the neighbourhood of Simla, N.-W. Hima- layas. By P. T. L. Dodsworth, F.z.s., DISBIOUU isan om. 5 ARES EIREE Ree her eee Se iv nace Hornbills devouring young Paroquets. By (eColA.Newnlhiam, Ay sts. .5.0..::2eeeee Jack Snipe in the Cawnpore District. By Capt. WW. BiSpaldine oR, Av... aeeeenacee Nesting of the Cinereous Vulture (Vuliur monachus) near Quetta. By Major T. EH. Marshall ~ eee eee eee eee eee eee ese ese eee eee eee ee ee PCC Oe CC i i Ceca Nesting of the Osprey or Sea-Hawk. By Lt:-Cola Shh). aera was ys 5 los haere European Great Bustard in Chitral. By IN, “Badin eartere ial oe URI aes Woodcock in Kulu. By J. Coldstream, 1.0.8. Occurrence of Swinhoe’s Snipe (Gallinago megala) at Myitkyina, Upper Burma. By Capt. F- W VW. Vieumino, eee peer r rc Occurrence of the Fantail Snipe (Gallinago celestis) in Siam. By D. O. Witt, LFS., aur W's «dF. "Walliamsonk eae neem ser 262 265 267 XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVITTI. XXXIX. XL. XLII. XLII. EXUIEE, XLIV. XLV. XLVI. CONTENTS. Snipe Shooting in Upper Burma. tl gl 6 7elll ep lat eaiats ate APA Reh Aes con eae The Occurrence of a ‘“ Booby,” Sula cyanops (? ) at Cannanore. By Major H. R. Baker The Occurrence of Cygnus bewickt and other Swans in India. By E. C. Stuart Baker, BL Sia SAS yo BLO’ Wins. abt satiny dyaty ane Salen wee eco rset ee eee eee eee ese eee sen esesseeee Uncommon Birds in the United Provinces. By Capt. M. A. Girdlestone, 41st Dogras. Nidification of the Little Grebe or Dabchick By John Fry...... Recovery of Birds from Injuries. (With a Teat-fig.) By Lt.-Col. G. H. Evans (Podiceps albipennis). eooees Habits of the Python (Python molurus). We Morsiy blir fais 20oe itch wis tees cates sinus eintiais Remarks on Two rare Blind Snakes. (Wath a Teut-fig.) By Major F. Wall, L™M.s., CMA. Se Sat hageitds. Adds Al iett San chee pam oe: On the Occurrence of the Snake Dipsado- morphus nuchalis (Beddome) in Berhampur, Orissa. By Major F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S.. Is Lycodon gammiet (Blanford) an aberrant specimen of Lycodon fasciatus (Anderson) ? By Major F. Wall, 1.M.S., C.M.Z.S. ... Do Snakes swallow stones? By EH. A. BTW OTS PY ARS eemiee Bob ore has co Yorie COCR eee EER Remarks on the Greater and Lesser Black Kraits (Bungarus niger and B. lividus). By Major F. Wall, 1.M.S., C.M.zZ.S. Large Common and Banded Kraits. Major O. A. Smith, 27th Punjabis Vil 277 278 279 283 (Wil _CONTENTS . XLVII. The Development of Embryo in the Eggs of the Oviparous Viper, Lachesis monticola, prior to oviposition. By Major F. Wall, LMiS:, O.MZiSih Seto eR eee. co eso scion XLVIII. StOmel ce see. nee ye a eeamerteere cae aaa PROCEEDINGS. eee erecta otek metres eee nek eee Cheer No. 4. THE GAME Birps oF Inpia4, BurMa AND CEYLON. Part VIII. (With Plate VIII). By HE. C. Stuart Baker, F.L.S:, F.Z.S.,, MoBsOlU cc eee erence op okie. a eee ieee eaeree ORCHIDS OF THE BomBay PresipENcy. Part XIII. By G.. A. Gammniie, FALiS) 78 eee et ane ee cee THE CoMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE Puains oF Inpia (In- CLUDING THOSE MET WITH IN THE HILL STATIONS OF THE Bompay Presipency). Part XII. (With Plates 1 &J., and Text-figs. 15-22). By T. R. Bell, Lr.s. ... PAGE 1091 1092 1092 1095 1098 1099 1099 1100 1101 1102 1109 1129 Pea CONTENTS. Notes on A BIRD COLLECTING TRIP IN THE BALAGHAT DISTRICT OF THE CENTRAL PROvINcES. By EH. A. DOAN ore IMR Serene ns seta. ors: Se dc wads cjaratd adaeads beac saelosoee Bompay Natural History Sociery’s MAMMAL SURVEY OF Inpia. Report by Rk. C. Wroughton, F.z.s. (With a HSIOICRO MO] MAMI =fUGS=)\. fla clas. separ clciocaic chats « dicta ents «'sicie si A List oF Birps From ARAKAN. By Cyril Hopwood, LF-.s.. THe Morus or Inpia. Supplementary Paper to the volumes in ‘“‘The Fauna of British India.’’ Series IV, Part V. (With Plate G.). By Sir George F. eliaano SOM bsaisies E78: SF aR Sie eke ne ieloae se eae eesti. THe Funer or Inpia. Part Il. (With Plates I—IV., and Heni=igs, 1-00) ) By hy Wherssemy Sida Shecd.e0csen s+ EDodewerthii27S-.5\iBiO.U.. ccs Nesting of the Western Blue Rock Thrush (Petrophila cyanus, Linn.) in the neigh- bourhood of Simla, N.-W. Himalayas. By P. T. L. Dodsworth, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Forktail (Microcichla scouleri, Vigors). The Himalayan Greenfinch (Hypacanthis By Lt.-Col. H. A. F. Mag- spinoides). rath Ce Eggs of the Large Hawk-Cuckoo (Hierococcya sparvertoides). By A. EH. Osmaston Question whether Gyps fulvus, Gmelin, the Griffon, occurs in the Himalayan districts of the Punjab. By P. T. L. Dodsworth, F.Z.8., M.B.O.U. A Kite’s larder. F.Z.8., M.B.O.U. eee cere ee eee eee eee ees eee eee Boe eee By P. T. L. Dodsworth, Tameness of Great Indian Bustard (Hupodotis edwardst). By R. Teague Jones, Indian Police’) hey Tee Miata atcha t-te ott Bustard in Kathiawar. By Major J. R. Carter, Bombay Political Department...... The Great Indian Bustard (Hupodotis ed- By A. B. Aitken eer ereceeesc ser ees wardst). PAGE 1323 1325 1327 1328 XX. XXI. XOGET: XXIII. XXIV. DOV. OANE ROOVEL: aoe TNE XXIX. XXX. XXXI. OXON. CONTENTS. The Masked Booby (Sula cyanops) in Bombay Hagbouryrabyi Nr olKijamear ia fos... Baikal or Clucking Teal (Nettiwm formosum). Egy Wem bo PA THULE TN EA... yl. aiseelolyetieie ariejeicls vas Is Lycodon gammiet (Blanford) an aberrant specimen of Lycodon fasciatus (Anderson) ? (With a Text-fig.). By HE. A. D’Abreu, IWASo dao con doo duo ODO COD OOn OOGMCoOUN TID JODODOOBOOND Notes on the size and breeding of the common Green Whip-snake (Dryophis By N. B. Kinnear By Surgeon- mycterizans). Cobra breeding at Parel. Gerieral W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S., and Senior Assistant Surgeon J. P. Pocha, Tellin, (a6 ASE, 4 aaa see alin in teach ee ea ie aE Breeding of the Common Green Viper By N. B. Kinnear. Saw-Scaled Viper (Hchis carinata) as a tree By Capt. A. H. H. Mosse, 1a. ... By Capt. G. G. VOM AVIEIMAS ie thats ciel heporoiolts ola sreich ciel atyel ct ats IByy Jalg Ite SaUMGers (22.505. De OT RONAN CSE The Food of a Bull-frog (Rana tigrina). J. P. Mullan, m.a. Vitality of a Butterfly. By Capt. G. A. Hassels- Yates, R.G.A. The Bed Bug (Cimex rotandatus) on the Common Yellow Bat (Scotophilus kuhlt). By K. Kunhikannan, M.4.,F.E.S., Assistant (Lachesis gramineus). snake. Habitat of Hchis carinata. “Poisonous ”’ Lizards in India. eco eee eos ese eee eee oe eee ee eee eee ese eee ese eee eee Hntomologist, Bangalore ..................++- Flies By Lt.-Col. Magrath on Snow. ees eee eos eee ee te ooo eee eee ees oeeoeeBessenes XX1 PAGE 1334 1335 1335 1336 1339 XXil XXXII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVIT. CONTENTS. Preservation of Game. (With a Text-fiq.). By StaGyideiCarheneth...0....)reecerereeeere Notes on Cutch Ammonites. Il. (With 2 Diagrams). By J. H. Smith ............... Ammonites from Cutch. By H. J. Davies, WeGSly cad adnoGo voodoo nag obo oud Dds ADO OND GOO ODONRS The Trinomial System of Nomenclature. By Pn sis Dodsworth d7,5 ees 0.0. cere Letter from Mr. A. D. Younghusband, C.s.1., 1.C.s., Commissioner in Sind, on Cruelty to Wald Howl imi Sind) 2 veesec cases Herat Tan PROCEEDINGS He ered Aone eC Gn Ope a: Ore ea ne ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. VOLUME 2tox1r. Apams, Lionet H., B.A. ; Con- chological Notes from Bom- bay .. nl noe a Aquarkar, 8. P.; The Diet of the Bull-Frog (Rana tigrina). AitkEN, A. B.; The Great Indian Bustard (Lupodotis edwards?) ; Baikal or Clucking Teal (Nettiwm for- mosun) Asrexar, 8S. L., B.A., Assis- tant Professor of Mycology, Poona; The Castor Rust (Melampsorella ricint, De Tomi). (Wirth Pls. A. & B.) Auten, C. W., D. F.O.; The Birth of a Wild Elephant Calf .. Pt ALLEN, P. Roscor ; Mungooses in the Kastern Ghats - ANNANDALE, N.; The Madras Aquarium = ; The rupture of the Egg-shell in the Genus Calotes APPLEFORD, W. G.; The Hi- malayan Snow Gone ( Tetro- gallus himalayensis). (With a Text-fig.) Battey, Captain F. M. ; Some Notes on Birds from Gyantse and Chumbi in Tibet, with a List of the Game Birds killed during the four years, 1906-1909 Pace . 1384 . 1335 1092 - 099 . 1084 178 Bat.ey, Captain F. M.; Notes on Takin (Budorcas taxicolor). (With 2 Plates.) ; Gayal or Mithan (Bibos frontalis). (With a Text-fig.) Baxer, EH. C. Sruarz, F.L. S, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U.; The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part V 3 The Occurrence of Cygnus bewicki and other Swans in India. . } The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part VI. (With Pls. V, VI, and The Sooty Tern (Sterna Suliginosa) in Cachar ? The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part VII. (With Pls. VII., and A.,and B.) . cia | ; The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part VII. (With Pl. VILL.) Baxter, Major H. R.; The Oc- currence of the “ Booby,” Sula cyanops (?) at Canna- nore .. BALLANTINE, W. J. H, Aguiats ant Political Officer; Sadiya; Recovery of Animals from Injuries Pace . 1069 = illyal 20 273 302 684 721 . 1109 272 . 1069 XXIV BampseEr, Colonel C. J., F.L.S., Indian Medical Service ; Plants of the Punjab. A Brief Descriptive Key to the Flora of the Punjab, North- West Frontier Province and WKashmir. Part IX Plants of the Punjab. A Brief Descriptive Key to the Flora of the Punjab, North- ‘West Fontier Province and Kashmir. Part X .. BaNNERMAN, Surgeon-General W.8B., and Pocua, Senior Assistant Surgeon, J.P., L.M. & 8.; Cobra breeding in Parel Barron, A. H. D., 17th Infan- try; A Deformed Thamin Stag (Cervus eldii). (With a Text-fig.) . - a Bett, E.N.; Snipe Shooting in Upper Burma no Beno, 0. Bis bwe.s Ehe Common Butterflies of the Plains of India (Including those met with in the Hill Stations of the Bombay Presidency). Part X. (With Pls. D2, D3 and D 4) ; The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India (including those met with in the Hill Stations of the Bombay Presidency). Part XI. (With 2 Text-figs.) .. : —__—___—___—__-—__;_ The Common Butterflies of the ‘Plains of India (including those met with in the Hill Stations of the Bombay Presidency). Part XII. (With Pls. I. and J. and Text-figs. 15-22) Paces . 1022 . 1337 517 740 = aol LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Bzst, James W., 1. FS. ; Tiger ealling like a Sambur —; Tiger (Felis tigris) killing and eating its young 2 Betuam, Lieut.-Col. R. M., 10th Grenadiers; Wood Snipe (Gallinago nemoricola) occurring at Bangalore Bices, Colonel H. V.; A Large Oorial head. (With a Text- iG.) a wee ie Awe 3 Buatter, E., 8. J.; The Palms of British India and Ceylon, Indigenous and Introduced Part V. (With Pls. XVILI- AXV and Text-figs. 13-19)... ; A List of Indian Fungi, chiefly of the Bombay Presidency, with the Description of Two New Species. (With a Plate). — ; The Palms of British India and Ceylon, Indigenous and Introduced. Part VL. (With Pls. XX VI- XXXII and Text-figs.20-23.) ; The Palms of British India and Ceylon, Indigenous and Introduced. lenay SAN (Ca ES AX XAXITTI-XX XIX and Text- Jigs. 24-27.) .. Bompay Natvurnat History Socrety’s Mammat Survey oF Inpi1a; Progress of— .., pe ee Report by R. C. Wroughton, F.Z.S. Progress of—(With a Plate and a Map) .. 3 Report by R. C. Wroughton, F.Z.S. (With 3 Text-figs.) PAGE 235 . 1318 677 . 1065 66 146 640 820 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. XXV Bompay NatruraL History Soctety’s Mamma SurveY or Inp1a ; Progress of— ? Report by R. C. Wroughton, E.Z.S. (With a Plate and 2 Text-figs.) .. ee Progress of-—— Burns, W., Economic Bota- nist, Poona; Second year’s growth of a Plantain Inflo- rescence. (With a Text-fiy.). Burton, Lt.