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S her heakn bods hate posh Ba Nhat) Ahab ya ieaive he paehelte Vis gure FEN Pe dstegtng hs Satis taegestovae bes Hroesepenspebebeisouiepiie wat EE Aan varueotene iy heen csaec ry he brpieeieeatremtse tenets . sis cer eh nstnyn geet Drdateae ee ooge abe!) 3x VTA, b penevir trtayatyna Unghridrreg rcs Tyee ake bolt nates ite beesey Drleinoet mon seine oy stan ie popes sersigainoaed peter aire na seeebarcoe ener arate ee rd spaieecneatie heer ewiTy” nye ybetaerarleines Apert raat se sania ts paasanacicievagaienth micas sith oranonerorocrinian ant se sitattetieechonter si sat ravotini tovlbetBri paesennaes emcees cai tc aeteetae ROnase aertta eaten ter tee surhi¥est rcs raed sae et itetecistitnaicorpaice feats serione recent Tettrerennechngerettetratien eran ance tie BAS keh T ery, Rib Seesbemeychs ve Sdbegnaslbeghy po lh reenapsies week ta ba iy ian e DHL: Uy etre etme pak prs cirteerawoins a einamaipits earning oh Jen ealiey ; ¥ ihteniterentbemerekier tench aoa nttireerioe) ceils rrtneeeitne 2 eithevraceaae seb ytenatbewnarganccscasereroan Con aa bp hee tts ede baer! jatar pare aipeib iets ~ : seatbiieremhersoete aie tittenatoe nce a Perey iit aoe agen ben esata seerenmraastae er Lbielioe eaade on weips brio Wie Oodte yin BGS asthe ba Ged ea fy persis eee ee Reese aera eS Meir UE, OL paiebade Do babnisiidh auieea sesame OPA AN OL G ata ge badaan rhb papers jehctvessyeds be Le aetna nun aemner anise ett doaihetb ats Ha peaeer ore Me hr he ee red teat ete bee i heaiebeon aria tee: Dedabaarl speioubiies. fF LT sic gba pees eeaei sem peeeneibeeie . Eegiapewcrereenetr Pb Io bance} = Brat yas Ae hop gs epteeheeete seaironieaste ipeicions oe ecstthehenotanacioeh rnc onan es Goi. 498 pid ay peo OSG! Chae Ae Fifa in be [ Pelee Subst arias ‘ie wanipeegntries ciel rursgrce se ntti ied soste’ aes : Seaeriicevatnescnerhointen aime ‘ Up ts ah * ear bnivarbenslcwnithageaniepaepaasprisssoen hedae seneoriiaehertbsorigh teaugoeorasmeachr bee Fei A PMN Ay id RARANHAES Dad n 98a pe rikaeaorsenedy oe Shee ty Hepa Bs BH HF LAF DL bae port hohe Bahn habe he oan ira nud a wenn JOURNAL OF THE Bombay Naturat History Socrery. EDITED BY w. S.; MILLARD, VOL xT, NO. Date of publicaticn, 30th July 1912. DADA PAARDRAADADAAA Price to Non-Members ae ee teu. 52 12-0; _ PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Tae Game Birps or InpIA, BuRMA AND CEYLoN. Part VI. The Lesser Florican or Likh (Sypheotis aurita). (With Plates VI and A & B). By E. C. Stuart Baker, F.1.s., AUZ.G,, (NOB. On Lie acs teeta heinoee Mee eneih ommonins cassis serine Tar CoMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE Piains or InpiA. Part Mi By BOR. Belle aie a. ee iecede crear cdeimarce pe -ncis nea ‘TERMITES FROM British INDIA (BOMBAY) COLLECTED BY Dr. J. AssmuTH, S.J. (With Plates A, B, C and D). By Nils Holmgren (Stockholm) ..................:..:0500. A MonoGrRaPH OF THE WASPS OF THE GENUS CzRcERIS INHABITING BritisH Inpia. Part I]. (With Plates C and D). By Rowland EH. Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S. ......... THe Bombay NatruraL History Society’s Mamma Sur- vEY OF InpIA. REPORTS ON COLLECTION No. 2 FROM Berars, No. 3 From CutcH aNnD No. 4 FRom Nimar > CP By RS CW rope hton,: F282 tccncs is acant sees Descriptions OF InpIAN MIGRO-LEPIDOPTERA. Part XV. By 3. Meyrick; Bias HRS UIZ.8..5000 occ ee gnaees THE Morus or Inpia. Series IV, Part IIT. By Sir George FE. Hampson, Bart., F.Z.S., F.E.S. ...... eee ano nee THe Patms or BritisH InpIA AND CEYLON. Part VII. (With Plates XXXII to XXXIX and teat-fi gure 2ANtO.27 ae! 2B yy Mis TLaHER SS Sane ea sas teeeaemen ease ee A List or Inpran BuTTEeRFLIES. Part II. By Capt. W. H. VAIS) RSE Sih oe eR sien ale eee chara etek ate rele gan Reatard A PoruLaR TREATISE ON THE ComMoN INDIAN SNAKES. Part XVIII. The Olivaceous Keelback (Helicops schistosus) and Schneider’s Water Snake (Hypsirhina enhydris). (With Plate XVIII, Diagram and Map.) By Major SB WriallsT.MS.3 OMIZ.S0. wasn be site Ce ctci a aR teeice cain aiaae PLANTS OF THE PunjaB. Part X. By Colonel C. J. Bamber, Ce eC Oi a Ce ce i i . Ce ee er PAGE 721 740 774 794 -820 802 878 912 969 “aZ1S [DANIDU — ‘(ez1ne syooydss) HHI] HO NVOINOT AASSAT AHL, ‘THA FId "20S ‘JSIH "WN Avquiog ‘usinor JOURNAL OFe THE Bombay Natural History Society. Juty 1912. Von) XX, NO.o! THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. BY Pees STUART. BAKER: HUES... EiZ:5., M.B.O.U; Pann Vai: With Plates Vil and A & B. (Continued from page 337 of this Volume.) Genus—S YPHEOTIN. The principal generic distinction between the birds of this genus and other Bustards is the greater comparative length of the legs. The tarsus in Sypheotis is equal to rather more than 4rd the length of the wing, whereas in all other Bustards it is only equal to th. The chief generic characteristic relied on by Blanford is the supposed fact of the males putting on a seasonal breeding plumage. It, however, now seems quite certain that the male Sypheotis hengalensis retains this adult plumage, when once fully acquired, throughout the year, though the smaller bird, Sypheotis aurita, does, on the contrary, acquire an annual nuptial plumage. The primary quills of both species are notched on the inner web and are very attenuated, but especially so in awrita. In the breeding season the males of both species, and during the whole year the fully adult males of Sypheotis bengalensis, have the 1 722 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII. head and the whole of the lower parts black and both species acquire ornamental plumage either on the head or neck. Sypheotis: bengalensis is crested and has long, full feathers all down the neck to the breast, whilst Sypheotis aurita has the feathers of the side of the head and chin somewhat lanceolate and lengthened, and a curious tuft of long feathers from each side of the head below the ear coverts, the longest of which have the stems narrowly. webbed and the ends spatulate. Sharpe divides Sypheotis into two genera, creating a new genus Houbaropsis for the larger bird and retaining Sypheotis for the smaller. The fact of the latter having a seasonal chamge of plum- age and the former not having one would add considerable strength to the reasons for dividing them, but for the purpose of this work I retain them in the one genus. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Wing 7'' to 10”; tarsus 3°35" to 4°5'" .... S. aurita. Wing 13" to 15"; tarsus 5" to 6-2"... S. bengalensis.. SYPHEOTIS AURITA. The Lesser Florican or Likh. ? Otis indica.—Gm. Syst. Nat.i, p- 725; Lath. Ind. Orn. u, p. 661; Oates. Cat. Eggs B. M. ii, p. 87; Sharpe Hand-l. i, pe U7o: Otis aurita.—Lath. Ind. Orn. ii, p. 660. Otis marmorata.—Gray and Hardw. Ill. In. Orn. 1, pl. 60. Sypheotides awrita.—Less. Rey. Zool., 1839, p. 47; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc., p. 259; Jerdon, B. of Ind. ii, p. 619; King, J. A.S. B. xxxvii, part 2, p. 216; MacMaster, «bid, xl, part 2,. p- 215; Stoliczka, ibid, xii, part 2, p. 250; Gould, B. of Asia, vii, pl. 57; Hume, Str. Feath. i, p. 136, 228 ; Adam, ibid, p. 393; id, ibid, ii, p. 3389; Ball, ibid, p. 428; LeMess, sbid, ii, p. 379; Blyth, B. of Burm., p. 152; Butler, Str. Feath. iv, p. 10; Fairb.,. ibid, p. 262, 266; Butler, ihid, v, p. 281; Ball, ibd, p. 419; Hume and Marsh., Game B. i, p. 34; ili, p. 425; Hume, Cat. No. 839; id, Str. Feath. viii, p. 111; MaclInroy, sid, p. 491 ;. Butler, Cat. Bird. of Sind, etc., p. 56; id, Cat. B. S. Bom. Pres... THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 723 p. 71; Vidal, Str. Feath. ix., p. 77; Davidson, ibid, x., p. 318; | Hume, id, p. 412; Barnes, B. of Bom., p. 822; Murray Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 220; Barnes Jour., B. N. H. Soc. i, p. 57; id, ibid, vi, p. 13; Laurie, thid, p. 94; Littledale, ibid, p. 199; Davidson, ibid, xii, p. 64; Dewar, ibid, xvi, p. 495. Hupoditis awrita.—Gray, Cat. Mamm., etc., Nepal Cres. Hodgson, p. 180; id, Hand-b. B.., ii, p. 9. Sypheotis aurita.——Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B., p. 561; Oates, 2nd Hd., ibid, iii, p. 880; Blanford, Avi., B. I., iv., p. 198; Sharpe, Birds of B. M., xxiii, p. 313; id, Oates, Game B. of Ind. pees] Pion) In. Waders, p. 120; Symons, Jour, B.’N. H. Bor xix, p. 261; RK. Ky) ibid, p. 995. Vernacular Names.—Ker-mor, Guzerat; Sun-mor, Deccan and Marathi Districts; Chini-mor, Belgawm; Khartitar, Bheels; Likh, Chota Charat, N.-W. Provinces; Charas, Chulla Charas, Southern India; Kannoul, Kanarese; Niala nimili, Telugu; Wurragu Koli, Tamil; Bursati or Kala Tugder, Rhotak, Gurgaon. Description—Adult Male.—Whole head and neck, including ear plumes glossy black; chin and centre of upper throat pure white. Remainder of underparts black; the breast, like the head and neck, is a deep velvety black, often highly glossed, but the abdomen is less glossy and this and the undertail coverts are sometimes rather dingy and brownish. Below the hind neck and between this and the back there is a broad band of white which descends as far as the upper breast, often encroaching upon it for almost an inch on either side. Upper plumage a sandy buff, each feather with the centre having a spear-shaped black, or brownish black, patch margined with yellowish sandy, the rest of the feather vermiculated with black or brown. On the lower back the vermiculations are less definite and the central marks obsolete, whilst on the central tail coverts their place is taken by definite cross bars of deep brown.. Rectrices sandy buff with a rufous tinge, finely vermiculated as on the back and with four definite cross bars of blackish brown. Scapulars like the back but those nearest the shoulder coverts more or less freckled with white. Larger wing coverts black, the hidden portions of the inner webs freckled with white and brown 2 remaining median and lesser coverts, where visible, white; the 724 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XN. basal portion of the secondary coverts freckled with brown and a few coverts next the inner secondaries approximating these in colouration, but retaining a great deal of white. First two, three, or in some cases four outermost primaries uniform brown ; the remainder with broad bars of rufous buff, these widening towards the secondaries. Outer secondaries mottled brown and _ buff, sparsely freckled with white at the tips, inner secondaries lke the back but with white freckling on the edges near the coverts and avith the smallest feathers next the scapulars marked with rufous buff. The feathers of the upper throat are lengthened, those behind the ear coverts being greatly so, the three longest sometimes reaching as much as 5"’ in length and generally exceeding 33". As a rule the three longest feathers are graduated, and though in some cases they are sub-equal, there is nearly always a great difference in length between these three feathers and the others which may vary between 1" and 2’. These feathers, more especially the longer ones, are spatulate in shape. Wing 7:1" to 8-05"; tarsus 3-35" to 3-75"; bill at front 1-25" do 1-5"; tail 3-25" to 4-5”. ‘‘The irides are dull yellow, sometimes very pale, sometimes brownish ; the legs pale, somewhat fleshy yellow, sometimes hoary, sometimes more dusky ; the bill is pale yellow, somewhat fleshy towards gape, the ridge, tip and more or less of the upper surface shaded with dusky heavy brown.” (Hume). “Length 17:25" tc 19"; expanse 27-5 to 32; wing (to end of longest primary) 7°3 to 7-9; tail 4-1 to 4°5; tarsus 3°65 to 3:9; bill from gape 2°0 to 2:1. Weight 14 ozs. to 1 lb. 4 ozs.” (Hume.) «Total length 15 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 7:9, tail 3:5, tarsus 3°5. (Sharpe). From the above measurements it will be seen that this Bustard varies very considerabiy in size, but the measurements first given include those of the whole of the British Museum series (some 85 birds), as well as many others which have passed through my hands, so may be taken as shewing fairly satisfactorily the range of variation. The only bird ofthe British Musem series omitted from t + THE GAME BIRDS Ov INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 725 the above measurements is an abnormally small bird with a wing of only 6°85". It may be noticed that I have not given measurements either of length or expanse in describing this or any other bird, but I have omitted these measurements intentionally as they depend far too much upon every individual sportsman’s way of measuring and the extent to which wings and neck are stretched during the operation. Adult female.—Forehead, crown and occiput black, the feathers. more or less tipped with buff and the inner webs of the central feathers also buff, forming a well defined mesial streak ; lores, fairly well defined supercilium and post orbital region buff with a few black specks and a line of black specks running under the eye; sides of head and ear coverts buff, immaculate or with a few fine specks only; chin, throat and sometimes the region below the ear coverts white. Posterior aspect of the neck buff, finely vermiculat- ed with black, or dark brown, anterior aspect buff, with broad splashes of black forming two broad streaks down to the breast ; sides of the neck next the shoulders with similar streaks; breast buff with bold black markings and freckles, the latter often forming crescentic marks. Remainder of lower parts buff, often almost white, the flanks more or less freckled and barred with blackish and the innermost axillaries black. Back, scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts buff, each feather with a broad central spear head of black, surrounded with buff. These marks disappear on the rump which is more indefinitely marked. ‘Tail, like the back but without the spear head marks and with four broad bands of black. Quills of the wing as in the male. Wing coverts buff, the outer sparsely barred with brown or black, the inner and smaller profusely barred and to some extent freckled with black. Wing 8-25" to 9:75"; tarsus 3°55" to 3:85"; bill at front 1:45" to 1-65"; tail about 4:5". | ‘* Female.— Length 18 to 21-4; expanse 29 to 36; wing 9:0 to 9°75; tail 4-7 to 5-0; tarsus 3-9 to 4-4; bill from gape 2-28 to 2:3. Weight 1 Ib. 2 ozs. to 1 Ib. 10 ozs.’’ (Hume). There are several females in the British Museum collection with wing under 9", but these are probably young birds. Fully adult 726 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. birds, #.e., over 18 months, will not often be found with a wing of less than 9"’. Inglis sends me a note on the soft parts of a female shot by him in Behar as follows: ‘ Bill dusky red, culmen dark brown, gape and base of lower mandible yellow ; iris yellow tinged with red ; legs dull dusky yellow.” Adult male in winter plumage.—Similar to the female, but retaining a considerable amount of white on the wing. Young male.—Like the female. Nestling.—‘* An almost uniform dirty pale yellow colour, with an unclosed V (i.e. y) on the crown of the head in dingy black, and blotches, rather stripy, of black on the wing, back and sides, and about the ears ; legs and beak a colour between pale blue and pale pink ; and on the tip of the beak a little lump of pale pearly white.” (Davidson as quoted by Hume.) Distribution.—In “Game Birds’? Hume thus describes the habitat of the Lesser Florican :— “T find great difficulty in defining the limits within which the Lesser Florican occurs ; firstly, because it is irregularly migratory and secondly because individual birds straggle in the most un- accountab!e manner hundreds of miles beyond the furthest districts which it at all regularly visits.” “Dr. Jerdon tells us that ‘this species is found throughout India, from near the foot of the Himalayas to the southermost districts,’ but this conveys, I think, a somewhat erroneous idea of its distribution, which is not nearly so wide as this might seem to imply.” ‘¢ Although a certain number are probably permanent residents of Khandesh, Nasik and Ahmednagar, the real home of the Lesser Florican is in the drier portions of the Peninsula, lying east of the Western Ghats and south and east of the Godavari.” “Tt is, of course, confined to plains and open country, and does not ascend any of the hills, though a single specimen was once killed, I hear, on the slopes of the Nilgiris, between Neddiwattum and Pykarra, going down to the Wynaad.” ‘ During the rains when it breeds, although many breed in the Deccan, as, for instance, about Sholapur, the majority, I think, bo N THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 75 move northwards and westwards, extending over the western parts of the Central Provinces, the Central India Agency, the southern and central portions of Rajputana, Khandesh, Guzerat, Cutch, Kathiawar and Southern Sind.” “The migration is, however, irregular, as in some years it extends much further than in others. The birds are plentiful in one year where inthe next none or few are to be met with.” ‘“‘ In years when the rainfall is plentiful, they are pretty common during the monsoon a little south of Delhi, in Rohtak and Gurgaon. Generally, there are a good many about Jhansi and so on, but except as stragglers, they are not found in those parts of the country that I know further north than a line joining Sersa and Delhi, nor do they cross the Jumna in any numbers.”’ ** Although I have known single specimens killed near Lucknow, Sultanpur, and other places in Oudh; though I have myself shot single birds occasionally in the Meerut and Etawah districts ; though Ball got a specimen in Serguja, Hodgson others in the valley of Nepal; though Jerdon says he has known of their occurrence in Purneah, and Parker tells me they have occurred in Nuddea; though one specimen has been killed on the Mekran Coast near Gwader and another at Sandoway in Arakan, I do not, as at present informed, consider that either Beluchistan, the Punjab, the North-Western Provinces, north and east of the Jumna, Oudh, Chota Nagpore or any part of Bengal or the coun- tries eastwards, can be properly included within its normal range. It occurs nowhere out of India.” tt will be seen that Hume refers to a bird shot at Sandoway on the Arrakan Coast. This record is from the Bengal Sporting Magazine for 1835, where a writer, on page 151, records the shooting of a Lesser Florican, and this record is quoted by Blyth in his ‘‘ Birds of Burmah,” p. 152. It is, however, extremely doubtful if this record is a really correct One and Sypheotis awrita should not be accepted as a Burmese Bird on the strength of it. The next point furthest east from which it has been recorded is Dinajpore, from which place there is a specimen in the British Museum, and further south of this again from Purulia, Purnea and Nadia, from each of which district stragglers are occasionally 728 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. obtained, but it has never been obtaimed from any of the districts east of the Teesta or south of the Brahmapootra Rivers, leaving thus a very wide stretch of country or sea to be passed over before the Arrakan Coast is reached. To Hume’s districts of Purnea and Nadia in Bengal, from both of which districts I have also seen specimens, must be added Maldah where birds have been seen and shot by Mr. G. Hennessy. As regards the Punjab and North-West Provinces, birds wan- der into these so regularly, year after year, though in but small numbers, that it is hardly possible to regard these Provinces as outside their normal habitat. In the south, Major Ch. MacInroy says that “ Florican are pretty numerous throughout Hast Mysore, but, for some reason which I cannot divine, are not nearly so much so in the western division of the Province.” He further records a bag of 30 birds made some 25 miles from Bangalore and adds that 4 or 5 birds have been killed in a morning near Coconada. In _ his list of the Birds of the South Konkan, Vidal remarks that the Lesser Florican “ rarely pass the Ghat barrier which divides the Konkan from the Deccan. In seven seasons spent in the Ratnagiri District I have only seen two birds”... . “ I have also heard of one having been obtained at Dapuli.”’ Mr. N. 8S. Symons reports two birds shot near Panwell in the S. Bombay Presidency ; and Dewar, it should also be mentioned, notes that it is seen sometimes near and about Madras, but it occurs in that district regularly and is resident, and it extends north into Orissa, Blyth having shot it near Cuttack. In a footnote, p. 24, of “Game Birds ’’, Hume quotes Hodgson as saying : ‘‘ Appears here (Valley of Nepal) about middle of May and disappears middle of June” and then he (Hume) goes on to say : ‘It may be that there is a permanent colony of this species, of which I know nothing as yet, in northern Behar, Gorakhpur, Busti, etc. In partial confirmation of this surmise Mr. A. E. Osmaston sends me the skin of a young male from Gorakhpur and in the letter sent with it, writes: “I also saw themat the beginning of last rains (1909) but I have never seen them at any other time THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 729 of the year here and I presume they only come here to breed and I think only a few come even then, as the grassy land they seeny to like is very limited in extent.” This record, therefore, though confirming the presence of Likh in and about Gorakhpur during the breeding season does away with the theory of a “ permanent colony” and infers that these- birds, as well as those which reach Nepal migrate from a good deal further south than Hume imagined. From Bihar Mr. Inglis reports them as decidedly rare and has not seen many himself. He tells me that he has skins of birds shot in Bihar in April and May, in one case that of a male just assuming breeding plumage. The Lesser Florican is undoubtedly locally migratory, but,. as Hume remarks, its migrations are most uncertain and irregulai~ and are probably governed by the state of the rains and food supply and possibly by other factors not yet known either to field naturalists or scientists. At present, all that can be said is that during the breeding season the birds seem to concentrate im suitable places in the centre of their habitat and after this seasom is over to disperse, more or less, in all four quarters, stragglers: then appearing far from any of their favourite haunts. Hill ranges certainly divert and interrupt these local migrations to a ereat extent wherever met with, and it is more than possible that the bigger rivers, such as the Jumna, may have a similar effect At the same time, the Lesser Florican does surmount some Hulk ranges, for they migrate into the Valley of Nepal, as already - recorded, and it has been shot on the Nilgherries as well. The Likh, or Lesser Florican, is not gregarious like those Bustards with which we have already dealt. In suitable country,. of course, many birds may be met with in the same extent of grass land, but they will be found at some distance apart, never in flocks, and though sometimes in pairs yet more often singly, except in the breeding season. This little Bustard, according to Jerdon,‘‘ frequents long grass: in preference to any other shelter. It is, however, often to be met with in green fields, in fields of Cotton and Dholl, and, ir the Carnatic, so much in those of the grain called Warragoo, as to be called in Tamil, Warrago Koler, or Warragoo Fowl.” 2 730 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. All other writers agree with the above; Hodgson adds hill rice to the crops they frequent and Hume says that they are often found in millet fields, other sportsmen have written to inform me that they have shot them out of bajra, Indian corn, wheat and even young sugarcane. Inglis also informs me that in Behar they are sometimes put up in the indigo fields which affords them good cover. In fact, the Likh may be found in any crop which is dry under foot, not too dense to make walking difficult and not too high, but preferably they keep to grass land or to grain fields into which they are tempted to feed. Unfortunately the Likh has a habit during the breeding season of jumping into the air to attract the opposite sex and this has led to its undoing. All the writers quoted by Hume mention this habit and its disastrous effects and Hume himself says. ‘ Owing to the unsportmanlike manner in which these beautiful birds are massacred during the breeding season, they are everywhere di- minishing in numbers and will, in another half a century, be, I fear, almost extinct.” Mr. J. Davidson also recorded that year by year he noticed a diminution in their numbers in the Deccan. They are not yet extinct, nor have their numbers decreased to the extent Hume feared, but there can be no doubt that everywhere the Lesser Florican is less common now-a-days than it was when Hume wrote in 1879, thirty-two years ago. Davidson, describing the way they are killed, writes, ‘ Florican are found sparingly in Mysore, but I only saw one on two occa- sions in the Tumkur District, during last year. It is a migrant during the rains to Western Guzerat where it is remorselessly shot down while breeding, but apparently avoids the Panch Mahals almost entirely ; at least only one specimen has been secured there’ during the last few years. ‘They are ordinarily shot in the Deccan in the long grass bhirs, being flushed by a line of beaters, the guns walking along with the beaters. In the breeding season the cocks are sometimes shot in the following way :—-In the early morning the gunner, for one can hardly call him a sportsman, goes to a bhir, where he knows there are birds, and waits till he sees one jump up in the grass JOURN. BomBay Nav. Hist. Soc. Prats A. ’ ammenboenceesy ninemsn “Met ne REM EE TY AIRE = B, FrmaLte Lesser FLoRICcAN ON NEstT. THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 731 nd cry. He then stalks within 50 or 60 yards, and again waits till the bird jumps and then runs as fast as he can towards the spot. The bird generally rises 30 or 40 yards off, and there is a fair amount of excitement if not of sport, in shooting them in this way.” Capt. Butler gives a similar description as follows :—‘‘ For my part, I have always protested against the wholesale destruction of these fine birds in the breeding season, and tried very hard when I was in Deesa, to persuade sportsmen (!) to spare the hens. But it was of no use; they argued that, ‘if they didn’t shoot them, -some one else would,’ and consequently the Florican were shown no mercy. “The usual method of shooting them is to walk them up in line, when they rise usually within easy shot. They are easily killed, and I have seen longer shots made at Florican than any -other bird I know. In fact they drop if you fire at them at almost any possible distance (provided, of course, you hold the gun ‘straight). At times, however, after being marked down, they are very difficult to find, as they commence running the moment they alight, and often get 200 or 300 yards away before you reach the -spot where you have marked them down. But for this, scarcely .a bird would escape.” Again, Mr. James says :—‘‘ The ordinary way in which a single gun pursues Florican is to walk through the grass, with a few beaters, listening for the cry of the bird and following it; in this way the bird can be tracked for a considerable distance. Before very long the bird will be seen jumping up above the long grass, as some think to pick grass hoppers off the stems. The best way then is to run as hard as possible up to the place when the bird will rise. ‘They drop very easily to shot, but when once flushed .are difficult to flush again.”’ All writers and sportsmen seem to concur in considering the Lesser Florican to be much less wild in its nature than any other Bustard and when in fairly high grass or crops they often lie very -close, not rising until the line of beaters approaches within a few yards of them and seldom rising more than 30 yards in front of ‘the line. Jerdon says that ‘it feeds chiefly in the morning and is 732 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XX. then easily raised but during the heat of the day it lies very close and is often flushed with difficulty. I have known one instance of one being killed by a horse stepping on it.” } On some occasions, however, even this bird lives up to the general reputation of its family for wariness. Jerdon himself admits that such a bird is sometimes met with and Hume says that in the cold weather when in short grass or young crops they are about the most difficult bird he knows to get near. As might be expected the Likh is rather a favourite bird with Falconers ; its habitat, its powers of flight and the ease and fre- quency with which it is found all combining towards this. Jerdon writes: ‘Its pursuit is consequently a favourite sport, and from the open nature of the ground it frequents, it is well adapted for being hawked. I have killed it occasionally with the Lugger, but generally with the Shaheen, and have already given an account of the manner of hunting it. Should the Shaheen miss her first stoop, I have seen the Florikin accelerate its speed so greatly, that the falcon was unable to come up with it again under 600 yards or so. I have seen one struck dead by the Wokhab, Aquila vindhiana.. Thad slipped a Luggur at it, which was in hot pursuit, though at some little distance behind, when two of these Hagles came down from a vast height, and joined in the chase. One of them made a headlong swoop at it, which the Florikin most skilfully avoided, only, however, to fall a victim to the talons of the other, which stooped almost immediately after its confederate, and dashed the poor bird lifeless to the ground. It had not, however, time to pick it up, for I rode up, and the Hagles soared off most unwillingly, and circled in the air long above me. The Florikin had its back laid open the whole length.” (Jerdon’s Ill. Ind. Orn. lc.) It would seem a favourite prey of wild as well as tame falcons: and eagles, for Hume also says that one of the very few specimens he obtained in the Etawah District was killed by a Bonellis Eagle after he had flushed it. The flight of the Sypheotis aurita is much like that of other Bustards, but the wing strokes are rather quicker. Blanford says: ‘Tt flies well, with a quicker flight than other Bustards, having.. when flying, a slight but peculiar resemblance to a duck.” By THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 7338 “< quicker flight ”’ Blanford probably refers to a quicker wing move- ment and not actually to a faster flight, for the flight of the Likh is certainly not as fast as that of the bigger birds of this family. When flushed it often flies a considerable distance and is then very hard to put up again, as it either squats close, allowing a line of beaters to pass over it, or it runs to a great distance and even- tually rises far from whereit wasseen to alight. It is very strong on the leg and makes its way through thin grass or scrub jungle at un almost incredible rate, far faster than a sportsman can walk. Jerdon notes that “‘ when walking or running it raises its tail, as is represented on the drawing, the lateral feather diverging down- wards, whilst those of the centre are most elevated, as is seen in domestic fowls, etc., forming what Swainson calls an erect or com- pressed tail.” The voice of the Lesser Florican during the breeding season is said to be a harsh croak, this being indulged in by the bird during its nuptial flights. The voice of the hen at this time is described by Wenden as ‘‘a low clucking cry ” but whether this differs from that of the male or not he does not say. According to Jerdon “it is said to have a feeble plaintive chirp or piping note when run- ning or feeding” and he also says that when flushed it utters a kind of sharp quirk or note of alarm.’ A personal friend of mine, who has spent much time watching these birds, gives them credit for a rather large vocabulary. He remarks in epistola: ‘*These Floricans have many notes besides the drum or croak they give vent to in the breeding season. When moving about feeding they constantly utter a low chuckle and also the chirp or piping note referred to by Jerdon. Males and females also call to one another in a croak like that just mentioned, but softer and lower.” The Lesser Florican not only suffers from the so-called sports- man who persistently shoots it throughout the breeding season, but they are also much persecuted by native snarers and bird watchers wherever and whenever they appear. Col. Fenton writes to me that he never came across these bird-catchers in Kathiawar, but that in the Deccan “the phansi padees or professional snarers never gave the birds any rest, and it is not surprising if they have 734 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. X_XI. diminished of late years.”” Mr. James records the same in Hume: and Marshall in which work he is quoted as saying ‘“‘ Pardis, the professional poachers of the Deccan, snare them along with Partridges and Quail, simply by setting a rope of snares down the grassy bank of a dry nullah and then beating the bushes.” The principal food of the Likh consists of grasshoppers and in catching these, and other insects, it often hops into the air after’ them, catching them on the wing. No insect comes amiss to it and it will feed freely on Cantharides, beetles of all kinds, worms,,. centipedes and even, when hard pressed, small lizards, frogs, etc. It is also largely a vegetable feeder, eating both ripe grain and tender shoots of young crops and grasses as well as many kinds of berries and young herbs. Its flesh is generally held to be excellent, though Hume says it is not as good as that of its larger first cousin, the Bengal: Florican, and compares its flesh to that of the Blue Pigeon. The food it eats naturally affects its eating qualities and one sportsman: may eat it at one season of the year and find it almost unpalatable, whilst another, a little later, may find it just the reverse. Jerdon: thought that ‘its flesh is very delicate and of excellent favour and it is the most esteemed of all the Game Birds.’”’ Mr. James writes, vide Hume, “ It is perfectly true that sometimes the effects caused by eating Floricans’ flesh after they have been feeding on blister-- flies is most painful and disagreeable. I myself have suffered from this cause. ”’ . The breeding season of the Lesser Florican varies much im different localities. Jerdon says that some birds breed in Southern India from July to November and that he has put the hen bird off her nest in August in the Deccan and in October near Trichi- nopoly, and he also says that he has heard of hens being found sitting as late as January. Hume says that the majority breed in September and October and this agrees with the observations of most other observers in the more northern of their breeding haunts. As regards’ Kathiawar, however, it would seem that they commence rather earlier. Colonel L. L. Fenton writes me : ‘‘ Only an occasional bird is to be seen at any other season of the year, but about the end of June they arrive in great numbers in the Kathiawar THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 735 Vids for the purpose of breeding. The large Vids round Rajkot,. such as Kalipat, Kotaria, Ghanteshwar, Damalpur, etc., are cele- brated for them at this season of the year, and I have here seen over twenty birds in one morning.” “There seems always to be a preponderence of cock-birds, but perhaps they are more in evidence than the hens, owing to their habit of jumping, and hens are, I think, at all times more difficult to flush than are the cocks. 1 cannot say where the greater num- ber betake themselves after the breeding season is past, but it is an undoubted fact that very few remain in the Province, as they are rarely met with in the cold weather.” Allusion has already been made to the curious habit displayed by this bird of jumping into the air, to some height above the surrounding vegetables, in order to attract the notice of the oppo- site sex. Generally it is the male alone which resorts to this. trick, but sometimes, at all events, the female also does indulge in. it. Hume himself says that he has seen the female jumping, though he adds that this is only for the purpose of catching flies,. etc., as they are disturbed from the grass. Mr. Wenden, however, whom Hume quotes, distinctly saw the female bird as well as the male jumping, and thus describes his experience—‘‘On the 16th [ went out and watched this bird for more than an hour, just about the time at which she had been flushed on the morning before: from the single egg. From the tree on which I sat, with my binoculars, | saw her running rapidly out of the dense preserve, across the open and into the scanty patch in which was her egg. Here she moved about for some minutes feeding, and every now and then sprang into the air with a low clucking cry, which was. answered by the male bird from the preserve, though at first I could not see him. Then as though a sudden thought had struck her, she darted to the nest, and after one or two springs, and walking round and round the egg, she squatted and deposited another. While she sat, she was quite silent, but the male bird, who had now advanced closer to me, kept springing in the air and crying continually. The operation of laying the egg seemed to last about twenty minutes—v.e., from the time she sat to the time she rose and having made another spring or two walked round the 736 * JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. eggs ; she then made straight tracks for the dense grass where the rmale bird was calling. “ T went out quite alone on this watching expedition, and all wvas quite quiet, and the birds were at their ease; but while I was still in the tree, aman came into the preserve with some cattle, -and then I saw both birds spring several times silently, and atter ithat I saw or heard nothing of them. ” Mr. Davidson also describes this quaint habit at some length ; ihe says: —‘‘ The Florican breeds all round Sholapur, in considera- ible numbers, wherever there are grass preserves with long grass. During the breeding season they seem chiefly to haunt the thin- mest patches of long grass rather than those full of small bushes ; they are at this period exceedingly difficult to flush, particularly ithe hens, which, even if you succeed in forcing them to rise, get up only at your feet and make but very short flights. The cocks care not quite so difficult to flush, but you are obliged to run towards them, to get even them up: if you simply walk after them they will warely rise. Their whereabouts are, however, generally easily dis- covered by their frog-like call, and their occasional sudden jumps up into the air. They do not seem to call much when the sun is bright, but chiefly in the morning and during cloudy days. I have «often watched them flying or jumping up, but I am still uncertain why they do it. My original impression was that they sprung up to seize insects from the grass stalks, but I have long abandoned ithis idea, as they rise much above the grass. Moreover, I have “only seen one bird thus rise that could have been a female and this was dark-coloured, and probably a male that had not assumed lbreeding plumage, and I am inclined to consider these sudden lights as simply one of those bridal displays so common in the males, especially of gallinaceous birds, such as the flapping of the wings in Pheasants, the nautch of the Peacock, the lek of the ‘Capercailzie, and the pouch-inflated strut of the big Bustard, and iif it can be certainly established that this habit is confined to the males no alternative solution seems open to us.” The Lesser Florican is unlike most of its family ‘‘in India at all events’ in that it is monogamous, whereas the others are either polygamous or “ promiscuous” and the male is said to remain with, ‘(nyo syooydhg) HMITT YO NVOIUOT,T AASSHT AO DVG V SES a : ESRC we ‘gq aLvIg ‘009 ‘ISIE] ‘LYN AVaWog ‘Nunor *s va ig « THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. © 737 or near, the hen even after incubation has begun. Although this seems to be a generally accepted fact, there are a good many points which would seem to be against it. In the first place male birds which display continually throughout the breeding season seldom keep to one wife for the whole period, nor as a rule are monogamous males as pugnacious as are polygamous birds. Jerdon’s description of the display and pugnacity of the Likh certainly look like attributes of a polygamous male. He writes: ‘The full and perfect breeding plumage is generally completed during July and August. At this season the male bird generally takes up a position on some rising ground, from which it wanders but little, for many days even; and during the morn- ings especially, but in cloudy weather at all times of the day every now and then rises a few feet perpendicularly into the air, uttering at the same time a peculiar low croaking call, more like that of a frog or cricket than that of a bird, and then drops down again. This is probably intended to attract the females, who be- fore their eggs are laid, wander greatly; or perhaps to summon a rival cock, for I have seen two in such desperate fight as to allow me to approach within thirty yards before they ceased their battle.” The Bengal Floricans, males and females, undoubtedly do not pair at all, and the male is neither polygamous or monogamous, yet its courting displays are identical with those of the Lesser Flori- can as 1s the habit of the male of displaying in one particular spot whilst the females wander about the country. It is probable, therefore, that when we come to know the domestic habit of Sypheotis awrita more intimately they will prove to be similar to those of Sypheotis bengaleinsis. The Lesser Florican makes no nest in which to deposit her eges, nor does she, as arule, even trouble to find or make a hollow for this purpose merely depositing them on the ground in some small bare patch in a field of grass. The grass field selected is seldom one of any very great size or having dense growth in it and the bird seems to prefer small pieces of grass of some two feet or so high and of scanty growth. The bird watched by Mr. Wenden deposited its eggs ‘on the bare ground, which was perfectly level (without the least signs of scratching) in some 3 738 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Voi. XX1. thin scanty grass, about 2 feet high and about 2 yards in from the edge of the grass patch. Not a hundred yards from the plot of grass in which the eggs were deposited was a preserve, over a mile long by a quarter broad, of very high dense grass, a far more likely place, one would have thought, for so wary a bird to lay its eggs.” When the bird does lay its eggs in a vast stretch of grass, as 1s sometimes the case in Kathiawar, it is said almost invariably to choose some part where the grass is shorter and more scanty than elsewhere and also often to make use of some bare spot close to the outskirts of the field. The nest, found by Mr. Wenden, contained three eggs, one found in it on the J 5th, one laid on the 16th and the third on the 18th; this corresponds with what we should expect and with what I have heard from other observers and it seems, therefore, fairly certain that the species lays its eggs on alternate days. As a rule the full clutch of eggs consists of four, but often only three are laid, sometimes but two and very rarely five. I have never seen a clutch with five eges myself, but Lieut. F. Alexander recorded that this number was sometimes laid and Mr. James once found five chicks together. In shape the eggs are typically very broad ovals, more spherical than those of any of the other Bustards; but for this they are hardly distinguishable from those of the Lesser Bustard, Otis tetraz,. though on an average they seem considerably smaller. For in- stance the average size of the 26 eggs of the Likh in the British Museum collection is 1-82" x 1:6" (about 46 x 406mm.) whereas the 23 eges of Otis tetrax measure 2°07" x 1:51" (—about 52°6 x 38:2), these figures shewing well the difference in com- parative shape and size in the eggs of the two species. ” Hume gives the average of twenty-three eggs as 1°88” nearly by rather more than 1:59" (=48 x 40°5mm.) and the average of 18 eggs which have passed through my hands and are not includ- ed in any of the above is 1:84" x 1-6" (=-46°8 x 40-3). The surface of the shell is very smooth, though pitted with tiny pores, and there is always considerable gloss, very highly develop- ed in many cases. The texture is fine and very close. Hume thus describes his series of eggs now inthe British THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. (729 Museum. ‘The eggs like those of the Great Bustard (which, though smaller, they greatly resemble), vary much in size, shape and colouration. ‘Typically they are very broad ovals, with a feeble tendency to a point at one end; but some are nearly sypherical, some are purely oval, while one or two approach a Plover shape. “The shell, everywhere closely pitted with miniature pores, is stout but smooth, and has always a slight, and at times a brilliant gloss. “The ground colour varies from a clear, almost sap green, through various shades of olive green, drab and stone colours, to a darkish olive brown. I have seen no specimens exhibiting the blue and bluish grounds occasionally met with in the eggs of the Great Indian Bustard.” ‘The markings are brown, reddish or olive brown, occasionally with a purplish tinge, in some very faint and feeble, obsolete, or nearly so, a mere mottling, in others conspicuous and strongly marked ; but in the majority neither very faint nor very conspi- cuous. In character they are generally cloudy streaks, more or less confluent at the broader end (from which they run down parallel to the major axis) and more or less obsolete towards the smaller end. Occasionally, however, they are pretty uniformly scattered over the whole surface of the egg.” ‘In size the eggs vary from 1:77 to 2°06 in length, and from 1-5 to 1-7 in breadth ; but the average of twenty-three eggs is 1°88 nearly, by rather more than 1°59.” The eggs in my own collection agree well with the above but there is one pair which deserves separate description. These have the ground colour a most beautiful green grey, very pale and almost silver in tone. The markings are as described by Hume: but are unusually bold and stand out conspicuously on the pale ground, making them both very handsome. * The two photographic plates in this Number and the one of the Houbara at page 330 in the last Journal, are from photographs taken by H.H. the Rao of Cutch, a sportsman with an intimate acquaintance with these birds and their habits and one who has supplied me with many interesting details regarding them. (To be continued.) 740 THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA (INCLUDING THOSE MET WITH IN THE HILL STATIONS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY). BY 1. Re Berl wakes. Pan Oxale (Continued from page 544 of this Volume.) Famity—PAPILIONIDA—(continued). 89. Papilio crino, /al7:.—Like P. buddha but with the green discal band much narrower, especially on the forewing, the male has, generally, woolly scent-streaks on outer portions of veins 2 to 4 of forewing. Forewing in male and female with the transverse, discal band bluish-green, slightly sinuous, curved, narrow, increasing in width from costa to dorsal margin ; more sinuous in the female. Hindwing with the band variable in width, but much broader than on forewing, continued above vein 7 to costa but much narrowed abruptly in that interspace ; tornal ocellus claret-red with a large black centre inwardly edged with blue; a sub-apical whitish spot ; subterminal diffuse, green lunules in interspaces 2, 3, 4: the spatular apex of tail with a patch of bluish-green scales. The whole upperside is irrora- ted on both wings with brilliant green scales but much less densely than on the basal area of the wings of P. buddha. Underside dull pale brown to blackish brown, irrorated with scattered, yellowish scales which, however, on the forewing are absent from a large, triangular, discal patch that hes between the dorsum, the median vein, vein 5 and a line of white lunules that crosses the wing in an outward curve from the upper third of the costa to just before the tornus; these white lunules are outwardly diffuse and merge gradually into the brown ground-colour. Hindwing: the tornal ocellus much as on the upperside ; an obscure, ill-defined, highly arched, postdiscal, narrow, whitish band from above the tornal ocellus to the costa ending near apex of interspace 7 in a broad, white lunule; beyond this a double sub-terminal row of somewhat straight, ochreous-white lunules in the interspaces, each lunule of the inner row bordered outwardly with blue, this bordering very faint in some specimens. Cilia of both fore and hind wings brown alternated with white. Antennz, head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish black ; the head, thorax and abdomen above with a sprinkling of glittering green scales. Hxpanse 100-116 mm. COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 741 Larva.— “Somewhat limaciform ; anterior segments convexly scutellated ; furnished with a pair of short, fleshy tubercles on anterior and two on anal segments.” (Moore.) ‘Colour bluish-green.”’ (Dr. K. Jordan.) Pupa.—‘ Curved backward anteriorly ; head broad in front; green.” (Moore.) From these descriptions of the larva and pupa may be gathered that they are very similar to those of P. buddha. Halits—There does not seem to be any record of the habits of the larva, but it is not probable that it differs as regards its ways from that of P. buddha. The imago is also not likely to differ from that species as to choice of the style of country it inhabits though it does not seem to be found below 2,000 feet above sea level. It has a peculiar distribution but it is difficult to say to what this may be due. It exists in Lower Bengal, in the Central Provinces, South India and Ceylon. It has not been found anywhere in the Bom- bay Presidency up to date but occurs in the Nilgiris. It is said to be “rather common in the Plains, especially in the Spring, in Ceylon, but also occurs in the mountains up to about 6,000’. The flight is very swift.” (Dr. KW. Jordan.) The foodplant is given as “‘ Chloroxylon”” by Dr. Jordan. It is fairly certain to be Chloroxylon Swietenia, DC., amember of the family of the Meliacece to which the Neem belongs; it is known as the Indian Satinwood tree and grows to a large size in Ceylon which is probably the place Dr. Jordan’s information was obtained. This foodplant gives an indication of the sort of habitat the insect affects. The tree is found in dry, hot parts of the Bombay Presidency such as Bijapur, Dharwar and the east of Belgaum though the butterfly has never been, as stated above, yet noticed in any of these places. In Ceylon also it is limited to the dry regions. Its distribution is said to be the deciduous forests of the Western Peninsula as far as the northern edge ofthe Satpura mountains running between the Narbaddha and the Tapti rivers; but it is more than probable that it occurs further north-east, extending through Chutia ’ Nagpur into the Behar Hills and, possibly, still further north up to the Ganges, onthe Rajmehal Hills; and this simply because Papiho crino is found in Lower Bengal ; that is the cccurrence of the butterfly there is certain to indicate the existence of the food- plant of its larva. This is not the only interesting botanical inference which may be drawn from the entomological fact. 742 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL, HIST VSOCTETY, Vol. 2X. Besides the question of distribution there is also a question of the affinities of the foodplant, Chlorowylon. It has been stated that the larve of the genus Papilio in India or, to narrow the question down further, of the genus as composed of the groups of Papilio mentioned in these papers more particularly, feed upon plants belonging to certain well-defined botanical families, each eroup being absolutely limited to one family in particular. These families are Anonacece, Rutacee, Aristolochiacece, Lawracee, all with aromotic leaves which make it easy enough as a rule to place them where they botanically belong. The Satin-wood is generally placed by botanists in another family, the Meliacece where, evidently, the butterfly thinks it should not be. It has been mentioned before, also, that Papilio demoleus larva was once found on this plant in the Byapur District of the Bombay Presidency ; causing, at the time, considerable surprise as the foodplants of that larva were, as evinced by thousands bred in different localities at all times of the year, all rutaceous. This led later to enquiry into the affinities of the plant which, probably owing to ignorance, ended in no definite result until the following statement presented itself in Brandis’ “Indian Trees”, viz.: ‘“‘ Engler in Engler u. Prantl 11. 4, 171 places Chloroxylon under Rutacece chiefly on account of the translucent glands in the leaves, which form one of the distinguishing characters of that order.” From which, backed up by a careful comparison of the descriptions of Chloroxylon with some of the genera of Rutacew, the probabilities are that Papilio crino knows more about real affinities in plants than bota- nists— except Engler. There are butterflies of the same sort as buddha and erino in Burma and the Malayan Region. LP. palinwrus, F. from Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Banguey Island is like the former but has the band on the hind wing narrower and is generally smaller; it has subspecies in Palawan (angustatus, Staud.) and in the Phillipine Islands (dedalus, Feld.) ; P. blumei, Boisd. is a fine species inhabiting Celebes, with rather broad blue-green bands to both wings and blue-green tails. The green of our two species shows peacock-blue in certain lights, violet in others ; when flying in the sun it appears always very brilliant metallic green. COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 748 90. Papilio buddha, J estwood.—Male upperside: black, closely irrorated with brilliant green scales, the basal area up to the discal green band much more closely than elsewhere. Forewing with a very slightly excurved, oblique, bright green discal band that extends from the middle of the costa to the dorsum well before the tornal angle ; measured on the dorsum the width of this band is more than one-third the length of the dorsal margin; anteriorly it passes through the apical third of the cell and is narrowed slightly at the costa; the irroration of green scales beyond this band is much thinner than at base of wing and is confined to a triangular patch from apex of wing downwards along terminal margin. Hindwing with the median third beyond the basal irroration occupied by an outwardly curved, brilliant green patch interruj ted by vein 6, in continua- tion of the band of forewing, reaching the dorsal margin and slightly narrowed at both ends (sometimes it is slightly produced into interspace 7), its outer margin diffuse; this is followed by a subterminal series of ill- formed green lunules traversing the outer black area which is, including the tails, otherwise devoid of green scales. The costal area beyond vein 6 is dark brown with a subapical bright ochraceous lunule. Finally there is a tornal ochraceous ocellus centred largely with black. Cilia of hindwing brown, alternated with ochraceous. Underside softly brown-black,; bases of both fore and hind wings somewhat thickly, the outer portions more thinly, sprinkled with pale yellow scales. Forewing: apical half obliquely pale brownish white, darkening to dusky blackish at apex and narrowly along termen; the pale area narrow at termen, gradually broadened up to the costa, traversed by the black veins. Hindwing: uniform; an outer pale terminal band traversed by a subterminal series of ochraceous lunules bordered on both inner and outer sides by velvety black (hardly at all on the inner sides), the inner side further bordered conspicuously by silvery white; the lunule in interspace 7 much larger and bolder. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen velvety black, the head and thorax above irrorated with green scales. Female differs from the male in having the tails broader and, generally, in having the subapical ocellus of the hind wing larger. Expanse 92-102 mm; sometimes larger. The male about equal to the female. Eigg.—The egg, laid generally on the top of a leaf, is light lemon in colour at first, but soon gets a broad rusty band round the centre with a darker, irregular, rusty line in middle of band, the summit of egg with a rusty (colour of darker line) large patch. In shape it is spherical; the surface is slightly shiny and obscurely frosted-rough. Diameter 1. 3mm: very small for the butterfly. Larva (Ist stage).—The head is round covered with short, black hairs and is coloured translucent very light buff, slightly darker on each side near the apex of clypeus; eyes black; clypeus large. The shape of the larva 744 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. is the same as that of the larva of Pap. polymnestor, &c., at the same stage. Dorso-lateral tubercles of segments 2 and 13 are long, conical, fleshy ; dorso-laterals of segments 3,4,5 and 12 are about half the size and exactly similar ; those of segments 6 to 10 are half as small again as those last mentioned and rather cylindrical; there are no sub-dorsal tubercles except one at the base of the dorso-lateral of segment 2; supra-spiracular- tubercle of segments 3 and 4 as large as dorso-lateral of same segment and similar to it, those of seoment 4 possibly the larger slightly ; spiracular tubercles disposed as usual, very minute with 2 or 8 black spines. Surface dull. Colour a livid greenish-yellow with a very dark olive-green dorsal band from segment 3 to 11, covering the whole dorsum of segments 3, 4 and 5, becoming a mere line on the last segments; a broad lateral band of same colour from segment 5 to 12 with a thin line of the body colour running down the middle; belly and base of legs dirty greenish; segments: 2 and 15 with the tubercles light greenish-ochreous; all the tubercles shiny translucent and all the spines on them (with the exception of the spiracular spines of which are black) are yellow. L: about 4:5 mm. with tubercles; B: 1. 25 mm. without tubercles and 2:25mm. with at broadest: part which is segment 4. 2nd stage.—Is very similar to the same stage of P. tamilana; the sub- dorsal tubercular spots only exist near the front margin of segt. 5: on no other segment ; the subdorsal, small, fleshy, spined tubercles at base of laterodorsal tubercles of segment 2 still exist; the laterodorsal fleshy, conical tubercles exist on front margin of segment 2, hind margin of segment 13, in centre of segments 3, 4.5 and 12 though these central tubercles are much shorter than the marginal ones of segments 2 and 13; the dorsolateral tubercles of segments 6 to 11 are very small, central, spined like all the rest; the supraspiracular tubercle of segment 4 is little smaller than the dorsolateral tubercle of segment 2 and the supraspiracular tubercle of segment 3 is in size between these last two; the supraspiracular of seg- ment 2 is nearly the same size as that of segment 3; the supraspiracular tubercles of segments 5 to 12 andthe other spiracular tubercles of all segments are mere spots with one or two hairs on them. The head is yel- lowish and is covered with minute erect sharp hairs which are black but not densely ; the head is suffused with brown on upper part of the clypeus ; which is of ordinary size, triangular, and along the margins bounding the clypeus ; is roundish, very slightly bilobed, shiny. The surface of larva is shiny and covered sparsely with minute black hairs on segments 2 to 5, Colour of larva is rather dull olive green, the spiracular region greyish, a lateral greyish line; a rather broad subdorsal whitish region on seg- ments 6 to 11; segment 5 marked yellowish in its hinder half, this marking being continued along the lateral region of segments 4 tc 2 as far as head; there is a dark spot or patch just below lateral greyish line on segments COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 745 6, 7 and 8; base of large tubercles of segment 15 strongly ochreous, the base of those of segment 2 less so, the rest transparent greenish; all the spines of tubercles whitish. L: 10mm;B: 3mm. at segment 4 without and 4mm. with tubercles. 3rd staye.—The larva has lost the dorsolateral tubercles of seg- ments 6 to 11 completely, but has those of segments 2, 3, 4, 11, 12 still, those of segments 2, 1] and 12 as large as ever, those of segments 8, 4 mere knobs; the supraspiracular segments of segments 3 and 4 are still there, the former about half the size of the latter and the latter smaller than ' dorsolaterals of segment 2. All signs of supraspiracular and spiracular tubercles completely gone. Head is greenish and covered with extremely minute hairs. Surface of body is only slightly shiny. Colour is dark green with an irregular spiracular white line, a white band along base of legs, the space between marked whitish, the tubercles ochreous, a yellow line joining bases of supraspiracular tubercles of segments 4, 5 to base of dorsolateral tubercle of segment 2, and a maculate light yellow broad band from base of supraspiracular tubercle of segment 4 on one side runs back and along hinder margin of segment S5over dorsum to supraspiracular tubercle of segment 4 on the other side; a yellowish small patch on the common margins of segments 6/7, 7/8, 10/11 dorsolaterally with the margin thinly yellow between over dorsum; some indistinct yellowish spots all over. L: 15mm. at rest by B: ‘5mm. at segment 4 and 5mm. with tubercles. 5th or last stage. (Pl. 1, Fig. 15).—The larva in shape and general appearance is very like that of P. tamilana. The head is light green, the eyes black ; and is of the usual shape. Segments 2 has the front margin straight with a small tubercle at each end of it; the dorsolateral tubercle of segments 12 and 15 also remain, those on the former minute, on the latter as large as those of segment 2. Spiracles rather small, coloured like the body with linear whitish centres. Surface smooth and dull. The colour of the larva is dark green, spotted finely with light yellow; a subspiracular yellow band from segment 6 to segment 12; a distinct sub- dorsal row of tubercle-like yellow spots on segments 7-12; a transverse row of yellow spots near front margin of segment 4 ending on each side in an indistinct ocellus or eye which, however, may occasionally be distinct and black—this row of spots representing the front crest of the P. tanilana caterpillar; on segment 5 is another transverse crest near hinder margin with a thick spotting of light yellow continued under the ocellus forwards by a narrow yellow band or line up to the base of the tubercle on front margin of segment 2. The space enclosed between the two crests and this: band or line is oval in shape, longer than broad and is often called the “shield ”; itis somewhat flattened and often greyish looking ventrum, anal flap and legs watery greenish white. L: 46mm ; B: 10mm. at the broadest part which is segment 5. 4 746 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. Pupa (Pl. 1, Fig. 15 a.)—Is very like that of P. tamilana in shape and colour; except that, as regards the shape, the dorsal line is much straighter, the front part formed by segments 1-5 not being thrown back at such an angle as in that species ; the thorax isslightly less humped, the headpoints are longer: nearly as long as they are in the pupa of Papilio pamon. There is a very slight carination in the dorsal line from segment 2 to cremaster. Spiracles small, oval-linear, the same colour as the body of pupa. Surface dull and more or less smooth. Cremaster strong and square at end. Colour dark green ventrally much lighter dorsaliy to approximate to the upper and underside of the leaf of the plant it feeds on; dorsal line, dorsoventral line from cremaster to shoulders and ventral suture-line of wings, all yellow; there is a subdorsal jet-black spot on segments 6. L: 32 mm; L: 10 mm. at middle. Halits.—The ege is laid on young shoots, or on the top of an old leaf in the monsoon months. The larve prefer leaves that are not too, young as food; they hein the centre of the upperside of leaves on a bed of silk, separately of course: that is;never more than one on any one leaf; and the yellow speckling of their skins makes it dificult to see them as the leaves of the foodplant are very simi- Jarly marked with spots produced by the agency of some insect. The pupa is almost invariably formed on the foodplant, hanging trom, and attached to, a twig or twig and leaf—midrib with a moder- ately long body-band and strong tail fixing; thus hanging with the light coloured back showing to an observer on the ground among the hght green leaf-undersides while the dark ventral green, directed upwards, harmonises with the dark green of the uppersides of the leaves to aid in protecting it against detection from above. The osmeteria are reddish in colour but the larva does’ not often make use of them, that is, it rarely protrudes these scent-organs. The imago is not really a butterfly of the Plains as distinguished from the Hills, though it is perhaps fonder of open scrubby jungle and continuous sun-shine than most other swallowtails. Its habitat 1s given as Southern India and it seems to be confined to the western coast where it is perhaps commonest in the low hills along the sea, board wherever its foodplant is found; it certainly ranges from sea level up to 2,000 feet. Its range is most probably determined by heavy rainfall. As indicated above, this beautiful wutterfly rejoices in the hottest sunshine and in the Kanara District, where it is very fairly plentiful, it offers one of the most COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 747 inspiring sights to the active lepidopterist. It is a fast flier and nearly always keeps to the tops of the trees round which it circles in rapid activity. It is consequently difficult to catch; a long net and a quick eye are absolutely necessary to effect a capture. Even then it is nearly impossible without a careful choice of a place of vantage. The best way is to choose a Tirphal tree (the vernacular namie of the foodplant in Mahratti) round which the butterflies circulate, with a,rock or high place near it and wait until an insect flies within reach; or, better still, choose two trees on a hill side or on uneven eround, one of which is higher than the other and stand between them. The glint of the blazing green of the wings as the insects pass below the level of the eye will generally ensure an amount of perseverance in the chase that should result in ultimate success. Captures are always found to be males, and the reason is difficult to guess, except it were a fact that more of that sex were born than females. ‘This, however, is not the case as has been proved by breeding from the ege and caterpillar. Indeed breeding results in more females than males. Females lay but one egg at a time, and do not take long about it; they fly as fast and as swiftly as males; but no one can say whether they keep it up as long: perhaps they do not, and rest for long periods at a time, but even this would not explain why so few are caught in the net, for there must be thousands and thousands of individuals in any one locality. Female buddha, unlike the females of other insects which are also rarely met with and which keep so it is said to the underwood and tree tops in dense jungle, frequents open ground as often as the males and so ought to be visible as often as these. She must fly at a different time to the male; it is the only explanation; and that time cannot be the hottest hours of the day. So little is known about such matters! The larva feeds upon ZYanthoxylum Rhetsa, DC., mentioned before as one of the foodplants of Papilio helenus and has not been found upon anything else. Zanthowylwn is a genus of the Rutacew. The caterpillar of this most taking insect was first discovered by the late E. H. Aitken, that most genial of men and pleasant- est of companions, in the year 1894 in the vicinity of Karwar 748 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. on the sea-coast of North Kanara District. He formed one of a combination of three naturalists, who found themselves throwm together in the early 90s in that beautiful spot, and forthwith proceeded to work out the life histories of all the butterflies of the surrounding country. Nearly all the observations upon which these papers are based were carried out there; a large number im those early days of the brotherhood of three, later by two and then, finally, when inexorable circumstances led to mutually regretted separation, by the remaining cne. But the early days were the best days for everything was new, and there was unlimit- ed material to work at. Every day brought forth something of interest ; every expedition was crowned with abundant success. The larva of buddha was much sought after at that time, but had eluded discovery for many months of patient search. The food- plant was known ; or, at least, it was taken for granted that it must be Tirphal, for the butterfly was noticed constantly flying round such trees. At last E.H.A. (for those who may not remember him by the initials, it will only be necessary to mention that he was the author of “ Behind the Bungalow”, “Tribes on my Frontier ” and other good books), found a little caterpillar upon a Tirphal leaf and took it home without saying anything about it. He was very excited and hugged the secret from midday until dark that day; but then he could bear the strain no longer and gave it away. There was great rejoicing among the three and every morning, for several weeks after, very tender inquiries were made about its health and progress in growth, or it was inspected with expectant interest. Then one morning it was reported ailing’ and anxiety was great. Next morning it was dead. That was a day of gloom; but the depression resulted in a firm resolve to seek for more caterpillars and the consequence was that im less than a week, there were half a dozen of all sizes in the’ breeding cages. The rest was easy. 91. Papilio antiphates, Cram.—Male and female upperside: white. Fore- wing : cell crossed by five short bands of which the basal extends to the dorsum, the subbasal into intersapce 1, the medial and pre-apical up to the median vein and the apical or fifth along the discocellulars ; this last extends broadly on both sides of the veinlets and terminates at the lower apex of the cell; beyond these are broad, postdiscal and terminal, black, COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 749 transverse bands from costa to tornal angle ; the two bands coalesce below vein 4 and terminate in a point at the tornus; the white portions of the cell anteriorly overlaid with pale green; short, macular, hyaline green bands between the black, cellular, apical band and the discal band and anteriorly between the latter and the terminal band. Hindwing : basal three-fourths uniform white with black markings on the underside that show through by transparency ; terminal fourth dark grey traversed by a curved, irregular, subterminal series of black lunules that ends in a black tornal spot and a terminal, black band that follows the indentations of the wing ; the emarginations below the black, terminal spot edged with ochra- ceous; the tail blackish grey, edged and tipped with white. Underside: forewing similar with similar markings, but the green shading over the white portions in the base of the cell more decided ; the discal and termi- nal, black bands separate, not joined posteriorly, the former edged poste- riorly on both sides with dark grey, due to the black on the upperside that shows through by transparency. Huindwing : basal half green, the outer half white ; a large black, tornal spot; a black line along the dorsum that curves above the tornal spot outwards to vein 2; a straight, subbasal black band from costa across cell that terminates at vein 2, joining the dorsal black band; a broader, black band from costa across apex of cell extended into base of interspace 3; an irregular, discal series of black. markings curved inwards posteriorly towards the tornal spot; a subter- minal series of very small, slender, black lunules in pairs (variable in size and distinctness), the ground-colour on the inner side of these darkened to rich ochreous yellow; lastly, a series of short, terminal, black bars in the interspaces so arranged as to follow the indentations of the termen; tail dusky black, edged with white. Antenne black; head and thorax anteriorly with broad, black, median band, rest of thorax bluish ; abdomen white marked beneath on each side by a black stripe.—Expanse 90-104mm. Larva.—The caterpillar of this species is very like that of P. nomzus in general facies, especially when young. The head is rather round in shape, drawn under segment 2 in repose; it is green in colour. Segment 2 is little broader than the head and is slightly convex, trapezoidal in contour, with a thin ledge along the front margin. Segments 2, 3 and 4 taken to- gether are truncated—triangular in shape,very slightly convex transversely, the base of the triangle being the hinder margin of segment 4, the truncated apex being the front margin of segment 2; the lateral sides of these seg- ments are nearly perpendicular to the ventral surface, even slightly sloping in towards the legs. The hinder margin of segment 4 is the broadest and highest part of the larva, whence the body gradually decreases in diameter to the cremaster which is somewhat long and narrow, running out at each corner of the truncated end into parallel, rather long, sharp points, one to each corner, separated by a straight line between their bases. The dorsal 750 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX, half of segments 5-14 is very convex transversely, the sides nearly perpen- dicular to the ventral surface. Segment 15 is short though quite apparent. Segments 3 and 4 have each a short, sharp, conical, lateromarginal tubercle situated in the centre; segment 2 has a small one at each end of the front margin. Spiracles are oval, black, with a white central slit to each. The surface of the body is covered with hardly perceptible semi-appressed, white hairs; the legs and two end-points are set with somewhat longer erect ones which are brown on the latter and white on the legs; the surface is otherwise smooth and is dull; the segment slightly constricted at margins. The colour of the larva is a darkish transparent looking olive-green speckled thinly with white on the dorsa of segments 5-14, the specklings being arranged so as to form a white dorsal line and a dorsolateral darkish line, a dark diagonal stripe on segments 5-1] running across from one segment to the next succeeding from the centre of the dorsoventral margin of one to the darkish dorsolateral line of the succeed- ing one; there is a broad, spiracnlar, white-yellow band, below which there is a deep green subspiracular one followed by a whitish band bordered below by a green one; the legs are watery green; the dorsum of segment 2 is yellowish white with a dorsal green line; the flattened deep green dorsa of segments 8 and 4 are surrounded completely anteriorly, laterally -and posteriorly by a yellow-white band and the lateral parts of these segments are suffused with reddish black; tubercles on segments 2, 3, 4 are black. L:40mm.; B: 9mm. at the broadest part at segment 4. Pupa.—The pupa on the whole is of the type of that of P. nomius though of course there are considerable differences in colour, shape and method of suspension. The head is quadrate seen from above, triangular from the side; eyes only slightly prominent ; frons at an angle of 60° to longitudinal axis of pupa; from head the lateral outlines diverge to shoulders, are then parallel as far as segment 4, after which the wings are expanded in a considerable curve rather suddenly, merging gradually further on into the surface of the abdomen about front margin of segment 8; ventrally the wings are only slightly convex along the ventral line: it is very nearly parallel to the dorsal line; the ventral line of abdomen beyond is slightly convex also converging gradually towards the dorsal line towards cremaster ; this dorsal line straight from cremaster to the apex of thorax, sloping gradually away from the longitudinal axis of pupa at an angle of about 25° to run out at thorax-apex into a short, blunt point directed forwards at an angle of 45° with that axis; the cremaster is. strong, parallel-sided, rather long, lying more or less along the surface of attachment. The surface of pupa is dull and has the following low ridges: on it: one circumscribing the frons of head, one along dorsal line of frons and segment 2, produced on to segment 3 as far as the thoracic blunt point, a slight ridge from head to shoulder-point laterally, another, in COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 751 continuation, thence to where wings commence to expand and along the expansion-edge, continued along sides of abdomen as far as cremaster ;. the head-front is flat, segment 2 slightly convex, the abdomen dorsally above the carinz also flattened on segments 4-8. The spiracles are longly oval in shape and light in colour and are of ordinary size. The colour of the pupa is bright green, with a dorsolateral line on segments 4 to 8 where it merges into the lateral ledge-line of abdomen, yellow; the base of thoracic process or pointand this point, the head-ridge and those from it to shoulders with those thence to wing-expansion edges, brown; carinz of seements 1, 2, 3 broadly flanked with brown, narrowing on front margin of segment 2; segment 2 with a brown linear mark laterally ; ventral central line yellow. L: 30mm.; B: at broadest part 10mm.; thoracic point Imm. long. ; Halits.—The egg is laid single on the upperside of a fresh leaf or shoot and is of the ordinary spherical shape, greenish white in colour when first deposited, hardly shiny. The little larva takes to the midrib at once, but nearly always wanders to feed on the edges of other leaves than that upon which it has chosen to make its bed of silk and take up its abode. As it grows it occasionally changes its seat, making a new one, and, finally, when full grown, like most other Papilio larvee, it will occasionally quit the leaf and take to stems and twigs. In the last stage it keeps to shady, well hiden leaves and never hes out in the sun. The larva is sluggish and walks with a halting motion. It pupates against a twig or stem of a plant, under a leaf also, as occasion serves and the body string of the chrysalis is very long. The caterpillar is | like that of P. nomius, the pupa is of the same type also but differs from that of that insect in some essential points, and is never formed anywhere but in positions above specified; it is always green in colour. The butterfly is a quick flier, not powerful but very graceful, stronger than P. nomius, and rises much higher towards the tops of the trees round which it may be seen circling on sunshiny days in the evergreen jungles of Kanara on the Western Ghats. It is most plentiful there in the monsoon months and immediately before and after, while the young shoots of the foodplant are still being put forth. It is a local species, keeping to the moister evergreen forests from sea level upwards and is nowhere excessively common. It comes to flowers like P. nomius and, in company with that species, members of the genera Appias, 752 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT, Prioneris, Catopsilia, and P. sarpedon, P. eyrypylus jason and, occasionally, P. dravidarum, may be seen drinking on patches of damp sand in the beds of nallas and rivers or, after a shower of rain, on the wet mud of roads in the hot, close days that immedi- ately precede the south-west monsoon. It then rests with the wings closed over the back though it exposes them, horizontally outstretched, im the ordinary Papilio style, when resting from flight on a leaf. The foodplant of the caterpillar is Unona Lawii, Hooker, and it. has never been found upon anything else, although there are other Unone where it has been collected. Unona is belonging to the Anonaceew and Lawit is an extensive climbing shrub common in the evergreen forests of Kanara. There are sub-species of this butterfly existing throughout Ceylon, India, Burma and the Malayan Region of which P. wntiphates alcibiades is the commonest. Typical 2. antiphates is said by Rothschild to come from Western China and Hainan but Bingham gives it as recorded also from T'ravancore. It is the butterfly of North Kanara also, where alcibiades does not occur. This insect will not be found inthe Plains. P. epainimondas, Oberthiir, with discal black markings on the upperside of the hindwing, comes from the Andamans. . androcles, Boisd., and P. dorcus, De Haan, are two very fine species from Celebes. 92. Papilio nomius, “syer.—Male and female upperside: bluish-white. Forewing: the cell with five broad, transverse, black bands, the basal and subbasal bands produced to the dorsum, the medial band generally extend- ed into interspace, the pre-apical ended on the median vem and the fifth or apical from costa along discocellulars extends on both sides of these and ends at lower apex of cell; beyond the fifth band is a short, transverse, macular band of the ground-colour that terminates on vein 5, followed by avery broad, black, terminal band that occupies about one-third of the width of the wing and is traversed by a transverse, subterminal series of rounded white spots. Hindwing: ground-colour along dorsum and above vein 7 whitish; a streak along the dorsum, a subbasal and an inner, discal, transverse band from costa across cell (sometimes interrupted in the middle), and a very broad, terminal band, black; the former two joined near the tornus by cross, lunular, black marks, the terminal band traversed by a series of slender white lunules; a black spot in interspace | above the tornus and another small one at base of interspace 4: the black at the apices of interspaces 2-4 and the lunules of the ground-colour thereon COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 758 suffused with grey; tail black, edged and tipped with white. Underside: white, the black markings very similar but of a bronze-brown with the following exceptions :—Forewing : extensions below the median vein of the basal, subbasal and median transverse bands crossing the cell, and the inner portion below the vein 4 of the terminal, broad band, black. Hind wing : the nner discal band is broken, irregular and black and is bordered by a series of red spots outwardly edged with black; and, sometimes, faintly on the inside as well, the subterminal series of white lunules are broadly edged on the outside with black; the grey patch on the caudal region is re- placed by ochreous grey. Antenne black; head, thorax and abdomen creamy white with a medial, broad, longitudinal band ; the abdomen with lateral, black stripe ; the thorax suffused with grey.—Expanse 68-95mm., the males being the same size as females. Larva.—The caterpillar is greatest in diameter about segments 4, 5 and the dorsum is somewhat flattened, the sides beimg in aplane at right angles to it: the transverse section being a trapeze though, of course, with the corners rounded, the ventrum-base being the shortest side ; it decreases in diameter rather rapidly to anal segment which is narrow, smooth, rather long, ending in two straight, diverging, squarely separated, triangularly conical points ; segments 2 to 4 are conspicuously flat on the dorsal portion. The head is greenish yellow in colour, round, more or less hidden under segment 2 in repose ; the front margin of segment 2 straight. Segment 2 is about twice as broad at the front margin as the larva is at anal extre- mity. The ventrum is flattened. Segments 2-4 have each a short, lateral, conical, sharp, black spine, centrally situated and all of equal length. Spiracles are small, oval, finely bordered with black. Surface is dull, smooth. Colour of larva is grass-green with a subspiracular, yellowish line ; top of segments down to the lateral region is greeny-whitish with a broad, dorsal, olive-green band, generally indistinct on segments 2-4; every segment except the last has two depressed brown lines across the greenish-white part parellel to the front and hinder margins, giving the appearance to each segment of having three folds; segment 4 has four such folds, the three anterior of which are black; there is a brown, inter- rupted, lateral line bordering the dorsal greenish-white area of all segments ; ventrum light green. The osmeteria are shiny, glossy green in colour. Some larvee have black instead of brown in the above description and in this case the dorsum instead of being greenish-white is black with or with- -out two or three short, transverse lines laterally to each segment 6-11 forming a dorso lateral interrupted band on each side. Sometimes the .” (Assmuth.) 8-6-1911.—‘* Under stone.”” (Assmuth.) MICROCEROTERMES SECTION. Gen. MICROCEROTERMES, Silv. Microcerotermes Heimi, Wasm. Tallies in all castes with co-types from WasMANN’S collection as well as with Ceylon specimens received from GREEN. Collector’s report :— BorIvul JUNGLE (SALSETTE ISLAND), 5-2-1911.—*‘ Spherical nest. Proved by experiment that material of which nest is made burns well when put in fire.—I have been unable to discover any regular layers such as shown by you (HOLMGREN, 1906) to exist in South American termite-nests built of wood-carton. The nest of Microcerotermes Heimt which is made of extremely hard woody material, presents a pretty uniform labyrinth of small chambers which are connected by minute holes piercing the partitions, just sufficiently large to allow the termites to pass through. The outer surface is here and there covered with patches of a thin crust of 790 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. reddish earthy material; the royal cell is situated rather more downwards, not in the centre. Eggs are, of course, found in ereater quantities in chambers in the neighbourhood of the royal cell, but I could not convince myself that they were limited to a definite space which might rightly be termed a ‘“‘ zone ’’.—Number of workers, as is always the case in this species, very great, that of soldiers rather small.”’ (Assmuth.) 25-3-1911.—‘‘ Spherical nest of very tough woody material. Nest not perfectly spherical, but somewhat elongate. Greater axis 24-28 cm., smaller 15-20 cm. Nest built just above surface of ground on withered bamboo-stump, as is apparently the rule with this species.’ (Assmuth.) 5-4-1911.—* Spherical nest. Fully developed queen in royal cell, but no king. ‘The latter, in fact, never found in any of the many nests examined. In a number of nests of this species the royal cell was found, but no queen in it, though nest was other- wise crammed full of termites.” (Assmuth.) 5-4-1911.—-** Spherical nest containing double (two-storied ) royal cell, the one situated above the other, both separated by simple flat partition forming ceiling of lower, and bottom of upper, cell, pierced with a fair number of small holes for passage of workers and soldiers. No fewer than 13 queens, but no king. Though queens here of different size, yet all of them smaller than those found singly in other nests. Dimensions of nest about the same as stated above.” (Assmuth.)—Assmuth is right m believing that the queens are neoteinic; the species con- sequently belongs—together with Armitermes neotencus, Holmg.— to those which construct special chambers for the neoteinic individuals. Note.—The build of Microcerotermes nests might perhaps be taken as a proof that they have followed a line of development different from that of the Hutermes-nests of South America which I have described. The study of portions of nests of M. papuanus and M. Biroi from New Guinea, which I made some time ago, convinced me that such was the case. This fact can not be surprising, since Microcerotermes, morphologically, belongs to quite another line of descent than Hutermes; and, as a matter of fact, JouRN. BompBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prate D, VII.—HAND COVERED WITH BRowN SPECKS FROM BITES OF SOLDIERS OF Odontotermes brunneus HaG. VIII.—SEcTION THROUGH PART OF NEST OF WMicrocerotermes Hevmi Was. I—Coating zone; II and III—Outer zone (not differentiated) ; IV—Nursery zone (central zone absent). TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA. TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA. 791 the portions of the nests just mentioned do not show an arrange- ment in layers analogous to what we observe in Hutermes-nests. This being the case, it would be highly remarkable if a Microcero- termes-nest was really discovered in which an arrangement in layers or zones similar to that of Hutermes-nests could be shown to exist; for the practice of building such a type of nest would doubtlessly be the result of parallel lines of development. Now Assmuth has sent me two portions of the second nest mentioned above (see collector’s report) ; one of the fragments—the _ more interesting of the two—a piece 7:5 cm. thick, is taken from the outer part of the nest, the other is the innermost portion of it with the royal cell. To my surprise I recognise in the first frag- ment a distinct stratification, viz. 1. A coating zone (zone I; cp. HOLMGREN, Studien ueber suedamerikanische Termiten, 1906), consisting of very minute pellets of earthy material, the exterior of which is not smoothed. The zone is irregularly rough and warty, forming the outside wall of the external layer of cells or chambers. 2. An outer zone (zone II and III). This layer contrasts with the interior of the nest by its very colour, its walls ' being lined with a sort of brownish-black coating of excrements, whereas the walls of the interior are lined yellowish-brown. More- over, the chambers of this zone are, on the whole, smaller than those of the interior. They also seem to extend in a more tangen- tial direction, at least in the lower portions of the zone in question. The latter is not built regularly, nor is the form of its cells well definable in all parts ; but the colour of its interior lining enables us to fix its limits without any difficulty. The thickness of the layer is about 3 cm. 3. A nursery zone (zone IV.) Its. walls are lined with a yellowish-brown coating. The chambers, though very irregular, show a more or less marked horizontal position. Round the royal cell their arrangement appears to be some- what concentric, but without any regularity. The queen is found in this layer in a big (3-4 cm. broad) rather flat-roofed chamber with perforated walls. A central zone (Zentralkern) would, therefore, seem to be absent. The general build of the nest appears from the accompanying photograph (No. 8). 792 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI, Hence I am of opinion that, in the case of the Mrcrocerotermes- nest under discussion, a stratification has been proved to exist which is substantially the same as in the nests of the Syntermes- Hutermes-section. It may well be supposed that such a conformity goes back to primeval conditions, and hence it is likewise conceiv- able that the case before us is the expression of instincts of nest- building which had been developed even in the Mesotermitide. But when we examine the construction of nests of the Mesoterm- tide as it appears to-day, we find concentric nests only in the Coptotermitince, a subfamily which can nowise be considered as the starting point of development either for the Syntermes—or the Microcerotermes-section. Our present knowledge of the Mesotermi- tide, then, proves that neither for Hutermes—nor Muicrocerotermes- nests a common form of concentric nests can be pointed out as the primitive type. Consequently we must for the time being assume that the conformity of stratification in the nests of the above- named sections is based on parallel development of the instincts of nest-building. HAMITERMES SECTION. Gen. HAMITERMES, Silv. Subgen. SYNHAMITERMES, n. subg. Hamitermes (Synhamitermes) quadriceps, Wasm. I have before me both soldiers and workers. Collector’s Report :— KwAnpALA, 31-5-1911.—‘“ Termites the flat broad tunnels of which were constructed in the pillars of a nest of O. obesus form é.” (Assmuth.) Note.—The new subgenus Synhamitermes will be defined later on in my ‘“ Termitenstudien.” I include in it, together with HH. quadriceps, H. brevicorniger from South America. MIROTERMES SECTION. Gen. CAPRITERMKS, Wasm. Capritermes incola, Wasm. Soldiers as well as workers are in my possession; they do not differ from Ceylonese specimens. TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA. 793 Collector’s Report :— Kuanpaa, 22-5-1911.—* Tunnels in pillars of nest of O. obesus form «.” (Assmuth.) 10-6-1911.—* Under stone.” (Assmuth.) SYNTERMES SECTION. Gen. EUTERMHS, Fr. Mueller. Eutermes biformis, Wasm. Tallies perfectly with specimens from Ceylon. Collector’s Report :— BorIvLI JUNGLE (SALSETTE ISLAND), 5-4-1911.—‘ In small galleries built on surface of bare ground.” (Assmuth.) Kaanpata, 4-5-1911.—‘ Under broad stone on top of mountain, approximately 2,700 feet above level of sea. Inner walls of tunnels as well as lower side of stone with deep-black grained surface, like shagreened leather.” (Assmuth.) 4-5-1911.—‘ Nest near preceding one, under stone. The whole mountain (Fernhills) apparently occupied by this species ; I found the termites under nearly every stone I turned.”” (Assmuth.) 29-5-1911.—* Under stone in deep ravine.” (Assmuth.) 29-5-1911.—** Under stone not far from preceding nest.” (Assmuth.) 2-6-1911.—* Nest under stone. This is the only case in which I observed a Hutermes-nest having some sort of overground structure—a clod of dry mud beside stone covering main nest was traversed by numerous black-coated galleries so characteristic of Hutermes Iiformis. ‘The clod was about 10 cm. high and had a surface diameter of 20-30 cm.” (Assmuth.) 2-6-1911.—*‘* Under stone close by preceding nest.”’ (Assmuth.) . Note.— Previously known from Ceylon as well as Bombay. ( To be continued. ) 794 A MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF THE GENUS CHRCERIS INHABITING BRITISH INDIA. WITH NOTES ON OTHER ASIATIC SPECIES. BY Row anp E. Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S. (Continued from page 516 of this Volume.) PART Oe (With Plates C & D.) Cerceris pruinosa Morice. Cercerts prunosa Morice Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 303, 1897.9. 2. Pallide flava, vertice mesonotoque nigro-maculatis ; flagello segmen- tisque abdominalibus apice anguste ferrugineis; clypeo dimidio apicali subconcavo, angulis producto; segmento ventrali secundo area _basali elevata lata ; segmento mediano area basali nitida. : Long. 10 mm. 2. Clypeus about half as broad again at the apex as long, the apical half subconcavely depressed, widely and shallowly emarginate on the apical margin and produced at the angles. Antenne inserted a little further from the anterior ocellus than from the base of the clypeus, second joint of the flagellum scarcely longer than the third. Posterior ocelli as far from the eyes as from each other. Pronotum depressed in the middle ; mesopleurze without tubercles. First abdominal segment broader than long ; the raised area at the base of the second ventral segment broad ; pygidial area ovate, much broader at the base than at the apex. Shallow- ly and sparsely punctured on the dorsal surface of the thorax, more closely and deeply elsewhere ; the enclosed area at the base of the median seg- ment smooth, but not highly polished, with a median groove. Fifth ventral segment widely emarginate at the apex. Wings hyaline; first recurrent nervure received before one-third from the base of the second cubital cell. Habitat. —Quetta (Nurse). July. . Originally described from Abhasiyeh in Egypt ; also taken by Mr. Eaton at Biskra, Algeria. Cerceris spectabilis Rad. Cerceris spectabilis tad. Horse Soc. Ent. Ross. XX, p. 36, 1886. Q. Flava ;abdomine incisuris ferrugineis; flagello testaceo; vertice, mesonoto, areaque basali segmenti mediani nigris; clypeo supra dimidium MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDIA, 795 apicalem subimpresso, apice truncato, mesopleuris tuberculo acuto, seg- mento ventrali secundo area basali haud valde elevata, segmento mediano area basali nitido ; alis hyalinis, apice leviter infumatis. d. Feminz similis; abdomine incisuris nigris, clypeo latitudine fere sesqui longiore, apice truncato. Long. @ 7mm., 5 6mm. ©. Clypeus flattened or feebly impressed from before the middle to the apex, the apical margin broadly truncate. Antenne inserted almost as far from the base of the clypeus as from the anterior ocellus, the second joint of the flagellum less than half as long again as the third. Posterior ocelli further from the eyes than from each other, the eyes slightly diver- gent towards the clypeus. Mesopleurze with an acute tubercle; first ab- dominal segment as long as broad ; second ventral segment with a feebly raised area at the base. Pygidial area nearly twice as long as the greatest breadth, rounded at the apex, the sides almost parallel. Head and thorax finely and sparsely punctured; the enclosed area at the base of the median segment shining, divided by a longitudinal groove ; the sides of the median segment, mesopleuree and abdomen coarsely and rather closely punctured. First recurrent nervure received before one-third from the base of the second cubital cell. dg. Clypeus nearly half as long again as broad, truncate at the apex; mesopleurz without a spine ; first abdominal segment longer than broad ; pygidial area nearly half as long again as broad. Hatitat.