-Col. R.G., 94th Russell’s Infantry ; Marbled Duck at Baroda —_—___—___——_——_; Notes on Tigers ye : ; Notes on Panthers.. : Do Chinkara (Gazella bennettt) drink water ? Carter, Major J. R., Bombay Political Department; Canni- balism among Panthers (Felis pardus) ; : ; Bustard in Kathiawar : ; CoLpsTREAM, J., I1.C.S.; Wood- cock in Kulu Coox, J. P.; Uncommon Birds in Burma ; Nidification of the Tweeddale Scimitar Bab- bler (Pomatorhinus nuchalis). ; Notes on some of the Bird Life at Thandoung. —- ; Nidification of Burmese Great Black Wood- pecker (Thriponax feddent). . ; Notes on the Ha- bits of Swinhoe’s’ Red- Warbler (Urosphenax squami- 4 PAGE a LOGO 706 684 . 1062 . 1063 . 1068 1081 Pace ceps) and on the nesting of the Burmese Great Wood- pecker (Thriponax feddeni).. 1085 CoorEr, Raymonp W.; Occur- rence of the Goshawk (Astur palumbarius) in Sind .. 665 Cross, H. E.; Young Tiger attacking human beings .. 256 D’Asrevu, EH. A., F.Z.8.; Do snakes swallow stones? .. 281 —__—___—1__——__——_;; Rate of growth of a Dhaman (Za- menis mucosus) hatchling .. 1099 ; Notes on a Bird collecting trip in the Balaghat District of the Central Provinces .. bo lilt} — ; Is Ly- codon gammiet (Blanford), an aberrant specimen of Ly- codon fasciatus (Anderson) (With a Text-fig.) .. =o laeo Davis, H. J., F.G.S.; Large heads of Malay Sambar and Brow Antlered Deer .. 246 ; Ammo- nites from Cutch .. ye aleise De CarTERET, St. G. : Preserv- ation of Game. (With a REDERTIG ee rete , .. 1343 Ds RueE-PuHitiee, G. W. V., F.E.S.; Note on the But- terflies Lethe kansa and Dophla patala Bee .. 698 Dewar, F., 1.C.8.; Notes on Tigers uh 55 2. | LOG2 ; Do Chin- kara (Gazella bennett) drink water ? Be a .. 1069 DopswortH, P.T. L., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.; Crow and its food .. Als a0 .. 248 ————S— 3 Notes relating to the Habits XXV1 and Nidification of the Black-headed Sibia, Lioptila capistrata (Vigors). War 2 Text-figs.) : Dodsworth, P. T. L., F. Z. 8., M. B. O. U. Notes on he Nidification of Microcichla scoulert (Vigors), The Little Forktail ee Occurrence of Hemilophus pulverulentus: (Temm.) The Great Slaty Woodpecker in the neighbourhood of Simla, N.-W. Himalayas The Crag Martin (Péyono- progne rupestris) Extension of the Habitat of the Common Kingfisher (Alcedo ispida) Extension of the Habitat of the Brahminy Kite (Halias- tur indus) Habits, Food and Nesting of the Great Himalayan Barbet (Megalema marshallorum) .. Distribution, Habits, and Nesting of the Himalayan Greenfinch (Hypacanthis spinoides, Vigors) aay Occurrence of the Common Peafowl (Pavo cristatus, Linn.) in the neighbourhood of Simla, N.-W. Himalayas. Insects in the nest of the Common Swift (Cypselus uffinas PAGE 249 ne} on XQ bo joy) co 660 661 681 OS 1082 » JOSH LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. PaGE Dovsworrtn, P. T. L., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. ; Abnormal type(?) of Eggs of the Little Forktail (Microcichla scoulert, Vigors) . 1327 Nesting of the Western Blue Rock Thrush (Petropila cya- nus, Linn.) in the neighbour- hood of Simla, N.-W. Hi- malayas . 1328 Question whether Gyps fulvus, Gmelin, the Griffon, occurs in the Himalayan districts of the Punjab The Trinomial System of nomenclature : Donatp, J., I. F.8.; Early arrival of Grey Wagtail Eiuiotr, Carr. C. H., 58th Rifles, F. F.; Cruelty to Wild Fowl, &c.,in Sind .. Kuiwes, H. J.; The Domestic Breeds of Indian Sheep ; Indian Breeds of Sheep F oe Evans, Evan A.; Baikal or Clucking Teal (Nettiwmn for- mosum) shot in Assam . 1091 Evans, Lieut.-Colonel G. H.; Strange mortality amongst Black Buck (Antelope cervi- capra) a .. 247 Recovery of Birds from In- juries. (Witha Text-fig.).. 276 | Evans, Major G. P., XIX Punjabis ; Tsine (Bibos son- daicus) consorting with tame cattle. . .. 18238 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. PAGE Evans, Capt. W. H., R. E. ; A List of Indian Butterflies. 553 Trestle A List of Indian Butterflies Part IT oe -3 We Fawcett, Col. J. M.; Mimicry in Silk-Worm Moths 5 ABSA Fiscuer, C. H. C., 1. F.8.; Notes on Tigers . 1062 ier Sinan ae) Natural Selection .. .. 294 Firz-Gispon, Lieut. F.; Pan- ther and Wild Boar ad Forsytu, W.; Habits of the Python (Python molurus) .. 277 Fraser, Capt. F.C., I. M.S. ; A note on Polyommatus beeti- CUS) 4. at ws ROR | Fraser, I. S.; Swinhce’s Snipe (Gallinago megala) near Mad- EAS. Ss. a Be LOSS | Fry, Joun; Nidification of the Little Grebe or Dabchick (Podiceps albipennis) . . fe eee | Fryer, J. C. F.; Appeal for information concerning Pa- pulio polytes .. ie So Asi Gan, G. Ay, KF. L: S.; Orchids of the Bombay Pre- sidency. Part XII. (With HELA XD) 4 ie Ecce bfAl Orchids of the Bombay Pre- sidency. Part XIII GIRDLESTONE, Capt. M. A.,41st Dogras; Uncommon Birds in the United Provinces 274 Gort, Francis W.; Baikal or Clucking Teal (Nettium for- mosum) shot in Assam Hampson, Sir Gerorce F., Bart., F.Z.8., F.E.S.; The Moths of India. Supple- | HomLMGREN, mentary Paper to _ the volumes in ‘The Fauna of British India,” Series IV, Part III ? The Moths of India. Supple- mentary Paper to the volumes in “The Fauna of British India,” Series IV, Part IV ok nd Pia addi Se ik Sepa aL, The Moths of India. Sup- plementary Paper to the volumes in “The Fauna of British India’, Series IV, Part V. (With Pl. G) Hannyneron, F., 1.C.S.; Note on Distribution of Lethe kansa (Moore) and Dophla patala, Kollar a ee hl Noe tural History notes from the Red Sea ae ss Harineron, Major H. H.; Tiger calling like a Sambur. ; Some Maymyo Birds. Part II Duck Chinese in Burma : (on . Hassets-YateEs, Capt. G. A., he Ge Ags Vitality Vota Butterfly : Hauxwet, T. A., Conserva- tor of Forests, Burma. Tsine (Bibos sondaicus) found with village cattle . ; Nits (Stock- holm) ; Termites from Bri- tish India (Bombay) collect- ed by Dr. J. Assmuth, S.J. (With Pls. A-D.). .. Grey XXVii PAGE All 878 286 299 235 256 585 . 1086 . 1342 . 1072 774 XXVIli Horpwoop, Cyrrit. D. C. Forests; Notes on some Birds from the Chindwin Valley A list of Birds from Ara- kan.. Howarp, ALBERT, M.A., A.R.C.S., F.L.8., Imperial Botanist, and Howarp, Gasriztte, L.C., M.A., Associate and some time Fellow of Newnham College, Personal Assist- ant to the Imperial Econo- Botanist ; The provement in the yield and quality of Indian Wheat .. Heonomic mic Im- Ivens, J. H. A.; Notes on the Flora of the Vale of Kashmir Jouty, Capt. G.G., IMLS. ; Habitat of Eechis carinata .. Jonzgs, A. H. ; Notes on Birds from Lahore Jones, R. Tracuz, Indian Police ; Tameness of Great Indian Bustard (Lupodotis edwards?) Kannan, K. Kunui, Asst. to State Mycologist and Entomologist; Papilio poly- tes in Bangalore Kasarcopeg, R. on S., Lecturer Entomology, Poona Agricultural College; Ca- terpillar Pest on Cotton in Khandesh Keppiz, D. L.; Record of Snipe Shot at Hminelong- yee, in the Chiengmai Dis- trict of Siam, 18°15 North Pace } .. 1089 5 JIGS . 1335 699 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Lat., 98° East Long., from 1905 to 1910 4 KEIGHLEY, Oapt. V. A. s. Viceroy’s He Notes on Tigers Kersuaw, J.C. PLS. FES. Notes on Flata. (Wi ith Pls. ASB) ? The Ootheca of an Asilid. (With Pls. A: § B.).. Kuencargsi, R. ; Distribution of the Sloth-Bear (Melur'sus ursinus), and the Indian Lion (Felis leo) cH Kone, Rh. CoE. Moss, 1-82; The Resident Birds of the Damoh Dis- tricts, Central Provinces .. Kineston, A. H.; Painted Snipe (Rostratula aie Saugor and in large numbers Kinnear, N. B.; Golden Cat, Felis joao killing Buf- falo Calf. Notes on Birds round Rawal Pindi.. } European Great Bustard in Chitral The Masked Booby (Sula cyanops) in Bombay Har- bout Notes on the breeding of the Green Whip-snake (Dryo- size and common phis mycterizans) Breeding of the Common Green Viper (Lachesis gra- mineus) Pace 667 . 1063 607 610 238 87 667 237 256 . 1334 . 1336 . 1359 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Krrrizxar, Lt.-Col. K. R., I.M.S. (Ret.); A note on Trichosanthes dioica. . % Kounuixannan, K., M.A., F.E.S. , Assistant Entomo- logist, Bangalore; The Bed Bug (Cimex rotandatus) on the Common Yellow Bat (Scotophilus kuhlt) Luoyp, Capt. R.E., I.M.S. ; Some disputed points in the Anatomy of a common Indian Earthworm (With 3 Text-figs.) .. MaceratH, Lt.-Col. H. A. F.; Bird Notes by the way in Kashmir (With 2 Text-igs.)... The Pintail Duck (Dajila acuta) shot in September .. The Flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradist) Paradise Note on the Common King- fisher (Alcedo ispida) ) The notes of Pallas’s Fish- ing Hagle (Haliaétus leucory- phus) and some water birds. On the Occurrence of the Common Wood Shrike (Teph- rodornis pondicerianus) and the Central Asian Black- bird (Merula maxima) near Peshawar More Bird Notes by the way in Kashmir (With 2 Text- figs.) «. PAGE . 13842 658 660 661 662 680 . 1304 Macraty, Lt.-Col. H. A. F.; Notes on Martens in Kash- mir The Habits of Voles (With ¢ aa diag gram) ; Habits of the Kashmir Stag ( Cervus kashmiriensis) 10 summer The Himalayan Greenfinch (Hypacanthis spinordes) Flies on Snow Manners-Smiru, Lt.-Col. J.; The so-called One- honed Sheep of Nepal and other Breeds (With a Plate and a Text-fig.) MarsuHat., Major T. E. ; ails ing of the Cinereous Vultare (Vultur monachus) Martin, Avtmer F.; Notes on the Gaur (Bos gaurus) Massy, Capt. W. J., 12th Pioneers; The Life of a Dog Ricks: 5 Be 2 Meyrick, EH. B. A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.; Descriptions of Indian Micro-Lepidoptera, Part XIV Description of Indian Micro- Lepidoptera, Part XV Mircuet, F. J.; A Sporting Kashmir Fish, the Cheroo (Schizothorax esocinus) Mossz, Capt. A. H., E.LA.; Immunity of Animals to Snake-bite Number of a Panther’s (Felis pardus) caudal vertebrze XXIX Pace . 1320 . 1066 264 241 694 104 852 285 295 . 1319 XXX LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS, PAGE Mosssz, Capt. A. H., H.LA. ; Saw-scaled Viper (Echis carinata) as a tree snake .. 1339 Muttan, J. P., M.A.; The Food of a Bull-frog (Rana tigrina) ok ee .. 1341 Newnuam, Lt.-Col. A., LA.; Hornbills devouring young Paroquets .. Sic a Oe OxzituaRy Norice; EK. W. Oates wy Mi sa soll Osmaston, A. E.; Eggs of the Large Hawk-Cuckoo (Mero- coccyx sparveriordes) . . .. 1830 Parker, R. N., D. C. Forests ; Notes on Cacti in North- | West India .. a .. 1095 Priz, A. J.; Note on Macro- chlamys (Eurychlamys) platy- chlamys (Blanford), ete. .. 707 Puitirze, G. W. V.de Rhé: See DE RHE-PHILIPE, G.W.V. Pirman, Lt. C. R. S8., 27th Punjabis: The Number of Cubs in a Tiger’s litter .. 653 oe ; Do Chinkara (Gazella ben- netti) drink water? .. .. 655 . ; The Colouration of Tigers.. 65 ae ; A Deformed Head of the Four-horned Antelope so (ONS) } The Painted Snipe (Rostra- tula capensis) 666 > Notes on the Southern Migration of Snipe near Cal- cutta, LOM Hs .. 684 Pocua, Senior Assistant Sur- geon, J.P., L.M. & S. and BaNNERMAN, Surgeon-Gene- ral W. B.; Cobra-breeding at Parel ie De eet Powerit, A.; Some disputed points in the Anatomy of a common Jndian Earthworm. Pratt, Lieut.-Col. 8. E., I.M.S.; Falcon and Gulls. . et eee. Nesting of the Osprey or Sea-Hawk Falcons and their prey Primrose, AtEx.M.; Weight and Measurements of a Serow aa of ; Weight and Measurements of a Goral.. = ; The Marcon Oriole (Oriolus trail) Sie PounpHaeAr eB. Dak aiOc. Migration of Baya (Ploceus baya) .. é Remineton, G. L.; A Kite’s Larder : REVIEWS ; “Forty years among the Wild Animals of India,” By F. C. Hicks ——; “Medical Entomo- logy,” By A. Alcock Rozinson, 8. M.; Nesting Notes from Lower Burma. . ; Nidifica- tion of Davison’s Babbler (Turdinulus exsul) Ropgers, A.; The Banting or Tsaing (Bos sondatcus). (With a Text-fig.) Pacer . 1337 291 267 676 . 1082 1088 656 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Rogers, C. Guitpert; A Natural Bird-lime .. Saunpers, H. F.; “ Poison- ous” Lizards in India Scott, Lieut. F. B.; Curious behaviour of a Myna ; The Shel- drake (Yadorna cornuta) in the United Provinces ; Intelli- gence of Ants Sren, 8. K., Asst. to 2nd etn. Ent. ; sin Oviposition. (With a Text-fig.) SHOoRTRIDGE, G. C.; Notes on the Time of Appearance and Flight of Eastern Bats —_—___—___——_; The Indian Buffalo (Bubalus bubalus) SKINNER, Capt. R. B., R. H.; Seasonal movements of the Himalayan Greenfinch (Hy- pacanthis spinoides) .. ie Smiru, Enear A., 1.8. O.; Des- cription of a new Species of Acmea from Bombay, and Notes on other forms from that ae (With a Text- JEG) ee SF Soo Smitu, J. H.; ete on the Cutch Nun agninens (With a Map and 2 Diagrams) -; Notes on Cutch Ammonites. II. (With 2 Diagrams) ‘ Smitu, Lieut. Oniena J. Manners; See MANNERS- SmitH, J. me Smitu, Major O. a 27th Punjabis. ; Large Suanen and Banded Kraits. . 5 Spatpine, Capt. W. B., R.A.; Jack Snipe in the Cawnpore District PaGsE 293 . 1341 256 . 1089 . 1092 695 . 1347 264 Stone, F. H. 8.; Chinese Gold Fish (Carassius auratus) ; Horse- attacking Jelly Mackere! Wish . Stoney, R. F.; Swinhoe’s Snipe (Gallinago near Madras megala) ; A branch- ing Palmyra Palm (Borassus flabellifer). (With a Text- J9:) TrEnison, Lieut. W. P.C., R. F,A.; Distribution of the Cricket (Schizodactylus mons- truosus) THEISSEN, F.,S. J.; The Fungi of India. Part I. (With Pls. I.-IV., and Tevt- figs. 1-10) TreNncH, C. CHENEVIXx, I.C.S. ; Notes on the Indian Chamze- leon (Chameleon calcaratus).. Turner, Rowrann E., F.Z.S., F.E.S.; A Monograph of the Wasps of the Genus Cercerts inhabiting British India. With Notes on other Asiatic Species. (With Pls. Yala (se 18%) ? A Monograph of the Wasps of the Genus Cerceris inhabit- ing British India. With Notes on other Asiatic Spe- cies. Part Il. (With Pls. CaS -D) 5 TytteR, Major H. C., 17th Infantry ; Notes on Butter- flies from the Naga Hills. Part I. (With Pl. A.) XXXi1 Pace 1100 LOL . 1083 . 1098 . LO9l 687 476 48 XXXill TyrteR, Major H. C., 17th Infantry ; Notes on Butter- flies from the Naga Hills. Part IL. (With Pl. B.) Vennine, Capt. F. E. W.; Occurrence of Swinhoe’s Snipe (Gallinago megala) at Myitkyina, Upper Burma .. Some Birds and_ Birds’ Nests from Haka, Chin Hills. Snake eating a Snipe Some Notes on the Hatch- ing of the Agamoid Lizard (Calotes jerdont), (With a Text-fig.) he Sse a ek IA Ae A Fly Trap (Boucerosia crenulata, Wight & Arn.) .. VisayaRrass1, The Maharaj Kumar Suri; Goose-shoot- ing in Cutch.. Nia) Mayor yunHi mle IVES Sa, Cc. M. Z. 8.; A Popular Treatise on the Common Indian Snakes. Part XVI. (With Pl. XVI. and Diagram and Maps.) : A New Snake from the Western Himalayas (TZrachi- schium quinquelabialis). (With a Text-fig.) : Remarks on Two rare Blind Snakes. (Witha Teat-jig.). On the Occurrence of the Snake Dipsadomorphus nu- ; PAGE 588 269 689 690 707 678 pa — LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. chalis (Beddome) in Berham- pur, Orissa oF ds CRRA a Is Lycodon gammiet (Blanford) an aberrant specimen of Lycodon fasciatus (Ander- son)?.. : : —————— ————————= 3 Remarks on the Greater and Lesser Black Kraits (Bungarus and 2B. lividus) niger, The Development of Embryo in the Eggs of the Oviparous Viper (Lachesis monticola), prior to oviposition. . A Popular Treatise on the Common Indian Snakes. Part XVH. (With Pl. XVIL.) ; Rambling Notes on Natural History in Chitral (With 2 Text-figs.) A New Snake, Psammophis triticeus, from Baluchistan. (With 2 Text-figs.) .. The Breeding of the False Himalayan Viper (Psam- modynastes pulverulentus) Food of the Snake hab- dops bicolor . ———S= ——————_— = eee 5 Breeding of Macclelland’s Coral Snake (Callophis macclellandt) . . A Popular Treatise on the Common Indian Snakes. Part XVIII. (With Pi. XVI1I., Diagram and Map). bo ~] ice) 447 614 634 686 1009 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Wers, M., I. C. 8.; Occur- rence of the Nukhta or Comb-duck (Sareidiornis melanonota) in Sind Wuistxer, H., Indian Police.; Notes on Birds round Rawal Pindi.. Some winter visitors to Rawal Pindi. . wr. meierea Ti aa ae ; Occurrence of European Striated Swallow (Hurundo rufula), in Kangra .. Immature Plumage of Lam- mergayer (Gypaétus barba- tus) Te is ee Nestling Plumage of the Great Stone Plover (Hsacus recurvirostris) Rit ED The Himalayan Greenfinch (Hypacanthis Vigors) spinoides, 9 The Long-tailed Grass Warbler (Laticilla burnesi, Blyth) : WHITEHEAD, Major J. H., 93rd Burma Infantry ; Woodcock (Scolopax rusticula) in South Andamans Pace 685 659 663 ST Lowe .. 1074 . 1080 . 1085 WHITEHEAD, Captain C. H. T.; Notes on the Birds of Sehore, Central India, with Special Reference to Migra- tion a 2 : Witiiamson, W. J. F.; Occur- rence of the Fantail Snipe (Gallinayo celestis) in Siam. . Witson, Major Asan, 8th Gurkhas ; Some notes from the Abor Expedition. (With a Text-fig.) a : Wirt, D. O., I. F.S.; Occur- rence of the Fantail Snipe (Gallinago celestis) in Siam . Wrovucuton, R.C., F.Z.8.; Further Notes on some Mam- mals from Lower Sind Some New Indian Rodents. (With a Plate and 2? Text-figs.) aaa) Some New Indian Mammals. (With a Text-fig.) See Bompay Naturat History Soctety’s MAMMAL SURVEY or INDIA. Yarss, Capt. G. A. Hasszets— See Hassets-YateEs, Capt. G. A. YouncuusBanp, A. D., C.S.1., I.C.S., Commissioner in Sind. Letter from, on Cruelty to Wild Fowl in Sind .. XXXiil Pace 153 269 . 1068 269 175 338 767 . 1356 ERRATA. Cover of Part 1, line 9, for on read from. ,, L, last page, line 4, for Podicepes read Podicrpes proms Aaa Nab Sr, 5 92 », abbipenis read albipennis. oe 1 DW RM Rae Fe », 30 ,, polyites read polytes. Page 29, line 22, for Dr. Aitchinson read Aitchison. Contents of Part 1, line 32, for Pantail read Fantail. - mae sus, bdo, for page 272 read) 271. Page 58, line 19, for Stibochiana read Stibochiona. 64, lines 8 and 9, for Cirrhochroa read Cirrochroa. 64, line 12, for Angynnis read Argynnis. ze 95, ,, 1, for Pyrrhulanda read Pyrrhulauda, Be 98, ,, 38, for Perenopterus read percnopterus, oe 99, ,, 31, for Mertin read Merlin. 4», 157, ,, 15, for Ballon’s read Baillon’s. 5 157, ,, l%, for Crane read Crake. 5, 157, ,, 29, for pheops read pheopus. | » 157, ,, 42, for March read Marsh. » 1o9, ,, 7, for Marecca read Mareca. » 159, ,, 18, for Querquedecula read Querquedula. 5, 159, ,, 25, for ferrina read ferina. » 161, ,, 36, for supercillaris read superciliaris. . 164, ,, 24, for Franklina read Pranklinia. 165, ,, 34, for maderapatensis read maderaspatensis. 166, ,, 36, for torcuatus read torquatus. SON ay 29 etor Recwrirrostris read Recurvirostris. 180, ,,. 33, for brunercephalus read brunneicephalus. 180, ., 34, for Fulea read Fulica. Sle lan tor strepserus read streperus. » 181, ,, 28, for penolope read penelope. 181, ,, 28, for clyptea read clypeata. 181, ., 38, for Syrhaptes read Syrrhaptes. 184, ,, 8, for Wadell’s read Waddell’s. » 184, ,, 8, for Barbax read Babax: > 184, ,, 8, for Wadelli read Waddell. =, 185, ,, 8, for Propassers read Propasser. XXXvVi ERRATA. Page 227, line 4, for hirtellas read hirtellus. 266, ,, 16, for strata read striata. 299, ,, 15, for Catapsilia read Catopsilia. 406, ,, 41, for ellliott read elliote. 422, ,, 48, for Dascocheta read Dascoecheta i 423, oes POs LOE ie * MN AS eee Mlioneat on Spodopotera read Spodoptera. ,, 444, ,, 4, for Hypoprigea read Hypoperigea. » 988, ,, 24, for Z read L. » 094, ,, 1, for Mejisba read Megisia. , 601, ,, 8, for Hypolijzena read Hypolyceena. , 614, ,, 21, for valgaris read vulgaris. , 661; ,, 39, for frogs read fry. , 204, ,, 382, for molliuscllus read molliusculus. » 702, ,, I, for eyrypylus read eurypylus. , 800, ,, 27, for allopicta read albopicta. 5) OCS, seme or Weart il read ny): , 972, ,, 85, after agenor insert (9d, butlerianus, Roth., (9d, alcanor, Cr.) ,, 984, ,, 46, (Phengaris) saria lower to line 48. ,, 984,>5,. 47, atroguttata, Dohn,,°,,.;, 00: » 988, ,, 382, for ephyrus read Zephyrus. » 989, ,, 18, for kohmensis read kohimensis. 989, last line, for S read An. 990, line 26, for Apporosa read Apporasa. 992, last line, for Sounguva read tounguva. 998, line 40, for Cnaiolade read Coladenia. 1008, ,, 89, for p. 573 read p. 578. . 1183, delete Fig. 21 and block (see under Pieris brassicae in The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India, No. 1, Vol. xxii.) 1185, at bottom of delete key under Genus Huphina and ansert— A. Underside hindwing : veins more or less broadly bordered with or delated with, dusky black ...... NeTISSA, (PIP WY ties oli 610%) 39 ERRATA. XXXVli B. Underside hindwing: veins not bordered with dusky black ...... remba. Page 1136, line 12, for J. read I. 1136, 1140, 1144, 1144, 1145, 1147, 1148, 1150, 1150, 1152, 1156, 1169, 1209, 1218, 1304, 1306, 1310, 1321, 1321, », 21, for Anapheis read Pareronia. , 26, for J. read I, explanation of Plate I, for Pereronia hippavead Pare- ronia pingasa. 5 af add 63 A. Pareronia hippia 9. line 38, for strigoe read strige. » 22, for Crateva read Orateva. 8, for narrows read narrow. . 7, for broad base-short read broad-based, short. 5, 97, for Dirtera read Diptera. explanation of Plate J, fig. 65 b is Ixias marianne and not I. pyrene. line 15, for booklets read hooklets. », 21, for garettu read gazetia. » 22, for swinhoi read swinhoei. a lo jon Giread I: 2 lines from the bottom, for nepalensis read neglecta. line 18, for pregnacious read pugnacious. », 28, for flock read flocks. », 11, for small read large. », 13, above Megadermatidae insert Hipposiderus (small)- --- late - - - - similar to Rhinolophus. ‘THE JOURNAL OF THE Bowpay Naturat History Soctury. (a EDITED BY w. S. MILLARD, RAAT AAA AAA VOL. xT. No. I. ee a a ee) Date of publication, 31st October 1911. : Price to Non-Members van hy waa AS, T=8S PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. A PopuLaR ‘TREATISE ON THE Common INDIAN SNAKES. Part XVI. (With Plate XV1, and Diagram and Maps.) By Major“: Wall. Miss CUZ ssa in fas Gae Nii). apie chicane me THe GAME Birps oF InpI4, BURMA AND CEYLON. Part V. The Great Bustard and Litile Bustard. By H.C. Stuart Bakker: Fa Ss) ZS. MM IBLOUU, ae Note meee ce kare meena tet nen NOTES ON THE Dinieneries ON THE NaGa Faia Part h, (Plate A.) By Major H. C. Tytler, 17th Infantry ... ‘THE PALMS OF Britis INpia AND CEYLON, INDIGENOUS AND InTRopUCED. Part V. (With Plates XVIII—XXYV, and text figures 13-19.) By H. Blatter, $.J............. ‘THE RESIDENT BIRDS OF THE’SAUGOR AND Damon DistRICTS, CENTRAL Provinces. By R. C. H. Moss King, 1.c.s... Descriptions OF .InpIaN Micro-LEPIporTERA. Part XIV. By Wy Meyaiclenn AS FURS) BOZaS) Ties a ey cade As REPTILES COLLECTED IN CHITRAL. By Major F. Wall, 1 Bclatan CEN EB AR RE RCC RU a an RAMEN ara ed ata oe RE Atl A List oF INDIAN FUNGI, CHIEFLY OF THE BomBay PRESI- DENCY, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES. (With.a Plate). ).; By Hy! Blatier, sure: 3.2 east ag Se Nores ON THE BIRDS OF SEHORE, CENTRAL INDIA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MicratTion. By Capt. C. H. T. Whitehead: 25) 8 Be ata Ae oa, ah iapiwe ey ays ‘ORCHIDS OF THE BomBay PRESIDENCY. Part XII. (Plate XJ.) By GY AC Gamer USA ieee ea ty be) FuRTHER NOTES ON SOME MAMMALS FROM LOWER SIND. By? C." Wrovigtom poe ioe ata ee aca ca SoME NOTES ON THE BIRDS. FROM Cyakien AND cae IN TIBET, WITH A LIST OF THE GAME BIRDS KILLED DURING THE FOUR YEARS, 1906-1909. By Capt. F. M. Bailey.. "THE IMPROVEMENT IN THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF INDIAN Wueat. By Albert Howard, M.a., A:R.C.S., F.L.S., Imperial Economic Botanist, and Gabrielle L. C. Howard, M.A., Associate and some time Fellow of Newnham College, Personal Assistant to the Im- perial Heonomic Botanist 577 2 aera aves PAGE. 48 66 87 104 14:6 187 ps Jdourn.