—Quetta (Nurse). July. Cerceris pulchella Klug. Cerceris pulchella Klug. Symb. Physic., 1845. ¢ ; Schlett. Zool, Jahrb, Mie. o91, 1887. ¢, 2. @. Flava, macula circa ocellos, mesonotoque nigris ; flagello, pygidio, segmentisque dorsalibus basi pallide ferrtgineis; alis hyalinis, apice infuseatis ; clypeo convexo, apicem versus triangulariter truncato, meso- pleuris tuberculatis, segmento ventrali secundo area basali elevata, area basali segmenti mediani nitida. Long. 10 mm. 6. Flavus, vertice, mesonoto, area basali segmenti mediani, segmentis- que abdominalibus basi nigris; flagello pallide ferrugineo; clypeo latitu- ‘line sesqui longiore, apice truncato. Q. Clypeus convex, with a small oblique triangular truncation at the apex, the middle lobe as long as broad and truncate at the apex. An- tennze inserted high up on the front, as far from the base of the clypeus as from the anterior ocellus, the second joint of the flagellum less than half as long again as the third. Cheeks not quite as broad as the greatest breadth of the eye. Mesopleurze with a distinct tubercle; first 796 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1, abdominal segment as long as broad; second ventral segment with a raised area at the base; pygidial area pyriform, much narrowed at the apex. Head and thorax finely punctured, thorax and median segment shining and very sparsely punctured ; the triangular area at the base of the median segment smooth and shining, with a shallow median groove ; abdomen more strongly punctured. First recurrent nervure received just beyond one-third from the base of the second cubital cell. 6. Middle lobe of the clypeus about half as long again as broad, trun- cate at the apex, slightly convex. Antenne inserted a little nearer to the anterior ocellus than to the base of the clypeus. First abdominal segment longer than broad by about one quarter ; pygidial area as broad at the base as long, narrowed to the apex, where it is not more than two-thirds of the breadth at the base, the apical margin truncate. More strongly punctured than the female, especially ‘on the thorax and median segment; the triangular area at the base of the median segment as in the female. The first recurrent nervure is received just before one-third from the base of the second cubital cell. Hahitat.—Quetta (Nurse). Originally described from Egypt. I feel confident that this isthe species described as pulehella by Schletterer, but do not consider that his identification is beyond doubt. A specimen in the Oxford University Museum, collected by Captain Boys, seems to be identical in structure and sculpture but differs remarkably in colour; the ground colour being black without any ferruginous markings, and the yellow bands on the abdomen are reduced in size and differ in shape. Cerceris dentata Cam. Cerceris dentata Cam. Mem. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc. (4) III, p. 260, 18905, -2. 2. Nigra; clypeo, fronte, seapo, macula pone oculos, pronoto, tegulis, mesopleuris macula, scutello utrinque, postscutello, segmento mediano linea lata utrinque, segmento abdominali primo macula parva utrinque, segmen- tis secundo tertioque fascia angusta apicali, quinto fascia lata tibus tarsisque flavis; segmento abdominali primo femoribusque ferrugineis ; alis hyalinis, apice vix infumatis ; clypeo concavo, apice late truncato; meso- pleuris dentibus binis approximatis armatis ; segmento mediano area basali nitida, sparsissime punctata ; segmento ventrali secundo area basali elevata. Long. 8 mm. ©. Clypeus broad, concave on the apical two-thirds, broadly truncate at the apex. Antennz inserted nearly half as far again from the anterior ocellus as from the base of the clypeus, the second joint of the flagellum more than half as long again as the third. Eyes diverging very slightly MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDIA. (97 towards the clypeus; posterior ocelli a little further from the eyes than from each other, and further from the posterior margin of the head than from the eyes. Mesopleurze with two stout teeth placed close together ; first abdominal segment as long as broad ; second ventral segment with a raised area at the base ; fifth ventral segment widely emarginate at the apex; pygidial area ovate, twice as long as the greatest breadth. Rather deeply punctured ; more closely and finely on the head; enclosed area at the base of the median segment smooth and shining, with very few large punctures and a well marked median groove. First recurrent nervure received just beyond one-quarter from the base of the second cubital cell. Hatitat.—Barrackpore (Rothney). According to Bingham also from Poona. Cerceris quettaensis Cam. Cerceris quettaensis Cam. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. XX., p. 85., 1907. ©. Nigra ; clypeo, fronte, scapo, macula post oculos, rapronoto utrinque, ’ mesopleuris maculis duabus, tegulis, postscutello, seemento mediano utrinque pedibus, seemento secundo dorsali fascia basali tertio quintoque fere totis, quarto fascia antice late emarginata, segmentisque ventralibus 2-5 flavis ; elypeo dimidio apicali impresso, apice truncato ; mesopleuris spinis duobus acutis ; segmento mediano area basali nitido; alis hyalinis, apice leviter infuscatis ; segmento ventrali secundo area basali elevata. Long. 135 mm. ¢. Feminz similis; clypeo latitudine paullo longiore, apice truncato, inesopleuris tuberculatis. Long. 12 mm. : 2. Clypeus a little broader than long, broadly truncate at the apex, the apical half very slightly concave. Antenne inserted fully half as far again - from the anterior ocellus as from the base of the clypeus; the second joint of the flagellum nearly half as long again as the third. Mesopleurae with two acute spines; first abdominal segment as long as broad ; second ventral segment with a raised area at the base; pygidial area broadest at the base, half as long again as the greatest breadth, rather narrowly rounded at the apex. Coarsely punctured, the space at the base of the median segment smooth and shining, with very short strie at the sides, divided by a deep longitudinal groove. First recurrent nervure received before one-third from the base of the second cubital cell. 3g. Clypeus a little longer than broad, truncateat the apex. Antenne inserted as far from the base of the clypeus as from the anterior ocellus, the apical joint not curved and no longer than the penultimate. Meso- pleurze with two tubercles, the posterior one acute, but not as long as in the female. First abdominal segment longer than broad. Hatitat.— Quetta (Nurse). May. 798 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY Vol, XX1. Cereeris combert sp. ni. ©. Flava; vertice, mesonoto, areaque triangulari segmenti median nigris; flagello, segmento clorsali primo, secundo apice quartoque basi rufis alis leviter infuscatis ; clypeo apice fere transverso, ante apicem transverse impresso, segmento ventrali secundo area basali elevata. Long. 12 mm. Clypeus concave, broadly truncate or subemarginate at the apex, with a transverse depressed line before the apex. Antennie inserted more than half as far again from the anterior ocellus as from the base of the ” 64. x ke BG: 0 " 65, Cerceris invita, Turn. @- uy m 66. Cerceris novarw, Sauss. Q. ” ” 67. Cerceris rhyncophora, Turn. 9. ” ” 68, Cerceris hilaris, Sm. @. ‘ 95 69, Cerceris baluchistanensis, Cam, Q. 9 - 70. Cerceris boysi, Turn. &. 5. ” 71. Cerceris shelfordi, Turn, &. 53 o> "72. . Cerceris inexorabilis, Turn, Q. Side of head. MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDIA. EXPLANATION OF PuLaTE D. 73. Cerceris fortinata, Cam. 2. Pygidial area. 74. Cerceris compta, Turn. 9. 3 Pa 75. Cerceris instabilis, Sm. &. a a 76, Cerceris elizabeth, Bingh, Q. ss ed 77. Cerceris mastogaster, Sm. Q. 78. Cerceris vischnu, Cam. @. ss a 79. Cerceris feroz, Sm. 9. ” 5 | 80, Cerceris violuceipennis, Cam, §. e, a 8f. Cerceris comberi, Turn. &. 3 i : 82, Cerceris fuslidiosu, Turn. &. - ie 83. Cerceris melaina, Turn. &. 3 84. Cerceris tristis, Cam Q. i ? | 85, Cerceris ferocior, Turn, 9. a 3 86, Cerceris cireumcincta, Turn. Q. a “ 87. Cerceris nursez, Turn. 9. BS i 88. a ? 7) a. ” 7 89. Cerceris invita, Turn, 9. .: a 90. Cerceris novare, Sauss. Q. a » 91. Cerceris rhyxcophora, Turn, Q. » » 92. Cerceris hilaris,Sm, @. 3s » 93 Cereeris baluchistanensis, Cam. Q. as 3 94. Cerceris boysi, Turn. &. ” 95. Cerceris shelfordi, Turn. Q. i . 95. Cerceris mastogaster, Sm. 9. Ventral surface of abdomen. Journ Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Panne 1D Catherine A. M. Pearce. InpIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS. MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDIA. 819 Cercertis maculata Rad. Cerceris maculata Rad. Fedtsch: Reise Turkestan, p. 57, Pl. viii, fig. 2, pect: 2. ©, Central lobe of the clypeus more than half as broad again as long, convex, truncate at the apex, with two small spines near the middle of the apical margin. Second joint of tke flagellum distinctly longer than the third. Front broad, the eyes diverging slightly towards the clypeus, the cheeks less than half as broad as the eyes. Pronotum very slightly depressed in the middle, rounded at the angles ; mesopleurz without spines. First abdominal segment broadest in the middle, a little broader than long ; second ventral segment without a raised area at the base; pygidial area elongate pyriform, very narrowly truncate at the apex. Coarsely punctured; the triangular area at the base of the median segment shining, coarsely longitudinally striated at the base, the median groove trans- versely striated, the sides very delicately punctured. First recurrent nervure received. before one-third from the base of the second cubital cell. Habitat.—Basuft, S. W. Persia (Escalera). 820 BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY’S MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. Report By R. C. WrovcutTon, F.Z.S. COLLECTION Pe oe UNO. ios OCALTRY ® 2. oe ... Berars. DatTE 558 J ... May-June, 1911. COLLECTED BY ms poe Mire AS Cm: EARLIER REPORT... oe Nol, H. Khandeshy Vol. XXI, p. 392 (1912). This collection was made in the northern part of the Berars, commonly known as the Melghat. The country is hilly, and, for the most part, well wooded, the forest being composed of teak mixed with bamboos, and with sundry other trees commonly found associated with it, many of which are evergreen. The subsoil is the Dekhan trap rock, and the crops raised are for the most part those used for local consumption, such as ‘nagli’ and ‘bajri.’” The climate too is very much the same as that of the Dekhan. Some of the specimens were taken at Ellichpur and represent the Fauna of the broad valley known as the Payanghat, forming the large bulk of the Berars. Here we find great alluvial biack soil plains producing cotton and jowari, whose only tree growth is patches of babhul. . The collection is a small one, comprising 69 specimens belonging to 22 species in 17 genera. For the most part the species are the same as those contained in. the Khandesh collection. Most of those that have been added to: the earlier list represent the Fauna of a more jungly country, e.¢.,. the Flying Squirrel, the Wild Dog, the Palm Squirrel, the Barking Deer, and the Four-horned Antelope. PRESBYTIS ENTELLUS, Dufr. The common Langur. (For synonymy, see Report No, 1.) ¢ 164. Chikalda, Berars. MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 821 © 187, 192. Sembadoh, Berars. ( Vide also Report No. 1.) These specimens appear quite like those from Khandesh. Note.—In the notice of Presbytis entellus in Report No. 1 by inadvertence the name leucopus has been used, it should have been hypoleucos. PTEROPUS GIGANTEUS, Bruenn. The common Flying-Fow. 1782. Vespertilio gigantea, Bruennich. Dyrénes Historie I., p. 45. 1825. Pteropus medius, Temminck. Mon. Mamm. L., p. 176. 1870. Pteropus kelaarti, Gray. Cat. Monk. &e., p. 104. 1891. Pteropus medius, Blanford. Mammalia No. 134. d 197, 199, 202, 208, 211. Pili Sipna Valley, Berars. Dr. Knud Andersen, who has studied this group, in the preparation of a Catalogue of the Chiroptera, has pointed out to me that the name giganteus is nearly 50 years older than medius, and must be used for the common Flying-Fox of the plains; he is further of the opinion that the name leucocephalus, Hodgs. (with its synonym assemensis, McClell.) must be reserved for the Himalayan Flying-Fox. I have therefore omitted them from the synonymy of giganteus. The names giganteus and medius were both based on specimens from Bengal. The Ceylon Flying-Fox apparently differs in no way from that of the peninsula, and felaarti is consequently retained in my synonymy above. Blanford quotes edwardsi, Is. Geoffroy, in his synonymy, but the use of this name by Is. Geoffroy was not original, for E. Geoffroy had already given the name, -in 1810, to an outwardly somewhat similar, but perfectly distinct, species from Mada- gascar. The name must be dropped from the synonymy of the Indian Flying-Fox, PIPISTRELLUS CEYLONIcUs, Kel. Kelaart’s Pipistrelle. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) 3 182. (inal.). @ 165 (in al.) .. . Chikalda, Berars. (Vide also Report No. 1.) PIPISTRELLUS DORMERI, Dobs. Dormer’s Pipistrelie. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) 3 158. Chikalda, Berars. (Vide also Report No. 1.) PIPISTRELLUS MIMUS, Wrought. The Southern dwarf Pipistrelle. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) © 166. (imal.) .. .. Chikalda, Berars. (Vide also Report No. 1.) 822 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, AX1, TAPHOZOUS MELANOPOGON, Temm. The black-bearded sheath-tailed Bat. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) 3d 168,169. @ 170,171. Chikalda, Berars. (Tide also Report No. 1.) Muneos muneo, Gmel. The common Indian Mungoose. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) 6 156. Q 157. Ellichpur, Berars. (Ide also Report No. 1.) CUON DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes. The Indian Wild-Dog. 1831. Canis dukhunensis, Sykes. P.Z.S., p. 100. 1833. Canis primevus, Hodgson. As. Res. XVIII, p. 221. 1863. Cuon grayiformis, Hodgson. Catalogue, 2nd Ed., p. 5. 1888. Cyon dukhunensis, Blanford. Mammalia No. 70. 3 185. Sembadoh, Berars. 3d 220, 221. Pili Sipna Valley, Berars. PETAURISTA ORAL, Tick, The Central Indian Flying Squirrel. 1842. Pteromys oral, Tickell, Cale. Journ. N. H. I, p. 401. 1891. Pteromys oral, Blanford. Mammalia No. 227 (partim.) © 194. Sembadoh, Berars. 3d 218; © 223. Pili Sipna Valley, Berars. I published recently in this Journal (Vol. XX, p. 1012) a paper on the Oriental Flying Squirrels. I there felt obliged to merge the name oral in the synonymy of philippensis. The present specimens show that it is necessary to revive the former name. The proportions of these specimens are almost exactly those recorded by Tickell in the original description of his Singhboom specimen, and are markedly smaller than that of any other known species south of the Ganges. Otherwise these specimens do not quite agree with the description of oral. It seems to me best, however, to list it provisionally as oral until we have a topotype with which to com- pare it. FUNAMBULUS PALMARUM, L. The Palm Squirrel. 1766. Seturus palmarum, Linneus. Syst. Nat., p. 86. 1814. Sciurus penicillatus, Leach. Zool. Misc. I, p. 6. 1832. Funambulus indicus, Lesson, Ill. Zool. pl. xliii. MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 825 1891. Sevwrus palmarum, Blanford. Mammalia No, 255 (partim). 3d 159,174. Chikalda, Berars. 6S 225,29 210, 224. Sipna Valley, Berars. Here, asin the Surat District, where I originally took pennantz, that species occurs with palmarum. FUNAMBULUS PENNANTI, Wroucht. The common five-striped Squirrel. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) Q 191. Sembadoh, Berars. Q 216. Sipna Valley, Berars. (Vide also Report No. 1.) TaTERA INDICA, Hardw. The Indian Gerbil. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) o 179. Chikalda, Berars. (Vide also Report No. 1.) VANDELEURIA OLERACEA, Benn. The Dekhan Tree-Mouse. 1832. Mus oleraceus, Bennett. P.Z.S., p. 121. 1859. Mus badius, Blyth. J. A. S. B., XXVIII, p. 295. 1867. Mus nilagiricus, Jerdon. Mamm. Ind., p. 208. 1891. Vandeleuria oleracea, Blanford. Mammalia No. 270. ¢ 1638. Chikalda, Berars. The species was based by Bennett on a specimen collected by Col. Sykes in the Dekhan. The names dumecola, dumeticola, and povensis, Hodg- son, represent the Nepal form (dumecola was not deseribed and povensis, a later name, was probably a young specimen) ; Vandelewria dumeticola must therefore stand for the northern form (dark but bright tawny) which un- doubtedly is distinct from oleracea. Of badius from Tenasserim and nilagi- ricus of the Nilgiris, no specimens are available for examination, and I therefore leave those names provisionally in the synonymy of oleracea. EPIMYS RUFESCENS, Gray. The common Indian Rat. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) 3 176, 178, 184, Chikalda, Berars. 5 208, 204, 209. Sipna Valley, Berars. 3 230; 9 231. Harisel, Berars. (Vide also Report No. 1.) A very even series, quite like the specimens from Khandesh. 824 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. EprimMys BLANFORDI, Thos. The white-tailed Rat. 1881. Mus blanfordi, Thomas: A. N.N. H. (5) VII, p. 24. 1591. Mus blanfordi, Blanford: Mammalia No. 278. 3 195; 9 189. Sembadoh, Berars. 3 217; 9 198, 212, 213, 227. Sipna Valley, Berars. The species was based on a somewhat immature &, in spirit, from Cud- lapah, Madras Presidency. A little later Mr. Thomas received a second ‘spirit specimen, a full grown <6, also collected by Col. Beddome, and published revised measurements (P. Z.S. 1881, p. 541). Since then our Society has received specimens collected by Mr. Woosnam at Matheran, and Mr. Kinnear at Karwar, and Sai, Kolaba District, and the British Museum has a series collected by Col. Ward at Mandla. C. P. These last appear to be rather larger than any of the rest, otherwise all appear to agree together fairly well. LEGGADA PLATYTHRIX, Benn. The Dekhan Spiny-Mouse. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) © 172,177,180. Chikalda, Berars. ¢ 200 215; 2 205, 214. Pili Sipna Valley, Berars. (Vide also Report No. 1.) The British Museum has a spirit specimen collected by Col. Sykes, and two skin specimens collected by the Rev. Mr. Fairbank at Ahmednagar. ‘The present series, though not altogether agreeing with these typical specimens, 18 so near them that, for the present, at any rate, it must rank as platythrix. LrGeaDa BooDUGA, Gray. The Southern Field-Mouse. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) 3 206, 207; 2 201. Pili Sipna Valley, Berars. dg 228. Kolkaz Sipna Valley, Berars. ( Vide also Report No. 1.) Iam not satisfied that these are true dooduya, but the material of the latter species is so incomplete that I provisionally list them under that name. GOLUNDA ELLIOTI, Gray. The Indian Bush-Rat. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) ¢ 183. Chikalda, Berars. (Vide also Report No. 1.) 1785. 1816. 1827. 1829, 1839. 1844, 1844, 1872. 1891. 1904. MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 825 Lepus simcoxi, Wrought. The Khandesh Hare. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) ¢ 160,173; Q 167. Chikalda, Berars. (Vide also Report No. 1.) MUNTIACUS VAGINALIS, Bodd. The Barking Deer. Cervus vaginalis, Boddaert. Elench. Anim. I, p. 136. Cervus subcornutus, de Blainville. Bull. Soc. Phil., p. 77. Cervus aureus, Hamilton Smith. Griffith’s An. Kingd. IV., p. 148 Cervus ratwa, Hodgson. As. Res. XVIIL., pt. 2, p. 189. Cervus melas, Ogilby. Royle’s Bot. Himal., p, LXIII. “Cervus stylocerus, Wagner. Schreb: Saiig. Supp. IV., p. 392. Cervus albipes, Wagner, l. c., p. 394. Cervulus tamulicus, Gray. Cat. Rum. Mamm., p. 94. Cervulus muntjac, Blanford. Mammalia No. 362. Cerrvulus grandicornis, Lyddeker. Field. C1V., p. 780. @ 188. Chikalda, Berars. 2 193, 196. Sembadoh, Berars. ¢ 222. Pili Sipna Valley, Berars. Zimmermann’s muntjak (1780), Blainville’s moschatus (1816), Gray’s eurvostylis (1872) and Kohlbrugge’s pletharicus (1896) were based on Javan, Sumatran, Siamese, and Bornean forms respectively, and must be excluded from the synonymy of the Indian species. The oldest name given to the continental species is vaginalis. The names subcornutus and aureus were based on animals of unknown habitat, but ratwa, melas, albipes, tamulicus, and grandicornis are names available should any of the forms from the following localities prove to be separable from the Bengal ‘ Kakar’, vzz.:—Nepal, W. Himalaya, Poona Ghats, Southern India (S. M. Country) and Tenasserim. TETRACEROS QUADRICORNIS, Blainv. The four-horned Antelope. 1816. Antelope (Cervicapara) quadricornis, Blainville, Bull. Soc, Phil., p. 78. 1825. Antelope chickara, Hardwicke. Trans. L. 8. XIV., p. 520. 1839. Antelope subquadricornutus, Elliot. Madr. Journ, L. & SS. X,, p. 225. 1847. Tetraceros todes, Hodgson, Cale. Journ, N. H. VIIL., p. 90. 1847. Tetraceros paccerois, Hodgson. 1. c, 1891. Tetraceros quadricornis, Blanford. Mammalia No, 256. 14 3 186. 92 190. Sembadoh, Berars. 826 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XRG COLLECTION ae CPST ss: Hocatany e. aes ee *Cutch: Date ce Ae ... July-August. COLLECTED BY she seg) Mie Ce AceOrumip: EARLIER REPORTS... ... No. 1, E. Khandesh, Vol. XXE p. 392 (1902 No. 2, Berars, . Vol. XXI, p. 820 (1912). This Collection was made in the Cutch State, which lies on the Tropic of Cancer, between 68° and 71° East longitude, on the West Coast, from which it is separated by the two Runns (Great and Little). The subsoil of Cutch is composed of stratified rocks of various ages and is covered with recent or subrecent deposits, both wind and water borne, of which the principal are sand and alluvium. Rainfall is very light, intervals of years without rain being known, the fall at Bhuj is said to average about 12 inches. The area collected over is for the most part an alluvial plain, bounded northward and westward by ranges of hills rising in some cases to an altitude of 2,000 feet. Except for some scanty bush growth on these hills, a few large trees in Bhuj and Anjar, and patches of babhul jungle scattered about, for the most part near T'anks (notably an area near the large Tank at Charwa), the whole country is treeless. In addition to information from the Gazetteer, which I have used in the above description, Mr. Crump furnishes the following detailed descriptions :— ‘‘ Bhuj lies in a saucer and its surroundings appear to me to be as varied as can be found in Cutch State. To the W. and N., beyond 10 miles of undulating country, are ranges of mountains. There is an old Fort which harbours many Bats, situated on an isolated hill immediately overlooking the City. Just outside the City walls is a’ garden, kept up by the State, which is crowded with flourishing trees and shrubs, together with a profusion of flowers.” “ Rhoda Motha lies about 10 miles to the North of Bhuj, imme- diately beyond it limestone and trap hills rise suddenly from a . plain of fine sand. Babhul and Pricklypear grow in small patches.” oa) © 4 MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. «“ Nokania, about 3 miles from Rhoda Motha, has very varied surroundings. A large Tank, with a good patch of Babhul and Pricklypear jungle, affords good cover, the rest of the surrounding country is sandy plain, dotted with bushes, and in one direction a wide area of cultivated land.” « Dhonsa is mainly surrounded by cultivation, it has a low range of limestone hills on one side, where some rodents were obtained, but from the rest the results were small.” “ Charwa, on the Bhuj side, has rolling hills covered with dense babhul jungle. A fine Tank, 4 or 5 miles round, has been formed by the erection of a bund. Here the trees are larger and the undergrowth thick, affording excellent cover for Leopards (which have been introduced), Pigs, Jackals, etc. Below the Tank is a well stocked garden, and beyond that for some miles jungle growth, confined to a good wide Nullah. The vest of the country isa sandy plain with low rocky hills rising from it. Towards the Bunnee is a large amphitheatre of hills in the midst of which is some good cultivation, surrounded by fair grazing grounds for sheep and cattle. It is here and along the North Coast that Wolves are common.” “« Pirwadi is near and very like Dhonsa. The wells have dried up and it is now deserted.” “ Anjar is a large town, containing some fine trees. It is sur- rounded by a flat stretch of cultivated land, which even extended to Kharirobar on the Coast.”’ ‘“‘ Shikarpur is on the South Coast, eastward from Kharirobar, it is in the midst of cultivation which extends to Markhed and Nanda.”’ “‘Poungbe is separated from Nanda by a salt plain, which is covered with water during the monsoon. It is a low plateau with a large central depression, which after the monsoon is covered with long grass giving excellent grazing to cattle, Wild Asses, Pigs and Blackbuck. Apart from grass there is absolutely no cover.”’ “Padampur has good cultivation around it, anda fairly thick crub jungle on undulating and broken ground. Close by is a group of low hills rising out of fine sand.”’ 828 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI, ‘ Chitrod is surrounded by an undulating plain, quite bare of — trees and mostly under cultivation. On the road to Jhangi the 4 country is still flatter, and almost entirely under cultivation.” C.A. OM This is a large and most interesting collection. There are 35d specimens divided among 38 species in 28 genera. As was to be expected, from the geographical position of Cutch, the collection is representative of a somewhat different fauna from those of | Khandesh and the Berars. Out of the 38 species 10 are distinctly Northern forms, viz., the — two Hedgehogs, the Desert Cat, the Desert Gerbil, the two ashy Spiny Mice, the Northern Field Mouse, the Cutch Rock Rat, the Sind Hare and the Rajputana Porcupine. The Mongoose is a transition form, some of the specimens show distinct signs of the red colouring which characterises sanguinea, Blanford, from Sind, while others are quite typical mungo. The majority of the species however apparently represent forms equally at home both in the north and the south. Exactly to what extent this is so it remains for further collections to decide. The majority of these ‘“‘Southern” forms have already been obtained by the ‘“‘ Mammal Survey” in Khandesh and the Berars, but a few are new to the list, e.g., the bicoloured leaf-nosed Bat and the mouse-tailed Bats, the Caracal, the Civet, the Wolf, the Ratel, and the Pangolin. Topotypes of the Cutch sheath-tailed Bat have now been obtained ; until Mr. Crump collected this Bat at Ajanta, Hyderabad State, it had not I believe been taken since Stoliczka’s visit to Cutch about 1870. Five forms are new to science:—The fine mouse-tailed Bat, whose nearest relative is found in Sumatra, which I have named after Mr. Kinnear, our hardworking Curator. The interesting long- tailed Rat for which I have had to provide a new Genus, as well as a new Species. I have named it Cremnomys cutchicus. The Generic name is best translated ‘“ Rock Rat’ while the Specific name is given in honour of H. H. the Rao of Cutch, to whose good- will we owe this collection and under whose immediate patron- age it was made. The two mice, viz., the smaller ashy Spiny MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 829 Mouse and the northern Field Mouse, and finally the Rajputana Porcupine. Mr. Crump has collected and recorded a number of observations in connection with the specimens, from which I have prepared short notes and incorporated them in the report over Mr. Crump’s initials. H. H. the Rao has furnished a list of Cutchee names which have: also been recorded. PTEROPUS GIGANTEUS, Bruenn. The common Flying-Fow. (For synonymy, see Report No. 2.) o 349. Charwa, Cutch. d 407, 409; 2 406, 408. Bhuj, Cutch. (Vide also Report No. 2.) Vernacular name—Wapwacuan. (H. H. the Kao.) [“ Extremely local. There is a colony at Bhuj which roosts in the City,. repairing for food to H. H. the Rao’s Garden, some even wandering to Charwa, 10 miles away. It is said they are also to be found at Anjar.. where there are some large trees.”—C. A. C.]| HIPPosIDEROS FULVUS, Gray. The bicoloured leaf-nosed Bat. 1838. Hipposideros fulvus, Gray. Mag. Zool. Bot. II., p. 492. 1838. Hipposideros murinus, Gray. 1. c. 1839. Rhinolophus murinus, Elliot. Madr. Journ. L. & S. X., p. 99. 1839. Rhinolophus fulgens, Elliot. 1. ¢. 1848. Hipposideros ater, Templeton. J.A.S. B. XVIL., p. 252. 1852. Hipposideros atratus, Kelaart. Prod. Faun. Zeyl., p. 16. 1853. Hipposideros cineraceus, Blyth. J. A. S. B. XXII., p. 410. 1891. HMipposiderus bicolor, Blanford. Mammalia No. 166. g 435, 2 421, 439, 446, 447. Bhuj, Cutch. Temminck’s bicolor was named from Java, it is a distinct species with smaller ears. I took some specimens near Darjeeling in 1891. The name- must be removed from the synonymy of the present bat. Gray named two: species, fudvus and mwrinus, on specimens sent to him by Elliot, from the Southern Mahratha Country; they were colour phases of one species, a thing not uncommon amongst the Rhinolophide. A year later Elliot described,. presumably the same two forms, under the names murinus and fulgens. The names ate, Templeton, and its modification atratus, Kelaart, represent the Ceylon form of the present species and must remain in its synonymy until we have material to show that it is separable. Blyth described cineraceus from Pind Dadan Khan in the Punjaub, he states that it is larger than. 830 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. ‘murinus, Elliot’ but quotes for it a markedly shorter forearm, without topotypes for comparison I must leave the name in the synonymy of fulvus Vernacular name—CuHamps. (H.H. the Rao.) '“ These specimens formed the whole colony of one cave. They hung from the roof by their hind legs and did not cling or crawl on the wall.” — ©.A.C.] ScoroPHILUS KUHLI, Leach. The common yellow Bat. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) 2 309, 312, $27 (im al.)....Bhuj, Cutch. (Vide also Report No, 1.) These specimens are undoubtedly Audi though a trifle smaller and some- what differently coloured from those received from Khandesh. Vernacular name—Cuampa, (H. H. the Rao.) PIPISTRELLUS CEYLONICUS, Kel. Kelaarts Pipistrelle. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) 6 452. Bhuj, Cutch. © 383 (in al.) Charwa, Cutch. (Vide also Report No. 1.) It is a pity only one specimen was obtained ; had there been a series | should have had no hesitation in separating this as a distinct local race, so different is this one from more southern specimens. Vernacular name—Cuampa. (H. H., the Rao.) PIPISTRELLUS DORMERI, Dobs. Dormer’s Bat. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) 3 316 (in al.) 530 (imm.), 561 (imm.),Q 320, 529, 343 (in al.) 555. Bhuj, Cutch., (Vide also Report Nos. 1 and 2.) Vernacular name—Cuampa. (H. H. the Rao.) TaPHOZOUS MELANOPOGON, Temm. The black-bearded sheath-tailed Bat. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) 3 300 (in al.), 425 (in al.), 454 (albine), 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 1, 526, 527, 535, 545, 558, 559, 569, 570, 571, 572, 575, 6, 577, 578, 480, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 589, 591, 2, 594, 595, 596. Q 422, 425, 424, 426 (in al.), 428, 429, 480, 431 (in al.), 432, 433, 440, 472, 473, 560, 573, 574, 587, 590, 593, Bhuj. Cutch. (Tide also Reports Nos. 1 and 2.) MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 851 This is a very even series and differs somewhat in colour from the Khandesh specimens, which latter quite resemble some specimens, in the National Collection, from Bombay, (Kennery Caves.) Vernacular name—Cuampa. (H. H. the Rao.) [ “These were taken froma small Tomb. They cling to the wall and erawl about with great ease, their flight is rapid.””—C, A. C.] TAPHOZOUS KACHHENSIS, Dobs. The Cutch sheath-tailed Bat. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) 6 541, 546, 551; 2 532, 533, 534, 540, 547, 548, 549, 550, 552, 553 (in al.), 554 (in al.), 588. Bhuj, Cutch. (Vide also Report No. 1.) These specimens are topotypes of Dobson’s kachhensis, they do not appear to differ in any way from those obtained at Ajanta. | ‘“* These bats were found in a tomb, both sexes together, no other species with them ; all were full grown but some were undoubtedly of this season. They cling rather than hang and can crawl backwards up a wall with fair speed, using thumbs as well as feet. They are very noisy, espec- jally in the evening just before emerging into the open.”’ “T several times observed this species searching round bushes for food, it hovers over the bush and actually settles for a fraction of a second, while picking an insect from among the foliage, immediately afterwards, as it flies over-head a distinct clicking sound can be heard as if a beetle or some other hard substance were being chewed,”’—C, A. C.} RHINOPOMA HARDWICKII, Gray. The lesser Indian mouse-tailed Bat. 1831. Lhinopoma hardwickit, Gray. Zool. Misce., p. 37. 1891. Rhinopoma microphyllum, Blanford. Mammalia No. 223 (partim). 3 323, 525, 564; Q 455, 456, 465, 528, 529, 557. RHINOPOMA KINNEARI, Wrought. The yieater Indian mouse-tailed Bat. 1891. Rhinopoma microphyllum, Blanford. Mammelia No, 223. (partim.) 1912. Rhinopoma hkinneart, Wroughton. Journ. B.N.H.S., Vol. XXI p. 767. 6 457, 458, 459, 460 (in al.), 463 (im al.), 464 (in al.), 475 (in al.), 476 (in al.), 478, 479, 579. Bhuj, Cutch. | “ These long-tailed bats are common near Bhuj, they are high but not rapid fliers,”—-C. A. C.] Nyctinomus tracgatus, Dobs. Dobson's wrinkled-lipped Bat. 1874, Nyctinomus tragatus, Dobson. J. A, 8. B. XUIII., 2., p. 1438, ' m,' a) 832 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI. 1891. Nyctenomus tragatus, Blanford. Mammalia No. 224. 3 536, 538; 2 458, 587, 539, 542, 543, 544. Bhuj, Cutch. The type, a spirit specimen in the Indian Museum, is said to have been taken at Calcutta. The National Collection has only 3 specimens, — from known localities so far apart as the Punjaub and the Malabar — Coast. Vernacular name—Cuampa. (H. H. the Rao.) (“These bats were found singly, or two or three together, in cracks in walls or in narrow spaces, formed by slabs of stone leaning against walls. They do not hang suspended from a roof but cling, in inverted position often quite wedged in the crevice ; they make a low clicking noise when ~ disturbed and have a quick flight.”—C. A. C.] | 7 ERINACEUS COLLARIS, Gray and Hardw. ; Hardwicke’s Hedgehog. 1830. Lrinaceus collaris, Gray and Hardwicke. Ill. Ind. Zool. I, pl. 8. 1832. Erinaceus spatangus, Bennett. P.Z.S8., p. 128. 1832. Lrinaceus grayi, Bennett. P., Z.S., p. 124. 1839. Erinaceus indicus, Royle. Ill. Ind. Zool. (nomen nudum). 1888. LErinaceus collaris, Blanford. Mammalia No. 104. 3g 240, 303, 305, 306, 346, 484; 2 304, 545, 347, 485, 486, 487,. 565. Bhuj, Cutch. So 266. Nokania, Cutch. I dealt recently with the synonymy of this species, in this Journal (Vol. XX., p. 80), and there is nothing more to be done until a series of topotypes. from the Doab is available for comparison. Vernacular name—SeEvro, Sewra. (H. H. the Rao.) (“ Hedgehogs seem to be very local in their distribution. They are quite common near Bhuj, rarer in the north of the State, less so in the east, and very common again in the extreme east. The Hedgehog is entirely nocturnal. It hunts singly, keeping up a steady trot in its search for food and no doubt covering a considerable distance during a night. When handled, they sometimes inflate and deflate themselves, making a noise like the rush of air from a pair of bellows. When face downwards. and not tightly curled up they can jerk up the back : this method of defence is practised most frequently by the young. Some Hedgehogs I had in captivity fought occasionally, attacking each other’s faces, and making a noise like angry kittens; two large males on one occasion fought. until one was severely bitten under the ear and killed. The local tradition says that the Jackal feeds on the Hedgehog; he: turns the rolled up Hedgehog on his back and drops urine on him to make him open out. The Hedgehog is incapable of jumping even the shortest. distance either up or down.”—C. A. C.] MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. (@'9) (S%) Os pe wt Gg Nad is if “Ail : Wift i i“ is a He oo lp Ny 4 Wa “hy tif f Pol \ ip i ; ‘ \ I Wy M%, Why \. ‘ ‘\ “fe Se lf hi i, i lit Vii ‘ih th Wl ins ily 7 iy) Wit OT eA Hardwicke’s Hedgehog, Erinaceus collaris. 3 nat. size. ERINACEUS MicROPUS, Blyth. The Northern pale Hedgehog. 1846. Erinaceus micropus, Blyth. J. A. 8. B. XV, p. 170. 1872. Erinaceus pictus, Stoliczka. J. A.S. B. XLI (2), p. 225. 1888. Lrinaceus pictus, Blanford. Mammalia No. 107. 1910. Erinaceus micropus, Wroughton. Journ. B.N.H.S., Vol. XX, p. 80. @ 285. Nokania, Cutch. 5 299. @Q 298. Dhonsa, Cutch. g 302. 344, 348, 481, 482, 567; 9 300, 301, 480, 566, 588. Bhuj, Cutch. g 500. Makhal, Cutch. 3 502. Nanda, Cutch. As I recently pointed out in a paper (I. c.) in this Journal, the name micropus, used for the southern Hedgehog, by Blanford, was based by Blyth on a specimen from Bhawalpur, and applied to the present species ; the name pictus, given by Stoliczka to the Cutch species being sunk as a synonym, that form not being separable from the Bhawalpur Hedgehog. Vernacular name—Sevro, Szewra. (H. H. the Rao.) 15 834 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. BAS ay \ \ N \ KAN \ \ NY The Northern pale Hedgehog, Eyinaceus micropus. + nat. size. The above drawing of the Northern pale Hedgehog is hardly light enough in comparison with that of Hardwicke’s Hedgehog on the prece- ding page. These two hedgehogs can readily be distinguished by the difference in colour, Hardwicke’s being dark and the Northern pale, as its name implies, light. Besides colour the two species are at once separated by the absence in Hardwicke’s of a naked furrow in the middle of the head, which, as can be seen in the drawing, is very distinct in the Northern pale Hedgehog. PACHYURA, sp. Shrews. 3S 381. 404, 413, 414, 415; P 332, 405, 444. Bhuj, Cutch. 3g 477. Bhuj, Cutch. Q 284. Nokania, Cutch. (Vide also Report No. 1.) Vernacular name—ANDHI-cHHUNCHH. (H. H. the Rao.) (“Musk shrews are fairly common. Two kept in captivity showed great (lexterity in catching flies on the wing, raising themselves on their hind legs, and with quick movements of the head, snapping at the flies,”— C.A.C.] MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 835 FELIS AFFINIS, Gray and Hardw. The Jungle Cat. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) 3 264. 2 264. Nokania, Cutch. 2 326. Bhuj, Cutch. 3S 365. 376, 387; 2 367. Charwa, Cutch. © 523. Chitrod, Cutch. (Vide also Report No. 1.) Vernacular name—JHANG-MENO, (H. H. the Rao.) (“Common wherever there is sutticient cover. Itis chiefly nocturnal.” — eA. ©. FELIS ORNATA, Gray and Hardw. The Indian Desert Cat. 1832. Felis ornata, Gray and Hardwicke. Ill. Ind. Zool. I, pl. 2. 1837. Felis servalina, Jardine. Nat. Libr., II, p. 232. 3g 241. Bhuj, Cutch. Vernacular name—JHANG-MENO. (H. H. the Rao.) (“One specimen only was obtained, shot over the carcase of a fresh killed sheep. I believe it to be commoner than is supposed, judging from the number of cat-tracks found in quite open ground round burrows of the Gerbil, where affinis is unlikely to have gone.”’—C. A. C.] FELIS CARACAL, Guld. The Caracal, 1776. Felis caracal, Guldenstadt. Nov. Com. Pet. XX, p. 500. 1888. Felis caracal, Blanford. Mammalia No, 42. : 3 289. Dhonsa, Cutch. 2 403. Bhuj, Cutch. Vernacular name—Hayanatro. (H. H. the Rao.) (“Reported to be fairly common in the N. and N. W. Hills.”— ©.A.C.] VIVERRICULA MALACCENSIS, Gmel. The small Indian Civet. 1788. Viverra malaccensis, Gmelin. Syst. Nat. I, p. 92. 1817. Veverra indica, Geoffroy. Desm. Nouv. Dict. VII, p. 170. 1832. Vaverra bengalensis, Gray and Hardwicke. Ill. Ind. Zool. I, pl. 4. 1832. Vorverra pallida, Gray. P.Z.S., p. 68. 1888. Veverricuda malaccensis, Blanford. Mammalia No. 48. 6 297. Dhonsa, Cutch. 2 485, Bhuj, Cutch. 886 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXT. Horsfield’s name 7asse must be left out of the synonymy of this speeies, it belongs to the Javan species which is distinct. These specimens might have been expected to fall into the sub-species deserti, Bonhote, from Rajputana, but neither in colouration nor skull) characters do they resemble Bonhote’s type. One of the specimens is an extraordinarily aged individual, the molars being worn entirely away, their roots only showing beyond the jaw. Vernacular name—Japapio. (H. H. the Rao.) ‘This Civet is nocturnal and very shy.”’—C. A. C.] Muneos munco, Gmel. The common Indian Mongoose. (For synonymy see Report No, 1,) 252, 339. Bhuj, Cutch. 253, 270, 277; 2 267, 269. Nokania, Cutch. 293. Dhonsa, Cutch, 8738; 2 354, 355,392. Charwa, Cutch. 400. Perwadi, Cutch. (Vide also Reports Nos. 1 & 2.) Vernacular name—Noriyvo. (H. H. the Rao.) (“The Mongoose is very common in Cutch, particularly m the north, rarer towards the east coast. It lives under rocks and in holes, apparently dug by itself, it is diurnal, very bold, though wary, and excessively inquisitive ; it rarely goes any distance from cover. It climbs well. When trapped it screams loudly, but normally anger is shown by arching the back and a growl like a cat.” “T was told by an eye witness that a mongoose attacked w snake which was coiled round a branch near the ground, the snake kept the mongoose off for some time, until the latter retired out of sight. The snake then descended tothe ground and the mongoose, with a lightning-like rush from a neighbouring bush seized it by the head.’’—C. A. C.] H. H. the Rao in a note to Mr. Crump expresses the opinion— (1) that the mongoose we get here has “a white tip to its tail, and is not the same as the one commonly met with elsewhere in India which has a distinct black tip to its tail.” I think H. H. must have been thinking of Mungos smithi, a quite distinct and somewhat larger animal, which is the only mongoose in India with a distinct black tip to its tail. The present specimens seem to average a shade smaller than those from Khandesh and Berar, and have a very slightly more reddish colouration in the bars across the tail than is found in the latter. 2) “The Cutch mongoose is probably the same one as in Sindh.” The North Sind mongoose (i.e., ferrugineus, Blanford) is strikingly different in its general bright rufous colouration and red tail-tip. tO FW A OW OO, i | MAMMAL SURVEY UF INDIA. 837 Some Rajputana specimens in the National Collection seem to be inter- mediate between ferrugineus and true mungo as represented by the present series and the specimens from Khandesh and the Berars. Hy#na HY=NA, L. The striped Hyena. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) 3 259, 282. Nokania, Cutch. 3 330; 2 328. Bhuj, Cutch. (Vide also Report No. 1.) CANIS PALLIPES, Sykes. The Indian Wolf. 1831. Canis pallipes, Sykes. P. Z.S., p. 101. 1888. Canis pallipes, Blanford. Mammalia No. 68. 3 390; 2 391. Charwa, Cutch. Vernacular name—Buacap. (H. H. the Rao.) (“The Wolf is common along the North Coast of Cutch especially so in the Bunnee, where he preys on the sheep sent there to graze. I sawa pack of seven at Rhoda Motha, and another of eight near Charwa from which the two specimens were obtained. In the north of the State many sheep are killed by wolves. In the Bunnee, Wolves are said to attack Shepherds occasionally but are easily driven off with sticks. So far as I could learn, Wolves are very rare in the South of Cutch and are unknown in the Hast.”—C. A. C.] CaNIs InDIcUS, Hodgs. The common Indian Jackal. 1833. Canis aureus indicus, Hodgson. As. Res. XVIII, p. 237. 1888. Canis aureus, Blanford. Mammalia No. 69. © 245, 248. Rhoda Motha, Cutch. © 278, 286. Nokania, Cutch. 3 314. Bhuj, Cutch. 3 375; @ 386, Charwa, Cutch. © 503. Nanda, Cutch. ( Vide also Report No. 1.) Linneeus in describing aureus writes “nitide flavus ... . Descriptio vera animalis etiamnum defecit.”” He had never seen the animal either dead or alive, but based his recognition of it on an account by Kempfer of an animal seen by him in the Province of Lar, on the Persian Gulf. While giving a long account of its habits, &c., Keempfer gave no detailed description of the animal itself, he furnished however a figure of which I give an exact reproduction here. 838 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XNXI, Kempfer’s figure of the Persian Gulf Jackal (1712) ‘on which Linnzeus based his Canis aureus 756), After trying for several years, our Society has at last succeeded in obtaining two specimens from Bunder Abbas, which it has presented to the National Collection, and which may, I think, be confidently accepted as topotypes. Basing on these it appears that the true aureus of S. Persia differs considerably from the Indian Jackal. The bases of the hairs, in the former are white, while in the latter, they are yellow or some shade of brown. The face and ears (externally) of all Indian Jackals which I have seen are bright tawny, while in the Persian Gulf awreus the face is grizzled buff and black and the ears are pinkish-buff. In their skulls the two forms differ but little. In the Indian form, how- ever, the teeth between the carnassial and the canine (upper) have spaces between them, while in true aureus they touch one another and even to a slight extent overlap. The result of this in the living animal must be that the Indian Jackal has a longer muzzle, which is just what would have been expected by anyone familiar with dog-breeding in India. I give here for easy reference a comparative table of some skull measurements :— Pee ae a indicus, | indicus, indicus, Gulf. Nepal. | Khandesh.| Cutch. @endaloeeea length a 145 148 154 149 Baia length ae o 135 140 142 138 Greatest breadth .. ... 81 88 85 - «ile seem Nasals length nf oe 49 54 52 55 Palatilar length .. ‘eal 7 74 75 72 M? to front of canine... wid igs 56 69 66 | MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 839 I propose to drop the name aureus altogether for the Indian Jackal and to adopt provisionally Hodgson’s name zndicus. I advisedly use the word provisionally, for until much more material is available we are not ina position to assume that the Jackal remains absolutely unchanged through- out all India, indeed so far as | am now able to judge such is not the case. Vernacular name—Siyap. (H. H. the Rao.) {‘‘ Jackals are extremely common all over Cutch. They are very suscep- tible to rabies”.—C. A. C.] . VULPES BENGALENSIS, Shaw. The common Indian Fox. (For synonymy, see Report No. Jk3)) g 239; 9 238. Bhuj, Cutch. (Vide also Report No. 1.) Vernacular name—Lonxpo (H. H. the Rao.’ VULPES LEUCOPUS, Blyth. The Indian desert Fox. 1854. Vulpes leucopus, Blyth. J. A.S.B., XXIII, p. 729. @ 268. Nokania, Cutch. My identification of this specimen 1s not satisfactory, but, without more material, I have no option but to label it V. /eucopus. I cannot agree with Blanford that giifithi and pusilla are identical with leucopus. If the latter name ultimately proves to be synonymous with leucopus, it will take its place as the name of the species, with /ewcopus as a synonym, for pusilla is the older. Vernacular name—Lonxopo. (H. H. the Rao.) MELLIVoRA INDICA, Kerr. The Indian Ratel. 1792. Ursus indicus, Kerr. Anim. Kingd., p. 188. 1834. Ursitavus inauritus, Hodgson. As. Res. XIX, p, 61 1888. Mellivora indica, Blanford. Mammalia No. 89. 6 287. Dhonsa, Cutch. 3g 333. Bhuj, Cutch. Vernacular name—Guurnar. (H. H. the Rao.) FUNAMBULUS PENNANTI, Wrought. The common five-striped Squirrel. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) 3 262, 263; 2 258. Nokania, Cutch. . g 340, 341; 2 313, 402. Bhuj, Cutch. 9 362. Charwa, Cutch. (Vide also Reports Nos. 1 and 2.) 840 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX, Vernacular name—Kuitopi. (H. H. the Rao.) [‘‘ Plentiful in Bhuj and Charwa, not very common in other parts, rare in the East.”—C. A. C.] MERIONES HURRIAN#, Jerd. The Indian desert Gerbil. 1867. Gerbillus hurriane, Jerdon. Mamm. Ind., p. 186. 1891. Gerbillus hurriane, Blanford. Mammalia No. 265. 3 243; 2 247, 254,255. Rhoda Motha, Cutch. 265, 275. Nokonia, Cutch. 310, 318, 319; 9 508, 531, 556. Bhuj, Cutch. 353. Charwa, Cutch. 398. Pirwadi, Cutch. 520, 521; 92 519, 522. Chitrod, Cutch. The names indicus and erythrourus, quoted by Blanford in the synonymy of this species, represent distinct species so that I have omitted them entirely. The present series seems to be quite typical. Vernacular name—Kuerrav-unpar. (H. H., the Rao.) [ “The common Gerbil of Cutch, found wherever the soil is light or sandy ; it is by no means entirely nocturnal, individuals may be seen bur- rowing or feeding at any time of the day, but especially in the morning. It often sits upright with the forefeet suspended but, with an upward jerk of its tail, it plunges into its burrow at the least alarm. It can move about fairly rapidly ; usually keeping the body close to the ground, it moves by a series of little leaps if seriously alarmed or pursued. It seems Q 10 G% AD to trust a good deal to its close coloured resemblance to its surroundings to escape detection, and, when feeding, may be approached near enough to bring its slightest movements under observation. When feeding it sits upright and conveys, with great rapidity, pieces of grass to its incessantly working jaws. My attempts to photograph it however were not a success. Its burrows are in groups of 2 or 3 or more together, each burrow has several entrances, all leading to a central chamber, in which, after the rains, considerable stores of seeds are probably stored. A pair of adults inhabit each burrow and appear to resent the intrusion of strangers.”— Crean Ci] MILLARDIA MELTADA, Gray. The soft-furred Field-Rat. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1 242, Rhoda Notha, Cutch. 271, 272. Nokania, Cutch. (Vide also Report No. 1.) MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 841 CREMNOMYS CUTCHICUS, Wrought. The Cutch Rock-Rat, 1912. Cremnomys cutchicus, Wroughton. Journ. B. N. H.S., Vol. XXI, p. 341. 249; Q 246, 250. Rhoda Motha, Cutch. 256, 274; 9 273. Nokania, Cutch. 288, 290, 291, 295 ; 9 292. Dhonsa, Cutch. 350, 356, 358, 359, 360, 369, 371, 372; Q 357, 378, 388. Charwa, Cutch. 3 394, 395; 2 396, 397, 399. Pirwadi, Cutch. 3d 510; 2 509, 511, 512, 516, 517. Padampur, Cutch. [ “These long-tailed Mice are found wherever there are rocky hills, par-— ticularly among limestone. They are nocturnal, and feed on grass, seeds, and the leaves of a small bush, and live under and among the rocks ; they seem to be gregarious from the fact that in places large collections of droppings may be found in hollows under rocks.” —C. A. C.] EPIMYS RUFESCENS, Gray. The common Indian Rat. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) 3 324, 325, 336, 416, 436, 438,451; 2 311, 322, 334, 335, 337, 410, 411, 416, 417, 419, 439, 445, 474. Bhuj, Cutch. 3 504; 2 505. Adesar, Cutch. (Vide also Reports Nos. 1 and 2.) There appears to be no noticeable variation in the specimens so far received. Oly (ytd (Ok Vernacular name—Gamri-unpar. (H. H. the Rao.) [“‘ Rats are very common everywhere, they keep to huts and houses and are protected and fed by the Banyas.”—C. A. C.] Mus muscutus, L. The common House-Mouse. 6 437 (imm); Q 420. Bhuj, Cutch. (Vide also Report No. 1.) I must, much against the grain, still use this name though the present specimens bear little or no resemblance to true musculus. The names dubius, homourus, and urbanus of Hodgson appear to all represent a species not unlike these specimens but with such poor material it is impossible to differentiate. Good series of house mice from all over India are a great desideratum. Vernacular name—Unoveni. (H. H. the lao.) [House mice are not common in Cutch, but few were taken in Bhuj. They were reported from the North but not known in the East of the State.”—C, A. C.] wi 842 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX, LrecGapa sapHu, Wrought. The ashy Spiny Mouse. 1911. Leggada platythricv sadhu, Wroughton. Journ. B.N. H. 5&., Vol. XX. p. 1001., ¢ 251. Rhoda Motha, Cutch. + go 294; 9 296. Dhensa, Cutch. 4 3S 3513, 379, 381, 384, 389; 2 352, 380. Charwa, Cutch. 3d 508,518. Padampur, Cutch. This fine series shows that sadhu can no longer be classed as a sub-species of platythria, It represents indeed a separate group characterised by the soa > partial closing in of the mesopterygoid fossa behind the posterior nares and a mammary formula of 4-2-12. (“These spiny mice were found usually on dark, soft soil, among Babhul A jungle and beneath fallen trees but always on hill sides. They are usually ‘ most plentiful near water.” —C. A. C.]| LEGGaDA CINDERELLA, Wrought. The smaller ashu Spiny Mouse. 1912, Leg We cinderella, Wroughton. B.N.H.S. Vol. XXI, p. 770. S 257, 280; ¢ 281. Rhoda Motha, Cutch. 3 307, 321, 482. Bhuj, Cutch. 3S 377; 5 385. Charwa, Cutch. ¢ 507. Padampur, Cutch. The type specimen of this species is an old female, of which the measurement of the head and body is recorded as 85 mm., other fully grown specimens measure 83,84, etc. Among the specimens of ZL. sadhu collected by Mr. Crump, this measurement is recorded as 104 mm., in one, while scarcely any, and those immature, are under 88 mm. LEGGADA DUNNI, Wrought. The Northern Field-Mouse. 1891. Mus booduga, Blanford. Mammalia No. 287. (partim). 1912. Leggada dunni, Wroughton. Journ. B. N. H. 8. supra. p. 339. 6 279. Nokania, Cutch. A series collected by Major Dunn, R.A.M.C., has been waiting some time for separation from booduga. I have now described it earlier in the last number (No. 2, Vol. XXI) of the Journal, The present specimen belongs to the species. It has the under parts pure white as in some of the Ambala specimens. GoLUNDA ELLIOTI, Gray. The Indian Bush-Rat. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) ¢ 566, 382. Charwa, Cutch. (Vide also Reports Nos, 1 and 2.) MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 845 Lepus payanus, Blanf. The Sind Hare. 1874. Lepus dayanus, Blanford. P. Z.S8., p. 663. 1884. Lepus joongshaiensis, Murray. Vert. Zool. Sind., p. 51. 401; Q 236, 237, 317. Bhuj, Cutch. 283. Nokania, Cutch. 342. Bhuj, Cutch. 361, 363, 364. Charwa, Cutch. 493; 2 488, 494. Anjar, Cutch. 498, 499. Makhal, Cutch. 513, 514. Padampur, Cutch. Vernacular name—Sao. (H. H. the Rao.) | ‘Hares are very common throughout Cutch. They breed in June and 10 O; G% 10 QA Aa July and again in September and October, having | or 2 young at a birth. The Shikaris assert that there are two species in Cutch, a larger and a smaller.”—C, A. C.] Hystrix CUNEICEPS, Wrought. The Rajputana Porcupine. 1892. Hystric leucura, Blanford. Mammalia. No. 315. 1912. Hystria leucura cuneiceps, Wroughton. Journ. B. N. S., Vol. XXI, Be Cole 9. 244. Rhoda Motha, Cutch. $: 261. Nokania, Cutch. This form which I have described on an earlier page of this Journal is easily recognisable by its smaller size and its rusty colouration compared with the black of true leweura and by its wedge-shaped skull. Vernacular name—Sep. (H. H. the Rao.) {| “In Cutch, porcupines seem to favour the shelter of rocks rather than making their own burrows. They are not known further Hast than Chitrod, are said to be rare tothe 8. E. of Bhuj, and comparatively common along the north coast, and the same round Charwa and to the West.”’—C. A. C.] GAzELLA BENNETTI, Sykes. The Indian Gazelle. (For synonymy, see Report No. 1.) 3 489, 490, 491, 496, 497; 9492, 495. Anjar, Cutch. Q 524. Chitrod, Cutch. (Vide also Report No. 1.) Vernacular names—CuinKkaro, Ratapio, Kar-Pucuo. (H. H. the Rao.) #44 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII, Manis crassicaupata, G, St. Hil. The Indian Pangolin. 1808. Manis crassicaudata, G. St. Hilaire. Cat. Mamm., p. 213. 1834. Manis indicus, Lesson. Suite. Mamm., IV., p. 520. 1842. Manis (Phatagis) laticauda, Sundevall. Vet. Ak. Handl., p. 258. 1872. Pholidotus bengalensis, Fitzinger. S. B. Ak. Wien., p. 64. 6 315. Bhuj, Cutch. The name pentadactyla which was based on an animal from Formosa must be reserved for the Chinese Pangolin, as must dbrachyura for the same reason. Vernacular name—Cunato. (H. H. the Rao.) COLLECTION Re ONG) Ale LOCALITY eee Nima DaTE Pos ... November-December. COLLECTED BY ee) ei, aA (Cac, No. 1, E. Khandesh, Vol. XXI, p. 392, HaRLIER Reports ...< No. 2, Berars, Vol. XXI, p. 820. No. 3, Cutch, Vol. XXI, p. 826. Nimar, the district in which the present collection was made, is on the Satpura Plateau, about 219-30' N. Latitude, and 769-20' K. Longitude. The soil is the Dekhan trap. The country is much broken up into ranges of low hills. These are covered with the usual Satpura tree growth of Boswellia and Hardwickia, the intervening cultivation being mostly of Jawari. The annual rain- fall is about 32 inches. The climate and topography of this district are sufficiently like those of E. Khandesh and the Berars to render it probable that it would carry much the same Fauna, and though a few species were obtained here for the first time, they were such as might, equally well, have been taken in either or both of the other localities. The collection includes 170 specimens belonging to 27 species, in 22 genera; of these 4 are new to the list of species obtained by Mr. Crump so far, and one is new to science. Amongst the more interesting things are the two small shrews and the new mouse. The fori:er I have allotted to two species with considerable doubt. The Pachyura group of shrews, with 18 upper teeth, are found all over the plains of India and are represented by one species in MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 845: Europe, Pachyura etrusca, found on the Mediterranean littoral, and in Africa by P. madagascariensis from Madagascar, P. lewcura from Zanzibar, and P. gracilis from South Africa. Curiously all these four species are pigmies, and closely related to the animal which I have here called P. perrotteti. I have heard it stated that the African species are constantly found in white ants’ nests. I have a list of no less than 55 names already given to the repre— sentatives of the Pachywra group in India and until a very much larger and more representative collection of specimens is available for study, but little can be done to sort out this tangle of names. The new mouse is most interesting. I have given a description of it on an earlier page. In its coat and some characters of the: skull it closely resembles Legqada platythria, its size however and dentition show it to be a true Mus. Unfortunately Mr. Crump- only obtained one male specimen, a female specimen, showing the mammary formula, is a great desideratum ; it will be most interesting to discover whether in this character this animal is. allied to L. platythri« with its 12 mamme, or to Mus with only 10. Mr. Crump seems to have had very great difficulty in trapping the smaller Rodents. He suggests that the harvest season, and the consequent abundance of food in the fields, may have been the reason. Mr. Crump also writes—‘‘I have before observed that the Jungle Cat is by no means exclusively nocturnal, but in other places I have not seen them hunting regularly in broad daylight ; and I suggest that this change of tactics on the part of these cats at Hewra is because they feed principally on birds, owing to the scarcity of rats and mice.” Mr. Crump has recorded a number of local vernacular names,. but as they are, with one exception, the same as those recorded by Blanford I have not entered them. The name “ Bija” given. for the lesser Civet must, I think, be a mistake, for it is one very generally used for the Indian Ratel. PRESBYTIS ENTELLUS, Dufr. The common Langur’. (Synonymy in No. Tis) 664. Hewra, Nimar. (See also Reports 1 and 2.) 846 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. X-XTI, {These Langurs, from the top of a very lofty tree can reach the ground in bost four leaps or rather drops; these drops are made in quick succession, in an upright position, not, as a rule, on to heavy boughs but among the foliage. When alarmed and running through long grass they get along in great bounds, and whilejrunning, frequently raise themselves to their full height to look round. I saw young of all ages in one party— an old female was playing with her young one which she grasped by both hands, threw it in the air, and caught it again by the hands as it reached the ground. ‘A dead monkey is one of the finest baits for Hyzenas, Jackals and Cats.”—C. A. C.] PTEROPUS GIGANTEUS, Brunn. The common Flying-Fow. (Synonymy in No. 2.) 3 602. 2 608 te .. Asirgarh, Nimar. ou f005, SCI wiOM .. Siwal, Nimar. (See Reports Nos. 2 and 3.) CYNOPTERUS SPHINX, Vahl. The short-nosed Fruit Bat. 1797. Vespertilio sphinx, Vahl. Skr. Nat. Selsk. IV., p. 123. 1797. Vespertilio fibulatus, Vahl. 1. c., p. 124. 1803. Pteropus pusillus, H. Geoffroy. Cat. Mamm., p. 49. 1810. Pteropus marginatus, E. Geoffroy. Ann. Mus. XV., p. 97. 1870. Cynopterus marginatus, ellioti, Gray. Cat. Monk., &e., p. 122. 1891. Cynopterus marginatus, Blanford. Mammalia, No 138. @ 702... .. Mandva, Nimar. Dr. K. Andersen has kindly examined this specimen ; it is quite young, but there is no doubt that it is true sphine. LyRoDERMA LyRA, Geoff. The Indian Vampire Bat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 3 (in al.) 609, 631, 632 a .. Asirgarh, Nimar. (Also see Report No. 1.) TaPHOZOUS MELANOPOGON, Temm? The black-bearded sheath-tailed Bat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) ; 3 634, 638 (in al.), 641, 643, 652. @ 639 (in al.), 642, 653. Asirgarh, Nimar. (See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 3.) : MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. OC reg “I TAPHOZOUS THEOBALDI, Dobs. Theobald’s sheath-tailed Bat. 1872. Taphozous theobaldi, Dobson. P. A. 8S. B., p. 152. 1891. Yaphozous theobaldi, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 219. g 635, 644, 651 By, .. Asirgarh, Nimar. This bat was described by Dobson on a specimen from Tenasserim. The British Museum has also a series from Java. RHINOPOMA KINNEARI, Wrought. The greater Indian Mouse-tailed Bat. (Synonymy in No. 3.) g 646, 649, 650, 655 (in al.). Q 633, 636, 637, 645, 647, 648, 656 (in al.), 657, 658 (in al.). (See also Report No. 3.) PACHYURA, Sp. Shrews. ele Oe oa 24 as .. Chandghar, Nimar. G hal. : ose .. Garoor, Nimar. (See also Reports Nos. 1 and 3.) PACHYURA STOLICZKANA, Anders. Stoliczkas Shrew. 77. Crocidura stoliczkana, Andersen. J. A. 8S. B. XLVI, p. 270. 1877. Crocidura bidiana, Andersen. J. A. S. B. XLVL., p. 276. 1888. Crocidura bidiana, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 120. Q 677 Ff x .. Hewra, Nimar. lf stoliczkana and bidiana are identical, clearly the former name must be accepted for the species. I record this identification with great misgiving. PaCHYURA PERROTTETI, Duvern. The Indian pigmy Shrew. 1842. Sorex perrotteti, Devernoy. Mag. Zool., p. 29. 1855. Sore melanodon, Blyth. J. A. 8. B. XXIV., p. 33 (preoceupied.) 1855. Sorer nudipes, Blyth. 1. c., p. 34. 1873. Pachyura assamensis, Andersen. P. Z. S8., p. 282. 1877. Crocidura macrotis, Andersen. J. A. S. B. XLVL., p. 271. 1877. Crocidura nitidofulva, Andersen. 1. ¢., p. 272. 1877. Crocidura nilgirica, Andersen. |. ¢., p. 274. 1877. Crocidura travancorensis, Andersen, 1. ¢c., p. 275. 1888. Crocidura perrotteti, Blanford. Mammalia, No, 125. 623, a oy .. Asirgarh, Nimar. 848 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. Blanford ranks all these pigmy shrews in two species, vz., Hodgsont and perrotteti, the former including the sub-Himalayan forms and the latter all the rest. The material at present is insufticient to justify any more exact treatment. FELIS AFFINIS, Gray. The Jungle Cat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) Q 597, 601 A f a .. Asirgarh, Nimar. 6 666, 669, 670, 672. QP 674 .. Hewra, Nimar. Cnn ee an at 5 .. Chandgarh, Nimar. 3 756 Garoor, Nimar. (See also Reports Nos. | and 3.) [‘“‘ Felis affinis was exceedingly common, and'it was most noticeable that it was always on the move by day. Its movements can easily be followed by the piping of squirrels and the chirping of birds.’”’—C. A. C.]| Muneos muneo, Gmel. The common Indian Mongoose. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 3 659. Q@ 627 ie .. Asirgarh, Nimar. Qu Gae in is .. Chandgarh, Nimar. O28. (aaa ae a .. Garoor, Nimar. (See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 3.) (“The Mongoose No. 728 was living in the trunk of a tree, the entrance being a narrow slit some 3 feet from the ground.”—C. A. C.] Hyana Hymna, L. The striped Hyena. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 3 665. Q 663 oe .. Asirgarh, Nimar. (See also Reports Nos. 1 and 2.) Canis INDIcUS, Hodgs. The Jackal. (Synonymy in No. 1 under C. aureus.) 738, 747 a .. Garoor, Nimar. (See also Reports Nos. 1 and 3.) CUON DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes. The Indian Wild-Dog. (Synonymy in No. 2.) gd 654... a .. Asirgarh, Nimar. (See also Report No. 2.) MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 849 FUNAMBULUS PALMARUM, L. The Palm Squirrel. (Synonymy in No. 2.) 3 625... bas .. Asirgarh, Nimar. 2) (8is)8) weet tas .. Asirgarh, Nimar. 2 685, 691, 698, 699 .. Sival, Nimar. Gan. on .. Garoor, Nimar. (See also Report No. 2.) FUNAMBULUS PENNANTI, Wrought. The common five-striped Squirrel. (Synonymy in No. 1.) nn 020) b.. ak ws .. Asirgarh, Nimar. Q 667, 668, 682 ‘st .. Hewra, Nimar. 6 720, 723, 721 (in al.) .. Chandghar, Nimar. 6 762, 765 oe : Garoor, Nimar. : Lhe: (See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 3.) (“I have been observing them (Funambulus pennantr) for a week and have never heard the shrill piping note so frequently uttered by the Palm Squirrels. These Squirrels have a low chirping or rather twittering note; they are exceedingly shy; they appear much redder in colour than the Palm Squirrel; the stripes are narrow and in life the coat is very glossy and lies very close.”—C. A. C.] TATERA INDICA, Hardw. The Indian Gerbil. (Synonymy in No. 1.) & 621. 9 GIO, 611,616 .. Asirgarh, Nimar. 3 660, 679. 9 661,678 .. Hewra, Nimar. 3 689. @ 692 “ .. Sival, Nimar. Oot, GuhOGs WAN .. Chandgarh, Nimar. (See also Reports Nos. 1 and 2.) VANDELEURIA OLERACEA. The Dekhan Tree-Mouse. (Synonymy in No. 2.) 6 698. 9 694 ne .. Sival, Nimar, Cason nn 2 .. Chandgarh, Nimar. (See also Report No. 2.) Mus puHitiirsi, Wrought. Phillips’ spined Mouse. 1912. Mus phillips:, Wroughton. Journ. B,N.H. Soc. Vol. XXI, p. 772. S 618. .Asirgarh, Nimar. 17 850 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST SOCIETY, Voi. XI. This pretty little animal has, at first sight, a curiously close superticial at resemblance to Leggada platythrix, but is really barely half the size of that — | species. The presence of frontal ridges on the skull add to this resem- : blance, but the dentition is so essentially that of Mus that its separation trom Leggada platythrix cannot, for a moment, be in doubt. Although the type was not taken in his District, I have great pleasure In naming it after Mr. R. M. Phillips, who has taken such great interest in the Field work of the Mammal Survey, and given such great assistance to. our collector Mr. G. C. Shortridge. Oy Q, AQ; GQ ory roy (On HON Ol LEGGADA PLATYTHRIX, Benn. The Dekhan Spiny-Mouse. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 612, 662 Mes ae .. Asirgarh, Nimar. G(Gieue hs yh .. Hewra, Nimar. (See also Reports Nos. 1 and 2.) Leceapa BoopuGaA, Gray. The Southern Field-Mouse. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 619, 622, 628 (inal.), 640. ¢ 604, 620 (in al.), Asirgarh, Nimar. G73, 67a.) "9 7680): .. _.. Hewra, Nimar. GSSa omer ds De Pe: .. Sival, Nimar. | 103, (L279 ae OLS .. Chandgarh, Nimar. 739. Q 736, 740, 741, 764 .. Garoor, Nimar. | (See also Reports Nos. 1 and 2.) MILLARDIA MELTADA. The soft-furred Field Rat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 730, 748, 758, 766. Q 767. Garoor, Nimar. (See also Reports Nos. 1 and 2.) EPIMYS RUFESCENS, Gray. The common Indian Rat. 600. @ 598, 599 .. Asirgarh, Nimar. 68 itm) eee .. Hewra, Nimar. 684, 695 sae .. Sival, Nimar. 707 Chandgarh, Nimar. 726, 732, 746, 750, 7538, 755. y 727, 733, 749, 751, 752 Chandgarh, Nimar. (See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 3.) MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 85k GUNOMYS KOK, Gray. The Southern Mole-Rat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 3 629. Q 605, 606, 607 .. i .. Asirgarh, Nimar. Q 671 ai a hes ee .. Hewra, Nimar. 3 686, 687, 690 as OF Heh .. Sival, Nimar. 3 708. Q 710 aa Sie .. Chandgarh, Nimar.. 6 744, 757,760. Q 745, 754, 761 .. Garoor, Nimar. (See also Report No. 1.) GOLUNDA ELLIoTI, Gray. The Indian Bush-Rat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) do 608, 614, 615, 624. @ 618, 617, 630 (in al.) Asirgarh. Nimar. GiOdGs a. .. Sival, Nimar. 3 759. Q 763.. Garoor, Nimar. (See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 3.) Lepus simcox1, Wrought. The Khandesh Hare. (Synonymy in Report No. 1.) Gi) (CUS N Rn ie ee .. Chandgarh, Nimar. 6 729, 737,743. Q 742 .. Garoor, Nimar. (See also Reports Nos. 1 and 2.) 852 DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. BY E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. XV. (Continued. from page 131 of this Volume.) KucosmMipa:. Hermenias, n. &. Antenne in ¢ ciliated, with excavated notch in stalk near base. Palpi moderate, porrected, second joint with dense rough projecting scales above and beneath, terminal joint. moderate. Thorax without crest. Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex or termen. Hindwings with 5 and 4 stalked or coincident, 5 closely approximated at base, 6 and7 closely approximated towards base. Type epedola, Meyr. from Australia. Hermenias pachnitis, n. sp. 6 Q@. 14-15 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax blackish mixed with white. Antennal notch of ¢ at 3+. Forewings elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa slightly arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, rather cblique; 7 to termen; grey or dark grey ribbed with black ; costa more or less obscurely strigulated with white irroration ; an irregular patch of confused white marbling or strigulation occupying most of dorsal half from base to 2 and thence extended as a fascia to costa before apex, including a more or less defined irregularly triangular spot of ground colour on middle of dorsum ; a leaden-metallic whitish-edged erect mark from tornus, and a leaden-metallic streak along lower 3 of termen: cilia grey sprinkled with whitish, basal half white with three or four blackish bars on upper half of termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4 coincident; thinly scaled, semi-transparent, dark grey; cilia dark grey, in ¢ on dorsum and tornus greatly elongated. Maskeliya and Patipola, Ceylon (Pole, Green, Alston); in November, December, April and May, four specimens. Hermenias implexa, n. sp. ¢6 2. 14-16mm. Head, palpi,and thorax rather dark fuscous, some- times slightly whitish-sprinkled. Antennal notch of ¢ close above base. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, in ¢ with strong fold reaching from base to near middle, apex obtuse, termen indented-sinuate, rather oblique; 7 to termeu; dark fuscous; a broad irregular streak of whitish irroration or suffusion along dorsum from base, occupying nearly half of wing, upper edge sinuate or angularly indented before middle, INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. ve) Cr we dorsal edge dotted with dark fuscous, separated from ocellus by a triangular: tornal spot of ground colour; ocellus margined by two thick leaden- metallic streaks confluent beneath, sometimes whitish-irrorated, contain- ing several irregular and variable black dots or short dashes ; some oblique: violet-leaden strigze from costa posteriorly, rising from short obscure whitish strigulz : cilia fuscous, with two or three series of white points. Hindwings with 3 and 4 coincident; grey, thinly scaled, veins dark fuscous, termen suffused with dark fuscous, more broadly towards apex ; cilia light fuscous, with darker subbasal shade, tips whitish-tinged, in ¢ elongated on tornus and dorsum. Namunakuli and Patipola, Ceylon (Green) : from February to May, eight specimens. Hermenias palnucola, n. sp. 362. 11-12 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous. Antennal noteh. of ¢ close above base. Forewings elongate, narrow, somewhat contracted posteriorly, costa gently arched, in $ with strong fold reaching from base: to beyond middle, apex obtuse, termen somewhat sinuate-indented beneath apex, rather oblique; 7 to termen ; dark fuscous; dorsal half mostly covered with suffused transverse strigee of whitish irroration; a. pale leaden-grey erect striga from tornus, and a streak along termen ; some oblique obscure purplish-leaden strigze from costa posteriorly, rising from short strigule of whitish irroration; between these and terminal leaden streak is a narrow patch of fine scattered whitish hairscales ; a. small distinct white mark on costa before apex: cilia fuscous irrorated with whitish and somewhat sprinkled with dark fuscous. Hindwings with. 5 and 4 coincident; thinly scaled, semitransparent, grey; veins dark fuscous ; termen suffused with dark fuscous, more broadly towards apex ; cilia fuscous sprinkled with whitish, in ¢ elongated on tornus and dorsum. Trincomali, Puttalam, and Batticaloa, Ceylon (Green, Fletcher, Pole) ; in May, June and October, three specimens. Very like tmplera, but smaller, without the defined triangular dark spot before tornus, and structurally distinct by the longer costal fold ; it is a low-country species,, whilst amplexa occurs at high elevations only. Spilonota, Steph. This generic name supersedes Tmetocera, Led. and Strepsicrates, Meyr. Ihave described three Indian species, S. rhothia, which also occurs in Mauritius, S. caleata and S. melanacta, the antennal structure in the last- named having been overlooked ; and now add four more. Spilonota meleanocopa, n. sp. 3Q. 15-17 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark grey sprinkled with white. Antennal notch of g at 1. Forewings elongate in ¢G, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, in ¢ faintly sinuate beyond middle, with broad fold extending from base to beyond middle, apex obtuse, termen. 854 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI, straight, somewhat oblique ; dark grey, coarsely and suffusedly strigulated with white; in ¢ a blackish patch on costa beyond middle; a black longitudinal mark in middle of disc, in Q slight and broken ; a triangular blackish preetornal spot ; ocellus margined by silvery-metallic streaks, and containing two or three black dots; a transverse black mark resting on middle of termen: cilia dark fuscous mixed and irrorated with whitish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; dark fuscous, thinly scaled, especially towards base, more so in ¢ ; cilia fuscous, towards tips whitish-sprinkled, Khasis ; in June, six specimens. Spilonota algosa, n. sp. 3 2. 12-15mm. Head and thorax dull olive-greenish, mixed with dark fuscous or blackish. Palpi whitish-greenish, spotted or barred with blackish. Antennal notch of ¢ close above base. Forewings elongate posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, somewhat oblique; dull olive-green, with some iridescent-whitish scales and some scattered blackish strigule ; costa black, with pairs of whitish strigule; basal patch strigulated with black, and with outer edge formed by a fascia of black suffusion, acutely angulated below middle; central fascia more or less irregularly suffused with black, acutely angulated in middle; two or three bluish-leaden- metallic oblique strigze from costa posteriorly ; a blackish przetornal spot, tending to be confluent with a blackish blotch before middle of termen, both limited posteriorly by blue-leaden-metallic streaks; apex black; a fine black terminal line: cilia olive-greenish mixed or obscurely barred with blackish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; thinly scaled, grey, with violet-blue iridescence ; veins dark fuscous; cilia grey. Khasis ; in August and September, fourteen specimens. Spilonota babylonica, n. sp. 3.15 mm. Head and thorax white, shoulders dark grey. Palpi grey, edges sprinkled with white. Antennal notch very near base. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate, oblique ; ochreous-white, base of scales pale greyish ; costa and dorsum dotted with dark fuscous : a grey patch marked with dark fuscous extending along basal fourth of costa; a semioval grey blotch on middle of costa, reaching half across wing, marked with dark fuscous and discal edge suffused with black; a grey triangular pretornal spot; two or three black strigulee on termen: cilia grey mixed with dark fuscous. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; thinly clothed with blackish-grey scales, membrane with strong FpleeeEles iridescence ; cilia grey-whitish, with greyer sub- basal shade, on dorsum long. Nilgiris, 6,000 feet (Andrewes); in May, one specimen. Spilonota aestuosa, n. sp. 3. 17-21mm. Head and thorax Prmanetie marked with dark : 4 a ; | \ | INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 85 or fuscous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint with apical bar and two spots dark fuscous. Antennal notch close above base. Forewings elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa gently arched, with rather narrow fold extending from base to beyond middle, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, some- what oblique; dull olive-greenish, mixed or strigulated with dark fuscous ; a large blackish blotch extending along costa, from base to 2, and reaching 2 across wing, lower edge with a triangular emargination beneath middle of wing edged with white anteriorly, posterior edge rather oblique, with two acute projections, edged with leaden-metallic; a subtriangular black preetornal spot edged with leaden-metallic ; costa posteriorly black with pairs of whitish strigulz, giving rise to two oblique leaden-metallic strigze and a blackish striga between them; a leaden-metallic streak close before termen in middle, preceded by a blotch of blackish suffusion: cilia olive- greenish, mixed with dark fuscous round apex and upper part of termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; fuscous, veins and termen dark fuscous cilia fuscous. Darjiling; Khasis; in May and August, two specimens. Crusimetra, n. g. Antenne in ¢ minutely ciliated. Palpi moderate, porrected, second joint with rough projecting scales above and beneath, terminal joint short. Thorax with small posterior crest. Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen. Hindwings with 5 and 4 connate, 5 approximated at base, 6 and 7 stalked. Crusimetra verecunda, n. sp. 3 2. 13-15 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax grey or dark grey, sprinkled with whitish. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, in ¢ without fold, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, somewhat oblique; ochreous-brown or ferru- ginous-brown, variably irrorated or suffused (sometimes wholly) with dark grey whitish-tipped scales, apex and terminal area usually but not always remaining brown; amore or less marked spot of blackish irroration or suffusion towards dorsum before middle: cilia blackish, with some whitish points. Hindwings ochreous-grey-whitish or whitish-grey-ochreous, suffu- sed with grey towards apex; cilia ochreous-whitish, with two grey shades. Namunakuli, Ceylon (Green); in February, six specimens. Acrochita, Led. This name supersedes Rhopobota, Led. I have described one species, A, physalodes, which occurs in Ceylon and the Chagos Islands, and now record thirteen more, one of which is a well-known European species. Acroclita elivosa, n. sp. 6. 13-14 mm. Head white, sides of crown tinged with ochreous- brownish. Palpi fuscous, terminal joint and apex of second white. Thorax white suffused on sides with ochreous-brown, with two posterior blackish 856 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. bars. Abdomen black at base beneath. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, without fold, apex round-pointed, prominent, termen abruptly concave-indented beneath it, then somewhat obliquely rounded; 3 and 4 lod ‘5 grey suffusedly irrorated with white; costa dark fuscous, with pairs of whitish strigule ; basal patch irregularly suffused with brown, more or less strigu- closely approximated throughout, 6 closely approximated to lated with blackish, on dorsum reaching to middle, outer edge obtusely angulated below middle; central fascia slender, ochreous-brown, not reaching dorsum, crossed in middle by a black streak extended almost to apex; some blue-leaden strigze from costa posteriorly ; ocellus enclosed by two leaden-metallic streaks: cilia grey irrorated with whitish, with dark fuscous apical patch. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; pale grey- darker at apex: cilia pale grey, costal cilia thickened. Forewings on undersurface with rather broad suffused dark fuscous streak along costa from base to near apex. Khasis ; in October, two specimens. Acrochita cheradota, n. sp. ¢ 2. 10-11 mm. Head andthorax light ochreous. Palpi pale, ochreous, hairs beneath suffused with whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, in ¢ without fold, apex round-pointed, rather prominent, termen concave beneath it; light brownish-ochreous, with strong violet purple iridescence, irrorated with ferruginous-brownish. except towards costa anteriorly ; a blotch of irregular blackish strigula- tion extending on dorsum from near base to middle, and reaching more than half across wing; costa finely strigulated with blackish ; an oblique suffused ferruginous-brown mark from costa beyond middle ; some ferruginous-brown suffusion on costa towards apex, including a whitish strigula near apex, sometimes followed by a blackish dot, apical prominence: margined beneath with whitish: cilia brownish-ochreous, beneath apex with a whitish bar. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; grey, thinly scaled in disc, darker on veins and posteriorly ; cilia grey. Puttalam, Ceylon (Pole); Pusa (Lefroy) ;in March and April, two speci— mens. Larva feeding in rolled leaves of Ficus rehgiosa (Lefroy). Acrochita grypodes, n. sp. 3. 17 mm. Head pale ochreous, face ochreous-whitish. Palpi greyish-. ochreous, terminal joint and apex of second whitish. Thorax brownish, with whitish-ochreous dorsal stripe edged with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, without fold, apex faleate-prominent, termen semicircularly excavated beneath it; ochreous-brown ; costal edge dark fuscous, with fine obscure oblique strigule of whitish irroration ; a darker brown longitudinal band from base of dorsum to apex of wing, edged above with ochreous-whitish suffusion from before middle to near apex ; dorsum dotted with blackish ; a streak of whitish suffusion along dorsum from base- q | | | | INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA., R57 to beyond middle, where it turns slightly upwards, edged above with a streak of dark fuscous suffusion which is continued beyond it along dorsum to beyond tornus ; some ochreous-whitish irroration or suffusion posteriorly between this and median band: cilia fuscous somewhat sprinkled with ochreous-whitish, with patches of dark fuscous suffusion at apex and below middle of termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; rather dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous ; on undersurface with a narrow elongate subcostal patch of blackish modified scales extending from } to beyond middle. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole); in May, one specimen. Acrochta scleropa, n. sp. 6 @. 15-16mm. Head and thorax greyish more or less tinged with brown, thorax anteriorly suffused with blackish. Palpi dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, in ¢ without fold, apex round-pointed, rather prominent, termen abruptly concave-indented beneath it; grey suffusedly irrorated with whitish; costa blackish, with pairs of fine whitish strigule ; basal patch brownish, irregularly strigulated with blackish, reaching on dorsum to middle and suffused with blackish towards dorsum posteriorly, outer edge angulated in middle ; central fascia narrow, oblique, upper half blackish, lower half ochreous-brownish, posterior edge with an abrupt black projection in middle; apical area ochreous-brown, with several oblique leaden-metallic strigze from posterior half of costa, and a black elongate mark towards costa above ocellus ; ocellus ochreous-brown, margined by two thick leaden-metallic streaks, and containing a black dash near lower extremity : cilia grey irrorated with whitish, with dark fuscous apical patch. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; grey, veins darker; in ¢ beneath an elongate-ovate patch of blackish modified scales extending beneath costa from near base to 3; cilia light fuscous, with darker subbasal shade. Namunakuli, Patipola, and Maskeliya, Ceylon (Green, Pole, Alston) ; from January to April, five specimens. Acroclita naevana, Hb. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole); N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; Khasis; in May, June, and from October to December, ten specimens. Occurs also throughout Europe and Central Asia to Japan. On the undersurface of both wings the colouring is darker in Indian examples than in European, so that the patch of black suffusion on the hindwings of ¢ stands out less conspi- cuously ; otherwise I can detect no difference, and the specific identity is undoubted. Acrochta symbolias, n. sp. 3 92. 13-14mm. Head white, sides fuscous. Palpi fuscous, terminal joint and apex of second white. Thorax brown, with pale grey central stripe. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, prominent, termen abruptly concave-indented beneath it; pale greyish, 18 858 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI, faintly greenish-tinged ; costa strigulated with dark fuscous ; rounded- quadrate dark grey spots on costa representing edge of basal patch and extremity of central fascia, between these a white patch reaching half across wing; dorsal half of basal patch suffused with brown and dark fuscous, extending to beyond middle, outer edge angulated below middle ; from its angle a streak of greenish-grey and brownish suffusion runs to apex, marked with two black dashes; ocellus brownish marked in middle with black, margined with thick leaden-grey marks becoming white above ; a brown mark along middle of termen: cilia dark leaden-grey irrorated with white, towards base white. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; grey, darker posteriorly ; cilia grey. Khasis ; in August and October, two specimens. Acroclita belinda, n. sp. 36 @. 11-13 mm. Head white. Palpi dark grey, terminal joint and apex of second white. Thorax ochreous-whitish, anterior half blackish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, without fold, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, rather oblique; green mixed with iridescent-white ; basal 2 suffused with blackish except a broad dorsal pale ochreous streak with upper edge triangularly prominent beyond middle and terminated by a triangular blackish pretornal spot; costa posteriorly black, with four pairs of white strigule ; two or three black dashes towards apex; ocellus margined laterally with iridescent-white : cilia blackish irrorated with whitish. Hindwings with 5 and 4 connate ; grey ; cilia light grey, sprinkled with whitish. Khasis ; in July and August, two specimens. Acroclita esmeraldd, n. sp. 3¢ 2. 9-10 mm. Head and thorax pale emerald-green, thorax spotted with black and white. Palpi white, spotted with black. Forewings elon- gate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, somewhat oblique; pale emerald-green strigulated with black; a black subquadrate spot on costa at 3; a large irregular-edged triangular blackish blotch extending over dorsum from 7 to tornus and reaching to middle of costa ; costal area posteriorly blackish, with four pairs of whitish strigule giving rise to oblique leaden-metallic strigze ; ocellus emerald - green, edged with silvery-whitish, and crossed by three or four black dashes ; a black terminal line: cilia pale greenish, round apex with black subbasal line, above apex blackish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 long-stalked ; rather dark grey, thinly scaled in disc, veins and apical suffusion darker ; cilia grey, tips paler. Khasis ; in October, two specimens. Acrochta corinthia, n. sp. ¢o @. 18-15 mm, Head and thorax rather dark fuscous irrorated with pale ochreous. Palpi fuscous, obscurely spotted with whitish-ochreous eS en eee ew a —e Pee ee INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 859 suffusion. Forewings elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa gently arched, without fold, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, somewhat oblique ; fuscous, irrorated with whitish or whitish-ochreous, and strigulat- ed with blackish ; costa blackish, before middle with two, and beyond it with five pairs of whitish strigulz, giving rise to more or less marked blue- leaden-metallic strize, those from posterior half very oblique, and subcostal space between them more or less ferruginous ; basal patch brownish strigu- lated with black, outer edge angulated below middle, little marked ; central fascia slender, brown, strigulated with black, little defined ; ocellus obscurely margined with blue-leaden metallic: cilia brownish snrinkled with whitish, variably marked with dark fuscous, especially at apex. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; fuscous, very thinly scaled, semi-hyaline, with violet- purple reflections, in 2 darker posteriorly ; veins blackish; in ¢ on uvder- surface with a black patch along costa, from base to beyond middle, costal edge on this furnished with very long fine hairs; cilia grey, darker towards base. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole, Green, Alston); Khasis; in May, and from Octcber to December, five specimens. The characteristic hindwings dis- tinguish this species. Acroclita neaera, n. sp. 6 2. 12-13 mm. Head grey-whitish. Palpi whitish, second joint mostly occupied by three dark fuscous spots. Thorax olive-greenish mixed with black and white. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, without fold, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, somewhat oblique; dull olive-greer suffusedly strigulated with white; markings margined and irregularly strigulated with black; basal patch represented by blotch at base and angulated fascia beyond it: central fascia moderate, oblique, interrupted below middle; costa poste- riorly blackish, with four pairs of whitish strigule, giving rise to oblique purplish-leaden strigze; ocellus margined laterally by purplish-leaden streaks mixed with whitish, and surmounted by a blackish spot; a black terminal line: cilia olive-greenish, outer half dark grey irrorated with whitish, round apex wholly blackish-irrorated. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; dark grey, thinly sealed in disc; cilia rather dark grey. Fore- wings on undersurface in ¢ suffused with blackish on costal half from base to beyond middle. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole); in May and June, two specimens. Acroclita chlorissa, n. sp. 6 2. 12-14 mm. Head and thorax green, shoulders suffused with blackish. Palpi green, obscurely spotted with blackish. Forewings elon- gate, posteriorly rather dilated, costa slightly arched, in ¢ with narrow fold extending from base to 2, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, some- what oblique ; green; markings obscurely edged with iridescent-whitish ; 860 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. triangular spots suffusedly outlined with black at base, on costa at 7, and on dorsum at 3; a blackish blotch on middle of costa, reaching half across wing, adjoining which beneath is a spot outlined with black; a small blackish spot on costa beyond this ; a transverse blackish blotch from costa beyond +, reaching more than half across wing; a triangular spot on dorsum suffusedly outlined with black, sometimes almost touching this; a small black apical spot; a black terminal line: cilia green, with blackish apical spot. Hindwings with 3 and 4 very long-stalked ; grey; cilia light erey, more whitish towards tips. Khasis ; in October, three specimens. Acroclita multipler, n. sp. @. 14-16 mm. Head white. Palpi dark fuscous, terminal joint and apex of second white. Thorax white mixed with hight grey, shoulders. spotted with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated poste- riorly, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, somewhat oblique; white, with some transverse leaden-grey marks, especially towards. dorsum ; costa strigulated with blackish ; a dark grey basal fascia marked with black; a dark grey black-edged spot on costa at+; a dark grey black edged blotch on dorsum at 3, reaching half across wing; a slender oblique dark fuscous streak from middle of costa not reaching half across wing; a dark fuscous transverse blotch from dorsum before ocellus, marked with black and a brown spot, reaching more than half across wing; ocellus. broadly margined with leaden-metallic, containing four short black marks adjacent to its posterior edge, separated with brownish, and surmounted by a semicircular blackish blotch; posterior half of costa with small black- ish marks terminated beneath with ferruginous, alternating with strigulie terminated with leaden-metallic ; a leaden-metallic striga before apex; a black apical mark edged above with ferruginous-brown and beneath with. white: cilia grey irrorated with white. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; grey ; cilia pale grey, with darker subbasal line. Patipola and Ohiya, Ceylon (Pole, Green); in April and November, two specimens. Superficially extremely like ucosma cremnitis, but smaller and apart from the differences in neuration, readily distinguished by the white head and apical portion of palpi. Acroclita thysanota, n. p. S$. 15-16mm. Head and thorax dull olive-greenish, thorax somewhat strigulated with blackish. Palpi dull olive-greenish spotted with blackish. Abdomen with long whitish apical hairs. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen straight, rather oblique; dull olive-greenish, strigulated with black except towards costa on posterior 3; costal edge black with pairs of whitish strigulze ; a black spot on costa before }; a very oblique transverse black spot from middle of costa; posterior area of wing crossed by irregular Sa OT IRIE PETS IL ET INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 861 eaden-metallic strige, two of these enclosing a narrow ocellus marked with black, and preceded by a triangular blackish prztornal spot: cilia olive-greenish with some obscure dark fuscous and whitish bars, above apex blackish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; grey with prismatic-violet iridescence, thinly scaled; cilia whitish-grey, on dorsum and tornus much elongated to form a dense projecting pale ochreous hair pencil. Khasis ; in November, two specimens. Ancylis carpalima, n. sp. $2. 11-15mm. Head whitish, more or less ochreous-tinged on crown. Palpi fauscous, terminal joint and long hairs of second white. Thorax brownish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex faleate, termen semi-circularly excavated beneath it; ferruginous- brownish or ferruginous-ochreous, variably mixed or obscurely streaked longitudinally with whitish; costa obliquely strigulated with blackish and whitish; dorsum dotted with dark fuscous; a more or less marked suffused whitish line along submedian fold, dorsal area within this sometimes suf- fused with dark brown; a more or less marked very oblique dark brown streak from middle of costa, costal area beyond this sometimes suffused with dark brown; a variably developed longitudinal patch of brown suffusion streaked with dark fuscous from middle of disc to near termen, and sometimes posterior area much suffused with dark brown ; apical projection dark brown or ferruginous, edged anteriorly and beneath with white: cilia brown, variably sprinkled or largely suffused with white. Hindwings with 3 absent, tornus in ¢ rather prominent; rather dark grey, somewhat thinly sealed in disc; cilia grey or whitish-grey, round apex tinged with ochreous or fuscous. Kandy, Ceylon (Green) ; N. Coorg, 5,500 feet (Newcome) ; Khasis; from August to November, ten specimens. Also occurs in Queenslaad, Australia. The markings are variable and confused ; the dark brown colouring is more developed in specimens from Coorg and Ceylon than in those from the Khasis and Australia, but there is no constant difference. Ancylis scatebrosa, n. sp. 2. 