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc. Plate: XVI. ae hs cud pf Cy Ogle W% Pe Jd.Green, Chromo. J. G.del. (Wall) 2—6, Eryx conicus, hprel ze, NAL. SURE. THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 1. Eryx johnu, harmless nat. sve. JOURNAL OF, .LHE Bombay Natural History Society. Ocr 191). VOL. SOC INGE iL: A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKEKS. ILLUSTRATED BY COLOURED PLATES AND DIAGRAMS. BY Mayor F. Wat., I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. Part XVI with Plate XVI and Diagram and Maps. (Continued from page 953 of Volume XX.) Introductory remarks.—The subjects of this paper belong to the Boide, a family comprising the boas, and the pythons. There are many representatives scattered over all five Continents. These snakes are characterised by the possession of rudimentary hind limbs, and a rudimentary pulvis, the termination of the former being more or less visible as claw-like processes situated on each side of the body in a fold or dimple above the anus. The family is divided into two sub-families, viz., Pythoninc in’ which there is a bone (the supraocular) distinct from the frontal: forming the roof of the orbit, and Boinae in which the frontal alone forms the orbital roof. The latter includes 13 genera of 1 2 , JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. which Hryxz is one. The genus Hryx of which jaculus is the type has seven species inhabiting North and Hast Africa, and Central and Southern Asia. Three of these, viz., jaculus, conicus, and johni, occur within Indian limits. ERYX CONICUS (SCHNEIDER). RUSSELL’S HARTH SNAKE. History.—* The first certain reference to this snake was made by Russell who described and figured it unmistakeably in 1796. It is not certain, whether the Vipera orientalis referred to by Seba in 1734, or the Serpens indica of Boiquatraza, are identical with H. conteus, though this may be the case. Nomenclature—(a) Scientific—The generic name appears to be derived from the Greek “‘eruo” I drag along, probably in allusion to the feeble powers of progression of the type jaculus. Daudin introduced the name in 1808. Ccnicus from the Latin conical, suggested itself to Schneider in 1801, on account of the peculiar short and conically shaped tail. (6) English.— The Common HKarth Snake suggests itself, but the fact that John’s Harth Snake (Hf. johnz) is also common, deters one from accepting this as appropriate. I think Russell’s name should be associated with it, and Linné’s name with its close ally jaculus. (c) Vernacular.—lIt is confused by natives so frequently with John’s Harth Snake, that many of the names in use apply to both species. Russell says about Vizagapatam it is called ‘‘padain -cootoo,”’ “* mondi poda,”’ and ‘“‘ manooli pampoo ’ (pamboo?). The last is certainly one of its commonest names in S. India, and is the Tamil for ‘‘ earth-dweller.”’ Other common names are ‘‘manoo pamboo” or earth snake, ‘“‘mannary,’ ‘“‘mannooly,” or man- nooni’’ malayalanm words meaning “sand or earth eater.” ‘‘Mandally ’’ is another, and the one in frequent use about Malabar. J have known it called ‘‘kuley pamboo’”’ or mud snake and Russell also mentions “ pedda poda.” In Mysore its Canarese name is “‘itallay havu’’ or ‘“ two-headed snake.” Mr. Millard tells me that at Ratnagiri it goes by the name of “ kander,” and about * Ind. Serp., Vol. 1, p. 6, pl. IV. POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 3 Bombay as ‘“‘kakria.”’” Mr. D’Abreu tells me the Hindi name is “‘thut-thur-samp ”’ or ‘‘ snouted snake.” Inthe Punjab, and in Bengal it is often called ‘“‘do muha ” or ‘“‘ two-mouthed ” (Hindi, and Punjabi), but this is more appropriately the name for Hryx johnt. General characters.—Ilt is of a markedly stout habit, the body being short and heavy, and the tail short. The body is broader in its transverse direction than its vertical, and stoutest about the middle. It attenuates somewhat, and very gradually in both directions, passing almost insensibly into the head so that there is but slight indication of a neck. Jt is rough dorsally owing to the ‘keeled condition of the scales, and this roughness becomes more pronounced posteriorly. At each side just above the vent is a small curved claw-like process directed downwards in the ¢ and a small pointed process directed backwards in the 9? , which indicate the termination of the rudimentary hind limb. This is far more developed in males, and is frequently supposed to be the male copulatory organ by those not conversant with ophiology. In females the development of this process is so small that it is usually overlooked* leading to a popular belief that, it is the male only that bears it, hence the idea, no doubt, that it is the male sexual organ. Most of the limb is concealed within the muscular tissues but if dissected out by competent observers, the analogues of many of the bones seen in the limbs of other vertebrates can be traced up to its origin in the rudimentary pulvis. The head is moderately elongate, rounded evenly from side to side, and has a more or less pronounced temporo-occipital eminence, on either side. The snout is long, rounded laterally owing to a complete absence of any canthus rostralis, and broadly rounded in front. It overlaps the chin, to an extent often equalling the diametre of the eye and is not provided with the transverse ridge in front, which is seen in both the other Indian representatives of this genus, nor has it the groove beneath the chin, (mental groove) which is characteristic of these two species (jaculus and johni). The eye is very small, its diametre being only about one-third the length of the snout. Its * Nicholson (Ind. Snakes, p. 3.) says the @ alone has them. 4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. pupil is vertically elliptical, and its iris beautifully speckled with gold. The nostril is slitlike, and placed high on the snout. The tongue is pale at the base, but blackish at the tips. The tail is short, and tapers very rapidly so that it is conical in: shape. It is even rougher above than the hinder part of the* body. Oolowration.—The under parts are buff, uniform, or with but little trace of mottling. In the flanks there is a mottling of brown, sometimes of a light shade, sometimes as deep as chocolate. At first very fine this mottling becomes coarser as it ascends the flanks, and then vertical bars of the ground colour pass up to the spine. These bars are much narrower than the intervals. When they meet over the back large somewhat irregularly squarish blotches are formed which proceed from the nape to the tail tip. More often the bars of the two sides alternate, and an irregular dark patchy confluent pattern results. The head is light above with sometimes dark speckling especially about the lips, and a dark irregular stripe passes from the eye to the gape. Dr. Annandale*, who captured a mother and young, says the latter are more brilliantly coloured. _ Identification.—Russell’s earth snake is very like Linné’s earth snake (jaculus), so much so that I have no doubt the two have been confused repeatedly in the Punjab where they are associated. It was only in 1909 in this journal that J reported the occurrence of jaculus for the first time within Indian limits, the specimen being captured at Jhelum. Whether it is as rare as this single record might lead one to suppose, remains to be seen. The dual association of small head scales, with ventrals so nar- row that they are only twice or little more than twice the breadth of the last costal row, suffices to pronounce the snake an Hryz. Oonicus differs from the other two Indian species (johni and jaculus) in having no groove beneath the chin, and no angular transverse ridge on the rostral shield, so that the identification is extremely easy. A similar specimen with a conical tail, mental groove, and angular ridge on the rostral would prove to be jaculus. Dimensions.—The largest specimen I know of was a gravid 9 * Mem. As Soc.. Bengal, Vol. 1. 10, p. 193. POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 5 killed in Trichinopoly by the Revd. C. Leigh, s.J., which he said taped 2 feet 9 inches. I saw another large specimen (not of local origin) in the St. Joseph’s College collection, Darjeeling, that measured 2 feet 7 inches. The largest I have had myself were 2 feet 42 inches, 2 feet 3} inches, and 2 feet 13 inches. Speci- mens over 2 feet are not common. Haunts.—It is generally stated to be a desert snake, but it is by no means confined to desert tracts. It was avery common snake in Malabar, where the annual rainfall was about 150 inches, and the soil supported a particularly luxuriant vegetation. Father Dreckman tells me he has frequently seen it in the Western Ghats at an elevation of 2,000 feet (Khandalla), a locality favoured with 200 inches annual rainfall and a flourishing forest growth. Like the rest of its genus it is an earth snake, but though it does not possess even a rudimentary indication of the transverse ridge which all the other members of the genus have developed, and which they use for digging purposes, it does not appear to me to suffer from the want of it, for it burrows into loose soil quite as easily, and expeditiously as Hryx johm, the species which exhibits this ridge in its most exalted state of development. Possibly were it to test its powers in harder soil against John’s earth snake, the latter would show its superiority. Though an earth snake its life is by no means completely sub- terranean. Were it so, doubtless by now it would have acquired, or be acquiring the condition of ocular degeneration seen in the blind snakes (Typholidce), a family in which the eyes have under- gone a devolution process brought about by a protracted residence in darkness. From what I know of conicus I feel confident that a considerable period of its life is spent either above the soil, or in the most superficial layers, into which light is admitted and by its stimulus the function of the eye has been preserved. As a result this organ beyond being small, is quite as well developed, and vision seemingly quite as good, as in colubrines, and other highly organised representatives of the order. ~The specimens I have kept myself, and that I have seen in cap- tivity elsewhere I have frequently noticed are often to be seen 6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. above the soil which has been provided for them to conceal them- selves beneath, and in some cases where no earth was given it appeared to thrive just as well without it, and for long periods. The only specimen I remember not having seen for many days. was missing when I came to investigate! It had evidently con- trived to reach the top of the sides of the box in which I had placed it and so effected its escape. A large number of those brought in to me were reported above the ground, and many of those were discovered in broad daylight. It is also evident that it must have been above ground, and in daylight in the instances. where it had managed to capture squirrels. On the other hand I have frequently had specimens brought in that were found be- neath the soil, their refuge being disturbed by human earth oper- ations. In these cases it appeared to have retired from active ‘life. In Cannanore it was in the hot and dry weather that it was most often abroad, being as common in that season, as it was scarce in the monsoon. Disposition.—Russell’s Earth Snake is a dull, phlegmatic creature, and a most uninteresting occupant of the vivarium. The ones I had in captivity were generally to be seen lying above the earth, or only partially buried, and remained motionless for hours to- gether. They were not easily roused, except when the food was offered them, and then they showed an interest in life not seen at other times. I have played with many specimens, but it has a nasty uncertain temper, and one has to handle it with caution to avoid being bitten. It will lie on the ground motionless, take little notice of teasing, and just when one begins to think the reptile has no vice in its composition, and will submit to a touch, it suddenly springs forward, and implants its teeth into one’s hand, and it can bite with considerable force. Although careful in my dealings with it, I have been bitten several times, the suddenness of the assault giving me no chance to withdraw my hand, as one can do with so many other snakes, when familiar with their ways. Russell remarks of one he had sent him that it bit ferociously. Mr. Boulenger* says the one he kept had a fierce temper, and Father * Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept., p. 247. POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 7 Dreckman tells me that he thinks it is one of the most, vicious members of all snakedom, ready to snap at anything at a moment’s notice. He was bitten by the first snake that he ever encountered’ in this country which happened to be a conicus. Dr. Henderson says that in his experience it is a sluggish snake, but occasionally it strikes out fiercely when irritated. Mr. D’Abreu tells me he kept a pair for a long time. He says when first captured it is very fierce, biting readily when touched, but after a little handling it gets quite tame, and never bites no matter how much it is handled. Certainly the specimens which accompany many jug- glers allow themselves to be handled without betraying any malice. I have known some specimens when irritated, sulk in a most determined manner, remaining quite motionless, and refusing to offer any malice. Sometimes indeed it hides its head beneath its body, and remains so for many minutes. It will often flatten its body to the ground when alarmed, like many other snakes do. Habits.—-Whether this snake is in the main nocturnal I do not. know. At any rate it is very frequently abroad by daylight, and even in the midday glare of the hot weather, frequently establishes itself beneath trees in S. India where it lurks for the purpose of catching the squirrels (Hunambulus palmarum) when they descend. With this object I believe it partially buries itself, and patiently awaits the chance of a squirrel coming within reach, and the chances are not so remote as one might imagine who does not know Southern India, for the squirrels there almost amount to a pest. They are always on the move, and frequently descend, and wander about beneath the trees. In this connection I believe whatever the original function of the keels on the scales of snakes and lizards may have been, that they are of material advantage to a snake like Hrya conicus, for they undoubtedly assist its effectual conceal- ment. As the snake noses its way through the surface soil, the particles of earth lodge in the grooves formed between the keels on its back and serve to conceal its serpentine form. Were the body smooth the particles would roll off, and expose more or less of the snakes body, unless buried so deeply as to hamper its movements when the quarry came within reach. This function 8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXI, of the keels in snake’s, is also seen in desert snakes like the horned vipers (Cerastes) that lie partially concealed in the sand. The movements of Russell’s Earth Snake are laboured, and slow, and it is impossible for the creature to proceed at any pace other than a: crawl. The reason for this is apparent when the snake is laid on its back. The shields on the belly are very narrow compared to those of colubrines and vipers. They only occupy some two- fourths of the middle of the belly breadth, and as the ribs are attached to them, those bones are very much bowed, leaving one- fourth of the body on each side, without a support. As asnake moves on its ribs, the body which in this snake is unusually massive has only half its breadth supporting it during progression. Food.—lts food is almost exclusively of a mammalian order. Those I had in captivity in Trichinopoly persistently refused frogs, and lizards, and my servant told me their usual fare was squirrels (Funambulus palmarum). Following his advice I gave them squir- rels whenever I could get them, and they were always taken eagerly. The distension of a snake about 20 inches long after swallow- ing a squirrel may well be imagined, but although the process of incorporation was a protracted one, no misadventure occurred. On two occasions in Cannanore specimens were brought to me that had been discovered in the act of devouring full grown squirrels, in one case the snake was only | foot 44 inches long ! A third specimen contained a relatively large mammal in its stomach which appeared to be a squirrel. Mr. D’Abreu fed his specimens on mice which they ate with avidity, and grew very fat upon. A captive specimen in Madras Museum ate in one year 97 mice, another 65 rats, and a third 51 mice, and 1 rat in the year. A. specimen brought in to me at Cannanore had eaten a large frog (hana tigrina), but reptiles are not usually acceptable. Mr. D’ Abreu says that a lizard of the genus Calotes was very promptly despatched by one of his captive specimens but no attempt was made to eat it subsequently. Mr. Millard tells me that one in our Society’s room tried to eat a young snake (Tropidonotus pis- cator), andthe Revd. J. Castels, s.J., told me of one he had in POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 9 captivity that killed a green whipsnake (Dryophis mycterrzans) with which it was quartered. Like other boas it kills its victims by constriction, and the strength of its body is such that the life is crushed out of a squirrel or mouse in a few seconds, and until life is extinct it does not commence swallowing. The sewes.—Of the 18 specimens I sexed in Cannanore 9 were g 6,and 99 9, showing that the sexes are evenly balanced. The 9 appears to grow distinctly larger than the g. I never had a male reaching a length of 2 feet, though I have had 39 ¢ exceeding that length. The largest record I have already alluded to was alsoa? Mr. Leigh’s 2 foot 9 inch. specimen. The deve- lopment of the tail differs in the sexes, the length being in favour of the g, in which this appendage accounts for from one-eleventh to one-fourteenth the total length of the snake. In the © it is from one-fourteenth to one-seventeenth the total length. There appears to be another sexual difference judging from my notes, and this is in the costal rows which number in midbody 47 to 51 in the 9, and from 43 to 48 in the ¢. Breeding.—Our knowledge of the breeding is not what it ought to be when one considers what a common snake it is, and how well it thrives in captivity. In Southern India the season of matrimonial intercourse is about November, but we do not know whether the snake is oviparous or viviparous. I had a gravid 9? killed in camp on the 7th of December at Cannanore within which were 6 largish eggs, perhaps an inch long. Mr. Leigh told me of one he had in Trichinopoly that contained 16 eggs about half an inch in length, in early January. Dr. Annandale* however mentions a 9 specimen said to have been found with 3 young ones at Ramanad in August. The smallest specimen I know was a 8% inches long in November, but whether a hatchling or not I could not say. One noticeable feature in the young is that the navel is placed very much further away from the anus than is the case with colubrine snakes. I have counted no less than 43 ventrals intervening. * loc. cit. 10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Sloughing.—A few notes were made in Madras a few years back. One specimen desquamated on the 18th of April, 18th of May, 6th of August, and 9th of October in 1895. Another (perhaps the same snake) shed its skin on the 30th of April, 4th of June, 22nd of July, and the 4th of October 1896. Another (perhaps the same specimen) cast its slough on the 13th of June, 23rd of September, and 24th of December 1897.* Like our other Indian representatives of its family, its ecdysis occurs about 4 times a: year at rather irregular intervals. Parasites—I have paid very little attention to this subject, but it is almost certainly infested with Entozoa like the python, and most other snakes. I have found ticks attached to its skin, and those though not identified are almost certain to prove a species of Aponomma. A blood parasite the Hemogregarina canthei has been discovered inhabiting the blood cells. t+ Distribution—Peninsula India from the base of the Himalayas to- Cape Comorin, and Northern Ceylon. In the North-West it extends to Sind and Baluchistan, and in the North-East to Behar and Lower Bengal. Major H. H. Magrath sent me a fragment of a skin of an Mryx from Bannu that might be this species or jaculus, more probably the latiter. It is a snake of the Plains, but like many other species ascends: some distance into hilly regions. There are specimens in the British and the Indian Museums of Colonel Beddome’s collecting from the Anamallays, altitude not specified. Father Dreckman has met with it in Khandalla, (circa 2,000 ft.) and there is a speci- men from Poona (circa 3,000 ft.) in our Society’s collection. In: the Indian Museum there is a single example from Palair in the Naini Tal District, but the altitude is not recorded. Von Schla- gentweit’s specimen in the British Museum is reported from: Sikkim—a most improbable locality—though of course it 1S pos— sible it may have been acquired from a juggler, this snake being seen so frequently in the possession of this nomadic class. The accompanying map shows the precise localities from which it has been reported. * This valuable information was communicated to me by Dr. J. RB. Henderson. TManson. Trop. diseases 1907, p. 819. INDIAN EMPIRE | KABUL oe f fxash ayy Sd war: Srinage ES to 4 a one 7 SS “s..- Ye ins : oS a tk Cd (ey CULFOFG Ff i \iszsar | 7 = i i A ees 3s DistRIBUTION or HRYX CONICUS. B. M. implies British Museum, I. M. Indian Museum, Bo. M., Bombay Society’s Collection, F. W., the Writer. 1. Fort Munro, Baluchistan (Bo. M.). 2. Sind (Murray & B. M.). 3. Multan (Bo. M.). 4. Palair, Naini Tal District (I. M.). 5. Gwalior (B. M.). 6. Allahabad (I. M.). 7. Saugor (Bo. M.). 8. Neemuch (Bo. M.). 