13-14mm. Head ochreous-whitish, forehead somewhat mixed with brownish. Palpi with long hairs, ochreous-whitish, second joint with spot of dark fuscous sufiusion towards apex. Thorax ochreous-whitish marked with ferruginous-brown. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated poste- tiorly, costa gently arched, apex falcate, termen concave ; ochreous-whitish crossed throughout by irregularly anastomosing brownish-ochreous strie, suffused with dark fuscous ; posterior half of costa dark fuscous strigulated with white, subcostal space beneath this light ochreous, traversed by a very oblique leaden-metallic striga; a fine black terminal line: cilia light brownish-ochreous, with a blackish subbasal dot beneath apex, and more or less marked blackish subbasal shade on lower half of termen. Hindwing 862 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. AAT with 38 and 4 stalked; rather light grey; cilia whitish-grey, with darker subbasal shade. Khasis; in June, two specimens. Ancylis rostrifera, n. sp. 3. 11-12 mm. Head rather dark fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, © terminal half white. Thorax fuscous mixed with white posteriorly, shoulders marked with blackish. Forewings elongate, costa rather strongly arched — anteriorly, slightly sinuate posteriorly, apex falcate, termen strongly — excavated beneath it ; ochreous-white, dorsal half mixed with leaden-grey; — costa anteriorly marked with small scattered blackish spots; lower half of basal patch formed by four irregular transverse blackish or dark fuscous © marks; posterior area from beyond middle to near termen largely suffused | with ferruginous-brown, somewnat mixed with blackish and posteriorly marked with leaden-metallic, its costal edge black strigulated with white, more strongly black posteriorly ; terminal area white spotted with leaden- metallic, with a black terminal line, apex ferruginous-brown: cilia ochreous whitish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; grey, thinly scaled in disc; cilia grey, tips paler. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole) ; in October, two specimens. Ancylis ancorata, n. sp. — ©. 12-183 mm. Head pale brownish-ochreous, forehead mixed with blackish, face mixed with blackish and margined with whitish. Palpi with long hairs, whitish, spotted with blackish suffusion. Thorax brownish- ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex falcate-promi- nent, termen abruptly concave beneath it; ockreous-brown, suffused with whitish-ochreous towards anterior half of costa; costa strigulated with © black and on posterior half with whitish; a grey slightly brownish-tinged streak, edged above by a pale or whitish-tinged line, running along dorsum from 4 to tornus and continued to middle of termen, dilated on tornus and termen, marked with some blackish suffusion before tornus; a triangular leaden-metallic mark before termen resting on extremity of this streak ; sometimes a few black scales in disc towards middle; a leaden-metallic © striga from 3 of costa to near termen beneath apex; a white strigula on ? costa near apex, and a leaden-metallic terminal mark beneath it: cilia whitish-ochreous, above apex ochreous-brown, beneath it with spot of whitish suffusion. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; grey, darker post- — erlorly ; cilia grey. Kegalle, Ceylon (Alston) ; Konkan (Young) ; three specimens. Herpystis pallidula, n. sp. 3 @. 10-14 mm. Head white. Palpi white, basal half mfuscated. Thorax ochreous whitish. Forewings elongate, somewhat contracted — posteriorly, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, rather oblique ; ochreous-whitish or pale whitish-ochreous, with INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 863 scattered strigule of dark fuscous irroration except toward base; costa obliquely strigulated throughout with black; an undefined spot of black irroration on fold indicating angle of basal patch; a narrow ochreous patch along posterior half of costa, marked with four pairs of whitish costal strigule and some very oblique leaden-metallic strigee from these; ocellus obscurely margined with leaden-metallic, enclosing some scattered black seales: cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings pale greyish ; cilia whitish-grey. N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome); from October to December, six specimens. Gypsonoma, Meyr. This genus is essentially distinguished from Ewcosma by the stalking of veins 6 and 7 of hindwings. Gypsonoma anthracitis, n. sp. $6 2. 10-11 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax in g wholly dark grey, posterior extremity of thorax whitish;in 2 head white, crown suffused with grey, dark fuscous on sides, palpi dark fuscous, with terminal joint and apex of second white, thorax dark grey mixed with white posteriorly, patagia white except shoulders. Abdomen in 3 with long grey hairs from each side of back near base. Posterior tibie in ¢ clothed with rough whitish scales above. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, somewhat con- tracted posteriorly, costa gently arched, without fold, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, rather strongly oblique; ochreous-white, somewhat sprinkled with grey; basal patch suffused with grey, with three or four blackish-grey striz, outer edge very obtusely angulated below middle; central fascia and posterior area wholly suffused with grey, irregularly and sharply marked with black, costa finely strigulated with whitish, giving rise to some oblique leaden-metallic strigze, ocellus leaden-grey edged with white : cilia whitish mixed with grey and dark fuscous (imperfect). Hind- wings narrower than forewings, 3 and 4 stalked; dark grey, thinly scaled anteriorly ; in ¢ a brush of long dense dark grey hairs from anterior half of costa; undersurface in ¢g with dorsal area broadly blackish, costal edge with rough projecting white scales anteriorly ; cilia long, grey,in g on dorsum forming an expanded rough fringe of very long hairs. Undersurface of forewings in ¢ suffused with dark grey towards costa, with ridge of projecting scales overhanging upper margin of cell. Maskeliya, Ceylon (de Mowbray) ; in May, two specimens. Eucosma, Hb. The genera Cydia and Notocelia are now merged in this. Eucosma celerata, a. sp. dg. 9-l10mm. Head dark fuscous, back of crown and lower part of face suffused with whitish. Palpi dark fuscous, apical half white. Thorax white, shoulders with a dark fuscous spot. Forewings elongate, narrow, 864 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, prominent, termen concave, oblique ; ochreous-white, with a few scattered dark grey strigulz ; costa strigulated with black; a semi-oval dark fuscous blotch extending along dorsum from near base to beyond middle, and reaching half across wing ; a triangular dark fuscous blotch on costa beyond middle, not reaching half across wing ; ocellus preceded and followed by some undefined leaden-grey suffusion; a blackish irregular mark above it; a triangular black apical spot extending into cilia, edged beneath with white : cilia ochreous-white. Hindwings with 3 absent ; grey ; cilia whitish-grey. N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome); in May and December, three specimens. EHucosma semicurva, n. sp. @. 15-16 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-white, thorax with a black posterior spot. Palpi blackish, terminal joint and upper part of second joint posteriorly white. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, somewhat oblique ; ochreous-white, with a few scattered black strigulee, costa with several small black spots or strigulee ; a semi-circularly curved black streak with extremities resting on costa near base and at 7; a black spot on middle of costa; a black spot on dorsum near base, a rather larger one before middle, and a third rounded- triangular before tornus; a rather irregular slender black streak along upper part of termen: cilia blackish-grey on tornus with a whitish patch, beneath this black. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; rather dark grey ; cilia whitish-grey, with grey subbasal line. Khasis ; in June, two specimens. Eucosma cremnitis, n. sp. 3 2. 13-2lmm. Head, palpi, and thorax grey or fuscous. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, in ¢ with short fold not reaching 7, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, somewhat oblique; white, with some scattered grey strigule ; costa strigulated with dark fuscous, a small dark fuscous spot on costa ati; a dark fuscous fascia extending from base of costa along dorsum to middle, posteriorly dilated into a blotch reaching half across wing and marked above with black; beyond this some grey suffusion, and then a dark fuscous transverse blotch before ocellus reaching more than half across wing and marked with black and a brown spot; ocellus edged with leaden-metallic, containing three black marks adjoining its posterior edge, and surmounted by a dark fuscous blotch suffused with black above; posterior half of costa with small dark fuscous marks terminated beneath with ferruginous-brown alternat- ing with dark fuscous strigulee terminated with leaden-metallic ; a leaden- metallic striga before apex; a black apical mark edged above with ferruginous-brown and beneath with white: cilia grey with rows of white points, basal half suffusedly barred with whitish, Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; grey, veins dark fuscous ; cilia grey. INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 865 Horton Plains and Maskeliya, Ceylon (Green, Pole, Fletcher); Palnis, 6,000 feet (Campbell); in August, and from March to May, twelve specimens. Eucosma legitima, n. sp. 3 Q. 14-15 mm. Head white, sides of crown sometimes dark fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, terminal joint and apex of second white. Thorax whitish, with blackish spots on shoulders and each side of back. Posterior tibize in ¢ with rough greyishhairs. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, somewhat oblique ; white or ochreous-white, with some scattered grey scales ; upper half of basal patch dark grey marked with black ; a sub- triangular black blotch on dorsum before middle, and a smaller one before ocellus ; ocellus yellow-ochreous, edged with leaden-metallic, and sur- mounted by a blackish blotch ; posterior half of costa narrowly black with pairs of whitish strigule, space beneath this suffused with yellow-ochreous and crossed by oblique leaden-metallic strigee; apex blackish: cilia ochreous-whitish, with a dark fuscous spot above apex and two on middle of termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; rather dark grey; cilia grey. Khasis ; in April, and from August to November, six specimens. Eucosma solidata, n. sp. 6 @. 11-13 mm. Head rather dark fuscous, face in ¢ whitish. Palpi dark fuscous, terminal joint and apex of second white. Thorax erey mixed with blackish, suffused with black anteriorly. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, in ¢ without fold, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, little oblique, more so in Q ; ochreous-whitish ; basal patch leaden-grey marked with black, outer edge obtusely angulated below middle ; a transverse series of blackish strigulze beyond this, and two or three on costa; central fascia narrow, oblique, blackish or dark fuscous, tending to be interrupted below middle, preced- ed by some leaden-metallic marks, posterior edge with an abrupt black projection in middle; ocellus edged with leaden-metallic and containing four black dots; posterior half of costa black with four pairs of whitish strigule terminating in leaden-metallic marks, space between these brown- ish or fuscous; a spot of blackish suffusion above ocellus, tending to connect with middle of termen; apex blackish: cilia fuscous mixed with dark fuscous and sprinkled with whitish, towards tornus suffused with whitish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; fuscous, in Q darker; cilia whitish-grey, with grey subbasal line. Khasis ; in April and July, three specimens. Eucosma calligrapha, n. sp. 36 @. 17-19mm. Head and thorax bronzy-ochreous mixed with dark fuscous. Palpi pale ochreous, terminal joint and three suffused spots of 19 866 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXT. second joint dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa. gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, vertical ;. light ochreous; costa on anterior half strigulated with blackish and whitish,. on posterior half blackish with five white strigule with leaden-metallic tips ; a leaden-metallic stria from costa beyond middle almost to termen beneath apex; basal 2 of wing crossed by oblique leaden-metallic and black strie not reaching costa; a triangular blackish prztornal spot; ocellus margined with leaden-metallic and crossed by several black bars, surmount- ed by some blackish suffusion ; a blackish mark on middle of termen: cilia. pale ochreous, with dark leaden-fuscous patches at apex and on middle cf termen, and sometimes other bars. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate ; dark fuscous ; cilia whitish-fuscous, with dark fuscous subbasal line. Khasis ; Dawna Hills, Burma (Annandale) ; from August to October, and’ in March, eight specimens. Allied to zsogramma and speculatriv. Eucosma melanoneura, n. sp. 36 @. 18-15mm. Head and thorax light greyish-ochreous, face and dorsal area of thorax in @ suffused with blackish. Palpi pale greyish;. whitish towards apex and above. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, little. oblique; brownish, suffusedly irrorated with grey whitish-tipped scales ;. costa obscurely strigulated with blackish and whitish, on posterior half giving rise to some indistinct oblique leaden-greyish strige ; some narrow dark fuscous suffusion along dorsem from base to near middle, and on a. patch before tornus ; ocellus edged with two obscure leaden-metallic streaks;. a small ferruginous-brown apical spot. Cilia brownish with several suffused blackish lines and some whitish points, base whitish. Hindwings with 3. and 4 stalked ; subhyaline, with violet-purple iridescence, apex and termen. suffused with rather dark grey ; veins in ¢ black,in 2 dark fuscous; cilia. pale bluish-grey, darker towards base. Undersurface of forewings in ¢ with blackish subcostal suffusion from base to beyond middle, and blackish streak along lower margin of cell. Khasis; in October and November, two specimens. Eucosma cyanopis, 1. sp. 3. 14-15mm. Head light greyish-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-whitish,. second joint spotted with dark grey suffusion. Thorax pale greyish-ochre- ous spotted with blackish. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated posteri-. orly, costa gently arched, without fold, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate,. somewhat oblique ; pale ochreous irregularly mixed with grey and white;. a large black patch overlaid with deep indigo-blue extending along costa. from base to beyond middle and reaching to near dorsum, lower edge triangularly emarginate before middle of wing, posterior edge oblique-convex;, costa posteriorly strigulated with black and white, giving rise to two or three oblique leaden-metallic strige; an irregular streak of blackish. INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA., 867 suffusion running from lower angle of costal patch to apex ; ocellus obscure- ly edged with leaden-metallic and marked with blackish; a black terminal line: cilia pale ochreous mixed with grey and sprinkled with whitish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; grey, thinly scaled, with violet reflections, veins and termen dark fuscous; cilia grey, tips whitish. Khasis ; in September and October, two specimens. Eucosma ludicra, n. sp. $@Q. 13-15mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light yellow-ochreous. Fore- wings elongate, somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, somewhat oblique ; light yellow-ochreous, in and above cell suffused with ferruginous-brown, veins posteriorly marked with ferruginous-brown lines ; costa indistinctly strigulated with ferrugin- ous-brown, whitish-sprinkled on interspaces; some more or less developed dark fuscous strigulation about submedian fold from near base to before middle ; a silvery-metallic transverse mark before median portion of termen preceded by three short blackish dashes; an oblique silvery-metallic mark before apex: cilia whitish-ochreous sprinkled with ferruginous-ochreous. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; grey, in ¢ paler; cilia whitish, dorsum in 3 clothed with long rough expanded blackish bristly hairs. N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; in November, four specimens. Eucosma spicea, 0. sp. 3. 13 mm. Head and palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint of palpi with a faint fuscous spot. Thorax ochreous. Posterior tibize and basal joint of tarsi densely tufted with whitish hairs, posteriorly suffused with light. greyish. Forewings elongate, moderate, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat oblique ; pale ochreous; costa strigulated with blackish and whitish; a broad suffused ferruginous median streak from base to end of cell and thence to ‘apex, sprinkled with blackish posteriorly, terminal area of wing suffused with light ferruginous; two or three oblique leaden-metallic strigee from posterior half of costa; leaden-metallic marks on middle of termen and tornus ; cilia whitish-yellowish, with ochreous subbasal line. Hindwings with rather contorted subdorsal fold, 3 and 4 stalked ; dark grey, towards, base lighter and thinly scaled ; cilia pale grey, with dark grey subbasal line. Khasis ; in June, one specimen. Eucosma litigiosa, n. sp. 32. 20-22 mm, Head and thorax grey mixed with dark fuscous and sprinkled with whitish. Palpi dark fuscous sprinkled with whitish. Fore- wings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen somewhat sinuate, little oblique ; grey, irregularly mixed with white and strigulated with dark fuscous, some- times partially suffused with brownish or light ochreous, especially tending to form a patch in disc beyond middle; costa spotted and strigulated with 868 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI, blackish ; edge of basal patch irregularly marked with blackish, angulated below middle ; central fascia represented by a dark fuscous spot on costa and a trapezoidal blackish blotch before tornus ; a very irregular-edged black streak extending from disc at 2 to apex ; ocellus very obscurely edged with leaden-grey and whitish, and mixed with blackish: cilia grey irrorated with whitish, partially obscurely barred with dark fuscous. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate: thinly scaled, semitransparent iridescent-grey ; veins and termen dark fuscous; cilia whitish-grey, with grey subbasal shade. Khasis ; in June, September, and October, five specimens. Eucosma numellata, n. sp. 3 2. 11-183 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous mixed with yellow- ochreous, face ochreous, lower part whitish. Palpi whitish-ochreous, spot- ted with dark fuscous suffusion. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, somewhat oblique ; blackish-fuscous, irregularly strewn with pale ochreous scales and strigule ; two leaden-metallic strie near base reaching from costa half across wing ; two subcontluent pairs of leaden-metallic angulated strize before middle, rising from pairs of white costal strigule ; a third similar beyond middle, but not reaching dorsum ; ocellus enclosed by two leaden-metallic streaks ; a very oblique leaden-metallic striga from a white strigula on costa at 3 to near termen beneath apex; three pairs of white costal strigulee posteriorly, last giving rise to a short leaden-metallic striga: cilia whitish-ochreous, with dark leaden-grey subbasal line, on tornus suffused with grey. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate; dark fuscous, lighter towards base ; cilia pale fuscous, with darker subbasal line. Khasis; in March and October, three specimens. Very like speculatria, but termen of forewings less sinuate, and ¢ immediately distinguished by different colour of hindwings. Eucosma lasiura, n. sp. 6. 21-22 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous. Palpi ascending, fuscous. Abdomen rather elongate, posterior half clothed with dense rough expan- sible lateral tufts of fuscous scales meeting above. Posterior tibize with rough projecting pale greyish-ochreous scales above and beneath. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, without fold, apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique ; fuscous, strigulated and marbled with dark fuscous; costa spotted with dark fuscous, strigula- ted with fuscous-whitish between the spots ; a quadrate dark fuscous spot beneath middle of disc; an ochreous-whitish discal dot at 2, preceded by a spot. of dark fuscous suffusion ; cilia fuscous, with dark fuscous subbasal shade. Hindwings as broad as forewings, dorsal area folded over into a deep pocket and clothed with long rough hairs with a thickened glandular area, 3 and 4 connate; fuscous; cilia whitish-fuscous, with fuscous subbasal shade. INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 869° N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome); in August, two specimens. Very similar superficially to helota, but distinguished by the sexual characters, especially the absence of the costal fold, which in helota is long; a third very similar species is brachyptycha (described from Australia, but occurring also in Ceylon) which has a short costal fold. Lohesia genialis, n. sp. 3g. 12 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, face suffused with white, crown with two blackish spots. Palpi pale ochreous irrorated with dark fuscous, terminal joint, apex of second, and base white. Ihorax ochreous mixed with whitish and transversely barred with blackish. Abdomen elongate, ochreous, anal segment with two black basal dots. Posterior tibixe and basal joint of tarsi clothed with rough whitish scales above. Forewings elongate, narrow at base, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa almost straight, with elongate glandular swelling beyond middle, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather strongly oblique ; light brownish-ochreous mixed with leaden-grey and white, with fine scattered black scales ; basal patch irregularly marked with deeper ochreous and black, outer edge very obtusely angulated in middle; space between this and central fascia suffused with grey on dorsal half; central fascia ochreous-brown, direct, posterior edge with strong acute-triangular projection in middle, marked with a curved black streak along costal half; a small blackish spot on posterior portion of costal gland; a triangular dorsal spot between central fascia and tornus irrorated with dark grey and blackish; four pairs of whitish strigulz on posterior half of costa, last giving rise to a circularly curved white line which cuts off a brown apical spot centred with blackish ; a brownish blotch before middle of tornus, above convex and limited by a white line running to termen above middle, beneath undefined: cilia light ochreous suffused with whitish except round apex. Hindwings with termen deeply excavated so as to form an elongate narrow apical lobe or projection and broader rounded dorsal lobe; white, apical lobe rather dark grey ; cilia whitish, round apex grey. Peradeniya, Ceylon (Green); in January, one specimen. Polychrosis cellifera, n. sp. 3 Q@. 14-15 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax pale ochreous mixed with brownish and dark fuscous. Posterior tibie in G clothed with whitish hairs above, basal joint of tarsi with long projecting brush of whitish hairs. Forewings suboblong, rather narrowed anteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique; pale ochreous mixed with brownish-ochreous and grey ; basal patch strigulated with blackish, outer edge only defined by a small dark spot on costa and a slight angulated mark in disc; central fascia irregular, brown, reaching from costa 5 across wing, strongly marked with black from costa to near middle of wing ; costa posteriorly dark fuscous with four pairs of grey-whitish strigule, beneath 870 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1I. this narrowly reddish-brown ; a narrow grey and brown subterminal fascia marked with black dashes on veins, constricted or almost interrupted in middle ; a short brown or grey streak marked with black along median portion of termen: cilia brownish or fuscous irrorated with whitish, with two dark fuscous lines becoming obsolete towards tornus. Hindwings in ¢ with subdorsal fold ; fuscous, lighter anteriorly ; cilia whitish-fuscous, with darker subbasal line. Colombo, Ceylon (Mackwood); Pusa (Fletcher); in July, two specimens. Statherotis decorata, Meyr. 2.19 mm. Head and thorax brown mixed with dark fuscous, lower half of face whitish, thoracic crest mixed with whitish. Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings brown sprinkled with dark fuscous; an undefined basal pateh strigulated with black ; a semioval reddish-brown blotch extending along costa from 3 almost to apex, on costal edge shortly strigulated with black, on lower edge margined anteriorly by a thick curved black streak from costa to beyond its middle, and posteriorly by an irregular black streak running from apex towards tornus 2 across wing and dilated into a blotch in its central portion, the opening between these two streaks somewhat whitish-mixed ; a short blackish streak along median portion of termen: cilia brown mixed with dark fuscous. Hindwings dark grey, cilia grey, with dark grey subbasal line. Madulsima, Ceylon, in March (Green). This sex, which differs consider- ably in colouring from the 3, has not been described before. Argyroploce lamyra, Meyr. Kegalle, Ceylon (Alston); one specimen. Described from Queensland, and not hitherto recorded elsewhere. Argyroploce compsitis, n. sp. 2.13 mm. Head grey. Palpi grey, with a blackish band. Thorax grey, crest blackish. Forewings elungate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, somewhat oblique; leaden-grey with faint purplish reflections ; costa strigulated with black and whitish ; two black dots near base, and one beneath costa at + ; a triangular blackish white-edged blotch on dorsum at 3,reaching more than half across wing ; central fascia blackish on upper half, blackish-sprinkled but little marked on lower, white-edged on posterior margin, broadest in middle, beneath this suddenly narrowed and with a triangular slightly whitish-edged prominence downwards from anterior margin ; an oblique transverse spot from costa at 2, upper half blackish, lower half ferruginous-brown with two black bars; a blackish blotch before middle of termen, touching central fascia and termen, suffused beneath, convex and white-edged above ; two small dark fuscous spots on costa posteriorly, terminated beneath with ferruginous-brown and a black dot ;a small dark fuscous apical spot: cilia grey sprinkled with bluish-white, on upper half of INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 871 termen obscurely barred with dark fuscous. Hindwings grey, thinly ‘scaled anteriorly, broadly suffused with dark fuscous towards termen ; cilia whitish-grey, withdark grey subbasal line. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Alston) ; in November, one specimen. Argyroploce scolopendrias, n. sp. g.19mm. Head, palpi, and thorax reddish-fuscous mixed with blackish. Posterior tibize without tufts. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen somewhat -sinuate, rather oblique ; crimson-fuscous, indistinctly striated longitudi- nally with blackish in disc, suffused with ochreous-whitish towards base in middle ; costa strigulated with blackish and whitish; a slender black submedian streak from base to beyond middle, edged beneath with -ochreous-brown suffusion; dorsal area beneath this forming a broad pale ochreous streak continued across tornus andasa broad terminal patch indistinctly lined with brownish to apex, where it is terminated by an oblique white mark ; a white transverse linear mark on end of cell, and .ablack median streak from this to termen : cilia ochreous-whitish, with a reddish-fuscous bar at apex, and two on middle of termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; light greyish-ochreous; cilia ochreous-whitish, with grey _ .subbasal line. Nilgiris, 6,000 feet (Andrewes) ;in May, one specimen. Very similar ‘to scorpiastis, but forewings more elongate, termen more oblique, dorsal pale area forming a uniform band with straight black upper edge, hindwing paler. Argyroploce scorpiastis, n. sp. 6 2.16-18mm. Head and thorax fuscous, often reddish-tinged, some- times mixed with dark fuscous. Palpi reddish-whitish barred with blackish -suffusion. Posterior tibiz without tufts. Forewings elongate, moderate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, little oblique ; crimson-fuscous, lighter and more crimson- ‘tinged towards costa; costa obliquely strigulated with dark reddish- fuscous and sometimes with whitish ; basal 2 longitudinally striated with -ochreous-whitish in disc, mixed with black between striz ; a white trans- verse linear mark on end of cell, space between this and termen streaked Jongitudinally with ochreous whitish or brownish-ochreous, with a black median streak ;a pale ochreous semioval patch extending along dorsum from + to 3, brownish-edged towards upper edge posteriorly, edged with whitish above; tornal area suffused with whitish-ochreous ; dorsum and termen dotted with blackish: cilia whitish-ochreous, with a dark fuscous bar at apex and two in middle of termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; fuscous ; cilia ochreous-whitish, with fuscous subbasal ‘line. Khasis ; in October and November, four specimens. 872 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI, Argyroploce antaea, n. sp. 3 2. 15-17 mm. Head fuscous, crown suffused with blackish, lower part of face whitish. Palpi whitish, second joint witha more or less marked black bar. Thorax whitish fuscous, with suffused dark fuscous dorsal stripe, crest blackish. Posterior tibize in ¢ with long ochreous-whitish scales towards apex above. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, vertical; brownish-ochreous, somewhat blackish-sprinkled, veins towards termen marked with blackish lines ; costa black with pairs of white strigule giving rise to very oblique whitish strigz crossing subcostal area only a whitish streak along submedian fold from base to 3, and a patch of undefined whitish suffusion on tornus, tending to form streaks between veins ; a streak of blackish suffusion along dorsum from base to middle : cilia whitish-ochreous, with fuscous bars at apex and in middle of termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; rather dark fuscous; cilia fuscous- whitish, with fuscous subbasal line. Kandy, Ceylon (Mackwood, Green); in February and from July to November, five specimens. Argyroploce centritis, n. sp. 3. 16mm. Head and palpi reddish-fuscous. Thorax reddish-fuscous patagia paler, crest ferruginous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, little oblique ; brown; a black dot towards costa at+, and afew small scattered blackish dots in disc posteriorly ; a streak of whitish irroration along dorsum from + to tornus, anterior half of upper edge forming a triangular projection which reaches half across wing, and there is a second shorter projection beyond this, dorsal edge marked with a brown spot beneath first projection and a smaller one between the two: cilia brown, on tornus grey. Hindwings grey, thinly scaled, termen rather broadly suffused with dark fuscous ; cilia whitish, with dark grey subbasal line. Khasis; in November, one specimen. Allied to caryactis. Argyroploce sandycota, n. sp. So. 12mm. Head and thorax reddish-ochreous spotted with blackish. Palpi whitish-odchreous suffused with reddish-orange towards apex, with a blackish spot on base of second joint. Forewings elongate-triangular ; costa gently arched, apex rouncded-obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique ; orange red, irregularly reticulated with dark fuscous ; costa strigulated with black, interspaces posteriorly whitish ; a blackish streak along dorsum from hase to 2 and a blackish spot on costa at 3 ; a larger irregular blackish spot on costa beyond middle, and the reticulation coalesces into irregular markings in disc posteriorly and before tornus. Hindwings dark grey, thinly scaled anteriorly ; cilia grey, with darker subbasal line. Hakgala, Ceylon (Green); in April, one specimen. INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 873 Argyroploce tophaea, n. sp. 3 Q. 13-15 mm. Head white, crown tinged with grey. Palpi white, second joint with two faint grey or brownish spots. Thorax crimson grey mixed with white, thoracic crest large, dark crimson-brown. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, little oblique ; crimson-brownor deep crimson, often partially strewn with suffused whitish strigulz, and marked with suffused iridescent-violet striz ; base narrowly whitish; a flattened-triangular patch, of blackish suffusion extending along costa from near base to near apex, and reaching in middle half across wing, marked with oblique bluish-leaden-metallic strige rising from pairs of whitish costal strigule; some blackish and leaden-metallic suffusion towards dorsum, especially on anterior half and on tornus; a more or less marked whitish-ochreous streak along termen; a fine black terminal line : cilia whitish-ochreous, sometimes suffused with crimson on outer half, sometimes with a dark leaden-fuscous patch beneath tornus. Hindwings fuscous ; cilia pale fuscous, with darker subbasal line. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole, Alston); in May, June and November, four specimens. Argyroploce microplaca, n. sp. 62. 89mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark fuscous. Forewings elon- gate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, hardly oblique ; blackish-fuscous, crossed by suffused blue-leaden-metallic strize rising from oblique white costal strigule; a pale yellow-ochreous transverse patch reaching from termen close before tornus ? across wing, and touching an oblique apical wedge-shaped strigula of same colour: cilia pale yellow-ochreous. Hindwings grey ; cilia light grey. Khasis ; in October and November, three specimens. Argyroploce anemodes, n. sp. ©. 12-13 mm. Head fuscous. Palpi iridescent-white, second joint with two spots of dark grey suffusion. Thorax blackish. Forewings elon- gate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex, obtuse, ter- men almost straight, vertical ; dark purple-fuscous suffused with blackish, finely sprinkled with minute ochreous points, a basal patch of leaden- metallic striation mixed with whitish, outer edge oblique aud extended as a dorsal streak to ocellus; a blotch of leaden-grey markings mixed with white on costa before middle ; three white costal strigule beyond this ; two stronger white strigule enclosing apex; ocellus margined anteriorly by a double blue-leaden-metallic streak, and posteriorly by a blue-leaden- metallic whitish-edged spot cut by a blackish dash : cilia fuscous mixed with leaden-grey and dark fuscous, sometimes suffused with whitish-ochreous on tornus. Hindwings dark fuscous, more blackish posteriorly ; cilia grey- whitish, with dark grey subbasal shade. Kandy, Ceylon (Green) ; in June and August, two specimens. 20 874 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI Argyroploce pyrrhocrossa, N. sp. 3 2. 15-16mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light brownish finely sprin k- led with fuscous or dark, Abdomen blackish-grey,in ¢ rather elongate. Forewings elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, vertical ; brownish, finely irrorated with whitish and dark fuscous ; costal edge blackish strigulated with whitish ; some undefined darker median suffusion from base to middle; a similar patch on tornus; two short oblique-leaden-metallic strigze from costa posteriorly : cilia brown- reddish, at apex dark fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous, more blackish posteriorly ; cilia whitish-grey, with dark fuscous subbasal line. Khasis; in March and November, three specimens. Specially character- ised by the contrasted reddish cilia of forewings. Pammene homotorna, n. sp. $@. 11-13 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous. Palpi ascending, pale whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather ob- lique ; 7 to apex ; dark purplish-fuscous, sprinkled with blue-whitish points, costa with pairs of fine whitish strigulee ; anterior half of wing mostly cover- - ed by suffused curved leaden-metallic striz ; a thick curved blue-leaden- metallic striz from 2 of costa to tornus, lower portion with two short pro- jections anteriorly ; a subterminal series of black dots or short dashes strongest towards apex of wing: cilia whitish-fuscous, with dark fuscous basal and subapical shades, latter obsolete towards tornus. Hindwings with 8 and 4 stalked; dark fuscous, suffused with blackish posteriorly ; cilia as in forewings. Khasis ; in June and September, six specimens. Pammene theristis, n. sp. $2. 11-14 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen dark fuscous. Palpi ascending, ochreous-whitish, in ¢ sprinkled with grey, in 9 irrorated with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate, little oblique; 7 to termen ; dark purplish-fuscous, slightly sprinkled with purple-whitish points ; costa shortly strigulated with blackish; two sharply-marked ochreous white wedge-shaped costal strigule before apex ; a blackish stria from costa at 5 to termen above middle, in ¢ preceded and followed by blue-leaden- metallic strigze : cilia rather dark purplish-fuscous, with blackish basal line. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked: dark fuscous, darker posteriorly ; cilia fuscous-whitish, violet-iridescent, with dark fuscous basal line. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole, de Mowbray); Kumaon; in May, June and October, four specimens. Bred from seedlings of Shorea robusta (Indian Forest Service). Pammene peristictis, n. sp. g. 8-10 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen dark fuscous. Palpi rather INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, , 8d long, porrected, pale ochreous-yellowish, with a dark violet-fuscous oblique apical bar. Forewings subtriangular, costa posteriorly moderately arched; apex very obtuse, termen somewhat sinuate beneath apex, vertical; 7 to termen ; dark purplish-fuscous, slightly sprinkled with whitish points, with some irregular indistinct broken darker transverse striz ; a nearly straight blackish stria from costa beyond middle to termen beneath apex ; several blackish dots close before termen between this and tornus: cilia purplish- leaden-fuscous, with blackish basal line. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; dark fuscous, basal half suffused with purple-blackish, termen somewhat paler-suffused ; cilia fuscous. Undersurface of forewings with a blackish patch in middle of disc. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole) ; in March, five specimens. Laspeyresia prolopha, n. sp. 3 2. 11-12 mm. Head and thorax grey with bluish iridescence, thorax obscurely barred transversely with darker. Palpi grey mixed with whitish, violet-iridescent. Abdomen dark fuscous, in ¢ ochreous-whitish beneath and on lateral patches before apex. Forewings suboblong, costa gently arched, bent in middle, with a projection of rough scales on bend, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, vertical; dark purplish-fuséous, mostly overlaid with bluish-leaden-metallic suffusion, which covers most of basal and costal area anteriorly, a patch on middle of dorsum and two patches enclosing ocellus; two very oblique series of short black dashes crossing costal area posteriorly, with a blue leaden striga between them; some short whitish strigulz on posterior half of costa, a pale ochreous dot in disc at 2: cilia pur- plish-fuscous, with blackish subbasal line. Hindwings with 6 and 7 somewhat approximated towards base; dark fuscous, a suffused whitish-fuscous discal patch ; cilia white, towards tornus violet-iridescent, with dark fuscous sub- basal line. Undersurface of forewings with a whitish streak beneath cell ; of hindwings with a whitish subdorsal streak, in ¢ surrounded with black- ish suffusion, and a whitish patch in disc. Khasis ; in June and July, eight specimens. Laspeyresia optica, n. sp. 36. 16mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Palpi fuscous suffusedly irrorat- ed with whitish. Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, moderate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate, vertical ; dark prismatic-fuscous, with strong green reflections, finely irro- rated with pale ochreous-tinged points ; costa very shortly and obscurely strigulated with blackish and whitish ; three blue-metallic oblique strigze from posterior half of costa, second short, beneath it an oblique series of two or three indistinct short blackish dashes ; ocellus forming a bluish-leaden- metallic transverse patch, anterior angle touching first striga, its upper portion suffused with ground colour and finely striated longitudinally with blackish ; a short distinct ochreous-white blue-tipped costal strigula before 876 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST: SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. apex: cilia purplish fuscous, round apex and upper half of termen lighter and bluish metallic, with blackish basal line. Hindwings with 6 and 7 rather approximately towards base ; blackish ; a’suffused irregular whitish median band, not reaching margins, cut by blackish streaks on veins; cilia white with violet-blue iridescence, with dark fuscous basal line, round apex grey. Undersurface of forewings with white streak along lower margin of cell. Khasis ; in June, one specimen. Laspeyresia pulverula, n. sp. 3. 14mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous irrorated with pale greyish- ochreous, face whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish. Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, somewhat oblique ; dark purple-fuscous, anterior 2 closely irrorated with ochreous-whitish, leaving an oblique dark fuscous mark crossing submedian fold before middle ; costal area suffused with brown on posterior half, edge strigulated with whitish; a short oblique blackish striga from middle of costa and another from beneath costa at 2 to above middle of termen, each followed by a purple-leaden-metallic striga ; ocellus margined by ochreous-whitish irroration and very obscure leaden-metallic streaks : cilia grey, with black basal line. Hindwings with 6 and 7 approxi- mated towards base; dark fuscous, with broad blackish terminal band; a suffused whitish spot in middle of disc; cilia white, with blackish basal line. Undersurface of forewings with streak of whitish suffusion along lower margin of cell ; of hindwings with larger whitish discal patch. Khasis ; in June, one specimen. Laspeyresia leucostoma, n. sp. $6 Q. 11-15mm. Head dark fuscous, face white. Palpi white. Thorax grey, with a more or less developed blackish bar behind collar. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, little oblique; purplish-fuscous suffused with blackish, with irregular broken violet-leaden-metallic striz rising from pairs of whitish costal strigule; ocellus enclosed by two violet-leaden-metallic streaks, anterior duplicated, posterior followed by an irregular whitish-ochreous termina streak; upper half of ocellus suffused with whitish-ochreous ; an irregular patch of whitish-ochreous suffusion above ocellus; two larger ~ yellowish-white strigule at apex: cilia leaden-grey with a dark fuscous basal line finely edged with ochreous-white, more broadly at apex. Hind- wings dark fuscous, thinly scaled on basal half; cilia iridescent-whitish with dark fuscous basal line. Maskeliya, Ceylon (Alston); Palnis (Campbell); Khasis ; from May to October, eight specimens. Laspeyresia turifera, u. sp. 3S. 13 mm. Head yellow, sidetufts of crown dark fuscous. Palpi yellow, base brownish. Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 877 moderate, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique; dark brownish, strigulated with dark fuscous; a broad bright yellow transverse band extending from near base to middle posterior edge straight, vertical, rather irregular, costal edge strigulated with dark fuscous: cilia brownish with two dark fuscous shades. Hind- ; wings with 6 and 7 approximated towards base; dark fuscous ; cilia orey with dark fuscous basal line. Khasis ; in March, one specimen. Laspeyresia primigena, n. sp. ¢. 11-183 mm. Head with appressed scales, blackish reticulated with whitish. Palpi transversely compressed, white, with black anterior streak. Thorax blackish transversely barred with’ whitish. Forewings rather elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; bronzy-blackish; basal of wing sharply strigulated with whitish; a patch of about four incurved whitish strive from middle of dorsum reaching 2 across wing, apices tending to be broken up and connected into longitudinal striz ; several ochreous-white strigulz from costa posteriorly, whence proceed some faint oblique strigze of whitish irroration, and two or three short oblique shining blue-metallic strigze ; a shining blue-metallic dot in dise beyond middle; ocellus marked with two transverse ochreous- whitish streaks and enclosed by shining blue-metallic streaks, interior broken into spots; a short shining blue-metallic mark beneath apex: cilia rather dark purple-fuscous, with black basal line. Hindwings with 6 and 7 approximated towards base; blackish-fuscous; a thinly scaled fuscous-whitish elongate patch extending in disc from base to beyond middle ; cilia white, with blackish basal line. Khasis ; in October and November, two specimens. The peculiar char- acter of the palpi and head appears to show undoubted affinity to the Glyphipterygide marking this as an early type of the genus; but the neura- tion is as in typical forms of Laspeyresia. ( To be continued.) 878 THE MOTHS OF INDIA. SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN “THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.” SERIES IV, PART III. By Sir Greorce F. Hampson, Bart., F.z.S., F.E.S. (Continued from page 446 of this Volume.) Genus Monopss. Type. Monodes, Guen. Noct., 1., p. 240 (1852) a .. nucicolora, Alpesa, Wik., xv., 1662 (1856) ae As -» , vallacosta, Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, rather slender, the 2nd joint reaching to vertex of head, the 3rd moderate ; frons smooth; eyes large, round ; antennee of male typically ciliated ; build slender; thorax chiefly clothed with scales, the pro and metathorax with typically slight spreading crests ; tibie moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crest at base only. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and hardly crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. A, Forewing with ochreous costal fascia and apical mark. a. Forewing with the reniform with white annulus defined by black ; at conjugata. b. Forewing with the reniform almost cbsolete .. fissistiyma. B. Forewing with the costal fascia grey, the apical mark ochreous - Sas ce ~. ONafiSStt 2537. MonopES CONJUGATA. Hydrelia conjugata, Moore, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 369; Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., viii, p. 473, pl. 134, f. 9. Eurois albicostata, Hmpsn., Moths Ind. u, p. 228 (1894). 2049 a. MonopsEs FISSISTIGMA. 1777 a. MoNnopdEs TRIFISSA. Monodes trifissa, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., viii, p. 475, pl. 154, f. 12, (1909). @. Head and thorax ochreous white tinged with rufous, the extremities. of patagia with some black scales and the metathoracic crest blackish ; pectus and legs suffused with fuscous brown ; abdomen ochreous suffused with brown, the basal crest fuscous. Forewing with the base and costal. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 879 area to just beyond postmedial line grey slightly irrorated with black, the mner area and a broad curved fascia from end of cell to apex ochreous, the cell and area beyond its lower extremity rufous and the medial part of terminal area grey with slight dark streaks on the veins and in interspaces; subbasal line represented by a slight oblique black striga from costa; antemedial line absent; orbicular white with an ochreous tinge in centre and slightly defined by brown at sides, narrow, very oblique, its lower extremity produced to three oblique white streaks with a bar across their extremities below the reniform which is represented by a very slight ochreous lunule ; an oblique ochreous streak from below the orbicular to submedian fold at postmedial line, which is very indistinct and double from costa to vein 3, strongly bent outwards below costa, bent inwards at vein 3 and sinuous to inner margin; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing greyish wholly suffused with fuscous brown; the underside ochreous irrorated with fuscous, a blackish discoidal spot, curved waved postmedial line, and terminal series of strize. Habitat.—Punsasz, Simla. Lap. 24 mill. Genus NEOMILICHIA. Type. Neomilichia., Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., viii, p. 518 (i909)... io Se i Sis Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching about to middle of frons and moderately scaled, the 3rd moderate ; frons with hylea. slight rounded prominence with corneous plate below it; eyes large, round ; antennz of male ciliated; build slender; head and thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the pro and metathorax with spreading crests ; tibize moderately fzinged with hair; abdomen with dorsal crest at base only. Forewing with the apex rectangular, the termen evenly curved and slightly crenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3'4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 2048. NEOMILICHIA VEPRECOLA. Genus PERIGEODEs. Type. Periyeodes, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vii, p. 287 (1908). rectivitta. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to vertex of head and moderately scaled in front, the 3rd rather long ; frons smooth; eyes large, round; antenne of male ciliated: head and thorax smoothly clothed with scales, the pro and metathorax with spreading crests, tibiz: moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with small dorsal 880 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. crests on basal segments. Forewing with the apex rectangular, the termen evenly curved and slightly crenulate, the cilia strongly dentate especially towards tornus ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell, Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from below middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. A. Forewing with large white patch on inner medial area extending almost to cell ae a .. poliomera. B. Forewing without white patch on inner medial area extending almost to cell. a. Forewing with the lower part of reniform very large and extending to well below cell Mf so | Veeyela b. Forewing with the lower part of reniform moderate acd extending to slightly below cell. a’, Forewing with bifid black spot beyond lower part of reniform. a’. Forewing yellow, the antemedial line almost obsolete, the stigmata defined by black points. magna. 6°. Forewing ochreous suffused with rufus, the antemedial line double, the stigmata with pale annuli .. AE as Be .. malayica. 6‘. Forewing without bifid black spot beyond lower part of reniform .. BS Sl .. vrectivitta. 2051. 6. PERIGEODES POLIOMERA. E Perigeodes poliomera, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vii., p. 287., pl. 115. f. 11 (1908). Head, tegule and patagia ochreous tinged with rufous, the tegule with darker edges; palpi black above, white below ; frons with black bar; vertex of thorax, pectus and legs white, the forelegs tinged with brown, the tarsi fuscous ringed with white ; abdomen white tinged with brown, the basal crest black at tip. Forewing ochreous tinged with rufous, the area below costa paler, becoming pure white at apex. A large white patch on inner area from near base to near tornus, rounded above, the terminal area redder to the oblique streak from termen just below apex, suffused with black towards tornus ; the base white; traces of a double waved subbasal line from costa to submedian fold; a very indistinct double waved antimedial line, obsolete on the white area; orbicular and reniform with whitish annuli slightly defined by brown, the former with brown centre round the latter with its centre defined by black points, constricted at middle; a blackish patch beyond lower angle of cell; postmedial line double almost obsolete towards costa, strongly bent outwards below costa, then oblique, minutely waved and with series of black and white points on its THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 88 outer edge, bent outwards to inner margin at the extremity of the white. patch, some slight pale points beyond it on costa; traces of a waved. subterminal line; a terminal series of black points with white point before: the point in submedian interspace; cilia reddish with series of black points at tips, wholly black towards tornus. Hindwing pale brown with ter-- minal series of small dark lunules: cilia brownish white, the underside: whitish, the costal area tinged with rufous, an indistinct diffused dark. subterminal band from costa to vein 2, a terminal series of black points. Hatitat.— CENTRAL Cutna ; Hatnan; Assam, Khasis. Evp. f 32,936 mill.. 2051. a. PERIGEODES TRICYCLA. Perigea tricycla, Guen., Noct 1. p. 226 (1852); Hmpsn. Cat. Lep.. Phal. B. M.-vii; p. ‘289, pl. 115, £. 12. Bagada fuscostrigata, Beth. Baker, Nov. Zool. xiii, p. 209 (1906). 6. Head and thorax pale ochreous mixed with dark brown and tinged’ with rufous; palpi with some dark brown at side of 2nd joint; antennz brown:;: abdomen pale ochreous tinged with rufous, dorsally dark brown except at: base. Forewing pale ochreous suffused with rufous and slightly irrorated with dark brown, the inner margin with fuscous brown fascia tinged with grey except at base, the postmedial area greyish brown except towards. costa, terminated by the oblique dark brown streak from apex to the post-- medial line at vein 5, diffused below; subbasal line represented by two: black points below the cell; antemedial line very indistinct, double, rufous, minutely dentate, below vein 1 strongly bent inwards to inner margin ; claviform represented by a dark striga at its extremity ; orbicular- pale, defined by brown except above, irregularly rounded; reniform pale, slightly defined by brown, strongly constricted at middle and figure-of- eight-shaped, extending well below the cell to vein 2, some dark points in its lower part, traces of an oblique line from it to inner margin ; postmedial line indistinct, double, strongly bent outwards below costa, then minutely waved and oblique, some pale points beyond it on costa; subterminal line- very indistinct, pale, defined on inner side by brown suffusion, slightly: excurved below vein 7 at middle; a terminal series of dark points defined on inner side by pale lunules; cilia dark brown with a pale tine at base.. Hindwing dark brown with a reddish tinge ; cilia with a pale line at base ;. the underside whitish tinged with brown, the terminal area suffused with. brown, a brown postmedial line from costa to vein 5. ab. 1, fuscostrigata—Hindwing on underside much more suffused with brown, a dark discoidal spot, the postmedial line entire. Habitat—Assam, Khasis ; Borneo ; Br. New Guinea. Ep. 42-44 mill. 2051. PERIGEODES MAGNA. 2052. PERIGEODES MALAYICA. Orthogonia malayica, Snell., Veth’s Midden Sumatra Lep., p.. 46, pl. 4, f. 6 (1892). 21 882 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. ‘Xanthoptera nigridia, Hmpsn. Moths Ind., ii, p. 320 (1894). 2428, PERIGEODES RECTIVITIA. Genus PERIGEA. Type. Perigea, Guen. Noct., i., p. 225 (1852).. 2 .. spiced. Condica, W1k., ix., 239 (1856)... ee =f .. cupentia. Prospalta, Wik., xili., 1114 (1857) a ae ‘4. deucospila. Bagada, W\k., xv., 1753 (1858) ste ie as) SPUCEOR Gaphara, Wlk., Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) i., p. 96 (1862) .. tetera Myrtale, Druce, Biol. Centr. Am. Het. i., p. 443 (1891) .._— imitata. Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint typically reaching about to vertex of head and smoothly scaled, the 3rd typically rather long ; frons smooth; eyes large, round ; antennz of male typically minutely ciliated ; thorax smoothly clothed with scales, the prothorax with spreading crest, the metathorax with slight crest; tibiz moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with slight dorsal crests on basal segments. Forewing with the apex rectangular, the termen evenly curved and slightly erenulate ; veins 8 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11from cell. Hindwing with veins 3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from below middle of disco- ¢ellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. A, Forewing with a large part of wing occupied by grey or white patches ay, ae ee .. _ leprosa. B. Forewing with a large part of wing not occupied by grey or white patches. a. Forewing cupreous black brown. a'. Forewing with subterminal and terminal series of small white spots. a, Forewing with the orbicular white centre : defined by white points .. .;) stellata. 6*, Forewing with the orbicular not fennel = white points. a*. Forewing with the centre of the reniferm broken up into white points a .. contigua. b°*, Forewing with round white spot in centre of reniform with small brown lunule on it .. deucospila. }, Forewing without terminal series of small white spots. a. Forewing with the reniform broken up into white points .. os ke : . albomaculata. aS *, Forewing with the reniform with slight she lunule on its inneredge .. . Forewing with the subterminal line not excury- ed at middle ee Me 3 .. polvastis. b. Forewing suffused with fiery red .. ir .. pyrovantha. &, Forewing with prominent rather diffused dark medial line .. a f: ave a .. grisea. 1834). HapsINa CUPREIPENNIS. Tlattia cupreipennis, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. J12 (1882); Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. viii, p. 525, pl. 136, f. 13. Head and thorax fiery red mixed with dark brown and some grey ; abdomen dark brown. Forewing deep cupreous red shading to brown mixed with grey on costal and terminal areas; subbasal line represented by a slight dark striga from costa ; antemedial line very indistinct, waved ; claviform absent; orbicular and reniform whitish irrorated with brown and very faintly defined by brown, the former round, the latter somewhat quadrate ; postmedial line very indistinct, dark, bent outwards below costa, then produced to dark streaks with grey points on them on the veins, incurved below vein 4; hardly a trace of the subterminal line; a fine punctiform black terminal line. Hindwing glossy yellowish brown: a fine dark terminal line and slight pale line at base of cilia ; the underside pale tinged with red and thickly irrorated with brown, a small black discoidal lunule and traces of a curved postmedial line. Hahitat.—Punsas, Murree; Stxutm, Exp. 30-36 mill. 888 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX, 1833 6. HapbgsINA CHINENSIS. Perigea chinensis, Wllgrn. Wien. Ent. Mon, iv, p. 169 (1860). Segetia mandarina, Staud. Rom. Mem. vi, p. 482, pl. ix, f. 4 (1892) ; id. Cat. Lep. pal. p. 170. ,, sarepte, Gres.Bul. Ent. Zeit. XX XII,p. 350(1888)nec.Guen. _ Amyna pulverea, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1900, p. 114. 1834c. HapbJINA CINEREA. Hadjina cinerea, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. viii,, p. 526, pl. 136, f£. 15 (1909). 3. Head and tegule pale fulvous ; thorax dark brown mixed with grey and afew black scales; tarsi with pale rings; abdomen grey-brown, the anal tuft ochreous. Forewing dark brown suffused with grey and irrorat- ed with black ; subbasal line represented by a slight grey striga from costa; antemedial line very ill-defined, grey, diffused, waved; claviform absent; - orbicular and reniform grey irrorated with black, undefined, the former round, the latter somewhat constricted at middle; postmedial line very ~ ill-defined, grey, diffused, bent outwards below costa and oblique below vein 4; subterminal line very indistinct, grey faintly defined by blackish on inner side, excurved below vein7 and at middle; a terminal series of slight black points. Hindwing silky fuscous grey, the cilia slightly paler; the | underside with faint black discoidal spot and traces of postmedial line. Habitat—Si1xuim, 1,800'. Lvp. 26 mill. 1880. HapsINA MODESTISIMA. Apamea modestissima, Snell., Tijd. V. Ent. xx, p. 26, pl. 2, f. 14 (1877). Hipepa opacaria, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1890, p. 264, pl. 8, f. 5. 1834d. Hapsina viscosa. Mythimna viscosa, Frr. Neue. Beitr. i, p. 39, pl. 21, f. 5, (Aug. 1831) Staud. Cat. Lep. pal., p. 170. a impleva, Treit. Schmett. Eur. x,, 2, p. 73 (1835); nec. Hiibn. Dup. Lep. Fr. Suppl. iv., p. 98, pl. D8, fo ve Head and thorax red-brown mixed with grey scales; tarsi fuscous with pale rings; abdomen ochreous. Forewing red-brown slightly irrorated with greyish ochreous; subbasal line absent ; antemedial line hardly trace- able, greyish, waved ; claviform absent; orbicular and reniform small with faint grey annuli, undefined, the former oblique elliptical, the latter con- stricted at middle; postmedial line very indistinct, slightly defined by grey on outer side and with prominent grey striga from costa, bent outwards below costa and oblique below vein 4, some pale points beyond it on costa; subterminal line very indistinct, pale, angled outwards at vein 7 and slightly excurved at middle; a terminal series of blackish points ; cilia with a fine pale line at base. Hindwing white, the termen tinged THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 889 with pale red-brown from apex to submedian fold, in female almost entire- ly suffused with brown ; the underside with the costal area irrorated with red. ab. 1.—Much more ochreous or grey irrorated with fuscous and with hardly a trace of rufous; forewing with the ante and post-medial lines more distinct, the former angled outwards in submedian fold and above jnner margin and inwards on vein 1, a dark patch sometimes present be- tween orbicular and reniform. Habitat.—Spain ; Sictny; Canaries ; Syria; Persian Guir; SInp, Karachi 82. vp. 28°34 mill. 1833c. HAapsINA POLIASTIS. 1795a. HapsINa PYROXANTHA. 2053. HADJINA GRISEA. Genus CaTAMECIA. Type. Catamecia, Staud. Iris. x., p. 288 (1897) .. ae .. jordana, Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to about middle of frons and moderately scaled, the 3rd short ; frops with truneate conical prominence with slight raised edges and corneous plate below it; eyes large, round; antennz of male typically ciliated; thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the pro and meta-thorax with spreading crests ; tibize slightly fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crest at base only. Forewing with the apex rectangular, the termen evenly curved and not crenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3+ from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; ‘6°7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Sect. I.—Antennz of male serrate. 1871. CaATAMECIA FURTIVA. Sect. I7.—Antenne of male ciliated. 1850. CaTAMECIA MINIMA, Apamea minima, Swinh., P. Z. 8., 1889, p. 410 ; Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., viii, p. 543, pl. 186, f. 29. Catamecia bachert, Staud. Cat. Lep. pal., p. 213 (1901). Genus NAMANGANA. Type. Namangana, Staud. Stett., Ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 28 a cretacea. Lupolia, Smith, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xxi., p. 69 (i894). . licentiosa. Proboscis fully developed, palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching about to middle of frons and moderately scaled in front, the 3rd typically short; frons smooth; eyes large, round; antenne of male typically ciliated; head amd thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the pro and meta-thorax with spreading crests ; tibize moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal 29, 890 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. crest at base only. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and slightly crenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11] from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Sect. I. (Hupolia).—Antennee of male bipectinate with long branches. 2054a. NAMANGANA PECTINICORNIS, Sect. II. (Namangana).—Antenne of male ciliated. A, Forewing with elongate V-shaped black marks on terminal area between veins7 and3 .. .. eashmirensis. B. Forewing without V- shaped black marked on terminal area ma ms es age she atrescens. 1942. NAMANGANA CASHMIRENSIS. 1858a. NAMANGANA ATRESCENS. Genus CINGALESA. Type. Cingalesa, Hmpsn., Moths Ind., ii., p. 336 (1894) .. strigrcosta, 2108. CINGALESA STRIGICOSTA. Genus LopHoryna. Type. Lophotyna, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix, p. 19 (1910). albirena. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi oblique, fringed with long hair in front. the 3rd joint short, porrect ; frons smooth with large tuft of hair; vertex of head crested; eyes large, round; antenne of male ciliated; head and thorax clothed almost entirely with scales, the tegule produced to a slight dorsal ridge, the pro-thorax with high triangular crest, the meta-thorax with spreading crest : tibize moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crests on basal segments. Forewing with the apex produced and acute, the termen strongly crenulate and obliquely curved ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with — 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with the termen waved : veins 3'4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from below middle of discocel- lullars ; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 1724. LopHoryNa ALBIRENA. Genus GORYTYNA. Type. Gortyna, Treit. Schmett. Eur. v (2) p. 330 (1825) .. .. leucostigma. Helotropha, Led. Noct. Eur. p. 118 (1857) ¥ .. leucostigma. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching about to middle of frons and moderately scaled, the 3rd short; frons smooth ;. eyes large, round; antenne of male typically ciliated; head and thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the pro and meta-thorax with spreading crests THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 89] tibize moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crests on basal segments. Forewing with the apex rectangular, the termen crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 fromcell. Hindwing with veins 3'4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6:9 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 1795. GOoORTYNA LEUCOSTIGMA. Noctua leucostigma, Hiibn., Hur. Schmett. Noct. £. 375 (1808) : Staud. Cat. Lep. pal, p. 186. Noctua fibrosa, Hiibn., Eur. Schmett. Noct. f. 385 (1808) Dup. Lep. Fr. vii 1, p. 182, pl. 109 f. 4; Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iu, p. 7, i lunina, Haw., Lep. Brit. p. 209 (1809). Cerastis levis. Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 181. Hydrecia Ihasiana, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1881, p. 342, pl. 37, f. 5. Genus Hypracta. Type. Gortyna, Ochs. Schmett. Eur. iv., p. 82 (1816) non descr. ; Hiibn. Verz., p. 252 (1827), nec. Treit. 1825 a mucacen. Hydrecia, Dup. Cat. Meth., p. 114 (1844) aE oe mucacet. Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching about to middle of frons and fringed with long hair in front, the 3rd short ; frons smooth ; eyes large, round ; antenne of male typically minutely serrate ; thorax clothed with hair and hair-like scales, the tegulee produced toa slight dorsal ridge, the prothorax with sharp triangular crest, the meta- thorax with spreading crest; tibize moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with some rough hair at base, dorsal crest on first segment and lateral fringes of hair. Forewing with the apex somewhat produced and acute, the termen evenly curved and hardly crenulate ; veins 5 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle ; 8 anasto- mosing with the cell near base only. 1594. HypRa&cIa BASALIPUNCTATA. Genus PyRRarA, Type. Pyrrlaa, Hiibn. Verz., p. 233 (1827) .. ap We purpurina. 1598. PyRRHIA UMBRA. Noctua umbra, Hiifn. Berl. Mag. iii., p. 294 (1767); Smith, Cat. Noct. N. Am., p. 216; Staud. Cat. Lep. pal. p. 224. >» marginata, Fabr. Syst. Ent., p. 610 (1775); Dup. Lep. Fr. vii. pl. 119, f. 8; Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii., p. 108. 892 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT Noctua rutilago, Schiff, Wien. Verz. p. 88 (1776); Hiibn. Eur. Schmett, Noct. f. 185. » wumbrago, Esp, Schmett, iv., pl. 185, ff. 6-7 (1796). . conspicua, Borkh. Eur. Schmett, iv., p. 50 (1792). » marginago, Haw. Lep. Brit., p. 217 (1809). Heliothis cilesca, Guen, Noct. 11., p. 179 (1852). Fe evprimens, Wik. xi., 687 (1857); Grote, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. €ci. u1., p. 35, pl. ii., f. 5. Pyrrhia angulata, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. v., p. 93 (1874); id. Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. ii., pl. 3, f. 6. Hydrecia tibetana, Moore, A. M. N. H.( ) p. 232 (1878); id. 2nd Yarkand Mission Lep., p. 9, pl. i., f. 21. Chariclea vevilliger, Christ, Iris., vi., p. 92 (1893); Staud. Cat. Lep. pal., p. 228. Pyrrhia aconiti, Holtz., Allg. Zeitschr. Ent. vii., p. 212 (1902). Genus CaLnacta. Type. Callecia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix., p. 56 (1910) .. svinhet. Proboscis fully developed; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to about middle of frons and moderately fringed with hair, the 5rd short; frons with large corneous prominence with raised edges, the lower edge produced to a plate grooved in front, a corneous plate below it ; eyes large, round ; antennz of male laminate and almost simple; thorax clothed with hair and scales mixed, the pro and meta-thorax with spread- ing crests; tibize moderately fringed with hair; abdomen without crests. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and slightly crenulate : veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3'4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from well below middle of discocellulars; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 9025. CALL@CIA SVINH@I. Genus CyTOcANIs. Type. Cytocanis, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix., p. 110 (1910). dentreulosa. Proboscis fully developed; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint reaching about to middle of frons and moderately fringed with scales in front, the 3rd moderate; frons with large corneous prominence with raised edges, its lower edge produced to a beak-like process ; eyes large, round; antennz of male laminate and almost simple; thorax clothed almost entirely with scales and without crests; tibiz smoothly scaled, the joints of fore tarsi rather short and the fungues rather large ; abdomen with- out crests. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and hardly crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper THE MOTHS OF INDIA. SDe angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from well below middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the: cell near base only. 9016. CYTOCANIS DENTICULOSA. Genus Etypna. Lilydna, Wik. xv., 1712 (1858) Dyrzela, Wik., xv., 1758 (1858) Dadica, mbH. P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 349 Radinacra, Butl., A. M. N. H. (5) i., p. 161 1878) Leucocosmia, But. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 394 Floceifera, Hmpsn., Moths. Ind. u., p. 281 (1894) erigda. Sect I.—Antennz of male bipectinate with long branches to just beyond middle, the apical part ciliated. Type. TVANSVEM'SA.,. plagiata. lineosa. CINErASCENS. reclusa. 1885. Hnypna Bosca. Sect I1.—(Dyrzela).—Antennie of male strongly serrate above to middle, strongly fasciculate below. 1886. ELypNa PLAGIatTaA. Sect [11.—Antenne of male ciliated. A. (Leucocosma). Vertex of head of male with a cleft corneous ridge clothed with scales ; abdomen clothed with woolly pile; fore and hindwings clothed with woolly hair above. 1875. HLypNA RECLUSA. Prodenia reclusa, Wik., Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. vi, p. 185 (1862). Amphipyra agrotoides, Snell, Tijd. v., Ent. 1880, p. 77, pl. 6, f. 6. Radinacra thoraciea, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iii, p. 31, pl. 148, f. 4.. (1884). Leucocosmia ceres, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 394, pl. 9, f. 10.. Caradrina euthusa, Hmpsn., Ill. Het. B. M. viii, p. 79, pl. 145, f. 1 (1891). a heliarcha, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1897, p. 370. FF unipunctata, Beth. Baker, Nov. Zool. xiii., p. 201 (1906). Pi insignifica, Beth. Baker, Nov. Zool. xiii, p. 201 (1906). DB. Vertex of head of male normal. a. (Kloceyfera). Abdomen of male with large sublateral tufts of flocculent hair from base. 1938. HLypNA ERIGIDA. Aletia erigida, Swinh, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1890, p. 221. Caradrina crenulata, Beth. Baker, Nov. Zool. xii, p. 202 (1906). 6. Abdomen of male without sublateral tufts of long hair from base. a’. Hindwing of male with the costal area on underside clothed with rough downturned scales with thicker ridge of scales. along subcostal nervure. 894 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXZ, a, Hindwing of male on underside with ridge of scales on medial part of vein 1, covered by a thick fringe of hair from inner margin. 1874a. EtypNA BIPUNCTA. Cosmia bipuncta, Snell. Veth’s. Midden. Sumatra Lep. 44, 1880. Graphiphora stellata, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 119 (1882). Caradrine lophophora, Hmpsn., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1895, p. 299 ; id. Moths, Ind. iv., p. 512. Caradrina pratti. Beth. Baker, Nov. Zool. xiii., p. 202 (1906). b°. (Dadica). Hindwing of male with the inner area normal. 1877. ELYDNA LINEOSA. ', Fore and hindwings of male with the medial part of termen excised. 1877a. EtypNA TRUNCIPENNIS. Elydna truncipennis, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix., p. 168, (1910). Head and thorax whitish suffused with pale rufous, the head rather whiter ; palpi black, whitish at tips and in front; tarsi blackish ringed with white; abdomen greyish suffused with fuscous brown. Forewing pale rufous with slight dark irroration, the terminal area rather darker; subbasal line blackish, straight from costa to submedian fold in which there is a black point beyond it and a white point in cell further from base, antemedial line blackish, erect, slightly bent inwards to costa and ineurved below submedian fold ; orbicular represented by a black point, the reniform by a small yellowish white spot usually with white point above it and two minute points below it; a diffused dark medial line, oblique from costa to median nervure, then incurved; postmedial line blackish, slightly bent inwards to costa and incurved below vein 3, with minute black streaks beyond it on the veins ; subterminal line indistinct, brown, slightly incurv- ed between veins 6 and 4; a fine dark terminal line ; cilia fuscous brown with a fine whitish line at base. Hindwing whitish suffused with brown especially on the veins and terminal area; cilia whitish with a brownish line near base from apex to vein 2; the underside with the costal area irrorated with brown, a small discoidal spot, postmedial series of slight black streaks on the veins and traces of a postmedial line towards costa. Habitat.—Jaran ; Cornza; N. Coina; W. Cuina; Punsas, Kulu, Sultan- pur; Sixxim; Assam, Khasis ; Cryton, Pundaluoya, Exp. 28-34 mill.. c', (Elydna) Wing of male normal. a’, Forewing grey brown. a’, Forewing with the postmedial line minutely dentate ce .. ochreipuncta, }°. Forewing with the postmedial line not dentate. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 895 4 a. Forewing with series of black points on the veins beyond postmedial line... ay EMUOs }*. Forewing with series of short black streaks on the veins beyond postmedial line .. rectilinea. 4’, Forewing with the ground colour ochreous yellow or red brown. *, Forewing with blackish patches on costa at a. middle and before apex M. bisiynata. )°. Forewing without blackish patches on costa. a‘, Forewing with the postmedial line minutely waved and excurved beyond the cell. a. Forewing with black discoidal spot .. atripuncta. 6°, Forewing without black discoidal spot .. ochracea. _ 6. Forewing with the postmedial line not waved, angled at vein 6, then oblique .. .. transversa. 1869. HLypNA OCHREIPUNCTA. 1878. ELypNA RENALIS. 1878a, HELYDNA RECTILINEA. Lilydna rectilinea, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix., p. 172, Pollo WEIE ee ilreN SON Head and thorax whitish tinged with rufous, the head rather white ; palpi fuscous, white at tips and in front; tarsi fuscous ringed with white ; abdomen grey tinged with brown. Forewing pale grey tinged with pale reddish brown ; subbasal line slight, dark, straight, from costa to subme- dian fold ; antemedial line blackish, oblique, straight or slightly incurved in submedian interspace, slightly bent inwards to costa; orbicular repre- sented by a minute dark point, the reniform by some white scales; a diffus- ed dark medial shades oblique from costa to lower angle of cell, then black- ish ; postmedial line blackish, erect, straight, slightly bent inwards to costa, with minute black streaks beyond it on the veins ; subterminal line indis- tinct, dark, rather diffused, excurved below vein 7 and at middle; a fine brown terminal line with minute white points at the veins; cilia grey- brown with a slight yellowish line at base. Hindwing whitish suffused with brown; a fine brown terminal line; cilia whitish with the yellowish line at base ; the underside white, the marginal areas irrorated with brown, a brown discoidal lunule, diffused sinuous subterminal line and terminal series of black strize. Habitat.—Punsas, Kulu, Sultanpur, Dalhousie. 2p. 32 mill. 20580. ELYDNA BISIGNATA. 2058). ELyDNA ATRIPUNCTA. Elydna atripuncta, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix., p. 175, pl. 141, £. 21 (1910). 2. Head white, the palpi, frons, and antennze except at base dark 896 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI._ ; brown; thorax white tinged with ochreous and irrorated with a few black scales; tibiz and tarsi brown; abdomen whitish dorsally tinged with ochreous and irrorated with a few dark scales except at base. Forewing white tinged with ochreous and irrorated with black scales, the terminal area tinged with rufous; antemedial line brown, double on inner area, oblique towards costa, then waved, angled outwards at vein 1; a round black discoidal spot ; postmedial line brown, excurved and minutely waved to vein 2, angled inwards in submedian fold to near antemedial line and outwards on vein 1; subterminal line brown, diffused, oblique from costa | to vein 7, incurved at discal and submedian folds; a series of small black spots before termen ; cilia ochreous with a series of fuscous points. Hind- wing whitish suffused with ochreous yellow especially on terminal area: the underside whitish, the costal and terminal areas irrorated with brown, a small discoidal spot. Habitat.—Cryton, Puttalam. vp. 36 mill. 2058. ELypNA OCHRACEA. 2057. ELyDNA TRANSVERSA. Genus ANDROLYMNIA. Type. Androlymnia, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix., p. 179 (1910) $: Ae ag ifs Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to vertex of head and slenderly scaled, the 3rd long; frons smooth, with large tuft of hair above; eyes large, round; antennz of male somewhat emarginata. laminate and almost simple ; thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the pro- thorax with ridge-like crest, the metathorax with spreading crest; tibise moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crest at base only. Forewing typically with the apex produced and acute, the termen excised below apex and excurved at middle, the inner margin with antemedial lobe and scale tooth ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from first below middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 2098. ANDROLYMNIA EMARGINATA. Genus NicaRa. Type. Nikara, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 126 (1882) ya .. castanea. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, short, the 2nd joint broadly scaled, the 3rd minute ; frons smooth ; eyes large, round ; antenne of male minutely ciliated ; thorax clothed almost entirely with scales and without crests. Forewing rather short and broad, the apex rounded, the termen obliquely curved and not crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 1) THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 897 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 1792. Nicara CASTANEA. Genus APOCALYMNIA. Type. Apocalymnia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M.,ix, p. 184 La) be .. _ tenebrosa. Proboscis fully developed ; pal! ae the ond joint reaching about to middle of frons and moderately scaled, the 3rd short; frons with large corneous process with raised edges ; eyes large, round; antenne of female laminate ; head and thorax clothed almost entirely with scales, the pro- thorax without crest, the metathorax with slight crest; tibiz moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crest at base only. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen slightly waved and somewhat excised towards tornus; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole: 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3-4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 1874c, APOCALYMNIA TENEBROSA. Genus CALYMNIA. Type. Calymnia, Hibn. Verz., p. 235 (1827).. a .. trapezina. Eustegnia, Hiibn. Verz., p. 236 (1827)... za .. diffinis. Euperia, Guen. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1839, p. 486 .. trapexina. A, Forewing with the postmedial line obliquely down curved from costa to vein 6. a. Forewing with wedge-shaped white patch on costa at postmedial line .. . restituta. 6. Forewing without wedge- sfapell auite aaa on costa at postmedial line Mis . flavifimbria. B. Forewing with the postmedial line oblitgio ion costa to vein 6 .. ochreimargo. 2055, CALYMNIA RESTITUTA. Cosmia restituta, Wlk., x, 490 (1856). Calymnia picta, Stand. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1888, p. 257, id., Rom. Mem., vi, p. 503, pl. 10, f. 2. 2056. CALYMNIA FLAVIFIMBRIA. Cosmia affinis, Hmpsn., Moths, Ind., ii, p. 321 part. (nec. Linn).. Calymnia flavifimbria, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix, p. 1938, pl. 141, f. 27 (1910). 1873, CAaLYMNIA OCHREIMARGO,: 23 898 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT, Genus Basiuica. i Type. Basilica, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix., p. 209 (1910) chrysosticta. 2689a. BasILICA CHRYSOSTICTA. Genus Muparia. Type. Mudaria, Moore, Indian Museum, Notes iii, p. 68 (1893) cornifrons. 1825. MupARIA CORNIFRONS. Genus PHRAGMATIPHILA. Type. Nonagria, Hiibn. Verz., p. 241 (1827), Nec. Treit., 1825. . .. typhe. Phragmatiphila, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix., p. 266 (1910). neva. Proboscis aborted, minute ; palpi porrect, hardly extending beyond the frons and fringed with long hair below; frons with transverse corneous plate at middle, square in front and concealed by hair; eyes large, round ; antenne of male typically serrate and fasciculate; thorax clothed with hair only, the pro and metathorax with slight spreading crests; tibise fringed with long hair ; abdomen with some rough hair at base and dorsal crest at base only. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and not crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form a rather long areole ; 6 from the areole or cell; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 on a long stalk ; 8 anastomos- ing with the cell near base only. Sect. I.—Antenne of male minutely serrate and fasciculate. 1978a. PHRAGMATIPHILA FUMEA. Sect. II-—Antenne of male ciliated. A, Forewing with the small reniform with dark cen- tre and pale annulus open above and below .. Jleucaneura. BL, Forewing with the reniform a pale lunule .. grisescens. 19786. PHRAGMATIPHILA LEUCANEURA. Phragmatiphila leucaneura, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B, M., ix., p. 269, pl. 143, f. 1. (1910). co. Head and thorax dark brown, the scales tipped with grey : pectus and legs dark brown mixed with greyish, the tarsi blackish ringed with white ; abdomen greyish suffused and irrorated with dark brown. Forewing greyish ochreous strongly suffused and irrorated with dark brown, the veins of costal area with slight pale streak; traces of a curved blackish ante- medial line ; orbicular and reniform very small, ochreous, defined by black except above and with some black before and between them, the former rather triangular, the latter with black striga in centre; traces of an oblique blackish medial line from lower angle of cell to inner margin ; an oblique postmedial series of slight black points.on the veins from vein 6 to inner THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 899 margin; an oblique, ochreous shade from apex; an oblique ochreous line from termen just below apex to inner margin, fine towards apex and broadening towards inner margin, defined on each side by dark brown suffusion ; a terminal series of black points; cilia ochreous tipped with brown. Hindwing ochreous suffused with brown, the base and termen paler; the underside ochreous irrorated with brown, the terminal half suffused with brown, a dark discoidal spot. Habitat.—Burma, Hsipaw. Fvrp. 26 mill. 1798e. PHRAGMATIPHILA GRISESCENS. Phragmatiphila grisescens, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B, M. ix. p. 270, pl. 148, £. 2 (1910). @. Head and thorax grey tinged with dull brown; pectus, legs and abdomen suffused with fuscous. Forewing grey tinged with brown and irrorated with fuscous, the cell and area just below it suffused with fuscous, the terminal area suffused with fuscous narrowing to a point at apex; traces of a blackish antemedial line bent inwards to costa and excurved in cell and submedian interspace ; reniform a small ochreous lunule defined by black ; traces of an oblique waved medial line from cell to inner margin ; traces of a blackish postmedial line, oblique towards costa, then with series of black points beyond it on the veins, excurved to vein 4, then oblique; a terminal series of minute black lunules defined on inner side by slight ochreous lunules. Hindwing greyish suffused with fuscous brown; the underside brownish white irrorated with brown, a small dark discoidal spot. Halhitat.—Si1xu1m, 1,800'. Lvp. 34 mill. Genus CALAMISTIS. Type. Calamistis, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix., p. 273 (1910) .. fusca. Proboscis aborted, minute; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to middle of frons and fringed with long hair in front, the 3rd short; frons smooth ; eyes large, round; antennie of male typically bipectinate with moderate branches to apex ; thorax clothed with long hair and hair-like scales, the pro-and metathorax with spreading crests; tibize fringed with long hair ; abdomen with dorsal crest at base only. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and not crenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from below middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. Sect, 1.— Antenne of male bipectinate with moderate branches to apex. 1942a, CALAMISTIS PRAPALLENS. Calamistis prepallens, Hampsn., Cat. Lep, Phal. B. M. ix, p. 275, pl. 148, f. 7 (1910). 900 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI: 3. Head and thorax fuscous brown tinged with grey; hind legs whitish ; abdomen white, slightly tinged with brown. Forewing grey- brown, the costal half paler ; a diffused pale rufous fascia in discal fold from middle of cell to subterminal line; a black streak below basal half of cell; orbicular represented by a black point above median nervure, the reniform by a small fuscous spot at lower angle of cell slightly defined by white, its upper part defined by slight black points; a rather wedge-shaped black subterminal spot in discal fold with traces of black points on the veins from it to inner margin; a terminal series of slight black striz. Hindwing white with fine dark terminal line; the underside with the costal area and terminal area to vein 3 tinged with pale rufous. Halitat.—Travancore, Pirmad. vp. 30 mill. Sect. I1.— Antenne of male ciliated. A, Forewing with the inner half pale to subterminal line = oe: x: ae .. macrosticta. B. Forewing with the basal half of inner area conco- lorous .. ae sf a3 .. submarginalis. 1793. CALAMISTIS MICROSTICTA. 1946. CALAMISTIS SUBMARGINALIS. Genus Rapina. Type. Rabila, Wik., xxxii., 507 (1865)... a ss Fas Srontalis. 1591. RaABILA FRONTALIS. Genus ARENOSTOLA. Type. Arenostola, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix., p. 281 (1910). phragmitidis. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to vertex of head and moderately fringed with hair in front, the 3rd short, porrect ; frons smooth, with tuft of hair ; eyes large, round ; antenne of male ciliated ; thorax clothed with hair and hairlike scales, the prothorax with slight spreading crest, the metathorax without crest; tibiz moderately fringed with hair; abdomen without crests. Forewing with the apex somewhat produced and acute, the termen evenly curved and hardly crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsoleseent from middle of discocellu- lars ; 6°7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 19426. ARENOSTOLA PROCERA. Tapinostola procera., Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 47 ; Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix, p. 286, pl. 148, f.19; Staud, Cat. Lep. pal., p. 189. Head and thorax ochreous white mixed with brown; palpi and legs brownish; abdomen ochreous white tinged with brown. Forewing ochreous white tinged with pale rufous and rather thickly irrorated with THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 901 fuscous brown, the veins slightly streaked with brown; traces of a post- medial series of dark points on the veins, excurved to vein 4, then oblique ; a terminal series of brown striz. Hindwing white tinged with ochreous ; the underside with the costal area and terminal area to vein 2 irrorated with brown. Habitat.—W. Turxestan ; E. Turkestan; Moncoria; Kasumir, Numbra. Exp. 30-34 mill. Genus SPHETTA. Type. Sphetta, Wik., xxxii., 457 (1865) .. - an .. apicalis, 1585. SpHETTA APICALIS. Genus. ACRAPEX. Type. Acraper, Hmpsn. Moths Ind. i, p. 286 (1894) .. Sa PUSeae Acutipenna, Hmpsn. Moths Ind. ii, p. 287 (1894) .. acuminata. Sect. I. (Acutipenna)—Antenne of male annulated and ciliated. 1954. AcRAPEX ACUMINATA. Sect. II, (Acraper)—Antennee of male ciliated and not annulate. A, Forewing with hooked white mark above median nervure in lower extremity of cell .. _.. hamulifera. B,. Forewing without hooked white mark above me- dian nervure. a. Forewing with dark shade along median nervure. a’, Forewing with pale streaks on the veins of costal area only NPs By .. brunnea. 61, Forewing with pale streaks on all the veins. a’. Head and tegule black.. re ne @treceps. b?, Head and tegule not black. a>, Forewing ochreous white tinged with fuscous brown oh fi .. leucophlebia. 6°. Forewing pale pinkish rufous .. Se DIScdr. 6. Forewing without dark shade along median ner- WUC sr: a be ir: .. roseotincta. 1952. ACRAPEX HAMULIFERA. 1952a. ACRAPEX BRUNNEA. Acrapex brunnea, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix.,p. 318, pl. 144, f. 11 (1910). Head and tegule dark brown slightly mixed with ochreous; thorax ochreous tinged with rufous; pectus and legs ochreous mixed with brown ; abdomen ochreous suffused with brown. Forewing ochreous, the costal area suffused with red-brown leaving slight pale streaks on the veins; a diffused brown streak along median nervure and thence to the subterminal oblique fascia, with two white points on it at lower angle of cell; a slight brown streak below base of cell; an oblique pale fascia from apex to discal fold, with a diffused brown fascia below it from termen below apex to vein 3, 902 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT. with minute black streaks on it in the interspaces ; a terminal series of slight black lunules ; cilia ochreous mixed with brown and with brown line near base. Hindwing ochreous white, the veins and terminal area tinged with brown; a fine brown terminal line ; cilia whitish with a slight brown line near base; the underside whitish with the costal and terminal areas irrorated with reddish brown. Ab, 1.—Hindwing more uniformly tinged with brown. Ab, 2.—Forewing without the white points at lower angle of cell. Habitat—Br. K. Arrica; UGaAnpA; MASHONALAND; GAzALAND; TRANS- vaL; Natat; Cryton, Maskeliya; Bornzo, Pulo Laut; Br. N. Guinea; QUEENSLAND; S. AustraLia. vp. 20-30 mill. 1951b. AcRAPEX ATRICEPS. Acrapex atriceps, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix., p. 319, pl. 144, f. 13 (1910). 6. Head and tegule black; thorax ochreous tinged with rufous ; with a black dorsal stripe ; pectus and legs dark brown, the hind tibize and tarsi ochreous above; abdomen ochreous. Forewing pale ochreous slightly tinged with rufous, the veins defined by brown streaks except on inner area beyond the oblique subapical fascia, the costal edge black-brown: a diffused brown mark at lower angle of cell with white points in and be- yond the angle defined by some black scales; an oblique brown fascia from termen below apex to vein 3 where it is diffused inwards to lower angle of cell; a terminal series of black striz; cilia with black line at middle and mixed with black at tips. Hindwing ochreous white slightly tinged with red-brown; cilia ochreous white with a faint brown line at middle ; the underside whitish slightly irrorated with brown, the costal area suffused with brown. Hatbitat,—AssamM, Khasis. vp. 26 mill. 1953. AcCRAPEX LEUCOPHLEBIA. 1951. AcCRAPEX PRISCA. 195le. ACRAPEX ROSEOTINCTA. Acraper roseotinctu, Hmpsn, Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix., p. 320, pl. 144 f. 16 (1910). 9. Head and thorax ochreous tinged with brown ; abdomen ochreous white. Forewing pale ochreous yellow faintly tinged with rufous and the veins slightly streaked with rufous; a slight blackish streak below basal half of cell ; some black scales at lower angle of cell; an oblique postme- dial veins of black points on veins 6 to 1; an oblique diffused rufous fascia from termen below apex to vein 3; a slight brown terminal line cilia yellowish white with a faint brownish line through them. Hindwing white faintly tinged with ochreous; the underside white with the costal area tinged with ochreous. Habitat,—Cryion, Maskeliya. Evp. 22 mill. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 903. Genus SESAMIA. ; Type. Sesamia, Guen. Noct. i., p. 95 (1852) .. v6 oe) vuteria, Microsemyra, Butl. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 155 ae .. pallida. Sect. I.—Antennz of male bipectinate with extremely short branches, the apex serrate. A, (Microsemyra), Hindwing with veins 3:4 strongly stalked in male from cell in female. 1950. SESAMIA PALLIDA. B. Hindwing with veins 3°4 from cell in both sexes. 1943, SESAMIA INFERENS. Leucania inferens, Wik. ix. 105 (1856); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iu, p. 8, pl. 145, f. 3. ; » proseripta, Wik. ix. 106 (1856). Sesamia albicithata, Snell, Tijd. v. Ent. xxii., p. 44, pl. 4, f. 3 ‘ (1880). P tranquillaris, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 674. Nonagria gracilis, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 675. * mmnocens, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 175. . Sect. I7.—Antenne of male with fasciculate cilia. A, Forewing ochreous slightly tinged with rufous De enetwea, B. Forewing ochreous slightly tinged with olive .. uniformis. 1943a. SESAMIA CRETICA. Leucania hesperica, Frr. Neue Beitr vi, p. 32, pl. 501, f. 2 (1852). nec. Rmbr. Sesamia cretica, Led. Noct. Eur., p. 225 (1857) ; Staud. Cat. Lep. pal. p. 190. Nonagria cyrnea, Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1866, p. 559, pl. 8, f. 7 and 1867, p. 640, pl. 14, f. 1. Sesamia fraterna, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 103 (1882). , striata, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 27. Head and thorax pale ochreous tinged with rufous ; palpi, sides of frons and fore femora above brownish ; abdomen ochreous white ; forewing pale ochreous tinged with rufous especially on terminal half, the veins with slight pale streaks ; faint fuscous streaks above and below extremity of median nervure, and beyond the cell above and below vein 4; sometimes with slight antemedial dark point in submedian fold and postmedial series of points on the veins with points before them in discal and submedian folds ; a fine brown terminal line; cilia ochreous tinged with rufous and with fine pale lines at base and middle. Hindwing pure white. Ab. 1.