9. Rajkot, Kathiawar (F. W.). 10. Khandeish (Bo. M.). 11. Nasik (Bo. M.). 12. Bombay (Bo. M.). Khandalla (Dreckman). 15. Ratnagiri (Mill- ard). 16. Hingoli, Deccan (Bo. M.). 17. Malabar (Dumeril et Bibron & F. W.) 18. Anamallays (B. M. & I. M.). 19. Travancore (Ferguson). 20. Trincomalee, Ceylon (Bo. M.). 21. Ramnad (I. M.) 22. Trichinopoly (F. W.). 23. Pondicherry (Dumeril et Bibron). 24. Madras (Russell & B. M.). 25. Godavary (Blanford). 26. Vizagapatam (Russell). 27. Chandbatty, Cuttack District (I. M.). 28. Chota Nagpur (I. M.). 29. Singbhum (I. M.). 30. Manbhum (I. M.). 31. Behar (D’Abreu in epistola). r Hed “ais ae | Les A . we | ee Bers ae if b POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 11 Lepidosis.—Rostral much broader than high, not ridged trans- versely. Touches six shields, the anterior and posterior nasals and lst labial. Internasals.—Absent. The small scales on the top of the head become first mammillated, and then carinate as they proceed backwards. Nasals.—Two, an anterior and a posterior with the nostril between. The eye is surrounded by small scale only, and one or two rows of scales intervene between it and the supralabials. Supralabials—12 to 15, the anterior largest, and distinctly higher than broad. Mental.—Small. Infralabial.—17 to 20, the anterior largest, much deeper than ‘broad, the first do not meet behind the mental. Costals.—Two heads-lengths behind the head 38 to 46, midbody 40 to 53, two heads-lengths before vent 24 to 35; keeled (except the 7 to 10 lowest rows anteriorly, 9 to 13 in midbody, and 2 to 6 posteriorly). The keels are peculiar, seen in profile they gradually incline upwards from the base of the scale to a point about one-third from the apex when they decline to the apex. In the most posterior scales they suddenly e decline from the summit, so that they appear a. s (=) TR | ™ ™ N Variety /adacensis. 25-10-09} 2 | 3/-8” | 19 | 19 | 15 | 239] 136)A lizard Calotes versicolor in the stomach. 5-11-09} 9 | 1'-22"”| 19 | 19 | 13 | 221) ? |Tail imperfect. Calotes versicolor in the stomach. 29-11-09! g | 1’-6" | 19 | 19 | 18 | 930) ® |Tail imperfect. 126 sub- caudais counted. 3-12-09} ¢ | 1/-12"| 19 | 19 | 13 |206?| 112 20-5-10; ¢ | 2’-8" | 19 | 19 | 13 | 208) ? |Tail imperfect. 120 sub- caudals counted. 23-5-10| g | 3-2" | 19 | 19 | 13 | 208) P |Tail imperfect. 24-5-10; 2 | 3/-07”| 19 | 19 | 14 | 213) ? |Tailimperfect. Eight eggs in abdomen +3” ~ 2,". 25-3-10| ? | 1’-23/"| 19 | 19 | 15 | 213) ? /Tail imperfect. A gecko | probably Gymnodactylus stoliczke in the stomach. 29-9-10} 2 | 2’-11”| 19 | 19 | 15 | 220) 115!Three eggs in the abdomen : about 2 inch long. caudals counted. P| Q?| W/-02"| 19 | 19 | 13 | 221; ? |Tail imperfect. 108 sub- 23-9-10; 2 | 1/-12”| 19 | 19 | 15 | 216) 118 1-10-10] ¢ | 1-52") 19 | 19 | 15 | 212] 120/A young Calotes lizard in the stomach. | : 3 | 4-07" | 19 | 19 | 13 | 235) P |Tail imperfect. A large 136 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII, Costals, mn [ay = a 4s ore on FI fs as a os REMARKS. rt a I 2 ss} = b Pay 2 at is} peW neha Hen |(ielsap ahah y= 3 op Se || | Sha | 6s S) 2 iM S| 2a 2 | 32 = Q 3 o Co) pe! ©) = (=) mM 4 lo) =| ]n > DM Variety typica. 12-6-10} @ | 3/-42”{ 19 | 19 ; 15 | 222) 122)Heavily gravid. Contained | 9 eggs from 1 to 13 inches long with no trace! of embryo. 17-9-10| ¢g | 1-10") 19 | 19 | 13 | 211) 111|A gecko Gymnodactylus sto- liczke: in the stomach. 6-10-10} 9 |2/-102 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 215) 118 The costals reduce to 15 or 13 posteriorly irrespective of sex. In the’ reduction from 19 to 17 the 8th row above the ventrals is absorbed into the 7th usually (more rarely the 9th). From 17 to 15 the 3rd row above the ventrals disappears, being absorbed into the 4th usually (rarely the 2nd). These two steps occur quite close together, and may be reversed or mixed. When the rows still further reduce to 13, as is the rule, it is the 7th row above the ventrals that is absorbed. The supralabials are usually 9, the 4th divided, and its upper part with the 5th and 6th shields touch the eye. Rarely there are 8 in the series, and then the 3rd is divided, and with the 4th and 5th touches the eye. The tongue is pinkish with blackish tips. The eye has a narrow golden pupillary margin, with fine specks of gold interspersed through the iris. The ¢ claspers are beset with many falciform tentacles. The anal glands furnish a white secretion. In ladacen- sis the colour is olive-greyish, or olive-greenish, and there are usually 6 rows of quincunciate, small, blackish, round spots, most conspicuous anteriorly. Sometimes these spots are absent. There is usually a small round blackish spot at the side of each ventral especially marked in the anterior ones, but these may be absent. The belly is otherwise a pearly white, with sometimes some pinkish suffusion posteriorly. In variety typica, the vertebral stripe was a bright rosy pink in two specimens, but a brownish-red in the third. There are spots on the ventrals as in the last, and the belly was a pale creamy-yellow, or pale sulphur-yellow. I do not think there were any dorsal quincunciate spots, but I have failed to specially mention their absence in my notes. In both varieties there is a periorbicular buff zone, and the overlapped parts of the scales especially in the forebody are black basally, whitish apically. These hues show up only when the snake under excitement dilates itself, at other times they are quite concealed. The species is remarkably slender in habit, wide awake, and active, REPTILES COLLECTED IN CHITRAL. 137 slipping away into cover 80 rapidly that itis difficult to capture alive. Many were killledin the Fort. The teeth were examined in Nos. 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14,15 and 16. There were 13 or 14 maxillary teeth before the gap in Nos. 1, 5, 6, 7 and 16; and 10 or 11 before the gap in the remainder. I have 6 skulls in my collection. The habitat of two is unknown, one is from Karachi and the rest from Chitral (Nos. 1, 8 and 16). The dentition is as follows :—Mazillary—10 to 14 small teeth gradually increasing in size from before backwards, then a gap that would accommo- date one tooth, followed by. two enlarged, compressed and obliquely placed teeth, one-third longer to twice as long as the preceding. Palatine— 9 to 11, slightly decreasing in size from before backwards. Pterygoud—15 to 24, slightly decreasing in size from before backwards (one in which habitat is unknown has 24, and No.1 Chitral specimen has 22 and 23, all the rest from 15 to 18). Mandibular 15 to 20, the anterior and posterior slightly decreasing in size. Zamenis ravergiert (Ménétr). I collected 7 examples of this very elegant species at altitudes varying from about 9,000 to 11,000 feet. Of these 4 were dS and 3 go. I do not think it has been previously recorded East of the Hindu Kush, so that its habitat is materially extended. One specimen was picked up in a snow drift at about 11,000 feet apparently dead, but revived in the warmth of the hand. The details of the specimens follow :— COSTALS, a2 a nm ss Bis on an S a4| .|ae a REMARKS, : suc) Ere lienera a os a |de| 8s |es| €|-8 9 an BCS | oe | say |) te 5 ~ oe io} ov = i a gq2)-so |.qo)| § a a) pa a = nA > mM | 5-7-10 Seu NET AL IG ex ONS) ? | Tail imperfect. 362 P21 201s 22001 88 D ~] 1 i— = 0 40 & |8e 3/7" | 21 | 21 | 15 |223 | 83 | The stomach contained the | hair of some _ digested | mammal. 14-7-10| g | 3’ 8” | 21 | 21 | 15 1209 | 89 14-7-10| ¢g |3’ 102” 21 | 21 | 15 |212 | 96 | Killed in the act of attack- ing a nest of fledglings some of which I found in the stomach. T7210 | |\gi4 3 23-8-10] ¢ |3": 18 188 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. In one specimen the 10th row above the ventrals divided, and fused several times in the anterior two-fifths of the body, the scales being there- fore in 23 rows in places. I have noted the same thing once before in a specimen (No. 4609) in the Indian Museum, the 10th row again dividing at least once, the resulting rows reuniting later. The young are especially handsome, with their very conspicuous, large, chocolate, or black spots in three series. These, and other markings become much less distinct with age, in fact may become very much obscured. Several specimens reached me alive. J found them restless, active, and wary creatures, but playing with them cautiously none ever attempted to bite me. In life the iris is speckled with gold, and exhibits a narrow orbit of gold around the pupil which is a horizontal ellipse in shape rather than a circle. I prepared two skulls, and the dentition is as follows:— Maaillary—13 teeth gradually increasing in length from before backwards; followed by a gap that would accommodate one tooth, behind which are two enlarged, and obliquely set teeth about one-fourth longer than the immediately preceding. Palatine—9, very slightly zeducing in length anteriorly and posteriorly. Pterygoid—l4 to 19, gradually decreasing in length from before backwards. Mandibular—16 to 19, reducing in length anteriorly and posteriorly. I may mention here that nearly four years ago I received a fragment of a skin of this snake from Mr. (now Captain) C. H. Whitehead from near the Peiwar Kotal in the Kurram Valley, N.-W. Frontier, evea 7,000 feet. Mr. Whitehead told me he found fragments of a mutilated snake in the nest of a kite (Milvus govinda), and sent me about three inches of the skin. I wrote at the time that it was part of a snake quite unfamiliar to me which I thought would prove to be a species of Zamenis. The scale rows in the fragment counted 17 and 15. I pasted this fragment into my note-book, and recognised the first ravergier’ I saw in Chitral as the same snake. Zamenis diadema (Schlegel). I think this is the commonest snake in Chitra] at elevations up to about 4,000 to 5,000 feet. Writing recently on the snakes in the Quetta Museum, I commented upon at least three varieties of this snake. In Chitral I only saw one variety, vz., typica, that ornamented with large brownish-black or REPTILES COLLECTED IN CHITRAL. 139 chocolate spots in three series. The species has, I believe, not been re- corded upto date as far north as Chitral. A detail of the specimens follows :— Costals, es a as toe A gs - 2 © a a REMARKS. ioe tee ea cule oe Bee |) 2 |fa\s\ssls | s ee | 6 (n=) S64 \2)e 10-10-09 | 3g | 2'-11" | 27 | 29 | 19 | 241) P |Tail imperfect. 27-10-09| 3 25 | 29 | 17 | 243) 104 28-10-09] 2 | 4/-1”| 27 | 31 | 21 | 948) 2 [ail imperfect. 11-11-09| Q | 4/-42”| 27 | 31 | 21 | 248) ? |Tail imperfect. 17-11-09) 9 | 4-11" | 27 | 29 | 19 | 248) ? |Tail imperfect. 17-11-09) 9 | 4/-3" | 27 | 31°} 21 | 255) +P |Tail imperfect. 8-12-09| g | 3/-8" | 25 | 29 | 19 | 240; ? |Tail imperfect. 8-12-09| 9 | 3-5" |... 12-2-10} 2 | 1/-82"| 27 | 31 | 21 | 254) 103)/Found on a cold wet day with deep snow on the ground. yas" | 25 | 29°) 19° | 252) 103 4!-13" | 26 | 31 | 21 | 251; P |Tail imperfect. 2!-62" | 25 | 29 | 19 | 239} ? |Tail imperfect. 4!-62" | 25 | 29 | 19 | 233] ? |Tail imperfect. Alot | 25. | 29°) 19 | 245) 110 3-112") 27.) 31 | 19 | 289] 104 4i-4" | 97 | 31 | 19 | 241) 106 A!-73" | 27 | 29 | 19 | 240; ? /Tail imperfect. 