—striata. Forewing with dark streak below base of cell and streaks; on the veins of terminal area . . Asia Minor, Syria, W. Turkestan. 904 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1, Habitat.—Corsica ; Centr. Iraty; Daumatia ; Crete; Eeypr; Supan; BasuroLanpD; ApDEN; Asta Minor; Syria; W. Turkestan; Punsap, Kangra, Dharmsala; Sikkim. Zap. 30-42 mill. Larva, Kirby, Eur. Butt. and Moths, p. 166; Hffm. Raup., p. 105. Ochreous whitish; head rufous; spiracles black. Foodplant, in stalks of maize. 1943). SESAMIA UNIFORMIS. Nonagria uniformis, Dudgeon, J. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xvi, p. 402 (1905). Head and thorax pale ochreous slightly tinged with brown; palpi fuscous, whitish below; frons tinged with fuscous; fore and mid legs irrorated with fuscous ; abdomen ochreous white. Forewing olive ochreous sparsely irrorated with dark brown; an antemedial black point in submedian fold; a slight diffused fuscous shade on extremity of median nervure and just beyond lower angle of cell; a slight black point in lower angle of cell and another in discal fold just beyond the discocellulars ; postmedial black points in discal and submedian folds with races of a curved series of black points beyond them on the veins; a fine blackish terminal line not quite reaching apex and tornus; cilia ochreous white with faint brownish lines near base and tips. Hindwing pure white; the underside with the costal area slightly tinged with ochreous and irrorated with brown. Habitat.—Brneat, Burogah; Bompay, Surat. Evp. ¢ 32, 9 34-38 mill. Larva, Destructive to sugar-cane. Genus XYLOSTOLA. Type. Xylostola, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix, p. 385 (1910).. wndestineta. Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching about to vertex of head and broadly fringed with scales in front, the 3rd long ; frons with small rounded prominence covered by a tuft of hair; eyes large, round; antennz of male ciliated; thorax clothed with hair and hair-like scales, and without crests; tibiz fringed with rather long hair; abdomen with some rough hair at base, but without crests. Fore- wing with the apex rather produced and acute, the termen evenly curved and hardly crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the Zell near base only. A, Forewing with black lunules in centre and on outer edge of reniform.. .. robusta. B, Forewing with the reniform andi by hater points ndistincta. 1945, XYLOSTOLA ROBUSTA. 1889. XyYLOSTOLA INDISTINCTA. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 905 Genus ARCILASISA. Type. Arsilasisa, Wik., xxxii., 470 (1865) .. ate D yEsebr ia. 1939. ARsSILASISA SOBRIA. Genus CLETHRORASA. Type. Clethrorasa., Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix., p. 343 (1910) ss a he ah pilchert. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint smoothly scaled and flattened against the frons, the 3rd short ; frons smooth, eyes large, round; antennz of male almost simple; thorax clothed almost entirely with scales and without crests ; tibiz smoothly scaled; abdomen with dorsal crests on basalsegments. Forewing narrow, the margins subparallel, the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and not crenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle, 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole, 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3-4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars; 6°7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 1960¢. CLETHRORASA PILCHERI. Genus. APSARASA. Type. Apsarasa, Moore, Pod, See LEO a De OOOkn tar .. radians. A. Hindwing with the white patch extending almost tocell .. = .. radians. &. Hindwing with irregular white patch on termen.. jigurata. 1962. APSARASA RADIANS. 1962a. APSARASA FIGURATA. Apsarasa figurata, Moore, P. Z. S., 1877, p. 604; Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix., p. 347., pl. 144, f. 32. @. Head and thorax blue-black ; palpi with white spot on basal joint in front ; frons with yellowish white patch above; vertex of head and tegule at middle and tips with yellowish white bands; pro- and meso-thorax with yellowish spots and meta-thorax with yellowish patch ; coxz with white patches; femora at extremities, tibiz and tarsi, with white bands; abdomen black-brown tinged with metallic blue, the two basal segments with yellowish white dorsal spots. Fore- wing blue-black, the costal terminal and inner areas with yellowish white patches leaving radiating blue-black bars and streaks ; the costal area with three small yellowish white spots on costal area followed by an oblique striga, then an erect striga, and irregular medial patch, a slight bar above end of cell followed by a striga, a triangular patch towards apex followed by an oblique bar and triangular patch at apex ; the terminal area with two short oblique streaks towards apex with point before the 240 . ; ' 906 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII, upper one, a minute streak at vein 5 and four oblique triangular patches between vein 4 and tornus; the inner area with small triangular ante- medial spot followed by a striga, a broad medial band from submedian fold to inner margin extending to just above the fold at extremity, followed by a wedge-shaped spot, then a narrow bar and wedge-shaped spot towards tornus; a yellowish white point at middle of cell and ~ another at upper angle. Hindwing black-brown with some white on termen between vein 4 and tornus, its inner edge very irregular and angled inwards below veins 4 and 38; the underside with antemedial white spot on costa, slight streak in base of cell, some whitish below base of cell, faint medial band from costa to discal fold, slight postmedial spots below costa and vein 8, two short subapical streaks and slender elongate streaks above and below discal fold. Habitat.—Anpdamans. vp, 46-50 mill. Genus CHASMINA. Type. Chasmina, W\k., ix, 146 (1856). . of : .. tibialis: Sphragifera, Staud, Rom. Men. vi, p. 544 (1892) . .. stgillata. Clinophleiia, Hmpsn., Ill, Het. B. M., ix, p. 92 (1893) 2. SeIMeems Sect. I. (Clinophlebia).— Forewing of male with the apex rectangular, the costa somewhat excised beyond middle and the costal neuration slightly distorted. 1957. CHASMINA SERICEA. Sect. II (Chasmina).—¥Forewing with the apex rounded, the costa not excised, the neuration normal. A, Forewing without subapical or postmedial dark patches. a. Forewing without postmedial line rs .. tibialis. 4. Forewing with postmedial line a .. judicata, B. Forewing with sinuous dark patch from costa before apex . : 5 ba Aig .. rejecta, C. ee with aniatiial rufous patch in and beyond end of cell... eS on He .. maculata, 1958. CHASMINA TIBIALIS. Noctua tibialis, Fabr, Syst. Ent., p. 578 (1775). Leocyma veste, Guen., Noct. ii, p. 213 (1852). - dianae, Guen., Noct. ii, p. 213 (1852). Chasmina cygnus, Wik.,ix, 147 (1856); Butl., Ill. Het. B. M., vi, p. 35, pl. 110, f. 3. » glabra, Wik., xxxii, 636 (1865). Xanthodes, marie, Mab., C. R. Ent. Soc. Belg., xxv., p. lx (1884). 1959. CHASMINA JUDICATA. 1960. CHASMINA REJECTA. Noctua rejecta, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 601 (1775). THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 907 Acontiathimacula, Wik., xii, 796 (1857); Butl., Ill. Het. B. M., iii, p. 20, pl. 45, £. 8. Chasmina stigmata, Hmpsn., ll. Het. B. M., viii, p.73, pl. 145, fe Oe (LOO): 1961. CHASMINA MACULATA. Genus CALLYNA. Type. Callyna, Guen., Noct., i, p. 112 (1852) .. ys fre- to Goa (Gammie). Norre.—There are specimens of a species of Hyphzene growing at Jaffna in Ceylon; but whether they are identical with the Indian Doum Palm or not, has not been decided as yet. ILLusTrATIONS.—Plate XXXIII shows a male tree of Hyphcene indica growing in Bassein Bot. Garden on the island of Salsette. 920 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII. Mr. G. A. Gammie, to whose kindness we owe the photographs reproduced on this and the next plate, informs us, that there is only one specimen of the Indian Doum Palm growing at Bassein and that this tree supplied part of the material on which Dr. Beccari founded his Hyphcene indica. Plate XXXIV shows a female tree growing at Baroda. * * INTRODUCED SPECIES. 4 HYPHENE THEBAICA, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III, 226 (ed.1), 225 (ed. 2) excl. syn. nonnullis, tab. 131, 132, 133 (excl.—ic. spadicis mas- culz in tab. 132); Bece. in Agricolt. Colon. (1908) II, fase. I1I.— Corypha thebaica; Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, (1763) 1657.— Cucifera thebaica, Delile, Descr. delEgypte II, 67, t. 1,2; Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. XIII (1819), 472.—Dowma thebaica, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. Il, 519.— Hyphene cucifera, Pers. Ench. II, 2245.-— Chameriphes thebaica, O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. II (1891) 728. Names.—EKgyptian Doum Palm, Gingerbread Tree ; Mama (in Egypt). DESCRIPTION.—-Stem terete, 10-30 feet high, about | foot in dia- meter, simple or more frequently dichotomously branched. Leaves 20-30 in a terminal crown on each branch; petiole sheathing at the base, triangular below, plano-convex upwards, spiny on the margins, with rusty tomentum ; lamina suborbicular; lobes 20 or more, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 14 feet long, 1 inch wide; primary nerves thick, concave above, secondary numerous. Male spadix about 4 feet long, 1-2 inches thick at the base, at first erect, afterwards patent; spathes nearly cylindrical; flower- bearing branches 6-7 inches long, 3-2 at the end of branches 5-4 inches long ; bracteoles $ line long. Flowers in pairs, shortly pedi- cellate. Calyx divided down to the base into 3 narrow, acute, yel- low sepals, contracted below. Corolla stipitate with the segments imbricate, rotundate and cucullate at the apex, thin and not strong- ly striate-nervose. Stamens 6, rarely 7; filaments subulate from a thickened base ; anthers linear, slightly sagittate, nearly basifixed. Rudiment of ovary consisting of 1-3 small and short unequal points. THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 921 Female spadix like the male; bracteoles densely imbricate, with a transverse line of tomentum half-way up the back. Flowers very shortly pedicellate, calyx-lobes orbicular-ovate, light green. Petals smaller than the sepals, orbicular-ovate, concave. Staminodes 6. Ovary globose or 38-lobed; stigmas sessile or nearly so. Fruit more or less obliquely ovoid or oblong, irregular, usually a little more constricted in the upper part than in the middle and lower part, always much longer than broad, 24-31 inches long and 21-21 inches broad, more or less obtusely triangular in transverse section, with the abortive carpels often much developed ; surtace rather irregular and usually very distinctly punctate-impressed. Sarcocarp rather strongly impregnated with sugar ; wall of endocarp qe inch thick on one side, on the other (which corresponds to an obtuse longitudinal keel), 4-2 inch, not thicker below than on the sides and not incurved at the apex of the seed ; fulerum of seed much depressed and little developed. Seed more or less ovate-conical and flattened at the base, always much attenuate above and, therefore, more or less pyriform, almost circular in transverse section, 12-13 inches long, 1,4,-14 inches broad. The fruit varies a good deal by being more or less attenuate above. A longitudinal section of the fruit of H. thebaica and II. indica is given on page 930 of Vol. XVIII of this journal illustrating a short note on ‘The Indian Doum’ by I. H. Burkill. Hasirat.—Along the valley of the Nile in Middle and Upper Keypt; Shaikh Othman near Aden. History OF THE Doum Patm.—Highteen centuries already before Christ we find the Doum Palm in the middle course of the Nile. Anna, an officer of Thutmes I. (18th dynasty), superintendent of the granaries of Amon and director of the royal works, enumerates with great complacency on the inscription of his tomb? the trees + Brugsch, H. Recueil de monuments évyptieus. Leipzig, 1862 ; part I, p. 48, pl. XXXVI. Moldenke, C. E. Ueber die in alta gyptischen Texten erwahnten Baume und deren Verwerthung. Leipzig, 1886. p. 18. Boussac, H. Le tombeau d’Anna (Mém. de la mission arché&ol. au Caire, 1896, t. xvili. fasc. 1, pl. s. n.). 26 922 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL ‘AIST; SOCIETY, Fol. XX. which he had planted in his garden. Amongst them there were not less than 120 Doum Palms. If the fruits discovered by Flinders Petrie at Kahun were not introduced from Aithiopia, we must even admit that the tree was planted in Eevpt 800 years before that period. The palm received its native name ‘Mama’ 2 (which means ‘divided in two’) from the fact that the stem of the tree is usually biturcate. |Theophrast, too, (371-286 B.C.) who calls the palm cucifera (covxromosos) makes this the distinctive character of the tree : “The tree,” he says,° “which is called cucifera, shows with regard to its trunc and leaves a great resemblance to the Date Palm, but it is distinguished by the fact that, whilst the stem of the Date Palm is simple and entire, its trunc is divided into two: branches, each of which in its turn is split up into two secondary branches, which bear short and few branches.” The Doum Palm is usually shown with the bifurcate stem on the pictures of the Egyptian tombs. There is one of them which repre- sents the general arrangement as well as all the details of the pare of an officer of Amenhotpu I1., the seventh king of the 18th dynasty. Sycamores, Date-Trees and Doum Palms play an impor- tant part in the artistically laid out garden.+ On a picture from one of the tombs of Tell-el-Amarna®, on the contrary, the artist » represented the Doum Palm with a simple stem, but with the characteristic fan-shaped leaves. The fruits of the Doum Palm which have been found in im- mense quantities in the pharaonic tombs and specimens of which may be seen in every Egyptian museum of Europe, are remarkable for their shape and size. 1 Joret, C. Les Plantes daus 1 Antiquité et au Moyen Ave. Paris, 1897, I, 108. ? Moldenke, C. E. 1. ¢. p. 66. ‘’ Theophrastus. Historia plantarum, lib. iy. cap. IT. * Wilkinson, G. The manners and customs of the ancient Egyptians. London 1878, vol. I, p. 377, pl. 150. Woenig, F. Die Pflanzen im alten Aegypten. Leipzig, 1886, p. 232. Moldenke, C. 1. c. p. 41. Maspero, G. Histoire ancienne des peuples de Orient. Paris. ed. 4.1886, vol. I. p. 291. ° Lepsius. Denkmiiler, vol. ITT. pl. 95. ‘(qaey ‘vovwqayy auoydhizT) WIvg WAOd Nvitdxoy ‘AXXX Biv1g ; , ‘00g “ISI VN AVawog ‘Nwoor PH PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 925 “They differ from the dates,’ says Theophrast’, ‘‘by their dimension, their shape and their taste; large enough to fill one’s hand they are round and not oblong ; being of yellow colour they contain a sweet and agreeable juice. They are not arranged in punches like the dates, but erow isolated. The kernel is large and very hard. The fruits were called ‘ ququ’ in ancient? HKeypt and it is not difficult to recognise in this word the root of Theophrast’s cov«i (of the word Kouxtoposos)- Uses.—The leaves of younger plants are eaten by camels. The old leaves are put to many minor uses. The trunk is used for making water conduits, ‘‘ and it is possi- Poble,” says Burkill, “that it might contain a little sago in just the J same measure as the common Indian fan palm, enough to make it a famine food.” The thick fleshy-fibrous part of the fruit resembles gingerbread both in colour and taste, hence the palm is often known as the The chief use of the palm is for the manufacture of buttons from the hard inner fruit-wall. It is also turned into beads for rosaries. ‘CULTIVATION IN EuRorpE.—The Doum Palm is difficult to culti- Gingerbread Tree. vate. It grows best in rich sandy loam. Fresh seeds vegetate readily, but the young plants are of slow and precarious growth. CULTIVATION IN INpDIA.—Old specimens of the Egyptian Doum Palms may be seen in many a garden of India and Ceylon, and, as a rule, they are much better developed than the tree growing in Egypt. The climate seems, indeed, to exercise a great influence upon the development of this palm. When Haeckel saw the Doum Palm in Ceylon he was surprised to find it there under an aspect so altered that he could scarcely recognize them. ‘‘ Adaptation,” he says, “to perfectly different conditions of existence have made the Doum Palm of Egypt quite another tree in Ceylon. The trunk is developed to at least double the thick- * Loret, V. Recherches sur quelques plantes. I. Les paints dEgypte. CRecueil de travaux relatifs 4la Philologie et a lArchéologie ¢gyptiennes et assyriennes. t- TT, p. 24. i Joret,C. Des noms de palmier (Revue des études erecques. Paris (1892), p. 417. } Bet: Gecpneeerne ce. lib. IV, cap. 2, 7. h | 924 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT. ness, much larger than in its native land; the forked branches are more numerous but shorter and more closely grown; the enormous fan-leaves are much larger, more abundant and more solid; and even the flowers and fruit, so far as my memory served me, seemed to be finer and more abundant. At any rate, the whole habit of the tree had so greatly changed in the hothouse climate of Ceylon that the inherited physiognomy of the tree had lost many of its most characteristic features. And all this was the result of a change of external conditions and consequent adap- tation, more particularly of the greater supply of moisture which had been brought to bear, from its earliest youth, ona plant accustomed to the dry desert climate of North Africa. These splendid trees had been raised from Egyptian seed, and in twenty years had grown to a height of thirty feet.” (A Visit to Ceylon, p. 180.) ILLuSTRATION.—Not having at our disposal a good photograph of an Egyptian Doum Palm growing in India, we reproduce on Plate XXXV a photograph of some characteristic specimens which grow at Shaikh Hammed, near the ruins of Athribis and Dair- el-Abiadh in Egypt. LATANIA, COMM., Juss. Gen. 39. (After the vernacular name “ Latanier” of Latania burbonica, Lam., now Livistona chinensis, R. Br.). Gaertn. Fruct. II, 185, t. 120.—Jacq. Fragm. t. 8.—Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. If, 222, 4%. 148.—Illustr. Hort, t. 229) baleen Fl. Maurit, 380.—Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. IL. IJ, 940, 118. Of moderate height ; leaves long-petioled, palmate-flabelliform ; blade deeply laciniated. Diacious.—F lowers in distichously-branched axillary spadices, each branch sheathed by an obliquely truncate spathe. Male: Spikes cylindrical, with pits formed by the union of imbricating bracts, each pit containing a single flower; perianth-lobes imbricate ; stamens 15-30, exserted ; filaments connate at the base; pistillode a triquetrous column or of 3 or more subulate processes. emale: Bracts toothed on their outer edge, combined in pairs to form a cup for each flower ; flowers fewer than in the male spikes ; staminodes forming a toothed cup; ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3, distinct. ban ‘hae ad ¥ " m aah i i At ; 2 = oe JouRN. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Pratt XXXVI. CommeErson’s Larania (Latania Commersonii, Gmel.). THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, co ins) or Fruit a drupe, containing 3 or, by abortion, 1-2 pyrenes; - mesocarp succulent; pyrenes convex and sculptured externally ; seed with a testa which adheres completely to the endocarp ;. albumen homogeneous; embryo apical. Species 3. DistrisuTion.—Mascarene Islands; generally introduced in Indian gardens. ‘ CULTIVATION IN HuRopE.—The species of Latania are very hand- some stove plants. They grow well in a compost of two parts of rich loam and one of peat, to which may be added a small quantity of sand. Perfect drainage is required. Propogation is effected by seeds. These are sown in a compost similar to that just mentioned, and placed in a moist, gentle heat. LATANIA COMMERSONIT, Gmel. Syst. 11. 1035; Bory de St. Vine. Voy. dans les isles de l'Afrique ; Mart. Hist. Net. Palm. IIL. 223, t. 148. ® fie. 4, t. 154, 161, fig. 2,t. W; Baker Fl. Maurit. and Seych. 381.—Z. playecoma, Comm. Mss. et Palmarium Vol. t. 26, 27,28; Aub. Pet Thouars Mélanges de Bot., Observat. sur les Plant. des isles d’Afr., 51.—L. rubra Jacq. Frag. bot. 13, n. 49, t. 8; Willd. Spec. Plant. iv. 2. p. 878, n. 1; Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1. 623, n. 1.—Cleophora lontaroides, Gaertn. Fruct. —IT. 185, t. 120, fig. 1. Names.—Commerson’s Latania; Latanier; Latanier rauge 3 Latanier de Visle de Bourbon. DEscrIPTION.—Palm 40 feet high. Petiole 4-6 feet long, slightly tomentose, the margins smooth, spiny in young plants; blades 5-55 feet long, dark green above, paler beneath; segments lanceolate, acuminate, 2 feet long, 34-33 inches broad, their margins entire, spiny in young plants ; veins and margins tinged with red. Male spadix 3-6 feet long, with 9-16 branches ; spikes 7-10 inches: long, 4-2 inch broad, arising in clusters of 4-20 from the end of the branch within the mouth of the spathe. Perianth 2 inch long ; margin of segments fringed; stamens 28-32; pistillode pyra- midal-trigonous. Female spadix 3-6 feet long, with 8 or more branches, each bearing 3 spikes; free portion of bracts deltoid. Fruit a drupe, globose, 14-1? inch in diameter; pyrenes obovoid. 1§-13 inch long, marked with numerous ridges which pass from. Fig. 25-—A young specimen of Latania Commersoniu, Gmel. the base to the apex and then curve down again, a central ridge always most prominent; seed with a light brown testa. HasiraT.—Mauritius, in various parts of the island, but not abundant ; Seychelles (not indigenous) ; Bourbon. Cultivated in most Huropean conservatories and in many Indian gardens. Usrs.—The fruit is eaten by the Negroes, but it has a rather disagreeable flavour. The leaves are used as thatch. ILLUSTRATION.—Plate XXXVI shows a well developed specimen of this species growing in the Royal Bot. Gardens of Peradeniya. The photograph was taken by Mr. Macmillan. LATANIA LODDIGESIT, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 224, t. 161, fig. II, 10-14; Baker Fl. Maurit. and Seych. 38].—Z. glaucophylla, Hort.— Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. PratE XXXVI, LoppigEs’ Laranzia (Latania Loddigesit, Mart ). WHE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 927 Bey spiore dendrviformis, Loddiges in Cat. plant. hort. proprii in Hackney _ prope Lond. © Name.—Loddiges’ Latania. DescriprioN.—Trunk 50 feet high. Petiole 3-44 feet long, tomentose, the margins entire in the mature, spiny in the young plant; blade 3-5 feet long, very glaucous; the primary veins beneath shghtly tomentose, and tinged with red, especially in young plants; segments 2 feet long, not quite 3 inches broad, unequally acuminate, the edges spiny in young plants. Male spadix 54 feet long, with 8-12 branches; spikes 1-08 inches long, 3—;% inch broad, arising in clusters of 3-9 from the end of the branches on a level with the mouth of the spathe. Perianth 2 inch long; segments] not fringed; stamens 16-20, or more; pistillode of 3-5 grooved filaments nearly as long as the stamens. [Female spadix 34-4 feet long, with 5-6 branches, each bearing | or 2 spikes. Fruit a drupe, obovoid or pyriform, trigonous, 24 inches long, 12 inch broad; pyrenes elongate-obovoid, faintly mucronate at the apex, 17-27 inches long, #-2 inch broad, with a central ridge along the convex face with tree-like branching in the upper third, the inner surface furnished with a central crest, usually for only a part of its length. Seed with a dark brown testa. Hapirar.— Mauritius, on Round Island, Flat Island, and Coin de Mire ; introduced on the main land. ILLUSTRATION.—We reproduce on?plate NNXVII a photograph ot Latania Loddigesu, taken by Mr. Macmillan in the Roy. Bot. Gardens of Peradeniya. ‘The stem is covered, almost from the base, with the bases of fallen leaves. EATANIA VERSCHAPFELTIL, lemaire, Ill. Hort. VI, t. 299 L. aurea, Duncan, Cat. Hort. Maur. 52. Description.—Trunk 40 feet high; petiole 5-8 feet long, densely tomentose, with entire, orange margins, spiny in young plants ; blade pale green, 44-5 feet long; segments 24 feet long, 1 Cf. U. Dammer: Latania Verschaffeltii, Lem. Gard. Chron. ser. 3,1902, vol. 31, p 97-98. 928 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI, Fig. 26.—Young male specimen of Latania Loddigesii, Mart. From between the leaves rises the male spadix. above 2 inches broad, acuminate, the entire margins and veins beneath shghtly tomentose. Male spadix 4-8 feet long, with 5-10 branches exceeding the spathes in length; spikes 14-2 feet long, 3 inch broad, arising singly or in clusters of 2-3 on each branch; perianth j4,-} inch long; stamens 20-30; pistillode a trique trous column, shorter than the stamens. Female spadix 3-5 feet long, with 1-4 branches =_~-* a . “ THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 929 bearing usually solitary spikes; staminodes forming a minute cup with 6-8 teeth. Fruit a drupe, obovoid, slightly trigonous, 2 inches long, 14 inch broad ; pyrenes oblong, 13-1? inch long, 2 inch broad, the convex surface marked by many hard prominences and a median ridge continued from the base to form a prominent apical crest and thence passing a short way down the inner face and ending abruptly ; on each side also a deep groove separates the apical crest from a sharp process, whence one or more ridges run downwards. Seed with a light brown testa. Hasirar.—Rodriguez; abundant over the island. CULTIVATION IN InpIA.—This palm is of slow growth in this chmate, but bears full exposure well. Uses.—Of the beautifully marked wood walking sticks are made. BORASSUS, Linn. Gen. Nat. 1220. [From the Greek ‘ Borassus,’ the cover surrounding the palm- fruit ; ‘ Bora,’ food for animals; according to Brande ‘ Bordssus ’ means the skin of the date, whilst Hamilton states that it means the spathe common to most palms. } Baer. Eruct. ft: 21), t. o._-Roxb. Corom. Pl. I.—71-72.— iam Enum. Pl. Til, 221.—Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III, 219, t. feel 162. —Grit. Notul, (il, 167.—Kurz For. Fl. 11, 531.— Drude Bot. Zeitg., 1877, 635, t. 5.—Luers. Botan. IT, 338.— Hook. Fl. Brit. India, VI, 481. A very tall dioecious palm; trunk stout, unarmed. Leaves terminal, fan-shaped, plicately multifid, sides of lobes induplicate in vernation; petiole spinous; ligule short. Spadix very large, interfoliar, simply branched ; peduncle sheathed with open spathes, male with stout cylindric branches, that are densely clothed with closely imbricating bracts, enclosing spikelets of flowers which hence appear as if sunk in cavities of the branch; female spadix sparingly branched, bearing few scattered solitary flowers. Male flowers biseriate in small scorpioid spikelets enclosed in the bracts, secund ; perianth glumaceous ; sepals and petals 3 each, imbricate ; stamens 6, pistillode of 3 bristles. Female flowers larger, globose ; 27 . 930 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI, perianth fleshy, greatly accrescent in fruit; sepals imbricate ; petals convolute ; staminodes 6-9; ovary globose, entire or 3-4-- cleft, 3-4-celled ; stigmas 3; ovules basilar, erect. Fruit a large subglobose drupe with 1-3 obcordate compressed pyrenes; peri-- carp thinly fleshy ; stigmas terminal. Seeds compressed, quadrate,. top 3-lobed; testa adherent to the pyrene; albumen equable,. hollow ; embryo apical. Species 1. BORASSUS FLABELLIFER, L. Sp. Pl. 1187; Hook. FI. Br. Ind. VI,. 482; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. IV, 336.—B. Flabelliformis, L. Syst. Veg. ed. 18,829 —Thw. Enum. 329; Roxb. Cor. Pl. I, 50, t. 71, 72; Fl. Ind. II, 790; Griff. Notul. III, 167; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III, 221, t. 108, 121, 162; Kunth.. Enum. III, 222.—Brand. For. Fl. 544.—Kurz. For. FI. I. 529.—Boras- sus tunicata, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. ed. Willd., p. 760.—B. aethiopum Mart.,. ]l. ec. 221.—Lontarus domestica, Rumph. Herb. Amb. I, t. 10; Ham. in Mem. Wern. Soc. V, 314; Gaertn.. Fruct. I, 21, t. 8.—Rheede Hort. Malab. I, t. 9, 10. ; Names.—Palmyra Palm, Brab Tree’ (English); Tala, Tal, Tri-- naraja (Sansk.); Tal, Tar, Tarka jhar (Hind.); Tad, Tamar (Mar.) ;. Tal, Talgachh (Beng.); Tan (Burm.); Taark Dizaar (Deccan) ;. Tala-wruxium (Tanjore); Tal, Tal gaha (Singh.); Panay, Panay- maram [the tree], Arn Panay [the male tree], Purn-Panay [the female tree |, Vadaly [the young tree], Oly [the leaf], Panang-kai [the fruit], Nonku [the kernel] (Tamil); Pootpady, Poottaly,, Ponthy, Talam (Poetical Tamil); Tatechutta [the tree], Potutadu [the male tree], Pentetadu [the female tree], Bonda [the young tree], Tatikaya [the fruit], Tataku [the leaf], Nungu [the edible part of the fruit] (Tel.) ; Lontar (Malay); Rontal, Sualan (Java) ;. Coli (Timor); Murume (Cochin China); Panuguera, Palmeira. macha brava (Portug.); Jager-Boom, Weingeevende Palm-Boom (Dutch) ; Palmyra Palme (German) ; Rondier (French). DeEscripTion.—Trunk attains 100 feet in height and 2-3 feet. in diameter, black, swolien above the middle and again contracted upwards, while young covered with dry leaves or the bases of petioles, old stems marked with the black narrow scars of the + The name * Brab, commonly used in Bombay, is derived from the Portuguese: * brava’. ‘wild palm,’ THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 931 petioles, near the ground with a dense masse of long rootlets. Leaves 3-5 feet in diameter, palmately fan-shaped, rigidly coria- ceous, many-cleft into lanceolate or linear 2-fid lobes; segments. 60-80, shining, folded along the midrib, with spinulose margins ; petiole 2-4 feet long, stout, semiterete, edges with hard horny spinescent serratures ; ligule short. Fig. 27. Young Palmyra Palm (taken on the sea shore at Mahim, Bombay Island). 932 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1, Male spadix simply branched, sheathed with many imbricated spathes, each vaginated at the base, but soon splitting into a long, concave, pointed, boat-like sheath, in substance very strong and fibrous; when young they are covered with a soft, downy, rust-coloured substance; (sometimes in the lower axil of the sheaths there is a bundle of smaller sheaths, forming a spathe like that now described, but without spadix). The superior 4 or 7 sheaths embrace each ramification of the spadix, each ramification ending in 1-3 cylindric spikes, beautifully imbricated with innu- merable bracts. The lower and shorter ramifications of the spadix universally composed of 3 spikes spreading from each other in the same plane and distant from each other at the points about 3-5 inches, the middle one extending from 2-3 inches beyond the other two. One or two of the higher ramifications sometimes divided into only 2 spikes and occasionally consisting of one only. These spikes are 12-15 inches long, while the lower ones measure only 9-12 inches. The bracts of the spikes are broad, wedge- shaped, retuse, adhering by their lateral margins to the keel or back of the next above, forming a cavity for a second spikelet of about 10-12 small, sessile flowers ; seldom more than one expanded ata time, beginning with the uppermost, so that there is a long succession of them. Flowers of spikelets arranged in 2 vertical opposite rows, beautifully serrated into each other, each spikelet forming an arch with its convex side undermost, the common receptacle of the little florets forming the other. Flowers appear- ing in parallel nearly straight rows, running from bottom to top, or in parallel oblique rows running from right to left, or from left to right round the spike, according to the position from which they are viewed. Sepals narrowly cuneate, tip truncate, inflexed. Petals shorter, obovate spathulate. Stamens 6; filaments connate with the corolla into a stalk ; anthers large, subsessile, oblong. Female spadix simple ; spikes terminating the branches of the spadix ; the lower end of the spadix is a smooth stem, sheathed with several spathes ; spikes enveloped in bracts which cover all parts of it and rise over the flowers to the number of 8-12; a barren bract encircles the spadix, just below where the flowers commence to vise from it, and the upper end of the spadix, extending to a PratE XXXVIII. JouRN. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. ae oy rt ee tal 4 igs A Grove oF PatMyRA Patms (Borassus flabellifer, Linn.) In NORTHERN CEYLON. iy THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 933: _ length of 2 or 3 inches beyond the flowers, is also enveloped by these bracts. Flowers larger than the male flowers, | inch in diameter, globose. Sepals fleshy, reniform, imbricate; petals smaller, convolute; staminodes 6-9. Ovary subtrigenous, (3-4-celled) celled ; stigmas sessile, recurved. Fruit a drupe, when young pretty distinctly trigonous, but when old, the pulp round the pyrenes so swells as to give the fruit the appearance of an almost perfect globe, 6-8 inches in diameter, seated on the greatly enlarged perianth. Pyrenes 3-1, obeordate, fibrous outside; endosperm horny, hollow ; mesocarp fleshy and fibrous. GERMINATION.— When the nuts begin to germinate, the space within the kernel fills up with a cream coloured substance of the consistency of cheese’. From this the root of the germ or young plant protrudes, through that end of the nut which was attached to the spadix, the body or actual stem of the plant following, until the two first leaflets are thrown up with the shell of the nut attach- ed. All these parts are, when very young, beautifully incased in an entire leathery substance like the sheaths of the spadix. These seedlings are called ‘ dantalas’ or ‘ kelingoos’. Hach of these little trees has 1-4 rootlets attached to it. The lower part of the stem, where those roots are attached, resembles much that end of a carrot, parsnip or radish to which the crop is attached ; and indeed the plant altogether looks very like an in- verted long parsnip. These dantalas, which are found beneath the surface, are about 1 inch thick at the lower part and taper off to a mere point, being 12-15 inches long. information on the subject, but, unfortunately, this publication was not at our disposal. Pliny’ says expressly that the most ancient way of writing was: upon the leaf of the Palm tree, an assertion with all the weight of evidence in its favour. The following quotations give some interesting details :—Mar-- shall, in his account of the Cocoanut Tree, writes :— “The leaflets are sometimes used to write upon, and the instru- ment employed to make the impression is an iron stylus, the pen of the scriptures. The stylus was used by the Romans to write on waxen tablets, leather, etc. The leaves of the Palmyra (Boras- 7 sus flabelliformis), or Talipot (Corypha wmbraculifera), are, how- ever, much more frequently employed for this purpose. Contracts and other legal instruments are often engraven upon tablets of copper, similar in shape to a slip of the talipot leaf, which have occasionally a border of silver or gold. . . . Palm-leaves, when they are prepared to receive the impression of the stylus, are called ollahs. The natives write letters to one another upon ollahs, which are neatly rolled up, and sometimes sealed with a little gum-lac ; in this manner they pass through the post-office. During the operation of writing, the leaf is supported by the left hand, and the letters scratched upon the surface with the stylus. Instead of moving the hand with which they write towards the right, they move the leaf in a contrary direction, by means of the thumb of the left hand. To render the characters more legible, the engraved lines are frequently filled by besmearing the leaf with fresh cow-dung, which is tinged black, by rubbing the lines over with cocoanut oil, or a mixture of oil and charcoal-powder. The natives can write standing, as well as walking, and they rarely use tables. ‘Palm leaves, and perhaps the leaves of trees that do not belong to this natural class, were much used by the ancients as writing materials, hence the word leaf (of a book) is synonymous with that of a tree.”’ The statements respecting the age of Palmyra manuscript books 2 Lib. XIII, Cap. 2. 950 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAT URAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII. and the number of years they are likely to last, are somewhat conflicting. Ferguson does not doubt that Palmyra-leaf manu- scripts 400 or 500 years old exist in Ceylon. He says that they are certainly of a more durable quality than paper, and resemble parchment in their texture, when well prepared. We read in an article written by Brande’ in 1849 on ‘The language and literature of the Island of Bali’: ‘The time at which the manuscript was composed, which I made use of, is the year of Saka 1724 (corresponding to the year of Christ 1802). To judge from the outward appearance I should have taken it to be much older; in 46 years the lontar-leaves (Palmyra) have already become much injured and it seems to prove what is said also of Indian manuscripts, that they can’t survive 100 years. This probably is also one of the causes that in Java, in so short a time, almost the whole of the ancient literature was lost, and that ‘when the desire for the old literature was revived, hardly any of the old manuscripts could be discovered. In Bali also we must not look for old manuscripts ; however those which are guarded and transcribed in the families of the priests, may almost be considered as original, since in these families the knowledge of language and religion is preserved with the minutest care.” * The Palmyra books are never much beyond two feet in length and two inches in breadth, as the size of the webs between the little ribs will not admit of their increase in size.” CULTIVATION IN INDIa.—‘‘ This grand palm is not much used in gardens, and perhaps rightly so. It takes up much space, and generally looks unhappy compared with the same species on hill sides near Bombay, where its tall cylindrical stem crowned with immense fan-shaped leaves is a grand feature in the landscape. But in the Botanical Gardens at Calcutta a special use has been found for which it is well adapted. On the outskirts of the garden a gently winding path, about 12 feet in width, has this palm planted near the sides about 10 feet apart; the effect of the 1 Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, Vol. III, No. 4, April 1849. * Cf. also some notes of Lombok in the ‘Journal of the Indian Archipelago’, ete., Vol. II, No. 3, p. 161. * Ferguson, l. c. p. 26. THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 951 thick stems ornamented by the persistent leaf-stalks is strangely happy.. To grow this palm quickly a moist climate is necessary, and the seed should be sown where it is required to grow, because it first sends a shoot downwards to a depth of 3-4 feet, and then from the bottom of this shoot the bud, which forms the stem, is developed.” (Woodrow). Some few trees that from unknown causes do not flower in spring, put on their flowers in the cold season, and give ascanty supply of toddy, but in spring many are rendered artificially barren by breaking off the flowering bud as it begins to form. These also fower in the winter season, and are called Basanti. They do not give above 24 maunds of juice, but this is of as much value as the 6 maunds which a tree gives in spring. Hither the male or female will answer for the spring or winter crop, but the female alone will yield juice in the rainy season. When this is wanted, the fruit is allowed to form, and afterwards the point of the spadix or stem which supports the clusters is cut and allowed to bleed. This does not prevent a great many fruit on each cluster from coming to maturity. Palms managed thus are called Ghour. The fruit ripensin August, but many of the stems continue to bleed until October. CULTIVATION IN EHEuropeE.—This species isa stove plant. It erows well in good fibrous loam, leaf mould, and sand, mainly in the former. It is propagated by seeds only which must be sown in strong bottom heat. Fungal disease of the Palmyra Palm.—In 1906 the Imperial Mycologist, H. J. Butler, described a severe epidemic of disease in palmyra and other palms in the Godavari District of the Hast Coast of India." As a result of field and microscopic examination, the cause of the disease was stated to be a fungus belonging to the genus Pythium. Butler gave a description of it, under the name of Pythiwn palnivorum, in the Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India in February 1907.’ A fuller account of the disease was published by the same author in September 1910, 1 E. J. Butler. Some diseases of Palms. Agricultural Journal of India, Vol. I, p. 299, Oct. 1906. * E.J. Butler. An account of the Genus Pythium and some Chytridiacex. Memoirs of the Dep. Agricult. in India, Vol. I, No. 5 (907), p. 82. 952 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI, under the title: ‘The Bud-Rot of Palms in India.’’ It is from this paper that we borrow the following notes :— The disease was practically confined to a comparatively limited area in the delta of the Godavari River. A few cases of the same disease were observed at Changarachery (Travancore) in 1907, where the fungus was found producing its characteristic spores im young leaf blades of cocoanut trees m the unexpanded stage of the bud.* The bud-rot is said to have first appeared in Addenkivarilanka, an island in the Gautami Godavari belonging to the Ramachen- drapur Taluk, about 1890. from this it spread to both banks of the river and extended along the banks as well as inland. Judging from the extension that has occurred in the area as a whole, the rate of spread is estimated little over a mile a year. It has, how- ever, been ascertained, that in certain places an extension of between 2 and 3 miles occurred. It must not be supposed that the disease is uniformly distributed within its area. Great differ- ence may be observed in the severity of the attack from village to village and even from field to field. It seems that the nature of the soil exercises a direct influence on the susceptibility of the palm to attack. Thus, whilst trees along water-courses and in periodically flooded localities die more quickly and in larger pro- portion, little disease has been found in the light sandy soils of the sea coast villages. The black soils appear most to favour the disease. The way in which infection is spread from tree to tree is not yet fully understood. Butler has shown that direct application of the parasitic fungus to the crown of a healthy tree leads to infec- tion of the latter. If this be the case, it is not difficult to account for the spread of the disease by considering the chief possible methods of propagation in similar cases, viz., through the air under certain favourable circumstances, by human agency, espe- cially in cases where the diseased parts of the plant are habitually 1 E. J. Butler. The Bud-Rot of Palms in India. Mem. of the Dep. Agricult. in India, Vol. III, No. 5 (1910), p. 221-280. 5 pl. and 1 map. ° E.J. Butler. Report on Cocoanut Palm diseas n Travancore. Bull. Agric- Res. Inst., Pusa, No. 9, March 1908- —__s THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. ive) ot C2 handled by persons who afterwards come into contact with suscep- tible portions of healthy trees, e.g., by those who cut the leaves or draw toddy, finally by birds and insects conveying infectious: matter on their bodies. Of the four species of palm common in the Godavari Delta only three were attacked, the Palmyra (Borassus flabellifer), the Cocoa- nut (Cocos nucifera), and the Beetlenut (Areca catechu), whilst the wild Date Palm (Pheni sylvestris) so far as has been observed, remained immune. JBy far the greatest mortality was noticed amongst Palmyras ; Cocoanuts have suffered much less, and Areca- nuts are even less liable to attack than Cocoanuts. That the Cocoanuts suffer much less seeins to depend in large measure om a natural resistance presented by this species to the parasite. No experiments have been carried out to investigate the susceptibility of the Areca to attack. Though palms of all ages are liable to the disease, the majority of cases are mature trees. The intensity of the disease varies enormously in different places. From experiments conducted by Butler we are allowed to con- clude that the fungus is capable of killing moderately sized palms in from 5-10 months from the date of first attack. Speaking of death in this connection we are to understand that period when the central shoot, formed of the innermost, partly expanded leaves, withers and dies. The time which elapses between the death of the central shoot and the loss of all the leaves of the crown is much longer. It appears that 3 years or more may pass before all the — leaves have fallen. With ,regard to the seasonable prevalence of the disease there are villages in the area mentioned which do not show any marked period of maximum intensity, whilst the deaths are more numerous in the villages of Amalapur Taluk in the months from August to February, than from March to July. ‘‘ This is in close relation,” says Butler, ‘‘ with the relative humidity of the two periods, and apples equally well to the other affected Taluks. There is a less close relation with the rainfall. In the monsoon, especially in its second half, the mortality appears to reach its maximum, but it is high also in the cold weather months of heavy dew and ground 30 954 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. fogs, when there is usually little ram. A distinct diminution in the mortality is observable in a good many instances after the ces- sation of the monsoon, followed by the cold weather recrudescence. This is not general, since a few cases can be quoted where no diminution after the rains occurred.”’ In its earlier stages the disease is usually confined to the large fleshy leaf-sheaths which encircle the apex of the palm. As the outermost of these are exposed to ight and air and, consequently, brown and dry, and moreover partially hidden by the cut bases of older leaves, it is not possible to detect the spots on the outer sheaths in standing trees. In such cases the first indication visi- ble is the withering of the central shoot or of one of the expanded leaves. In certain cases the parasite also occurs on the leaf-blades and even on the petioles, and sometimes the top of the stem is also affected. ‘‘ The spots on the leaf-sheaths vary much in size, from only just visible to six inches or more across. In the inner sheaths they are white at first, becoming brown or reddish later on. On the outer sheaths they may eventually be black. Sik- (Chumbi). Bal-Chit Lad. Chit-Garh- Rob, Indian race wal. as kalora M. Sik- -(Chumbi), Bal-Chit- Lad. melaina, Rob. devta, DeN... Rob, Indian as moorei, race Notes. A. leechii is a good race of b: cha and has nothing to do wi yellow butterflies canght by in Chitral in quite differ localities to those frequen by balucha : they are in fact form of nabellica and I prop to callthem hesba: they v from nearly white to lemon yellow, more or less duste with black scales but neve with black Seales In the B. M. the series of cani- dia from S. India presents a different appearance to the numerous specimens from N, India, though it is not easy to put the difference in words: the Southern form is larger with the black markings more developed especially those om the margin of the hindwing. I propose to call this race canis, — Pieris is here extended to em- brace certain closely allied genera. melete from China is a largeand very distinct form: Indian specimens present a lot of va- tiation, dry season Kashmir specimens being very like napi : melaina from the Chum- bi valley is very distinct, but the Hastern form separated by Verity as montana resem- bles the form from Mussoorie, © ete., very closely. Species. Race. (Pontia) glaucono- see _ _—contd, me, Klug. (Synchloe). chloridice, oaac Hib. belia .- daphalis, M.. (Anthoc a - lucilla, But. ris). nerissa .. phryne, Fab.. evagete, Cr.. dapha, M. .. lichenosa, M. nadina, Lueas. remba, M. cingala, M... andamana, Sw. lea, Db. stsieial .. (Tachyris).. nero. .. galba, Wall .. figulina, But. _(Appias) -. lyncida .- hippoides, M. latifasciat a , taprobana, M. nicobarica, libyt hea, ye sisted zelmira, Cr. (Catophaga)albina .. confusa. FPruh. (female v. se- miflava. Fruh), swinhoei. M. venusta. M. (female flava. Rob.) melania .. darada. Fd. adamsoni. M. wardi, M. yaksha,Fruh. paulina Cr. A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. im Locality. Synonyms, de. Notes Bal-Chit. Panj. Chit-Lad. Recorded from Kumaon but pro- bably an error. Chit-Kuna- wur, Panj. Panjab. Nep-As. nerissa Fab. China. Cs As.-B. An. Sik.-B., 5. Cc. An. S. B. Sik-B. nero Fab. Java. Ten. Kum-B. -Orissa. Ss. Cc. Ni. Panj.-Sik.- Ss. C. As.-B. Beng. See ppme Bal Moluc- phe arrangement of the Cato- ene. : phaga and Hyposcritia sections. of Appias is exactly as given by Fruhstorfer: no doubt the series on which it is based is better than the poor one in the B. M. He states that the mela- nia group differs from the albina group in that the mela- nia males have a broader grey apical patch, formed of big diffused spots. I have placed wardi as a race ef melania. Centr.-S. C. neomba, Badl, Sumatra. Sik.-As B. s. Poona Dist. Cc. =lankapura M., galene, Fd, fasciata, Fruh., an ab. 978 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, dc. PIERIDA.—contd. Appias. (Catophaga) melania— galathea, Fd. An.-Ni. — contd. —contd, contd, (Lade) ..lalassis aaa 5. B. Gr. 8. (Hyposeri- indra, M... severe Nep.-B. tia.) Beng. shiva. Sw. Poona Dist. statilia, S. ¢ Fruh. narendra, M. C. lalage, Db. elelere As.-Naga SonnoS Hill. durvasa. M. Kulu-Sik. —pseudolalage, M. = confluens Fruh., an ab. argyvidina, B. But, lagela, M, S. B. Saletara .. 9090 panda .. chrysea, Ni, Frukh, Ixias on wale pyrene ., rhexia, Fab., Kulu-Up-B. pyrene L., and 2 evippe, Dr.,China. pirenass a, I.B. (plains) 1, Wall. cingalensis, C. Fruh.gives females . vars conectens and nivescens. , latifasciata, 8. B. But. andamana, M. An, marianne ieee Kum-s. C. Cr. - nola, Sw. .. Mahablesh- war. Dercas sees verhueli .. doubleda yi, Sik-Bhut, verhueli, Hoev, M. - China. pallidus,Fruh As.-B. lycorias,Db. seco Sik.-As. (v. decipiens, noe =brindaba, Sw. .. DeN.) ‘@onepteryx SHON rhamni ..nepalensis , Chit-Up-B. zaneka, M. : Be Kash-Kum. sanekoides, Up-B. DeN. chitralensis , Chit. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI, Notes. These races of lalage are 1 very Satisfactory : typical di vasa and lalage differ, but botl forms meet in Sikkim. j . The forms of Ixias are ver puzzling and I hope the arran gement given will prove satis- factory: rhexia is the large hill form with a white female an grades with pirenasse the plain form: in South India the p vailing form of male is ver like cingalensis, but Ceyloi females have the base interspace 8 yellow, Soutl Indian females are Vv variable. Latifasciata, South Burma race, has a ve pale dry season form (—pallide citrina, M.) which Sina treated as a separate species. Genus. Sub-genus. PIHRIDA-conid. Oatopsilia, rie Molias .. Sasi A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES, 979 Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &e. Notes. pyran the, cade I, B.C. L. fiorella, totes Up, 18165 Fab, ts crocale, Cr. gies Ty 18}, (Ch Bears Fruh. gives many forms of male and female varieties of crocale and pomona but they hardly seem worth retaining: Mr, Bell has proved that these two species have distinct larvee. pomona, were I, B.C. Fab. seylla, L... eres 8S. Ten. hyale .. lativitta, M.. Bal-Chit- hyale L., erate Hsp, Réber treats erate and hyale as Kum, Europe. Separate species: Fruhstorfer unites them: lativitta is the erate form which grades with glicia, the hyale form with the spotted border : pallidus is the white form of female. (male v.glicia, Fruh.) (female d. pal- lida, Rb.) (h. chrysodo- Bal-Chit. na, Bdl.) nilagiriensis , Ss. ladakensis, ewes Kash-Muss, «+-..- I believe that thrasibulus and Fad. ladakensis willeventually prove to be races of the same species. Fruh. described phicomone phila from a single male from Kash- mir; he has since found that the locality was erroneous. berylla, Faw. Sik. cocandica, thrasibulus , Lad. Fruh. 4 alpherakii. chitralensis , Chit. Verity. wiskotti, Bie Chit. Std. dubia, El.. sees Sik. =? miranda, Fruh. stoliczan a , eines Kash-Lad. ? race of eogene .. miranda, Sik. Fruh. eogene, Fd. aaa COhawpreaeejen 0 Beiaasn The eogene group is very puz- zling : in the B. M. there are series of eogene from Chitral and Baltistan, agreeing “ fairly ’? well: from the same districts in Ladak there are numerous specimens arranged as leechii Gr. and stoliczana but the forms seem to grade : miranda first recorded by Fawcett as leechii (hence Swinhoe giving Sik. as a locali- ty for the latter) is a very un- satisfactory form, vide Elwes’ remarks when describing the form dubia, which probably= miranda. I believe that all are (female 4. ca- forms of eogene, na, Rob. leechii, Gr... Lad. ? var of stoliczana, fieldii, Men. toes As.-Up-B. seeeee The eastern form of fieldii is just like the Chinese form, i.e., edusina, But, Chit-Sik. cE an 980 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Genus. Sab-genus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &c. Notes. PIERIDA—contid. Terias .. (Kibreeta) -libythea, satis I. B.C. Fruh. sep fruhstor- Pab. feri M., As.-B. (Nirmula) . venata, M. erate I. B.C. Fruh. sep rama M., Ss. C. and sikki- mica M., Sik B. laeta, Bdl.. oadd I. B. Fruh. sep pseudo- lacta M., Ten. (Terias) .. hecabe,L.. oe I. B. C.-An, SRR at es Fruh. separates hecabe d Ni. Silhetana (given as a race oO! blanda) into a number of races in Lepidoptera Indica “ species’? are given. I not see that any good purpose is served by retaining any varieties or races except moorei, whose d.s. f. is a typical silhetana. silhetan a, 30.00 Sik.-B.S. Pruh. as race of Wall. An. blanda M.,Java= 2 ? hecabe. moorei, But.. Ni. anderson i, eesate Muss-B.?C. Andersoni certainly occurs i 1 M. Sikkin, though Bing. doubteé it. Sari is recorded from — India and Ceylon: the o specimens in the B. M. marke a as such are two from Ceylon which may be andersoni, bt ‘ are certainly not sari. ’ sari, Hors. cere Ten. Fruh. Indian race ‘ « dalis, M. (Gandaca) . harina .. assamica, M. Beng. Sik- a a ea burmana, M. up B. andamana, M.S. B. Ten. An. | Colotis ..(Colotis) ,. calais, Cr.. Be ae Panj. Sind, —aynamene, Klug. amatus constantly differs £0eHt Cutch. calais in that the black spot on the margin near the dorsum is not detached and quadrate, | The dimorphic white female of amatus does not seem 10 have been named: I propose to call it albina. j I have omitted phisadia, God., ai the only record of it is one! specimen from Mooltan, which very likely was a hybrid be- tween vestalis and protractus = similar hybrids have been recorded from Karachi. - ¢ amatus, Fab. Thy OH =modesta, But.,cy- prea, Fab. * (female d. al- : bina, Ev.) protractus , o600 Bal.-Panj. } But. — Cutch. r vestalis, oceke Bal. Panj.- =puellaris, inter : But. Central I. missus, But. (Madais) .. fausta,Oliv. S606 Bal. Panj.- tee : Bombay. fulvia, Wall.. §,C, Beng. _tripuncta, But. (Callosune) etrida, Bdl. dood I. limbata, But. Cc. eucharis, see Centre I.- ; Fab. Ss. C. The form of danae from Sind is danae, Fab. asiete Bal-8.C, =subroseus, S.W., almost worth separating, ; Las Central I. dulcis, But. Hebomoia oes glaucippe, Mite Nep.-B. : L. he glaucippe and australis seem to australis, S.C. =ceylonica Fruh., both occur in S. India. But. C form- roepsto r fii, An. W.M. Sub-genus. Species. Race. RIDH—contd. avatar, M.. aon paravatar, DeN. valeria .. hippia, Fab.. (female v. li- villa, Fruh.) pingasa, M. ease naraka, M. .. ecaylanica , GERYDINZ. symethus. Cr. boisduvalii, M. longeana. DeN. assamensis. Base Doh. ancon, Doh. ceiete croton, Sarre Doh. biggsii, Dist. drumila M. Allotinus.. subviola- done ceus, Fd. horsfieldii, M. taras, Doh. AOS panormis, El. nivalis, Druce. multistri- iets gatus, DeM. marmo- rata, M. watsoniana. DeN. massalia. Doh. LYcHNINzE. hylax. Fab. fulgens. Hees Doh. zalmora. But. epius, Wd. nubilus, M. A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. Locality. Synonyms; &c. Sik.-B, Ten. 1B, 12%, ; . =fraterna, spicu- lifera. M. Ten. Sik-B. Up B. (dry zone). As. =irroratus, Druce, Siam. Ten. B. B. =gopala, DeN. Sik.-As. Ss. B. As.-B. Ss. B. Karen. H. Ten, Sik.-B. Sues Up. B- Up.As. Sik.-B. goooes As. I. B.C. I. B. C. An.-N. I. 981 Notes. Typical ceylanica (aw. s. f.) is confined to Ceylon; its. d.s.f. fraterna (=spiculifera) oc- curs in §S. India and Ceylon, while in certain parts of S. India it seems to grade with hippia. Pingasa seems to be aw.s. f. confined to S. India. I believe that pingasa and ceylanica are races of the same species and possibly hip- pia may eventually turn out to be conspecific. More dated specimens from all districts are wanted, Naraka presents certain constant, though small, differences, In the arrangement of the Lyce- nine Bingham has more or less been followed : Swinhoe’s arrangement is very different. 98 Taraka Cyaniris 9 - Genus. LYCHNIDA.—contd. Megisba .- JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Sub-genus. Species. Race. Lyc#NINZ=—contd. S06 hamada, Druce, malaya, Hors. usta, Dist. ., (Notarthr i- vardhana. nus). musina .. musinoides, Sw. bingnami, malate Chp. (Cyaniris)., melaena, suite Doh. marginata, DeN. akasa. Hors. Nevers alboceru- lea, M. transpecta, lilacea,, Hamp. puspa,Hors. diac cyanescens, DeN. albidisea, soe dilecta, M. core lanka, M. Rletshe limpata, M. eee placida, DeN. argiolus ., Ccelestina, Koll. jynteana, DeN. (v. victoria, Sw). Locality. Sik.-B. Naga H. Kash-Kum. Khasi- Ten. B. S. Ten. Kum.-B, 8.C, Simla--Up B. Sik.-B, Ni s. LES OAL, Ni. Ss. Simla-Up. Cc. As. Beng- s.Cc. : Sik.-B. Chit-Kum. Sik.-Up. B. musina, Synonyms, &e. Snell, Java. =puspargiolus, bo- thrinoides, albo- ceruleoides Chap. ? parri- shii, Rhé Philip- pe. sikkima, M. Z r As Dr. Chapman in P, Z. &., oe I. p. 419 gave a revision ot the genus ‘‘ Lyceenopsis”’ (viee Cyaniris rejected) based on the male organs ; lilacea was’ unfortunately omitted: wi h a few alterations Dr. Chap- is here i ; \ man’s arrangement followed. The Javan musina is distinet enough, but without examin- ing the male organs I do not see how musinoides is to be distinguished from jynteana, | Binghami can be recognised by the even wide dull brown border, below it is very like jynteana. 4 Dr. Chapman states that placi- da and jynteana are races of! limbata ; I have seen the spe- cimens he examined and each of the so called jynteana I) would have identified as pla- cida : Moore’s type of jynte-' ana from the Khasi Hills (1) have not seen DeN’s type) and! of sikkima from Sikkim are forms of argiolus and I am sure that an examination of their male organs would con- | firm this. Jynteana is a very variable) form: I do not think that Dy. Chapman’s varieties are worth retaining : Victoria is, I think, a d.s.f. form ‘‘ greyed over’: I have seen similarly ‘¢oreyed over’? specimens of | puspa, dilecta and placida, Parrishii probably=Jynteana (or ? musinoides or bingha- mi):ina difficult group like this to describe a new species froma single specimen with- out even examining the geni- talia is inadvisable, I have specimens of imbata from Assam, A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. 983 Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &e., Notes. | LYCHNIDA—contd. Lyc®NIN®E.—contd. Cyanixis (Cyaniris).. huegeli, M. sees Kash-Kum. ~—_—.--.-- Dr. Chapman states that huegelt is conspecific with ccelestina : I have left them separate for the present : it is not a case of seasonal variation but may be dimorphism. Breeding expe- riments are necessary. Hue- gelidoes not occur in Chitral though celestina is common. I place oreana and singalensis here: in size, etc., they are very like huegeli, —contd. oreas .. oreana,Swin. Khasi, oreas=Leech, China. singalensis. eeee Cc. Fd. (Bothrinia) chennellii, sesee As.-Up. B. D eN. Lycena .. (Plebeius) . christophi.samudra,M, Chit.-Kash. =bracteata—But. 1. bracteata is given by Scitz separately as a race of argyro- gnomon, Berg., the type speci- menis an exact synonym of samudra. The Chitral form of samudyra differs in having the diseal spots on the forewing below very enlarged. loewii, Zell. sees Chit. chamanica, Bal. M. ‘ eytis, Lang. a0 (Ghai MN Nekboos The Chitral form of cytis is typical; the form of iris is rather darker than the typical form from Alai, iris, Std. aero Chit. (Scutilanti- baton .. cashmirensis, Bal.-Chit. _yjcrama, M. hy- des). | M. Kash. las Esp is a dif- ‘ ferent species. (Latiorina), orbitulus,. jaloka, M. Kash. ig leela, DeN. Lad. =ellisi, DeN. The Chitral form of orbitulus is very different to jaloka and leela, being more like the Hu- ropean form : the male above is a brilliant shining light blue green, the outer margin being rather broad, there are no white spots above,-the spot at the end of the cell is black; the female is brown with a white encircled black spot at the end of the cell and some obscure white postdiscal spots: it is larger than jaloka. I propose to call it walli after Maj. F. Wall, I. M,S., who obtained a walli, Ev. Chit. good series at 12,000 feet in J July 1910. (Albulina). pheretes .. lehana, M. OChit.-Sik. ...... L pheretes lehana and aSiatica occur together in Sikkim. - asiatica, El. Shes Sik. (Lycena)... metallica, sere Chitsadte we) TOP ese. As pointed out by Swinhoe, me- Fd. tallica and omphissa are sepa- rate: Chitral specimens of metallica are not so green as the typical form. I have used Swinhoe’s subge- nera with addition of Tiora omphissa. ee Lad. and Bryna (vice Polyommatus): M. Tiora is for the simple eyed galathea, cess Chit.-Kum., section with metallic spots on Blanch, the hindwing below: a new youngh u s- seco Sik. subgenus is perhaps required bandi, El. for sebrus, 984 JOURNAL, BOMBAY Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race. 2n u ie LYCAINID Ai—contd. Lycmnin=—conitd. Lycena .. (Aricia) .. astrarche, paer —contd. Berg. eumedon. eee Esp. (Bryna) .. stoliczana, balucha, M. icarus, 6o0c Rott. (Tiora) ..sebrus' ., Shandura,Hv. devanica, =o M. (Phengaris) sarta .. gracilis, Ev. atroguttata sartoides, Sw. Doh. Chilades .. Le laius, Cr... n008 trochilus, Frey. putli, Koll. .. Zizera ee ae. maha,Koll, Saiels! ossa, Sw. .- opalina,Pouj. lysimon, Hub. gaika, Fab, otis, Fab, Roles NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. Locality. Bal,-Chit,- Kum. Chit, Gilgit Chit.-Sik,. Bal. Bal.-Chit,- Lad. Chit. Chi.-Lad. Chit. Chit. Naga, Chin- ies I. B.C. 8. C. N & Centr. I,-Up. B. Ss. S. B. I. B. C. Ni. I. B. C. An. N. 1-B. An. indica, Mur- Centr, I.- ray. Ss. C. Synonyms, &c. Notes =medon, L. =antiqua Std., jer- In Chitral typical eumedon and myni, Sw. antiqua fly together and inter- grade, ‘2 =ariana M. dra-I believe only one stoliczana like sula, Sw.:sutleja, species flies in India, of which and pseuderos, baluchaisa race; Seitz gives M. eros sutleja and balucha; sto- liczana and icarus are very variable but cannot, I think, be further separated into well defined races or varieties. usually as a race of . eros Ochs. ; =persica, Bien. : fugitiva, But.: chitralensis, Sw.: drunela, Sw. F sebrus, Bdl., Cen- L. shandura is, I think, a race of tral Asia and Eu- sebrus, Bal.: it differs however rope. in having obscure metallic spots near the anal angle of the hindwing below: shan- dura is smaller than sebrus, | dull dark blue above, below the spots are very small and — regular and arranged just as in sebrus, L. devanica is a large species with the blue colouration on the forewing very reduced and a black female: it flies at 8000 feet in Chitral with sar- toides. Onthe Shandur Pass (12000 feet) there flies a third form very similar to devanica differing in being much smal- ler (size of iris)and in having the blue colour above extend- ed to the margin. I propose to eall it gracilis: the cilia are chequered as in devanica. sarta Alph, Turkes- tan. Iam not sure that I have got the distribution of trochilus ang putli quite right. The arrangement of Zizera is more or less in accordance with Butter’s revision (P.Z.S. 1900): in separating ossa I follow Swinhoe who states that its genitalia differ from those ofmaha. Iam not sure that I have given the distribution of opalina, otis and indica correctly. =zera, Faw. : mar- ginata, Pouj. ? better as lysimon karsandra ,M. potanini, Alph. kala, DeN. moorei, Leech. nyseus, Guer. achry- oe strabo,Fab. lithargyria, M. pandava, ubald us,Cr. uranus, But. jesous theophrast- us, Fab. plinius, Bh Fab. LIUS oe peter rosimon, 4 Fab. ananda, DeN. ethion, Db. and Hew. roxus, God. 34 . Sub-genus Species. Race. , NID Ai—contd. LycH/NINE=contd. parrhasius, Fab. khasiana, Sw, As.-Up. B .. gamra, Led.. venosus, M. airavati,Doh. eoee roxana, DeN. manluena Fd. A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. Locality. Synonyms, &¢., argiades .. dipora,M. N.I.-Up, B, =diporides, C hp. argiades, Pal l- Europe. Ss. C. 5. B, As. As. SHnOne # ge Mage noued . = khasia Druce. 2d.s.f. of ubaldus. I, B.C. Lic. jesous, Guér, Africa. N.-W. Him, ? worth separating. I. B- C. I. B.C. An.- Ni. Sik.-B. 8S. As.-B. S. C. Ni. Ss. B. An. Up. B. Ni. 985 Notes, Dr. Chapman (T.H.8. 1908) states that argiades and parrhasius have different clasps and de- scribes a third species, dipori- des, from Mandi (N.-W. Him). Swinhoe gives these 3 forms and also dipora as distinct spe- cies. Seitz only gives parrhas- ius as Indian, There are a few specimens of EH, mooreiin the B.M. from the Khasi Hills (DeN. recorded if also, J.A.S.B. 1894) : the Assam form differs from Chinese specimens in being smaller and darker, also the spots below show distinctly through above. Seitz puts moorei in Lycena; in appearance it is more like a Cyaniris or Chila- das. Burmese specimens of nyseus differ a good deal from 8S. In- dian specimens but Khasi specimens seem very much the same. In J.A.8.B. 1895 DeNicéville con- sidered C. strabo and lithalr- gyria to be separate species ; Swinhoe keeps them separate. 986 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Genus. Sub-genus, Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &e. LYCAHNIDA—contd. Lyc=NINZ—contd, Castalius A000 decidia, Sik.-B. —contd. Hew. Centr. I. S- “ elna, Hew. Sik.-B. 1 Oriss. An. Nighan.d a. G006 eymbia, Geiss Sik.-As. DeN. ‘ marcia, Few. B. Ort b omi- sees pontis, El. eek Sik,-B. ella. : Liye en es: seve emolus, SikBs 0) omens thes. God. Beng. N Kan- An topa, Hiv. <«- Palni, A. fyoeninn Bod Sik.-B. d. Beng. S C. Nacaduba, oocs viola, M. .. Geen S.C. An. Kerriana, Ss. B. Dist. macrop- Sibi poe. we le teeteietle thalma, Fd. An. Ni. pavana. Sik.-B. S.C. according to Swin. Hors. An. this is Felder’s hermus. bhutea, Sik.-Up. B. DeN. kodi, Ev. .. PalniH. ancyra, Fd. aaicte As.-B. Ni. dana, DeN. Kum.-B. Beng.S. hampsoni, Muss. C.I. DeN Nilgiris. ? sivoka, Ev. Sik. B. An, There are speci- mens of this in the B. M. from Bhutan, Tenasse- rim and Malacca. nora, Fd... I.B.C. adima, an ab. noreia, Fd. I. B.C. =ardates, M. coelestis, Kum.-Up. DeN. B.-An. atrata, Sik.-B. S. C =Kurava, pyromi- Hors. Ni. nens, M. I have only seen macropthal: Rké Phil. I believe with various othe Vol. XX1, Notes. ee and I propose 5 call 7 topa; it is smaller than emo lus, the border is broadey on the forewing ; below the bands are filled in with dark Ker lestis, the markings are mor¢ regular, the discal band on ‘th t forewing is formed of almos separated spots, that in space 4 being transverse; the mar ginal lunules are 1 nent; the sub-anal ocellus is all black and there are 2 smal black spots at the anal angle the ciliated tails seem absent I have one specimen and, there is one specimen in the'Bom; bay N. H. 8. museum, ma from Sikkim, Up. Burma there seems to be a good dea of confusion between this spe cies and pavana : type is nearer true pavané than to macropthalma. DeN and Bing. do not give pavang from South India or Ceylon. writers that nora and noreia are separate species; nora the tailed form, is often yelloy below. Sub-genus. Species. Race. CAINIDA — contd. Lyc@{NINzZ—contd. plumbeo- isietal micans, WM and DeN. nicobarica,.. bochus, Cr. 500 nicobarica, WM. and DeN. coruscan s. Sa8 M. lacteata, Bae DeN. subdita, M. pura, M. eeleno, Cr. kinkurka,Fd. coerulea, Sw. elpis, God. “sand kankena, Fd. kondulan a. 5 -oe poeticus, 1D, LYC#NIDA, PoRITIINE. ‘itia (Poritia). hewitsoni. tavoyana, Doh. sumatre, cere pleurata, Hew. phraatica, BAe Hew. erycinoi- des. Fd. (Simiskina). phalia, eave Hew, pediada, Hew. Cyanizoides libna, Hew. I, B. C. An. A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. Locality. Synonyms, &c. Sik.-S. C. An. Ni. Ni, =conferenda, But. =hbochides, DeN. =rogersi, Bing. Kum.-As. As.-B. S. Ten. =geta, Faw. Ten. As.-Up. B, =harterti, Doh. S.B. —zanella, DeN. =(Logania) ander. Mergui, Soni, M. 987 Notes. There seems a good deal of con- fusion between atrata and plumbeomicans; DeN. gave the latter from 8S. Burma and the Andamans; Swin. and Bing. extended the range to Sikkim. In §. India 2 species certainly occur and one seems to be plumbeomicans or a race of it. N. atrata was descri- bed from Java and prominens from Ceylon is certainly a sy- nonym; the types of kurava seems to have disappeared. Swin. gives conferenda, But., as a separate species ; I am con- vineed that it is only the dry season form of celeno. 1 Swin.as cleodus.Fd. [,, cleodus is a Philippine in- sect; it is a different butterfly from pura but the forms may be conspecific. 988 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &e. Notes. LYCMNIDA—contd. CURETIN2. ~ » py 4 Curetis ales thetis, oe S.C. =?arcuata, M. The forms of Curetis are puz Drury. zling. Of arcuata there is in the B. M. only one male from Malabar, the locality may be wrong; the specimen resem: bles a small gloriosa. The races of thetis seem we defined ; nicobarica female is very distinct, on the forewing there is a small dark yellow patch, on the hindwing a dif fused white subcostal patch, ; gloriosa, M. As.-M. ‘y a saronis, M. An. 4 nicobarica, Ni, Sw. bulis., Db. S000 DR ah G) waaas C. bulis has not developed into and Hew. definite races like thetis ; ma- layica with a yellow female seems Separate ; angulata and discalis are well defined vari-| eties. C.felderi is not Indian. | (v. angulata, seer =dentata, stigma- M. ta, M.; sperthis. (v. dis ¢ a1 is, coco iS M. malayica, Fd. Rangoon- Ten. THECLINE. “ khasia As Hoo ecco 2 00 . ephyru DeN. ataxus, Db. Murree- and Hew. Kum. duma,Hew. ie Sik.-Naga Hill. : zoa. DeN. Sik-Nagaig 9° ..0ce6 Ma). Tytler at Manipur has re-) Hill. | -cently obtained several speci- | mens of Z. zoa: DeNiceville in his ‘‘ Butterflies of Sikkim’’ | considered the only specimen’ then known to be an aberra- tion of duma, Z. mandara should, I think, be dropped ; The only known spe- cimens are in the United’ States; it may be an aberration of icana or dohertyi. Swinhoe substitutes Ruralis for Zephyrus and calls the sub- family Ruraline. Ietha, Wat. ae Chin. birupa, M. seh Simla-Kum, syla, Koll. as Chit.-Sik. =triloka Hannyng- ton. ziha, Hew. Ne Sim la- Muss. pavo, DeN. Beas Bhut. icana, M. ie Simla-Kum, doherty i, Simla-Kum. DeN. Cheto- i odata, Hew. Chit.Kum. procta, i Huaspa milionia, Anas Murree- Hew. Kum. A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. » Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, Lc. LYC SNIDH—contd, THECLINE—contd, eolycena. cece sinensis, By suats Bal. idk Alph. ‘hecla eve sassanides, Bal.-Chit. 4 : Koll. Muss. Jallophrys. aces rubi, L. Chit. atsuma peters leechii, Revie Khasi H. by DeN. : lerda-- eo sena, Koll. Bobe Chit.-Kum. x epicles, sand Kum.-Up B. a God. e kohmensis, Naga-H. Bi Tytler. ‘ sa tamu, Koll. aves Chit.-Kum. viridipunc- eve | aka Gen tata, DeN. kala, Tytler. Naga-H. 4 t androcles, eels Kash.-Kum., sleieieisie Ri God. Pe) viridis, Ev... As.-Up. B. moorei, 085 Sik.-Bhut, Hew. : ; brahma, M. 000 Kum.-Up.B. =hybrida, Tyt., a "ee cas ab. ge@xysopha- a, phieas, L. Cecar Bal.-Chit.- =timeus, Cr., sty- pee us. Kum. gianus, But. pavana, S400 Kash.-Kum, Koll. j solskyi ..aditya, M. .. Chit.-Lad. kasyapa, M. sont Chit.-Muss. caspius ..Susanus, Sw. Bal. lectern evansii, DeN. Chit. tseng, Ober. asian Shan St. =mandersi, El. [Aphneus .. (Cigaritis).. acamas .. hypargyr u s, Cutch.Bal.- * But Chit. f (Aphneus). yulean u s, Brie I F Fab. I fusca, M. .. Cc. =Minima, But., a i cas ab and greeni B Heron, a cas ab. gabriel, Sw. ate Up. B. above , schistacea, eae 8.-C. i lilacinus, .... U.P,-Malda, fe M. Bombay. 4 abnormis, M, 5.-C. "4 ip syama, eee Sik.-B. =peguana, M. % Hors. Oris. xi lohita, Kum.-B. 8S. =concanus, M. A Hors. ; 4 zoilus, M, .. Ss. 989 Notes. Some Chinese specimens of viri- dipunctata are very like kala. The Hastern form of androcles has the green colour of a conspicuously more brassy tint; I propose to call it viridis, I believe that moorei ought to be put as a race of androcles, C. sarthus and transiens, Sid., are races of caspius from Tur- kestan and the Pamirs. In Palaearctic regions Aphnzeus and Chrysophanus are closely allied. think that all vulcanus like forms occurring in Ceylon should be regarded as fusca in Ceylon specimens the orange anal patch on the hind- wing below is not extended upwards along the dorsal mar- gin as in continental speci- mens. There is a good series of gabriel in the B. M.; it is quite a dis- tinct form and represents vul- canus perhaps in Up. Burma. 990 Genus. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI, Sub-genus. LYCAINIDA—conid. Aphneus (Aphnzus) —contd. Thaduka .. Mahathala. Traota Amb1 y po- dia. Surendra... Zinaspa Mota Arhopala .. —contd. (Mahatha- la ) Apporosa). Species. Race. Locality, Synonyms, &c. Notes THEcLIN=—contd. ictis, Hew. sath I, C. rukmini, DeN. an A. ictis is an extremely va ab. species and when more m rial becomes available I th separate races from the ern and Eastern Himal; and South India might be tablished. maximus, Hl, Ss. B. nipalicus, aoa0 Muss. Nep. =zaffra, DeN. A. nipalicus is allied to liiac’ M. and schistacea; I have s the type of nipalicus and h no doubt that zaffra isas A F nym. sani, DeN. Sik.-B. rukma, DeN. an ab. ARHOPALIN”, multicau- diese Ten. 8. Pk Baie Mr. Bethune Baker (T.Z.S. data, M. gave a revision of this family and I have follo him; I have included genera Zinaspa and Mota : they seem best placed here, ameria, sdus Beng. As.- Hew. B. atkinsoni, Jods Ten. Hew. timoleon, 1s 1335 =mecenas, Fab, I am not sure that the So stoll. Indian form of timoleon o E not to be called nicevillei, nicevillei, C. But. rochana, Mergui. Hors. x anita, Hew. aire I. B. C. An. =naradoides, M. TI donot thinkit is worth while arracana, Cr. S., to separate anita into races. — erichsonii, W. M. *. and DeN. by (female v. da- Ss. C My rana, M.) i ie narada, Sains An.Mergui. =taooana, ander- sl Hors. soni, M. Yi a quer ce t o- cere I. B. An. =biplagiata, But. a rum, M. tatimargo, M. an discalis, M. Cc. ¥, amisena, Bias Ten, Hew. florimel, Ree Ten. =stimula, DeN. Doh. todara, M. Se00 S. These two are distorta,DeN. Sik.-B. } very close. a massyla, S000 Phut.-B. Hew. i meander .. constancez, An, esaes: Moore has divided the Arhopal: DeN. group into several genera bu their adoption as sub-geners even seems useless as the spe cies run into one another in every direction ; 1 construction of a key presents great difficulty as whateve character is taken, viz., tails colour, spots on the underside it seems hopeless to define na tural groups. I have not had time to study this genus as much as I show have liked; the material Ye far available i is very scanty. : A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES, 991 Genus. Sub-genus, Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &c. Notes. VCH NIDA.—contd, ARHOPALINAE—contd, rhopala centaurus, ord, EH. Kum,-B. =pirithous, M. —contd. Feb, : pirama, M. 5. C. )}These seem > worth separat- coruscans, An, iy ane: WM. & DeN. amantes, Been I, G.An. Hew. amatrix, Up. As.-Up- DeN. B camdeo, M. wrote Sik.-B. opa lina, M. Boole As. ~ type seéms unique. bazaloides, —=«..... As.-B. S. =bazalus, De N. Hew. nec., Hew. albopuncta- eee B. ta, Hew. alitzeus. .. mirabella, Mergu, Doh. mindanen- aches Mergui. sis, BB. aida, DeN. aoe S.B. vihara, Fd. sa Up. Ten. adorea, Sees Sik,-B, DeN. dama, Sw. papa S Ten, apha, DeN. cod Ten, adatha, aes B. Hew. _ Silhetensis, ore Sik,-B. =arama, DeN. Hew. nicevillei, eRe Sik..B. B.B. anthelus. aint Ten, Db. & Hew. subfasciata, pete Ten, M. anarte, eae Cach.-B. Hew. agaba,Hew. See Naga H.-B. zambra,Sw. eee . Ten, selta, Hew. nee Ten. aroa, Hew. h ecire Ten, rafflesii, 6s80 Ten, =pseudomuta,DeN. DeN. nec Hew. and amphimuta Dist, nec Fd. atosia -. aricia, Std... Ten, epimuta,M. 3608 Ten. moolaiana, poo Ten, =pastorella, Doh. antimuta, noo Ten. =davisonii, DeN Fd. hypomuta, crc Ten. Hew. metamuta, ceee Ten. Hew. oberthuri, aianere Ten. Std. ¢ alesia, Fd. ose An. B. =wimberleyi, DeN. : eumolphus, eose Sik-As. KeanIod Bethune Baker unites all the Cr. races, of eumolphus; they are, however, very distinot. hellenore, As.-B.* =viridissima, Sw.? Doh. farquhari, S. B. =maxwelli, Dist. Dist, 992 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI, Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &e. Notes. LYCZNID Z—contd. ARHOPALINE— contd. Arhopala meat basiviridis, aun B. —contd, Den. , abseus, noo Sik.-B. aCogee The Burmese form of 2 Hew. N. Kan. C. may prove to be wo: rating when more s are available ; it is nea gularis, Snell. ; diardi,Hew, hia As.-B. fulgida, Aa Sik.-Up. B. Hew. anniella, " Ten, Hew. artegal, ae Ss. B. Doh. -apidanus, B. Cr. ahamus, Doh, Up As. adriana, ete Sik.-Up B. DeN. asoka, DeN. Ace Sik.-B. chinensis, peter Sik-Up. B. =meelleri, DeN. la- Fd. zula, M. areste, é Nep.-As. Hew. bazalus, soc Sik.-B. =teesta, DeN. tur- Hew. bata, But. singla,DeN. B siete Sik.-Up. B. antura, Sw. a Ten. very near vihara or adorea. agrata, anise 8. B. iDeN. edias, wae B. Hew. -agnis, Fd. Pete B. yendava, asia B. ?=agnis, Fd. Gr. Ehamti, eee Up. As. Doh cenea, Hew. jhe Sik.-As. rama, Koll. wa Kash.-B, atrax, Hew. mtere B. hewitsoni, aes TE. =atrax Au ct nec Hew. alemon, winela B. DeN. canaraica, = Ss. alea, Hew. ee 1? locality doubtful. dodoneza, ait Chit.-Kum. M. comica, f Bhamo:) | OG, genase Bethune Baker places co DeN. as a casual aberration c donza, but as dodon never been found e Kumaon and comica w: crived from Burma this ¢ not possibly be the case, paramuta, oe Nap.-B. DeN. zeta, M. .. Ano An. roona, M... agelastus, Hew. Sounguva, °Gr. S. An.-Ten, ?=zeta, M. Ten. ?—moolaiana M. B: Genus. Sub-genus. | LYCANIDA.—contd, /Arhopa la. —conid, Zesius >.. Deudoryx. Hysudra .. sees Virachola.. A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES, Species. Race. ARHOPALINE—contd, perissa, Doh. asopia, ABO Hew. aeeta, DeN. ease perimuta, M belphoebe, Doh. duessa, Doh. ammonides, Doh. birmana,M. risfela eeee aberrans, DeN. paraganesa, sA08 DeN. zephyretta, Dok. arie], Doh, shel ganesa, M, netate watsoni, Ev. arvina, eielers Hew. adala, DeN. fulla, Hew. andamani- Hout ca, W. M, & DeN- DEUDORIGINE, chrysomal- lus, Hiib. epijarbas, M. diara, Sw. gaetulia, DeN. hypargyria, El. selira, M, eas hades, DeN. isocrates. Fab. perse, Hew. eetrala Locality. Synonyms, &e. Ten, Ten. Ten. B.B. considers this to be an ab of asopia. Sik.-B. As.-B, Ten. Ten S. B. =arisba, DeN, B. Kum.-Up.B, Up.-As. Up.-As. Chit Kam lelsele srs Up. B. Ten =abee, DeN, Ten. =adulans, DeN, An, An. Ten. =subfasciata, M. Malda. I have a curious Centr. male ab, which is I.,8. C. blue above in- stead of copper. I, B. C. An. Ni. Jaintia H. As.-B. Karen, H. Elwes placed this in Rapala but makes no men- tion of any se- condary sexual characters, Chit..Kum, Ten. 5. C. I, C. 993 Notes. Watson described a race of ga- nesa from the Chin Hills in JB.N. H.S. x. but gave it no name; I propose to call it watsoni. I think ganesa, dodo: - nea and rama ought to be placed together, Bingham includes what I have called the Deudorigine with the Thecline. I am not sure that it would not be preferable to restrict Deudoriginze for the first portion and place every thing from Thamala on- wards in a new sub-family which might be called Myri- nine, 994 Genus. Sub-genus. LYCANID#—conid. Virachola. eee —contd, Rapala Sinthusa.. yer Listeria .. aeae Dacalana .. Gee Arrh eno- elas trix. Camena ..(Camena).. Species. DEUDORIGINE.—contd. smilis,Hew. deliochus, Hew. tara, DeN. sphinx, Fab. scintilla, DeN. lankana, M. schistacea, abnormis, El. buxaria, DeN. rosacea, DeN. nissa, Koll. ranta, Sw. varuna, Hors. subguttata, refulge ns, DeN. petosiris, Hew. suffusa, M. melampus, Cr. jarbas,Fab, xenophon, Fab. nasaka, Hors. chandrana, mab virgo, El... dudgeoni, DeN. vidura penicillig e- ra, DeN. cotys, Hew. ctesia, Hew. argentea, Aurivill, leetas, Hew. deva, M. .. Race. rogersi, Sw. intermedia, amba, Kirby. -- burmana, M. JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. Locality. Synonyms, &e. An. B. kum,-As. —francesia, Sw. Syl.-B. —=nicevillei, Sw. a darker form. Sik. Ss. C. I. C. Karen H.. Sik.-Up. B. Sik.-As. Kash.-B. —rectivitta, M. maculata, Seitz. subpu rpurea, ats - Leech, Jaintia, H.: I, B.C. An. sea and lazulina, tH Vie Ni. Karen, H.. Khasi H.,- Nep. Sik.-B. oriss. Syl.-B. —testa, Sw. bar- thema, Dist. is OAM Sik.-B. Seitz. as a race of melampus, Beng. As.- —dieneces, He w. B.. damona, Sw. An, Ni. Kangra.- As. B. Kum.-Up- B. Sik.-B, NEUSE) ae Pee oe Bhut. Ss. B. As.-B.: Nep.-B. Kum.-As, Sik.-B.-S. —cippus Auct, nec Fab- Dalhousie- B. I.B.C. =lila, M. (?race from N. I). =orseis, Hew. gri- R rogersi is much larger 4 Notes. varuna ; some specimens fi Burma are equally large. Listeria is rather a peculiar g nus; I am not sure tha would not be better placed the Thecline. A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. 995 Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, etc. Notes. LYCANIDA—contd, DEUDORIGINE contd, jamena, (Camena)- carmenta- riicie’ Sik.-B, 55.6060 I think ister should be dropped, --cuntd, —contid. lis, Den, it seems to bea female aberra- tion of cleobis. Swinhoe states that it is the female of what DeN. described as carmentalis; he may be right but the two insects are very dissimilar. I have a female ab of cleobis from the Nilgiris very similai : tot is i . M. peeterdes! buen Karen H.. o the type of ister in the B.M El. (Creon) .. cleobis, mee Ve =Iister, Hew, ? a God. femaie ab. (Maneca) .. bhotea., M. ine Sik. (Creusa) .. culta, DeN. aeoe As, ps .. (Ops) «» ogyges othe Ten. 4 ( DeN. oeta, DeN. ate Ten. melastig- eels Sik. B.-S. ma, DeN. (Britomar- cleoboides. eo. Sik-B. tis). El. (Bullis) .. buto, DeN. ahs Ten. valentia, conc Khasi H.° Sw. é Dajuria ..(Tajuria).. longinus, sad I. B.C. =cippus, Fab. Fab. jehana, M. sone I,C. nela, Sw... net Jaintia H. diaeus, ayes Muss-As, Hew. thyia, DeN. cover Sik.-As, albiplaga, Siac Sik. DeN. tyro, DeN.. ear B. (Remelana). yajna, Doh. pa Muss-Bhut. “istroidea, DeN. megistia, 56.00 As. Hew. ‘ teza, Sw. abca Jaintia H. thria, DeN. sees Ten. donatana, sees Ten. DeN. mantra,Fd. sees Ten. jangala. -.. ravata, M. .. Sik.-B. jangala,Hors.,Java. andamanica, An. W.M. & DeN. -(Cophanta). llurgis, wee Muss-B. Ste te ee . There are several specimens of Hew. luculenta, Leech (described from Omei Shan) in the B.M. F from the Khasi Hills; it is very similar to illurgoides and may be a local race of the latter species; it differs in -having a large extent of pale coeru- lean blue above, illurgoides, aie fos Kum.-Up. DeN. 6 luculenta, Garo Khasi Leech. maculatus, aetate Sik.-B.5. Hew. jalindra ., indra,M. .. Sik.-As. Beng. 8. tarpina, Hew An. 996 Genus. Sub-genus. LYCAHANIDA—conid. Hypolye 2x- 5000 na. Chliiaria .. Thamala .. Sithongs- nates Araotes .. 5.0.00 Biduanda. . Marmessus, Suasa ae 9200 Neoch e r i- tra. Manto Hoxylides. Cheritra .. Ticherra .. Cheritrella. Zeltus a5 Bindahara. pxswva Yasoda .. Ritvra Neomyrina. Drina ‘Species. DEUDORIGINE.—contd, erylus, Ged. thecloides, 'd. othona, Hew. kina, Hew. nilgirica, M merguia, Doh. miniata, M. nedymond, Cr lapithis, M. thesmia, Hew. seudderii .. melisa, Hew. cyara, Hew. nicevillei, Doh. lysias, Fab. lisides, Hew. amrita, Fd. fabronia, Hew. martina, Hew. tharis,Hiib, freja, Fab. acte,M. .. truncipen- nes, DeN. etolus, Fab. phocides, Fab. sugriva atymnus, Cr. tripuncta- ta, Hew. aurea, Druce. hiematlis, God. &Salv. donina. Hew, Race. jafira, But. .. areca. Ed. -.» moorei,Fruh. surya, M. arcuata, M... prabha, M. .. ones JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX, Locality. Sik.-B. An. Ten. Ni. Muss.-B. 8S. Muss.-B. S. C. Ten. E.Kum.—B. 8. C. E. Kulu-B. Sik-B. Sik-B. S. Beng. As.- B. An. Ni. 8. C. N. I. B. Ni. 5S. C. An. Sik.-B. Synonyms, &c. Notes. =andamana, M. =cachara, M., an exact Synonym. =watsoni, Sw. A number of different B: das are recorded from serim ; there are only sg; mens of melisa and the: in the B. M- =fabricia, M. =boisduvalii, M.; M. lysias is recorded from the moorei, Dist. is Nicobars but DeNicey from the Malay considered it to have been Peninsula, error. an ers The Ceylon race of freja diff from jaffra only in size. =? pseudojafira M. Ceylon. =ines Sw. ( Anda- mans), —kamorta, Fd, sugriva, Hors, Java. ‘Genus. Sub-genus. LYCANID ZA —conid. harana .. ehera .. mati tapec i1- Sate athinda oraga : acc Liphyra ac wees HESPERIID. rt hope- tus. Capila Calliana .. Crossiura.. Hantana “0 ‘Achalarus. Sood Charmion.. Celenor- at _rhinus. A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. Species. Race. Locality. DEUDORIGINE—contd. mandari- aes Sik.-B. An. nus, Hew. cepheis, DeN. Cachar, GRyX ae ne Ge Sik-B. skinneri, Cachar- W.M. and Khasi. DeN. elegans, Muss.-B.S. Druce. G subochra- Sone Karen, H, cea, El. delicatum, Soc Sik. DeN. amor,Fab.. As,-Oriss,8. Cc. onyx, M... Lt tc Dalhousie- B. Oriss. cingalensis, 8. C. M. moulmeina. Sik.-B rana, DeN. An. viola, M. .. eros Kangra- Sik. 8. albimacul a, An, W. M. and DeN. LIPHYRIN». brassolis, Sik. B. Wa.: HESPERIIN®. phaneus, Bare B. Hew, lalita, Doh. stent B. lidderda 1 i, Bhut. El. jayadeva, Sik.-B. M. zennara, M. Sik.-B. pieridoides, Bhut-As, pennicilla- ee? As. tum, DeN. infernus, acioo C. Fd bifasciatus. liliana, Atk.. As.B. casyapa, M... Kash-Kum, ficulnea, sales B. Hew. pero, DeN. Ee Kangra-As. pulomaya, Seieie Kangra-As, aspersa, As.-B. Leech. ambareesa, Shire Beng.-As. M. flavocincta, stared Bhut. DeN. sumitra, M. Sik. Synonyms, &e. Notes. =sikkima, M. H. moulmeina only differs from onyx in being ochreous below instead of dull brown. =andamana, M. se eee The Hesperiidse have been ar- ranged in accordance with Elwes and Hdwards revision (T.Z.8. 1897); the Ismeninze have been separated as done by Mabille in the Macrolepidop- tera. I have given a full synonomy. The §& Burma form differs slightly. bifasciatus, Leech, China. =signata Druce, leucographa, Pl. =lucifera, Leech. =clitus, DeN. 998 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT. Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, he. Notes. HESPERIID A! ~ contd. HESPERIsN@--contd. Cel 2 n or- wade pyrrha, code Kum.-B. =patula, plagifera, Pyrrha seems a good species yhinus. DeN. DeN.: pluscula, differing from sumitra in anh Leech. having prominent discal spots! on the hindwing above; su- mitra is a good deal larger’ and only bears a series o marginal spots on the hind- wing. maculicor- EOS, As. nis, Hl. & Ed. leucocera, 605) I. B, An. =putra,M.,leucoci- Koll. circa, El. munda, M. sents Kulu-Sik. spilothyrus, aes Sik.-S. C. —yuficornis, Mab.? Fd. area, Plotz. fusca, ane 8. cer niele C.-fusea can easily be separated Hamp. from spilothyrus by the che- quered cilia. chamunda, es Sik.-Up. B. nigricans, cenGs Kulu.-B. DeN. asmara, Bs As,-B. —cacus, consertus, But. DeN.; goto, ee! palajava, Std. dhanada, Soe Muss. B. ee M. andamani- See An. Ni. ca, W.M. and DeN. ® zea, Sw. .. Sak Khasi H. affinis, El. ecevaie As.-B. and Hd. aurivitta- chitote As.-B. ta, M. badia, M... AP ove Sik.-As. Cnaiolade sees indrani, M. s00s Muss.-B Sodade C. tissa is the plain form of indrani; some specimens of indrani from Burma are very pale, tissa, M. .. Beng. Cetr. =lankae, Pl. Sikkim specimens of dan are 1-8. C. very light, but the species is extremely variable. | dan, Fab... pon Kash.-B. S. =fatih, Koll; cacus, laxmi,DeN. wake Sik.-B. Lat.; dea, Leech; dichroa, Pl. agni, DeN. pees Sik.-B. agnioides, Baris As. El. & Ed. buchananii, eyelels Up. B. DeN. hamilto n i, silos As. DeN. Yapena .. eee thwaitesi, ites Oriss.-B. C. minuscula, Sse B. EL. & Ed. hampso n i, Sood Ss. El. & Ed. Ct en opti- Bu ga vasava, M. eiatete Muss.- B. lum. multigutta- pitas 13% ta, DeN, Odontopt i- Soysts angula ia, asec 1.-B. =sura, M. lum. Fd. pygela, oaa0 S.B. Genus. Sub-genus. SESPERIID ZA contd. Caprona .. eee Tagiades . A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &e. HESPERIINE—conld. ransonnet- 008 I.-C. =taylorii. DeN. tii, Fd. alida, DeN... Up.-B. kuki, Bing., an ab. syrict hus, I.B. —agama, M., elwe- Fd, sii, Wat. helteri, Fd. Ni. =noctis. ravi, M. _., Beng. Sik- fA es B. An. alica, M. .. Ser Cash-As.- _athos, Pl.; mee- B, An. tana, M. distans, Beng. 8. C. —? obeurus, Mob. M. gana, M. .. Sik.-B. |—menanto, Pl.? lavata, But. Wek Ten atticus, I. B. C. an. —menaka, M. ;calli- Fab. gana, But.; litigi- osa, Mosch. nana, El. & BEE, As.-B. Ed. dealbata, As.-B. Dist. trichon e u- Syl.-B. ) ra, Fd. : > douktfully separate. pralaya, M. Sik.-B. J pinwilli, As.-B. But. : tabrica, Sik. ?zace or ab of pin- Hew. willi- 999 Notes. C. saraya is almost certainly a variety of taylorii the d.‘s. f. of ransonnettii. I have specimens agreeing with saraya from the Dun. C. alida and ransonnettii seem to run into one another. There is a specimen in the B. M. marked ‘ kuki, Bing., Loo- shai Hills, to be described in part ITI Butterflies, Fauna of India ’’; until more specimens are obtained it should be re- garded as an ab. of alida. Thave caught specimens of sy- ricthus in the Palni Hills smaller than elwesii, Wat. The form khasiana of ravi, with more or less white on the hindwing below is merely seasonal, The alica-gana group is rather confusing. T.alica was descri- bed trom the Andamans and is inseparable from athos, Pl. from Sylhet ; meetana, M. is from Tenasserim and is rather paler. T. distans (=? obscurus Mab, Java) was described from Calcutta and differs somewhat from alica, the translucent spots on the forewing are pro- minent and the upper black discal spot on the hindwing below is well separated from the lower spots and not in line with them. TT. gana was de- seribed from Java and only differs from alica in having a large snow white area on the hindwing above. Indian spe- cimens are smaller : there are in the.B. M. specimens of gana from Ceylon, which ought, I suppose, to be referred to dis- tans. Ihave placed alica dis- tans and gana as separate Species following Elwes, but I think that they will eventu- ally prove to be races of a single variable species. 1000 Genus. Sub-genus. HESPERIID Z—contd, Satarupa .. Odina Darpa Sarangesa. Carch a r o- dus. Hesperia .. Thanaos .. Risliie Gomalia Species. Race. HESPERIIND—Contd, gopala, M.. aovehe bhagava,M. andamani c a, WM & DeN. narada, M. 5o00 phisara, M. sambara,M. dohertyi, Wat. affinis.Druce. decorat us, Hew. ortygia, DeN. hanria, M. purendra, M. sati, DeN. dasahara, albicilia, M. ra althee, Hiib. alcez, Esp. eee galba, Fab. zebra, But. Benet orbifer, Hub. phlomidis. geron, Wat .. poggei, Led. aos alpina, Ersch, cashmirensis, marloyi, Bal. ‘albofascia- ta, M Locality. Synonyms, &e. Sik.-B, Sik.-B. Oriss. S. An, Sik. B. Sik.-B. Sik.-As. =corinna, Pl. Muss, Kum. B. =cognata, Druce and? niphetes, Weymer. Syl.-B. Ten. Muss,-As. Kulu-Kum. Centr. I-S, Cutch.C.P.? Kangra.- B. Centr. S. (Ch =sezendis, Pl. Bal.:Chit, =marrubii, H.S.; boeticus, Ramb., Bal.-Chit.- —malvarum, God. ; Kash, dravira, M.;swin- hoei, Wat. I. B.S, =superna, M.;eva- nidus, But. Punjab. =hellas, DeN.; nanus, Trimen. Chit. q5a00a Bal. phlomidis, H. §8., Asia Minor, Bal. Chithy) ses = ees F Kash.- =durwazica, Cr, Kum, Chit. nooded Kangya-§S, =-littoralis, Swin. Cc Bal Sindj =? diversa, Leech. sg, diversa JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT. Notes. is yecorded from) Assam ; it is very near narada and may be the Chinese race ; all the Assam specimens [I have seen of this variable form are narada, H. evanidus Moes not seem se- parate from galba; . zebra seems quite distinct. Chitral specimens of orbifer are near lugens, Std., Thian Shan, a variety not given in Elwes and Edwards: the species is extremely variable and runs into sao Berg, Typical alpina occurs in Chitral; Kashmir specimens have all the markings very reduced ; the two forms were both de- seribed in 1874, Chitral specimens of marloyi are much darker than those in the B. M. from other locali- ties, Benus. Sub-genus. ERIID# —- contd. eee - A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. Species. Race. PAMPHILIN». avanti, DeN. dieckman- ni, Greeser. vittatus, Fad. subditus,M. hampsoni, Hl. & Ed. pulligo, Mab. olivascens, M. henriei, Bal. xanites, But. rubecola, Pl6tz. butleri, WM.& DeN, swerga, DeN. gremius, Fab, aditus, M. bipunctus, Sw. minuta, M. maevius, Fab. danna, M.. ceram as, Hew. atropune- tata, Wa:. archias, Fd. ziclea, Pl.. maro, Fab. maroides, DeN. obert & Ed see Septent r io- num, WM. & DeN. seco Wat. huri,El. 1001 Locality. Synonyms, ke. Notes. Kum. Sik. As.-Up. B. =demea, Ober,.; gemmatus,Leech. Cc. Ss. Siigeley, = Godoe 5 Theso called septentrionum re- corded from the Nilgiris is re- 5 ally the d,s, f, of subditus, Cach.-B.§. =vulunda, forensis, kethra, Pl.;subfa- Sciata, M, Kum-B. =chinensis, Leech; A, jama, Fd,, Sumatra, is a very Beng. 8, melania, Pl, obscure form; Felder com- pared it with Aeromachus in- distincta and the female type _ is said to=koruthaialos but- As.-B. =kada, Sw.? nubi- Jeri female. lus, Mab. B. Naga B. .. =hector, Wat.;gem- mifer, But.; pala- wites, Std. Sik.-B. Sik.-B. I.B.C. =vraika, Pl; sub- Robsonii is merely a starved grisea and divo- aberration of gremius; I have dasa,N.; robsonii, aspecimen from Jabalpur and DeN,, an ab, two dwarfed specimens of gremius (also from Jabalpur) rather near robsonii. Sik.-B. =sala, E],and Ed,; §, aditus is usually put as a sy- Beng.-An. nec, Hew, nonym of sala, Hew.; sala is, however, a very different form = and put here under Pedestes. (GE =sinhalus, Pl. ; I. B. =flaccus, Fab,; sa- The Ceylon form of maevius has gara, M, not the veins on the hindwing below conspicuously pale as in continental specimens, Simla.-As, s. =silhetica, Pl, nicevillei. Bombay .. =coras, Auct; nac, Cr. Trichino- poly-Ani- malai H. Up. B. Ten, qaisoac T, archias is rather like A, maro above, and below like T, dara. B. =mesoides, Std.; T, ziclea is exactly like small luzonensis, Mab. specimens of T. dara that have: no black spotting below; the only difference is the antennze which in ziclea have a spatu- late club, yellow coloured below; in dara the club is all black and has a terminal crook. I,B.C. dioscoroides, Fab.; camerta,M,;lynx, Moésch ; palemo- nides, Pl. Ten. 1002 Genus. HESPERIID & —contil. Jambrix . Ochus oe Aéeroma- chus, Sebastony- ma, Pedesies .. Isma Hyarotis .. Arnetta Itys Zograp h e- tus. Scobura .. Sub-genus. JOUR NAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCTETY, Vol. XX, Specics. Race. Locality. Synonyms, ke. Notes. ‘ a PAMPHILIN®-—contd, ‘ ; - salsala, M. asker Sik.-B, S.C, =luteipalpis, Pl, es ih stellifer, 5004 B. Ny But. ‘, subvitta- Blerets Kum,-Up.B. =subradiatus, M, “ tus, M. ‘A stigmata, dass Kangra-As. CHGS There are practically no speci M. mens of Aeromachus in thy B. M. collection. me | disereta,Pl. Betas As.-B, my ¥ jhora, DeN. etre Sik,-B. y dubius, Ei. aire S. » ‘1 & Ed, indistinct, boi B.-8. =pygmea, M, obsoleta, M. S60 AS, : ’ kali, DeN.. Seite Sik,-B. dolopia, HB Sik,-B. Hew. masurien- see Muss.-Sik. sis, M. pandita, 3o94 Sik.-As. DeN. sala, Hew, eles Cachar.- =submaculata,Std, I ae always under the impres Buc sion that sala was the sam ? species as aditus, but on ex mining Hewitson’s type found it to be what has usua ly been called submaculata sala was described in Suastus Elwes and Edwards place submaculata in Plastingia an DeNiceville put the latter i Pedestes in his list of the 2} Kanara butterflies. I defer t DeNiceville’s opinion but i general appearance sala is ver like Suastus gremius: it ca be easily distinguished fro gremius by the spotted apex o the forewing below. protoclea, 5008 SB: =lapis, DeN, Hs. adrastus, Slane I,B.C, =praba, M.:pheoeni- Cr, cis, Hew. vindhiana, ofa) whe Centr. I. 8. =nilgiriana,modes- M. ta, M. atkinsoni, atthe Sik.-B. =subtestaceus,kha- M. sianus, M. binghami, Haleys Ss. B. Sw. microstic- Anco Cachayr. . tum, WM. & DeN, satwa, DeN. see Kum.-B. flavalum, see Sik, DeN. ogygia, Nate Sik.-B. 8. =flavipennis, DeN, ‘Hew. ~ An. d.s. f. maculicor- 90:90 B. ? very near if not= nis, El. P. sala, Hew. & Ed. phiditia, eee B. =martini, El.and §. phiditia is usually placed i Hew. Kd. Suastus, but as it is generall believed to be the male Scobura martini, [think it 3 better placed here. cephala, Sho Sik.-B. =isota, Sw. Hew. cephaloi- syolete As.-B. des, DeN. A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. 1005 Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms; de. Notes. PampHILIN«=-—contd. anthea, Wan Ten. =tagiadoides, Mab. Hew. : R thrax, L. .. sien Dun.-B. lara, Sw. E. acroleuca is given from As- sam to Burma as well as from the Andamans, but continen- tal specimens differ somewhat and are best regarded as small varieties of thrax. acroleuca, An. =hiraca, M. WM. & DeN. J ; batara, M.. Aace B. =attina, M; latreil- HE. batara was formerly placed lei, Fd; cruda, inaseparate genus, Unkana. HS. ; anitta, Pl. pholus, PeeL) Bhut.-As. DeN. . thyrsis, aeaie Sik.-B. =pandia, M. Fab. Beng.-S. C. lebadea, ania Sik.-B. C. glandulosa, Dist.; Hew. An. subfasciata, M.; andamanica, 4 WM. & DeN. ENE. Wi on an i TBC An purpuras- Aes As.-B. eens, El. & Ha. druna, M... Sura Sik.-B. An. =pulla, Pl. sasivarna, sisrers Sik.-B. shalgrama, Hood Sik.-B. DeN. diocles, M. nase Kum.-B. swinhoei, Leas As.-B. soceda S. swinhoei was first put in the Hi. & Ed. genus Watsonia but the latter name was found to be preoc- cupied. hyela .. rudolphii, Sik.-B. hyela, Hew.; Malay El. & DeN. Penin. distanti, wert B. =pavona, DeN. Std. callineura, sede B,. margherita, saree As,-B. ?a race of callineu- DeN. Yae corissa, hee Ten. =drancus, Pl.; lato- Hew. nia, Std.; indrasa- na, El, & DeN, noemi, note Sik.-B. DeN, naga, DeN, Age As-B. =? tessellata, Hew. idyalis, rons S.B. Placed by DeN. in 4 DeN, Isma. iotongus .. ene calathus, fies 8.B =maculatus, Dist.; Hew. parthenope,Weym.; ‘ aliena, Std,; zala- tes, sarus, Mab. ; traviata, Pl. zeus, DeN. ohio As.-B, avesta, are B. tamiata, Std. Hew. sarala, pene As, ‘ DeN. Bus. . sae: eyrina, te ae Sik.-B =parea, DeN.; me- 4 Hew. leagrina, Std. taproba- tetera 2c, =mythecoides : nus, Pl. DeN, Rit irava, M. .. se B =hypeepa, Hew. bhawani, Gis B, DeN. 1004 Genus. HESPERIID A —contd. Pithauria, Oerane .. Notocrypta. Udaspes Actinor .. Cupitha .. Augiades .. Telicota .. (Telicota). Sub-genus. (Padraona). Species. PAMPHILINS—contd, murdava M,. straminei- pennis, WM, & DeN. aitchisonii, WM.&DeN. neera,DeN,. feisthame- lii, Bdl, paralysos, WM. & DeN. basiflava, DeN, monteithii, WM. «& DeN, folus, Cr, radians, M. purrea, M.. subhyalina, Br. & Gr. Siva. M. brahma, M. - augias, L.. bambuse, palmarum, concinna, El. & Ed, gola, M. rectifas ¢ i- ata, El. & Ed. dara, Koll. Race. eeee Locality. Sik,-B. Sik,-B. Cachar.-B. S.-B. I.B.C. An. 5. cachar,-B. TBC: Chit.-Dun. Sik.-B. Oriss. S,An. AS. As.-B. JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. Synonyms, &e. I have a_ spotless ab. of this, =glauca, Std. =curvifascia, Fd. alysos, albifascia, restricta, M.; vo- lux, Mab.; clava- ta, Std,; rectifas- cia, Leech ; vari- ans, Maas. ; chi- maera, PI. ?araceof feistha- melii, =Singularis, Mab, —tympanifera, M.; lycorias, Mab. Muss.-Kum. ? a race of siva. I. B. An. JE 1845 (05, Beng.-B. An.-Ni. Ss. Sik.-B. Oriss. 8. C. An. Sik.-B. ie 12d) (Op An. eoecen =pythias, Mab. =chrysozona, Pl. =goloides,M.; akar, Mab.; locus, alfu- rus,fabriolata, Pl. =—mesa, M.; me- soides, pseu do- mesa, But.; hata- erus, Semp.; su- nias, Fd.; flava, nitida, ta xilus, trachala, zebra, Mab.; nala, za- tilla, Pl. Notes. N. restricta is often regarde a different species from ‘ thamelii but I think they should be united. I have here followed Elwes as regards the synonymy of dara but with considerable doubt ; De Niceville and Watson both placed meesoides and pseudh mesa as separate species oc: curring with dara. Kollars type specimen came presum- ably from the W- Himalayas, and is probably exactly the same as mesa M., Kunawur, the small pale form, pale yel- low below spotted with black. T, pseudomesa is from Ceylon n and is very like dara differing only in being a dark yellow orange below ; it may be a race of dara but is not a distinct’ species, T. msesoides was de- scribed from a Malacca speci- men in poor condition with no antenne it is like dara but dar- ker, below it is dark yellowish’ red and the marks are not de- fined with black; there are similar specimens from South Burma in the B. M. I have not seen the types of the other ““ species’? described. In the B, M, and in my own collection two forms stand out, a small but at present Ido not see my way todo anything than con- sider all the Indian specimens as belonging to dara. Sub-genus Species. Be ens. PERIID H—contd. zema, Hew. cerata, Hew. astigmata, 8 Ww. hyrie, DeN. kumara, Den. knyvetti, Hl, & Hd. moorei, Wat. ceylonica, M homolea, Hew. sikkima, M. hyrtacus, DeN. egena, Fd. fusca, El .. Sitala DeN. evershedi, Ev. gupta, DeN. debilis, Hl. & Hd. aina, DeN. separata, M albipectus, DeN. masoni, M. honorei, DeN. decorata, M meiktila, DeN. watsoni, DeN. semamora, M. arnara ..(Baoris) .. oceia, Hew, .(Milena) .. plebeia, DeN ornata, Fd. Race. PaMPHILINE—Ccontd. eeae esee Locality. Bhut-As. Sik.-Bhut. Sik. Muss.-B. Beng.-S. An. Oriss.-S.C. Sik.-B. Sik.-As. C. B. 8. Palni H. Garhwal. AS. As. Garhwal. As. Kum. As. Shan St. B. Ss. C. Cachar. B. B. Sik.-B, Sik.-B. Beng Centr. I. C. An. Muss,-B. Oriss. 8. A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES, Synonyms, de. =ormenes, Pl. =teliga, Sw. =marta, aucma, Sw.; palawea, Serup. =wantona & pera- H. ra, Sw. —brunnea, Pl, =barea, Hew. —farri, penicillaia, seopulifera, M.; sikkima, Sw.; unicolor, M. >=mormo, Mab, 1005 Notes. H. moorei is probably a race of ceylonica, sikkima with uered cilia is different to homolea: the Assam form (wankons) seems rather smal- er its uncheq- There are some specimens be- longing to Halpe in the B. M. from Ceylon and South Burma which belong to undescribed species but being only single specimens I donot think that they ought to be described until more are obtained, -Plebeia, the only Parnara with a tuft of hair on the underside of the forewing deserves to be placed in a separate subgenus for which I propose the name Milena. Swinhoe’s Caltoris does not seem worth retain- ing. 1006 Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race. HESPERIIDM—contd. PAMPHILIND— contd. brunnea, Snell. Parnara. (Chapra) .. — contd. prominens, sod M. mathias, Fab. (Parn a ra ) philippina, Sacre Hs. kumara,M, coe canaraica, ties aurociliata, El. & Ha. pagana, DeN. moolata, M. austeni, M. d005 cahira, M. ae toona, M... eltola, Hew. discreta, obo5 El. & Hd. guttiatus, seee Br. & Gr. bada, M. .. snes colaca, M.. bevani, M. ata: assamensis, WM. & DeN. conjuncta, fe uma, DeN. tulsi, DeN. Locality. B. Kangra.-B. Centr. I. 8. I. B. C. An. Sik. Sik.B.Beng- As.-B. Sik.-B.S.C. An. B.-An. Kum.-B. 8. Kangra.-B. Sik.-B. Chit.-As, | ie Sa OF I. B. C. An. Ni. I. B. Muss.-As. I. B. C. An. B. Sik.-Up.B. JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI_~ Synonyms, &e. =ceere, DeN.; so- dalis, Mab. =midea, Walker ; sinensis, Mab.; si- milis, Leech. =thrax-Led; julia- nus Lat; larika, Pag; agna, sub- ochracea, chaya, M., balarama, ella. Pl. =seriata, M. =saruna, Pl. =dravida, Mab,, fe- male onchisa, Sw. =male onchisa,Sw. scortea, contigua The Assam form of too (?), Mab.; Kolan- tus, Pl.; pellu- cida, Mur.? =Sifa,wambo, nan- doa,Pl.; mangala, M.; fortunei,H.S. philotas, DeN, an ab.—haga, Pl. intermedia, H. 8. =clingala, M.; ure- jus, Pi. =? flexilis, Sw.; thyone, Leech. ==abie, Pl. javana, Mab.; na- rooa, M.; alica, Pl. I have not seen this. =jolando, Pl. P. philippina and kuma: P. contigua, Mab. was put Notes. very close to one an their genitalia were fo be different by Elwes a: wards. } canaraica seems to be only member of this with spots on the hind below ; the type female i B.M., really belongs to conj ta I think. The group pagana—cah flying together, are diffi recognise ; pagana has in 8 onthe forewing; ea on the forewing below h suffused black discal pe moolata is very like a the former is deep warm bh below and the latter — chestnut. ; whiter spots, rather like cida, the Chinese race. synonym of toona by - but the specimens ar over this name in the B.M the Javan form of conjun Genus Sub-genus. ogenes .- so8s tegenes Jyynnis . smena Rhopalo- ecampta, ‘Badamia .. | Bibasis ‘Hasora .. *ESPERIID Ai—contd. A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. Species. Race. PaMPHILIN®E—contd. alcides nostro da- mus, Fab. comma ., lesliei, El. .. ecee -. dimila, M. IsMENIN]. ataphus, Wat, tuckeri, El. & Ed. mahint ha, M jaina, M. ar etelka,Hew. harisa, M.. anadi, DeN. vasutana, amara, M.. gomata, M. benjaminil, Guer. erawturdi, Dist. exclama- tionis, Fab. sena, M. chuza, Hew. coulteri, WM & DeN. chabronaPl. butleri, Aurivill. chromus, Cr. simplicis‘- ma, M. ab. anura,DeN. badra, M. epee ener fergusonil, DeN. malayana, Fd. oreo Locality. Chit. Bil.-Chit.- =pumilio Dun. Panj. - Chit.-Muss. Synonyms, &C. lefebrii. Hoff. ; Kumb. pygmaeus, Hiib.: karsana, M. Kangra-B. =consobrina, Pl.; Cc. Ten. Cachar- B. Muss.-B. B. Sik.-B, Muss,-As, Kum.-As, Sik.-Up. B. Sik.-S,. Kangra-B. S: GC. Cachar. Sik.-B. 8. I. B. C. An.-Ni. B. 8. C. B. Sik.-As. Sik.-B.5S.C. ? cedipodea, M. lorquinii, Mab, Cary =electra, Std. =ladon, Cr., thym- bron, Fd. chromus, nec, Cr. alexis, M. ==philetas, Pl. Auct, quadripunctata, Mab. Inthe B.M, 1007 Notes. there are several specimens, caught by me in Chitral, placed as Arnetta les- liei, El.; they are, however, very close to Eogenes alcides, differing in being darker, ra- rely having any cell spot in la on the forewing and in often having a discal spot on the hindwing below. Ladak specimens ef dimila are very pale. I. wdepodea from Java has the body and bases of the wings above sprinkied with metallic blue green seales. Mackinnon in Mussoorie found that R. benjaminii has 2 forms of larva and Elwes (P.Z. 8. 1891). pointed out that there seemed to be 2 forms of the imago, one with the green colour con- fined to the base, and the other green all over; this dif- ference appearsto be merely sexual and no further evi- dence seems forthcoming as to whether there are one or two species under this name. 1008 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT, Postscript. During a recent visit to Calcutta, I had an opportunity of examining the DeNicéville’s collection and would like to make the following notes :— Neptis melba.—There is a single specimen of this species in DeNicéville’s collection labelled by him “ Neptis nyctea, female type.” I have examined the genitalia of my two specimens and find that they are both males. I believe DeNicéville’s specimen is also a melba. The genitalia of melba differ from those of nara- yana, and manasa (= nyctea). In this connection it may be remarked that Oberthiir, in ‘“‘Etudes,”’ 1906 (October), states that he has eleven specimens of nyctea and three of manasa from Sikkim: he considers that nyctea is a white marked race of thisbe, Leech (China) and that menasa is distinct species, the Chinese form of which he describes as nareissina. Melitceea trivia mixta.—DeNicéville has labelled the specimens of this race, that I sent him, as ‘‘ mercea, DeNicéville,’ but I do not think that he ever published a description of mercea. Tycena devanica gracilis—Similarly DeNicéville has labelled this ‘‘ lysias,’’ but I have seen no description. The range of Dilipa morgiana is given as ‘ Kulu.—Up. B”, it should be ‘‘ Murree—Up. B”. Also the range of Dodona egeon should be ‘* Kash—B”’ instead of ‘* Kash.—As.” Errata in Part I. P. 561, near top, “ camaralzaman, But. and “crameri”’ to be shifted up one line: ‘‘ crameri’”’ should be opposite “ bremeri.” P. 563, line 9, for “ Philareta”’ read “ Philarcta.” P. 564, line 6 from end, for “ bolancica ”’ read “ bolanica.”’ P. 566, line 5, “ drypetis, Hew.,” to be shifted down one line, so as to be in the same line as “ .. S. Oriss.”’ P. 570, line 13 from end, for “ diadernoides ”’ read diademoides.”’ P. 571, line 18, for “ Croweay ” read “ Crowley.” P. 574, lines 7 and 8 from end, omit “eleanor, Fruh. 8.B.” and “ parda- lis, M. Mergui.”’ P. 577, line 4 from end, “ columella, Cr.’ to be shifted down one line so as to be in the same line as ‘“‘ Dun—Up. B.” P. 578, line 7, “harita, M.” to be shifted down one line so as to be in the same line as “ EZ. Beng—B.” P. 573, line 10, “ anjana, M.” to be shifted to the left into the “species” column. ; P. 578, line 9 from end, omit “ananta, M....Chamba—B.” 1009 A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. ILLUSTRATED BY COLOURED PLATES AND DIAGRAMS. BY Masgor F. Watt, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. Part XVIII with Plate XVIII, Diagram and Map. (Continued from page 475 of this Volume.) The genus Helicops is one of many into which aglyphous colubrines, 7.e., colubrines without grooved or tubular teeth either in the front or back of the maxilla, are divided. It contains eleven species, which inhabit South Asia, Tropical Africa, and North and South America, but only one of these, viz., schistosus occurs within Indian limits. The type is the Brazilian JZ. carmcauda, HELICOPS SCHISTOSUS (Daudin). THE OLIVACEOUS KEELBACK. Our first introduction to this snake is through Russell who figured, and remarked upon it in 1801.* Nomenclature (a) Scientific.—The generic name for which Wagler is responsible, dates back to 1830, and is from the Greek “lis,” rolling, and ‘ops, ’’ eye, and seems to me specially suitable to our Indian representative, for I do not think I have ever observed another snake move its eyeballs so actively. The specific title given by Daudin in 1803 from the Latin meaning “slaty, was probably suggested by the dorsal colour of Russell’s plate, or a spirit specimen. Itisto my mind not appropriate, for in life the snake is olivaceous. English.—The olivaceous Keelback seems to me a_ suitable name. Vernacular.—Russell says it is known to the natives (on the Coromandel coast ?) as ‘‘Chittee” which I am told is Telugu for * Ind. Serp.. Vol. II, Plate IV. 1010 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. little, and ‘“‘ Nalla wahlagillee pam.”” In Mysore it is known by the Canarese name “ Barmnya. ”’ General characters.—The head is chiefly remarkable for its short, and rather pointed muzzle. The shields are glossy. The nostril is slit-like and placed rather high, distinctly approaching the type seen in the true water snakes of the Family Homalopsine. It occupies about half the depth of the nasal shield, which is divided below it by a suture running to the Ist supralabial. The eye is lateral in its setting, rather small, the pupil round, and the iris speckled throughout with gold. The commissure of the mouth viewed in profile is seen to take a sudden bend upwards behind the eye. The tongue is plum-coloured. The neck is not very evident. The body is rather stout for the length of the snake, and the scales on the back are sharply ridged as in other Keelbacks. The tail is long, its relative length being nearly one-third the total length in males, but nearer one-fourth in females. Dimensions.—My largest specimen is a 9 measuring 2 feet 104 inches. Females attain a greater length than males, and I have had 7 measuring over 2 feet, but never a g reaching this length. The average length of my 7 largest females is 2 feet 43? inches and that for my 7 largest males only 1 foot 10 inches. Identification.—In colouring and general appearance it may be very easily confused with the water snake Hypsirhina enhydris, but bears a still more striking resemblance to Rhabdops bicolor. It is rather remarkable too that all these three snakes possess but a single internasal shield, a rare feature in lepidosis. If the lepidosis is studied its identification from all Indian snakes is easy. Three characters must coexist, and these are (1) a single internasal, (2) 19 costal rows in midbody, and 17 at a point two headslengths before the vent, and (3) 8 or 9 supralabials. The combination of the Ist and 2nd of these is only seen in two other Indian snakes, viz., Cantoria violaceaand Hypsirhina pluwmbea which have respect- ively but 4 and 5 supralabials. Colowr.—Though Boulenger says it is dorsally olive-brown, all the many specimens I have seen in life have been olive-green. This hue is uniform on the upper parts of the head, body and tail in adults, and abruptly ceases in the middle of the penultimate THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 1011 i row. Boulenger * says there is usually a more or less distinct dark lateral streak, and some specimens have two series of small black spots along the back, but I have never noted these. Giinther{ says that the young have a blackish streak from the orbit, continued along the fore part of the body. The lower half of the penulti- mate row of scales, the ultimate and the under parts of the snake are uniform yellow, sometimes of a very bright hue. Sometimes there is a pinkish or lilac suffusion on the penultimate and ulti- mate rows. The head is uniform olivaceous above, merging to yellow on the lips, and usually has no streaks from the orbit, nor on the labials. A very distinct variety occurs in South India which bears a narrow reddish line down the back on the confines of the 5th and 6th rows above the ventrals where the scales are 19, and the 4th and 5th where 17. ‘This line disappears at the vent and I have noted is more vivid in males than females. I have never seen this in specimens from the Ganges Basin (Fyzabad). Disposition.—Though Cantort remarks that the species is very fierce, and Ferguson§ quotes Ingleby’s words to the same effect, I have invariably found it very much the reverse, in fact I know of no Indian snake with a more inoffensive nature and nicer manners. I am not courageous where snakes are concerned, and object strongly to being bitten even by species that I know to be harm- less, so I am always chary of handling them, but this species like the buff-striped Keelback (T'ropidonotus stolatus) is so remarkably gentle that I pick it up fearlessly and have never been struck at, or bitten. When alarmed the snake will erect itself and flatten the neck like all other Keelbacks, and it may have been this behaviour that led the writers named above to suppose it fierce. Hven the two I had conjoined in Bangalore permitted my handling them and making close investigations, without resenting my interference further than to try and elude my grasp. This placid nature is by no means associated with a lack of spirit, for the little reptile is as vivacious, active in movement and alert as any snake | know. * Cat. 1893 Vol. 1, p. 274. + Rept. Brit. Ind. 1864, p. 273. i P. Z. S. 1839, p. 54. § Bomb. N. H. Jourl., Vol. X, p. 73. 1012 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XX1, Hauwnts.—The olivaceous Keelback exhibits a strong taste for an aquatic environment, and the position and character of its nos- trils conforming to the type seen in the true fresh water snakes ( Homalopsine ) in itself proclaims the snake a water snake by habit. In Fyzabad I got no specimen during 19 months’ residence, but when the river overflowed its banks and flooded the country for miles in August 1906, I had 8 specimens brought to me in 14 days, all from the inundated area. It by no means haunts rivers to the exclusion of jheels and similar collections of water, nor does it show a greater liking for flowing water, for in Bangalore where it was very common it was found haunting the small collections of water in the Lal Bagh, and other similar pools, elsewhere. The snakemen there denied that it was a watersnake, and said they never found it actually in the water, but at the edge of the pools where the dank soil favoured a luxuriant growth. They also frequently encountered it in the foliage, and lying along the stems of the bamboo brash near the water. In the rains I think it leaves the vicinity of pools, and wanders further afield, there being abundant moisture in the grass and weeds that spring up everywhere. I have met with it in the grass at some distance from water during the monsoon, and remember capturing one which crossed the pitch at Berhampur while a cricket match was in progress on the parade ground. Ferguson remarks that one he had in captivity in Trivandrum was never seen to enter the chatty of water provided for it and Mr. Ingleby mentions that a caged specimen he had invariably buried itself in the sand at the bottom of its cage with nothing but the extremity of its head and its eyes sticking out. Halbits.—Schistosus evinces a markedly diurnal habit being frequently encountered in daylight in the haunts it favours. It is probable that with such pronounced aquatic tastes, it is forced to retire for many months in the year. All the specimens I can recall were about during the rainy season of the year. I have already alluded to the attitude it adopts when alarmed, a posture very typical of the Keelbacks of many genera including Tropidonotus, Pseudowenodon and Macropisthodon. The neck in this species is very markedly flattened cobra-wise, and in addition THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 10138 the snake flattens the part of the body not erected against the ground. I think this is noticeable to a more marked degree in the @. By no means every specimen one meets displays this attitude of alarm, for while some erect themselves as soon as disturbed, others require a good deal of provocation before they are worked up to the necessary degree of excitement. Usually when disturbed it slips away to the nearest cover, moving actively and speedily, and when captured is a very restless little creature striving time after time to reach the nearest available cover. It is evidently an adept climber, to successfully negotiate the smooth stems of bamboo that arise at first perpendicularly from the ground. The Bangalore snakemen told me that they frequent- ly found it as high as 8 and 10 feet from the ground, and it was in such a situation that the conjoined pair brought to me were reported to have been found. Food.—Specimens I had in captivity fed on frogs, and Mr. Ingleby found the frogs that he offered were taken. Giinther* includes fishes in its dietary. I cannot recall ever having got a specimen that had recently fed in a state of liberty. The sewes.—As far as I can judge from my notes the sexes in Fyzabad and Bangalore are evenly balanced. [Females as already stated attain considerably greater length than males, but males have relatively much longer tails, and therefore more numerous subeaudal shields. The males of the S. Indian variety appear to have a brighter red dorsal line and females appear to be able to flatten themselves more noticeably. The g clasper is beset with numerous small falciform processes from the base to the tip. Breeding.—Our knowledge of this is somewhat fragmentary, and leaves a good deal yet to be elucidated. The mating season appears to be during the rains from the single dated observation available, which came under my own notice. None of the 4 adult females I had in Fyzabad were gravid which points to the deposi- tion of eggs being already accomplished before August, unless mating had up till then not been in progress. The latter possi * Loc. cit. 1014 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. bility is suggested by the pair found “in copula’ in Bangalore, and brought to me on the 27th of August. These were observed united reclining on a bamboo stem 8 or 1Q feet above the ground. On the evening of the 26th an attempt was made to capture them, but not pressed as the snakemen feared they would not earn their reward of Rs. 5 if they separated. They were successfully captured next morning and brought to me still united, and I had them under observation for some time. As far as I know they did not disengage for at least 254 hours. During this time I repeatedly examined them, and found the left clasper of the male engaged with the right orifice of the female. The ventral apposi- tion of the two was so limited that nobody seeing them together would have suspected that they were coupled. They each lay in sinuous courses without their bodies or their tails being enwreathed and there was nothing demonstrative in their attachment as far as T could see at any time. Unfortunately the union was unfruitful, due, I believe, to my moving north to the United Provinces im- mediately after. The cold weather so far depressed the natural vigour of a Macropisthodon plumlncolor I also took from Banga- lore with me, that a frog it swallowed remained undigested for some weeks and was subsequently disgorged and when the snake died 5 months and 6 days subsequently to its capture it was found to be gravid with the impregnated follicles but little enlarged, and much in the same state as the impregnated follicles of the schistosus at death. ‘The period of gestation is not known. Hiqgs.—The species is known to be oviparous from a cluster of egos which Tennent* refers to which was found near a river in Cey- lon, and from which 20 young snakes subsequently emerged. Un- fortunately he does not give the date of their birthday. I had a. gravid specimen sent me from Ceylon containing 10 eggs nearly one inch long but the date of capture was not recorded. My impregnated 9? referred to above had 18 follicles enlarged. From these events it appears that schistosus is moderately productive. Young.—The smallest specimens I have had both from Ceylon, measured 63 and 62 inches, and from their appearance I believe * Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 308. THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 1015 were hatchlings. Here again no dates were given as to date of capture. Distribution.—It is probably a commoner snake than available re- cords which are rather meagre would make it appear. Before I went to the United Provinces it was not known to occur any where near there, but was evidently not uncommon. I got several specimens when stationed in Orissa (Berhampore). It is one of the commonest snakes about Bangalore, and is evidently common in Ceylon as I had 3 specimens in a small collection sent me from Henaratgoda. It appears to be chiefly, if not entirely, a snake of the plains but is plentiful at 3,000 feet in Mysore, and has been recorded from the Anamallays and the Wynaad without any definite alti- tude being specified. I have examined the three specimens collected by Anderson* in Yunnan which he referred to as a variety, viz., Yunnanensis, but as all these specimens have the internasal shield divided, and asingle internasal shield is one of the generic characters, and constant in all the other species it seems to me that these should be referred to a species apart from schistosus and unless the generic characters are modified should not even rank as a Helicops. Besides this feature in lepidosis, there-is another, viz., that the nasal shields in Anderson’s specimens touch the Ist and 2nd supralabials, whereas in Indian specimens it almost always touches the lst only. The Malay Peninsula which has been included within its area of distribution on Cantor’s authority I discredit, having already shown good cause to doubt many of Cantor’s records.t No less than six Indian species have been recorded by this authority alone, from the Malay Peninsula, and as he received snakes from India the inference is that Indian specimens got mixed with his own Malay collection. The accompanying map shows the area of distribution based on present records, but it seems likely to be extended as our know- ledge progresses. * Ann. Zool. Res. Yunnan 1879, p. 822. Tt Bomb. N. H. Jourl., Vol. XVIII, p. 720. 1016 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Voi. XX1. Lepidosis—Rostral.—Touches 5 shields, the nasal sutures largest. Internasal—Single. Prefrontals—Two, the suture between them subequal to the preefronto-frontal; in contact with internasal, nasal, loreal, preeocular and supraoculars. Frontal—Touches 6 shields, the supraocular sutures longest. Supraoculars— Length and breadth rather less than frontal. Nasal—Semi-divided, touching the lst only of the supralabial series usually, the 2nd also sometimes. Lorewl—Single, about as long as high. Preeoculars—One. Postoculars—Three. Temporals—Two, elon- gate, the lower touching the 6th, 7th and 8th supralabials. Supralabials—8, with the 3rd and 4th touching the eye, or 9 with Ath and 5th touching the eye. Infralabials—7, the 5th, 6th and 7th normally touching the posterior sublinguals, 7th largest and touching 3 scales behind. Sublinguals—Two pairs, the posterior rather the larger. Costals—Two headslengths behind head 19, midbody 19, two headslengths before vent 17. Where the rows reduce from 19 to 17 the 4th row above the ventrals is absorbed into the one above or below. (This step usually well behind mid- body sometimes occurs at midbody or even slightly before this) ; keels distinct except in the last two rows in midbody where they are absent ; apical pits wanting. Ventrals—139 to 149 in Ban- galore specimens, 145 to 157 in Fyzabad (Boulenger 129 to 151). Anal—Divided. Subcaudals—Divided, 63 to 82 (Boulenger 55 to 89). Anomalies.—I have twice seen the internasal partially divided posteriorly in Indian specimens. I have twice seen 3 preefrontals in a transverse series, the median rather the smallest. Once there were but 2 postoculars on one side. Once the last ventral was divided and once the 35th, 36th and 37th ventrals were divided. In one example there were only 7 supralabials, the 3rd and 4th touching the eye. Dentition* —Maaillary—19 to 21, gradually but progressively: increasing in size posteriorly with no gap. Palatine—11, sub- equal, and about the same size as the median maxillary. Pteryqoid— 17 to 18, subequal, and about the same size as palatine. Mandi- “From 2 Fyzabad skulls. Journ.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc. Plate XVII. P. Gerhardt del. THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. (Wall). ' lL Hypsirhina enhydris poisonous, nat. size. 2 Helicops schistosus, harmless, nat. suze. ro ro A Green JV MPromMo. THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 1017 bular—20 to 22, subequal, the first and last perhaps rather shortest. Our plate leaves nothing to be desired, unless it is the dorsal colour which is usually of a greener tinge. HYPSIRHINA ENHYDRIS (Schneider). SCHNEIDER'S WATER SNAKE. This snake being furnished with grooved teeth in the back of the maxilla comes into the opisthoglyphous ‘series’ of colubrines. The series includes three subfamilies, viz., Homalopsine, Dipsado- morphine and Elachistodontine. The homalopsids are true fresh water Enakes and classified in ten genera, seven of which are represented in India. One of these, viz., Hypsirhina, includes fifteen species, one of which enhydris forms the subject of this paper. The type of the genus is HH. plumbea which inhabits the Malayo-Chinese area and has been found in Burma. History.—Our first introduction to H. enhydris is through Russell*, who under the name ‘‘ Mutta pam”’ figured and remarked upon a specimen in 1796 which had been captured in an Hel trap in the Lake of Ankapilly (North of the Godavery, near Vizagapatam). Three years later Schneider alluded to it in his History of Amphibians, under the name Hydrus enhydris. Nomenclature— Scientific—The generic name from the Greek *“‘hypsi,” high, and “ rhis,” the nose, was introduced by Wagler in 1830 on account of the high position of the nostrils on the snout. The specific name also from the Greek “En,” in, and ‘“hydor,’’ water, was given in 1799 by Schneider in allusion to its aquatic mode of life. Hinglish.—Schneider’s Water Snake suggests itself, reserving Russell’s name to designate the other common water snake first alluded to by him and to which Schneider also stands as godfather. I refer to Cerberus rhynchops. Vernacular.—The names mentioned by Russell are the only ones known tome in India. These ‘‘ Mutta pam,’’ mud snake, and * Ind. Serp., Vol. 1, pl. XXX. 38 1018 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. “Ally pam” are presumably in use in the Vizagapatam District. In most places in India I expect it would come under that very comprehensive title ‘‘ pani ka samp.” Giinther mentions “ oular ayer ’’ as the name by which it is known to the natives in Java, and Flower says—“ In Siam it is called “‘ Ngu-pla,”’ or fish snake, in common with other homalopsids. General characters.—The head is moderately depressed and the snout evenly rounded so as to present no canthus. The muzzle is rather long, and presents a moderately rounded anterior outline. The nostrils which are transverse slits, are placed on the top of the snout, and perforate the middle of the nasal shields, a suture running from them to the first supralabials. The eye is rather small, placed high on the face and set laterally with an inclination forwards and upwards. ‘The iris is studded with golden specks, especially at the pupillary margin so that the vertically elliptic shape of the pupil is distinctly revealed. The commissure of the mouth turns up abruptly behind. The body is smooth glossy and cylindrical, of moderate calibre for the length of the snake and dwindles to a neck anteriorly. Posteriorly the attenuation is more gradual. The tail is about one- fifth the total length. Dimensions.—I have seen no specimens exceeding the measure- ment given by Boulenger which is 2 feet 22 inches (680 mm). My largest specimen was 2 inches less. Colowration.—Dorsally the snake is a dark olivaceous green, or olivaceous brown, this colour ending abruptly on the 3rd costal row above the ventrals, and just above the supralabial on the side of the face. Usually there is a pale stripe down the body on the 8th row above the ventrals, but this may be obscure or even absent. The belly and the lowermost two and a half costal rows are pale lemon-yellow. The ventrals are demarcated laterally by a dark line and there is often too a median continuous, or interrupted dark line in the middle of the belly, but this may be entirely absent. (1. bilineata and H. furcata (Gray). A specimen sent to me by Captain Frere from Mimbu, Burma, has a beautiful coral-pink stripe in the flanks, anteriorly on two rows (the penultimate and H ' : [fa iy PhS iy, tee ay j cay 41 fe é tee yee og At ee f ibe. ‘ \ . ¥ ; yA . i ‘ 7 « Hi ‘ ‘ 4 ; na KAS fi, LEAS! ZOO MAY A i oegegsalons iis Annieat ars | mastered oii kbin LRTI Nacraithieecabray / Le reine Lists paectigt me tain dh / ihe, ae | Pt win bees TB a f : ini wart ( Peer 4 CUVEE Lis ‘ At banal A a dats Bante e - : “if i | ee vat . I i H Sarat hone r i ; f i ¢ j ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ta? Fa | THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. Hypsirhina enhydris, EXPLANATION OF DIAGRAM. Anterior Sublinguals. Frontal. Internasals. Loreal. Mental. Nasal. Parietal. Postocular. Preeocular. Preetrontal. Posterior Sublinguai, Rostral, Supraocular. Temporal. Supralabials. Intralabials., ‘VIGNI JO SSNVNS NOWWOO ‘(q) snsogsryos sdoonapy (ZX) suuphyua purywsd hy WeISvIG ‘D0S “ISI EN Aequiog “usno THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES, 1019 ante-penultimate), later on the penultimate only. This stripe begins behind the neck and ends before the vent. The specimen otherwise is like Indian examples. Flower records a specimen from Kedah in the Malay Peninsula which appears to have had five ventral lines instead of the normal three.) Identification.—This is very easy. First note that the nasal shields are in contact behind the rostral, then count the scale rows in midbody which will be found to be 21 to 23. Misposition.—I cannot recall ever having seen a live specimen, but Dr. Cantor who appears to have been very familiar with it says 1t is a timid inoffensive snake. Haunts. habit, as might be inferred from the character, and position of its Schneider’s water snake is thoroughly aquatic in nostrils. It frequents rivers, estuaries, lakes and marshy ground, even being found according to Cantor in irrigated fields. Food.—Dr. Cantor states that it feeds on fishes under natural conditions, though these were not acceptable in captivity. Breeding.—Captain (now Colonel) G. H. Evans came across a pair “in copula” at Hmawbi (Lower Burma) on the 16th October * 1899, which were unfortunately despatched instead of being kept for the fruits of their intercourse. The two snakes measured | foot 84 inches and 1 foot 8? inches, and though the sexes were not at’ the time ascertained we may presume the former to have been the ° by the numbers of the ventral and subcaudal shields, which were 169 + 67. In the longer specimen these shields counted 161 + 72. Another 9 was taken by Theobald ¢ near Rangoon in a gravid condition in March. She measured 18 inches and contained 6 eggs. Although it is definitely known that the species is viviparous from Cantor’s observations, the period of gestation is not known as it appears from his account thata ¢ shared the incarceration. Apparently congress was not witnessed but after six months’ captivity the @ gave birth to 11 young. During parturition it was observed that the anterior part of the * Not as originally reported November. +. Cat. Rept. Brit. Burma, p- 57. 1020 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT, abdomen was retracted towards the spine. The mother died im- mediately after the event, and two of her brood within two hours. These were noted to have measured 6 and 6} inches. The young sloughed immediately after birth, even the two that succumbed so soon having accomplished this function. The remainder of the family wreathed themselves round the <4, lifting their heads at intervals to the surface to breathe. All died within two months. | The season when the event took place is not noted. Purasites.—A specimen sent to me from Champaran (Behar) had numerous nematodes in the stomach, probably the same worm that is so frequently seen in the stomach of the chequered keel- back (Tropidonotus piscator) and other snakes. I took it to be this worm, viz., Kallicephalus willeyi. As a result of this parasitic invasion the organ was much thickened, and its walls rigid and distorted. Distribution. —North-East India, Assam, Burma, and the South of the Asian Continent through Indo-China to China. ‘Tenas- serim, Malay Peninsula to the Archipelago as far East as Celebes. Though Ceylon is mentioned by Flower and Boulenger (Cat. 1896) I can find no authority for this. It was not mentioned in Haly’s list of Ceylon snakes in 1891, nor in Willey’s list published as recently as 1906 (Spol. Zeylan. April 1906, p. 233). Further though Jerdon says it occurs in Southern India I can find no record of it south of the Godavery River. There is a specimen in the British Museum presented by Jerdon, and reported as from Darjeeling. ‘This in all probability means Darjeeling District, and probably came from the base of the Himalayas. I have had a specimen from Jalpaiguri in the same neighbourhood. ‘Though known from Burma and Tenasserim it has not as yet been report- ed from the Andamans or Nicobars. The precise localities known to me are shown in the accom- panying map. It may be a commoner snake in India than available records make it appear. In Assam too the same remark may apply. In Burma Theobald says it is common in the Pegu District, and Evans and I collected 9 specimens in 15 months, in the Lower part of that Province. ih Map. Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Distribution of Helicops schistosus. Seis Implies limits uncertain. INDIAN EMPIRE English Miles Qd0 wu s00 gaa #00 ensee ay S sie Andomary AL INDIAN EMPIRE Laglish Miles THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 1021 Tepidosis—Rostral.Touches 4 shields. Nasals—In contact behind the rostral ; semi-divided ; in contact with only the Ist of the supralabial series. Internasal_—Single, broader than long. Praefrontals—A pair ; in contact with internasal, loreal, preeoculai and supraocular. Irontal—Touches 6 shields, the fronto-supraocular sutures longest. Swpraocular.— Breadth and length rather less than frontal. Loreal—One. Praeocular—One. Postoculars—Two. Temporal —One. Supralabials—8 normally, the 4th only touching the eye. Infralabials—6 ; the 6th longest, the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th, or the three latter only touching the posterior sublinguals. Sublinguals— Two pairs ; the anterior larger. The posterior quite separated by scales. Costals—'Two headslengths behind head usually 25 (rarely 25), midbody usually 21 (rarely 23), two headslengths before vent 21; smooth. Ventrals—150 to 177, rather narrow so: that 3 or 4 rows of costals can be seen on each side when the. snake is laid on its back. Anal—Divided. Subcaudals—47 to 78, divided. | Anomalies I have seen two preoculars once, and two tem- porals once. The last two ventrals were divided in one specimen, and the last only in another. In another example the 38th to 54th subcaudals were entire. Dentition.—Maxillary teeth 17, subequal; followed after a short gap that would take one tooth, by a pair of enlarged, obliquely set teeth deeply grooved on their anterior faces. Palatine—10 to- 18 to 24, as well developed anteriorly as the maxillary; decreasing 11 subequal, as well developed as the maxillary. Pterygoid in size posteriorly. Mandibular. 23 to 24, subequal as long as the maxillary. Our plate is excellent in every particular. (Lo be continued.) PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. A BRIEF DESCRIPTIVE KEY TO THE FLORA OF THE PUNJAB, NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE AND KASHMIR. By Colonel C. J. BAMBER, F.L.S., Indian Medical Service. Part X, (Continued from page 228 af this Volume.) HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. Lavatera-kashmiriana, MALVACES, KF. Bisa. 39) Kashmir, Hazara, 7-8,000 ft. Malva verticillata, MAtLvacE®. BB. 1320; The Plains to 12,000 ft. Simla, Matiana (Col- lett). Prrats Untrep. stems covered with down, branching; leaves $3 lower, 5-lobed, circular, heart-shaped at the base, round-toothed, smooth above, downy beneath, stalk as long as the blade, upper 3-5 lobed, lobes short-pointed, central longest, stipules linear- lanceolate ; flowers 3 in. diam., pink, on axillary stalks, bracteoles 3, united below, broadly ovate, shortly pointed, sepals 5, lanceolate, longer than the bracteoles, petals 5, united below, wedge-shaped, deeply bifid, stamens united into a column, woolly, styles many; carpels many, separating from the axis, kidney-shaped, smooth, shorter than the axis seeds one in each carpel. large, branched, downy, annual or ‘perennial ; leaves 2-6 in. diam., nearly round, 5-6 shallow lobes, downy, stalks 6-7 in., stipules lanceolate, hairy ; flowers small, pale pink crowded in nearly sessile axillary clusters, bracteoles 3, ununited, linear, sepals 5, united below, triangular lanceolate, petal 5, united below, twice. the length of the sepals, margin notched, stamens united into a tube, styles PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB, 1028 HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. Malva sylvestris, Large mallow, MALVACES. ea, ©. i. 320. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Theog (Collett). Kashmir, Hazara. Abutiion graveolens, Urena repanda, MALVACEs. Pee h, 1.390) The Plains to 1,000 ft. East of the Sutlej. Hibiscus Trionum, MALVACcEs. Beebe ds 1, 334, The Plains to 6,000 ft. Kashmir. Hazara. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Baluchistan (Lace). Prrats UNITED, 10-12; carpels 10-12, enclosed in the enlarged calyx, netted on the sides, ribbed at the back, each carpel one-seeded. This plant is sometimes used as a potherb. medium-size, annual, smooth or with a few hairs ; leaves 1-3 in. diam., 5-7 blunt, shallow lobes, round- ed, base heart-shaped, stalks 1-3 in., stipules oval, short-pointed ; flowers 1-13 in, diam., pink streaked with purple, on axillary stalks, 1 in. long, bracteo- les ovate, shorter than the bell-shaped calyx, petals with bearded stalked bases, carpels downy or not, netted ; otherwise like the last species. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. medium-size, perennial, much branched, covered with star-shaped hairs ; leaves, lower 2-23 in. long, 3) roundish, somewhat lobed, heart-shaped base, slightly toothed with rounded notches, upper lan- ceolate, stipules linear; flowers 2 in. pink in race- mes, ultimately in leafless clusters, bracteoles 5, 4-4 in., awl-shaped, united below into a strongly ribbed cup, nearly leathery, larger than the calyx, sepals 5, united half way up, stamens united into a tube, styles 10; carpels 5, smooth, separating from the axis when ripe, each carpel one-seeded, seeds smooth. medium-size, annual, more or less coverd with star-shaped hairs; leaves 1-13 in., divided to the base (lower leaves sometimes circular, undivided ), lobes usually 3, lobed and toothed, stalks 1-13 in. long, stipules awl-shaped, covered with long stiff hairs ; flowers 12 in, diam., pale yellow with a dark- purple centre, calyx 5-lobed to the middle, bell- shaped, inflated, lobes broad, short pointed, nerves 1024 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXT, HREBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE LoBED LEAVES. Hibiscus surattensis, Hibiscus Solandra, MALVAcEz. F, B. I. 1. 336. Prtrats UNITED. hairy winding, afterwards purple, petals 5, united below and with the staminal tube, stamens united into a tube, styles 5, united half way up; capsule oblong, blunt, 5-celled, velvety, splitting from above into 5 valves, seeds many, kidney-shaped, velvety with star-shaped hairs. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. medium-size, annual, velvety or hairy, slightly branched ; leaves 1-23 in. across, heart-shaped at the base, short-pointed, coarsely toothed, hairy on The Plains to 5,000 ft. both sides, lower leaves long-stalked, ovate or Simla. circular, more or less 3-lobed, upper deeply 3-lobed, Sutlej Valley (Collett). lobes narrowly oblong, stipules bristly ; flowers 4-2 Hibiscus vitlfolius, Ban kapés. MALVACcEs, F. B. 1. i, 338. in. diam., yellow, white or pink on solitary jointed axillary stalks, 14 in. long, in a loose leafless termi- nal raceme, sepals united below, triangular, short pointed, petals broad at the tip, notched ; capsule ovoid, pointed, hairy at the top, not longer than the calyx, seeds blackish; otherwise like Hibiscus Trionum. large, annual or biennial, hairy, slightly prickly, branches many ; leaves 1-4 in. diam., 3-7 lobed, lobes short-or long-pointed, smooth or felted on both surfaces, toothed, stalks 2} in., stipules very The Plains to 2,000 ft, small, bristly; flowers 25 in. diam., yellow with a purple centre, drooping on axillary, solitary or clustered at the end of branches, stalks jointed bracteoles 5-8, bristly, linear,not united and short- _er than the calyx, sepals united half way up, lanceolate, velvety, petals twc or three times as long. as the sepals, capsule hairy, beaked, 5-winged, shorter than the sepals, seeds brown, tubercled ;. otherwise like the last species. The bark yields a strong silvery fibre. Se es ee, PLANTS OF THE PUNFIAB YN, 1025 Heres, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE Lopep LEAVES. Hibiscus Gibsoni, MALVACcEs. F. B. 1. 1. 339. The Plains. Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Rozelle or Red sorrel, Patwa. MaAtLvacE&. F. B. 1.1. 340. The Plains cultivated. ‘Hibiscus ficulneus, MALvacEs. Beeb! i. 340: ‘The Plains. ~ 39 Perats UNITED. medim-size, perennial, branches bristly or prickly ; leaves 1-3 in., deeply divided into lobes, lobes oblong-lanceolate, toothed, smooth or hairy, stalk as long as the blade; flowers twice the length of the bracteoles, yellow with a purple centre or all purple, on solitary axillary stalks, bracteoles un- united, linear, prickly, curving over the calyx, sepals united below, lanceolate, staminal tube half covered with anthers, capsule ovoid, pointed, valves bristly, seeds soft with scattered hairs; in other points like the last species. large, annual, smooth, stem purplish ; leaves 2-3 in., wedge-shaped at the base, usually 3-5 lobed, lower leaves are sometimes not lobed, lobes lanceo- late or oblong, glandular beneath, toothed, stalk 2 reddish, pointed ; flowers 24 in. diam., yellow or purple on in., stipules 4 in. long, linear, short solitary axillary short stalks, thickened at the top, bracteoles 8-12, united to the base of the calyx, calyx enlarging in fruit, sepals united below the middle into a fleshy purple cap, bristly, capsule ovoid, pointed, hairy, shorter than the calyx, seeds nearly glabrous, kidney-shaped ; otherwise like the last species. This plant is cultivated for the sake of the edible calyx, from which an acid jelly is prepared; it is used as a preventive of scurvy. The stems supply a strong silky fibre. very large, annual, branches usually covered with broad-based sharp prickles; leaves 23-4 in., 5-7- lobed, with wide sinuses between the lobes, lobes broad at the tip, narrow at the base, unequally toothed stalks 23-4 in., stipules ; in. long, linear, hairy, soon falling off ; flowers 1-2 in. diam., white with a pink centre, on stalks, 3 the length of the leaf stalks, the upper.in a leafless raceme, bracteoles 4-6, broad, leafy, sepals united nearly entirely, tips 1026 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XX1I. HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE LopEp LEAVES. Hibiscus pungens MALvaces. F. B. 1.1. 341. Himalaya, 2-5,000 ft. (Duthie). Hibiscus Abelmoschus, Musk mallow, Mushk dana, Kasturi bhendi. MALVACEs. F. B. 1. i. 342. The Plains. Hibiscus canceilatus, Matvaces. KH. Bos ige42: The Plains to 6,000 ft. Simla, Syri (Collett). Hazara (Douie). - Prraus Unite. thread-like, capsule 14 im. long, ovoid, felted, with a curved beak, 5-angled, sticky when young, seeds round, softly hairy ; otherwise like the last species. medium-size, annual or perennial, branches brist- ly and dotted; leaves 5-8 m., heart-shaped, 7- lobed, lobes linear-lanceolate, long pointed, deeply toothed, upper 3-lobed, stalk longer than the blade, stipules broadly lanceolate, upper ones linear; flowers 5 in. diam., yellow with a purple centre drooping on racemose stalks 1-2 m. long, bracteoles 1 in., enlarging in fruit, calyx 5-toothed, staminal column with anthers all the way up, capsule ? in- long, slender, hairy ; otherwise like the last species. large, annual, hairy, branched; leaves heart- shaped, ovate or usually 3-7-lobed, lobes oblong- lanceolate, short-or long-poimted, coarsely toothed, hairy above or below, stalk longer than the blade, stipules small, awl-shaped ; flowers 3-4 in. diam., yellow with a crimson centre, solitary, often appa- rently terminal on. stout curved stalks, bracteoles. 6-12, linear, ununited, hairy, much shorter than the calyx, sepals united except the 5 tips, split. down on one side, capsule 23-3 in., ovate, short- pointed, hairy, seeds kidney-shaped, with a musky scent; otherwise like the last species. Musk is. obtained from this plant and it also yields a strong. fibre, it is cultivated for these reasons. large, annual, bristly, root spindle-shaped ; leaves. 4-6 in., bluntly five-angled, or rounded, round tooth ed, hairy, upper leaves with angular lobes at the base, stalks 4 in., stipules linear; flowers 4-5 in. diam., drooping, yellow with a purple centre on stalks much shorter than the leaf-stalks, racemed at the ends of branches, bracts 2 at the base of each stalk, awl-shaped, bracteoles 10-18, 13 in.. long, linear, bristly, meurved, capsule ovoid, fur- rowed, very hairy, equal in length to the bracteoles.. 4 ‘ | . x x bs 1 PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1027 ‘HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE LoBep LEAVES. Hibiscus esculentus, Chra. Bhindi, ramturar. MAtvacee. F. B. I. i. 348. The Plains to 4,000 ft. cultivated. Pentapetes phonicea, Dopahariya. STERCULIACES. 1, TB, du ye ayalle The Plains in wet places. Artemisia Dracunculus, Artemisia parviflora, Prrats UNITED. seeds many, kidney-shaped, black, not musky;. otherwise like the last species. large, annual, roughly hairy ; leaves 8-12 in. long, 3-5-lobed, heart-shaped at the base, lobes lanceo- late-oblong, coarsely toothed, rough, stalk as long as the blade, reddish, stipules linear ; flowers large,. yellow with a crimson centre on stout short stalks,. shorter than the leaf-stalks, bracteoles 8-10, linear, equal in length to the calyx, soon falling off, cap- sule 6-10 in. long, oblong, tapering, 6-8 ribbed, smooth or hairy seeds many, round, with lines, smooth or hairy, otherwise like the last species. This plant is commonly cultivated as an unripe: capsule and seeds are eaten as a vegetable. It yields a silky fibre which is used in paper making. large, annual, smooth or bearing a few scattered star-shaped hairs, branched ; leaves 3-5 in., trian-. gular or lanceolate with two lobes at the base, round-toothed, smooth above, star-shaped hairs on the veins beneath, stalk 1 in., stipules linear, equal in length to the stalk ; flowers 1-13 in., scarlet, open at noon, drop next morning, one or two together on jointed axillary stalks, bracteoles 3-5, thread-. like, half the length of the calyx, soon falling off,. sepals 5, lanceolate, united below, rough, petals 5,. ovate with a broad tip, stamens 20, 15 fertile in 5 groups of three, alternating with 5 unfertile. (staminodes ) style dividing above and twisted,. stigmas 5, minute; capsule $ in. diam., nearly round, bristly with star-shaped hairs, shorter than. the persistent sepals, seeds 8-12, in two rows in. each of the 5 cells, angular rough. Fiowers, Minus, 1n Heaps. FLOWERS, ALL TUBULAR. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.. 1028 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XX1. HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE LOBED LEAVEs. Artemisia scoparia, Artemisia annua, Artemisia maritima, Artemisia vulgaris, Artemisia Roxburghiana, Artemisia vestita, Artemisia laciniata, Artemisia Moorcroftiana, Artemisia Absinthium, Artemisia Sieversiana, (Rumex hastatus, POLYGONACE. PMB Sy. 60: Himalaya, 1-8,000 ft. Kashmir. Simla (Collett). Hazara (Barrett). Prrats UNITED. Fiowers, Minutes, in Heaps. FLOWERS, ALL TUBULAR. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Ea Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Prerats NONE. medium-size, perennial root, stems and branches grooved, smooth; leaves 1-23 by #2 in., stalked, _8-lobed, two lobes projecting backwards, narrow, or not lobed, broadly triangular, long pointed, stipules tubular, thin, not fringed, soon torn and disappear- ing; flowers green, small, males and females, often turning red, in circular distant clusters forming axillary racemes and terminal branching racemes, often crowded in fruit, calyx 6-lobed, in fruit circular, pink, not fringed, notched at both ends, petals none, stamens 6, styles 3, stigmas frin- ged; nut sharply 3-angled, brown, enclosed in the three inner segments of the calyx. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1029 HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. Rumex acetosa, POLYGONACES. F. B. I. v. 60. Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Cannabis sativa, Indian Hemp, Bhang. URTICACES. FE. B. I. v. 487. The Plains to 9,000 ft. Hazara (Barrett). Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Hughes- Buller). Girardinia heterophylla, Ker. URTICACE. F. B. 1. v. 550. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Hazara (Barrett). Simla (Collett). Perats None. like the last species, but male and female flowers. on separate plants, branches few, racemes leafless, outer sepals reflexed. large, annual, stems gooved, felted, branches few,. erect, slender, a common weed, also cultivated,leaves. 4-8 in. diam., opposite, stalked, much divided, upper leaves 1-5 lobed, lower 5-11 lobed, linear-lanceolate, middle lobe longest, coarsely and sharply toothed, long pointed, wedge-shaped at the base, dark green above, downy below, stipules lateral, awl-shaped, bristly; flewers greenish yellow, small, male and female on separate plants, males clustered in short, axillary, drooping branched racemes, calyx of 5 seg- ments, segments boat-shaped, petals none, stamens 5, filaments long, thread-like, females crowded, ses- sile in the axils of leafy bracts, style arms 2, thread- like ; achenes 1-12 in., flattened, hard, enclosed in the persistent bracts. The intoxicating drugs, ganja and charas consist of the resin obtained from the stem, young leaves and flowers, bhang is merely the dried leaves and achenes. Hemp is obtained from the fibrous stems. large, annual, root perennial, stem and branches furrowed, covered with very long stinging hairs like a nettle; leaves 4-12 in. long and broad, long-stalked, 3-nerved from the base, broadly ovate, upper leaves. 3-5 lobed, heart-shaped atthe base, sharply toothed, stipules large, united, leaf-like, divided at the tip ; flowers small, green, sessile, closely crowded, male and female on the same or separate plants, when male and female are together, the male are in nearly cylindric clusters on the lower part of the spike, and the female in clustered heads in the upper part, when separate, male in long slender, often branched spikes, and female in short oblong spikes, in fruit becoming thick and densely bristly ; male flowers, 1030 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULTE LoBED LEAVES. Perats None. calyx of 4 sepals, petals none, stamens 4, female flowers calyx tubular with a small 3-toothed mouth, splitting in fruit, style long, thread-like, persistent, stigma minute ; capsule (achene) broad, flattened, ovate, black. HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES. ‘Thermopsis| barbata, LEGUMINOS&. Reb, G2: Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Patarnala (Collett). Argyrolobium roseum, LEGUMINOS&. F. B. 1. ii. 64. The Plains to 6,000 ft. tawalpindi. Kahuta (Douie). Baluchistan (Boissier). LEAFLETS Two-THREE. PETALS DISSIMILAR. small to medium-size, perennial, rootstock woody, stems tufted, branches many, densely shaggy ; leaves of 3 sessile leaflets with leaf-like stipules at the base, each node appearing to have a tuft of sim- ple leaves, leaflets smooth or hairy, lanceolate, 1-2 in., entire ; flowers dark-purple, | in. long, clustered in short axillary racemes forming a terminal branch- ed raceme, bracts shaggy, united at the base or free, calyx top-shaped, 5-toothed, teeth lanceolate, two upper more or less united, three lower twice the tube, petals 5, all long stalked, posterior (standard) largest, circular, sides turned back, 2 wing petals, ovate, outer part broader, 2 keel petals faintly joined, oblong-ovate, stamens 10, ununited, style thread-like, incurved; pot 1-2 by 3-2 in.,linear- oblong. short-pointed, seeds 2-6. small, perennial, thinly silky, branches slender, spreading or prostrate ; leaves digitately compound, leaflets 3, 3 in., ovate with a broad rounded tip, base wedge-shaped, sessile, leaf-stalk equal to or shorter than the leaves, stipules minute, linear, persistent, ununited ; flowers 2 in., pink or yellow tinged with pink in 1-4 flowered leaf-opposed stalk- ed racemes, longer than the leaves, calyx j in., 2- lipped, slit nearly to the base, 5 distinct teeth, 2 to the upper, 3 to the lower lip, smooth, lanceolate, petals 5, hardly longer than the calyx, standard eblong-circular, notched longer than the upper lip of PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1051 HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAVES. Lotononis Leobordea, LEGUMINOS#. F. B. I. i. 64. Peshawar (Stewart). Baluchistan (Hughes- Buller). Crotalaria medicaginea, Ononis hircina, Trifolium pratense, Trigonella Foenum-grecum, Fenugreek, Methi, LEGUMINOS#. BeBe iE. 1.87: The Plains to 5,000 ft. Kashmir. Hazara. Baluchistan (Lace). LEAFLETS Two-THREE. Prrats DIssIMILAR. the calyx, wings oblong, keel broadly oblong, blunt, shorter than the standard, stamens 10, all united, 5 longer with large anthers attached at the end, 5 shorter with smaller anthers attached in the middle, style long, thread-like, incurved ; pod 2 in. long, erect, straight, narrow, flattened, seeds 10-15. small, annual, finely silky, branches many, spread- ing; leaves digitately compound, leaflets 3, 4-3 in. long, lanceolate, rather fleshy, tip blunt, broad, with a minutely fine point, leaf stalks as long as the leaves, stipules minute, lanceolate, soon falling off; flowers + in., pale yellow or red, nearly sessile, 1-5, in the axils of most of the leaves, calyx 4-2 in., silky teeth 5, lowest tooth deepest, petals 5, a little longer than the calyx, standard narrow, wings shorter, nar- rower, keel petals firmly united, longer, tip sharply incurved, stamens 10, united in a tube, slit along the top, anthers as in the last species ; pod linear- oblong, scarcely longer than the calyx, seeds 4-8. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. medium-size, annual, cultivated, strongly scented, robust, nearly smooth; leaves pinnately compound, leaflets 8-1 in. long, lanceolate-oblong, tip broad, toothed, lateral nearly sessile, terminal stalked ner- ves prominent running into the teeth, stipules lanceo- late, entire, long pointed, united to the leaf-stalk ; flowers small, pale yellow in short racemes at the end of axillary stalk, often bristle tipped, calyx 1-1 in., bell-shaped, teeth 5, distinct, lmear, petals 5, narrow, standard and wings nearly equal, keel 1032 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT, HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAVES. Trigonella polycerata, Trigonella Emodi, LEGUMINOS&. F. B. I. 11. 88. Himalaya, 4-11,000 ft. Kashmir. Marali. Baluchistan (Hughes- Buller). Trigonella corniculata, LEGUMINOS#. F. B. I. 11. 88. The Plains to 12,000 ft. Kashmir. Simla (Collett). Melilotus parviflora, or indica, Melilot, Sinji, metha. LEGUMINOSA, The Plains to 3,000 ft. Joengi. Mianwalli District. LearLtets Two-THREE. Pervans DIssIMILAR. shorter, blunt, a little longer than the calyx, sta- mens 10, upper nearly or quite free, others united ; pod 2-3 in. long, often eurved, long-beaked, seeds 10-20. ‘This plant is cultivated as a fodder crop anda pot herb, the seeds are used as a spice and as a medicine. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. medium size, often robust, smooth, much branch- ed; leaflets 3. 4-2 in. long, ovate with a broad tip, deeply toothed; stipules linear bristly, deeply toothed ; flowers 4-6 rarely 12, racemes on stalks 1-2 in. long, terminating in a distinct point, calyx i- in., smooth, teeth linear as long as the tube corolla twice or thrice as long as the calyx; pod 3- 8 by 1-1 in., linear-oblong, smooth, straight, seeds 4-6; otherwise like the last described species. very like the last species, but the calyx teeth are shorter, the pod is recurved instead of straight. medium size, annual, slender, leaves pinnately compound, leaflets 4-3} im., ovate or oblong, only upper part toothed, base entire, lateral leaflets nearly sessile, terminal one stalked, nerves prolong- ed to the teeth, stipules linear, long-pointed, united to the leaf-stalk, apex notched; flowers zz in., yellow in long axillary recemes, 1 in. long, in fruit lengthened to 2 in., calyx + in., teeth 5, triangular, petals 5, 7z m. soon falling off; pod 4 - + in., tipped by the style, one-seeded. This plant ; PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1035: HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE StipuLaATE CompounD LEAVEs. Melilotus alba, White Melilot, LEGUMINOS2. F. B. 1. ii. 89. The Plains to 13,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Mianwalli District. Medicago falcata, Medick, non-such, LEGUMINOS#. F. B. I. 11. 90. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Mashobra (Collett). Kashmir. Medicago sativa, Lucerne, Alfafa, LEGUMINOSZ. eB. LT. 11, 90. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Baluchistan (Boissier). 40 LeaFiLets Two-THREE. Petras DIssIMILAR. is a common weed in cornfields, and is sometimes cultivated as a fodder crop. very like the last species, but more robust and taller, the racemes, flowers and pod are larger, and the latter is often two-seeded. . This plant is also used for fodder, and is fragrant when drying. medium size, perennial, nearly smooth, branches many ; leaves pinnately compound, leaflets 3, 3-1 in. long, narrowly oblong, upper part toothed, base entire, lateral leaflets sessile, terminal one stalked, nerves prolonged to the teeth, stipules narrowly lanceolate, long-pointed, united to the leaf- stalk ; flowers 2 in., yellow in axillary stalked racemes, calyx + in., bell-shaped, teeth 5, bristlelike, nearly equal, as long as the tube, petals 5, standard petal not stalked, keel shorter than the wing petals, blunt, corolla twice as long as the calyx, stamens 10, upper one free, others united, style smooth, incurved ; pod 3-2 in. long, sickle-shaped, smooth, seed, 5-10. very like the last species, of which it may be the cultivated variety, but is more erect, less branched, flowers purple or blue, and pods rough, twisted into a double spiral. This plant is widely cultivated as a fodder crop. 10384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE StipuLAtE CompounpD LEAvEs. Cyamopsis psoraolides, Kulthi, guar. LEGUMINOS#. FB. BW. 92; The Plains. Rawalpindi (Aitehi- son). Baluchistan (Hughes- Buller). {ndigofera trifoliata, {ndigofera trita, Taverniera nummularia, Ebenus stellata, Lespedeza juncea, Lespedeza Gerardiana, Lespedeza elegans, Lourea vespertilionis, Uraria picta. LEAFLETS Two-THREE. PETALS DissIMILAR. medium size, annual, robust, covered with later- ally attached grey hairs, stems 4-sided; leaves stalked, leaflets 3, 2-3 in. long, ovate, short- pointed, deeply toothed, stipules linear-bristle- like ; flowers } in., purplish, in shortly stalked 6-30 crowded axillary racemes, bracts bristle-like, pro- jecting beyond the buds, calyx 3-3 in., tube oblique, teeth 5, unequal, lowest long, bristle-like, petals 5, just protruding from the calyx, soon falling off, standard and wing petals narrow, keel blunt, slightly ineurved, stamens 10, united, style short, much ineurved ; pod 14-2 in. long, straight, thick, fleshy, erect, 3-keeled on back, seeds 8-12. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, Leaflets many. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1035 HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES. Uraria lagopus, Wraria neglecta, Zornia biphylla. LEGUMINOS. Wea. LD. iu. 147. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Rubus Clarke. Potentilla argyrophyila, RosacE#&. F. B. I. ii. 356, Himalaya 8-15,000 ft. Kashmir. Matiana, Narkanda (Collett). LEAFLETS Two-THREE. PEtrALs DISSIMILAR. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound, Leaflets Three. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound, Leaflets Three. small, annual, stems several, slender, branches wiry, zigzag, hairy or velvety, tufted ; leaves stalk- ed, leaflets 2, 3-1 in., lanceolate, leathery, dotted with black glands, stipules leaflike, lanceolate, produced down in a spur ; flowers j in. long, yellow, sessile in erect axiliary racemes, 1-3 in., each flower almost hidden in a pair of leaf-like fringed bracts, calyx minute, membranous, teeth 5, 2 upper united, 2 lateral very short, lowest equal to the upper, petals 5, standard round, keel sharply incurved, blunt, twice as long as the calyx, stamens 10, united into a tube, 5 longer with round anthers, alternating with 5 shorter with oblong anthers, style smooth, incurved ; pod flattened, minutely prickly, protruding from the bracts, upper margin nearly straight, lower deeply indented, joints 2-5, seeds 2-5, PETALS SIMILAR. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. large, perennial, rootstock very stout, stem vel- vety, robust; leaves digitately compound, leaflets 3, 2-8 in., sessile or stalked, ovate, coarsely toothed green, and finely hairy above, white-felted beneath, main leaf stalk, 2-3 in., stem stipules united at the leaf stalk, ovate-oblong, short pointed ; flowers ?-13 in. diam., yellow or dark purple in terminal bran- ched racemes, bracteoles 5, oblong, blunt, short or 1036 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE Compound LEAVES. Indigofera hirsuta, LEGUMINOS&. F, B. I. i. 98. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Indigofera anabaptista, LEGUMINOS&. Lt sel Erie kOe The Plains. LEaritets Two-THres. PETALs SIMILAR. long pointed, calyx silky, persistent, lobes 5, alter- nating with the bracteoles, long-pointed, petals 5, heart-shaped with the notch outwards, stamens many, styles lateral, short, persistent; carpels very many, small, crowded on a small dry recepta- cle, fruit is a head of many hard smooth achenes, covered by the overlapping calyx lobes, achenes one-seeded. LEAFLETS Many. Psrrats DiIsstMinaR. large, annual or biennial, densely hairy, with flat- lying hairs; leaves pinnate, 2-5 in., shortly stalked, leaflets 5-11, 1-2 in. long, opposite, ovate with a broad tip, membranvus, grey-green, stipules bristle- like, feathered; flowers 4 in., red in dense slender hairy axillary racemes 2-6 in., long, bracts minute, calyx 1 in., densely velvety, teeth 5, bristle-like, long feathered, petals 5, not much longer than the calyx, soon falling off, standard ovate with a broad tip, keel petals united, straight, not beaked, spurred on each side near the base, stamens 10, upper free, the rest united, anthers tipped with a minute point, style smooth, incurved; pod 3-3 in. long, eylindri- cal, densely velvety, 6-8 seeded. small, annual, branches spreading, covered thin- ly with hairs like those of the last species, but always white ; leaves pinnate, shortly stalked, leaf- lets 3-7, opposite, 3-1 in. long, lanceolate with a broad tip, stipules bristle-like, presistent; flowers % in., scarcely longer than the calyx, in short dense, 12-20 flowered racemes, calyx 2 in. silvery haired, teeth bristly, pod linear, reflexed ; in other respects like the last species. : PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB, 1037 HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES. Tephrosia purpurea, Sarphanki. LEGUMINOS#. eee Dai. 112. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Hughes- Buller.) Tephrosia villosa, LEGUMINOS#. aN 184d Ee ied ba 94 The Plains. Tephrosia pauciflora, LEGUMINOS &. 1h) Boged [el il Se The Plains. Baluchistan (Lace.) LEAFLETS Many. Prats DissiIMILAR. medium size, perennial, much branched, stems slender, cylindrical ; leaves 3-6 in., pinnate, shortly stalked, stipules linear-awl-shaped, leaflets 13-21, narrow, lanceolate with a broad tip, blunt, green, smooth above, silky beneath; flowers 4-2 in., red, thinly silky in leaf opposed loose-flowered racemes, 5-6 in. long, bracteoles minute, calyx 3-2 in., silky, teeth 5, two upper teeth longer than the three lower, petals 5, 4-2 in., standard circular, silky without keel, petals united, blunt, stamens 10, upper free, others united, style curved, smooth, tuft of hairs at the tip; pod 13-2 by } in. sessile, velvety, flat, seeds 6-10. small, perennial, stems zigzag, woody, finely downy with white flat-lying hairs; leaves 2-3 in. long, nearly sessile, stipules linear, ascending or teflexed, leaflets 13-19, grey green, nearly smooth above, silky below, narrow lanceolate with the tip broad and often notched; flowers 3 in., red in racemes, six or more inches long, lower flowers in distant separate clusters of stalks, bracts bristle- like, feathered, calyx 4-+ in., very silky, teeth 5, bristle-like, lower longer than the calyx tube, petals 5, not much longer than the calyx, stamens and style as in the last species, pod 1-1; in. long., 1-4 in. broad, densely velvety, curved, sharply bent down. very like the last species, but leaflets 5-9, flowers stalked in pairs in the axils of leaves. 1038 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompounD Leaves. Sesbania aculeata, Jayante. LEGUMINOSZ. KB. ate. The Plains. Baluchistan (Lace.) Astragalus Falconeri, LEGUMINOS&. BB eat. 120), Hazara (Winter- bottom). Astragalus trichocarpus, LEGUMINOSE. BiB ais 120 Eastern Punjab. Himalaya 5-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Dharmpur. Leartets Many. PETALS DISSIMILAR. large, annual, shrub-like, branches and under surface of leaf midribs armed with small hooked prickles ; leaves 6-12 in., leaflets more numerous and smaller than those of Sesbania egyptiaca, see Shrubs, leaflets 41-81, smooth ; flowers 3-3 in., pale yellow dotted with red, in stalked loosely 3-6 flowered racemes, calyx 5-toothed, } in., smooth, teeth short triangular, petals 5, stalked, standard petal broad, keel blunt, stamens 10, upper free, others united, style thread like, smooth, incurved, pod 6-9 in., linear, slightly curved, beaked, smooth; seeds many. large, perennial, stems almost woody, zigzag, velvety, white when young ; leaves 1-13 in., midrib ending in a point or leaflet, stipules broad, leaf- like, leaflets 13-17, 4-3 in. long, lanceolate oblong, © with broad tips, blunt ; flowers 4 in., lilac, in long stalked few-flowered racemes, calyx 1in., pouched, nearly smooth, teeth 5, very short, petals 5, wing petals short-pointed equal to the keel petals, stamens 10, upper one free, others united, style neurved, smooth, pod 3-2 in., narrowed to both ends, stalk twice as long as the calyx, 4-6 seeded. large, perennial, nearly smooth, branches straight, twiggy, much furrowed ; leaves 2-4 in., nearly ses- sile, midrib ending ina point or leaflet, stipules. minute, leaflets 31-41, 3-2 in., nearly blunt, pale green, covered with minute silvery hairs; flowers 2 in., lilac crowded in stalked racemes, 3-4 in. long, bracts linear, minute calyx , in., bell-shaped, oblique, smooth, teeth 5, triangular, petals 5, stand- ard petal round, wings lanceolate shorter than the keel petals, stamens 10, upper free, others united, pod 2-1, stalked, oblong velvety, seeds 4-6. } a PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1039 Heres, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAvEs. Leariets Many. Perats DIssIMILAR. Astragalus ciliolatus, medium size, perennial, stems hollow, smooth ; LEGUMINOSS. leaves 6-9 in., midrib ending in a point or leaflet; BoB, f. 1. 129. leaflets 17-19, 4-14 in., oblong, blunt, green, smooth, Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. stipules }-3 in., lanceolate or triangular, free per- Kashmir. sistent; flowers 2 in., yellow tinged with lilac, crowd- ed nearly all on one side of long-stalked racemes, bracts linear, shorter than the buds, calyx 2 in., tubular, oblique, teeth 5, bristle-like, feathered, petals 5, keel shorter than the standard and wing petals, broad, abruptly upeurved, stamens and style like those of the last species ; pod 1 in., oblong, ex- panded, narrowed into a beak, covered with fine short spreading black hairs, stalk 2 in., seeds 8-20. Astragalus frigidus, medium size, perennial, stout, smooth; leaves LEGUMINOS&. 4-6 in. long, stipules 3-7 in. long, ovate or lanceo- _ ¥F.B.I. ii. 180. late, sharp-pointed or blunt, free, persistent, leaf- -Lahoul. lets 9-15, oblong, one or more inches long, opposite, thin, smooth above, with a bluish waxy gloss and a few hairs below ; flowers #in., bright yellow arrang- ed nearly all one side on long stalked racemes, calyx 2in., tubular, with a few flat-lying hairs, teeth 5, minute, petals 5, standard longer than the wings and keel petals, stamens and style as those of the last species; pod 1 in., expanded, smooth, oblong, stalked, narrowed to both ends, 6-8 seeded. Frowers, IN Heaps, In THE Next SEVEN SPECIES oF ASTRAGALUS, AND TWO OF OXxYTROPIS. Astragalus prolixus, small, annual weed, clothed densely with hori- LEGUMINOS#. zontal-lying white hairs, very slender; leaves i- YB. 1, i, 121. 13 in., distinctly stalked, stipules free, minute, lan- The Plains. ceolate, leaflets 11-17, oblong, blunt, 2-1 in., cover- Lahore. ed with the horizontal white hairs; flowers +. in. 10 yellow 6-12 together in heads on stalks a little shorter than the leaves, calyx less than 4, in., den- sely matted, teeth 5, linear-bristle-like, nearly equal to the calyx tube petals, stamens and style 1040 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Voi. XXI HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES. Astragalus Aitchisoni, LEGUMINOS#. aid Seok ot lg heals Salt range (Aitchison). Pindigheb. Rawalpindi District (Douie). Astragalus __ contortipli- catus, WLEGUMINOS&. © Be a e. 'The Plains. ‘Baluchistan (Boissier.) jAstragalus meianostachys; LEGUMINOS&. 1583, dle vily 2s, Himalaya, 10-15,000 ft. Kashmir. Lahoul. LEAFLETS Many. PetaLts DiIssIMILAR, as above; pod j-2 in., sessile expanded, densely velvety, straight, linear-oblong, 6-8 seeded. small, annual weed, slender, thinly covered with white hairs; leaves 13-23 in., distinctly stalked, stipules triangular, minute, leaflets 17-25, 3 in., alternate, wide apart, grey green, a few short hori- zontal white hairs; flowers 3 in., white with a pur- ple tip, in a loose head of 4-6 flowers on a short stalk, bracts minute, calyx % in., bell-shaped, thinly white silky, teeth 5, linear or lanceolate, petals 5, standard longer than the wings and keel, stamens and style as those in the last species; pod 13 in., slender, straight or slightly curved, slightly clothed with white hairs, 15-20-seeded, seeds very small. small, annual weed, covered with short, soft, spreading white hairs; leaves 3-4 in., distinctly stalked, stipules small, free, lanceolate, leaflets 15- 17 oblong-lanceolate with a broad and notched tip. 1-2 in., wide apart, greenish, soft scattered hairs on both sides; flowers 4 in., yellow in dense many- flowered heads on stalks, with few scattered soft hairs, much shorter than the leaves, calyx ¢ in., with a few scattered soft hairs, teeth 5, bristle-like, feathered, petals 5, projecting a little from the calyx, wings lanceolate, short-pointed, shorter than the standard and keel, stamens and style like those in the last species; pod 3in., cylindrical, much recurved, sausage-shaped, folded lengthwise, wrinkled, 20-30 seeded. medium size, perennial, fairly stout, smooth; lea- ves 1-3in., distinctly stalked, stipules j-2 in., leafy, free, triangular with a sharp hard point, leaflets 13-15, oblong, green with a bluish waxy gloss, blunt or notched ; flowers 1-2 in., lilac or purple in crowd- ed heads, 1-3 in. long, stalks 2-6 in., covered with ee PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1041 HeERBs, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Astragalus cashmirensis, LEGUMINOS&. feeb. t. i. 127. Kashmir 9-10,000 ft. (Falconer). Astragalus leucocephalus, LEGUMINOS#. fee. Li. 128. Himalaya 1-7,000 ft. Simla, Naldera (Collett). Murreée (Douie). Sakesar, Salt range. 41 LEAFLets Many. PETALS DISSIMILAR. short spreading black and also white hairs, dense just below the head, calyx 4-4 in., covered with black silky hairs, teeth 5, equal to the tube, nearly sessile, petals 5, contracted, keel and wings shorter than the standard, stamens and style like those of the last species; pod { in., oblong, sessile, black, silky, two-seeded. small, perennial, stems stout, shaggy with long hairs; leaves 3-4 in., distinctly stalked, stipules 4 in., lanceolate, thin, free, marked with lines, leaf- lets 29-33, oblong blunt, or short-pointed, 2-3 in., crowded, dull, densely clothed at first with fine long hairs; flowers #in., yellow in dense round heads on stalks 1-3 in., bracts 4-2 in., linear, feather- ed, persistent, calyx 2-3 in., thinly covered with long hairs, teeth 5, linear, petals 5, standard longer than the wings and keel, stamens and style like those of the last species; pod 3 in., linear-oblong, straight, sessile, finely velvety, hollowed down the keel, narrowed into a long beak, 6-8 seeded. small, perennial, densely covered with silvery white hairs, stems slender short ; leaves 1-3 in., sti- pules small, leaflike, united below the middle, leaflets 3-4 in., oblong, 21-31, thick, blunt or nearly short-pointed, close to each other, covered with silvery white hairs; flowers }in., pale yellow in small very dense, oblong heads on densely white felted stalks, 2-6 in., bracts lanceolate, longer than the buds, calyx + in., shaggy with white hairs, ne- arly sessile, teeth 5, bristle-like, equal to the calyx tube, petals 5, keel shorter than the standard and wings, stamens and style like those of the last species ; pod ~ in., oblong, sessile, finely downy, 3-4 seeded. 1042 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1, HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEavsEs. Astragalus Munroi. LEGUMINOSZ. BoB. i aid 2S. Spiti, Lahul. Oxytropis lapponica. Oxytropis cachemirica, LEGUMINOS#. Bi By iar. (39. Kashmir 8-10,000 ft. Oxytropis Meinshausenii, LEGUMINOS2:. Ey ePrice Himalaya 9-11,000 ft. Valley of Kishengunga. LEaFLets Many. Petras DissiIMILar. small, perennial, rootstock stout, long, woody, spindle-shaped, stems of a tuft of shoots from the © base, stout, shaggy with dense spreading white hairs; leaves 13-2 in., stipules 3 in., linear or lanceolate, free, leaflets 19-21, 2-] in., lanceolate with a broad blunt tip, thinly covered with loose white hairs ; flowers 2-2 in., yellow, in few-flowered sessile axil- lary heads, calyx 3-2 in., thinly velvety, teeth 5, linear, bristle-like, petals 5, nearly equal, stamens and style like those of the last species; pods oblong, sessile 1 in. long, inflated, 10-12 seeded. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. l small, perennial, rootstock woody, stem short finely velvety ; leaves 1-2 in., stipules lanceolate or triangular, united below, leaflets 13-21, oblong lanceolate, 2-3 in., densely white silky ; flowers 3 in., yellow, rarely purple in dense heads, 12-30 flowered, on long stalks, bracts distinct, lanceolate, calyx 2in., densely white silky, teeth 5, linear, nearly equal, petals 5, standard longest, keel shortest with a distinct point, stamens 10, one free, others united, style abruptly incurved, beardless; pod 2-5 in., sessile, much inflated, shaggy with loose dense white silky hairs, round-oblong, 5-6 seeded. small, perennial, stem distinct, at first thinly covered with soft scattered hairs ; leaves 3-4 in., stipules 4-3 in., free, lanceolate or oblong, leaflets 17-31, 3-2 in., oblong, blunt, green, slightly cover- ed with long whitish hairs on both surfaces, flowers 2 in., yellow, rarely purple in a dense 12-20 flowered head on erect stalks, 4-6 in., bracts 3-1 in., linear, covered with scattered black PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1043 HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE ComMpouND LEAVES. Onobhrychis Stewartii. LEGUMINOS#. Bee. L, ii. 141, The Plains. Hazara (Stewart). Rawalpindi (Aitchison) Kot Futteh Khan. Rawalpindi District. (Douie). Hedysarum astragaloides. LEGUMINOS&. WB, 1. i. 146. Himalaya 11-12,000 ft. Kishtwar (Thomson). Lahul (Jaeschke). LEAFLETs Many. Prrats DisstMiLar. hairs, calyx 2 in., tubular, thinly covered with hori- zontal black hairs, teeth 5, linear, feathered in black, petals, stamens and style like those in the last species ; pod }-2 in. oblong, expanded, straight, short-stalked, with a few silky black hairs 6-8 seeded. medium size, annual, stem slender, becoming smooth; leaves 3-4 in., including stalk, stipules linear, minute, leaflets 9-11, 3-3 in. long, lanceolate with broad tip, nearly short-pointed, wide apart, somewhat hairy ; flowers red, 3 in., in long stalked axillary racemes, 6-9 in., bracts linear, minute ; calyx 7, in., bell-shaped, silky, teeth 5, lanceolate, petals 5, standard broad, smooth, . veined, wings short, keel blunt, stamens 10, all united, style thread-like, incurved ; pod 1-1 in., kidney-shaped, expanded, faces woody, deeply honey-combed, edge armed with close minute spines, one-seeded. Douie found the stipules larger than minute, and the stamens not all united. medium size, stems robust, becoming grey velvety at first; leaves including the stalk, 4-8 in. long, leaflets 21-29, 2-1 in., linear-oblong, blunt with a minute point, smoothish above, persistently grey velvety beneath; flowers ? in., red in very dense racemes 2-3 in. long, bracts linear thin projecting beyond the buds, calyx {in., bell-shaped, finely silky, teeth 5, petals 5, standard shorter than the keel, keel blunt, stamens 10, upper free, lower ones united, style thread-like, very long, abruptly bent ; pod stalked, distinctly one or two-jointed, joints oblong, thin, with a crisped wing below, less marked one above. 1044 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI, Heres, Erect, witH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompounD LEAvsEs, Hedysarum ‘oachemiria- num. LEGUMINOS#. F. B. I. 11. 146. Kashmir, 9-10,000 ft. Hedysarum laxiflorum. LEGUMINOS&#. PBs 46, Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Valley of Kishengunga (Winterbottom). Hedysarum strobiliferum. LEGUMINOS. F, B. I. ii. 146. Kashmir, 9,000 feet (Falconer). Hedysarum microcalyx. LEGUMINOS&. F, B. I. ii. 147. Himalaya, 9,000 ft. Kashmir. Lahul, LearLtets Many. Perats DIssiminar. medium size, stem robust, smooth, grooved ; leaves including the stalk 6-12 in. long, leaflets 21-27, 2-13 in., long, linear-oblong, thin, blunt, both sides green, becoming smooth ; flowers 2-1 in., red in very dense racemes, 2-3 im., bracts linear, bristle-like, longer than the buds, calyx 2 in., downy, teeth 5, petals 5, stamens and style as in the last species ; pod of 1 to 3 joints, 4-2 in. long, oblong, smooth, both sutures with a distinct . uncrisped wing. medium size, stems slender, firm, smooth ; leaves including stalk, 3-5 in., leaflets 21-31, linear oblong, close, firm, nearly leathery, smooth above, grey, barely covered with grey velvet beneath; flowers &-2 in., red in loose racemes, 2-5 in., bracts minute bristle-like, calyx ¢ in., teeth 5, upper triangular, lower lanceolate, pod 3-4 jointed oblong, firm, smooth, rather expanded, not more than ¢ in., long; otherwise like the last species. small, stem robust, thickly covered with short horizontal whitish hairs; leaves including the stalk, 6-8 in., leaflets 19-25, oblong-lanceolate, 1-13 in., blunt, smoothish above, somewhat white-silky beneath ; flowers less than 3 in., yellowish, in dense racemes, 2-3 in., bracts overlapping, thin, dry, stiff, bristly quite hiding the buds, calyx $-j in., tubular, teeth 5, short, triangular with sharp hard points petals 5, equal; stamens and style as in the last: species. medium-size, stems stout, smooth, furrowed, leaves including the stalk, 6-9 in., leaflets 11-13, oblong-lanceolate, 1-13 in., wide apart, blunt, both sides green, smooth; flowers &-3, bright red, in loose racemes, 2-4 in., calyx 2 in., bell-shaped, smooth, thin, teeth 5, minute, triangular with a PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1045 HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAVES. Smithia sensitiva, Oda-brint. LEGUMINOS#. fT. ii, 148. The Plains. Smithia geminiflora, LEGUMINOSZ. F. B. 1. ii. 149. Himalaya, 1-3,000 ft. Smithia ciliata, LEGUMINOSZ. F. B. I. ii. 150. Himalaya, 3-6,000 ft. Simla, Naldera (Collett). LEAFLETS Many. Petras DISSIMILAR. hard sharp point, petals 5, keel longer than stand- ard, stamens and style as in the last species ; pod 2-3 jointed, 3-2 in., oblong, thin, smooth, both sutures distinctly margined. medium-size, annual, stems very slender, not bristly, much branched; leaves including stalk 3-1 in., midrib bristly, stipules thin, dry with processes at the base, leaflets 4-20, i-} in. long, sensitive, oblong, blunt, bristly on the midrib beneath and along the almost. straight margins; flowers 3 in., yellow, 1-6 in short stalked axillary racemes, calyx 3-4 in., 2-lipped, lips entire, short-pointed, with a few scattered pale yellow bristles, petals 5, stand- ard circular, keel incurved, blunt, stamens 10, in two bundles of five, style thread-like, incurved ; pod of 4-6 joints, joints covered with minute nipple-like projections, folded together inside the calyx. This plant is eaten as a potherb, and forms a useful fodder. very like the last species, but with fewer leaflets, - more bristles on the midribs and margins of leaflets, and the flowers in pairs in the axils of leaves. small to medium-size, annual, stem slender, not bristly ; flowers in dense shortly stalked one-sided axillary racemes, bracteoles leafy, oblong with scat- tered bristles, calyx upper lip sharply cut off, lower lanceolate; otherwise like the two last species. 1046 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXi, HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LzEayEs. Aschynomene indica, Kath-sola. LEGUMINOSZ. F. B. I. ii. 151... The Plains to 5,000 ft. Kashmir. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Phalia, Gujrat District (Douie). Uraria picta, Dabra, deter. LEGUMINOS&. FOB. Tis. lob: The Plains to 6,000 ft. LEAFLETS Many. Prtats DissIMILAR. large, annual, pale green, stem smooth, branches many, cylindrical, often slightly rough with tuber- cles; leaves 2-3 in., stalk sticky with glands, stipules linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, with pro- cesses at the base, soon falling off, leaflets 41-61, sensitive, very small, upper ones smallest, overlap- ping, alternate, narrowly oblong, rounded with a small point; flowers 3 in., yellow, often with purple streaks, in many, sticky, axillary racemes, bracts small, lanceolate, fringed with hairs, calyx 2 in., smooth, deeply 2-lipped, lips faintly toothed, petals 5, standard circular, erect, keel nearly straight, blunt, stamens 10 in two bundles of five, style in- curved, smooth ; pod 1-13 in. long, linear, stalked, flattened, smooth, straight or rather curved, upper suture straight, lower indented, joints 6-10, smooth or finally rough with nipple-like processes, one seed in each joint. The allied species . aspera, yields the pith (sola) from which sun hats are made. large, perennial, stem finely downy, robust, bran- ches few; leaves 10-12 in. long, lowest simple or of 3 leaflets, rounded or oblong, upper of 5-9 leaflets, mid stalk downy, stipules 4in., lanceolate, long- pointed, leaflets 4-8 in., linear-lanceolate, leathery, smooth, clouded with white above, net veined, minutely velvety beneath; flowers purple j in., in dense cylindrical racemes, 6-12 by 2-3 in., bracts brown, thin, soon falling off, minor flower stalks bristly, abruptly incurved, after flowering, at the tip, calyx 4 in., tube very short, teeth 5, 2 upper short, lower long, bristle-like, petals 5, standard broad, wings united to the keel, stamens 10, upper one free, lower ones united, style thread-like, sharp- ly bent; pod of 3-6 joints, joints small, swollen, one-seeded, polished, often placed face to face. The seeds are used to cure ulcerated mouths. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1047 HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAVES. Cicer arietinum, Gram or Chick-pea, Chana. LEGUMINOS. Weebl: ii. 176, The Plains to 2,000 ft. Commonly cultivated. Vicla tetrasperma, LEGUMINOS&. Hea i LZ 7. Himalaya 6-8,000 ft. Vicia Griffithii, LEGUMINOS&. Bel. wz: 178. The Plains. Rawalpindi. Futtehjang (Aitchi- son). Baluchistan (Duthie). Leartets Many. Perrats DIssIMILAR. small, annual, sticky, much branched; leaves 1-2 in., stipules small, obliquely ovate, with a few long teeth, strongly veined, leaflets 13 or so, } in. long, ovate or oblong, deeply cut, strongly veined, flowers 2 in., pink, blue or white, solitary axillary on stalks 3-2 in., calyx 4-3 in., teeth 5, linear, nearly equal, petals 5, standard broad, longer than the wings and keel, stamens 10, upper free, lower united, style incurved, beardless; pod 2-1 in., swollen, velvety, sessile, narrowed into the persistent style, seeds 2 nearly round, reddish brown, black or white, indent- ed, beaked. medium size, annual, stem smooth, very slender much branched; leaves 3-1 in., ending in twisted tendrils, stipules large, pointed, often toothed, base ending in a pointed lobe, leaflets 6-12, narrowly oblong, 4-2 in., blunt or short pointed; flowers + in., pale blue, in pairs or rarely solitary on axillary stalks equal in length to the leaves, calyx 7 in., bell-shaped, teeth 5, three lower the longest, petals 5, longer than the calyx, standard broad, erect, keel nearly straight, blunt, shorter than the wing petals, stamens 10, upper one nearly or quite free, others united, style short, incurved, velvety all round; pod 4 in., smooth, oblong, seeds 3 or 4. medium-size, perennial, stems slender, finely silky, thin, smooth, straggling ; leaves 2 in., ending in twisted tendrils, stipules triangular, deeply cut, leaflets 12-16, 3-4 in., wide apart, linear-oblong, thin, blunt; flowers 2 in., lilac in 2-4 flowered, axillary racemes, as long as the leaves, calyx + in., rather silky, teeth 5, upper triangular, lower lan- ceolate, pod 14 in., oblong, flat, smooth, veined, seeds 5-6; otherwise like the last species. 1048 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXI, HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE ComPpouND LEavsEs. Vicia sativa. Vetch. or Tare. LEGUMINOSS. F. B. I. 11. 178. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Vicia peregrina. LEGUMINOS#. F, B. I. 11. The Plains. Vicia sepium. LEGUMINOSA, Ld oe rein ES), Kashmir. LearLtets Many. PETALS DISSIMILAR. small to medium size, annual, stems slender spreading or erect, rather downy; leaves pinnate ending in twisted tendrils, stipules small, obliquely lanceolate, deeply toothed, leaflets 8-12, those of upper leaves 3-1 in. strap shaped, of lower shorter, broader, sometimes deeply notched at the apex; flowers 3 in. or less, red-blue usually solitary, rarely in pairs, axillary, sessile, calyx 2 in., teeth 5, lan- ceolate-awlshaped, petals 5, twice the length of the calyx, style bearded below the stigma, pod 1-2 in., smooth, seeds 8-10; otherwise like the last species. A weed of cultivation, stated to be sometimes cultivated as a fodder plant. small, annual, slender, smooth, spreading, leaf- lets 10-12, alternate or opposite, 3-1 in. long, stipules minute, bifid with linear divisions; flowers 4 in. red purple solitary, on short axillary stalks, calyx } in., teeth lanceolate, upper shorter curved upwards; pods 1-1} in., linear-oblong, abruptly turned down, smooth, rather curved, seeds 5-6; otherwise like the last species. \ medium-size, perennial, finely downy ; leaflets oblong, abruptly ended, stipules small, deeply toothed, flowers 3 in., reddish in 2-6 flowered, nearly sessile, one-sided, racemes only in the axils of upper leaves, calyx 3 in., smooth or downy, teeth triangular with a sharp hard point, pod 1 in., oblique, smooth, beaked, seeds 6-10; otherwise like the last species. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1049 HeERBs, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES. Vicia narbonensis. LEGUMINOSZ. eB. Ll. 11.179. Peshawar (Vicary) The Park at Rawal- pindi. Vicia Faba. Broad bean. Bakla, chastang. LEGUMINOS#. Heo. it, 179: The Plains to 8,000 ft. Lens esculenta. Lentil. Masur dal. LEGUMINOS&. He Be Ei. 179. The Plains. Baluchistan (Hughes- Buller.) Lathyrus altaicus. LEGUMINOSA. F, B. I. ii. 180. Himalaya 6-8,000 ft. Chenab Valley (Royle.) 42 LeaFLets Many. Prrats DISsIMILAR. medium-size, annual, stout, smooth or finely downy ; leaflets 2 on the lowest leaves, 4-6 on the upper, 1-2 in. long, entire, obovate, stipules large, deeply cut; flowers 3 in., purple and white, in nearly sessile 2-6 flowered racemes, calyx 2 in., upper teeth triangular, lower lanceolate; pod 13-2 in., downy, 6-7 seeded; otherwise like the last species. very like the last species, but larger. It is cultivated widely as a vegetable, and possibly may have once originated from Vicia narbonensis. small, annual, softly velvety, branching from the base ; leaves terminating in a bristle, stipules almost lobed at the base, leaflets 8-12, entire, lanceolate, often tipped with a small sharp point, sessile ; flowers pale purple in 2-4 flowered racemes on stalks equal to the leaves, the end of the stalk extending beyond the flowers, calyx teeth linear, silky, petals 5, standard broad, wings joined to the keel, keel shorter than the wings, stamens 10, united into a tube with an oblique mouth, style abruptly bent, bearded on its inner face; pod 3 in., long, oblong, flattened, smooth, seeds 2, grey with minute spots, flattened. small, perennial, glabrous ; leaves 2-3 in., termi- nated by a long tendril, stipules lanceolate with a tail-like point, slightly toothed, leaflets 6-8, 3-2 in., broad, oblong, thin, with a bluish waxy gloss; flowers reddish, 2 in., in 3-6-flowered loose one- sided racemes on stalks, 2-4 in. long, calyx 2 in., 5-toothed, upper teeth triangular, lower linear, 1050 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE Compounp LEAVES. Lathyrus luteus, LEGUMINOSA. Hk eels): Himalaya. 8-10,000 ft. Mashobra. Mahasu, Matiana. Huttu (Collett). Salt range. Phaseolus mungo, Phaseolus calcaratus, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia Sophera, Cassia Tora or obtusifolia, Panwar. LEGUMINOS&. W. BST, 0 263. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Naldera. Sutlej Valley (Collett) Kangra Valley. LEAFLETS Many. PETALS DIsstmMiInaR. petals 5, standard broad, keel shorter than the wings, stamens 10, upper free, others united, style flattened, bearded on the inner side, pod cylindri- eal or flattish. medium-size, perennial, smooth; leaves 3-5 in., ending in a bristle, stipules large, leafy, base 2-lobed, leaflets 6-8, 2-4 in. long, thin, short-pointed, pale green; flowers 1 in., yellow, in 6-12-flowered staiked racemes, equal to or longer than the leaves, calyx 2-3 in., teeth 5, upper triangular, lower lan- ceolate, pod 2-3 in., linear, beaked, seeds many ; otherwise like the last species. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. PETALS SIMILAR. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound, see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. large, annual, shrub-like, not fcetid; leaves 2-4 in., stalked, stipules 2 in., linear, soon falling off, main leaf-stalk grooved, conical gland between the lowest pair of leaflets, leaflets 6, 1-2 in. long, oblong-ovate with a broad triangular tip, obliquely rounded at the base, thin, green, smooth or rather velvety on both surfaces; flowers 3 in. long, bright yellow in nearly sessile axillary pairs, calyx divided into 5 nearly to the base, lobes green, petals 5, nearly equal, stamens 10, 7 perfect, 3 minute, PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1051 HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES. Cassia obovata or obtusa, Indian Senna. LEGUMINOS&. eee, Lo 11. 264. The Plains. Delhi, Salt Range. Derajat. Baluchistan (Boissier). Cassia absus, Chaksu. LEGUMINOS&. F. B. I. ii. 265. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Dharmpur. LEAFLETS Many. PETALS SIMILAR. abortive, style incurved; pod 8-10 in., nearly cylindrical, divided by oblique partitions, sutures broad, seeds 30-35, flattened, brown shining. The leaves, seeds and root are used medicinally. It is a very common weed which flowers during the rains. medium-size, annual or perennial, nearly smooth, branches angular ; leaves 2-3 in., stalked, no gland between the leaflets, stipules lanceolate, persistent leaflets 8-12, 4-14 in. long, oblong-ovate with a broad tip, rounded with a minute point, thin, a waxy bluish gloss beneath; flowers #? in., pale yellow in narrow few-flowered stalked racemes, 2-3 in., calyx segments blunt, smooth, stamens very unequal, pods 1-14 in. long, shortly stalked, much curved; rounded at the ends, flexible smooth, seeds 6-12, separated by very thin partitions ; otherwise like the last species. medium-size, annual or biennial, covered with grey sticky hairs; leaves 14-3 in., long-stalked, a small gland on the main stalk between every pair of leaflets, stipules small, linear, persistent, short- pointed, leaflets 4, 1-2 in. long, oblong, blunt or nearly short-pointed, unequal at the base, hairy beneath as well as above ; flowers i in. diam., red- yellow in few flowered erect narrow short racemes, calyx of 5 narrow segments, 3-3 in. long, lanceolate, bristly, petals 5, nearly equal with long stalks, veined, stamens 5, equal, perfect; pod 1-14 in., trap-shaped, oblique, seeds 5, flattened, dark- brown, shining. 1052 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. i HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES. ‘Spirza aruncus, Meadow sweet. RosacEs, F. B. 1..11. 323. Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). la albif olia, RosacEs. BB, Dai.47. Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Hattu, Bhagi (Collett). Potentilla fulgens, RosacEz. B. Boa, nipallGat Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Simla. Mashobra (Collett). LEAFLETS Many. PETALS SIMILAR. large, perennial rootstock, shrub-like, smoothish ; leaves 6-12 in., 2 to 3-pinnate, long primary and secondary leaf-stalks, leaflet-stalks short, stipules rudimentary, leaflets usually in threes, 1-3 in. long, ovate, sharply and irregularly toothed, narrowed into a tail-like tip ; flowers 4-1 in., many, white, one sexual, male and female on different plants, in long slender velvety branching racemes, calyx persistent, lobes 5, oblong, ovate, petals 5, orbicular, stamens ~ 20 ormore, sometimes united below, styles 5 or more, nearly terminal; follicles 6 or more, swollen, smooth, shining, seeds few. This plantis often mistaken for Astilbe rivularis, but the latter has no petals. small, perennial, rootstock stout, stems several, slender, zigzag, velvety, branched; leaves 2-4 in., pinnate, stalk very slender, stipules 3-2 in., sheath- ing, loose, brown, short-pointed, united for half their length to the stalk, leaflets 5-9, 3-1 in., ovate, deeply and sharply toothed, lateral leaflets dimi- nishing from the uppermost pair downwards, green, velvety above, white-felted beneath ; flowers j in. diam., yellow, solitary on slender axillary stalks, 1-2 in., calyx persistent, tube shallow with 5 lobes, alternating with 5 bracteoles, white-felted, lobes triangular, bracteoles linear-oblong, petals 36, oblong, shorter than the calyx lobes, stamens 5, styles many, achenes many forming a head, hairy, covered by the calyx lobes, large, deeply furrowed, receptacle felted. small, perennial, rootstock stout, stem leafy, softly silky; leaves 2-8 in., pinnate, stalk stout, lower stipules dry, thin, upper leafy, toothed or lobed, leaflets many, in large and small pairs alter- nately, decreasing in size from above downwards,’ ovate, sharply toothed, terminal leaflet 1-13 in. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1053 HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LeEaveEs. Potentilla Clarkei. RosacE&. BB. Loa. gol. Himalaya 7,000 ft. Srinagar. Kashmir (Clarke), Potentilla sericea. RosacE#, F, B. I. ii. 354. Himalaya 9-17,000 ft. Kashmir. LEAFLETS Many. PETALS SIMILAR. green, hairy above, silvery felted beneath; flowers. + in. diam., yellow crowded in terminal clusters or branched racemes, bracteoles quite entire or 2-3-fid, calyx silvery hairy, lobes ovate, short- pointed, petals orbicular, ovate with a broad tip, stamens many, styles short, slender, ventral, achenes small, smooth; otherwise like the last. species, small, perennial, rootstock woody, stem stout, ascending, leafy, rough with long spreading hairs ; leaves 1-2 in., covered with spreading hairs, sti- pules on the stem, leafy, large, half ovate, entire or toothed, leaflets 3-1 in., 5-7, ovate with a broad tip, very coarsely round-toothed, 4 way down, sessile, close together ; flowers 4 in. diam., yellow stalked, very stiff in clusters with very spreading leafy branches and bracts ; calyx lobes short-pointed, petals ovate with a broad tip, stamens many, styles slender, terminal, achenes many, large minutely wrinkled on a raised hairy receptacle; otherwise like the last species. small to medium-size according to elevation, rootstock erect, very stout, stems many, white, densely silky-felted ; leaves 1-6 in., crowded about 1 in. broad, leaflets 5-11, oblong, silky on both surfaces, all cut nearly to the midrib, terminal leaflets radiating, lateral, opposite and alternate ; flowers 1-2 in. diam., yellow on flowering stems, densely felted, in many or few flowered clusters or solitary, calyx lobes triangular-ovate or lanceolate bracteoles narrowly oblong, blunt, petals orbicular, ovate with a broad tip, styles terminal, achenes. many, smooth ; otherwise like the last species. 1054 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI, HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEavEs. LEAFLETS Many. PETALS SIMILAR. Potentilla nepalensis, medium-size, perennial, stout or slender, softly Rattanjot, hairy to nearly smooth, stem branched, leafy ; RosacEs. leaves digitately compound, radical 12 by 3 in., F, B. I. 1. 355. long-stalked, leaflets 5, 1-3 by }-14 in., sessile, stem Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. stipules 3-1 in., ovate or oblong, lower entire, upper Simla (Collett). lobed, leaflets ovate with a broad tip or rounded, Murree, | coarsely toothed, green; flowers 3-1 in. diam., purple, stalked in forked branching racemes, calyx lobes short-pointed, bracteoles blunt, petals revers- ed heart-shaped, longer than the calyx lobes, achenes very many, minute, wrinkled on a round hairy receptacle ; otherwise like the last species. Potentilla kashmirica, ROSACEA. F. B. I. 1. 355. Kashmir, 7,500 ft. Nowgunge (Clarke). very like the Jast species, but with shorter leaf stalks, shorter more deeply toothed leaflets, yellow flowers, more deeply wrinkled achenes, and broadly clustered flowers. Potentilla argentea, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. Agrimonia eupatorium, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. Agrimonia pilosa, — see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. Fiowers, Minute, IN UMBELS. Vicatia coniifolia, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Com- pound. Vicatia millefolia, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Com- pound. Elaeosticta meifolia, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Com- pound. Apium graveclens, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Com- pound.- __ eS PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE ComPpouND LEAVEs. LEAFLETS Many, PETALS SIMILAR. FLowers, Minutes, IN UMBELS. Cicuta virosa, Carum Carui, Carum Bulbocastanum, Carum Roxburghianum, Carum copticum, Sium latijugum, Pimpinella saxifraga, Pimpinella acuminata, Pimpinella diversifolia, Osmorrhiza claytoni Cherophyllum virosum, Cherophylium reflexum, Cherophyllum capnoides. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. Erect, Erect, Erect, Hrect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Hrect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, pound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, pound. Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Teco Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- 1056 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX, HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAvVEs. Cherophyllum cachemi- ricum, Scandix Pecten-Veneris, Anthriscus nemerosa, Seseli sibiricum, Pycnocycla glauca, Foeeniculum vulgare, Prangos pabularia, Ligusticum marginatum, Selinum ten uifolium, Selinum papyraceum, Selinum Candolii, Selinum vaginatum, Pleurospermum Govani- anum, LEAFLETS Many. PETALS SIMILAR. Fiowers, Minute, 1n UMBELS. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Exstipulate, Exstipuiate, Hxstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Com- . Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Com- Com- Com- Come Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAVES. Pleurospermum Candolii, Pleurospermum angeli- coides, Pleurospermum stylo- sum, Pleurospermum densi- florum, Pleurospermum Brunonis, _ Angelica glauca, Archangelica officinalis, Ferula Thomsoni, Ferula Joschkeana, Peucedanum ¢graveolens, Peucedanum Thomsoni, Heracleum Thomsoni, Heracleum pinnatum, 43 Leartets Many. Pxsrats SrMinar. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Hrect, Friowers, MInutE, IN UMBELS. Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Com-— Com-— Com- Com— Com- Com— Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- 1058 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1I. HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE StipuLATE Compounp LavsEs, iNeracleum cachemiricum, Heracleum canescens, Heracleum Candieans, .Zosimia absinthifolia, Goriandrum sativum, Cuminum Cyminum, ‘Daucus Carota, ! Caucalis Anthriscus, ‘Caucalis leptophylia, ‘Caucalis latifolia, Psammogeton biternatum, Thalictrum cultratum, LEarptets Many. Perats SIMILAR. Frowers, Minute, in Umbe.s. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, pound. see Herbs, Erect, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, Erect, pound. see Herbs, Erect, pound. see Herbs, pound. see Herbs, pound. Erect, \ Erect, Erect, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, pound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, pound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, pound, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, pound. Perats None. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, pound, Exstipulate, Com- Exstipulate, Com- Exstipulate, Com- Exstipulate, Com- Exstipulate, Com- Exstipulate, Com- Exstipulate, Com- Exstipulate, Com- Exstipulate, Com- Exstipulate, Com- Exstipulate, Com- Exstipulate, Com- PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1059 HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE ComMPpoUND LEAVES. Thalictrum reniforme, Thalictrum Javanicum, Thalictrum foliolosum, Astilbe rivularis, SAXIFRAGACES. FB. L. ii. 389. Himalaya, 4-9,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Col- lett). Kashmir. Dalhousie. Leartets Many. Perats None. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate Exstipulate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Com- pound. large, rootstock perennial, hairy ; leaves 6-18 in., irregularly 2-pinnate, stipules large, thin, united to the leaf stalk, sheathing, base of leaf stalk enlarged, hairy, leaflets 1-4 in., ovate, sometimes lobed, heart- shaped at the base, sharply toothed, long-pointed, smooth above, minutely bristly beneath along the midrib and nerves; flowers very small, greenish- yellow, sometimes one sexual in spicate racemes, forming a large terminal branching raceme, 12-24 in. long, stalk of raceme softly hairy, calyx bell- shaped, united to the base of the ovary, lobes 5, deeply divided, persistent, petals none, stamens 5, opposite the sepals, styles 2; capsule small 2 beaked, seeds minute, many, narrow tailed at both ends, sometimes mistaken for Spirea Aruncus, whose fruit has 3-4 beaks, (To be continued.) 1060 PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY. When the last account was written in March 1912 (p. 640 of the last Journal) Mr. Crump was commencing to collect : : in Hoshangabad. From there he proceeded to Pachmarhi for a — short spell and then to Saugor, Damoh, Balaghat and Chanda, all — in the Central Provinces. He was unable to stay long in each district but managed to obtain some 519 specimens by the 12th July. As the rains will probably set in by the latter part of June, it is proposed to bring Mr. Crump back then and a little later to send him to Sind where the rainfall is light and collecting of mammals will be practicable. Mr. D. O. Witt, I.F.S., kindly rendered muck valuable aid to Mr. Crump in the Saugor District and to Mr. Chevenix Trench, I.C.8., the thanks of the Society are also due to Mr. F. J. Langhorne, I.F.S., for the assistance rendered in the Damoh District and to Mr. C. G. Leftwich, I.C.S., in the Chanda District. Mr. Shortridge has been steadily collecting in Kanara and has stayed at the following centres Samasgi, Sirsi, Hulekal, Jog, Gersoppa and Honawar from whence he has sent some 506 speci- mens up to June 4th. He is now near Shimoga (Mysore territory) having completed Kanara and his proceeding towards Mysore and then to the EHast- ward and it is proposed as soon as the worst of the rains are over that he should proceed to Coorg, the Shevaroys, Nilgiris, Anamal- lays and Palneys where excellent results may be hoped for—but such a programme must, of course, take a very considerable time. It will be noticed that the subscription list has made but little progress since the last list was published. The most satisfactory feature about it is the promised contribution frcm the Government of Madras who have kindly offered a grant of Rs. 2,500 towards the Survey. This grant is greatly appreciated ana it is earnestly hoped that other Governments will follow this excellent example, particularly since the work which we are endeavouring to do is tor the whole of India, Burma and Ceylon. It is also Imperial since we are giving specimens to the Imperial collection at the British Museum, South Kensington. PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 1061 So far we have spent about Rs. 13,000 or roughly half the amount collected, and therefore if the work is to be completed a large amount of money has yet to be obtained. MAMMAL FUND. FURTHER LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS UP TO 3lst MAY 1912. NAME. Amount. Rs. A P |Amount previously acknowledged in Journal No. 2, Vol. XXI an ie -. | 26,398 5 0 Andrews, G. P. ae ris » re 16 0 0 Bagshawe, L. V. as ae a ae 15 0 0 | Blunt, H. R. oie ss iA oe 10 0 0 Bowen, J. C. G. ie io ca be 30 0 0 Burnett, Prof. K. .. hs i, a <7 8 0) Cadell, P. R. as: oe as a4 30 | 0 0 Coode, J.M. ae a 15 | 0) 0 | Delme-Radcliffe, Lt. BOG et Rs a 165 | 0 0 | | Forsyth, Dr. Wm. .. “3 *: m 5 8 0 | | Gaye, W. C. (2nd ieee) ye ag, ae 10 0 0 | \ Gordon, R. G. aa ig a 50 0 07 | Gray, Chas. fe my oo Sa 25 0 0 | | Hannyngton, F. : 4. Pe nie 15 2 0 | | Henderson, Dr. J. Ro = Me Pe 25 0 0 | ) Hyam, Judah Be ue ie 10 ! 0 0 | |Jamkhandi, H. H. The Chief .. x Ab 100| 0 0° | Laurence, qT. Tess ate AL ie 15 0 0 | | Manners Smith, Lt. zCois Jr a3 ee a 15 0 0 | | Muspratt, Lt. -Col. BEC: ue ¥3 oe 30 0 0 | | Royal Society, The .. a Seer: Le 372 12 0 ‘Stables, Major A... 15 12 0 | Suter, Dr. M. F. (Rs. 10 per month- March, April and May) 30 0 0 Total ..| 27,255 15 0 | Promised by the Government of Madras, Rs. 2,500. | 1062 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. No. I.--NOTES ON TIGERS. With reference to Mr. Pitman’s note under the above heading (Vol. XXI, No, 2, page 657) I would draw attention to Capt. Forsyth’s remarks in “the Highlands of Central India,” pp. 267, et seq., 1899 edition. He states that regular cattle-lifters are known to natives as “oontia bagh’’ from his faintly striped coat resembling the colour of a camel. The author’s explanation is that cattle-lifters are usually larger, older, and heavier animals than game killers and have taken to a cattle diet owing to a decreasing activity with advancing age. He wrote: “ The larger and older the animal, the more yellow his coat becomes and the fainter and further apart are the stripes.” CoimBATORE, 16th May 1912. C, E. C. FISCHER, ims. In the last issue of the Journal Mr. Pitman contributes two letters about tiger in the C. P. His experience of three cubs to the litter is un- usual. I have shot and seen shot 8 or 10 tigresses, and I have not foand more than two cubs carried. I have recently come across a tigress run- ning with three cubs, one of which I shot. It was about three years old but the other two appeared to be a year old. As regards colouration in the hot weather Mr. Pitman’s experience agrees with mine. The regular cattle killer is a fat beast, and his colour in the hot weather is very pale. The tiger who lives chiefly on game in the interior of forests is a much harder animal and keeps his colour even in the summer months. It is probably not a matter of protective colouring for the tiger in the daylight is always very conspicuous, his colour being obviously intended for the twilight. The darker colour of the tiger that does not live on cattle is probably due to his greater fitness. Batacuat, O.P., 4th May 1912. F, DEWAR, tc.s. Mr. Pitman refers to the number of cubs in the tigress’s litter in your issue of the 3lst March last. I believe that four is not an unusual number to be found in the fcetus stage, but my experience goes to show that tigresses are seldom accompanied by more than two cubs, which points to the probability of not more than that number surviving. As regards colouration of tigers, the differences noted by Mr. Pitman are probably due principally to age. At the same time animals inhabiting dense jungle are likely to be darker coloured than those of more open localities. As tigers grow in age and weight, they are probably more addicted to cattle killing than game killing ; it is an easier occupation. Old tigers lose MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1063: their brilliant colouring, and are sometimes quite faded, both as to the: fulvous ground colouring and the stripes. R. G. BURTON, Lirvt.-CoLonet, 94th Russell’s Infantry. Camp, 23rd ‘April 1912. [The Raja Saheb of Mudhol (Kolhapur) has lately presented to the Society the skins of 4 tiger cubs which he said were cut out of a tigress shot in N. Kanara this hot weather.—EDs. | During the Viceroy’s shoot at Moband (Siwaliks) last week a tigress. 8 foot 9 inches was shot. Out of her were cut six fully formed cubs, 2 males and 4 females. Would you be so good as to inform me if you have- ever heard of six being found before and if it is a rare occurrence ? V. A. S. KEIGHLEY, Caprr., Viceroy’s Bodyguard. Denra Dun, 30th Apri 1912. | We have not heard before of more than five cubs being found in a tiger’s litter.—Eps. | No. I1.—NOTES ON PANTHERS. Remarks regarding ten panthers whose skulls are presented to the Society, all recently shot in Buldana District, Berar. pate og Length of panther in whic J straight line. A R Skull shot Sex. Bien ound General Remarks, marked. body. Tail. 31-3-12 Female. 3 ft.S8in. 2ft.6im. Fully mature, as evident from teeth. Bright smooth coat; skull ridged; the rosettes about the centre of this ani- mal’s back have many central spots, as in the jaguar, a peculiarity I have not observ- ed in others of the species, although there are occasionally two or three such spots. 6-4-12 Male. 3ft.6in. 2ft.8in. Immature. Rough, fulvouscoat.. No occipital ridge. 10-4-12 Male. 4ft.3in. 2ft.9im. Old; bright, smooth skining coat, skull ridged and elonga- ted. 15-4-12 Female. 3ft.3in. 2 ft.5in. Immature, but living by itself.. Rough coat. No _ occipital ridge. 1064 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. X_XI. 16-4-12 Female. Sft.7in. 2ft.7in. Old andhas had young. Bright smooth coat; ridged skull. 19-4-12 Female. 3ft.4in. 2ft.6im. Young; has not borne young. Dull, rough coat. No occipital ridge. 21-4-12 Female. 3ft.6in. 2ft.5in. Young, as evident from teeth. _Thickly spotted, dark rough © fur. No occipital ridge. 23-4-12 Male. 4ft.2in. 2ft.6in. Old. Very smooth, bright, shining coat. Ridged skull. 25-4-12 Female. 3ft.8in. 2ft.Gin. Mature. Appears to have had young. Pale colour,. coat smooth. Ridged skull. 15-5-12. Male. 4ft.6in. 2ft.9in. Veryold. Dark colour, smooth coat. Ridged skull. This panther hada peculiar mal- formation of the tongue which was split in two for about four inches from the point. Note.—In determining whether these animals were young, immature or old, [have not considered the presence or absence of occipital ridge, or the smoothness or otherwise of the fur. But have judged from the appearance of the teeth and sexual indications. It will be observed that in old animals there is invariably a strongly developed occipital ridge, an elongated appearance of the skull, and generally a bright, smooth coat. In young animals there is no occipital ridge, and the skull is rounder, while the coat is generally rough and has less pigmentation. Males are, of course, as in all the cats, much larger than females. These animals were all shot within a small area. They were all driven out singly, and were therefore sufliciently mature to be living alone. The old and the young respectively present those features which have sometimes led to their being divided into two species. They are undoubtedly all of one species, the features referred to being merely indications of age, such as one would naturally expect and not peculiar to this species. In the Journal of 31st March, Captain Mosse reviews Mr. Hick’s remarks on panthers and pantherets (!) in his book “Forty years among the wild beasts of India.” Ihave already discussed this matter at length in another publication (Pioneer, October 1910). The experience of many years leads me to the conclusion, confirmed by recent observation, that the difference, between the two so-called species are generally, if not invariably, due to age. Size is no criterion ; these, like other animals, vary in this respect, and it is impossible to draw a dividing line. As for measurements I doubt whether any female panther’s head and body has measured as much as tive feet in length, and I have never seen a panther with a tail as short as 2 feet; much depends, moreover, on the system of measurement, whether round the curves of the body, or ina straight line. Young MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1065 panthers, like young tigers, have rough skins. Ihave never seen an old panther with no occipital ridge. The statement as to the number of caudal vertebre is to be found in Sterndale’s Natural History, where that author quotes Temminck. It would be interesting to know whether Mr. Hicks derived his statement from that source, or whether it is the result of personal observation. R. G. BURTON, Lisvut.-CoLonet, Baropa, May 1912. 94th Russell’s Infantry. [Possibly Mr Hicks, if he sees this note, may be disposed to forward his panthers’ skulls and skins to the Society for examination.—Ebs.] No. IIL.—A LARGE OORIAL HEAD. The other day I had the good fortune to secure two very good Oorial heads and thought that perhaps a photograph of one of them might be of interest. They were both shot in the same hill, Khair Murat by name, within 25 miles of Rawalpindi. The smaller head measuring 30” in length, and 10” circumference at base of horn, is in some respects the handsomer owing to its wide spread and larger radius. The measurements of the larger head as certified to by some friends are :— Lensth .. .. Right horn 362 in, Left horn 37} in. Circumference .. Right horn 93in. Left horn 9? in. If the tips of both horns were not broken they would probably measure close on 383 in. 1066 JOURNAL, BOMBAY .NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT. Can you tell me if this is the authenticated record for Cis-Indus? The Trans-Indus Wana record is, I believe, 40 in. obtained sometime during the last hot weather. I see the Indian Field Shikar Book mentions one of 384 in. shot near Attock, but it does not seem to be authenticated. This same book implies that the Oorial and the Shapoo are indentical. Is this correct? I have never shot Shapoo but have shot a considerable number of Oorial, and have seen a great many of their heads from Bal- uchistan, Wazristan and Cis-Indus. I have certainly seen some Shapoo heads in which the ends of the horns seemed to curve back slightly some- thing like Burrhel horns, but I have never seen this in a single Corial head. H. V. BIGGS, Cotone.. RAWALPINDI, 6th January 1912. [The Oorial or Shapoo are practically the same, the Shapoo being the Ladak name for the Oorial. The Cis-Indus variety is Ovis vignet cycloceros and the record head, according to Rowland Ward’s * Records of Big Game, (5th Edition)” is 393 Cength on front curve), 10? (circumference), Punjab Cocality), Major F. H. Taylor (owner). We reproduce the photograph of Colonel Bigg’s . 374 Oorial.—EDs. | No. [1V.—THE SO-CALLED ONE-HORNED SHEEP OF NEPAL AND OTHER BREEDS. (With a Plate.) I send a photograph of three of the typical breeds of Sheep in Nepal. The Prime Minister Maharaja Sir Chandra Shum Shere Jung has very kindly collected and presented me with a pair each of these three kinds of Sheep. The Sheep in the photograph are as follows :— (1) Barwal (ram). (2) Do. (ewe). (3) Hunia (ram). (4) Do. (ewe). (5) Kagi (ram). (6) Do. (ewe). (ij Do, (lamb). The rams of Barwal and Kagi make good fighting rams. The Hunia is sometimes used as a beast of burden. All three kinds are short-tailed sheep. There is another breed of Tibetan sheep which sometimes comes to Nepal, viz., the Silling, which is the sheep mostly used to carry burdens. The Maharaja has not yet succeeded in obtaining a typical pair of these, but I believe they may be procured later. ‘(ama) ‘og "9 ‘(0na) ‘0g fF ‘(oma) —-0gy "e ‘(quny) voy *) (wnt) Noy °G ‘(wpt) pun 28 ‘(wpt) Jog “7 = dSaSHS IWdsaN 30 SGaeeqea WOldAL °230ld 0S 3SIW “JEN Avquwog ‘usnor 1 Oe re A eyes r au MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1067 The small photograph is that of the so-called “unicorn” sheep. These sheep are “Barwals” and are really two horned sheep which have been converted into a one horned variety. The Prime Minister has sent me the result of the enquiries instituted by him. The report is that to make the unicorns, the lambs when about 2 or 3 menths old are branded with red-hot irons where the horns are sprouting. This prevents the horns from growing in the usual places and induces them to come out joined together from the top of the skull. J. MANNERS-SMITH, Lieut.-Colonel. THE REsIDENCY, NepaL, 27th March 1912. 1068 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. No. V.—SOME NOTES FROM THE ABOR EXPEDITION. Gexv, Apor Fretp Force, Assam, 12th February 1912. Isend a Kakur (Cervulus aureus) head showing three distinct horns, or, if a small stud is counted, which is quite separate, it has four horns. I found it in this village and thought it would be a nice addition to our museum. I have discovered that the Takin (Budor- cas tavicolor) extends into the Dihong Val- ley, for an Abor has a head here, which was taken off an animal which was washed down the river two rains ago. It must have come from some distance further up, as no one here had ever seen one before. The ved serow is quite common. I have got an 114 inch head. I have not found the true Mahseer (Barbus tor) as high as this though 20 miles lower down they are common. Here I have only caught the “boka” or “kalabano” and got one of 20 lbs. amongst a dozen or so over 15 Ibs. ALBAN WILSON, Masor, 8th Gurkhas. No. VI.—DO CHINKARA (GAZELLA BENNETTI) DRINK WATER ? Your correspondent, Mr. Pitman, refers to this question in the Journal of 3lst March last. He will find that I fully discussed the matter in an article on “ The drinking habits of wild animals ” in 1908, in the Journal Vol. XVIII, p. 250 ? The error as to these animals being “ said never to drink” appears to have originated with the late Dr. Blanford, who has been followed by other writers. I have recently had my previous observations confirmed by seeing large numbers of this gazelle trooping down to drink in the middle of the day during a particularly dry season. Camp, April 23rd, 1912. R. G. BURTON, Lizvr.-CoLonet, 94th Russell’s Infantry. f Aly 1 y i oa i cy i aw * uy Journ. BompBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Pirate A. 1.—Young Male, horns 143” 2.—Male, horns 184” and 184” 4,.—Old Male, horns 174” 5.—Female, horns 15” Heaps or Takin, Budorcas taxicolor (front view), FROM THE MisHMI CouNTRY. ———— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1069: Mr. Pitman’s experience of Chinkara drinking is very interesting. In his recent book Mr. Stebbing notes that the Chinkara 1s a desert animal and the more dry and sandy a place the better it suits him. Personally though I have often seen deer drinking, I have never seen an antelope do so, neither a Bluebull, a Black buck, a Fourhorn nor a Chinkara. They are keen on perennial streams and their neighbourhood, but chiefly for the sake of fresh young grass. In my experience antelopes are much harder than deer, and I have attributed this partly to the fact that they seldom drink water. I should be glad to hear whether anyone else has seen an antelope drink ? F, DEWAR, 1.¢.s. Baraguat, C. P., 4th May 1912. No. VIL.—RECOVERY OF ANIMALS FROM INJURIKS. In some of your recent issues I have seen notes of some remarkable recoveries from injuries in beasts and birds. The other day two such cases came to my notice. The first was a Sambhur stag, full grown, which was going perfectly well and sound when I shot him. On examination I saw a large hard thickening in the bone of the off hind leg below the hock. I skinned the part carefully and found that the bone had been fractured and set again without any shortening. From its appearance it must have been when the animal was quite young. The second case was a solitary boar which I shot. He was a big beast 353” at the shoulder with good tusks. There was a healed scar on his right shoulder and a soft lump which turned out to be an abscess full of fcetid matter. Thinking it an old bullet wound I examined further and found the point of a boar’s tusk about 22” long firmly embedded in the bone of the shoulder blade where it had snapped off short. The external wound had healed up completely and the animal showed no signs of lameness. W. J. H. BALLANTINE, ASSISTANT PoxiricaL OFFICER. Sapiya, Upper Assam, 5th January 1912. No. VITI.—NOTE ON TAKIN (BUDORCAS TAXICOLOR). With 2 Plates. In July of last year when just north of the Mishmi Hills at an altitude of about 10,000 feet, I was fortunate in finding a place frequented by a herd of Takin. This herd about 300 in number spent each night in the vicinity of a hot spring drinking the water and browsing on the trees around it. I 1070 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. had a good opportunity of watching them for several cays at a distance of about 80 yards as they emerged from the rhododendron and willow jungle to drink the hot water. The first thing that strikes one on seeing the herd of animals is, the great variety of colour, ranging from very dark grey to a golden yellow; the animals are all conspicuously lighter on the withers and havea darker dorsal stripe. The very young ones are quite dark, the dorsal stripe being inconspicuous ; the females are also dark having no trace of the yellow which is seen on the males. Adult males are light yellow over the withers and back and darker in other parts, while the very old and large males are a darker yellow. The horns of the young grow straight up from the head with an outward tendency ; later they grow outwards and upwards (see fig. 1); in the final stage the horns grow forwards, bend downwards and outwards, with the points growing up (see figs. 2 & 3). The horns are very deceptive as regards length, and even at a short range with a telescope it is difticult to pick a good head. The points of the horns of a young male which have not yet curled may be higher above the occiput than those of an older animal, a fact which makes it difficult to distinguish a large pair of horns. In shooting the animals I found it best to disregard the horns and to shoot the animals of largest size. The old males are quite easy to recognise being very much more bulky than the others and being darker in colour than the younger males. In the figure which accompanies Mr. Pocock’s paper in Vol. XIX of the Journal the neck appears to be toolong and not nearly thickenough. The horns are longitudinally wrinkled and irregularly transversely ringed at the base but old horns (see fig. 4) are much smoother and the points being worn down, they are also shorter. Takin are possessed of a very keen sense of smell but their alarm even when fired at, quickly subsides and they returned to the hot spring a few minutes after being driven away. Only on one occasion did I hear a sound uttered by these animals; this was a snort of alarm given by a female who walked up to where I was standing and did not see me until she was within six or eight feet; on hearing this the herd galloped off. On other occasions when alarmed, they were off without making any sound. In the day time this herd remained in the dense rhododendron forest, but at 3 or 4 o’clock in the afternoon they would come down to the hot spring and stand in the water in a dense crowd sometimes pushing and bustling each other in their eagerness to drink the water. It is probable that they remained here all night, as before daylight they were still in and near the spring and could be seen browsing on the willows trees near the water. Iwas told that in winter no Takin are found at the hot Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLate B. 2.—Male, horns 183” and 183” 4,—Old Male, horns 17 ;” 5,—Female, horns 15” Hzaps oF Takin, Budorcas taxicolor (side view), FROM THE MisHMI COUNTRY. —————— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1071 spring, but that this large herd breaks up into parties of 10 or 20 when it is with difficulty that the native hunters can find and shoot them, They are large heavy animals and should be shot with a heavy rifle. The ground on which I saw these animals as well as that on which I saw tracks near Ta Chien Lu in Ssuchuan was steep, but it cannot have been nearly so steep as that which the late Mr. Brook describes. I collected a good set of skins of different ages and sexes but unfortu- nately none of these survived the continual rain which fell when they were shot and while they were being carried back to India. The Chinese name for Takin is “ Ye-Niu” meaning “wild cattle.” Near Tachien Lu the Tibetans call them “ Ya-Go,” but near Rima the Tibetan name is “ Shing-Na.” To the Miju Mishmis (7.c., those living near Rima) they are known as “ Kyem,” while the Mishmis up the Dibang river (Chulik Atta tribe ) call them “Akron.” The Abor name is “ Siben-6””. Takin is the name used by the Digaru Mishmis who inhabit the country where the Lohit river approaches the plains. The following are some measurements of those obtained :— Sex. eee Tail. Har, Heients Horns, Number 1. (figs. 1, Pl. A. & B.) Male 5'9" 4" 4” gr guy gan i 2. (igs. 2, Pl. A. & B,)’Male .. a: ae co ° UG2 ree” The above two animals had very yellow coats. Number 3. (figs. 8, Pl. A. & B.) Male 6’ 4” ae 26 2023" » 4. (figs. 4, Pl. A. & B.) Male 6/4" = 4” 4" 4’ 53" 173" These two were very large in size and darker than Nos. 1 and 2. Number 5. (figs. 5, Pl. A. & B.) Female 5’ 6” oe a 15" “Al ie OA ie Rae ema Female 5! 72” bys ee 143" F. M. BAILEY, Carr. AnigarH, U. P., March 1912. No. IX.—GAYAL OR MITHAN (BIBOS FRONTATIS). The photo here reproduced is that of a tame Mithan and was taken in a Mishmi village. The Mishmis and Abors keep a few of these cattle. They are not milked. Specimens are as a rule similarly coloured though I have seen one with a white head. There are no wild Mithan in the Mishmi or Abor hills. I was once shown a skull which the Mishmis said was that of a wild Mithan; the horns of this specimen were longer and more curved than those of the tame cattle and the skull was evidently that of a Gaur. This had been killed by a native hunter in the plains at the foot of the Mishmi hills. The skin and skull of the animal in the pho- tograph have been given to the Society. 1072 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XNXTI. The animal measured 85 inches from nose to base of tail and was 55 inches high. The horns are 16 inches in length, 143 inches in circumference and 304 inches between the tips. F. M. BAILEY, Carr. AuicarH, March 1912. No. X.—TSINE (BIBOS SONDAICUS) FOUND WITH VILLAGE CATTLE. The following may be of interest :—Last dry weather at the village of Kyaung-lé in the Kathir district of Upper Burma, a bull Tsine (S2bos sondaicus) came down alone and associated with the village cattle which were grazing in the reaped paddy fields adjoining the village. He remained there for all the dry weather apparently doing nothing beyond herding the cattle, asif by chance any of them showed signs of straying away he rounded them up and then settled down again exactly as a sheep dog would do. He apparently became quite domesticated paying no attention to the villagers looking after their cattle ; in fact, Mr. Adamson, the Sub- Divisional Officer, Banmauk, was able to take a photograph of him at about MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1073 40 yards. So far the villagers assert he made no attempt to have connec- tion with the village cows and at the end of the hot weather he retired into the jungle and was not seen again till last December when he reappeared among the cattle and resumed his former habits. About a fortnight ago, however, he was noticed to be paying particular attention to a young cow that had not yet been crossed, and after a few days he disappeared with her into the jungle and neither of them has been seen since. It remains to be seen whether either will return but they probably will and the result if any will be very interesting. Iam glad to say strict orders have been issued that the Tsine is not to be shot or interfered with in any way. Itis not an old bull and itis strange why it should have taken to this solitary life. Canit be that it has been driven out of the herds by an older and stronger bull and so forced to come to the’ village cattle for companionship? Considering the usual timidity and wariness of Tsine it seems extraordinary. T. A. HAUXWELL, Conservator of Forests, Burma. BanMAvE, 26th February 1912. No. XI.—NOTES ON BIRDS FROM LAHORE. On April 30th, 1911, I saw a pair of Sparrows building in a Baya’s (Ploceus baya) old nest in a Keekur tree. Thinking it unusual I put my glasses on them and found they were a pair of Rufous-backed Sparrows (Passer pyrrhonotus). On May 12th I looked them up again. Seeing both birds in the tree I climbed up and found they had four eggs of the finely freckled type. Incubation was advanced. I shot both birds to put the matter beyond doubt. Again on August 6th, 1911, I saw a pair of this Sparrow building in another Baya’s nest. On revisiting this locality I was sorry to see the egg chamber had been torn open from the exterior and no Sparrows to be seen. The curious part of this was that all the remaining Baya’s nests had been treated in the same way! What could have done it? Ithought the foregoing might interest some of the readers of the Journal as I see no mention of a similar occurrence in “ Nests and Eggs” nor the “ Fauna of British India” Birds. In May and June I saw many nests of the Golden Oriole (Ortolus kundoo) and with but few exceptions there was a nest of the Black Drongo (Dicrwrus ater) in the same tree, in some cases on the same branch. Is this instinct or reason ? Surely the Orioles know the great protection they obtain from the presence of the King Crows. On October 27th while taking a stroll near the Ravi, I heard a familiar note and on going up to the sound was pleased to see a Grey-headed Flycatcher 45 1074 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. (C. ceylonensis) a bird I know well in the hills around Simla. In the “Fauna of British India” it is stated :—Culicicapa ceylonensis. Distribution. “The whole Empire, except Sind, the Punjab and Rajputana, from which provinces I have not seen any specimens.” A. EK. JONES. Lanore, 14th December 1911. [Major Magrath found this Flycatcher a fairly common winter visitor at Bannu and obtained one specimen as early as October.—J., B. N. H.S., Vol. XX, p- 777.—Eps. | No. XII.—NESTLING PLUMAGE OF THE GREAT STONE PLOVEL (ESACUS RECURVIROSTRIS.) AsI can find no record of the down stage of Esacus recurvirostris the fol- lowing description may be worth noting. On the evening of April 14th, 1910, I found a clutch of two eggs of this species in the bed of the River Sutlej at Phillour, which were chipped. These I took, and with my aid both young birds hatched the following morning. They were described on the 16th as follows :— Upper parts ashy grey, tinged with sandy, much of the down with black tips. A black line divides the forehead and crown extending to the ante- rior corners of the eyes, and curving downwards over the cheeks to the ear coverts, nearly meeting black lines, which start from the posterior corners of the eyes and almost join on the occiput. The eye lids are fringed with grey down, the lower bearing a single black spot. An indis- tinct and broken black line crosses the upper back and extends along the upper portion of the flanks to the tail. There are indistinct black spots on the back. Wing ashy grey but without the black tips to the down, the anterior edge of the forearm darker, a black spot at the inner angle of the elbow. Lower parts greyish white. Bill, short and stout, culmen curved; dusky black, naval pits lighter. Eggtooth whitish. It is lightish brown. Feet plumbeous grey. Call, a shrill chirrup, rather similar to that of a young sparrow. H. WHISTLER, Iyp1an Potrice, Rawat Prinpi, April 1912. No, XIII.—THE HIMALAYAN GREENFINCH (HYPACANTHIS SPINOIDES, Vigors.) With reference to the discussion on this species started in the Journal (Vol, XX, p. 517] by Mr. Dodsworth, the following facts may be worth bringing to your notice. Col. Rattray in his article on “ Birds nesting in +he Murree Hills ” in Vol. XVI of the Journal, p. 658, states :—“ These birds MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1075 arrive suddenly at Murree about the middle of June and at once set about building, 3rd July was the earliest date on which I got eggs.” Last year (1911) I had to spend a couple of days in May at the Police Rest House of Kotli, which is situated at about 5,400 feet in the hills south-east of Murree, overlooking the River Jhelum. While I was there I frequently noticed a flock of these birds in the neighbourhood of the bungalow and shot a couple |Skin Register Nos. 375 & 374, Kotli, 26th May 1911], which proved to be young birds that had only recently left the nest. The flock contained 15—20 birds. These facts tend to show that after breeding early at a low elevation, the birds migrate for a second brood at higher levels, a theory that should easily be disposed off one way or the other. H. WHISTLER, Inp1IaAn Porice. Rawat Prnpi, April 1912. No, XIV.—DISTRIBUTION, HABITS, AND NESTING OF THE HIMALAYAN GREENFINCH (HY PACANTHIS SPINOIDES, Vigors.) A few years ago, when I first began to take an interest in this pretty little Greenfinch, I noticed that in the neighbourhood of Simla and adjacent ranges, it became tolerably common from about June (earliest date on which seen here up to this 4th June), to the end of October, and then seemed to disappear. Thinking that it was probably subject to a seasonal movement along these ranges, like some other hill birds, I consulted various books and papers on Ornithology, to which I had access, but found no men- tion of this, and yet I was certain that this species was not a permanent resident here, In order, therefore, to clear up all doubts I made an enquiry (J. B.N. _ H.S. Vol. XX, p. 517) as to whether this bird was a permanent resident at moderate elevations. In addition to the replies received to this, and which are recorded in the Journal (vide Vol. XX, pp. 852 and 1152, and Vol. XXI, p. 262), I received the following from Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker, F.LS., F.Z.8., M.B.0.U. “The bird breeds at Darjeeling at elevations between 8,000 and 10,000 feet, aud perhaps as low as 7,000 feet. Like most hill-birds, it moves up and down with the varying seasons, higher in the hot weather, and lower as it gets colder. I do not think one could call them migratory.” In view of the observations referred to above, I think there can no longer be any doubt as to this species being subject to a seasonal movement along these ranges, and it would, therefore, be more correct to give its distribu- tion as follows: Common from about May or June to October along the 1076JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXT. Himalayas at elevations of 6,000—10,000 feet, and, perhaps, even higher, from the south side of the Pir Panjal Pass in Kashmir (Brooks) to Sikkim (Blanford) : also recorded from Manipur (Godwin-Austen). During the cold weather these birds move down to lower elevations, and the North-West: Himalayan ones, at all events, are found in the Duns and plains (Bijnor to Pilibhit) at the foot of the mountains (Osmaston). These Finches generally keep to the woody portions of the hills, and are gregarious, moving about in small flocks, except during the breeding season, when they pair off. They appear to be partial to certain localities in the station here, and are not to be seen in other parts of it at all. When once established at a particular spot, after their first arrival here. they frequent it with great regularity. The abundance of food supplies is doubtless the most important factor that influences selection, as they only come up here to breed: but it seems also essential for them that the hill-sides shall he fairly well wooded—those covered with Himalayan Cedars (C. deodara), and Blue Pines (P. evcelsa), undoubtedly receiving the preference. They are very fond of the ripe seeds of the sun-flower plant, and during their sojourn in Simla, these seem to constitute their chief diet. In order to secure these seeds, they visit the gardens and compounds here freely, When feeding, which is generally in the early mornings and afternoons, they are not at all shy, and allow one to approach quite closeto them. The: cocks, I have noticed, are gorgers; one will take up his position on a parti- cular flower, have a few nips, then take a “ breather,” and start afresh. If by chance another cock happens to settle on the same flower, a battle usually ensues—both birds fighting in the air, and then quietly flying off in. different directions. No twittering, asa rule of any kind, goes on among the birds while feeding, and their yellow and green plumage blends beauti- fully with the flowers; in fact to such an extent that at times it is difficult. to catch sight of them even at close quarters. Their flight is undulating and swift, and when passing across or overhead, it is not at all easy to catch sight of them, but their peculiar twittering, which is constantly uttered, betrays their movements. There is some disagreement among ornithologists in regard to the notes. of this bird. Adams states that its cry is very like that of the Hnglish. Siskin, but Hume contradicts this and so does Brooks. The latter’s. description of its song is undoubtedly the best: he aptly likens it to the characteristic “beez” of a Greenfinch. This “beez,’’ I may add, is. only uttered by the cock, usually when perched on the topmost branch of a. tree, and can be heard from a long distance off. The other note, which is. also indulged in by the hen, is a soft twitter or “chick” constantly emitted, even when on the wing. This Finch breeds in July and August, but the great majority of the birds lay in the last mentioned month. The earliest and latest dates on. $ = MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1077 which I have taken eggs are the 3lst July (3 fresh eggs), and the 14th September (3 fresh eggs), respectively. I may, however, mention that on the 26th July of this year I found a nest containing four young ones, about a week old, and the eggs in this case must have been laid about the end of the first week of that month. The highest altitude at which I have found these birds nesting is 7,000 feet, but by far the largest number breed at about 6,000 feet: I have never yet taken a nest below the latter elevation. These Finches are gregarious in the strict sense, even to the extent of breeding in company, and it is curious that this point should have escaped the observations of Hume. I remember once finding no less than half a dozen nests within a radius of not more than 15 yards, and on another occasion, four nests within a radius of about 15 yards. I have several times found two nests quite close to each other, and once I took a couple of nests from the same tree. Itis true that I have sometimes found isolated nests, but I consider this the exception, or, perhaps, what is more probable is that there were other nests close by which were not located. In connection with the gregarious habits of this bird, I extract the following in evtenso from my daily Journal :— 21st August.—Took another nest containing five fresh eggs placed on a P. eveelsa, about 25 feet distant from the tree, which contained the second nest mentioned above. In the latter case only two eggs were taken, but the clutch was probably not complete. My idea is that the bird to which these two eggs belonged, on finding her nest gone, forthwith went and deposited her remaining egg or eggs in to-day’s nest. It is not unusual to find five eggs in a nest, but the above is corroborated to some extent by () our seeing thiee birds—two hens and a cock—hovering about in the vicinity, and judging from their anxious behaviour when the climber approached the nest, there seemed little doubt that it was a sort of “ joint stock ”’ concern, which belonged to them all, and (4) the fact that this nest a few days previously only contained three eggs: day before yesterday it still con- tained only three; to-day we were astonished at finding five! I have never yet had the good fortune to witness the courtship of these birds, though I have frequently seen them im copula, after the manner of sparrows, near their nests. They pair off soon after their arrival here, and are shortly afterwards busily engrossed in domestic affairs. They have only one brood annually, so far as Simla is concerned, and build a fresh nest each year: I have never known them ever to take posses- sion of the nests of other birds, though on one occasion, I noticed a hen lining her nest with horse-hair taken from an old nest belonging to a Jungle Crow (Corvus macrorhynchus), which was close by. Ihave already stated that these birds generally resort to hill-sides covered with Himalayan Cedars and Blue Pines, and these trees are par 1078 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XI, cvcellence the ones which are chosen for nesting: I have never yet found a nest on an oak, though Hume records having done so. According to him the Deodar, by which he apparently meant the Himalayan Cedar, Cedrus deodara, is the favourite. Out of a total number of 29 nests, which have come under observation during the last few years, I find that the results in regard to the selection of trees by these birds are as follows :— Himalayan Cedars (Cedrus deodara) a .. 16 nests. Blue Pines (Pinus excels) “i vat net peli: - Kharki trees (Celtis australis ? ) sie i Jae, 5 When a Himalayan Cedar has been chosen, the nest is invariably placed on the upper surface of one of the horizontal branches, generally towards the extremity ; and in the case of a Blue Pine, in one of the uppermost forks or tufts. In the “ Kharki”’ trees, the two nests were built on the outer ends of the branches, where they had been pollarded for the village cattle. They were all firmly attached to the boughs or twigs (in whichever of their positions they happened to be placed). The feature about these nests, however, is that no matter what their position may be, or on what trees they are placed, they are all without exception well hidden: in fact so admirably is concealment effected that, if not discovered during the process of construction, it would be almost impossible to find them after- wards. Every advantage is taken by the birds of a thick tuft, or bunch, or cluster of leaves under which to build their nests, and I am firmly convin- ced that these elaborate precautions are taken, not only as a safeguard against possible enemies, but also as a protection against the heavy showers of rain, which we usually have in these parts in August, and this is the month during which most of these birds lay. I have frequently made a point of examining the tenanted nests after very heavy showers of rain, and have always found them to be absolutely dry—a marked contrast to some of the nests of 7’. dineatum, which are still to be found at this time, and which are usually wet and damp. Another point worth mentioning is that a large number of finished nests are deserted, and this, [ think, is due to their not being found sufficiently water-tight on completion. What adds colour to my supposition is that, on examining these deserted nests, I have always found them to be soaked with water. As illustrating how well these nests are concealed, I give below the substance of a note from my daily Journal. About the beginning of the second week of August, one of my hunters found a nest of this bird being built. He visited the tree two or three times, and after allowing sufficient time for the full complement of eggs to be laid, I accompanied him to the spot early in the morning to take them, but on examining the branch the man reported that the nest and eggs had disappeared ! I could hardly credit this, as the nest had been inspected only the evening before and it then contained three eggs. Before leaving the spot, 1 told the man, as a last hope, to break the leaves from the branch, MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1079 near the spot where the nest had been, and to make a further careful search, and on his doing so, he found the nest. and eggs. And yet the whole time, he had been standing on the branch not more than half a dozen inches away from the nest! The nest takes about a week or nine days to complete, and the hen alone. in addition to carrying the materials, is the sole architect. The cock follows her about but gives her no help whatever. The time when the hen is most active in carrying materials, while building is progressing, is from early in the morning to about 10 or 11 4. m., and this is the time to locate a nest,- Between 1] a. mM. and 3 P.M. occasional trips are made to the nest, and then only after long imtervals. After 3 Pp. mM. building operations. cease for the day. A great deal of twittering goes on while the hen is in the nest, and when the latter is nearing completion, the birds are frequently to be seen pairing near it. The nests are compact, neat, cup-shaped structures, composed chiefly of stalks and roots of grass and small plants, and other such like materials (one only of my nests has a thin coating of moss—Hume says that there is much moss blended with the exterior), and lined interiorly with very fine grass- roots, thin fibres resembling coir, horse-hairs, and a few feathers, and occa- sionally bits of cotton. The dimensions of 12 nests agree generally with those given by Hume. The heights of the nests varied from 6 to 65 feet, but the average height. of 29 nests was 30 feet. In some cases I noticed that the birds commenced laying immediately the nests were completed ; while in others, a short period elapsed. The number of eggs varied from 3 to 5, but the normal complement is 4. The largest number of young ones found in a nest was 4, and the smallest number of well incubated eggs was also 4. The eggs are laid one daily, and the hen usually begins to brood after the second egg has been laid. The hen alone performs the labours of incubation, and while sitting in the nest is fed by the cock. The young are hatched in 13 days, and both birds help in feeding them. They leave the nest in about a fortnight, and follow their parents about for some time, and are fed by them. The eggs of this bird are excessively delicate looking and pretty. The colouration of both unblown and blown eggs is generally as described by Hume, but there are some slight differences, which become apparent, in a large series. J have before me at present 46 specimens, which exhibit the following variations as compared with Hume’s account. “The eggs when fresh are a delicate, slightly greenish-white,” usually with an irregular rig, and occasionally with an irregular cap of minute blackish-brown spots round the large end, and the majority have a few similar specks scattered here and there over the body. In addition to the 1080 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. blackish-brown spots forming the irregular rings or caps, some specimens luave specks of various shades of reddish-purple, After a very short time the blown specimens unfortunately change colour, and the ground colour becomes “a very delicate pale sea-green,” but the blackish-brown and reddish-purple specks remain unchanged. With reference to fresh eggs, I take this opportunity of mentioning that when blowing the specimens, great care should be exercised, as the spots are liable to run. The general shape of the eggs is an oval, a good deal pointed towards the small end; but a few (and these are rare) are somewhat elongated, with blunt ends. One or two of my specimens, apparently deformities, are almost eliptical in shape. In size they varied from °67" to ‘68” in length, and from *52” to °58” in breadth ; but the average of 46 specimens measured was ‘73” x ‘55. The average weight of 25 fresh eggs was 29°94 grains. ’ P. T. L. DODSWORTH, rF.z.s., M.3B.0.U. Sima, 8S. W., 12th June 1912. No. XV.—THE LONG-TAILED GRASS WARBLER (LATICILLA BURNESI, Blyth.) The distribution of this species is given in the Fauna [ Vol. II, p. 380,! as “Upper Sind from the junction of the Chenab and Indus rivers to Larkhana, and also on the Eastern Nara, where Doig found this species breeding. J erdon records it from Monghyr on the Ganges in March.” Hence I was somewhat surprised to find that this curious little bird is a very common resident in the grass jungles that border the River Sutlej on its passage through Ferozepore District. They are to be met with both in pairs and in small parties and habitually frequent the lower portions of tufts of grass which they tread in a mouse- like manner, but before entering the tuft they usually perch on an outer stem for a few seconds, which renders the task of securing specimens fairly easy. The song is short but quite sweet, and in addition they have several scolding notes with which to greet the intruders. I failed to secure eggs, but on April 8th found a nest containing 3 half- fledged young. This nest was large for the size of the bird, cup-shaped, and placed low in a grass tangle, growing round some dwarf tamarisk. It was made of grass and grass down, the latter being welded into a somewhat felt-like lining. Two similar nests were found and attributed to this species, but they had obviously been used and left. The nests are very ditticult to find. On occasion these little warblers can be confiding enough. One evening I was lying in a thick patch of jungle at the edge of the river watching a MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1081 gaggle of barheaded geese when one JLaticilla came and ate something on the ground within a yard of my face. H. WHISTLER, InpIAN POLice. Rawat Pinpi, Apr 1912. No. XVI.—NIDIFICATION OF BURMESE GREAT BLACK WOODPECKER (THRIPONAX FEDDENT.) To-day (February 6th) I have obtained the eggs of this species from a tree close to my present camp, about 15 miles east of Thayetmyo. Yesterday one of my elephant attendants reported to me he had found the nest-hole, and that the bird, a black and white woodpecker, had flown out and that he had felt the eggs. Iwas rather doubtful as to the ‘truth of his statement, but the same afternoon proceeded with him to inspect. He took me to a “ Letphan” tree standing in an old clearing, all around being “ Kanig” grass interspersed with a few tall trees. Locality close to banks of a broad creek. I saw the nest-hole at once, and as we were talking the bird flew out, an undoubted specimen of the Burmese Great Black Woodpecker. I did not shoot it, although it offered many oppor- tunities, as it kept flying from tree to tree close at hand, uttering its rancous call, because I was not yet certain whether the hole contained eggs. The Letphan tree in which the hole was made, was about 2 feet in cir- cumference, the hole was situated about 14 feet up the hole and lying at foot of tree there was a small heap of soft wood chips of the Woodpecker’s excavating. Had it not been for the thorny spikes with which the stem was covered, the tree presented no difficulties in climbing. These spikes, however, we knocked off with a stick, and I swarmed up, but was dis- appointed to find I could not reach the bottom of the hole, as the entrance was too small to allow of more than the half of my forearm to pass through. The attendant with me could do no better. I then questioned him as to why he had told me that four days previously he had felt eggs, and he told me that at that time the hole was not so deep. To-day I sent one of my servants, a small boy, whose arm would be likely to pass through the hole to feel inthe nest for eggs, but alas quite contrary to my orders. Not only did he feel, but he took the two eggs and brought them back tome. Had I known there were eggs, I would have had them taken in my presence, and at the same time shot the parent bird. The eggs are pure white, very glossy with a certain amount of transparency, and are fragile, considering their size. They measure 1°35 x 1-0. 46 1082 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. X_XI. Apparently the nest-hole was | foot deep, and as far as 1 could feel. almost the whole of the small tree had been hollowed out, and only a thin surrounding wall about 2” in width being left. The interesting point is, the bird, if my man’s story is true, continued excavating after the eggs had been laid. Is this a usual practice with Woodpeckers I wonder? If so, it may be that the birds continue to excavate, as incubation of eggs progresses, in order to have a sufficiently large enough chamber prepared to receive the young. re The incubation of eggs I took had well set in, and in another 5 days would have been impossible to blow. J. PP COOK, Camp, 6th February 1912. No. XVII.—A KITE’S LARDER. Yesterday I saw here a common Pariah kite (Milvus govinda) sitting on the edge of what appeared to be a large nest built in an Indian cork tree (Millingtonia hortensis), and as it refused to move, although several stones were thrown at it, I climbed the tree to see if the nest contained any eggs. To my surprise I found that the nest contained no eggs, but a regular larder containing several dead squirrels, parroquets, crows and some old bones, all in various stages of decomposition, showing that the bodies had been placed there at various times. We had been shooting squirrels and. parrots, etc., lately, as they had been a nuisance. The nest appeared to belong to three kites, all of whom appeared to be adult birds, and all of whom came to the nest at various times to feed. Is it a common practice amongst these birds to make a larder ? G. L. REMINGTON. BanbDIkvul, Rasputana, 18th February 1912. No. XVIII.—OCCURRENCE OF THE COMMON PEAFOWL _(PAVO CRISTATUS, Linn) IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF SIMLA, N.-W. HIMALAYAS. The (.»mmon Peafowl (P. eristatus) has generally been supposed not to be a bird of high elevations, but this is hardly correct so far as these: parts are concerned. It is common in the Ghana-ka-hati Jungles, (elevation about 5,500 feet), in the Dhami State, which are reserved for His Excellency the Viceroy, and which are not distant more than seven miles from Simla. Again it is found in considerable numbers below the: cart-road in Patiala territory, about 8 or 9 miles from Simla, and at about: an elevation of 5,000 feet. Lastly a pair of these birds, which were MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1085. doubtless stragglers, were seen on the 25th April 1912, on the Kalka- Simla Railway line, a little beyond the Tara Devi Station (elevation 6,050 feet). 3 Pe bh. DODSWORLE, .h.2:S.5) MB.O2U;: Simua, S. W., 30th Apri 1912. No. XIX.—SWINHOE’S SNIPE (GALLINAGO MEG ALA) NEAR MADRAS. I am sending you by registered parcel a specimen of Swinhoe’s Snipe (G. megala) which I shot on 3rd March at Tindivanam some 75 miles south of Madras. I regret it is somewhat damaged. The specimen was skinned for me at the Madras Museum, and the measurement are those made by the Museum. The bird was only recognized on examining the bag on the homeward journey. Manpras, 20th April 1912. R. F. STONEY. There were several specimens of this snipe shot in Madras this season, allin the Chingleput district. Mr. R. F. Stoney had two, my partner Mr. Graham Ross shot one, and I had three. I am afraid my partner and I would have passed them over as Pintails, had we not known that Mr. Stoney shot one early in the season. I. S, FRASER. Mapras, 26th April 1912. No. XX.—CRUELTY TO WILD ‘FOWL, &e., IN SIND. While shooting in Manchar Lake during January and February, I have noticed the following .cases of cruelty to wild fowl, &c., and should like to bring them to the notice of the Society :— (a) Egrets.—These birds are caught and blinded, in order to prevent them escaping. Each bird. I am informed yields about Rs. 6 worth of _ feathers, per annum, (6) Herons are similarly blinded, kept in captivity,and used as decoys. (c) Duck, Geese, Coots, §c.—A net + to 3 mile long and about7 feet high from the water is put out in a likely place. At night, men in boats approach the birds feeding near by and without putting them up drive them slowly in towards the nets; when near enough, lighted torches are thiown at the birds and thus suddenly alarmed they fly off low along the water and get entangled in the nets. The owners then take them out, break their wings and very often their legs as well to prevent them escaping and in this state keep them alive for days. My Shikari informs me that a good many are sent to Karachi for sale there. Any day one can see four or five nets up and I believe that in a success- ful drive as many as two to three hundred birds are obtained. 1084 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1, - Fishing by means of nets, night lines, spearing, &c., is carried on all the year through, no close season being apparently enforced. . C. H. ELLIOT, Carry, QUETTA, BALUCHISTAN, 58th Rifles, F. F. 11th February 1912. | Major Magrath has already drawn attention in this journal and other papers to this abominable practice of maiming wild fowl in the Punjab. The Commis- sioner in Sind has informed us that he is making full inquiries with a view to such action as may be practicable-—EDs. | No. XXI.—THE HIMALAYAN SNOW COCK ( TETROGALLUS HIMALAYENSIS ). I send a photograph of the Himalayan Snow Cock, ‘Ramchukor,’ taken by me. These birds were caught when quite young and now are free to roam about the garden and are very tame, as they will feed out of my hand when I whistle their call tothem. Their plumage just at present is in its most perfect state, the heavy chess board game marking is very pro- nounced, the collar and ruff below the bill on the neck stands out very strongly as you can almost see the photograph. They are as heavy as a MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1085 good home capon. They are terrible gardeners; bulbs have no chance at all and any root they think good to eat is speedily dug up and demolished. I am sorry to say they are all female birds. The only cock was damaged by a fox and had to be put out of his misery. They spend a good deal of their time, especially in the evening, on the roof of the house and call splendidly, often about the same time as the Moslem Mullahs call to evening devotion. This certainly is the habit of these birds, to group in the evening on their mountain resorts, before they climb up into cliffs for the night. Eagles, and in the summer months foxes, are their deadliest foes. They are not easy to shoot, as they are wary to a marvellous extent, and their feeding grounds are pretty much the same as the Markhor and Ibex, and one rarely sees them therefore except when stalking the two latter lords of the mountains, and a shot gun has no place then. W.G. APPLEFORD. GitciT, KASHMIR, 29th January 1912. No. XXII.—WOODCOCK (SCOLOPAX RUSTICULA } IN SOUTH ANDAMANS. I saw a Woodcock near the town of Aberdeen, South Andaman, on the 26th January. I send you a note of the occurrence as I do not remember to have heard of the woodcock being reported as yet from these Tslands. J. H. WHITEHEAD, Masor, 93rd Burma Infantry. Port Brain, ANDAMAN ISLANDs, 3rd February 1912. No. XXIII.—NOTE ON THE HABITS OF SWINHOE’S REED- WARBLER ( UROSPHENA SQUAMICEPS ) AND ON THE NESTING OF THE BURMESE GREAT WOODPECKER (THRIPONAX FEDDENT ). I posted to you yesterday a box containing skins of (1) Swinhoe’s Reed- Warbler ( Urosphena squamiceps) and (2) Tweeddale’s Scimitar Babbler (Pomotorhinus nuchalis ). Of the former bird Oates writes in the ‘ Fauna of British India” ( Birds, Vol. 1): “This rare Warbler has been once procured at Bankasun in the South of Tennasserim, by Davidson * * * its habits.” Nothing is known of 1086 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. I found this bird comparatively common in the tract I have been touring in lately, viz., the forests on the Eastern slopes of the Pegu Yonas or range dividing Sittang from Irrawady rivers situated about 60 miles due east of ‘Thayetmyo. The date of first bird seen was January 26th, the last occasion on which I noticed one, being March 12th. Between these dates I saw many birds and had good opportunities of watching their habits. They frequent the edges of densely forested streams, but one more partial to those parts where kaing grass grows. They feed mostly on the ground creeping about amongst the leaves in the thickest of scrub, but occasionally coming out into the sandy creeks hunting for insects amongst the drift-wood. I found one bird I shot had been feeding on very small black beetles found in the sand. I only found the birds singly and they are hard to discover, until they make their presence known by their note, a soft low ‘ chip’ ‘chip,’ this note being almost invariably uttered on being disturbed. They are by no means ‘shy birds and not until they are approached very closely do they fly, or rather flit to some other bit of thick scrub. I have been fortunate in obtaining for our Museum one good specimen, as ‘it is very difficult to procure the birds without very much damaging the skins, as owing to their skulking habits, they have to be shot at a very close ‘range and out of seven birds shot I only procured 4 specimens worth pre- serving. Tweeddale’s Scimitar Babbler (nuchalis) is a very common bird in the Pegu Yoma forests, but I thought our Museum would be glad to receive a Specimen. Great Black Woodpecker (Thiiponax feddent).—I have already reported ithe taking of this bird’s eggs on February 6th. On the 18th of same month, I noticed another bird of the same species excavating its nest hole. I watched its nest and on March Ist took from it two fresh eggs. Thriponax feddeni appears to be an early breeder and somewhat irregu- lar, as just about the same date as 1 found the bird excavating its nest hole, my men found another nest of almost fully fledged young, the date ‘being about February 17. J. P. COOK. THayvEetmyo, March 26th, 1912. { We are very ge lad to receive these skins which are new to our collection.—EDs. | No. XXIV.—CHINESE GREY DUCK IN BURMA. From the Rangoon Gazette, dated 16th January 1912. [ have great satisfaction in recording what I believe to be the first authentic record of the Chinese Grey Duck (Anas zonorhyncha) in Burma. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1087 During our Christmas shoot at Tongyi, Mr. D. H. M. Boyle on 26th Decem- ber was lucky enough to shoot one of a pair (female) of the above species. In the flesh the difference between it and the common Burmese Grey were most noticeable, and on comparison with a hen of that species the following points were noted. Chinese Grey Duck (female).— Wing much more pointed, the Ist and 2nd quills being of the same length, 3rd } inch shorter than 2nd, 4th # inch shorter than 3rd, 5th 4 inch shorter than 4th. The two conspicuous black shields (which are red in the true spotted-billed Duck) absent, their place being entirely covered with feather. The yellow patch at the end of the bill much narrower. The underwing coverts (inside wing) pure white. Breast and under parts tinged with rust colour, and boldly streaked with blackish brown, and not conspicuously spotted as in the Burmese Grey Duck. Speculum—Consisting of firstly, a very narrow irregular greyish white line, tollowed by a black one, both the above bars on the feathers imme- diately above a wide dark greenish blue band, below this another black band, some of the feathers narrowly edged with white. The outer edge of only one long secondary wing feather edged with white. In fact very little white in the wing when eompared to the Burmese species. When fresh the coloured bar in the wing was a decided blue with a green tinge. It has now faded to a dull green. Legs much paler, in colour and not a bright red. Burmese Grey Duck (female).— Wing rounded, and quill { inch longer than Ist, 3rd equal to Ist, 4th quill inch shorter than 3rd, 5th quill 4 inch shorter than 4th. The underwing coverts tinged with grey at their extremes. At base of the bill two conspicuous black shields. Breast and underparts spotted with round blackish-brown spots. Speculwm—Firstly, a band about half an inch white, then a narrow black band. Then a broad dark green band followed by a black band, feathers below edged with white. The outer edge of three of the long secondaries edged with white. The green on the speculum being wider than in the Chinese Duck being on ten feathers while in that species it is on only eight feathers. Burmese Grey Duck.—It may be as well to point out the differences between the sexes. The male, besides being larger in size, has the rump and tail coverts both above and below black glossed with green, the female dark- brown only. The male has more white on the secondaries, and breast more boldly spotted with black. Occasionally in old males the bright red feet edged with black. I give below a list of the bags made at Tongyi, Tankobin, and Nawngmun (Shwepi) this last Christmas week, made by three different parties. Also the bags of Christmas shoots in 1895, 1896, kindly given me by Major W. H. Whitehead and Mr. E. Gabbett. 1088 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. X-XI. 1S SO ap cee = ‘a re a BPs & alee see sae ; SZa ww Grey-lag Goose, Anser rubrirostris ..25 34 13 23 46 Bar-head Goose, Anser indicus ON poe aa Brahminy Duck, Casarca rutila Gels. SO gear Gy Nukhtas, Sarcidiornis melanonota O°. Saas Burmese Grey Duck, Anas haringtoni .. oie 300 4 8) ORG Chinese Grey Duck, Anas zonorhyncha .. oe le eens say nae Pin-tail Duck, Dafilaacuta .. 7 ib . 18, 9) Godlee Gadwall, Chaulelasmus streperus ts bee Pema cgmrrrrene ee fo NO) Widgeon, Mareca penelope We a fy: sey do oe ee seule eames Shoveller, Spatula clypeata .. it: es wing hs ee tee cae Tufted Duck, Fuldigula fuligula i a ..19 64 24 53 122 Common Pochard, Nyroca ferina a és ran hs SS White-eyed Pochard, Nyroca africana .. ye ‘a Oss coef Same Common Teal, Nettion crecca .. aie ny ..36 10 32 52 41 Garganey Teal, Querquedula circia ny He ..22 ., 16 23 142 Cotton Teal, Nettapus coromandelianus. . Ss wie «pep peu OMeien Whistling Teal, Dendrocycna javanica . oat ee Note.—Burmese Grey-Duck.—Of the 35 shai at nee 3 showed slight. traces of red on the bill evidently due to “ spot-bill” blood and one each at Nawngmun and Tankobin, in none were the spots. perfect. White-eyed Pochard.—Major Whitehead says in 1895-96 he did not: know the difference between the Hastern and Western birds, and some may have been the Eastern white-eye (NV. baer). Whistling Teal.—Major Whitehead also says no account was kept of these whether they were the larger or smaller species. Grey-lag.—Several shot this year, had the nail at the end of the bill dark horn colour instead of whitish. I could however see no other difference: between them and the other grey-geese shot at the same time. This year there was a great deal of water about and birds not all plentiful. In. Mr. Gabbett’s note for 1896, he says very little water and birds plentiful. H. H. HARINGTON, Mazsor. XXV.—NIDIFICATION OF DAVISON’S BABBLER (TURDINULUS EXSUTL). During a recent visit to Mandaung (Toungoo Hills), I found the nest of Davisons’s Babbler, Turdinulus ea'sul (186a). At least I think it must be: MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1089 this bird I shot off the nest. It is the same as is referred to on page 670 of the last number of the Journal as Twurdinulus roberti. Twill, in the meantime, describe the nest. It was in a screw-pine ona pad of dead bamboo leaves. From the pad other dead bamboo leaves seemed to have been made to stand up bound round with other leaves. The height from the pad was 6-inch ending ina dome. Entrance at side and very large for so smalla bird. Below bottom of entrance was a hollow cup of fine grass. The whole like a shelter chair one sees at the seaside. The date was the ninth of April. Three eggs, pure white not smooth nor glossy, in shape a pegtop. One broken on nest. One my man broke. All very hard set. I gave the third to ants to clean, but they so discoloured it and ate the opening that I had to throw it away. Unfortunately I had not measured them. Raneoon, 14th May 1912. S. M. ROBINSON. No. XXVI.—_THE SHELDRAKE (74 DORNA CORNUTA) IN THE UNITED PROVINCES. In November I shot a pair of Sheldrake in the Sitapur District, U. P., near the Ghogra river. I understand that these birds are very rare in this part of India. Mussooriz, 20th Apri 1912. ; F. B. SCOTT, No. XXVII.—NOTES ON SOME BIRDS FROM THE CHINDWIN VALLEY, The following may perhaps prove of interest, as I do not think any of the birds enumerated have previously been recorded from the Chindwin. 1411. Anthropoides virgo—Demoiselle Crane. I saw and fired at a pair of these birds on a sand bank about 40 miles above Kindat on December 28th, 1911. AsI had them under observation with a powerful glass for at least 10 minutes before firing, there can be no possible mistake. In view of our scanty knowledge of the Cranes of Upper Burma, it may be worth recording that Mr. Dove, Executive Engineer, tells me that when engaged on road work on the Chinese Frontier, near Bhamo, he frequently saw and several times shot Demoiselle Cranes. As I also recorded this species from Aracan, it is probable that the birds are fairly frequent visitors, at all events to Northern Burma. 1491. Larus brunneicephalus—Brown-headed Gull. On New Year’s Day, 1912, I saw a single gull flying along the Chindwin river, not far from Monywa. I could not identify the bird with certainty, but have little doubt it belonged to this species, with which I was well acquainted in Aracan. 1609. Fuligula fuligula—Tufted Duck. I shot a male, one of a small flock, on January 5th, 1912, on a jheel about 30 miles south of Monywa. 47 1090 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1, 1207. Hieraétus fasciatus.—Bonelli’s Eagle. On January 7th, 1912, when — duck shooting, I found an eagle’s nest on a cotton tree. On sending a — man up, a large eagle, of a species unknown to me, flew off the nest and the climber reporting two eggs, I pursued and shot the eagle, which proved to be a iine female of the abovenamed species. The bird measured length 29°5: tail 11: wing 20°5: tarsus nearly 4. The eggs, dirty white, | | faintly blotched atthe large end with pale yellowish brown, measuring 2°64 x 2°2 and 2°72 x 2:2. 1255. Falco peregrinator—Shahin Faleon. On April 15th, 1911, 1 saw a. falcon go into a cleft in a sandstone cliff on the river bank, about 60 miles above Monywa. The cliff was of no great height, and by letting a. rope down from above, a man easily climbed up to the nest. He reported three young birds which I left,in the hope that the birds would breed again this year. Yesterday, March 7th, 1912, I again visited the spot and had the pleasure of taking from the same hole two beautiful eggs which proved to be about half set. With some compunction, I shot the male- bird, which arrived with a parrot (P. torguatus) in his claws. Whilst the: nest was being robbed, the female flew round screaming (she did the same last year); but made no attempt to attack the man, and she returned to the nest-hole as soon as we left. I much regretted shooting the male, as it turned out that my identification was correct, and his death was. therefore unnecessary; but as these falcons are by no means uncommon, I have considerable hopes that the female may find another mate, and that more eggs may be forthcoming. There was no attempt at nest, the- eggs being deposited on the bare earth. They are much more richly marked than the one described by Hume: the ground colour is pinkish,. densely freckled all over with minute specks, and sparingly blotched at the small end with small spots varying in colour from rusty to sepia, the latter being less numerous than the former. The spots increase in size towards the large end, where they coalesce to form a rust-coloured cap speckled with sepia. The eggs measure about 2°1x1-5, 1558. Anastomus oscitans—Vhe Open-Bill. I have just noticed that this bird is put down by Blanford as being unknown in Burma except in Aracan and Pegu. As a matter of fact, it is common enough on the jheels of the Lower Chindwin, though Ido not recollect seeing it in the Upper Chindwin, CYRIL HOPWOOD, Monywa, U. Burma, 17th March 1912. D. C. Forests. No. XXVIII.—BAIKAL OR CLUCKING TEAL (NETTION FORMOSUM) SHOT IN ASSAM. I am sending the Society the skin of a Baikal or Clucking Teal which was shot near Sibsagar, Assam, in January or February 1910 by Mr. Morton Eden. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1091 Mr. Eden had no idea that he had shot a Baikal Teal till he had gathered the duck shot, some 40 or 50. It was apparently amongst a flock of Common Teal. Most of our shooting is done in the fog starting at daybreak, as when the fog lifts, all good ducks go off towards the Brahmapootra. It would not be an easy matter to recognize birds under these circumstances ; you hear the rush of wings and it takes you all your time to mark where they are coming from, and if you are not very quick they pass before you realize this. DEKHARI TEA Co. DroHatt Divn., FRANCIS W. GORKH, Assam, February 1912. Mr. Harrison has written to me with reference to a Clucking Teal (Nettion formosum) he shot near Lainekusias follows:—‘“ On the 24th of February last, in company with Mr. R. 8. Pearson, Forest Economist, Dehra Dun, I visited a Bhil close by here to look for duck, a flock of Gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperus) got up and flew over Mr. Pearson; one solitary Teal flew in my direction which I shot. We both decided that it was an uncommon specimen. The bird made no sound at all and flew like a Common Teal.” DisruGarH, 3rd May 1912. EVAN A. EVANS. No. XXIX.—INSECTS IN THE NESTS OF THE COMMON SWIFT (CYPSELUS AFFINIS). On examining the nesis of these Swifts I noticed that some of them swarmed with insects, which I thought were parasites of these birds. The Hon’ble N. C. Rothschild has recently identified these insects as beetles belonging to two species of Dermestidze; the one being dnthremus Jascvatus, Hbst., and the other an dAttagenus. This gentleman adds im epist :— “1 do not.think that the specimens in question are really parasites of the Swift ; in fact, I feel sure, they are not, but the larve feed on old feathers and similar refuse, which explains their presence.” Pp. T. L. DODSWORTH, F.z.s., M.B.0.U. Simia, 8. W., 30th Apri 1912. No. XXX.—DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRICKET SCHIZODACTYLUS MONSTRUOSUS. It may be of interest to note in regard to the distribution of Schizodac- tylus monstruosus, 1 have frequently found this curious cricket whilst digging insandy soil in the vicinity of Campbellpur aud Nowshera, It would seem, therefore, that it has a much wider distribution than given by Lefroy in his “ Insect Life in India.” Natives have assured me that this insect feeds on flesh. Mutran, 16th March 1912. W. P. C. TENISON, Lrevur., p.F.a. 1092 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. No, XXXI.—INTELLIGENCE OF ANTS. Last year I kept some colonies of ants in glass nests, as recommended by Lord Avebury. One evening I placed some golden syrup near anest. In the morning, instead of the clear syrup, I found a thick black paste. I took this away and put afresh supply of syrup. One ortwo ants came and felt it with their antennz, and then went off and returned with dry grains of dust, bits of stick, etc., and placed them on the edge of the syrup. After a short time the edge of the syrup became firm enough for the ants to mount on it without sticking, and so they gradually converted the whole into a stiff paste. They then moulded the paste into little balls with their jaws and antenne and thus carried it into their nest. Mussoorig, 20th April 1912. F. B. SCOTT. No. XXXII.—THE CASTOR RUST (? MELAMPSORELLA RICINI, De Toni). With plates AS B. * The rust on Castor was first described about the year 1815 by A. de Bivona-Bernardi as Uredo 7icint occurring in Sicily. Later on it was described as Ce@oma ricini by Von Schlechtendahl in “ Fungorum novorum et descriptorum Illustratione publicat” in Linnea, Vol. I, p. 612, 1826, the Uredosort being apparently taken for Aecidia of the Caeoma type. In 1878 again it was named Melampsora ricini (Biv-Bern) Pass. by G. Passerini in Baglietto F. de Cesati V. and de Notaris G. “Erbario erittogamico Italiano ” Ser. II, Fase. XIV, No. 684. Thename was yet again changed by de Toni in Saceardo’s Sylloge, Vol. VII, p. 596, to Melampsorella ricim. It is still doubtfully referred to the genus Melampsorella, presumably on account of the similarity of its Uredo stage to that of Melampsorella caryophyllacearum (D. C.) Schroet. I am indebted to Dr. Butler, Pusa, for letting me see a specimen with description and figure from Briosi and Cavara’s ‘ Funghi parasite delle piante coltivate,” fase XV, No. 355. The general appearance of the European specimen resembles closely that of the Indian Castor Rust, but unfortunately there was not enough of the European material to allow me to study it under the microscope. This description is rather incomplete as are also the other references to this fungus mentioned above. The rust was first recorded for India in the “Annales Mycologici” in Sydow and Butler’s “Fungi Indiz Orientalis” under the name Melampsora ricini in 1906. But no description or figure is given. So far only the Uredo stage is known, although search has been made for other stages during two years. The generic name of the fungus, therefore, *The historical information contained in the Ist paragraph was kindly supplied to me by Dr. HE. J. Butler, Imperial Mycologist, Pusa, India. Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Pratt A. ih Su \ UTR =. We rae re Castor Rust. Rael ale : Bis MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1095 must still remain doubtful. It is thought desirable, in the meanwhile, to describe in detail the fungus as it occurs in the Indian specimens. The rust is very common on the Castor plant in the Poona, Belgaum and Dharwar districts of the Bombay Presidency. It is remarkable that it is. practically absent from Gujerat, though the varieties commonly grown there are by no means immune to this disease. Plants of all the common Gujerat varieties were grown for experimental purposes on the Poona Agricultural College Farm and these all got the rust. This rust usually appears between the months of November and February on Castor sown in June as an annual crop. But it has been observed as. early as September on some Castor plants more than a year old in the Ganeshkhind Botanical Garden, Kirkee, and from the appearance of the leaves which were entirely covered with pustules, the rust had presumably been there all the summer. The attack is severest in January when practically every leaf of the plant is thickly covered with pustules, and clouds of spores are blown off from them on shaking the plant. The orange yellow, powdery pustules (Uredosori) are confined to the leaf and occur chiefly on the lower surface, though very rarely they are met with on the upper surface also. They are indicated on the upper surface by minute roundish yellow spots. They occur in large numbers and not infrequently show an arrangement in concentric rings (Fig. 1), and they often run together. In severe cases this arrangement in rings is lost and the entire surface is covered thickly with pustules. A transverse section of the leaf through a young pustule shows that the Uredo spores are first covered entirely by a peridium consisting of fungus. tissue of polygonal cells. (Fig. 2). When mature they become exposed by rupture both of epidermis and peridium, which latter can still be seen as a layer underlying the epidermis. (Fig. 5). The spongy parenchyma below the epidermis is more or less completely occupied by the hyphx of the fungus. which form a sort of a cushion on which the spore-bearing hyphe arise. The spore-bearing hyphe separated by manipulation present a characteris- tic appearance. They are curiously branched and, as a rule, only two of these branches bear spores, the oldest spore being always at the top. (Fig. 4). The other branches are slender, pointed and sterile. Further the Uredo spore bearing hyphee are intermixed with stout, club-shaped, para- physes, generally colourless but occasionally the swollen heads showing orange colour. (Fig.5a& 6). In the last case the paraphyses are easily distinguishable from the spore-bearing hyphe by the perfectly smooth out- line of their swollen heads. In mature sori the paraphyses generally project beyond the level of the spores. The Uredo spores are globular or elliptical, echinulate and with orange contents. When examined fresh in distilled water it is possible to dis- tinguish between two kinds of Uredo spores, one with thick walls and the 1094 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI, other with thin walls. (Fig. 6). There are no gradations between them. This observation recalls a similar one recorded for Melampsorella aspidiotus in Engler and Prantl’s Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien I-Teil I-Abteilung, p. 45. It was at first believed that these really represented two distinct kinds of Uredo spores and that the thicker walled spores were of the nature of Amphispores, which, (according to Arthur quoted in McAlIpine’s “ The rusts of Australia”) “are developed in arid or subarid regions, being pro- vided with thickened walls to enable them to withstand unfavourable condi- tions, just like a teleutospore.” But further observations throw a consider- able doubt on this matter. If the spores from leaves kept dry in the herbarium for a month or two are examined, the proportion of thick-walled spores to thin-walled ones appreciably increases, suggesting that the thin- walled spores may develop a thick wall later on under certain conditions. Again after treatment with lactic acid, the distinction between thin-walled and thick-walled spores practically disappeared, the thin walls swelling almost to the size of the thick walls. The difference in the appearance of the spores examined fresh is, however, so striking that it is considered worth recording. The fresh spores germinate in distilled water, readily in the months of January and February. The germination is poor earlier in the season. The two kinds of spores germinate alike. (Fig. 7). More than one germ tube are generally protruded but only one grows out finally, the other becoming disorganised. The largest number of germ tubes observed is five, four being the commonest number. The largest number of germ spores observed is six. The size of the spores varies from 25-29" x 19-25". No other spore form has been observed so far. An Aecidium was found on some Brinjal plants growing in the neighbourhood of the Castor plants on the Agricultural College Faym, Poona. This has been identified, provi- sionally, with 4 —— Rs. 6 0 Rs, 3 12 Vol. 111.— Wo. 1R.. Rs. 2 0 Rs, 1 4 n 2 . ” 2 0 » 1 4 SAL seer se! ays 0 eee ba ss 4 EAVES 0 9 ee ——. Rs. 8 0 Rs,. 5 0 Vol. IV.— No. 1R.. Rs. 2 0 Rs. 1 4 MOR lesan UO behets hee 2 3 . ” 2 0 Ey) 4 3 4K. » 2 0 ” 4 —— Rs. 8 0 —_-—— Rs. 5 0 Vol. V.— ‘ *No, 1 ...-.Rs..2, 0 Rs. 1 4 ph DR 5) sgn he oe ee ” 3 3 ” 2 0 2 14 i AAR eee 1D 28 Rs. 11 2 ——— Rs. 7 4 Vol. Vis— : No. 1. .. Rs. 2 0 Rs. 1 4 ee eae 4 4 BR ae, Greed a a ARR eee Daal at 2 0 ‘ie ——. Rs. 10 0 Rs. 6.8 Vol. VII.— No. 1R.. Rs, 4 0 Rs. 3 0 2” 2 9 33 4 0 7) 2 8 93 3 @ a3 4 0 ” 2 8 ” 4 ® 3 4 0 3° 2 8 33 a ot 33 2 33 1 4 —— Rs. 18 0 ——_—— Bs, ll 12 Vol, VIII.— Nov d ice. 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Rs 7 8 Rs. 5. 0.” 33 2 ee 7 8 ” 5.0 E Bi Aes CAPER Bate! » 5 0 a4 a. » 2 8 9 0 TD akon he Vp 3 20 —— Rs. 33 0 ———— Rs. 92 bY Vol. XX.— Now 1 6, RS./758 Rs. 5 O° Aha » 10 0 3, 6.10 hia ep er He Ue 3 610 99 AY est 5) AOD 3, 6 10 Sp pak hesr sy eo » 3 0 oth —— Rs, 42 0 ———— Be, ie iu Vol. XXI.— Node oR Tes Rs. 5 0 Ba Rs. 7% 8 Rs, 5 @ TOTAL .. Rs. 447 2 Rs. 294 0 Nos. marked ¥ aye not obtainable by themselves but a few copies are reserved for purchasers of whole sets. + Out of print. Aprty 10 THE HONORARY SECRETARY, Bombay Natural History Society. R. stgnifies “ Reprint’ with no plates. W S. Millard for the Bombay Natura! History Society. Printed by E. G. ea oe for the Proprietors of the Times Press, Bombay, and published by 7 5 catsotlan Instiiges ity ? JUN 18 1941 ee : EDITED 8¥ vik oy w. os) MILLARD, - Date of publication. 20th Nov. 1912, = Pree to Non-Members i en cial an Ba 10-6. Eas al a wae ss PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. THE GAME Brirps oF InpiaA, ‘BuRMA AND CEYLON. Part; VIII. The Bengal Florican (Sypheotis bengalensis). — (With Plate VIII.) By EH: C. Stuart Baker, F.L.s., TOO ARPS EPS 4 OAR IM SNUG Sate MT SES che ALAR UI AEE | . ORCHIDS OF THE BomBay Presipency. Part XIII. ‘By G. AS Gammie;; PalnSs eee, aa ae Rem AED emhan ee, Ae Mint THE CoMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE nea OF Inpra. Rar XIL. (With Plates Tand J.) By 'T. R. Bell, LF. ... Noves on A Birp CoLuectinc TRIP In THE BaLacuat Dis- TRICT OF THE CENTRAL Provinces. By EH. A. D’ Abreu, 1 AES IN ACE RS SANG TA OR WOR SNUB EG Lk SOE US Vibe Tue Bompay NaturaL History Socrrry’s Mammat Swur- ° vey oF Inpia. BeEPoRT on Coxtucrion No. 0 FROM Duarwar. With a Plate. By RB. C. Wroughton, HS ae NR CN aaa eG J Manan Arc taiweie a fo 00. aay A List or Birds FRoM ARAKAN. — By Cyril Hopwood, 1F.s. THe Morus or Inpia. Series 1V, Part V. By Sir George F. Hampson, Bart., ¥.z.S., F.E.S. (With Plate G.) ...... Toe Funet or Inpia. Part 1. (With Plates Lio IV and tect figures 1 to 10.) By F. Theissen, 8. J. ........... More Bigp Notes By THE Way IN Kasumi. Lt. -Col. Ty Aye NE aire. i eto Me ed Kast ea tech UR eae PROGRESS.OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY 4.02.00... 40. fe ess dee MIscELLANEOUS NOTES :— I.—Tiger (Felts tigrzs) killing and online its ate) By . dames W.) Best; 1.8... baat cto th ky eile enone II.—Cannibalism among Panthers ( Felis paidus), Major J. R. Carter {11.—Number of a panther’s (Felis pardus) caudal vertebree. By Captain A. H. Mosse, ta. '......... sip sah howell Ree Re TV.—Notes on Martens in Kashmir. By Lt.-Col. HAE: Miagrabhay’ str G30 5 Neo cdi chs IOP Sak Beet era “FRO ine BOR UN Bh PANE DE Ricnianes $) wi Mige Wanye PMP RE a AY URG EEG fo) } ! Ni sis au Ai j tiny i} ’ yy Pah PMH EY n Plate VIII. t. Soc, s Journ. Bombay Nat. Hi JOURNAL OF “THE Bombay Natural History Society. Nov. 1912. Vou. XXI. No. 4. THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. BY E. C. Stuart Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.8S., M.B.O.U. Part VIII. With Plate VILL. (Continued from page 739 of this Volume.) SYPHEOTIS BENGALENSIS. The Bengal Florican. Otis bengalensis—Gm. Syst. Nat. i, p. 724 (1788); Hodgson. feeke ge. i, XV, P.Looe. Otis delicosa.