4'-Ja" | 25 | 29 | 19 | 247| ? |Tail imperfect. bo i or = i=) Ob, 4k) Oy Oy, OK Oy OO OD) 5-532") 25 | 29 | 19 | 241} 108)One tick (dponomma Spec ?) found attached on the | back. 140 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT. Costals, | ery al | a aS on on * Bes) lone eet eae =a REMARKS, en eee ee | eee ere S. eal) 2 eel ec e 3 id a |28)/ 53 |S3/ 8] 2 | Q | mM 4 los) =| a | & teal | 4 BZ AO || Bi) ates agent | eal eee | be | 10-7-10} Q | 3/-2" | 13-8-10 | 2 | 3/-10"| 28 | 31 | 21 | 250) ? |Tail imperfect. 2-10-10] 2 | 2/-4" | 25 | 29 | 19 | 252) 104 } Of the 24 specimens 12 were ¢ gd and12 22. Other specimens were sent to me in a state of putrefaction collected in Drosh, whilst I was absent at Madaglasht (—June to 21st September). It is very remarkable that among all these specimens no single 2 showed 7 signs of being gravid, though all were dissected. Perhaps the breeding ; season was during the hot months when I was absent at the Sanatarium. The large number of imperfect tails in this, and other snakes is to be ac- } counted for, by the Chitralis seizing this appendage, when the snake often ; screws itself loose leaving part of its tail behind. The costal rows are ; peculiar, being always fewer anteriorly than in midbody. Where the rows , increase from 25 to 27, from 27 to 29 or from 29 to 31 the extra row : appears on each side below the row adjacent to the vertebral, that is to say, where 25 becomes 27 a row appears between the 11th and 12th rows above the ventrals, where 27 becomes 29, it appears between the 12th and 13th, and where 29 becomes 31, it appears between the 13th and 14th. The reduction of rows is affected with one exception by the absorption of the 2nd row from the vertebral into one of its adjacent rows, 2.e., where 31 becomes 29, the 14th row above the ventrals disappears, where 23 becomes 21, the 10th row disappears. In one step the 3rd row above the ventrals is absorbed, and this is usually the second or third step in the reduction process; but as the first three steps occur close together, they are occasionally reversed or intermixed so far as the absorption of rows is concerned. The ¢ claspers are furnished with cartilaginous, pedunculated processes. ¢ The anal glands produce a custard-like material. I found this species infested with small, encysted, white parasites about the size of lentils which were scattered all over the peritoneum. I submit- ted some to Professor A. E, Shipley, who reported that they were protozoa, probably sarcosporidia but possibly myxosporidia. REPTILES COLLECTED IN CHITRAL. 141 Naia tripudians (Merrem). The cobra is a very common snake in Chitral up to about 5,000 feet elevation, and is chiefly represented by the variety ovzana of Hichwald. I have already referred to, and figured this variety in this Journal (Vol. XIX, p. 1001). It is peculiar in having no suspicion of a hood mark, and in being banded dorsally. The anterior two, three or four bands are black or blackish, and any succeeding ones brownish. In young specimens the bands are quite conspicuous to the vent. Ihave seen a specimen in our Society’s collection from Aden and another from Parachinar on our N. W. Frontier. It was also the only variety of cobra I met with in Malakand some years ago. I collected 16 specimens 5¢ 5, and 11@ 2 ; some of these were killed mside the Fort at Drosh. One came into an officer’s bed-room at night, and and on another occasion in camp one came after nightfall into an officer’s tent. The furious barking of a chained terrier attracted our attention at dinner-time, and we found the cobra sitting up facing the dog. It was so taken up with the dog, that it ignored our presence even with a lighted lantern, and was despatched without any trouble. Another passed through my pony’s legs one day in broad day-light, and only when I halted, did it erect itself. It struck me that its hood is not so expansive as in the binocellate variety usually seen in India. The details of my specimens are as follows :— Seales, nm n Ses we ans oN 45 ol . Beedle Seta REMARKS, a p cS De | ee s re) GS ‘) iS! 0) a S o ; tam PSH ll eS ee S a= i =| oa |S |on] & 2 Ss © @ se | ee [so |< 3 a n 2 2\|a fey | nN nN 13-10-09 eS LON LSS lo Gon h GS 17-10-09 ee) ou = ho Go bo bo pa Or bo = j=) (ep) bo 18-10-09 2/-108"| 21 | 21 | 15 |209 | 69 20-10-09 2-11-09 1-72" 20 | 21 | 16 |206 | 69 7-11-09 11-11-09 3 2 se sd 24-10-09] @ | 3/-22" 21 | 21 | 15 (218 | 64 3 2 Saal 2) 21) | 152i | 69) | g 21- 5-10 144° JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCLETY, Vol. XX, Scales. Coen a a eae) ga) |8s : wm an e Ze E S REMARKS. = /32| 2 \ze| 2] 3 : f ‘3 + 5 2 4 a |33 2 [es a = =) 2) 4 a a la = 22) 24 -5-10| @ | 1-68" | | } 24 -5-10} @ SYA PIL) Zab Pais 20 |) G0? 3 -6-10!] 3 3/-23" 21 | 21! 18 |203 |°70 | SONS) ESA IG) ea eR oye i G3) 16 -9-10) @ AOU ea Onl 202) P | 28- 9-10} @ WEB IG) 240) | Tess GR | 5-10-10} & 2!-62" 21 | 21 | 15 |207 | 68 No specimen was gravid, but itis probable that the deposition of eggs tool: place during the months that I was away in the sanatarium at Madaglasht. Most specimens were of rather a light shade of brown, but one was quite uniform black, the skin and scales alike. There was no suspicion of banding, and no hood marks. VIPERIDE. Ancistrodon himalayanus (Gunther). At 10,000 feet, up to 12,000 feet, I found this species as common as it 1s in other parts of the Western Himalayas. I do not think it has been recorded before west of the River Indus. I collected 33 specimens between June and September, 19 of which were ¢ gd, and 149 9. In my article on this snake in this Journal (Vol. XX, p. 65, et seq.) I remarked upon its very quiet disposition. The many living specimens Thad in Chitral, some of which I had for weeks in captivity, serve to confirm my previous observations on its timidity. I encountered several in my walks abroad, and picked them up without one attempting to bite I played with several, trying to irritate them to bite, but to no me. purpose. It sometimes under irritation rubs one coil upon another in a restless fashion, reminding one of the characteristic motion elicited by the saw-scaled viper (Echis carinata). More rarely it agitated the tail tip as a demonstration of excitement. It is difficult to see, when not in motion, its sombre hues haimonising very closely with those of its favorite bed, the needles |of the various conifers that flourish about Madaglasht, the commonest of which is the spruce (Picea movinda). The silver fir (Abies webbiana) and the deodar (Cedrus lebani var. REPTILES COLLECTED IN CHITRAL. 145 deodara) are also much in evidence at that elevation (cca 10,000 feet). The tongue in life is blackish with whitish tips. The secretion from the anal glands is of a dark-ochraceous colour, usually of the consistency of custard but sometimes inspissated so that it reminded one of pomade hong- roise being expressed from a tube. In addition to this secretion, pressure behind the anus will, in a fresh specimen, sometimes eject a very fine jet of a limpid fluid, which is evidently stored in some quantity. I have noticed a similar limpid secretion in some other vipers. In the annexed table of details it will be seen that the scale rows are normally 21 anteriorly, and 17 behind. In 4 specimens the scale rows anteriorly were 19 in places, and in all the 4th and 5th rows above the ventrals had fused to reduce the normal number. The resulting scale divided, and the parts again fused, sometimes 3 or 4 times before the normal 21 rows were finally established. | | Costals. | | | 4 | s | | DNs | ons = nM a | S| a REMARKS. | Recerca site tee ines elie hk 6s Shee leone | Fe iS | g 4 f |S8/ |S) 3] 2 | A mn 4 oe PS igi nD 1 28-6-10 So | 1-22") 19 | 21 | 17 | 150) 39°)A ZL. Acmalayanus in stomach.| | 4-7-10...| Q | 1-62") 27 | 21 | 17 | 156) 41 |A mouse in the stomach. | 4-7-10. | Q | 72"| 21 | 21 | 17 | 149] 36 |Two Scolopendia in stomach. : | HHO...| 2 627/91 991 | 17 | 148] 38 | | | eee S| 112" 21 | 21 | 17 | 151) 43 | | 5-7-10,..| 2 72" 21 | 21 | 17 | 155} 35 |15 ventrals between anal and | the navel. eert0...| g.| 13241 21 | 21 | 17 | 146] 41 | } en OMe eo st gy | 21 4) We) Bs) B87 13-7-10...) 2 | 1-92" 21 | 21 | 17 | 156) 36 '18-7-10 So | V-7a"l 21 | 21 | 17 | 154| 38 Ee e10 Soe aaa OT ay 144) 40) | 18-7-10 3 | V-23"% 21 | 21 | 17 | 152} 41 |The tails of two Lygosoma in ! stomach. 14-7-10... g | 1’-42" 21 | 21 | 17 | 153) 42 |A Lygosoma himalayanus in, | the stomach. ee ee ee ee 144 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX, 29-7-10... 2-8-10... 5-8-10... 25-8-10... 25-8-10... 25-8-10... 25-8-10... Sex. ir) Gn) KO) gp) OK Oy ON OHO) OS Oy Length, qegue Ai y-42 ]/-8" 2 1-42" 1/-g.3! 9 as 2 heads-lengths bebind head, Costals, wu Eas ane Be = Cl ol ae eo |So6 eS |) 5 Sesto A la Ventrals, Subcaudals, REMARKS. A mouse in the stomach. A large Scolopendrum in the stomach. A L. himalayanus in stomach. | ! A. L. hamalayanus in stomach} A mouse in the stomach. if i . Hair of a small mammal in stomach. Contained 4 fetus. 2 go and 2 9 9, measuring 4 inchesinlength. The ¢ genitals extruded. 3 young in the abdomen, 3 54", So 52” and 2 53”, A L. himalayanus in the sto- mach. : " , t oy a REPTILES COLLECTED IN CHITRAL. 145 BATRACHIA. CS ARCIFERA,. Bufonide, dus (Laurenti). , i the common toad in Chitral, and was abundant inside the fort at he summer. It was generally abroad at, or after, dusk. , CauUDATA. mdride:. ; wt occurs in Chitral, but I was unable to identify it. The one en I saw had been swallowed by one of the snakes Tropidonotus | captured near Mastuj. The head was a good deal digested, est of the creature was intact. 146 A LIST OF INDIAN FUNGI, CHIEFLY OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES. BY Ky BEATER, Seed. (With a plate). The following is a list of Hyphomycetes, chiefly Basidiomycetes, which, about a year ago, I had sent to the Rev. F. Theissen, 8S. J., for identification. This gentleman was obliging enough to take the trouble of naming the specimens which were not always in the best state of preservation. Mr. C. G. Lloyd was so kind as to com- pare a great part of the Polyporaceze with the material kept in Kew, and Mr. L. Romell of Stockholm identified several specimens. The Ascomycetes were examined by Dr. H. Rehm, and the Uredi- nales and Deuteromycetes by Mr. H. Sydow of Berlin. I wish to express my thanks to all who in some way or other lent us their kind help. : Rev. F. Theissen published a list of the fungi in the ‘‘ Annales Mycologici” (Berlin, 1911, vol. IX, fase. 2). As only anfews however, of those interested in Indian Botany and, at the same time, residing in this country are in a position to consult that Journal, we consider it advisable to publish the results in these pages. To the species mentioned in the ‘‘ Annales” we shall add the names of some other fungi, which were collected between 1904 and 1906. RETICULARIACEA. Reticularia venosa, B. et C. On dead wood.—In the ravines of Khandala (Western Ghats).—No. 72. SPHAIRIOIDACEAL. Macrophoma Musz, Berl. et Vogel. On leaves of Musa sapientum, L.—Anand (Gujarat).—No. 85. Collected by Rev. H. Zurhansen, 8. J. Robillarda scutata, Sydow n. sp. “Pycnidiis amphigenis, sine maculis, sparsis, rotundatis, 200-250 « diam., atris, lenticularibus vel subdimidiatis, contextu minute celluloso ; Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist Soc. or ao bo INDIAN FUNGI. Polystictus xanthopus Fr., seen from above. 