—Gray and Hardw., Ill. Ind. Zool.,i, pp. 6] and 62. Sypheotides bengalensis.—Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc., p. 258; Jerdon, B. of Ind. iii, p. 616; Godwin Austin, J. A. 8S. B. xiv, part II, p. 34. Sypheotis bengalensis.—Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 559; zd., Hume and Marsh., Game B.i, p. 23, i, p. 424; Hume, Cat. No. 838, Str. Feath. viii, p. 111; «id, ix, p. 199; Markham, ibid; Fasson, ibid, p. 200; Butler, ibid, x, p. 162; Hume and Cripps, ibid, xi, p. 312; Oates in Hume’s Nest and Eggs, 2nd Edit. iii, D5”) 1 1110 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT. p- 378; Finn, Indian Waders, p. 123; Inglis, Journal B. N. H. Soc. xiv, p. 766; id, ibid, xvi, p. 73; Wall, thd, xvi, p. 388; Stuart Baker, ibid, xvii, p. 538. Houbaropsis bengalensis.—Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xxiii, p. 315; id., Hand L. i, p. 175; Oates, Cat. Eggs. B. M.i, p. 88; 7d. Game B. of Ind. i, p. 414. ) Vernacular Names.—Charas, Chars, Charat, H; Dahar, Ablak ¢ Bor 9, Terai; Ulamora, Assamese; Dao-tiriling, Cachari. Description, Adult imale.-—Whole head, neck and lower parts very glossy black, in some lights shewing a distinct blue or ~ purplish sheen, more especially on the feathers of the breast and crest. Back black, each feather with two broad bars of buff mottled with black, the general appearance of the back being thus a mottled black and buff, the former predominating. The bases of the feathers are black and in quite freshly plumaged birds there is a narrow buff fringe to the tips of the feathers, which, however, soon gets abraded off so that the tips generally appear black. Inner scapulars like the back, but the mottlings are even more irregular, the centres to the feathers are chiefly black and the surrounding portions vermiculated buff and black. Tail, four centre feathers like the back, but the outermost are entirely black with narrow white tips and the intermediate feathers grade from one to the other. Outer scapulars black, a few of the feathers more or less mottled with buff, on the inner webs, inner second- aries like the back, but with numerous bars of black, not always the same in number; remaining quills white, except the outer webs and part of the inner webs of the first and second primary, which are black ; in some birds the outer web of the third primary is also nearly all black and this black diminishes in extent on each succeeding quill, remaining only as a black tip to the outer webs of the innermost primaries and disappearing altogether on the outer secondaries. The shafts of all the wing quills are black. Bill, upper mandible dark brown, sometimes with a leaden tinge, lower mandible paler and more leaden and often with a yellow tinge on the basal two-thirds. Iris brown, Hume says sometimes yellow. Legs straw yellow, sometimes with a tinge of green or plumbeous. THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 1111 Wing 13-2" to 13:75"; bill, from feathers above nostril on culmen, 1:2" to 1:25", from gape 2°12" to 2-44'’; tarsus about 5" or a little over; tail 6:5" to 7:25". : Tarsus 5:6" (Blanford). Tarsus 6:12" to 6°790"' (Hume). The feathers of the crest are long and somewhat lanceolate and measure from 3" to 4’ or even more. ‘The feathers of the hind neck average about 2'' and below the neck they increase gradually in length from the tiny feathers of the chin to feathers on the fore neck of over three inches and to the final tuft of feathers on the breast which may be as long as six inches in old, fully plumaged birds. In some birds which are more than usually richly coloured there is often a rufescent shade in the buff colour on the upper parts. Adult female and male in first plumage.——Crown, dark brown, sometimes almost black, with a certain amount of buff speckling and buff edges to the posterior feathers; a broad coronal streak of mottled brown and buff; supercilia and lores buff, generally immaculate but the former sometimes with a few dark specks ; feathers of short crest buff speckled with black or brown and with dark centres and shafts. Chin, upper throat and centre of lower throat buff or sand colour unspotted, remainder of neck sandy buff freckled and narrowly barred with black or brown, the bars not being definite enough to make the neck look more than freckled. Down each side of the neck the feathers are centred with dark streaks, making two fairly definite lines which coalesce on the neck adjoining the breast, the feathers of this part seem often to be a richer shade of buff than elsewhere on the plumage. The back, scapulars and inner secondaries are black, mottled and freckled with buff except in the centre of each feather and with broad sub-edges of buff ina V. shape. On the secondaries and outer scapulars the markings are bolder and the black assumes the shape of fairly definite bars. Wing coverts pale buff witha rufous tint here and there and with sparse markings in the form of broken bars of black or deep brown, not numerous enough or regular enough to break the general contrast of these pale buff feathers with the plumage of the back. Remainder of wing quills 1112 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. black, the outermost feather with a faint suggestion only of mottled bars of buff on the inner web, these increasing in extent until the whole of the inner secondaries are mottled black and buff. Rump like the back but less broken with buff; tail mottled black, or brown, and buff, the mottling decreasing in extent on the outer tail feathers which are fairly distinctly barred with broken black | and buff. Upper breast and edge of flanks buff speckled with black or brown like the neck; flanks, where covered with wing, mottled with black; remainder of lower parts pale, sandy buff, often slightly darker on the under tail coverts which are sometimes speckled with dark brown. Irides yellow, dingy to almost golden, bill like that of the male but paler and often fleshy towards the base of the lower mandible; legs dingy yellow or straw colour. Wing 18:2" to 14°50"; bill .at front 1:50" to 1:54" and from gape 2:2" to 2:5"; tarsus 5°6” or over: tail 6-5" to 7:25". The measurements given above for males ani females, which are taken from a series of 14 males and 11 females, all fully adult, would seem to shew that the females are very little larger than the males, but this is not really the case as she is a far heavier and more bulky bird. I have two records of exceptionally heavy cocks, one shot by Mr. Mundy in Dibrugarh, Assam, and another by Mr. J. Harrison of the same district, which both weighed between 54 and 52 lbs. Most males, however, are less than 3 lbs. in weight, young cocks of the year seldom exceeding 23 lbs. Females, on the contrary run up to 5 lbs., a weight which has been recorded by Mr. A. Primrose and others; they often exceed 4 lbs. and even females of the first year seldom weigh less than 3% Ibs. Young male.—The young male is at first like the female and commences to assume the adult male plumage in the second year, that is in its first spring moult, but probably often reverts, more or less, to female plumage in its autumn moult, retaining, how- ever, the white wing-coverts of the adult male. The complete adult plumage of the male is assumed in the most irregular manner, and at the first spring moult the young cock bird may assume any portion of the adult plumage retaining elsewhere THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 1113 that of the female. Nearly always, however, the white wing feathers are amongst the earliest to shew themselves. Some young birds first moult into the adult black plumage from the breast downwards, having this part wholly glossy black, although, with the exception of the wings, the rest of the body remains clothed in female garb. Other young males retain their first feathering on the upper parts, but commence to assume the black feathers of the throat as well as that of the lower parts in a lesser degree. One such specimen J have examined has the whole of the upper part in juvenile plumage with the exception of a few white feathers amongst the wing-coverts; below, from the chin to the breast the black feathers are growing profusely, though _ there are still a few feathers here and there retaining their original vermiculated appearance; from the lower breast downwards the whole lower plumage is a soiled white, with a good many black feathers showing all over as well as a few vermiculated ones. This young bird is a most interesting one as it would appear that sometimes, whilst the upper breast, neck, head and upper parts assume the adult plumage directly, though by varying degrees ; the plumage of the lower parts goes through a transition stage. The whole of the buff in the bird has been replaced with white, though there are but few of the adult black feathers yet showing. The question as to whether the Florican has a separate breeding plumage and changes back again during the autumn moult into a non-breeding, or post-nuptial plumage may, I think, be now decided to the contrary. Blyth is responsible for the generally accepted theory that the cock-bird changed into a semi-female plumage in autumn which it regained the succeeding spring, and doubtless he had then a good deal of information before him on which to ground his arguments. Blyth writes ‘‘ Mr. Hodgson is also certainly mistaken in his assertion that the nuptial dress is worn permanently, as we have witnessed the change before described and the subsequent partial removal of the breeding livery, which latter was not well developed in captivity, and have likewise observed the fact in the skins of wild birds.” Hodgson, on the other hand, says ‘“‘ The 1114 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI, moults are two annually, one from March to May and the other autumnal, which is less complete and more speedily got over, between August and October. The young males, up to the begin- ning of March, entirely resemble the females, but the moult then commencing gradually assimilates them to the adults, which never lose, as the lesser species or Likh does, after the courting season, the striking black and white garb that in both species is proper to the male sex, and permanently so to the larger species after the first year of age. ‘There is, properly speaking, no nuptial dress in this species, though the hackles and crest in their most entire fulness of dimensions may be in part regarded as such.” Now this statement of Hodgson’s seems to be entirely correct, except as regards one important particular. He considers, as we have seen, that the Bustard assumes adult plumage in two moults, or even in one, and that after the first year the young bird retains permanently its adult colouration; I would change first year to second year. We know now that just as many fully plumaged adult males are seen during the cold weather, say from November to the end of February as at any other time of the year. I have seen magni- ficent specimens of cocks moulting in April from adult plumage to adult plumage. But, on the other hand, I have several times seen non-adult cock-birds, which were in an intermediate stage remoult- ing in autumn and shewing some new feathers coloured as in the female. From this we may, I think, infer that it takes the young cock at least two years before it assumes the full plumage of the breeding cock. It will be seen that Blyth does not say that his Bustard, after having a retrograde moult, then moulted in the succeeding moult into full feathering, but he puts down this failure to assume the fully adult garb to the effects of captivity. The facts, in reference to the assumption of the fully adult plumage, appear to be these. In the autumn moult of its first year the young male bird retains its female plumage, but in the succeeding spring moult acquires a colouration intermediate between the two sexes. The autumn moult of the second year may often see the young cock lose a certain amount of the colouring he had gained in the spring, but at the next spring moult he goes further still ——eEEO THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 1115 towards the plumage of the adult, and on the completion of this moult, when he is just under two years old, he either obtains the adult plumage in full or else he does so at the second yearly moult in the autumn. From this time onwards there is no further retrograde step. Of course, I have seen very many cocks in the winter in either wholly female or haif stage feathering but these have been small birds which, though they were sometimes very fat and in prime condition, never weighed more than 2 to 24 lbs. There is no doubt that a cock Florican takes at least two years to grow to his greatest size and weight, and it is but natural that his dress should keep pace with his growth and that he should not arrive at his full splendour of plumage until he also arrives at his full vigour and size. Disiribution.—Although so many years have passed since Hume described the habitat of the Florican, there is but little to add to his account ; he says ‘“‘ The Bengal Florican is almost confined to EKastern Bengal, the valley of Assam, the Bhutan Dooars, “ind those portions of Bengal, Oudh and the North-Western Provinces lying North ofthe Ganges. Jerdon says that it spreads through the valley of the Jumna into Rajputana, the Cis-Sutle] States, and parts of the Punjab ; but this is wrong. It is the Houbara that is found in these localities, not the Bengal Florican ; but sportsmen con- stantly call the Houbara the Florican, and hence the mistake. I have never seen the true Florican anywhere west of the Kadar of the Ganges, except as a rare straggler in the Dun ; and there again it does not, to the best of my belief, extend further than the Kadar of the Jumna. In Meerut I have killed both the Houbara and the Likh, but it is only when you get quite down into the Kadar of the Ganges at Hastinapur and Makhdumpur, or again southwards below Garhmuktesar, that you meet the true Florican, and here we used to pick up a few couples every cold season. ‘This species has been recorded from Tipperah and Sylhet, but Captain Williamson tells me he has never seen it in the latter, and both he and Mr. Inglis say the same as regards Cachar. “This Florican is essentially Indian, and extends so far as we know, nowhere beyond the limits of the empire. It is possible, 1116 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. however, that it may hereafter be found to occur in the country immediately Hast of Assam. ”’ To this, in a footnote, Hume adds that it is certainly to be found as far west as Nuddea. Roughly speaking, this beautiful Bustard is confined to the grass land area North and East of the Ganges and on either side of the Brahmapootra ; outside of this it is but a straggler. My furthest record South-East is from the district of Chittagong, whilst in the Assam Valley it extends to the extreme Eastern limit of the grass lands and churs bordering the Dihong, Dibong and Brahmapootra Rivers running right up to the very foot of the Hills, both to Hast and North. It is found in the Terai in some numbers, wherever the country is suitable, and in the same way throughout the Dooars, South of Nepal and Bhutan. In Assam it is common in many districts and extends all through the Assam Valley from Rungpur and Goalpara to Dibrugarh. From the Surma Valley it is shut out by the Garo, Cachar and Khasia Hills, and though it is common in parts of Nowgong to the North of these ranges it is of extreme rarity anywhere to the South of them. I have shot three birds, all young females, in Cachar, and have seen two specimens from Sylhet. Hume records it from Tippera in 1902, and finally I have received a specimen from Chittagong. But these few instances are scattered over a period of over 25 years and merely emphasize the fact of their great rarity, South of the Brahmapootra Valley. As Col. Graham gave such a detailed account of the numbers in which the Florican was to be found in former times in each Assam district, it may be as well here to give also an idea as to how they are now distributed. Col. Graham writes : “The Bengal Florican may be said to extend throughout the Assam Valley, from the Manas River, on the West, to the Mishmi Hills, Hast of Sadiya, on the Hast. “Tt is found in greatest numbers in high and dry open lands, the places most frequented by it being the large Bishnath plain and the higher lands lying between the Government Trunk Road on the North of Brahmapootra, and the hills throughout the Darrang districts. ‘North of Mangaldai, in Darrang, about five miles from the THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 1117 Bhutan Hills, at a staging bungalow, well named Shikar, I shot fourteen Florican in one day. ** The Florican is also found on the Sadiya plains in fair numbers, and on the chars of the Brahmapootras, but it is much scarcer on the South bank of that river. “On the Bishnath plain and other places in the Darrang dis- trict I have seen, I am sure, from 30 to 40 Florican in a day. ‘“« Taking Assam, as a whole, I should say of the Florican : “In Darrang, very common. * Jn Kamrup and Goalpara, a good sprinkling. “In Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, here and there a fair sprinkling, but, as a rule, scarce. ”’ At the present day the Florican is still pleatiful in the Goalpara district on the North bank, breeding in great numbers in the sun- erass lands at the foot of the Bhutan Hills; from this district it extends through Kamrup, Mangaldai, Darrang and Sibsagar. North of the Brahmapootra in considerable numbers whereverthere are the necessary plains of grass to be found. In North Lakhimpur it becomes less common, though it will be found, as already men- tioned, right up to the foot of the Abor, Mishmi and Dafla Hills, East and North of Sadiya. South of the Brahmapootra River, though it is common in parts of Nowgong, itis elsewhere rare. In Lakhimpur and Sibsagar a fair number are shot annually south of the River, but-in Kamrup and Goalpara it is decidedly rare on that bank of the Brahmapootra and it hardly ever straggles to the district of Mymensingh, which adjoins the latter, though it is common in parts of the Rangpur district to the North of the River. I should, however, note that Farren recorded it as occurring not infrequently along the borders of the Madhapore jungle in 1880. Both in Maldah and Purnea, where 25 years ago it was common, it has now become much less so, principally owing to the spread of cultivation and the consequent destruction of its favourite haunts. In Nuddea it is not now heard of and the last killed there was by myself, this too a female, in January 1884. In Behar it only occurs asa very rare straggler. Inglis, who has worked this part of India very thoroughly, only records five instances of its occurrence, and, of these, two concern the same bird. 9 - 1118 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL GIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1, The favourite haunts of the Florican are thus well described by Hodgson, who says: ‘* Tarai is an Indian term equivalent to Pays Bas, Landes, Marches and Marshes, of Kuropean tongues ; and the name Tarai is applied, par excellence, to a low-lying moist and rarely redeemed tract of level waste, extending outside the Sal forest along the base of the sub-Himalayas from the debouch of the Ganges to the Brahmapootra. This tract of great extent and peculiar features, is the favourite habitat of the Florican, which avoids the mountains entirely, and almost, if not quite as entirely, the arid and cultivated plains of the Doab, and of the provinces West of the Jumna. It dwells indeed, upon plains exclusively, but never wpon nude or cultivated plains. Shelter of nature’s furnishing is indis- pensable to it, and it solely inhabits wide-spreading plains, suffi- ciently elevated to be free from inundation, and sufficiently moist to yield a pretty copious crop of grasses, but grasses not so thick nor so high as to impede the movements or vision of a well-sized bird that is ever afoot and always sharply on the look-out. Such extensive, well-clad, yet uncultivated plains are, however, to be found only on the left bank of the Ganges and accordingly I believe that to that bank the Florican is nearly confined, and to the Tarai portion thereof.”’ Iam afraid, however, that since Hodgson’s days the Florican has become less wise, for he now-a-days often haunts grass land that is liable to inundation and indeed, throughout the cold weather, he is found on the plains bordering the rivers and on the islands in them, although during the rains these may form one vast sheet of water with the river itself. The Florican prefers to frequent plains which are covered with thin grass, or thin grass combined with scattered scrub jungle, | and much affects those tracts on which village buffalo feed and in which the grass is eaten down to some 18 inches or two feet, with here and there patches of higher grass, and others, again, bare altogether. In the same way they haunt the plains of ekra and grass after these have been burnt and the fresh crop has grown up to a foot or so but is still much mixed with the burnt and wither- ed stems of the previous year’s growth. It is only in the height of the rains and when no other cover is available for them that THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 1119 they will ever be found in the dense grass and ekra which at these times may grow to a height of 15 feet, nor will it even then be obtained in such unless there is no other more suitable ground within many miles. Of course, when repeatedly shot at, birds will temporarily take refuge in such cover and sometimes when they are much worried either by sportsmen or village pot hunters they will lie up in heavy cover during the heat of the day, coming out to feed in the mornings and evenings. Mr. A. Primrose, who was for some years in Goalpara, in writing to me about the Florican says:—‘It has a very decided predilection for certain spots, and if you kill the present occupant another is sure to be very shortly found in the same place; one such spot was the grazing ground of the Mornai Tea Hstate and on this piece of land I must have accounted for fully a dozen birds and my predecessor for as many more.” “The birds, as a rule, in grass land, lie very close and rise generally well within shot and as they are not what I should call good shot carriers No. 6. shot will be found quite large enough to erumple them up. As a matter of fact I have killed two or three—all females if I remember rightly—with collecting car- tridges only-loaded with No. 9 or 10 shot. When; however, the bird is found in open or burnt patches it is exceedingly wary and very hard to get right within shot.” “ The flight, when well on the wing, while not being rapid, is strong and direct.” I have occasionally shot them when out snipe shooting flushing them from small patches of grass between the rice fields, and No. 8 or 9 shot have always been enough to tumble them over, for though big birds their plumage is soit and lax and affords little protection. When once flushed they generally fly a good distance, sometimes a mile or so, before alighting and are then difficult to find and to flash again, as they are great runners and move on a long distance before stopping. Hodgson says:—‘“ The Florican is seldom found in thick cover. When he is, he lies close, so that you may flush him at your foot ; but in his ordinary haunts, amid the scattered tufts of more open 1120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. grass plats he can be neared with difficulty only, and No. 5 shot and a good heavy gun are required to bring him down at 40 to 60 yards distance. His flight is strong with a frequent rapid, even motion of the wings, and if he be at all alarmed, it is seldom sus- pended under 200 to 300 yards, whilst not unfrequently it is continued so as to carry the bird wholly out of sight and pursuit. When flying the neck is extended before the body, and the legs tucked up under it, whereas the whole family of the Herons fly with neck retracted over the back and legs stretched out behind. The walk of the Florican like that of the Heron, is firm and state- ly, easy and graceful : he can move afoot with much speed, and is habitually a great pedestrian, seldom using his powerful wings, except to escape from danger, or to go to and from his feeding ground at morn and eve, or to change it when he has exhausted a beat. | «« This species is silent and tranquil, and except in the breeding season, seldom utters a sound, but if startled its note is a shrill metallic chik, chik-chik, and the more ordinary note is the same, but softer and somewhat plaintive.” : Mr. Primrose endorses this and says that on being flushed it utters a sort of chirrup, but is otherwise silent. JI have myself heard them give a sound when flushed, but should have described it rather as a croak than a chirrup: other than this and the curious humming they give when courting I have not heard them - make any sound. They are not gregarious as are most other Bustards, and one bird will seldom be found very close to another. Col. Macgregor says that he once put up four Florican within a radius of 30 yards, but this is unusual and birds are seldom found within a couple of hundred yards of one another, especially where the jungle is thin and the birds can move about freely. Once when duck shooting I saw two old cock-birds in the open within a few yards of one another, and when I sent a man round to drive them overhead he also put up a hen and my companion and I accounted for all three. Once, also, I shot two hens out ofa patch of grass not a hundred yards long, and once or twice I have taken two clutches of eggs laid quite close to one another. THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 1121 Big bags of Florican are seldom made, though on one occasion a so-called sportsman in Assam shot 64: of these beautiful birds in one day, during the breeding season. There had been very early and very unusually heavy rains and in consequence a vast area of grass covered plain had become temporarily submerged and for miles in every direction there was water varying in depth from a few inches to two or three feet. deep. In the centre of this was a somewhat raised strip, and here all the birds from far and near had collected. The sportsman (?) walked from one end to another, bagged a dozen Florican and then when the birds had again returned and settled on the dry land, walked back and killed a lot more and this he continued to do until darkness drove him home. Mr. Anley, writing of the Dooars, said, that he had seen as many as twenty in a morning and Mr. Damant recorded that bags of eight or ten could often be bagged in a morning at the foot of the Garo Hills. ; Col. Comber also says that in many places they are common enough in Assam for ten or more to be killed in a day’s shoot. With a line of elephants there are still many places where one could pick up a dozen birds or so in'a day, but shooting on foot is laborious work, for much ground has to be covered and the grass and jungle make the walking hard. Under the latter circumstances a bag of more than four or five would be good now- a-days for a single gun to get in a day's work. It is not often, however, that a sportsman sets out to make a bag of Florican; many are killed by men out making a miscella- neous bag, but perhaps even more are killed by sportsmen on elephants returning from a day’s big game shooting. The breeding season of the Florican commences in March and extends into June, but the majority of eggs are laid in the first fortnight of April or in the last week of March. The cock Florican, like all the rest of his family, goes in for all sorts of curious antics during the breeding season. Hodgson, as quoted by Hume, writes: ‘‘ The Florican is neither polygamous nor monogamous nor migratory nor solitary. These birds dwell per- manently and always breed in the districts they frequent, and 1122 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT. they dwell also socially but with a rigorous separation of the sexes, such as I fancy is paralleled in no other species. Four to eight are always found in the same vicinity, though seldom very close together, and the males are invariably and entirely apart from the females after they have grown up. Even in the season of love, the intercourse of the sexes amongst adults is quite transitory, and is conducted without any of that jealousy and pugnacity which so eminently distinguish most birds at that period. ‘“‘ In the season of love, the troops of males and females come into the same neighbourhood, but without mixing. A male that is amorously disposed steps forth, and by a variety of very singular proceedings, quite analogous to human singing and dancing, recommends himself to the neighbouring bevy of females. He rises perpendicularly in the air, humming in a deep peculiar tone and flapping his wings. He lets himself sink after he has risen some fifteen or twenty yards; and again he rises and again falls in the same manner, and with the same strange utterance and thus perhaps five or six times, when one of the females steps forward and with her he commences a courtship in the manner of a Turkey cock, by trailing his wings and raising and spreading his tail, humming all the time as before. ‘When thus, with what I must call song and dance, the rites of Hymen have been duly performed, the male retires to his com- pany and the female to hers; nor is there any appearance (I have at some cost had the birds watched most closely) of further or more enduring intimacy between the sexes than that just recorded, nor any evidence that the male ever lends his aid to the female in the tasks of incubation and rearing the young. ‘The procreative instinct having been satisfied, the female retires into deep grass cover, and there, at the root of a thick tuft of grass, with very little semblance of a nest, she deposits two eges, never more or less, unless the first be destroyed. If the egos be handled in her absence, she is sure to discover it and to destroy them herself. The eggs are of a size and shape of an ordinary domestic fowl’s but one generally larger and more richly coloured than the other. —e THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 1123 “The female sits on her eggs about a month, and the young can follow her very soon after they chipthe egg. In a month they are able to fly ; and they remain with the mother for nearly a year, or till the procreative impulse again is felt by her, when she drives off the long since fully grown young. Two females commonly breed near each other whether for company or mutual aid and help; and thus the coveys,—so to speak, though they are not literally such,—are usually found to consist of four to six birds. The Florican breeds but once a year in June, July, that is, the eggs are then laid, and the young hatched in July, August.” Capt. C. B. Macgregor also describes their dance as follows: ‘“ In June and July and sometimes as late as August, I have repeatedly witnessed the performance of the nuptial dance by the cock-bird in full plumage. The bird rises from the ground and hovers with extended wings from 10 to 20 feet in the air, and thus attracts the female birds who may be within an easy distance. Twice I have noticed this dance in the evening after the sun has gone down when returning from shooting under the Daphla Hills. The Florican generally breeds in the higher plateaux of the Assam Valley, near the foot of the hills. The males have been seen also by Major Cock in full plumage in the month of May.” Mr. Primrose, also, in writing to me remarks: ‘“‘ The male bird makes itself very conspicuous during the breeding season from its habit of rising a few feet into the air above the grass and, after hovering a few seconds with quivering wings, again dropping to earth. Whilst thus employed the birds are so taken up with their performance that they are very easily approached and the native pot hunters take full advantage of them at this season.” The first clutch of eggs I ever took with my own hands was found for me by a Mikir, and shown to me on the 3rd June 1904. These two eges were laid in a bare patch in an extensive field ot sun-grass close to a village, the cattle and buffaloes from which had regularly fed over it. Im consequence, the grass was neither very high nor very dense and was intersected in every direction by small paths, worn by the animals as they fed. These were taken at Sadiya in the Dibrugarh District and I heard of two other 1124 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XX, clutches being found by sportsmen in that district, one in March and the other in July. In 1906 and the following years 1 employed a large number of men to work the Terai land at the foot of the Himalayas in the Goalpara and Mangaldai Districts and succeeded eventually in ob- taining avery fine series of their eggs and in all over 60 have now passed through my hands. The result of this work shows beyond all doubt that the normal breeding season of the Florican is much earlier than has hitherto been thought to be the case. The months in which the vast majority of eggs are laid are March and April and it may be said that the height of the laying season is trom the 10th March tothe 15th April. Some few birds will, however, be found to be laying in May and yet a few others as late as June, but in this latter case I fancy the clutches are second layings in place of others which have been taken or destroyed. Messrs. Shillingford, Whymper and others have certainly taken their eggs in June, and the latter assures me that he believes that June is the normal laying month for Florican in the north- western Nepal Terai. All these people have however taken but a casual nest here and there, and I still consider the weight of evidence points to the Florican being an early breeder. The following are the dates on which I have taken, or had taken, Florican’s eggs :— 28th February, Two eggs, quite fresh. ord March One egg do. 6th Bs Two eggs do. 7th se Two pairs of eggs, fresh. 14th A One pair, slightly incubated. 16th 5 One egg, hard set (about 20 days). 19th i Two pairs, one fresh, one hard set. 24th 5 T'wo pairs, both fresh. 25th a One pair, fresh. 29th * Three pairs, two slightly incubated, one fresh. 30th Ba One pair, slightly incubated. ord April, One pair, fresh. Sth © One pair, fresh. THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 1125 7th April, Two pairs, one slightly, the other much incubated. 9th “e Two pairs, both considerably incubated. 10th uh One pair, fresh. 11th 5 One pair, incubated. 13th 3 Three pairs, one considerably, the other two slightly incubated. 16th s Two pairs, hard set. 19th * One pair, would have hatched in three days or so, 23rd 5 A single egg, much incubated. 27th z Two pairs, slightly incubated. 29th re A single egg, fresh. 30th a A single egg, almost fresh. oth May, A pair, fresh. 13th ~ A pair, hard set. 14th 3 A pair, hard set. 20th Two pairs, one slightly, the other considerably incubated. 2oth a A single egg, hard set. 31st ze One pair, hard set. ord June, One pair, fresh. oth be One pair, fresh. 16th “ Two pairs, fresh. 24th 5 One pair, not taken away. 3rd July, Four eggs, close together, not taken. Thus, of the 79 eggs recorded it will be seen that they were found as follows :— In February, 2. i) Marcha 22: 5) Apel aot: », May, 13. » June, 8. dwn A. The four eggs seen in July were in some grass land which had been flooded and were actually under water when found, so that they must have been laid some time in the middle of June at latest. The gentleman who found them was after tiger at the time and did not remove them. 3 1126 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. In every case the eggs had been laid on the ground in small bare patches in the centre of fields of sungrass, or uloo grass, these being generally of considerable extent, seldom near any village or habitation, and most often surrounded by dense forests or cane jungle. The eggs are exceptionally difficult to find owing both to the great extent of country one has to cover and to the natural cuteness of the hen bird. Unless taken absolutely unawares by the searcher she never rises direct from her nesting place when | disturbed but creeps through the grass until she has got a consider- able distance from it, after which she rises and flies straight away. ‘Thus, one can never hope to find the eggs within fifty yards of where she is flushed and often they may be 200 yards from this spot. She exhibits the same care in approaching her eggs, alighting a hundred yards away and walking through the jungle up to them. Fortunately, the bird when disturbed, generally makes off in a bee line from the object disturbing her so that the egg collector, marking the spot whence she rises generally finds the eggs by working back in a straight line to- wards the direction whence he has come. An Indian friend who was so kind as to look after my collectors for me and to collate notes on their breeding habits wrote to me as follows about the breeding habits of this bustard; ‘A Florican lays only two eggs a year in the breeding season ( April and May). Dense forests infested with ferocious animals, scarcely trodden by men, are the places where eges are laid on the ground. The bird takes great precaution to conceal her eggs, and you can hardly find any eggs within a quarter of a mile from the place where a Florican is seen. She creeps through the forest unobserved to a great distance to lay her eggs. A very careful and extensive search is required to discover them. ”’ Nest there is none, and the eggs are merely laid in some natural depression under shelter of a tussock of grass. Where there is no such convenient hollow the bird scratches one in the soil or lays them on the ground without taking even this much trouble. The number laid is almost invariably two, though sometimes a single egg may be incubated. It is practically certain that neither THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 1127 three nor four eggs are ever laid by one bird and the frequent stories recorded to this effect are groundless. It is very noticeable that of the two eggs laid incubation is generally far more advanced in one than the other, and they would appear to be laid at an interval of several days. My own collectors told me that when they found a single egg laid they often waited three to five days before the second was deposited. Incubation would seem to take about 25-27 days, though this is only guess work. A pair found on the 5th May, and which, when tested in luke warm water, proved to be fresh, were eventually hatched on the 30th of that month and 2nd June, though neither chick survived more than a few hours. In shape the eggs are typically very regular ovals, the ends being equal. In proportion of length to breadth they vary con- siderably, but remarkably little otherwise, though a few eggs may be somewhat pointed at one end and in a few other instances at both ends. Curiously enough the extremes of variations are often met with in pairs of eggs laid by the same bird. In colouration this bird’s egg is peculiarly constant, unlike the eggs of Sypheotis aurita (the Lesser Florican) which vary very greatly iter se. The ground colour is an olive green, in some cases rather brighter, in some rather more brown. The very few exceptions to this ground colour in my collection are one pair with a pale olive green, almost sea green, tint, and another pair with a pale stone grey colour. The markings consist of small freckles, splashes and_ blotches, generally longitudinal in character, of brown and _ purple-brown, rather more profuse at the larger end than elsewhere, but nowhere very numerous. In some eggs these markings are all reduced to freckles, and in these eggs they are often very numerous, very indefinite and often equally distributed over the whole surface. In no eggs are the markings at all bold in character. In a few eggs, not, I think, one in ten, there are afew secondary markings of purple grey or dark lavender grey, but they are very indistinct and, from the colour of the ground, hard to distinguish. The average of 62 eggs is 2°42" x 1-76" ( = about 62°5 mm. x 44°8 mm.) and the greatest length and breadth 2-76" and 1-85! 1128 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Voi. XX1. (= about 70 mm. x 47 mm.), respectively, and the smallest 2-28" and 1:67" (=57:9 mm. x 42°5 mm.). When fresh the great majority of Sypheotis bengalensis eggs are decidedly a bright greenish olive-green, but very soon after being blown they become somewhat paler, and in a year or two often lose much of their green tint and become more an olive-brown. The gloss, also, which in newly taken eggs is generally highly developed, pales considerably with time, though some retain it for many years and few lose it altogether. In my article on the breeding of the Florican which appeared in Volume XVII of this Journal, I commented on the close-time needed for the protection of this bird and then said that it was probable that the time selected should be from the Ist March to the 1st October. This period is especially required for females, but as the male bird is promiscuous in his courtship and takes no interest in the protection of eggs or young, the period for him might be taken from the 1st March to the 1st August. Asa matter of fact, throughout the area this bird inhabits, nature puts a practical closure on all shooting in August and September, and the extension of the shooting-season for males would have no effect. It would be excellent if the shooting of females could be altogether stopped for some years to come, as there is no doubt that the Florican is one of our Game-Birds which is seriously decreasing in numbers of late years. The Plate of this bird requires little comment. The iris of the male should be deep brown and the upper mandible should have far less yellow or none at all. The plumage of the head and neck is also unusually thick and heavy, though a few birds may have it as dense when just moulted. The female is excellent, but the spear-shaped centres to the feathers of the back are perhaps a little too definite. (To be continued.) ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. The illustration to this article (Plate X[—Habenaria Susanne) appeared at page 171 of this Volume. EDITORS. 1129 ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. BY G. A. Gamoig, F.L.S. iene UU (Continued from page 174 of this Volume.) 30, Platanthera. Terrestrial, leafy herb. Flowers large, in a raceme terminating the leafy stem, sepals unequal, free, petals simple, forming a hood with the dorsal sepal, /ip continuous with the column, produced at the base into a long spwr, blade 3-lobed, lateral lobes broad, pectinate, midlobe entire, linear, column short, without a foot, anther broad and large, cells slightly divergent, pollinia linear, granular, caudicles short, glands naked, exserted. 1. PuaranTHera Susanne, Lindl.; T. Cooke, Fl. of Bombay, IT, p. 712; Dalz. and Grbs., p. 269 ; Habenaria Susanne, Br. fl. Br. nie Lege 157: Tubers ovoid, globose, rarely lobed, 3 to 4 inches long. Stems robust, 2 to 5 feet high, leafy up to the inflorescence. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, imbricate, the upper sheathing, blades (becoming smaller upwards and passing into leafy bracts), 2 to 6 inches long by 1 to 2 inches broad. Bracts leafy, 24 to 3 inches long. Flowers in 2 to 6 flowered racemes, 3 to 4 inches in diameter, white, fragrant, subsessile, dorsal sepal, 14 inch broad and long, broadly rhomboid spreading, lateral sepals 14 by # inch, obliquely subquadrately oblong, obtuse, ascending, petals linear acute, 1} inch long by 4 inch broad, lip as long as the sepals, side lobes 14 inch long, truncate, the outer margins pectinate to the middle, midlobe 14 by 4 inch, spur 4 inches long or twice as long as the ovary. Plants start into growth at the onset of the rains and flowers appear from August to October. Distribution.—Abundant throughout the Konkan, North Kanara and Western Ghats. Also in the hill tracts of Eastern Bengal and Assam, Burma, Western Peninsula and the Malay Islands. Note.—In the Journal of this Society, Vol. X, p. 328, the late Mr. R. M. Dixon has an interesting note on this plant, to the following effect :—The 1130 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII. giant Orchis, although commonly reported to be rare and nowhere abundant, is certainly plentiful on the Bhoma Hill at Khandala, from which place the plant does not seem to have been recorded before. After the flowering is over and the fruiting is finished, the plant with the parent root tuber gradually shrivels up and is ultimately withered in December or January, leaving in the ground a healthy, young root-tuber crowned by a well developed bud from which the flower stem shoots up afresh the following season. ‘Yhe Marathi name of the plant is Wagh chaora, meaning the metacarpus ‘of the tiger’s foot. Among the Kath-Karis, Thakurs and other Marathi- speaking people living on the Bhor Ghat, the root-tuber of the Giant Orchis is believed to be a sovereign remedy for the cure of blebs or bulle, specially those occurring on the metacarpus of the palm of the hand. These blebs or bullze, on account of their supposed resemblance to the raised metacarpus of the tiger’s foot are known as Wagh chaora in the Deccan. Hence the vernacular name of the plant. There are some persons who believe that the plant is called Wagh chaora because the flower looks lke the claws or jaws of a tiger. PuaTE XI. The upper part of a plant with the inflorescence. The generic name is given as Habenaria. (Lo be contin wed, ) 1151 THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA (INCLUDING THOSE MET WITH IN THE HILL STATIONS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY). BY TE itcis SBI, LHe Ss PART OChE, With Puates I ann J. (Continued from page 766 of this Volume.) Famity—PIERIDA. The members of this family are so subject to variation im the amount of marking on the wings that it is impossible to make a key to the genera without reference to the venation of the wings and other characters which offer difficulties to amateurs. A, Forewing with all 12 veins present. a. Male pale blue with black border on upperside, female somewhat like Danais limniace in style of marking .. bh ifs a3 .. Pareronia. 6b. Male lemon yellow, female sulpher yellow on upperside .. ue ie Mi: oe .. Synchloé. B. Forewing with only 10 veins (veins 8 and 9 absent). a. Of small size: 1” to 2”; underside hindwing with no red terminal border .. a a .. Leptosia. (Fig. 15.) Fig. 15. 6. Larger: 2’"6 to 33; underside with red terminal border to hindwing we $3 a .. Delias. 1132 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1, C. Forewing with 11 veins (only vein 8 absent). a. Costa serrated. Hindwing underside with orange-red terminal. border . Prioneris. (Fig. 16 ) 4. Costa not serrated. Hindwing underside with no red terminal border. I. TL. 7 . Fic. 16. Fig. 17. a’, Forewing with vein 11 anastomosing with vein 2 a . Anapheis. (Fig. 17.) 5’, Forewing with vein 11 not anastomosing with vein 12 (both veins free). a. Forewing with vein 6 not stalked with vein 7; size less than 2-25... “¢ ae .. Colotis. (Fig. 18.) 6*. Forewing with vein 6 not stalked with vein 7 ; size 3-75 to 4” of si: .. Hebomoia. e’. Forewing with vein 6 stalked with vein 7, 2.e., emitted from vein 7, not from cell. a®. Forewing with vein 10 emitted from vein 7, z.e., veins 6,7, 9, 10 from one common stalk .. Colias. (Fig. 19.) COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1133 6°. Forewing with vein 10 emitted from subcos- tal vein, not stalked with 6, 7, 9. a*, Hindwing without a precostal vein or 6*, Hindwing with a precostal vein. a’, Forewing with vein 11 emitted from the subcostal nervure half-way be- tween base and apex of the cell .. 6’, Forewing with vein 11 emitted from sub- costal nervure nearer apex than base. a°. Forewing with vein 9 very short, given off so near the outer margin of wing as to be nearly absent sometimes .. oe vu Bt Fig. 21. 6°. Forewing with vein 9 longer, always given off well before margin of wing. a. Male without specialized tufts of stiff hairs on anal segment at base of clasper ventrally, easily discernible ses ae Terias. Catopsilia. (Fig. 20.) Pieris. (Fig. 21.) 1134 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1, 6". Male without any such tufts ven- trally at base of claspers. a*, Forewing upperside white and black without white apical band defined by black and without any orange colour .. Huphina. ; (Pl. I, figs. 61, 61a.) 6°. Forewing upperside white and black but with white or orange subapical band defined ; by black (mostly orange).. ‘ » LOGS: (Pl. I, fig. 62.) As said before, these vein characters willnot be always ascertainable without some slight vexation ; but, with the help of a good lens and a little benzine or spirits of wine, none of them should offer any serious obstacle to running down an insect. The best way to count the veins is round the edge of the wing, vein 2 being a good starting point as it is the first given off from the cell; vein 11 is the last vein given off from the cell. The larvee of nearly all the Preride are green in colour and of the same type, some few are somewhat hairy, most are somewhat minutely tubercu- late ; the pupze are somewhat varied in shape, but all can be referred to three types at the most: one, the normal, suspended like that of a Papzlio with a nose-point and the ventral line of wings but little prominent, an- other like this but with the nose-point somewhat lengthened and curved, the wing outline ventrally very prominent, the whole pupa compressed laterally, a third suspended by tail and body-band also, but the band so tight as to press the pupa against the suspension surface: the nose-point somewhat lengthened and upturned, the dorsum flattened behind thorax and laterally produced into a couple of teeth. The three forms of pupa are characteristic of Catopsilia, Pareronia and Anapheis respectively. Genus LEprosia. Only one species. Size 1” to 2" ae ,.) Zipna. (PAN, fig ase) A weak, white, fragile-looking butterfly, found everywhere, even in Sind, keeping to the shady underwood. It has a large black spot on outer area of forewing. Larva and pupa normal; foodplant Capers. Genus DELIAs. A. Hindwing underside: red marginal band margined inwardly with black. Size: 3” to 3/30... .. eucharis. (Pl. I, ; fig. 595, 59a 2.) B. Windwing underside: red band not margined inward- ly with black. Size: 2”6to 33 .. fe .. Aierta. COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 1135 These insects are weak fliers and are very common; they are easily dis- tinguishable by the red marginal band on underside of hindwing. The larvze of eucharis are gregarious, feed on mistietve. and are greasy looking, olive-brown in colour with longish white hairs, 6 or so to each segment. Pupa oily greenish yellow with black markings. Genus PRIONERIS. Only one species. Size: 3"40 to 350... oe ee Stnce Certainly not a Plains butterfly ; confined to the hills altogether ; but has been mentioned here as it is so extraordinarily like Delias. It is, however, a very strong flier. Larva feeds on Capers. Genus ANAPHAIS. Only one species. Size: 1°75 to 2'°5 ae = .. mesentina, (PA. I, fig. 60.) Altogether a butterfly of the Plains and one of the commonest. Larve ‘gregarious, green, with purplish bands on each side ; somewhat hairy. Pupa abnormal as stated above. Foodplant Capers. Genus PIERIS. A. Hindwing underside: markings green. Size: 16 Tors 4 sre a si Be i: .. glauconome. B. Hindwing underside: not green. ‘a. Forewing upperside: inner margin of apical black area evenly curved. Size: 2”5to 3” .. .. brassice. 6. Forewing upperside: inner margin of black apical area sinuous or scalloped. Size: 1-6 to 23 .. canidia. This genus is not of the Plains at all; it is confined to the higher hills in the Himalayas and Nilgiris (canidia). Glauconome has been-taken at Karachi in Sind several times, does not occur further south seemingly, but is plentiful in the hills of the North-West. Brassice is recorded from Lucknow and Umballa in North India, but only as a straggler; it is a Him- alayan butterfly ; also Huropean. Canidia is said to have been taken in Lucknow which is the only record of its appearance in the plain country. The larvee of the genus are quite normal, the pupz are of the type of those of Anapheis. The foodplants are Crucifere: cabbage and such like plants. The character of a and ¢ is not well marked in the females of the species concerned. x Genus SYNCHLOE. Only one species. Size: 1/3tol”66 .. ye: .. lucilla. | Genus HupHina. Only one species. Size: 2” to 3” .. an , .. nerissa, (Pl. I. figs. 613, 6la@.) 1186 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. A very common insect, found almost everywhere and a fast, strong flier; somewhat variable according to season and locality. Larva normal, green ; pupa of the Anapheis type. Foodplant Capers. Genus Ixias. A. Upperside: ground-colour clear gamboge-yellow. Size: 1"°70 to 250 .. 2: 5.5 oe -. pyrene: (Pie figs. 65 3, 65a ) B. Upperside : ground-colour white. a. Forewing upperside: preapical orange patch ex- tended into apex of cell. Size: 2"1 to 2""6 .. marianne. (PI. J. fig. 62.) 6. Forewing upperside: preapical orange patch not extended into cell. Size: 2” to2"2 .. a oles These are “Orange-tips.”’ Nola is probably only a variety or local race of maranne as the character of extension of the orange patch is not a good one; it is only found at Mahableshwar onthe Western Ghats, The ground-colour of pyrene female may be almost white, though never pure white, and may have no orange patch though the black border defining that patch is always present. Larva green ; pupa of the Anapheis type. Foodplant Capers. Genus APPIAS. This is an extremely difficult group to disentangle as the individuals vary so much with the season and locality in the amount of markings on the wings ; some specimens, indeed, of one species which is normally white may be suffused strongly on the underside with yellow or orange. The forewing of the male is nearly always rather narrow and pointed. A, Forewing: veins 5 and 7 approximate at bases and, therefore, the top discocellular vein missing; the upper discocellular (veinlet uniting veins 5 and 6) less than half the length of the lower discocellular veinlet (uniting veins 4 and 5). a, Male forewing underside: discal black band narrow; hindwing not richly coloured underneath in wet- season form. Size: 2” to 3” oes Yo .. indra. b. Male underside forewing: discal black band broad ; hindwing underneath richly coloured in wet- season form. Size: 2-3 to 275 ne .. narendra. B. Forewing: veins 5 and 7 approximate at bases; top discocellular more than half length of lower dis- cocellular. a. Upperside forewing: outer black margin or area not produced inwardly in interspace 3. COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1137 a. Hindwing underside: with terminal black band ; male underside forewing: a prominent white or yellow subapical spot. Size: 2/5 to 3” .. hippo. &, Hindwing underside: with no terminal band and, in the male forewing underside: no apical white or yellow spot. a>. Male underside: pure white in wet-season form, tinged with ochraceous in dry-season form. Male underside hindwing: immaculate at all seasons. Size: 2"1to2"6 .. .. libythea. 6°, Male underside hindwing: veins more or less broadly black, white only in extreme dry-season form. Size: 2/1to2"7 .. zelmira. 6, Male underside hindwing: yellow or ochrace- ous at all seasons. Size: 2°38 to 2”94 .. albina. b. Upperside forewing in the male: outer black mar- gin produced inwardly into interspace 3 (except in dry-season form of Jezs), a, Male underside forewing: oblique, curved black band on outer half terminated on vein 2, sometimes reduced to a mere black spot in interspace 3. Size: 1-9 to 2’"6. by .. leis, b+. Male underside forewing: oblique, curved black band on outer half extended to tornal angle or altogether absent. Size: 2” *55to 3” .. ward. The larvee of all these are very like each other, fairly normal in aspect ; the pup® are of the Anapheis type. Foodplant Capers. Genus CaTopPsInia. A. Underside: without irroration of transverse reddish- brown striz. Size: 1”"°8to 3/4 .. es .. erocale. (PI. L. figs. 723, 72a 2° of form catilla; 736, 73ab QQ of crocale.) &. Underside: with such irroration. Size: 2” to 2-75. pyranthe. (Pl. J. figs. 643, 64a 2.) The first species is very liable to variation in the amount of black on the upperside in the females ; the males are very constant. Very common butterflies ; fast fliers. 11388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. Larve and pupe altogether normal. Foodplants: Legumnosee; nearly confined to the genus Cassia. Genus Couias. Only one species, said to have been obtained at Lucknow. Size: 2” to 2'"5 cat 51 Efe : .. fieldir. A Himalayan species, visiting the Plains only as a straggler. Genus TERIAS. A, Forewing underside: cell unmarked. a. Male with secondary sexual characters on both wings; both sexes with dark line on discocellu- lars of underside of forewing. a, Forewing: apex rounded. Size: 14 to 1-7 .. venata. (Pl. K., fig. 70, 70a, 700, 70c.) b', Forewing: apex acute. Size 14 to 19 2. leta? (Elie fig. 69, 69a.) Venata has the black margin of forewing reaching tornus, /eta has it stopping before it. 6. Male with no secondary sexual characters; both sexes with two dots on discocellulars on under- side of forewing. Size: 1"25tol"75 .. .. libythea. B. Forewing underside: two marks in basal half of cell. Size: 1-60 to 2/20 .. ae ay a _ «| hecabe. (Plea figs. (1,71 @, 0, ce; all forms.) C. Forewing underside: three marks in cell. Size: 1-60 to 2”°10.. a pie he a - .. selhetana. Venata is often difficult to distinguish from ibythea as the marks may be obsolete; at least the females are: for the males can be told at once by presence or absence of sex-marks ; however venata is often powdered with blackish scales on upperside. Zeta is unmistakeable from the shape of the wing and the bar-marking, as also the colour on the underside of hind- wing. The larvee and pupze are normal, 7.c,, this is known of all except 7. leta which has never been bred; and this species is remarkable as being very plentiful in the dry season, nearly completely absent during the monsoon months. Foodplants: Leguminosee ; genus Cassia, &e. All the species are some shade of sulphur-yellow with black borders to the wings. Genus CoLorTis. A. Upperside: ground-colour salmon-pink ; female some- times with ground-colour white. COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1139 a. Upperside: sometimes white in the female. Termi- nal black band on hindwing narrow with a more or less obsolescent series of spots of the same tint as ground-colour so arranged as to break up the inner edge of band. Size: 15 to 2” .. amata. (PI. J., fig. 68.) b. Upperside: always salmon-pink. Terminal black band on hindwing broad and immaculate. Size: ee Gop! ey oe ss. a ae ae AH . protractus. B. Upperside forewing: salmon-pink, of hindwing ibe. of female sometimes both wings white. Terminal black band of hindwing broad. Size: 15 to 10S a ae : a . phisadia. This species is like a actus Seca that Ane spots on ay apical band of forewing are of the ground-colour and not suffused with grey as in that species. C. Upperside: ground-colour of both wings orange-pink; female sometimes with ground-colour white or white suffused with salmon-buff. a. Upperside forewing: four or five spots of ground- colour enclosed in terminal black border. Size: LeU tor gers, i Be 7 iss .. fausta. 6. Upperside forewing: never more than three spots included in the black border. Size: 18 to OLA) te ie 4h .. tripuncta. Fausta is found i in Sind, Panjab, Rai dutdaial Bombay ; tripuncta in Sind, Bombay, Poona, Nilgiris, Bengal, Orissa, Ganjam. D. Upperside: ground-colour white. a. Upperside forewing: no orange or carmine mark- ings, a broad, black, terminal immaculate band. ize boy 2 ase 5 ve oe .. vestalis. 6. Upperside forewing: orange or carmine apical patch present. a’. Upperside forewing: apical patch orange. a’. Forewing upperside: the orange patch not bordered with black on inner side. Size: 14 to 2” Sip oo Ms Xo .. eucharis. 6*?. Forewing upperside: orange patch bordered on inner side with black. Size: 1"2tol"75 etrida. (Pl. J., figs. 67, 3 67a a) 6’. Upperside forewing: apical patch crimson. Size: 1/5 to 1°75 es Ms; ue .. danaé. 1140 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT, These last three are the small “ Orange-tips.” None of the genus are found in jungle countries nor in the hills proper. They are all butterflies of the Plains, though amata occurs in the Konkan. The larve of all that have been bred are normal as well as the pupe; except the pupa of C’.. ewcharis which has the ventral line of wings very con- vex in the manner of Pareronia. C. amata, protractus, phisadia and vestalis are divided from the others by the fact that they feed upon Salvadora persica of the Family Salvadoracee ; the others feed upon Capparis. Salvadora persica is the “Mustard Tree”’ of Scripture. There is another species also, Salvadora oleoides, in Sind upon which larve are occasionally found. Genus HErzomota. Only one species. Size: 3/75 to4” .. ie .. glaucippe. (Pl. J., fiss.) ) COmaaaie 66a 2.) This is the Large Orange-tip, a very powerful, fast flying insect, not un- common along the Western Ghats and in the Konkan. The larva is not quite normal, green in colour; the pupa is of normal shape, also green. Foodplant: Capers, especially Capparis moonit and Crateva religiosa. Genus PARERONIA. A, Male: forewing upperside : terminal black border narrow, traversed by a more or less complete sub- terminal series of bluish-white spots; female is somewhat like Danais aglea and has sometimes the base of the wings yellow; the eyes of both sexes are generally green. Size: 2""75 to 35 ., .. hippia. (Pl. J., figs... 63 ig), 63a @.) B. Male: forewing upperside: terminal black border broad with no light spots or only a slight trace or one or two, female like the last but never with yellow at base of wings. Size: 3” to 3/"4.. .. pingasa. Hippia is common and really the only one that occurs in the Plains ; the other may be found along the borders, more probably in the Hill Stations of Matheran and Mahableshwar in the Western Ghats. It is generally possible to distinguish Aippia from pingasa by the more or less nacreous (like mother-of-pearl) lustre of the underside in the former, especially on the hindwing, as well as by its lighter blue colour. The larvee are nearly normal, the pupe are much compressed laterally, have long, curved beaks and the ventral wing-outline very prominent. The foodplants are Capers. The Piertde as a family are characterized by “six well developed legs, COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 1141 the same in both sexes, no pad on front tibie. Claws bifid or toothed ; an empodium.” The members of it are generally popularly known as “whites ” because, in the vast majority of the species of the world, the prevailing colour is white. Nearly all species are marked with black to an extent varying generally with the time of year; in the tropics this means. with the period of young shoots rich in moisture and juices or the time when such is not the case. There are upwards of 1,000 species in the world, Colonel Bingham, enu- merates 90 as occurring in British India of which number some 42 will be- mentioned here. The family is represented in all countries and in all climates from 18,000 feet elevation to sea-level according to species and genera, in the driest regions as weli as in districts possessing the heaviest rainfall. More particular information will be given for each genus and species here treated of in its proper place. Home representatives of the family are the Cabbage Whites, the Clouded: Yellows, the Orange-tips, the Brimstone, Bath White, &c. Some of the- genera are numerous in species and the latter are often extremely numer- ous in individuals in India as well as at home, some of the species of Catopsilia, Appias, Terias, Colotis extremely so in India. Like the Cabbage White at home Catopsilia crocale and C. pyranthe as well as Appias libythea and fzppo are veritable pests in certain years, defoliating every foodplant. in certain localities to such an extent that millions of the caterpillars die of starvation. The phenomenon is perhaps not as noticeable as at home for the very sufficient reason that the results of a visitation do not affect. people in the same way because the trees that the insects feed upon are not of any economic importance to human beings as food. Nonetheless, however, is it a wonderful sight to see millions of larve covering the trunks of huge trees, descending from the leafless branches in search of the- wherewithal to further their growth. In such numbers they come that,. literally, not an inch of bark is visible; often they are packed three deep one on top of the other. A vast number must, of course, die for the odds. are against any of this host finding a new tree to ascend; and, even if they did, the probabilities of their finding any leaves on it would be very slight indeed. In such seasons of prolific broods of larvee the imagines or- perfect insects appear in such numbers that, when disturbed from their resting places beneath the leaves in the jungles, they nearly darken the air in yellow clouds (Catopsilia). It is easily conceivable that, were these- butterflies to remain stationary in any single locality, there would be but small chance for their progeny. They seem to instinctively know this for they migrate in countless numbers to other districts. These migra-- tions have been noticed by travellers in many parts of the world. All fly in one direction to start with and Colonel Bingham says that he has noticed that the flight is against the wind. He remarks that one of the 5 1142 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1, consequences of the dispersal of individuals thus effected leads to the breaking down of distinctions between local races thus preventing varia- tion in the insects of widely separated districts. These migrating Pieride are all very strong fliers and some individuals would doubtless go far from their place of origin ; in the course of a few years, probably hundreds of “mniles. The prevailing colouring is, as already stated, white, often suffused with -some shade of yellow above as well as below, the upperside often with black bordering which is subject to variation in extent and intensity ac- -cording to the season, sometimes, indeed, affecting very nearly the whole surface in the so-called wet-season broods where the dry-season individuals are lightly marked. In certain genera (Colots) we get species that are ‘salmon-coloured, in others (Colotis, Hebomoia, Ivias) the apex of the forewing in some species has an orange or yellow or carmine patch; in Prioneris and Delias the underside of the hindwing may have a broad red terminal border or basal red spots ; Pareronia has in the male some shade of light blue with black veining and border on the upperside ; in Appias the underside in certain species is subject to suffusion with deep yellow while Terzas is always some shade of yellow above and below. Fresh young shoots that ‘appear in the hot weather in India produce large specimens with extensive, intense black markings while the comparatively hard, dry leaves of the cold weather result in smaller and much lighter insects. Now, in the generality of cases, dry, hard leaves mean slow feeding, consequently slow larval growth and large, light specimens; new, tender leaves have the effect of allowing quicker growth, producing smaller, darker individuals. In the Piertde, seemingly, the rate of growth of the larva is more or less constant whatever the quality of the food available and, therfore, the more food and the easier it is to assimilate, the larger the resulting imagine is. All the larvee of the family are voracious eaters and feed upon soft-leafed trees and bushes or upon herbaceous plants the young shoots of which are fast growing and very juicy ; the soft leaves admit of the quantity of food being always sufficiently easily assimilable to produce the normal growth and the great softness of the new shoots gives an extra impetus to increasing the size, while their extreme juiciness produces the exuberance of black pigment which is so remarkable in the family. ‘he colouration of the wings is characteristic at all seasons and its style never varies though the extent may ; even on the undersides the style is constant and there is nothing ever to be found of the curious seasonal dimorphism existing in some nympaline and satyrine butterflies. The shapes of the wings are the same at all seasons, also though, perhaps, Yerias leta has the apex of the forewing more produced in the cold weather. The larger whites are very strong, fast fliers and progress in the skipping style, in successive undulations, Hebomoia, Catopsilia; Delias, however COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 1148 though large, has weak wings and flutters straight ahead. Most of the lesser species fly straight along in the usual way except Leptosia which is peculiar in having a slow sailing, deliberate flight of its own. They rest on the undersides of leaves with the wings closed over their backs; Hebomoia often rests on the ground with the forewings sunk down between the hinder ones so as to show only the darker parts and is then very difficult to see. They are all fond of the sunlight with the exception of Pareronia and Leptosia which are insects of the jungles while the’ others affect more open ground. Catopsilia and Prioneris often fly high over the ‘tree tops while most of the others keep close to the ground ; Hebomoia is also often to be seen high up in the air. They all are fond of flowers and Catopsilia, -Appias, Prioneris, Terias come to moist spots in nallas and on ‘roads in immense numbers during the hot weather. The egg is cylindrical, narrowed towards the top but very shortly, generally twice as high as broad, with longitudinal ridges some of which join before they reach the top, their ends forming a circle of little teeth -or a crown round the micropile, the surface generally finely transverse- lined. The colour is white, generally changing to yellow or orange, sometimes very light with red blotches or rings. They are mostly laid singly on a young shoot, on the edge of a leaf, generally on the upper or lower surface. Colotis amata however lays them in batches of 20 to 40, ‘sometimes less, on the undersides of leaves and Anapheis mesentina likewise ‘though, as this insect generally affects Capparis aphylla as the foodplant -of the larve, they are laid on the twigs, there heing, as a rule, no ‘leaves. The larvee are always without processes of any sort and are generally -some shade of green with transverse depressed fine lines, mostly 7 to each segment, each interval between two lines with a row of black or white tubercles, each with a hair growing out of the top; some have a. heavy fringe of fine, longish hairs along the sides in the subspiracular region but this is not very common. The head is always round, the anal segment ‘sometimes more or less bifid, the general shape of the body being cylindri- cal, very slightly thickest in the middle. Anapheis mesentina has a colour- ed larva with a broad ochreous dorsal band and brown-purple sides. Most -of the caterpillars are spotted indistinctly under the skin and have a dorsal or spiracular white band or line, or both. They are not very active, some of them drop from the leaf when disturbed; the great majority rest ‘in the middle of the upperside of a leaf, lying along the midrib on a bed of silk and generally full stretched though some occasionally sit with the front part raised, others with the hinder end in the air. As a tule they eject a sort of green liquid from the mouth when disturbed but -do not otherwise possess any visible way of defending themselves. A few turn pink before pupating. 1144 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. The pupa is of two types, one somewhat resembling a smooth Papilio: chrysalis with a frontal beak and ventrally bulged wings; the other quite- different, having the dorsal middle segments produced horizontally out- wards in triangular sharp teeth, the dorsal line of the thorax angled and the head produced into a generally upwards-curved snout. They all have the tail and body-band fixture of the Papilionide ; the former suspend- ing themselves as in that family, the latter angled ones often lying hori- zontally on the top of a leaf and closely pressed against it, 7.e., with a very short body-band. All wriggle when touched, the motion being a side to side one from the segments 9, 10, 11; the junctions of segments 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, being so formed as to permit of this which, by the way, is- common to all lepidopterous pupz. Sometimes this wriggling is accom- panied by a slight, dull knocking noise. The larvze all eat voraciously, grow fast and the pupal stage is never prolonged. They are often much parisitised by ichneumons and filies,. the most unfortunate in this respect being various species of Terias and Colotis. The caterpillars offer so few points of difference in shape and colour that a classification of the genera according to them would be rather difficult as- the little pattern that exists may be quite absent in species that normally have it quite strongly developed; the size and number of the tubercles is also liable to variation. Another objection is, and it is perhaps the chief one, there is not very much material to go on for there are many of the larval and pupal stages not yet worked out. One large classifica- tion on the pupz is possible, as for example: Smooth, normal pupz, suspending themselves like the Papilionide ; Genera Leptosia, Catopsilia, Ivias, Hebomoia, Terias, Colotis, Pareronia. Angulated pupe, with tail-fixing and close body-band, formed often on the upperside of a leaf or other horizontal position: Delias, Prioneris,. Anapheis, Appias, Huphina, Colhas, Pieris. The first group might be further subdivided into two by the shape as. follows :— Normal pupz with slight ventral wing-bulge and short snout; Genera Leptosia, Catopsiia, Hebomoia, Terias and Colotis with the exception of Colotis eucharis. Abnormal pape with very accentuated ventral wing-bulge, the body laterally compressed and a long curved snout: Genera Ivias, Pareronia and Colotis eucharis. Here again, in the first sub-group Catopsilia and Hebomoia could easily be separated from Leptosta-Terias-Colotis and it is possible to separate Catopsilia from Hebomova by the shape of the larvee and their colouration. as : Larva distinctly flanged on the spiracular line, glaucous green in colour, JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC. PLATH ES THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. Horace Knight, del. Hentschel-Colourtype. THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PEAINS VOR, ENDIA. EXPLANATION oF PLATE I, . 98. Leptosia xyphia, a ,» 09. Delias eucharis, ¢; 59 a, 9 «OO: Anapheeis mesentina, ¢; 60 a, 9 ,» 6l. Huphina nerissa, g; 61 a, 9 , 62. Ixias marianne, ¢ ,, 69. Pereronia hippia, ¢ COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1145 swollen about segments 3, 4 with a spiracular line of irridescent tubercles : Hebomova. Larva normally cylindrical all along, green or yellowish green, a white spiracular band and transverse rows of black tubercles to each segment, those immediately above the spiracular band generally more or less strong- ly developed forming a black supraspiracular band : Catopsilia. The larva again of Leptosia might be separated off from Tertas-Colotis by the fact that it is smaller and slighter than them; but such classifica- tion is useless. The second group having angulated chrysalides may be subdivided to a certain extent as follows: Larva not green: Anapheis, Delias. And again these may be known: Larva light brown: Delzas. Larva ochreous and purplish brown in longitudinal bands: Anapheis. Larva green of some shade: Prioneris, Appias, Huphina, Colias, Pieris ‘These being insufficiently known it is impossible to further distinguish them at present. The food-plants of the members of the family are various though all (leaving out Pieris, Colias, Synchloé) belong to the Leguminose, Capparidee, Salvadoracee: Loranthacew, Euphorbiacee, as follows: Leguminosee: Terias, Catopsilia. Capparidee: Leptosia,’ Pareronia, Prioneris, Ivias, Anapheis, Huphina, ‘Colotis, Appias (except Appias ward). Loranthacee ; Delias. Euphorbiacee: Appias wardi. Salvadoracee : Colotis. Most of the larve that feed upon Capers will feed upon any Caper ; Terias will also feed upon nearly any leguminous plant; Catopsilia is nearly confined to the genus Cassia but will feed upon most of the species of that genus. 87. Leptosia xiphia.—Upperside: white; base of wings very slightly powdered with minute black scales. Forewing: costa speckled obscurely with black, apex black, the inner margin of this inwardly angulate ; a very large, somewhat pear-shaped, postdiscal spot also black. Hindwing: white, uniform ; in most specimens an obscure, extremely slender, terminal black line. Underside: white, costal margin ; and apex of forewing broadly, and the whole surface of the hindwing irrorated with transverse, very slender, greenish strigce and minute dots; these on.the hindwing have a tendency to form subbasal, medial and discal, obliquely transverse, obscure bands ; forewing : the postdiscal black spot as on the upperside ; terminal margins of both fore and hindwings with minute, black, short, transverse, slender ‘dines at the apices of the veins, that have a tendency to coalesce and form a terminal continuous line as on the upperside. Antennze dark brown 1146 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. spotted with white, head slightly brownish, thorax and abdomen white. Female similar, the black markings on the upper side of the fore wing on. the whole slightly broader, but not invariably so. Eyg.—Cylindrical, slightly swollen in middle, becoming abruptly narrow at top ; 18 longitudinal ridges of triangular section of which only six reach. the top where their ends, as minute teeth, surround the flat end. Colour blue. H: 1°2mm.; B: 0°5mm. Larva.—Head round; with very prominent, shiny, black eyes, covered with black, short, stiff, semi-appressed bristles ; smaller than segment 2 ; colour’ green. Body cylindrical, broadest at segments 4,5 and 6, thinning of sud-- denly atsegment13. Anal segment narrow, square at end with a colourless,. curved, straight hair from each corner pointing backwards, rising from a cy-- lindrical, white tubercle. The whole length of the body is lined transversly by depressed lines at equal distances from each other ; between these lines are rows of black, erect, short bristles surrounded at their bases by a circular, green mark ; there is a single row between each two lines; interspersed. among these bristles are a few white, cylindrical tubercles bearing: each an erect, white, longish hair generally carrying at its tip a drop of amber-coloured, transparent liquid; these long hairs are most numerous on. segments 2, 12 and 13. Ventrum also haired at sides. Spiracles nearly oval, very small and difficult to distinguish. Colour grey-green with an indistinct, supraspiracular, dark line, below which is a whitish spiracu- lar line; a darkish dorsal line. L.: 17mm; B: 2:5mm. Pupa.—Head small, eyes nearly hidden by the broad base of the short, conical beak. The pupa is of the type of Terias hecabe. It is slight and delicate-looking. Segment 2 broad and waved as to hinder and front margins, flattish on top. Thorax short, humped, very slightly carinated, as well as segment 2, dorsally. Sides from shoulders to segment 8 parallel. Part made up of head and segment 2 parallel-sided and narrower than shoulders. Section of abdomen from segment 9 to end circular. Constriction at segment laterally wide and slight, dorsally ordinary. Cremaster stout, square, with a dorsal depression near hinder margin. Apex of thoracic (ventral) expansion of wing cases, which is parabolic, opposite segment 7. Spiracles oval, light ordinary in size. No spiracle of segment 2 visible. Surface glabrous, very minutely transversely striated, shiny. Colour very transparent green, often suffused with pink ; a dorsal and lateral brown line the whole length of pupa, covered with pink-brown spots obsolescently and sparsely ; a lateral row of black spots on segments 3 to 12, those on segment 5 exuding a black or white liquid which dries like gum; there is one spot laterally to each segment; beak yellow with a ring of 7 black spots half way up. L: 13°6 mm.; B: 3 mm. H, at apex of wing-bulge : 4.4mm. Habits.—The egg is laid on the sadness of a leaf near the a COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 1147 ground, generally on a young leaf; the larva lives on the under- side as a very general rule, but may be found on the upperside also ; it has the slow-moving habits of the larvee of the family and does not wander far to pupate. The pupa is attached to the underside of a leaf, the tail-pad is fairly thick and the attachment therefore strong, the body band is fairly loose. The growth of the larva is fast and the duration of the pupal stage about a week. The butterfly is the weakest flier of the whole family; a flimsy little thing that never rises more than a foot or so from the ground and may at all times be found in the undergrowth, fluttering along weakly, with the wings held horizontally, open for longer intervals than is usual with any other member. Not- withstanding its small size, it is a conspicuous little insect when flying because of its pure white colour, with the single large black spot; when at rest it closes the wings, sinks the upper into the hindwings and becomes nearly invisible from the protective marking of greenish strigee and lines which cover the under- parts that remain exposed ; it sits generally on the underside of a leaf or on a thin perpendicular plant-stem or dead stick. The food-plants of its larva are Capers of probably all species except the absolutely herbaceous ones. It has been actually bred upon Capparis heyeana and Crateva religiosa in Kanara. ‘The distri- bution according to Colonel Bingham is “the lower Ranges of the Himalayas from Mussoorie to Sikkim; Central, Western and Southern India but not in the desert tracts ; Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma and Tenasserim ; extending to China and the Malayan Subregion.”’ What is meant here by the ‘“‘ desert tract’ is not exactly known. If Sind is included in the term, then the statement is wrong (the italics are not Colonel Bingham’s) for the insect has been seen often in the neighbourhood of Karachi and in other parts of that country ; it is not uncommon in Gadag and Bijapur of the Bombay Presidency. ‘The probability is that it exists anywhere there are opportunities for the food-plants to grow. ‘The little butterfly is not subject to much seasonal variation ; it only affects the tone of the green on the underside and, to a very limited extent, the size of the black markings on the upperside as also their intensity. 1148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI, 88. Delias hierta-—male and female closely resemble D. eucharis, but can be distinguished as follows :—male upperside : fore wing: the black margins to the veins more diffuse ; the transverse, postdiscal fascia diffuse, ill-defined, oblique, not parallel to termen in its lower portion but terminated at apex of vein 2 ; the apical portion of the wing beyond the fascia more or less so thickly shaded with black scales as to leave the white lanceolate spaces between the veins (so prominent in eucharis) ill-defined and obscure. Hind wing white, the black venation and terminal narrows, black border as well as the subterminal vermilion-red spots between the veins on the underside show through by transparency. Underside: fore wing as in eucharis, but the back margins to the veins much broader and the postdiscal, transverse fascia as on the upperside, oblique but broader. Hind wing differs from that of eucharis in the much deeper chrome-yellow tint of the ground- colour, the postdiscal, black, curved fascia that in eucharis separates the yellow from the subterminal vermilion-red spots entirely wanting, the red spots themselves pointed inwardly, not subcordate, they conspicuously increase in size posteriorly. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen similar to those of eucharis. Female differs from the female of eucharis on the upper- ‘side by the very much darker shading, especially on the forewing and by the postdiscal, transverse band which is as in the male oblique but broader. Hind wing also more darkly shaded, the postdiscal, transverse, curved, black band entirely absent. Underside as in the male but darker, the fore- wing especially more thickly shaded with black scaling, the preapical inter- Spaces tinged with yellow. Antennz, thorax and abdomen similar to those in eucharis. Hxpanse : 78-84mm. Habits.—As far as is known the species has not been bred. Specimens from the Himalayas are said to be paler than those from Burma and have the yellow on hind wing on the underside often restricted to the base and to the posterior half of wing. There are two very nearly allied races or species called D. meta- rete and ethira from Southern Tenasserim and Madras; Orissa; Lower Bengal, respectively. D. hierta exists in the Himalayas from Kumaon to Sikhim in the low, hot valleys; Bengal ; Calcutta (de Nicéville) ; Assam ; Burma to Northern Tenasserim ; extending to Siam. The larva of another species from Nepal, Sikhim, Assam, Burma, Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula and Borneo and, on the east, to South China, namely, D. aglaia, is, from the description, probably very similar to that of our D. eucharis ; but is said to feed upon Nauclea rotundifolia a species belonging to the family Rubiacee. 4 COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 1149 89. Delias eucharis. Upperside: white. Fore wing: the veins broadly ‘black, this colour broadeved triangularly at the termination of the veins, .costal margin narrowly black; a broad, black, postdiscal, transverse band from costa to dorsum, sloped obliquely outwards from costa to vein 4, thence parallel to termen. Hind wing with the veins similar but for three-fourths of their length much more narrowly black ; a postdiscal, transverse, black band as on the fore wing but much narrower, curved and extended only ‘between veins 2 and 6; beyond this the veins are more broadly black and ‘this colour, as on the fore wing, broadens out triangularly at the temina- -tion of the veins ; the interspaces beyond the postdiscal, black band pink, due to the vermilion coloration of the underside showing through. Under- stde : fore wing similar but the black edging to the veins much broader, the upper two interspaces beyond the postdiscal, transverse band tinged with yellow. Hind wing: ground-colour bright yellow, the veins and trans- verse, postdiscal band as on the upperside but much more broadly black, the latter extended from the costa to vein 2; the interspaces between the veins beyond the postdiscal fascia with a series of broadly lanceolate or cone-shaped, vermilion-red spots, each spot very narrowly edged with white ; the basal portion of interspace 6 white, in contrast to the bright yellow of the ground-colour. Antenne black; head, thorax and abdomen white, the apical joint of the palpi black; the head and thorax with a ‘mixture of black hairs that gives these parts a grey-blue appearance. Upper and undersides similar to those in the female, but the black edging to the veins and the postdiscal, transverse bands on both fore and hind wings ‘very much broader. EHxpanse: 80-85mm. F9g.—Uight yellow in colour; white immediately after laying ; very ‘shiny, of an ordinary size, ovoid in shape, truncated at bottom, standing erect, smooth with indications of course longitudinal striation. Larva.—(P1. 1, figure 17.) Head round, flattish, black, with a white line at base of jaws and mandibles; antennz white, black tipped. Body cylindrical ; 2nd segment slightiy smaller than head; anal segment ends round and is short. The colour of the body isa greasy, greenish-yellow brown. The front half of the 2nd segment is white, with a black patch dorsally behind the white part; there is a lateral white line on segments 2 and 8. The head is sparsely covered with long, white hairs, those near the ‘top of face being longer than the others. The 2nd segment has a collar of ‘6 longish white hairs. There is a subdorsal row of long, white, erect hairs, one to each segment proceeding each from a white tubercle; there is also a dorsolateral and supraspiracular row of white hairs, each hair proceeding from a white tubercle. The body is besides covered with small white tubercles, each surmounted by a small erect, white hair. Spiracles smallish, oval, light. Ventrum yellow. L: 40mm.; B: ‘6mm. 6 1150 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT, Pupa,—(P1.1, figure 17.) Head round in front surmounted on its vertex by two subdorsal jcylindrical, round-topped, short tubercles, one on each. side; and with a single central, short spherical, very short-pedicelled' tubercle, pointing straight forward. 2nd segment highly carinated in. dorsal line and slightly convex. Thorax also carniated in dorsal line, but: separated from 2nd segment by a depression, sloping up considerably to: apex and down again to 4th segment, short, with a broad base-short tubercle on the shoulder, convex. Wing-line very slightly laterally ex-- panded at the commencement, flush afterwards. Abdomen circular in. transverse section, swollen at the 7th segment which is the stoutest part of the body, decreasing gradually afterwards to the stout triangular cremaster which is curved down at the end. There is a dorsal row of pointed, conical, rather large tubercles, a subdorsal row of much smaller ones on segments 2 to 12 (the dorsal ones only on seg— ments 6to 11) and a supraspiracular row on segments 3 to 9. The surface is glabrous, shiny, and of a slightly greenish, light yellow. The front tubercle of head, all the dorsal tubercles, the lateral tubercles. of segments 6 to 9, are shiny black. There is a shiny black mark dorsally on the very front of the thorax, on the eye-ball, and behind the shoulder-tuhbercle ; also, generally, a black, curved line round the front: of the shoulder-tubercle, round the front of the eye-ball, and triangular marks along the terminal margin of wings, six to each; the antennz are sometimes transversely striated with black and the imner margin of wings, underside of head and space between the antenne are often thickly lined with black; the abdomen is patched laterally with black on. the 10th to 12th segments ; the sides, underside, the base of cremaster are marked more or less with the same shiny black. L: 25mm.; B: 7mm. Habits.—The eggs are laid in batches of 10 to 20 on the under- side of a leaf, without order of any sort though close together. The larvee on emerging proceed to eat the egg-shell and generally demolish each its own totally before moving off. The whole brood then goes off one after the other, closely following each other, to the margin of the leaf which is nearly always an old one and never a very young one. They commence feeding side by side, finishing one leaf after another; and they live like this right through all the stages. They are always badly parasitised and generally by Dirtera or flies. They are sluggish in their movements and drop by a silk when disturbed, though not very readily. When about to pupate, each larva goes off by itself and ties itself up by a tail-pad and body-string to a horizontal or perpendicular surface, the attachment being strong and the body- COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 1151 string close. The butterfly takes about a week to emerge and all’ _of one brood do not necessarily emerge the same day because the’ larvee take uneven periods to grow, some getting ahead of others ; so the pupation of a brood does not all take place on the same day; some individuals may be several days behind the main body. The’ perfect insects are weak fliers and flutter about, hardly ever flying straight; they frequent trees and are generally found flying round them, mango trees being particular favourites as they are’ such good hosts for the parasitic mistletoes, Loranthus of various species. They fly fairly high as a rule and keep to places where there is tree-growth because of the food-plant which is only found on woody vegetation. They rest with the wings closed over the back, are found on the wing in all weather and occasionally may be seen drinking at moist patches on roads and in river-beds in the hot weather; they also frequent flowers; and generally sit down to enjoy their repast, never hovering or agitating their wings (few whites do this) while thus engaged ; they come to a complete rest. The food-plantis Loranthus of various species as already stated and it has been bred upon JL. longiflorus, Desrouss ; elasticus, Desrouss, and scurrula, L., but nearly certainly feeds upon them all. The distribution is the Himalayas up to 7,000 feet; the whole of continental India except the desert tracts ; Ceylon. There are 7 species of Delias enumerated by Colonel Bingham for British India, with four Races; 11 forms, that is, of which 4 have been alluded to above, and have red terminal markings on the underside. D. descombesi, Boisd., from Sikhim,: Butan, Assam, Burma, Tenasserim, Siam, Malay Peninsula has red basal markings as well as D. aglaia, L., with a nearly similar distribution but extending to Borneo and China; and D. thysbe, Cramer, from the same places as descombesi. Delias agostina, Hewtson, and D. belladonna, Fabr., have no red markings on the underside ; they are both Himalayan, extending to Assam; the latter from Kulu eastwards extending to China, the former limited westwards by Nepal and not found in China. Khanda, Doherty, is a form or race of thysbe; agoranis, Grose-Smith, of agostina. 90. Prioneris sitaa @. Upperside: white, with a slight glaucous tint. Fore and hind wings: the postdiscal markings of the wnderside seen- 1152 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1, through faintly by transparency ; all the veins of the fore wing from base and the veins of the hind wing on the outer third margined narrowly with black, that towards the terminal margin broadens, coalesces, and forms a band on the extreme margin; on the fore wing this is comparatively broad and the black markings more or less triangular; at each vein on the hind wing the band is reduced to mere black lines, slightly broader anteriorly than posteriorly. Underside: fore wing white, costa black, apex suffused with yellow, all the veins from the base broadly bordered with black that does not extend towards their apices; an ill-defined transverse, some- what diffuse ; postdiscal black band from veins 1 to 7. Hind wing: rich chrome-yellow up to a postdiscal black band, beyond which the ground-colour is white with a series of large, terminal, vermillion-red, rectangular or truncated, cone-shaped spots ; veins from base bordered somewhat narrowly but conspicuously with black. Antennz brownish black, head and thorax clothed with long bluish-grey hairs, abdomen glaucous white ; beneath : the palpi and thorax greyish white, abdomen white. Female very similar, the black edgings to the veins on fore and hind wings on both upper and undersides broader; on the upperside the veins of the hind wing as well as of the fore being black right up to the base. Upperside: fore and hind wings with a well marked, dusky-black, postdiscal, diffuse band ; cell of the fore wing traversed by three slender, longitudinal, black lines. Underside: the yellow and vermillion tints brighter than in the male. Expanse : 86-90mm. Larva.—Colour dull blue-green. Head and all the segments dotted with minute blue tubercles, those on the head and sides black-tipped ; dorsal surface pubescent ; a lateral fringe of soft white hairs below the spiracles. Pupa.—“ Bright green. Sharply pointed at the head, with two strong lateral points and keeled on dorsal surface of thoracic segments; an interrupted, yellow, dorsal line, and a short, curved, crimson line on each side below thoracic segments bordering a small, white, irregular, black- speckled spot.” (E. E. Green, MS. note as quoted by Moore.) This description has been taken from Bingham’s butterjies in the Fauna of British India. In another pupa obtained in the Kanara District of the Bombay Presidency there was no sign of the crimson-bordered, black- speckled spot. It was very like the pup of the Appzas (v. Pl. 1, fig. 18a) genus only larger and stouter. The butterfly is certainly not ever found in the plain country but will be met with at Mahableshwar hill-station in the Bombay Presidency and, may be, further north as far as Thana in the hilly jungles. Itis extremely like Delias ewcharis at first sight but has much more pointed wings and is a far faster and stronger flier ; the red on the underside of hindwing is of a pinker tint and the whole insect is more aristocratic looking. It inhabits the big evergreen jungles of the Western JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC. PLATE ip THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. Horace Knight, del. Hentschel-Colourtype. THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. HXPLANATION OF PLATE J. ig. 64. Catopsilia pyranthe, ¢; 64a, 9°. 