6 ae ,, seen from below. Hymenium of l’olyporus wmbilicatus Berk. Hymenium of Lenzites ochroleuca Lévy. (lenzitoid form). ae - Ay ,, (polyporoid forin near the base, passing over into the lenzitoid form neur the periphery). iasgee = LIST OF INDIAN FUNGI OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 147 sporulis subfusoideis, utrinque acutiusculis, leniter curvulis vel imzequi- _lateris, medio spurie 1-septatis, hyalinis, apice setulas duas hyalinas late divergentes tenues ca. 12-15 « longas gerentibus, cellula basali interdum eaudata, 14-17 \Y 2-3 «; basidiis brevissimis, vix visibilibus. This species does not represent a typical Robdzllarda, but, in consequence of the flat and almost shield-shaped pycnidia, it must be considered as _ forming a transition to the Leptostromatacee. We can, nevertheless, class it under the Spheropsidee, because the pycnidia scarcely show anything of the typical radial structure of the Leptostromatacee.” On dead leaves of Mimusops hevandra.—Anand (Gujarat).—No. 83. Dis- ~ covered by the Rev. H. Zurhausen. USTILAGINACEAL. Ustilago Tritici (Pers.) Jensen. On wheat.—Anand.—No. 93; Malakwar (Punjab). UREDINACEA. Aecdium Parvette, K)k. On Pavetta sp. October and November 1906.—Matheran.—No. 161. AURICULARIACE 4. Auricularia polytricha, Mont. On stems.—Near Kanheri Caves (Salsette).—No. 170 and 102. Auricularia mesenterica, (Dicks.) Fr. On dead wood.—Bandora; Khandala.—No. 81. Auricularia sambucina, Mart. On stems.—Khandala (Western Ghats).—No. 100. DACRYOMYTACEA. Dacryopsis sp. Sporophores densely arranged, simple, cartilaginous, reddish-yellow, 1,5mm. high. Stem 1,2 mm. high, red at the base, 350 » in diameter, upwards lighter, 250 » in diameter. Capitulum spherical, O, 5 mm. in diameter, red. Sterile. On bark.—Mount Pedro (Ceylon).—April 1909.—No. 171. THELEPHORACEA. Corticium cfr. ceruleum (Schrad.) Fr. Khandala (Western Ghats).—No. 69. Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Fr. On stems.—Khandala.—No. 157.—Dehra Dun, U. P.—No. 8. Stereum elegans, Mey. On wood.—Khandala.—No. 78 and 88. Stereum lobatum, Fr. forma. On stems.—Khandala.—No. 8. 148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Voi. XX, Stereum annosum, B. et Br.—Khandala. Hymenochete strigosa, B. et Br. On bark.—Khandala.—No. 106. HYDNACEA. Irpex flavus, K]. (Polystictus flavus, Jungh.) On branches of trees.—Khandala. No. 4 and 66.—Salsette.—No. 136 and 141.—(Has also been found in Africa, Ceylon, Java, Samoa, Australia.) irpex vellereus, B. et Br. On wood.—Khandala.—No. 98. Irpex canescens, F'r. On wood.—Khandala.—No. 67 and 68. POLYPORACEA. Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Wallr. On stems —Khandala.—No. 159.—(Cosmopolitan). Ganoderma lucidum (Leys.) Fr. On stems.—Victoria Gardens, Bombay.—No. 121. Ganoderma resinaceum (Bod). Pileus up to 12 cm. broad, Pores 4-5 to 1 mm, whitish, later on brown, 8-10 mm.long. As regards texture, colour, crust, and spores fully identical with the European Ganoderma lucidum and, according to Mr. Lloyd’s notes, only — a stipeless form of the latter. Puileus laterally attached, with or without concentric sulcate zones. On old stem.—Andheri (Salsette).—No. 154.—Bandora.—No. 51. Polyporus isidioides, Berk.—P. gilvus, Schw. This is not the Typical Gzlvus-form, but cannot, according to Mr. Lloyd, be separated from it. The pileus of Father Theissen’s Brazilian type specimens are light brown, radially furrowed, passing into yellow towards the margin ; the margin itself is sharp, not bordered. In the Indian specimens the surface is of a siena shade with transitions into darkbrown ; the zones are concentric and the margin rounded, border- like and golden yellow. As to texture, pores, etc., they agree perfectly with P. gilvus. On dead stems.—Khandala.—No. 75 and 160. Polyporus cubensis, Mont. According to Mr. Romell scarcely different. Pileus thin, half-cireular, wood-coloured, concentrically furrowed in the peripheric half, crossed by radiating furrows; in the central part smooth, clay-coloured. Pores darker, roundish, ca. 5 to 1 mm. ; sterile margin narrow, lighter. On wood.—Dehra Dun, U. P.—No. 142. Polyporus Persoonii, Fr. forma. Pilei 8-5 cm. in circumference, imbricate, or one parallel behind the LIST OF INDIAN FUNGI OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 149 Vother, reflex, sometimes resupinate; pores sometimes lenzitoid, running in different ways. As to the other characters fully agreeing with Father Theissen’s Brazilian specimens. On dead stems.—Andheri (Salsette).—No. 131 and 182. Polyporus umbilicatus, Berk. According to Mr. Lloyd approaching the European P. lepideus Fr. Pilei 3-6 cm. in circumference, often grown together, but the stipes free. Stipe central, 4-5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. in diameter, reaching almost 5 mm. towards the upper end, smooth. Pores 4 to 1 mm. On Wood.—Compound of St. Xavier’s College, Bombay.—No. 116 and 151. Polyporus aff. grammocephalus, Berk. According to Mr. Lloyd different as to the way of growing, otherwise closely allied to grammocephalus. The differences between the specimens of Ule’s Mycotheca brasiliensis and the Indian specimens are considerable. Pileus fan-shaped or semicircular, 3-6 cm. in circumference, with a short stout stipe. Pileus 4 mm. thick, of which 1-15 mm. belong to the hyme- nium. Upper surface pretty rough. Pores ca 22—3 to 1 mm., (in Ule’s specimens 6). On stems.— Poona.— Aug. 1906.—No. 162. Polystictus russogramme, Berk. On wood.—Khandala.—No. 115. Polystictus occidentalis, 1X1. f. reswpinata. On decaying wood.—Bandora.—No. 9, Polystictus occidentalis K1. f. tenuis. “Ad P. gibberulosum valde accedens, nisi idem.” (Romell). On branches.—Bombay.—Aug. 1908.—No. 166. Polystictus floridanus, Berk, forma. Differs slightly by the brownish-red colour of the hyinenium. On wood.—Dehra Dun.—No. 173. Polystictus zonatus (Koen.), Berk. On branches.—Bombay.—Aug. 1908.—No. 164. Polystictus sanguineus (L.), Mey. On stems.—Dehra Dun. Polystictus leoninus, K1. On stems.—Anand (Gujarat).—No. 82.—(Collected by Rev. H. Zur- hausen). Polystictus zeylanicus, Berk. On branches.—Khandala.—No. 76. Polystictus xanthopus, Fr. On stems.—Simla.—April 1907.—No. 124 and 148. No, 124: Pileus 33 cm. in diameter, O, 5 mm. thick, reddish-yellow, with 150 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. broad dark red concentric zones; stipe central; pores greyish-white, 5-6 to 1 mm. Sterile margin 1 mm. broad, white. No. 148: Pileus semicircular, 8 em. in diameter, dark golden yellow, with many narrow zones of almost the same colour; stipe almost lateral; pores dark bluish-grey, 4-5 to 1 mm. Sterile margin 2-23 mm. broad, wood- coloured. Grevillea, vol. 14, p. 78, gives the following synonyms: P. crassipes Curr., P. Cupreonitens, Kalchb., and vol. 15, p. 56: P. Katwi, Khr. This species is widely distributed in Australia and Africa (cf. Torrend in ‘ Broteria,’ 1905, p. 218). Polystictus ? senex, Mont. ‘Forma junior, crassior, obtusa, azona’ (Romell.) On old stem.—Compound St. Xavier’s College, Bombay.—Oct. 1907— No. 146. Polystictus sarawacensis, Berk—Khandala. Hexagona tenuis, Hook. On wood.—Khandala (Western Ghats)—April 1907—No. 157—Bassein— Sept. 1907—No. 135 and 137. 4 Different forms ; pores 5-9 to5 mm.; zones of pileus sometimes almost disappearing. Hexagona polygramma, Mont. On wood.—Khandala (Western Ghats).—No. 152. Large-pored form of H. tenuis. (cf. Lloyd, Synopsis 1910); Pores 3 to 5 mm. Lenzites ochroleuca, Lév. (Hexagona glabra Lév., cf. Lloyd, Synopsis 1910, p. 31.) On stems.—Bombay, Aug. 1908, No. 163—Khandala, No. 56 and 150. Various hymenial forms. Dadalea aulacophylla, Berk. Salsette, No. 52. The faint zones disappear sometimes entirely. Lenzites repanda Pers. On stems.—Dehra Dun, U. P., No. 155—Simla, No. 134. In the latter form storeyed arrangement of the pilei. In the first the pileus with central stipe. No. 150 represents a form which differs by the umbrine, much-zoned upper side of the pileus ; as to the other characters it agrees with the type. Perhaps another species ? AGARICACH A. Marasmius spaniophyllus, Berk. On branches.—Khandala (Western Ghats).—No. 59. Xerotus lateritius, B. et C. On dead branches.—Khandala.—No. 145, 127. According to Mr. Lloyd probably identical with Xerotus nigritus, Fr. LIST OF INDIAN FUNGI OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 151 [Anthracophyllum nigritum (Lév.) Kalch.| The same species was found several times in Brazil by Father Theissen. (Oceurs in North America, Cuba, South America, Australia.) Xerotus griseus, Berk.—Khandala. Schizophyllum alneum, (L..) Schrot. On dead wood.—Poona, No. 172—Bombay, No. 57 and 164. Lentinus aff. subnudus, B. On dead stem.—Khandala (Western Ghats).—No. 147. ‘Ex specim. Kew valde affines videntur LZ. subnudus, cesprtosus, Curre- yanus, manipularis, multiformis, et porte omnes ad L. eretaceum ducendi.’ (Romell). Pileus up to 9 cm in circumference. Scales well developed in the centre of the upper surface of the pileus, but gradually disappearing towards the periphery. Lamellz very narrow, ca. 23 mm. broad, with sharp edge. Stipe 4-12 mm. in diameter, seems to have been covered with scales. All the pilei of the dried specimens show deep depression in the centre. Original colour not known. Pileus and lamelle straw-coloured ; stipe lighter. Edge of lamellze with a brown shade. Collybia stipitaria, Fr. On wood.—Simla, April, 1907. Lepiota sordescens, B. et C. On the ground.—Salsette.—No. 54. Lepiota Badhami, Berk.—Thana.—No. 162. Spores white, broadly-elliptical, 8-9N/ 6-7 u. PHALLACEA. Dietyophora phalloidea, Desv. On the ground.—Khandala. HELVELLACEA, Morchella conica, Pers. On the ground.—Dehra Dun, U. P.—No. 95. Spores 26-28/ 12-14 » with thin mucous coate, elliptical rounded, uniseriate. Asci 16-20 « broad. Paraphyses club-shaped. HELOTIACEA. Sarcoscypha sp. On the ground.—Khandala.—No. 120. There were only two sterile specimens preserved in alcohol and it was, therefor, impossible to distinguish the species. Mr. Rehm makes the following remarks: “ Hymenium totally undeve- loped ; even the youngest specimens show beautiful hairs, which are long, colourless, almost entirely thickwalled, scarcely showing a furrow in the interior, unseptate and pointed.—Approaches Sarcoscypha Racoitze, Bemm. Rouss. (Sacc. XVI, 713), but, taking their description, cannot be identical 152 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCILTY, Vol. XXL. with it ; the following show similar relationships : Peziza aluticolor, Berk, [= Sarcoscypha Colensoi, Berk.—Sarcoscypha melanopora, B. et C. = Peziza lachnoderma, Berk. (sec. Massee, Linn. Soc. 31, p. 504) |, Peziza semitosta, iB. et C.[ = Peziza Hainesi, Hl. = Macropodia semitosta, Sacc. VIII, 159 (cf. Durand, Journ. Myce. XII, p. 31) J.” AMPHISPHARIACE A. Amphisphaeria khandalensis, Rehm n. sp. Perithecia applanato-globosa, parum immersa cortice velut annulo denigrato breviter cincta, levia, nigra, papilla obtusi imstructa, ca. 700 » diam. Ascifusiformes, p. sp. 120-150 » 8-9 u (sporidiis 2-3-stichis) usque 200 \W 5-6 (sporidiis monostichis). Paraphyses densissime, hyaline, simplices flexuosze, Sporz fusoideze, utrinque aciculares, fuscze, 1-septa- te, ad septum vix constrictz, typice ex utraque septi parte guttula una contigua preeditze, 42-52 \Y 43-5 p. On bamboos.—Khandala (Western Ghats).—Oct. 1906. ““ Approaches Amphispheria Edamensis, P. Henn. (Sace. Syll. XVI, p. 506), which, however, has got ‘“‘sporas 50-65 \yv 9-10 », medio constrictas.” Amph. botulispora (Cke.) (Syll. I. p. 719), too, has larger and broader spores, the cells of which are unequal.” (Rehm). ; XYLARIACH AL. sis a brhinpelahinsas se ER NEG SE Wee