7 16. Uxias pyrene, 5 69.2, b, O42. , 66. Hebomoia australis, ¢; 66a, @. , 6¢. Colotis etrida, g; 67a, °. BAM Sho oi) eI ite ie COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1153 Ghats in Bombay and generally keeps to the very tops of trees, and the trees are very large and tall. On the hill tops, however, where there are huge boulders and rocks, often with the food-plant growing over them, P. sita may be found, in certain localities, within the radius of a long- handled net ; but it is never an easy insect to catch. It is very quick at dodging and never flies slowly although it constantly, in such places, returns again and again over the same route. It appears about 8 o’clock in the morning and likes the sunshine; after 2 p.m. it disappears. It comes to damp places on roads and in nalla-beds in the hot days preced- ing the monsoon with P. antiphates, P. doson and others, and may then be most easily caught by dropping a net over the whole crowd ; but the spots and times where the exact conditions that attract it exist, are not often met with and so it comes about that it is one of the most difficult insects to get. It will come to a decoy under the last conditions so that one may capture a certain number if fortunate in time and place. All thus captured are, however, males ; the females neither fly round the hill-tops nor come to drink on the ground. They may occasionally be seen round the food- plants but even that is rare. The larva feeds upon Capers ; it certainly will be found on Capparis horrida L, for the Kanara chrysalis above alluded to was found on a leaf of that climber. The distribution is Southern India and Ceylon. There are two other Indian species, P. thestylis, Dblday, with a wide distribution from Mussoorie to Sikhim in the Himalayas ; Assam ; Burma; Tenasserim and Siam ; and P. clemantha from Sikhim, Butan, Assam, Burma, Tenasserim and Siam. All three are remarkably like species of Delzas. 91. Anaphaeis mesentina. Wet-season form. Male wpperstde: white. Forewing : costa to base of vein 11 dusky black, thence continued in a jet-black, gradually widened, curved, short streak along the discocellulars to the lower apex of cell: apical area diagonally with the termen black; the former with six elongate, outwardly pointed spots of the ground colour enclosed one in each of the interspaces 3, 4, 5, 6,8 and 9. Hindwing: uniform, the black along the venation on the underside seen through by transparency ; termen between veins 2 and 6 somewhat broadly black, with a series of four round spots of the ground-colour in the interspaces; below vein 2 and above vein 6 the termen is very narrowly black. Under- side; forewing white, marking similar, more clearly defined, the white spots within the black apical area larger. Hind wing: yellowish-white, all the veins very broadly bordered with black; interspaces 1, 2, 6 and 7 with cross bars of black, beyond which there is a subterminal, somewhat: broad, transverse band of black, between veins 2 and 6. Cilia of both fore and hindwings white alternated with black. The ground-colour on both upper and undersides variable, often cream-coloured above; beneath: in | some specimens, the base of cell and the elongate spots in apical area of fore- 1154 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT, wing and the whole surface of the hind wing varies to rich chrome-yellow. Female similar ; the black markings on both upper and undersides broader, the white spots on black apical area of forewing often sub-obsolete above. Antenne in both sexes black, sparsely sprinkled with whitel dots ; head, thorax and abdomen above and below white ; thorax above _often bluish grey. Dry-season form. Male and female: similar to male and — female of wet-season form, but on the upperside the black markings are narrower, the white markings on the black apical area of forewing broader and longer, and on the hindwing the narrow inner margining to the black .on the termen very narrow, somewhat obsolescent ; therefore, the white subterminal spots have the appearance of opening inwards. Underside: ground colour almost pure white; on the hindwing slightly tinged with yellow. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the wet-season form. Expanse: 42-62mm. Egg.—I\s of the usual type of pierid egg, cylindrical with a domed top, twice as high as broad, the dome truncated in a small circle at apex where the 12 meridional ridges, triangular in tranverse section, meet in a thickened ring, their extremities hardly forming teeth round it or on it; the surface is shiny and finely, transversely striated both on the ridges and intervening parts. Colour white when laid, turning orange. L.: ‘5mm; B: about ‘25 mm. Larva.—The first stage of the little larva has the head black and shiny, set with long, white hairs; the colour of the body is oily yellowish-green and there isa dorsolateral hair to each segment carrying a globule of liquid at its tip; the anal end is reddish. The second stage is very much the same as the first in colour of head and body and everything except size which is of course somewhat larger. The third stage has the head black, shiny with a bright yellow, triangular clypeus and it is set all over with white bristles proceeding from minute tubercles. The body is cylindrical and has the usual subdorsal, dorso- lateral, supraspiracular tubercles as well as one subspiracular, each bearing an erect bristle at its tip. Body green with a broad, supraspiracular, purple-brown band. Fourth stuge—WHead shiny black with rather long, erect hairs which are either white or the colour of the head; a yellow line bordering the clypeus distinct. Anal segment rounded in outline, though inclined to be square-ended, about as long as broad, only slightly convex dorsally , with two yellow, vitreous tubercles, one on each side of dorsal line. Body surface oily-looking with the usual tubercles, subdorsal, dorsolateral and supraspiracular, yellow, vitreous and conical, each bearing a short, brown hair which may exude a globule of liquid from its tip; there is a subspiracular tubercle, bearing a longish white hair, as large as these; besides these amain tubercles there are many minute ones, each bearing a short, fine, COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1155 white hair; there is a subspiracular fringe of rather long, fine, white hairs which is, however, not very thick. Spiracles broadly round, not Jarge, light with a raised, shiny, thin, brown border. Colour of body greenish ochreous, with a broad supraspiracular band mottled with white, the region below it white enamelled with blotches of green, brown and yellow ; there is a dorsal, double green line. When the larva is full-grown it has the head very dark purplish with a moderately large, rather narrowly triangular, greenish clypeus bordered inside narrowly purple, outside broadly green; surface of head shiny, rough with many tubercles, mostly white, all rather small except a sub- dorsal one just below vertex and a dorsolateral one about the same height as the apex of clypeus and one near base which are larger and vitreous- yellow ; all bear white hairs, the larger ones longer hairs than the rest ; labrum, ligula, eyes and second antennal joint whitish ; basal antennal joint green. Surface of body as in the last stage, the main tubercles perhaps slightly less conspicuous, each bearing a short, brown, cylindrical hair hardly longer than the numerous lesser white ones which are practically the same as inthe last stage also. Spiracles not large, flush, oval, light with a thin, shiny, brownish, slightly raised border, those of segments 2 and 12 larger than the rest. Colour much as in last stage, the purple band only dotted with the little white tubercles; the region below it greenish mottled brown; the base of prolegs purplish, the feet lobed, light greenish like ventrum; the true legs the same with purple patch on basal part; the broad, green-ochreous, dorsal colour finishes square at the hinder margin of seg- ment 12 or nearly so. L: 35mm.; B: 4mm. Pupa.—The pupa is somewhat of the type of the Appias-huphina lot although the points are not quite so prominent and the dorsal parts of the segments that bear them are notso flattened. The body is thickest at middle; the 7th segment is swollen at the anterior margin very slightly and runs out over spiracle laterally into a triangular, very prominent, sharp tooth which is flattened above and below and curved up a good deal, it bears the spiracle on its lower surface in its posterior basal angle; the ‘thorax is carinated highly in its dorsal line and the apex of the carination, ~ a little behind the middle of thoracic length, is the highest part of pupa, whence the dorsal line slopes anteriorly to segment 2 and posteriorly to segment 5. The vertex of head is in a plane only slightly inclined towards longitudinal axis of pupa, is short and with the eyes on each side is as broad as segment 2; fronsis produced out into a curved-up snout, from a conical base as broad as half the breadth of front of pupa, soon thinning to 3rd of that, then more or less parallel-sided, suddenly constricted shortly; before the blunt tip; this snout is as long as segment 2. Segment 2.is'carinated in dorsal line though much less than the thorax, is rather convex transversely and has the front margin with a dorsal sinus, the hinder 1156 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. margin straight and slopes up towards thorax at a small angle. The thorax. is very convex, not long, highly carinated as already mentioned in. dorsal line, the hinder margin a gentle curve meeting the wing-line- in a largely-rounded, open angle of rather less than 90°. There is a slight constriction between thorax and abdomen dorsally, none laterally. The pupa at shoulders is broader than at the hinder margin of segment 2, and slightly tuberculate, after which the breadth of the body gradually decreases up to base of the lateral tooth on segment 7; after this it again decreases gradually to cremaster ; the keel of the thorax runs into the dorsal line of segment 4 ; the ventral line of pupa is: only slightly curved along suture-line of wings towards apices of these, the ventral line of snout of head is in a higher though parallel plane to the rest. The cremaster is square, forming, as usual, the end of segment 13: which is trapeze-shaped : the former has strong extensor ridges dorsally, ending behind in little knobs, the suspensory booklets being at the extre-- mity between the knobs ; the ventral ridges are curved towards each other. The surface of pupa is finely transversely impressed-lined, mostly very. irregularly so though fairly closely ; on the thorax and front segments the lines are in all directions ; the membranes (intersegmental) between seg-- ments 8, 9 and 10 are broadly exposed ; the subdorsal and supraspira- cular tubercles of larva exist here as conspicuous, small, nearly hemis- pherical bosses on all segments but bear no hairs; the dorsolateral ones are- less prominently indicated at hinder margin of segments; the antennz reach end of wings. The spiracles of segment 2 are indicated by a rounded slight thickening in a curve of front margin of segment 3, rather long and’ smooth ; others.are white, broadly oval, of medium size, with a fine, brown border, slightly raised; there are short, fine hairs round eyes and on head vertex only. The colour of pupa is green with a faint supraspiracular band representing those of the larva; top of thoracic carina is black behind, yellowish in front; end of snout is yellow, the sides are black as also» shoulder points and teeth of segment 7 ; tubercles all black ; abdomen tinged yellow ; wings marked with black ; the surface of abdomen is also» pitted. Sometimes the pupa is greyish bone-coloured and then the tubercles are bright orange-yellow. L: 23mm .; B: 26mm. Habits.—The eggs are laid in clusters up to 200 in a batch om the young shoots or the undersides of young leaves; the larvae eat their way out near the top as a rule and as often as not do not eat the egg-shell ; they herd together during the first stages but separate in the last, feeding all the time on the young succulent parts of the plant; they eat voraciously and grow rapidly like all the others of the family. The pupation often takes place in: company, one close up agamst the other on a perpendicular « — COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1157 surface or horizontal, on the upperside or underside of a leaf or against a stone or tree-trunk indiscriminately. The fixture is strong at the tail and the body-band is short. The females of a brood emerge before the males. The butterfly is a fairly strong flier and keeps to open places and the hot sunshine; it flies low and is fond of resting on the ground with its wings closed over its back and, in dull weather, the upper wings drawn down between the lower ones. As may be imagined from the number of eggs laid in a single batch, the perfect insects are very numerous wherever they exist, notwithstanding the fact that the larvee are so subject to parasitic attack. It is an insect of the plains and dry regions more particularly, although it exists up to 6,000 feet elevation in the Himalayas and 8,000 feet in the Nilgiris; it is not uncommon near the sea-coast in Kanara where the rainfall is over 100 inches. Its food-plants are all Capers and it has been bred on Capparis aphylla, C. sepiaria, C. heyeana, Cadaba indica and Merua arenaria, the latter two species also belonging to the Capparidee. Its distribution is the Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikhim up to 6,000 feet, and through the plains to Southern India; one specimen is recorded as having been caught in Great Nicobar Island, though it has not been recorded from Burma or Assam ; in the west through Persia to Arabia and Africa. There is one form of the insect which by some is considered another species, A. taprobana, Moore, that occurs in Ceylon, in which the male resembles the female of the typical form and the female has the whole apical area of the forewing black; in both sexes the underside of hindwing has the ground-colour, a rich chrome- yellow. ~I 1158 NOTES ON A BIRD COLLECTING TRIP IN THE BALAGHAT DISTRICT OF THE CENTRAL PROVINCES. BY KH. A. D’ABRED, F.Z.S. Karly in January 1912, I had the good fortune to be deputed to collect birds in the Balaghat District for the Nagpur Museum. The express purpose of the expedition was to secure such specimens as were not represented in the Museum and accordingly no wholesale slaughter of birds was indulged in, only such specimens were shot as were needed. A list of the birds seen and identified with certainty is given, but this cannot be considered complete, for only a part of the district was traversed and that very hurriedly. The District of Balaghat lies to the north-east of Nagpur. Itis bounded on the north by the Mandla District, on the south by the Bhandara District, west by Seoni and east by the districts of Bilaspur and Drug. It is mostly hilly except for the valleys of the Wainganga and the Banjar. To the north-east is the Topla Plateau. Heavy forests are plentiful and large quantities of timber exported. Other industries appear to be mainly agricultural, and cattle-rearing is carried on in some parts. Manganese ore is plentiful and there are several companies excavating it. The party consisted of five : myself, a fieldman, two peons, one of whom was kindly lent to us by the Forest Department, and a cook. Before begin- ning this account I would like to mention that this is the first time I have collected in the Central Provinces and I had absolutely no knowledge of the country. Country carts were available in most places and these formed our mode of conveyance from one stage to another. The party left Nagpur on the morning of the 3rd and reached Balaghat in the afternoon ; here we found carts and the Forest Officer’s shooting chakra waiting for us. A chakra is a bullock cart built on a very light scale, suitable to seat one or two persons at the most. This chakra differed a great deal from the common ones used by the natives; there was a hood to it and the seat was in the form of a chair and on either side of it was arack torestcne’s guns in. A common practice in the Central Pro- vinces is to shoot from off a bullock cart, antelope and such like are so used to seeing these vehicles pass near them that they have lost all fear of them and the sportsman is able to get well within range which most probably he could not do on foot. Carts can also be used in forests if the ground is not very uneven and the forest not too dense; moreover most forests have eart roads running through them. On our arrival at Balaghat station we proceeded to the Dak Bungalow NOTES ON A COLLECTING TRIP IN THE BALAGHAT. 1159 for the night and that very evening collected our first specimen, a Blac':- headed Oriole (Ovolus melanocephalus). This bird and the Indian Criole (O. kundoo) are the common orioles of the Central Provinces. At Nagpur © O. kundoo is common while O. melanocephalus is rare, but in this district the reverse seems to be the case. O., melanozephalus is common everywhere while O. kundoo was only met with at Baihar. The next day a move was made to the Tikari Inspection Hut, a distance of seven miles from Balaghat. Here we were near the hills and close to heavy forest. The Bungalow is between the villages of Pipartola and Tikari; a nulla runs along the side of the Bungalow and close to the Tikari village is a large jheel which we visited the next morning. As we approached it a large flock of Painted Storks were visible on a tree on the other side o: the jheel, Egrets of two or three species studded the edges, their white plumage showing distinctly among the green surroundings, a Darter or two were seated on adjoining trees and the usual set of waders (Herons, Sandpipers, etc.) were to be seen here and there in all directions but no ducks were visible. We decided to begin with the Painted Storks, but they flew off in a body on my approach to a tree on the other s.de of the jheel. I attempted to follow but in a bend of the jheel came across an Adjutant Stork feeding all by himself. He was more of a prize to me, being the first one I had set eyes on in the Central Provinces, but before I could put in a cartridge suitable to his size, he was off and perched himself on a distant tree. He was followed up but would not allow me to get within range. In the meantime his painted brethren had also made themselves scarce but we consoled ourselves with the hope of shooting them later on. We returned to the bungalow working our way along the nullah; here we secured specimens of Tickell’s Flowerpecker (Dicwum erythrorhynchus) and a Jungle Owlet Glaucidium radiatum). The latter seemed quite awake although it was midday. Near the nullah we saw a troop of about fifty monkeys (Presbytis entellus), most of them were sjuatting on the ground and gave one the im- pression of labourers working ina field. They showed no fear of us and when a gun was levelled at them they did not seem to know the meaning of it. Nore were shot as we did not want them. We visited the same spot the next day and we found the monkeys still on the same ground. I made it a point to visit the spot every day and to my surprise I found them on the same spot for six days. In the afternoon shots were fired at some White- necked Storks but none were bagged. The next morning we visited the jheel again and the Painted Storks were on the same tree they had occupied the day before. This time I sent my fieldman for them with instructions to fire if he got well within range, while I hid against the tree they made for yesterday. To my delight they went through the same tactics they did before, but instead of settling straight away, they took it 1160 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XT. into their heads to fly in a circle round the tree, prior to settling. It was all up, a long shot was chanced, a few feathers fell to the ground and the storks betook themselves to pasturesnew. We did the same. I made a bee line for the forest country while the fieldman consoled himself with a Brahminy Kite and made for the Bungalow, shooting en route a pair of Greenshanks and a Black Vulture. In the forest country I secured a pair of Rose Hinches, a Crested Goshawk and a large Cuckoo-Shrike. The Rose Finch is a migratory bird with us, the hen is a plain bird resembling a hen-sparrow while the cock is of a beautiful rose tint. It is a common cage bird in parts of India, especially in Behar, where it is termed the Tuti. They never seem to survive through the warm weather. On my return to the bungalow at about 1 p.m. a smell seemed to pervade the whole place and the vulture was pointed out to me as the source of the same. There was no getting away from it, it could be perceived in all the rooms, even the breakfast that day had a taint of it. However the bird had to be dealt with, but it took us some time to make up our minds to skin it, nevertheless we had his skin off by sunset but we took care to sprinkle some spirit over him to deaden the smell. We had him fixed up before noon the next day and his carcase was thrown away and it was not long before the crows spotted it and this attracted the kites and other vultures. As there were no vultures in the museum we decided to finish off with them as we were about it, so a white-backed one (Pseudogyps bengalensis) was shot. It dropped into a nullah and while I was hunting for it a crowd of servants came calling forme saying that the ‘ burra saheb’ wanted to see me. This was the Deputy Commissioner who was passing through and hearing the crack of my gun came to see what I had shot. He was much interested in natural history and examined with keenness the specimens I had already collected, moreover, he very kindly offered to help the expedition, an offer which was heartily accepted. Our second vulture did not smell so bad as the first and on close inspection looked quite a handsome bird; his bill was of a fine bluish tint, his neck was grey, his back spotlessly white and his black underparts were striated with white, while round his neck was a collar of white down. The jheel was visited again the next day but it was deserted, only a Darter and another bird were sitting on the trees patronised by the storks. The Darter soon made himself scarce but we bagged the other bird which turned out to be the Little Cormorant (Phalacrocoras javanicus). Our attention was now exclusively devoted to the forest country. Sambhar, spotted deer and wild pig were very plentiful and we frequently disturbed them as we shot at small birds with our ‘fourten.’ Once I shot at a minivet and a pig jumped up a few feet from the place I stood. We came across the pugs of bears and panthers but never saw any in the flesh. One evening we disturbed a spotted deer with a very good head and that NOTES ON A COLLECTING TRIP IN THE BALAGHAT. 1161 very evening came across a pig lying down. I pointed it out to the forest guard who was with me at the time but he insisted on its being a log of wood till piggy took to his heels. We secured for ourselves a Chestnut- bellied Nuthatch and a pair of Scarlet Minivets (Pericrocotus speciosus) ; the cock is a scarlet and black bird while the hen is yellow and grey. Strange to say, the cock minivet, the moment he saw me, flew to a tree with red leaves and I have often noticed on the Himalayas P. brevirostris, a bird similarly coloured, do the same. Can this be an instance of protective coloration ? Our last day at Tikari was almost a blank; only a Pale Harrier was collected, but a bird resembling the Nilgiri Thrush was seen in the forest country. Leaving Pipartola, a move was made to Somnapur, passing Laughur en rowte. Laughur is on the hills at an altitude of 1,933 feet; itis a great place for big game shooting. After we had passed Laughur, we saw Peafowl, Jungle Fowl and Spotted Deer on the road. Once we heard the sereeches of birds resembling the call of the Malabar Pied Hornbill and attempts were made to secure them, but they were not seen. Along the roadsides lizards of the families Agamide and Scincide were plentiful and I recognised Mabuia carinata and M. macularia amongst them. The Southern Red-whiskered Bulbul, Sunbirds, White-eyes, Paradise and Grey-headed Flycatchers were very common at Laughur. We reached Somnapur at night and next morning the forests near the bungalow were visited. Some sambhar and monkeys were seen but nothing of special interest in the bird line. In the afternoon we had better luck, a jheel was visited and an Egret, some Whistling Teal and a pair of Little Ringed vers secured. A Redshank and some Jacanas were seen. On visiting the jheel the next day an Adjutant and a Heron were seen seated on a tree. On my approach the Stork took to his wings but I secured the Heron which proved to be the Common Heron ( Ardea cinerea). The Jacanas were again seen and to my delight I shot one which rolled over apparently hard hit. The Chaprassi waded for it while I moved on towards the end of the jheel after some other birds and on my return he declared the Jacana could not be found. On my way home a Pale Harrier was shot; it was observed following a pariah dog and sitting down near it whenever the dog sat down. When about two miles from the bungalow, a large Stork suddenly flew upfrom a ditch and sat on a tree. It was shot and turned out to be the Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilus javanicus). Somnapur is a great place for small birds, the trees round the bungalow simply swarmed with them, Bhimrajas ( Rackettailed Drongos) Mynas, Babblers, Hornbills, Koopoes, Barbets, Woodpeckers, Parakeets, Bee-eaters, Doves, Flycatchers, Wagtails, Bulbuls, Tits, Mini- 1162 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. vets, Shrikes, Kingcrows, Sunbirds, Pipits, all were plentiful, while Peafowl and Red Jungle Fowl were seen in greater numbers than elsewhere. In the course of our rambles we came across a large flock of Jungle Fowl in an open glade. We did not get a shot but we noticed that near the place where the fowls were, there was a sort of ‘machan.’ This we made use of the next day and at precisely the same time the birds came out, but they were out of range though moving towards us. A cock bird came well within range, but we wanted a hen, so we waited, but some cattle passing through the glade drove the birds away. We waited, nevertheless, in the hope that they may appear again, and as it got dusk, the Nightjars began to utter their cries and the air was alive with them. From their sizes they appeared to belong to three different species. One that flew close to us was shot and turned out to be Horsiield’s Nightjar (C. macrurus). Among other birds collected here were the White-browed Blue Fly- catcher, the Pigmy Woodpecker, the White-eyed Buzzard-Eagle, the Pale Harrier, the Common Snipe, the Western Blossom-headed Parakeet and the Large Indian Parakeet. A Crested Serpent’ Eagle (Spzlornis cheela) was also shot by seniaattel lf there is an eagle that baulks the collector it is this species. He has many phases of coloration and I have got him in every phase in the Nagpur Museum, so do not wish to have anything more to do with him; yet he will come in my way. If I see an eagle the identity of which is uncertain and shoot 1t accordingly, it is bound to be a Cheela. On the other hand if I spare a bird thinking it to be a Cheela, it is bound to turn out some- thing else. Parakeets of three species were very plentiful all over the district ; these were the Rose-ringed Parakeet, the Western Blossom- headed Parakeet and the Large Indian Parakeet, but the Blossom-headed Parakeet far outnumbered the other two. Of Doves five species were noticed, namely the Spotted Dove, Ring Dove, Little Brown Dove, Rufous Turtle Dove and the Red Turtle Dove. The Spotted Dove far outnumber- ed the others at Pipartola and Somnapur; while at Baihar, Muki and on the plateau the Ring Dove predominated and at Paraswara the Rufous- Turtle Dove was seen in greater numbers than elsewhere. The Rufous- backed Shrike appears to be the common Shrike of the district for we noticed him everywhere ; the Bay-backed Shrike was only seen in numbers between Pipartola and Balighat. From Somnapur we moved on to Muki via Baihar. The country between Baihar and Muki is not hilly, nor are the forests dense. Two large streams were crossed, the Tonaur near Baihar and the Banjar near Muki. Black Buck, Green Pigeons and a few Harriers were about, the only things seen on the road. From Muki we journeyed on towards the Topla plateau and after ascending the ghaut the country gradually opened out into an undulating plain almost devoid of trees. A Crested Hawk-Eagle was shot NOTES ON A COLLECTING TRIP IN THE BALAGHAT. 1163 néar the ghautand further on large numbers of Coursers were seen and a few secured. - Parsatola was reached at about 2 p.m. Here we were in an open plain covered with spear grass. Cattle rearing seemed to be the chief occupa- tion of the people, for large herds were seen in all directions. Black Buck and Nilghai were plentiful and the latter might have afforded some excel- lent runs for a mounted spearman, for the country was suitable in every ‘way. Foxes and Hares were also found and I was told that a Cheeta in- habited the place, The first thing seen next morning was a Fox, it was eventually shot and turned out to be the Common Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis). On the 22nd nothing in particular was shot, some Black Ibis, Stone- Curlews anda small dark-coloured species of Quail were seen. Attempts were made to shoot some Saruses, but without success, and I had to content myself with a Rufous Fantail-Warbler (Cisticola cursitans). We returned from Parsatola on the 23rd, shooting some Green Pigeons on the way, but they turned out to be the ordinary ones ( Crocopus chlorogaster ). As we neared the hills Nilghai were very plentiful, and a bull which ‘appeared to have a good pair of horns was shot, but they only taped 7:5 and 8 inches. Towards Baihar flocks of peafowl were seen and at dusk a Four-horned Antelope was shot on the roadside. It was not a perfect specimen, the anterior horns were mere knobs and the posterior ones measured 2°8 inches. At Baihar a large Bandicoot Rat (Nesocia bandicota) was: picked upon the road. It measured about 1 foot 9 inches. From Baibar to Paraswara the country is more or less open except near Sita- dongra where itis hilly. Jheels were visited on the way but only Teal of the ordinary kind (Nettiwm crecca) were seen on the first two. The next one seemed more interesting, two White-necked Storks, a Painted Stork and some Herons were in evidence at one end and a flock of White lbises and an Open-bill at the other. On my approach they all made themselves scarce, but the White-necked Storks were the last to leave and as they rose one was bagged. Further on we came across more White-necked Storks in a ditch onthe road side and here they took no notice of us, though we were only a few yards from them. The next jheel contained a flock of Ibises and some Herons. A shot at the Ibises proved a failure but a large flock of Teal rose out of the rushes and among them were two ducks of a larger kind, the second barrel discharged into them only resulted in bringing a Teal to the ground. An Egret, probably of the lesser or larger species, was also shot at and fell to the ground, apparently stunned for when the peon went to pick it up it recovered and flew off. At Paraswara we found Saruses very plentiful, but they were very shy and always flew off before we got within range. On ‘the 27th I visited a jheel about 3 miles from the bungalow. Four 1164 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT, young Black-necked Storks and a pair of Saruses were seen. Shots were. fired at the Saruses in preference and one was evidently hit for he settled. after flying a short distance ; two more shots were had at him but without effect. The storks meanwhile had settled in some fields about a mile away. Some cover being available one was shot. The others hovered over it and an adult female bird came flying towards it. I was still well concealed and the contents of my second barrel brought her to the ground. On our way home two Black Buck ran quite close to us, but we had no rifle with us at the time. On the 28th the jheel in front of the bungalow was patronised. Several Coots, Dabchicks and Bronze-winged Jacanas were seen and twoof the latter and a Snipe were bagged. Species of Herons and Egrets which we wanted and a Pied Harrier were seen but not secured. We tried for these the next day but had to content ourselves with a Marsh Harrier. A pair of Saruses were again tried for, but with the usual result. Snipe and Quail were very plentiful here and a little shooting was indulged in. Five shots brought to bag seven birds. The Snipes were Fantails and Pintails and the Quails were black-breasted ones. On our way back Saruses were again seen, and this time I waited till it got dark and then tried to get within range, but it was of no avail. Leaving Paraswara a move was made to Lamtha and the jheel at Bhondua visited. Ducks were seen in the middle of the jheel and Storks and Saruses at the edges. The Ducks being out of range we tried our luck again at Saruses but with the same result. At Lamtha we took train and returned to Nagpur. LIST OF BIRDS OBSERVED IN THE BALAGHAT DISTRICT, CENTRAL PROVINCES. ORDER PASSERES. 1. Corvus macrorhynchus .. The Jungle-Crow. 2. Corvus splendens .. .. The Indian House-Crow. 3. Dendrocitta rufa .. .. The Indian Tree-pie. 4. Machlolophus haplonotus .. The Southern Yellow Tit. 3. Argya caudata... .. The Common Babbler. 6. Argya malcolmi ... .. The Large Grey Babbler. 7. Crateropus canorus .. The Jungle Babbler. 8. Pyctorhis sinensis .. The Yellow-eyed Babbler. 9. Zosterops palpebrosa .. The Indian White-eye. 10. Aigithina tiphia .. .. The Common Iora. li. Chloropsis jerdoni .. The Jerdon’s Chloropsis. 12. Molpastes hzemorrhous .. The Madras Red-vented Bulbul. NOTES ON A COLLECTING TRIP IN THE BALAGHAT. bo rw bd Ww Ww Se ee ow Ww Ww bw bw bo fon) us S =) on PR SUAS? Otocompsa fuscicaudata Sitta castaneiventris Dicrurus ater Dicrurus czrulescens Dissemurus paradiseus Orthotomus sutorius Cisticola cursitans Hypolais rama Prinia sylvatica Prinia inornata Lanius vittatus Lanius erythronotus Lanius cristatus Tephrodornis pondicerianus. Pericrocotus speciosus Pericrocotus peregrinus Pericrocotus erythropygius. . Campophaga sykesi Graucalus macil Oriolus kundoo Oriolus melanocephalus Pastor roseus Sturnus menzbieri Temenuchus pagodarum Acridotheres tristis Sturnopastor contra Siphia parva Cyornis superciliaris Cyornis tickelli Alseonax latirostris Culicicapa ceylonensis Terpsiphone paradisi Rhipidura albifrontata Pratincola caprata Pratincola maura .. Ruticilla rufiventris Cyanecula suecica Thamnobia cambaiensis Copsychus saularis 1165 The Southern Red-whiskered Bul- bul. The Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch. The Black Drongo. The White-bellied Drongo. The Larger Racket-tailed Drongo. The Indian Tailor-bird. The Rufous Fantail-Warbler. Sykes’s Tree Warbler. The Jungle Wren- Warbler. The Indian Wren-Warbler. The Bay-backed Shrike. The Rufous-backed Shrike. The Brown Shrike. The Common Wood-Shrike. The Indian Scarlet Minivet. The Small Minivet. The White-bellied Minivet. The Black-headed Cuckoo-Shrike. The Large Cuckoo-Shrike. The Indian Oriole. The Indian Black-headed Oriole. The Rose-coloured Starling. The Common Indian Starling. The Black-headed Myna. The Common Myna. The Pied Myna. The European Red-breasted Fly- catcher. The White-browed Blue cher. Tickell’s Blue Flycatcher. The Brown Flycatcher. The Grey-headed Flycatcher. The Indian Paradise Flycatcher. The White-Browed Fantail Fly- catcher. The Common Pied Bush-Chat. The Indian Bush-Chat. The Indian Redstart. The Indian Blue-throat. The Brown-backed Indian Robin. The Magpie-Robin. Blycat- 1166 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. 51a. Geocichla cyanonotus 52. Uroloncha malabarica 53. Stictospiza formosa 54. Sporzginthus amandava 55. Carpodacus erythrinus 56. Gymnorhis flavicollis 57. Passer domesticus 58. Hirundo smithii 59. Motacilla alba 60. Motacilla maderaspatensis .. 61. Motacilla melanope 62. Anthus maculatus 63. Anthus striolatus .. 64. Anthus refulus 65. Mirafra erythroptera 66. Ammomanes phoenicura 67. Pyrrhulauda grisea 68. Arachnechthra asiatica 69. Dicceum erythrorhynchus 70. Pitta brachyura The White-throated Ground-Thrush. The White-throated Munia. The Green Munia. The Indian Red Munia. The Common Rose-Finch. The Yellow-throated Sparrow. The House-Sparrow. The Wire-tailed Swallow. The White Wagtail. The Large Pied Wactail. The Grey Wagtail. The Indian Tree-Pipit. Blyth’s Pipit. The Indian Pipit. The Red-winged Bush-Lark. The Rufous-tailed Finch-Lark. The Ashy-crowned Finch-Lark. The Purple Sunbird. Tickell’s Flower-pecker. The Indian Pitta. ORDER Pict. 71. lLiopicus mahrattensis 72. Iyngipicus hardwickii 73. Brachypternus aurantius The Yellow-fronted Pied Wood- pecker. The Indian Pigmy Woodpecker. The Golden-backed Woodpecker. ORDER ZYGODACTYLI. 74, Thereiceryx zeylonicus 75. Xantholeema hxematocephala. The Common Indian Green Barbet. The Crimson-breasted Barbet. OrpER ANISODACTYLI. 76. Coracias indica 77. Merops viridis 78. Ceryle varia 79. Alcedo ispida 80. Halcyon smyrnensis 81. Lophoceros birostris 82. Upupa indica The Indian Roller. The Common Indian Bee-eater. The Indian Pied Kingfisher. The Common Kingfisher. The White-breasted Kingfisher. The Common Grey Hornbill. The Indian Hoopoe. OrpER MacrocHires. 83. Cypselus aftinis 84. Caprimulgus macrurus The Common Indian Swift. Horsfield’s Nightjar. NOTES ON A COLLECTING TRIP IN THE BALAGHAT. 1167 OrpeER CoccyGEs. 85. Hierococcyx varius .- The Common Hawk-Cuckoo. 86. Eudynamis honorata .. The Indian Koel. 87. Centropus sinensis .. The Common Coucal or Crow- Pheasant. OrpDER PSsITTAct. 88. Palzeornis nepalensis .. The Large Indian Paroquet. 89. Paleornis torquatus .. The Rose-ringed Paroquet. 90. Palssornis cyanocephalus .. The Western Blossom-headed Paroquet. ORDER STRIGES. 91. Scops bakkamcena .. The Collared Scops Owl. 92. Athene brama " .- The Spotted Owlet. 93. Glaucidium radiatum .. The Jungle Owlet. 94. Ninox scutulata .. .. The Brown Hawk-Owl. OrpER ACCIPITRES. 95. Otogypscalvus .. .. The Black Vulture. 96. Pseudogyps bengalensis .. The Indian White-backed Vulture. 97. Neophron ginginianus .. The Smaller White Scavenger Vulture. 98. Aquila vindhiana .. .. The Indian Tawny Eagle. 99. Spizetus cirrhatus. .. The Crested Hawk-Eagle. 100. Spilornis cheela .. .. The Crested Serpent-Hagle. 101. Butasturteesa .. .. The White-eyed Buzzard-Eagle. 102. Haliastur indus .. .. The Brahminy Kite. 103. Milvus govinda .. .. The Common Pariah Kite. 104. Elanus ceruleus .. .. The Black-winged Kite. 105. Circus macrurus .. .. The Pale Harrier. 106. Circus melanoleucus .. The Pied Harrier. 107. Circus zruginosus. . .. The Marsh Harrier. 108. Astur badius se .. The Shikra. 109. lLophospizias trivirgatus .. The Crested Goshawk. 110. VPernis cristatus .. .. The Crested Honey-Buzzard. 111. Tinnuneculus alaudarius .. The Kestrel. ORDER COLUMBA. 112. Crocopus chlorogaster .. The Southern Green Pigeon. 113. Turtur suratensis .. .. The Spotted Dove. 114. Turtur cambayensis .. The Little Brown Dove. 116. Turturrisorius .. .. The Indian Ring Dove. 116. Turtur orientalis .. .. The Rufous Turtle-Dove. 117. Qénopopelia tranquebarica.. The Red-Turtle-Dove. _ 1168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI, — ORDER GALLIN”. . 118. Pavo eristatus The Common Peafowl. 119. Gallus ferrugineus The Red Jungle-fowl. 120. Coturnix coromandelica The Black-kreasted Quail. 121. Francolinus pondicerianus .. The Grey Partridge. ORDER GRALLA. 122. Fulica atra The Coot. 123. Grus antigone The Sarus. 124. Anthropoides virgo The Demoiselle Crane. ORDER LIMICOL. 125. QXidicnemus scolopax The Stone-Curlew. 126. Cursorius coromandelicus The Indian Courser. 127. Metopidius indicus The Bronze-winged Jacana. 128. Hydrophasianus chirurgus.. The Pheasant-tailed Jacana. 129, Sarcogrammus indicus The Red-wattled Lapwing. 130. Aigialitis dubia The Little Ringed Plover. 131. Himantopus candidus The Black-winged Stilt. 132. Totanus hypoleucus The Common Sandpiper. 133. Totanus glareola .. The Wood Sandpiper. 134. Totanus ochropus.. The Green Sandpiper. 135. Totanus fuscus The Spotted Redshank. 136. Totanus glottis The Greenshank. 157. Gallinago ccelestis The Common Snipe. 157a, Gallinago stenura The Pintail Snipe. ORDER STEGANOPODES. The Indian Shag. The Little Cormorant. The Indian Darter. OrpER HERODIONES. 138. Phalacrocorax fuscicollis 139. Phalacrocorax javanicus 140. Plotus melanogaster 141. Ibis melanocephala 142. Inocotis papillosus 143. Dissura episcopus 144, Xenorhynchus asiaticus 145. Leptoptilus dubius 146. Leptoptilus javanicus 147. Pseudotantalus leucocephalus 148. Anastomus oscitans 149. Ardea manillensis 150. Ardea cinerea 151. Herodias intermedia The White Ibis. The Black Ibis. The White-necked Stork. The Black-necked Stork. The Adjutant. The Smaller Adjutant. The Painted Stork. The Open-bill. The Eastern Purple Heron. The Common Heron. The Smaller Egret. NOTES ON A COLLECTING TRIP IN THE BALAGHAT. 1169 152. Herodias garetta .. The Little Egret. Herodias alba i .. The Large Egret is probably found in the District as well. 153. Bubulcus coromandus .. The Cattle Egret. 154. Ardeola grayi se .. The Pond Heron. OrnpER PHANICOPTERI. No flamingoes were seen by me but I was told that they were occasion- ally to be met with at Somnapur. ORDER ANSERES. 155. Dendrocyena javanica .. The Whistling Teal. 156. Nettopus coromandelianus.. The Cotton Teal. 157. Chaulelasmus streperus .. The Gadwall. 158. Nettium crecca .. .. The Common Teal. too. Dafila acuta .. .. The Pintail. OxrpdER PYGOPODES. 162. Podicipes albipennis .. The Dabchick. 1170 BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY'S MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. Report By R. C. WRouGHTON, F.Z.9. COLLECTION... Pal BENOS oe Locauity ies ... Dharwar. DaTE Ne ... November-December 1911, Feb- ruary-March 1912. COLLECTED BY... jt MiG 20. Shortridee: EARLIER REPORTS ... No. 1, E. Khandesh, Vol. XXI, p. 392, No. 2, Berars, Vol. XXI, p. 820. No. 3, Cutch, Vol. XXT, p. 826. No. 4, Nimar, Vol. X XI, p. 844. Dharwar, the district in which the present collection was made, is situated about 15° 30’ N. Lat. and 76? E. Long. At the commencement of the last century Sir W. Elliot, 1.C.8., collected the mammals of this district and published a paper on them in the Madras Journal of Literature and Science, 1839. As a description of the district I cannot do better than reproduce here the Introduction to his paper. *‘The district of India, in which the animals contained in the following list were procured, is a part of the high tableland towards the south of the Dekhan, commonly called the Southern Mahratta Country, and constitutes the British zillah of Dharwar. It ought, likewise, geographically speaking, to include the small province of Sunda, which, according to the political arrangement of the country, is placed under the zillah of Canara, in the Presidency of Madras.’’* “The general boundaries are the rivers Kistnah and Bhima on the north and north-east ; the Tungabhadra river on the south; the Nizam’s territory on the east, and the Syhadri range of mountains on the west. ‘The latter are generally called the Ghats........ * Since this description was published the boundary of the Daa:war District has been pushed back eastwards and tie area referred to in this para-is now part of the Kanara District which will be dzalt with in my next Re,oct —R. C. W. ——— MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1171 “The general face of this tract is much diversified and affords a great variety of elevation and of geological structure thereby materially affecting the distribution and the habitat of the different species of animals existing within its limits.” “The whole of the western portion is a thick forest, extending from the outskirts of the mountainous region of the Ghats to their summits, and clothing the valleys that extend between their ridges. It abounds with the teak and various other lofty forest trees, festooned by enormous perennial creepers. The bamboo forms a thick and luxuriant underwood in some places, while others are entirely open, and the banks of many clear and rapid streams flowing through it, abound with the black pepper plant, the wild cinnamon and other odoriforous shrubs. Portions of this forest are often left entirely untouched by the axe or knife, forming a thick impervious shade for the growth of the black pepper, cardamom, and Mari palm (Caryota urens). These are ealled ‘kans ’ and are favourite resorts of wild animals.” “« To the east of the regular forest lies a tract called the Mulnad, or rain-country (though the native of the plains often includes the ‘jhari,’ or forest, under the same denomination), in which the trees degenerate into large bushes, the bamboo almost entirely ceases, and cultivation, chiefly of rice, becomes much more frequent. ‘The bushes consists of the karunda, the pallas, etc. It abounds in tanks and artificial reservoirs for purposes of irrigation.” “ Hast of the Mulnad is a great extent of alluvial vlain produc- ing fine crops of wheat, cotton, maizes, millet, etc. (Holcus sorghum, Panicum italieum, Cicer arietinum), and on the Nizam’s frontier are found a succession of low dry hills, with tabular summits often rising in abrupt scarped precipices, and intersecting and traversing the plains in various directions. They are clothed with low thorny jungle of babul and acacia, and their bases, and the valleys between, composed of a light sandy soil, are cultivated with millet, vetches, etc. (Panicum spicatum, Panicum miliare, Phaseslus max, Phaseolus mungo, &e.).”’ “ The first or mountainous d.vision consists chiefly of micaceous clay, and ctier sshists, which to tae northward are succeeded by 1172. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Voi. XX. basaltic or trap formation. ‘The Mulnad is composed of undulating clay-slate hills, which become covered with basalt to the north. This trap formation extends in a slanting direction from south- west to north-east nearly comeiding with a line drawn from Sadasheaghur on the coast, to Beejapoor and Sholapoor—and, what is remarkable, is almost coincident with that marking the separation of the two great tribes of the population using totally distinct languages—the Mahrattas and Canarese. ” «The hills to the north-east and east are all of primitive sand- stone, sometimes resting on schists, sometimes immediately on the eranite, which latter is the rock nearest the surface in the central and eastern plains. But a well defined range of hills to the south- west, called the Kupputgud, is entirely composed of micaceous and clay-slates, resting on granite. The hills more to the north and north-west are basaltic. ‘The extensive plains lying between these different lines of hills and eminences are composed of the rich, black mould, called regur, or cotton ground, resulting from decomposed basaltic rocks. To the north-east a considerable tract of limestone is found, resting on the sandstone, about Bagalkote, Badami Hungund, Mudibihsal, etc. i Mr. Shortridge has furnished the following short notes on the actual localities in which he collected :— ‘* Dharwar—Chiefly red Mulnad country, except to the north, where there are large areas of black cotton soil. Flat or un- dulating with a few bare rocky hills to the east. Those on the west being more or less covered with scrub which gradually changes into forest as the Kanara border is approached. Large areas under cultivation. Altitude 2,500 feet.” “The prolific results of the collections throughout the district are largely due to the active and invaluable assistance received from Mr. R. M. Phillips, D.5.P., whose guest I was during the whole of my two months’ stay in Dharwar, while many thanks are also due to Mr. EH. Macconochie, 1.0.8., the Collector of the District, for his kindness and help, particularly in instructing and causing the native officials in all of the places I visited to give me a great deal of assistance.’ MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1173 *« Alnavar and Avatgi—About 24 miles west of Dharwar, on the borders of North Kanara. Red soil and where there is no cultivation thick Mulnad scrub or partly open country covered with long grass. A number of hills, largely covered with teak and other forest trees. Altitude about the same as Dharwar. ‘¢ Short camps only were made at these places.” “ Devikop—26 miles south of Dharwar. On the borders of the Kanara forest which starts abruptly on it, south and west of the village. Flat or slightly undulating wita chiefly open and cultivated country to the north and north-east. Altitude 2,000 feet.” “‘ Gadag and Lakundi-—Although Gadag itself is situated on a patch of red soil the district proved a perfect centre for working the black cotton country which extended in flat and almost treeless areas in every direction, only broken in the south by a few distinct ranges of rocky hills. Cotton is grown over the whole country while the few scattere trees are mostly babul which fringe the roads forming not very shady avenues. ‘The chief cover for any of the larger animals being stray patches and hedges of prickly pear. n ‘I stayed here for nearly a fortnight with Mr. T. J. Spooner, a keen and enthusiastic life member of the Society, and owing to his help and knowledge of the country I was able to get a very representative collection from the black cotton district.” Hawsbhavi—About 15 miles to the west of Bayadi Station in the Southern Dharwar District, open, undulating red sandy country in all directions, with scattered babul trees and toddy palms, patches of black cotton country to the north and some low ranges of rocky hills to the east. ‘“‘ Large areas under cultivation, many of the villages sur- rounded by mango trees, cocoanut and areca palms. ‘“¢ T camped here for ten days, afterwards moving on to Til- levelly, a neighbouring village.”’ “¢ Honkan—A small village situated on the banks of the 9 1174 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. Varadi river, a permanently running clear stream that eventually joins the Tungabhadra. “ At this point the river forms the boundary between the Dharwar District and north-western Mysore. ** The country is quite flat and covered with very dense scrub jungle, largely composed of low deciduous trees, thick masses of Karunda and other bushes which are curiously even in height. “The country tothe east and the Mysore territory on the south bank of the river are more open, leading eventually to black cotton plains. One of the most curious things noticed here was the frequent occurrence of the black buck well within the thickest parts of the jungle which afford cover for its much more natural inhabitants, chital, pig and four-horned antelope, while on one occasion during a — beat I witnessed the unusual sight of a number of chital and black buck simultaneously crossing a road running through the centre of a particularly large and thick piece of jungle.” ‘‘ Samasgi— About twelve miles to the north of Honkan situated at the point where the three territories of South- ern Dharwar, Mysore and Kanara meet.—. pas Samasgi which is a small native village is situated in high deciduous forest which surrounds it on all sides. ‘There are isolated patches of cultivation and many dense lantana thickets. Undulating, almost hilly country, the forest being similar to those around Devikop.” The collection contains in all 749 specimens, belonging to 51 species, in 40 genera. In view ofthe whole-hearted way in which the Mammals of this District were worked over 70 years ago, by Sir W. Elliot, it is not surprising to find that there is nothing ? ‘““new’’ in the present collection, This does not, however, detract from its great value, for it furnishes us with topotypes of no less than 8 species, named by Gray, &c., on specimens obtained by Elliot. These are as follows: (1) Hipposideros fulvus, Gray (=murinus, Gray—fulgens, Elliot—murinus, Elliot). (2) Pachyura nigra, Horsfield. (3) Mus manet, Gray (nom. nud.). (4) Leggaad MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1175 booduga, Gray (Mus lepidus, Hlhot). (5) Hpimys rufescens, var.—=Mus rufus, Elliot—Mus flavescens, Klliot (both names pre- occupied). (6) Millardia meltada, Gray (= Mus mutade, Elliot—Mus lanuginosus, Elliot). (7) Gunomys kok, Gray (=Mus (Neotoma) providens, Hlliot). (8) Golunda elliott, Gray (—Mus golunds, Elliot Mus hirsutus, Elliot). Out of the list of 58 species (really 56 for H. fulvus and Hpimys rattus are entered under two names) recorded by Sir W. Elliot, Mr. Shortridge has obtained 51; those not obtained are mostly large animals from the heavy forest country now forming the Kanara District. As Mr. Shortridge notes “ four species men- tioned by Sir W. Elhot, wz., Boselaphus tragocamelus, Cynclurus jubatus, Canis pallipes and Hycenu hycena are now either entirely absent in the Dharwar District or rare stragglers south of Haidarabad.” Mr. Shortridge has taken a single specimen of the Common five- striped Squirrel (Funambulus pennantr) at Dharwar. This is some- what of a surprise tome. I have taken it with the Palm Squirrel in Surat District, while Mr. Crump has sent them both from Nimar and Berar, and both occur in Bombay Island, so that we must, on the data available, accept 22° Lat. as about the northern boundary of palnarum. FF. pennantr has been obtained by Capt. Whitehead at Sehore, by Mr. Caccia, I.F.S., at Hoshangabad and by the Society from Nasik, so that, until the present specimen turned up, the most southern record was about 20° N. Lat., and this is what one would expect, allowing for a slight overlap in the distribution of the two species. Perhaps some members who are favourably placed will push this enquiry further and report their results in the Journal. F. palwarwm is at once recognisable by the bright red-yellow colouring of the under side of the tail and the presence of only three pale stripes on the back. In FI’. pennanti there are five pale stripes, though the outer one, on each side, is sometimes not very bright, and there is never any trace of colour on the under side of the tail. In his List Sir W. Elliot includes Mus decumanus, unfortunately without any indication of its characters, so that it is impossible to say to what animal he was referring; that it was really the 1176 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. X-XI. European Brown Rat seems to me an absolute impossibility. From the vernacular name given by Elliot his decwmanus was a house rat. Sima sinica, L. The Bonnet Monkey. 1771. Simia sincca, Linneus. Mantissa, p. 521. 1812. Cercocebus radiatus, Geoffroy. Ann. du Mus. XIX, p. 98. 1888. Macacus sinicus, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 10. $ 107,109; 9 108,110. Dharwar. go 142; @ 143. Devikop, Dharwar. 3 749, 750; Q 751, 752, 758, 754. Samasgi, S. Dharwar. Vernacular names.—K6ti, Kapi, Mangé, Maungy4, Kempmanga ( Kana- rese); Makad Lal manga (Marathi); Mangya-Koti (Haran Shikaris and Waddars) ; Bandra (Dekhani). [“ Very plentitul ; often going about in large parties of from 20 to 30. Although said to avoid each other, I once saw troupes of these Monkeys and Langurs on the banks of a stream, apparently mixing together on quite friendly terms, but, when frightened, they went off separately. “ At Gadag, in the vicinity of Hindu Temples, where they are protected, they are said to have died, in large numbers, from Bubonic Plague.”—— G. C.8.] PRESBYTIS HYPOLEUCOS, Blyth. The Malabar Langur. 1841. Semnopithecus hypoleucos, Blyth. J.A.S.B., p. 839. 1842. Semnopithecus dussumierit, Is. Geoffroy. Comptes Reudus. XV, ps 20: 1888. Semnopithecus hypoleucus, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 15. 3 52; 9 47. Alnavar, Dharwar. g 145, 146, 147, 183, 185; 9 148, 186. Devikop, Dharwar. o 714, 717 juv.; Q 715, 716 juv. Hawsbhavi, 8. Dharwar. 3 747, 748, 781, 791, 792; Q 744, 745, 746, 793. Samasgi, 8S. Dharwar. This species was named by Blyth from the Malabar Coast; the present series seems to fit his description. Vernacular names.—Mushya, Kari-K6ti, Adavi-Koti (Kanarese); Yerpa- Moti-Koti, Karimikkamungyé (Waddars) Kari-Mangyé (Haran Shikaris) Wanga, Wanar, Maka (Marathi) ; Langur (Dekhani). [“‘ Extremely plentiful; generally fearless and inquisitive, easily dis- tinguishing between Europeans and Natives, and much more suspicious in the presence of the former. When frightened they can crouch among the tops of thick trees, and by grasping’ and drawing branches together, become completely hidden.’’—G. C. 8.] MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1177 PTEROPUS GIGANTEUS, Brinn. The common Flying-Fox. (Synonymy in No. 2.) 3 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 73; Q 54, 58, 72. Avatgi, Dharwar. @ 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 180. Devikop, Dharwar. SutOle (legos 120 Oo ait vogo, o80, 712) (ime al.), “ie: Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar. 6 731. Honkan, S. Dharwar. (See also Reports Nos. 2, 3 and 4.) Vernacular names.—Togal-Bavali, Kichapala, Bavali (Kanarese) ; Wad- _wagal (Marathi) ; Toggal-Bavali-Gua, Sikattélle (Waddars), Gaddal, Gibta (Haran Shikaris). [Very plentiful, around Dharwar, at this time of the year; they feed chiefly on tamarinds and wild figs. “Appearing to avoid thick forests.”—G. C. 8.] LyYRODERMA LYRA, Geoffr. The Indian Vampire Bat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 6 131, 133, 188, 194,195; 9 182, 156, 160, 187, 189, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 2038. Devikop, Dharwar. ¢ 732 (in al), 735. Honkan, S. Dharwar. 9 803. Hangal, 8. Dharwar. (See also Reports Nos. | and 2.) These specimens, like those from E. Khandesh, come from the geographi- eal boundary (about 76° E. Long.) between true /yra and the subspecies caurina which differs mainly in size. A very large proportion of the present series is undoubtedly true /yra, but, as was to be expected, there are some “wrong ’uns.’’ One specimen has the dimensions of caurina and two are intermediate between it and true lyra. [“ This bat, which is plentiful in both forest and Mulnad country, is a late flyer. “ T have found it by day in wells and old temples and once in a hollow tree.”—G. C. 8.] MEGADERMA SPASMA TRIFOLIUM, Geoff. The Malay Vampire Bat. 1810. Megaderma trifolium, Geoffroy. Ann. Mus. d’H.N. XV, p. 193. 1863. Megaderma horsfieldi, Blyth. ‘Cat. Mamm., p. 23. 1891. Megaderma spasma, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 170. 3 739, 741 ; $738, 740 (in al.) juv., 742. Honkan, S. Dharwar The true spasma is an inhabitant of the Moluccas and Philippines ; the present form was first described from a specimen from Java. 1178 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. RHINOLOPHUS ROoUXI, Temm. The Rufous Horseshoe-Bat. 1835. Rhinolophus rouxt, Temminck. Mon. Mamm. I1., p. 30 b. 1852. Rhinolophus rubtdus, Kelaart. Prodr. Faun. Zeyl., p. 13. 1852. ~Rhinolophus cinerascens, Kelaart. 1. c. 1852. Rhinolophus rammamka, Kelaart. 1.c., p. 14. 1872. Rhinolophus petersi, Dobson. J. A. 8S. B. XLI (2), p. 387. 1891. Rhinolophus afinis, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 150. 6 185,137, 189, 174, 1773) O° 134) 136) 1388, 402 14 eee 179, 180, 181. Devikop, Dharwar. Blanford ranks rou2zi as a synonym of afinis, but Dr. K. Andersen has pointed out (P. Z. 8. 1905, p. 75 et seg.) that the form of the nose-leaf in the two is entirely different. In the same paper Dr. Andersen has gone fully into the name peters? and shown it to be a synonym of rouz, and further has shown that Kelaart’s three names represent the “colour phases” of one species and that one identical with row. Vernacular names (for all small bats.)—Kanakappadi, Kanakappate, Kankappate (Kanarese); Wagal (Marathi); Koptel, Sancipta (Waddars and Haran Shikaris). . [“ Plentiful at Devikop; a late flyer, roosting by day in hollow trees, wells and in old temples.”—G. C. 8. ] HiPpPosIDEROS DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes. Sykes’ leaf-nosed Bat. 1831. Rhinolophus dukhunensis, Sykes. P.Z,S., p: 99. 1838. Hipposideros apiculatus, Gray. Mag. Zool. Bot. II, p. 492. 1838. Hipposideros penicillatus, Gray. 1. c. 1852. Hipposideros templetoni, Kelaart. Prod., p. 17. 1852. Hipposideros aureus, Kelaart. Prod., p. 18. 1852. Hipposideros blythi, Kelaart. Prod., p. 20. 1891. Hipposiderus speoris, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 164. S 320, 321, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 333, 358, 359; Q 317, 318, 319, 322, 329, 330, 331, 3382, 354, 335, 336, 360, 361 (in al.), 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350. Gadag, Dharwar. The name speovis was given by Schneider to a bat from Timor. [ have seen no specimen from that locality, but both Sykes and Gray agree that the Indian form is separable. The names available are dukhunensis, Sykes, and apiculatus and penicillatus, Gray. These specimens are quite like the type of apiculatus of which they are topotypes. Though I have not seenan undoubted specimen of dukhunensis, its type locality is so close to Dharwar that, pending refutation, dukhunensis must be accepted as the proper name of the species. MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1179 HiPposIDEROS FULVUS, Gray. The bicoloured leaf-nosed Bat. (Synonymy in No. 3.) Q 245. Dharwar. gS 446; Q@ 4038, 447, 448, 449, 451, 452, 463, 454, 455, 456. Gadag, Dharwar. These are topotypes of Elliot’s murinus and fulgens, the latter being merely the red phase of the former, and equally so of Gray’s fulvus and MUIINUS. (See also Report No. 3.) PIPISTRELLUS CEYLONICUS, Kel. Kelaart’s Pipistrelle. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 3 42, 44, 46,77, 86, 87, 98, 386, 387, 389, 390, 392, 395, 398, 411; Q 41, 43, 45, 67, 83, 84, 85, 96, 97, 99, 246, 384, 385, 391, 398, 394, 396, 397, 399, 412. Dharwar. (See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 3.) [“ Very plentiful in a Hindu Temple at Gadag, hiding in crevices.”— G.C.S.] PIPISTRELLUS COROMANDRA, Gray. The Coromandel Pipistrelle. 1838. Scotophilus coromandra, Gray. Mag. Zool. Bot. Il, p. 498. 1851. Vespertilio coromandelicus, Blyth. J. A. 8. B. XX, p. 159. 18538. Myotis parvipes, Blyth. J. A. S. B. XXII, p. 581. 1872. Vesperugo micropus, Hutton. P. Z.S8., p. 707. 1891. Vesperugo abramus, Blanford. Mammalia No. 187. 3g 703. Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar. 36 775,783; 2 773, 807, 808. Samasgi, 8S. Dharwar. Temminck’s names imbricatus and abramus refer to species found in Java and Japan respectively. Gray based his coromandra on the “ Vespertilio de Coromandel” described by F. Cuvier from a specimen taken at Pondi- cheri. The names parvipes and micropus were both based on a Pipistrelle taken by Hutton at Masuri, it is quite possible it may prove to be distinct from the present form. PIPISTRELLUS DORMERI, Dobs, Dormer’s Pipistrelle. . (Synonymy in No. 1.) ¢ 588. Hawsbhavi, 8S. Dharwar. (See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 3.) 1180 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX], \ PIPISTRELLUS MIMUS, Wrought. The Southern dwarf Pipistrelle. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 3 218, 571 (in al.). Dharwar. 2 316 (in al.). Gadag, Dharwar. 3 589, 594,591; Q 592,721. Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar. (See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 3.) HESPEROPTENUS TICKELLI, Blyth. Tickell’s Bat. 1857. Nycticejus tickelli, Blyth. J. A. S. B. XX, p. 157. 1857. Nycticejus isabellinus, Horsefield. Cat. Mamm., p. 38. 1891. Vesperugo tickelli, Blanford. Mammalia No. 191. 3 811, 812; 92 776,798,799, 805,810. Samasgi, 8S. Dharwar. Horsfield in his Catalogue gave the name isabellinus on the authority of a manuscript name of Blyth’s, fortunately Blyth had already published the name tickelli before the Catalogue appeared. The two names there- fore refer to the same animal whose type locality is Chaibasa “in Central India” (or more correctly Cuttack). ScoTroPHILUs KUHLI, Leach, The common yellow Bat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 36 17, 458; Q 384,82. Dharwar. Q 772, 806. Samasgi, 8. Dharwar. (See also Reports 1 and 3.) [ “Plentitul; an early flyer, coming out at the same time as Pipistrellus.”— G.C.8.] ScOTOPHILUS WROUGHTONI, Thos. Wroughton’s Bat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 36 217; 9 404. Dharwar. (See also Report No. 1.) TYLONYCTERIS PACHYPUS, Temm. The club-footed Bat. 1840. Vespertilio pachypus, Temminck. Mon. Mamm. II, p. 217. 1859. Scotophilus fulvidus, Blyth. J. A.S. B. XXVIII, p. 293. 1891. Vesperugo pachypus, Blanford. Mammalia No, 180. - Y 743. Honkan, S. Dharwar. @ 782. Samasgi, 8. Dharwar. The type locality of pachypus is Java, while fulvidus was established by Blyth on a specimen from Tenasserim. Journ. Bompay Nat. His. Soc; PLATE THe PaInTED Bat, KERIVOULA PICTA, PALLAS. MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1181 Kerivouta picta, Pall. The painted Bat. 1767. Vespertilio pictus, Pallas. Spicil. Zool. III, p. 7. 1891. Cerivoula picta, Blanford. Mammalia No, 213. 6 11; 9 28. Dharwar. The type came from Ternate in the Molucca Archipelago: the present specimens differ somewhat from the type, which is in the National Collection, but the material is not sufficient on which to base a strict diagnosis. [“Said to hide by day among thick foliage, clinging to the under side of leaves, where their bright colours would have a protective resemblance to dead leaves. “ Apparently very widely distributed, although somewhat rare every- where. “The brilliant orange of the wing membranes fades almost immediately after death. This colour seems to vary in shade in individuals from Java.” 26.0.8. RHINOPOMA HARDWICKII, Gray. The lesser Indian mouse-tailed Bat. (Synonymy in No. 3.) 3 3886, 369. 370, 373, 428; 9 357, 371, 372, 427. Gadag Dharwar. (See also Report No. 3.) “Fairly plentiful in old Hindu Temples at Gadag and Lakundi, some- times found in company with Hipposideros dukhunensis although not in such large numbers. All were enormously fat, especially this species, in which it is manifested in the form of swellings at the root of the tail present in both sexes, but more particularly inthe males. At certain times of the year these swellings are developed to such an extent as to interfere with the flight of the bats.”—G.C.S.] ; NyctTInomMus TRAGATUS, Dobs. Dobson’s wrinkle-lipped Bat. (Synonymy in No. 3.) 2 383. Gadag, Dharwar. (See also Report No. 3.) PAcHYURA. Shrews. 6 7,19, 251, 286; 2 212,287. Dharwar. d 418, 442. Gadag, Dharwar. 1182 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SUCIETY, Vol. XXI, 3 578; @ 574, 575, 598. Hawsbhavi, 8. Dharwar. 6 727,733; 9 734. Honkan, 8. Dharwar. (See also Reports 1, 3 and 4.) Vernacular names.—Migili, Sundili, Sondili, Chichikili (Kanarese); Chi- chandari (Marathi) ; Séndi, Sondiyelka (Waddars and Haran Shikaris). (“Fairly plentiful around stables and outhouses, widely distributed, though apparently not in great numbers.”—G.C.8. ] PacHyura NicRA, Horsf. The Nilgit Wood Shrew. 1851. Sorex niger, Horsfield. Cat. E. I. C. Mus., p. 135. 1888. Crocidura murina, Blanford. Mammalia No. 117 ees Q 220. Dharwar. This is a topotype of EHlliot’s Sorex niger which was never published. Horsfield quoted it from Elliot’s Manuscript and gave a short description ; the name stands therefore on Horsfield’s responsibility. Whether the name will stand for the species ultimately must be left for decision when more material is available, but for the present we are on firm ground in adopting for it the name nigra. FELIs PaRDus, L. The Panther. 1766. Felis pardus, Linneus. Syst. Nat., p. 61. 1775. Felis leopardus, Wagner. Schreb. Saug. IIT, pl. ci. 1888. Felis pardus, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 30. 6 726. Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar. @ 801. Samasgi, 8S. Dharwar. Vernacular names.—Kiraba, Hongiya, Chirate, Chirchu, Sannhuli (Kana- rese); Chita-Wagh, Chita-Bagh, Bibta, Hasanya (Marathi); Kirrbah, Kurrkuda (Haran Shikaris); Chota-Bagh, Théndwa (Dekhani). FELIS AFFINIS, Gray. The Jungle Cat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) dg 78, 240, 469; Q 22, 224 470, 471, 474. Dharwar. (See also Reports Nos. 1, 3 and 4.) Vernacular names.—Kadubekku, Mantbekku, Adavibekku (Kanarese) ; Jungli Maniar (Marathi); Burakaétchki (Haran Shikaris); Jtngli-billi (Dekhani). [ “Very plentiful; hunts a lot by day. Its long legs give it a very distinctive appearance, in the open its movements are very much like those ofa small panther. Very swift and exceedingly strong for its size; it is probably capable of bringing down quite large game. Kittens become MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, | 1183 tame quickly, although never to the same extent as those of a domestic cat. They become perfectly fearless, although remaining amusingly savage, especially at feeding time.”—G. C. S.] Kittens of the Jungle Cat. FELIS RUBIGINOSA, Geoffr, The rusty-spotted Cat. 1834. Felis rubsginosa, Is. Geoffroy. Belanger Voy. Ind. Or., p. 141. 1888. Felis rubiginosa, Blanford. Mammalia No. 37. 36 21. Dharwar. Vernacular names.—Kiraba-Bekku ( Kanarese) ; Ark-Philli ( Waddars). | “ Apparently rare round Dharwar.”—G. C. 8.] VIVERRICULA MALACCENSIS, Gniel. The small Indian Civet. (Synonymy in No. 3.) 3 79, 100, 285, 291, 472, 473; Q 8, 226, 241. Dharwar. S$ 182. Devikop, Dharwar. (See also Report 3.) Vernacular names.—Punagina-Bekku (Kanarese); Jowddi-Manjur (Mara- thi) ; Puluk-Philli (Waddars) ; Punkassibekk ( Haran Shikaris) ; Mtishak- billi (Dekhani). [ “ Plentiful; the large number of small carnivora around Dharwar may account for the comparative scarcity of hares and game birds, although their chief food probably consists of Tatera and the other field-rats, which exist in such enormous numbers.”’—G. C. 8.] Muneos muneo, Gmel. The common Indian Mongoose. (Synonymy in No, 1.) 3 9, 71, 476; & 101, 102, 225, 475, 477, 482, Dharwar. 1184 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. 6 648; 9 677. Hawsbhavi, 8. Dharwar. (See also Reports 1, 2, 3 and 4.) Vernacular names.—Mingali, Mungili (Kanarese); Mungts ( Marathi and Dekhani); Mingsi, Antir ( Waddars and Haran Shikaris). [ “ Plentiful ; their burrows are frequently found in prickly pear thickets, numerous broken off spines of that plant being often found imbedded in their bodies. Although seldom leaving the ground, this species is a ood and agile tree climber.”—G. C. 8.] PAaRADOXURUS NIGER, Desm. The Indian Toddy Cat. 1820. Viverra niyra, Desmarest. Mamm., p. 208. 1820. Viverrva bondar, de Blainville. Mamm., p. 210. 1821. Paradoxurus typus, F. Cuvier. Hist. Nat. Mamm., pl. 186. 1832. Paradoxurus pennanti, Gray. P. Z.S8. p., 65. 1835. Platyschista pallasii, Otto. Ac. C.d. Nov. Act. XVII, p. 1089. 1891. Paradoxurus nictitans, Taylor. Jour. B.N.H.S., Vol. VI, p. 429. 1888. Paradoxurus niger, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 51. 3 50; 9 49,5). Alnavar, Dharwar. @ 184, 242, 243, 247, 292. Dharwar. 3 708. Hawsbhavi, 8. Dharwar. 2 768, 769. Samasgi, 8. Dharwar. This is a most puzzling species to deal with; it seems tv have several colour forms but they are not also local forms, any or all of them may be found in any locality, including Zanzibar, Madagascar (?), Mauritius, &c., where they have been introduced. The only safe course is to call them all niger. Vernacular names.—Kerabekku (Kanarese); Menuri (Marathi and Dekhani) ; Nulla-philli (Waddars); Mahngutchi (Haran Shikaris). [ “Plentiful, especially near houses, in the roofs of which they often live, and may be heard at night chasing rats. When caught young this animal becomes tame in a very short time.”—G. C. 8.] Canis 1npicus, Hodgs. The Jackal. (Synonymy in No. 1 under C. aureus.) 3 481; 9 284, 294, 484. Dharwar. S 718 juv.; 9 608 juv. Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar. (See also Reports 1, 3 and 4). Vernacular names.—Nari (Kanarese) ; Kéla ( Marathi and Dekhani) ; Nakka, Tada Nakka (Waddars). [ ‘‘ Very plentiful both in open and forest country.”—G. C. 8.] MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1185 VULPES BENGALENSIs, Shaw. The common Indian Fox. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 3d 493; 9 68,486. Dharwar. ¢ 122. Devikop, Dharwar. 6 311. Gadag, Dharwar. ¢ 609. Hawsbhavi, 8. Dharwar. (See also Reports Nos. 1 and 3.) Vernacular names.—Kunni-Nari, Kemp-Nari, Ko6nk, Chandak-Nari (Kanarese) ; Lokri kékri (Marathi) ; Gunta-Nakka (Waddars). [ “ Fairly plentiful, chiefly among rocky hills and broken country, often seen in the day-time. This fox is said to be difficult to hunt, except by sight, as it leaves a very slight scent.”—G. C. 8.] The common Indian Fox from a photograph. Ratura 1npica, Erxl. The Bombay Grant Squirrel. 1777. Sciurus indicus, Erxleben. Syst. Reg. An., p. 420. 1777. = Scrurus purpureus, Ximmermann. Spec. Zool. Grog. Anad., p. 518. 1785, Scturus bombayannus, Boddaert. EHlench. An., p. 117. 1831. Scvurus elphinstonei, Sykes. P.Z.S8., p. 103. 1891. Sczwrus indicus, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 239 (partim). S 150, 151, 158, 161, 164, 165, 166, 192; 92 149, 157, 168, 191. Devikop, Dharwar. 36 784, 786, 788, 789; & 758, 759, 770, 778, 779, 780, 785, 787 Samasgi, S. Dharwar. Blanford wrote on these squirrels in a paper in our Journal (Vol. XVI p. 298) and later I dealt with them (Vol. XIX., p. 880.) These specimens are unmistakably indicus, which is curious for Mysore specimens, I believe, belong to another of Blanford’s races. 1186 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XX. Vernacular names.—Kadalale, Kempalale (Kanarese ); Tambrikar (Marathi) ; Bet-urté (Waddars and Haran Shikaris) ; Kargilheri, Jungli Gilheri (Dekhani). [“‘ Plentiful in the Forests round Devikop and Samasgi. Very active and rather shy. Where abundant, it soon makes its presence known by it loud call; any sudden noise, such as hitting a tree sharply with a stick, will often start these squirrels calling in all directions.—” G. C. 8.] FUNAMBULUS PALMARUM, L. The Palm Squirrel. (Synonymy in No. 2.) & 95,108,105; @ 6,104, 106, 214, 250. Dharwar. & 337, 338, 421; ¢ 420. Gadag, Dharwar. & 646, 653, 654, 655; 611, 616, 661, 662, 687. Hawsbhavi S. Dharwar. (See also Reports 2 and 4.) Vernacular names.—Alale, Alalu, Inachi, Viirchi (Kanarese); Karzani (Marathi) ; Urta (Waddars and Haran Shikaris) ; Gilehri (Dekhani). [“ Very plentiful, occurring everywhere except in the forest country where it is replaced by F. tristriatus. Particularly abundant in the neighbourhood of houses—sleeping in the roofs and spending the day in the verandahs and surrounding trees. Its call, which is a loud unmusical chatter, is uttered very frequently ; when startled, angry, or in any way excited. “They may often be found in prickly pear thickets, when their mouths are usually stained crimson with the juice of the fruit. Both this species and tristriatus feed also on the berries of the Lantana,”—G. C.8.] FUNAMBULUS TRISTRIATUS, Waterh. The jungle Striped Squirrel. 1837. Sccurus tristriatus, Waterhouse. Charl. Mag. N.H. I, p. 499. 1667. Sciurus (Lamias) dussumiert, Milne-Edwards. Rev. Mag. Zool. XIX, p. 226. 1891. Sciurus tristriatus, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 254. 2 1, 2, 35. Dharwar. f 206; 9 124,176, 205. Devikop, Dharwar. @ 774, 777,814, Skulls enly, 794, 795, 796. Samasgi, 8. Dharwar. “« Replaces F. palmarum in the forest part of the Mulnad. Its call how- ever is distinct, being softer and much more musical.”—G. C. S.] FUNAMBULUS PENNANTI, Wrought. The common five-striped Squirrel. (Synonymy in No. 1.) d 69. Dharwar. MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1187 I was much astonished to find this animal in the collection. Iwas not aware that it came south of Bombay. (See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4). TATERA INDICA, Hardw. The Indian Gerbil. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 6 3, 61, 62, 118, 119, 215, 216, 221, 222, 228, 267, 268, 274, 277, 279, 280, 283, 288, 289, 290 ; 9 4, 5, 70, 88, 89, 116, 117, 232, 249, 269, 270, 273, 275, 276, 278, 281, 282, 2938, 485. Dharwar. Q 152, 153, 154, 155, 159. Devikop, Dharwar. & 307, 308, 340; 9 309, 310, 426. Gadag, Dharwar. & 583, 585, 586, 600, 602, 606, 607; YP 582, 584, 587, 599, 601, 603. Hawsbhavi, 8. Dharwar. (See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, and 4.) Vernacular names.—Ili_ (all rats, mice); Bilaili, Kadili, Buddilchi (Kanarese) ; Undir (Marathi); Yélka, Yeri-yélka, Ili Yélka (Waddars) ; Jungli-Choua (Dekhani). - [“ Plentiful everywhere, but most plentiful in red soil country near culti- vation, where their rather large burrows are very noticeable, nocturnal. Always numerous among prickly pear thickets and hedges, when they frequently have their mouths and feet stained crimson with the juice of the fruit. Their speed and agility are remarkable.’’—G. C. 8.] VANDELEURIA OLERACEA, Benn. The Dekhan Tree-Mouse. (Synonymy in No. 2.) 3 27, 208, 209, 210,211. Dharwar. Q 578. Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar. (See also Reports 2 and 4.) Vernacular name.— Malkélka Meinélka (Waddars). (“Apparently not very plentiful around Dharwar. Four young, that were kept alive, were very active, and great climbers. When resting in a bush their tails would generally be curled round a branch.”—G. C. 8.] Mus manet, Kel. The common Indian House-Mouse. 1852. Mus mane, Kelaart. Prod., p. 64. 1891. Mus musculus, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 282 (partim). @ 281, 244; 9 15, 229, 230 (in al.), 252, 263, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259. Dharwar. . ‘ 1188 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol... XX1. 3B 296, 298, 299, 341 (in al.), 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 434, 435, 436; 2 297, 302, 342 (in al.), 405. Gadag, Dharwar. These are topotypes of Gray’s Mus manei. Unfortunately Gray publish- ed no description. In 1852 Kelaart applied the name to a Ceylon Mouse, whose description, as given by him, agrees quite closely with these specimens, except that the size quoted is rather small. Until specimens from Ceylon are available to show that they are distinct, | propose to use the name manei for the House-Mouse at any rate of Southern India. Kelaart points out that its longer tail, darker colour, and white toes differentiate it from Mus musculus. [“ Particularly plentiful round Gadag. In the Dharwar District generally this species is not so generally distributed as Epimys rufescens. It appears to be quite absent in many villages and is never found at any distance from human habitations.”’—G. C. 8. | LEGGADA PLATYTHRIX, Sykes. The Dekhan Spiny-Mouse. (Synonymy in No. 1.) AG 13, 467, 468; 9 14, 30, 36, 37, 38, 39, 266, 271. Dharwar. Q 429. Gadag, Dharwar. B 572, 597, 612, 623, 625, 627, 628, 649, 673, 674, 682; 9 596, 613, 614, 615, 624, 626, 629, 630, 650, 651, 675, 683, 686. Hawsbhavi, 8S. Dharwar. @ 728,729. Hoakan, S. Dharwar. (See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 4.) Vernacular names.—Légg4dé (Waddars). |“ Plentiful, often living among piles of loose stones or rocks. In open country it throws a collection of small stones round the entrance to its burrow, which recalls Mus albocinereus of the sandy districts of Western Australia, which constructs a small circular net work of sticks round its hole, to prevent sand from blowing in and choking it up. Elliot however notes that Leggada platythrix frequently closes the entrance to its burrow.” = Ge Ge isi LEGGADA BOODUGA, Gray. The Southern Field-Mouse. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 6 12, 29, 31, 219, 227; Q 32, 38, (in al.), 264, 265. Dharwar. SG 315, 362, 376, 379, 419, 430, 432, 439, 440, 441, 443, 444, 445, 488, 497, 498; 9 377, 378, 400, 431, 433, 437, 438, 495, 496, 497, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503 (in al.), 489, 490. Gadag, Dharwar. MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1189 3G 595, 632, 658, 660, 709; 2 581, 656, 657, 693 (in al.), 633 to 645, 663, 665, 666, 667. Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar. The Dharwar specimens are topotypes of Gray’s booduga, which was based on specimens sent by Elliot. (See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 4.) Vernacular names.—Budtga (Kanarese); Chittagand, Chittayelka (Waddars). (“Very plentiful everywhere, especially in cultivated country.”— G. C.8.] EPIMYS RUFESCENS, Gray. The common Indian Rat. & 20, 26,114, 218; 113, 115, 121, 272. Dharwar. & 112; 9 168, 169,170. Devikop, Dharwar. & 308, 306, 367; Y 3800, 301, 304. Gadag, Dharwar. & 460; 9 461. Hubli, Dharwar. & 698. Hawsbhavi, 8. Dharwar. & 755, 763; 9 756, 757, 764. Samasgi, S. Dharwar. VARIETY with white underparts. GO 16, 25, 120, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239; 9 24, 111, 283. Dharwar. G 459. Hubli, Dharwar. 3 576, 621, 622, 689, 691; YP 688, 690, 692, 723. Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar. & 765; 9 761, 762. Samasgi, Dharwar. (See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4.) Vernacular names.—lli (all rats, Kanarese) ; Gndir (all rats, Marathi) ; Intyelka (Waddars) ; Choua (all rats, Dekhani). Hitherto all the specimens dealt with in these Reports have been uni- formly characterised by dark underparts, whereas in this collection the majority are white below. There has been at one time or another much discussion as to the taxonomic value of the belly colour in this very variable species. Capt. Lloyd, I.M.S. (Records Ind. Mus. Vol. IT], Part 1, page 92, 1909) writes: ‘ White-bellied rats form a pure race in Rangoon; they are common in Calcutta. Out of 69 villages in the Punjaub it was found that only 3 contained them in small numbers.” And again: “It cannot be doubted that the commonest type of Mus rattus in India is the dark-bel- lied one, and that the white-bellied type occurs sporadically.” In the Malay Peninsula, Siam and the islands of the Malay Archipelago the. dark-bellied type forms only an insignificant portion of the whole. Two parallel forms occur in Egypt, and Mr. L. Bonhote has been car- rying out breeding experiments with these. Some of his recent results 11 1190 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI. are recorded in P. Z. 8., 1912, page 6: “ With regard to the heredity of the two normal varieties, the white-bellied form (M. 7. tectorwm) was found to be apparently a simple Mendelian dominant to the dark-bellied form ( M. r. alexandrinus), the dark-bellied ones always breeding true and the heterogeneous light-bellied ones giving a proportion of pure alexandrinus.”’ According to Mr. Bonhote’s results there can be no “ intermediates ”’ (z.e., in the outward appearance ) between the dark-bellied and white- bellied forms. Amongst these Dharwar specimens in the large majority of white-bellied individuals the belly is pure white, marked off from dark back colour by a well defined line, but in one or two this sudden transition from dark to white is absent, and over more or less the whole of the under surface the bases of the hairs are grey. Amongst the Chiroptera and especially amongst the Rhinolophide it is well known that colour “ phases’ constantly occur, and these perhaps are analogous to these forms of rufescens. For the present I propose to list the white-bellied form merely as a “variety ”’ of rufescens, as the course at once the safest and most convenient. This white-bellied variety is undoubtedly the rufus and flavescens of Elliot, but both names are preoccupied; should a name be at any time required, arboreus, Buchanan Hamilton, is available and most apposite. Kelaart calls the corresponding animal in Ceylon “The white-bellied tree Rat.” Nos. 689, 690, 691, 692 above are representatives of the ‘“‘sport” with a white spot on the forehead for which Capt. Lloyd has inadvertently estab- lished the name dbrahminicus ; all four are quite young and evidently belong to the same litter. MILLARDIA MELTADA, Gray. The soft-furred Field-Rat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) fg 10,18, 40; 9 462 (in al.), 463, 464, 465, 466. Dharwar. a 314, 339, 375, 401, 415, 416, 422, 424, 479, 480, 504; 2 374, 413, 414, 428, 425, 478, 487, 491, 492, 494 (in al.), 402. Gadag, Dharwar. The Dharwar specimens are topotypes of Elliot’s M. lanuginosus as well as of Mus meltada, Gray. (See also Reports Nos. 1 and 3.) Vernacular names.—Mettada, Mettad Illi ( Kanarese); Mettanyélka, Mettad (Waddars). [ Confined, almost, if not entirely, to black soil country, where it is probably chiefly destructive to cotton crops. These rats, in favourable seasons, increase in such enormous numbers as to eat down the crops of an MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1191 entire district. While at Dharwar I never found the species so plentiful as Tatera or Gunomys, although there is no doubt that at times it becomes a plague.” —G.C.8.] GuNoMYs KOK, Gray. The Southern Mole-Rat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) G 28, 66,91, 260, 261; 2 63, 64, 65, 90, 92, 98, 262, 263. Dharwar. f 173, 175; 9 162,171,172. Devikop, Dharwar. G 351, 354, 355, 364, 380, 381, 382, 450; Y 305, 352, 353, 306, 368, 365, 366, 417. Gadag, Dharwar. f 605; Q 604, 620, 685. Hawsbhavi, 8. Dharwar. (See also Reports 1 and 4.) Vernacular names.—Koka, lllkéka (Kanarese); Urpunigodka (Haran Shikaris). [ “ Although not in quite such enormous numbers as Tatera, this species probably comes second here as a destroyer of crops. Occurs everywhere both in open cultivation, and the thickest forest ; its existence being always indicated by the mole-hill like mounds which it throws up. They are extremely savage and when in confinement will jump at, and attempt to bite, anything that comes near them, at the same time giving a series of angry grunts.’”—G. C. S.]| BANDICOTA MALABARICA, Shaw. The Malabar Bandicoot. 1801. Mus malabaricus, Shaw. Gen. Zool., p. 54. 1839. Mus (Neotoma) giganteus, Elliot. Madr. Jour. Land. S., p. 209. 1891. WNesocia bandicota, Blanford. Mammalia No. 296 (partim). go 144, 190, 193; 9 167, 204. Devikop, Dharwar. Q 223. Dharwar. Q 760,771, 813. Samasgi, S. Dharwar. These certainly represent Elliot’s Neotoma gigantea, but they seem most like the Travancore form. Compare my paper on the Bandicoots in this Journal (Vol. XVIII, p. 747). Vernacular names.—Heggana (Kanarese); Ghis, Ghotis (Marathi and Dekhani) ; Phersakéka (Waddars). [(“ Chiefly frequenting stables and outhouses, where they are said to be very destructive in undermining floors. The habits of the Java Bandicoot were entirely different, it lived in rice fields and was fond of water. This rat (as well as Funambulus, Tatera and even Simic) is said to be very liable to bubonic plague, and occasionally to be found dead in numbers from that cause.’ —G. C. 8.} 1192 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. GOLUNDA ELLIOTI, Gray. The Indian Bush Rat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) @ 248. Dharwar. 3G 598, 617, 619, 659, 664, 669, 671, 676, 680, 694, 700, 701, 702, 710; 9 594, 610, 618, 631, 652, 668, 669, 670, 672, 678, 679, 681, 684, 695, 696, 697, 699, 704, 705 (in al.). Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar. & 766; 9 767. Samasgi, 8. Dharwar. (See also Report No. J.) Vernacular names.—Gulanda (Kanarese); Serrumginda Gulandélka (Waddars). These are topotypes of Gray’s species, later ; in his Dharwar List, Elliot named it hirsutus. Hystrix LEUCURA, Sykes. The Indian Porcupine. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 76 (skull only). Dharwar. (See also Report No. 1.) Vernacular names.—Mulluhani, Yédu (Kanarese); Saial, Sayler (Mara- thi and Dekhani); Yetundi, Yédu (Waddars and Haran Shikaris). [(“ Not plentiful round Dharwar.”—G. C. 8.] LEPUS NIGRICOLLIS, Cuv. The black-naped Hare. 1807. Lepus hurgosa, Buchanan. Voy. Mysore 1., p. 169 (nomen nudum). 1823. Lepus nigricollis, F. Cuvier. Dict. Sc. Nat. XXVI, p. 307. 1843. Lepus kurgosa, Gray. Cat. Mamm. (nomen nudum). 1891. Lepus nigricollis, Blanford. Mammalia No. 319. @ 48. Alnawar, Dharwar. g 75, 81 (imm.); 94.; 9 74, 80. Dharwar. & 123; Q 207. Devikop, Dharwar. @ 312, 318, 388; 2 457. Gadag, Dharwar. Q 647. Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar. @ 730. Honkan, 8. Dharwar. @ 790, 804 (in all.) Samasgi, S. Dharwar. The type locality of this species is Malabar. It is also found in Java (introduced). The material is very scanty on which to judge, but the Nilgiri form seems to vary from this one and when specimens are available from Malabar for comparison both may be found to differ from true nigricolls. a MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1193 Vernacular names.—Mola, Mala (Kanarese); Sasa (Marathi); Kundéli (Waddars and Haran Shikaris) ; Khargosh (Dekhani). [“ Occurring both in open and forest country. sively, nocturnal. Two young ones born in captivity, in early November, Chiefly, but not exclu- had their eyes open and were just able to move about within 12 hours. This hare is rather savage, and when caught will often attempt to bite, and to scratch with its fore paws, frequently uttering loud squeals. If two are confined together, one will generally fight with and kill the other.” —G.C.8.] 1799. 1823. 1823. 1825. 1825. 1831. 1843. 1891. Vernacular names.—Kadave, Rusa UNiIcoLor, Bechs. The Sambhar. Cervus unicolor, Bechstein. Allgeui. Uebers. Vierfus. i., p. 112. Cervus hippelaphus, Cuvier. Oss. Foss. ed. 2. N., p. 40. Cervus equinus, Cuvier.1. c., p. 45. Cervus aristotelis, Cuvier. Oss. Foss. ed. 3, iv., p. 503. Cervus leschenaultt, Cuvier. 1. ¢., p. 506. Cervus yarat, Hodgson. Glean. Se. iii., p. 321. Axis pennantii, Gray. List Mamm."B.M., p. 180. Cervus unicolor, Blanford. Mammalia No. 367. & 295 (imm). Dharwar. (Marathi) ; Sambar (Dekhani). Witte 1831. 1841. 1843. 1891. Axis axis, Erxl. The Spotted Deer. Cervus axis, Erxl. Syst. Reg. An., p. 312. Cervus nudipalpebra, Ogilby. P.Z.S., p. 136. Axis major and minor, Hodgson. 8.A.8S.B., x, p. 914. Axis maculata, Gray. List. Mam. B.M., p. 178. Cervus axis, Blanford. Mammalia No. 368. 802 92. Samasgi, S. Dharwar. Kadaba (Kanarese); Méru, Sambar Vernacular names.—Saraga, Saranga (Kanarese and Waddars) ; Chital, Chithal, Mirg (all kinds of deer, Marathi and Dekhani); Ka4rdoh, Saringi (Haran Shikaris). 1766. 1850. 1891. ANTILOPE CERVICAPRA, L. The Black Buck. Capra cervicapra, Linneus. Syst. Nat., p. 96. Antilope bezoartica, Gray. P.Z.S., p. 117. Antilope cervicapra, Blanford. Mammalia No. 357. d 483. Hebli near Dharwar. @ 722,724 (Skull only), 725; 2 706. Hawsbhavi, 8. Dharwar. 1194 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX, Vernacular names.—Chigari (Kanarese) ; Haran, Krishnamrig (Marathi); Haran, Kalwit (Dekhani) ; Ginka (Waddars and Haran Shikaris). [“ Not occurring in the immediate vicinity of Dharwar, but in the black cotton soil districts that stretch away to the north-east and south-east they are widely distributed and in many places sufficiently numerous to do a considerable amount of damage to the cotton crops. The does and immature bucks have a considerable resemblance to the Spring Buck of South Africa, and their habits are similarin many ways. But there is something stilted and stiff jointed about the movements of a Black Buck which is quite unlike a Spring Buck, which I consider the more graceful and certainly the swifter of the two.”—G.C.8.] GAZELLA BENNETTI. The Indian Gazelle. (For Synonymy, sce Report No. 1.) 3 (imm.) 1357. Near Haveri, Dharwar. (See also Reports Nos. 1 and 3.) Vernacular names.—Channachigari, Burari Kungur ( Kanarese); Chin- kara (Marathi and Dekhani). TETRACEROS QUADRICORNIS, Blainv. The four-horned Antelope. (For Synonymy, see Report No. 2.) &@ 800. Samasgi, 8. Dharwar. (See also Report No. 2.) Vernacular narmes.—Kond-kuri, Kan-kuri (Kanarese); Jangli-Békra (Marathi and Dekhani) ; these names are also used for M. vaginalis the Muntjac. Sus cristatus, Wagn. The Indian Wild Boar, 1839. Sus cristatus, Wagner. Munch. Gel. Anz. ix., p. 435. 1843. Sus indicus, Gray. Cat. Mamm. (no description). 1847. Sus affinis, Gray. Cat. Ost. Spec, p. 71. 1860. Sus indicus, Blyth. J.A.S.B., xxix,’p. 105. 1891. Sus cristatus, Blanford. Mammalia No. 374. @ 736, 375, Honkan, 8. Dharwar. Vernacular names.—Handi, Karimikka (Kanarese) ; Dukar (Marathi) ; Fundi (Waddars) ; Pandi (Haran Shikaris) ; Suar, Bura Janwar (Dekhani). Blanford points out, though he does not accept, Blyth’s separation of three forms, under separate names, of the Indian Wild Pig. Blyth accepts the Malabar form as true cristatus and separates the trans Gangetic pig as bengalensis on account of the less marked constriction of the parietal and MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1195 the shorter tail. Blanford distinguishes cristatus from the European scrofa by the great size and complexity of its posterior molar. The material in the Museum is very scanty but in three adult or old Boars (from Malabar, Sind and ‘India’ ) I find that the parietal constriction measures from 28 to 34 mm., the posterior molar 43, and the next two together 35 mm., while in three animals (from Sikhim and the Tarai) these measurements average 46, 37 and 35 mm. respectively. The question does not directly affect this report for the present speci- mens are undoubtedly enistatus, but I would suggest that the Society start a record of measurements of Indian Pigs. If a direct appeal were made to ‘the Secretaries there should be no difficulty in obtaining body measure- ments from various Clubs, and the loan or gift of skulls for the desired measurements. [ The coloured plate of the Painted Bat Kerivoula picta which accompanies this paper gives a very good idea of the brilliant colouring of this bat. The red of the wings is very faithfully reproduced but the fur on [the head has hardly been made long enough which makes the ears appear to stand out more than they doin life. No one who has not seen this bat alive or a short time after death can have any idea of the beautiful colouring as it rapidly fades after death and in museum specimens the wings appear a parchment yellow.— EDs. ] 1196 A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. BY CyriL Hopwoon, I.F.s. Before attempting to deal with the birds met with during my two years’ stay in Arakan, perhaps I may be permitted to give a brief description of the district itself, as I feel that this may prove of interest to those unacquainted with this corner of the Indian Empire, and help to explain the presence or absence of certain birds. Arakan may be divided roughly into three belts. (4) The sea coast, (ii) the foot hills and (iii) the main hill ranges. With regard to (i) a considerable portion of the coast line is fringed with mangrove swamp, in which kingfishers, storks, herons and a few raptorial and passerine birds are found; but there are, in places, considerable areas of sandy beach, backed by open grassy downs, which are a favourite haunt of the small waders, and especially of the Eastern Golden Plover, which is found here in thousands. Between the sea coast and the foot hills lies the paddy land, which is of very considerable extent; this tract is of more interest to the sportsman than to the ornithologist, as there are few birds to be seen (other than the very commonest), except snipe and duck, though the latter are not too numerous, on account of the scarcity of suitable jheels. Passing over (11) for the moment, it may be stated roughly that practically the whole of (4i1) is dense bamboo jungle, almost treeless, and consequently unsuitable for a great variety of bird life. The exception is the Kyaukpaudaung range, which reaches an elevation of about 4,000 feet. This range, which I was lucky enough to visit for a few days in May 1909, is a veritable ornitho- logist’s paradise, and my only regret was that my time there was so limited. Ata height of about 3,000 feet the bamboo gives place to very fine evergreen jungle, and at the top of the range there are numerous open grassy glades. As the birds met with here will be dealt with in their proper order, it is unnecessary to remark upon them at this point. A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1197 From the foregoing, it follows that the bulk of the passerine birds are to be met with in the foot hills (41) and the forest growth may be described as mainly of the deciduous type, fairly open, and without much undergrowth. The streams, however, many of which are perennial, are frequently fringed with dense evergreen jungle including palms and canes and the foot hills thus afford a very considerable variety of forest eminently suited to the requirements of passerine and raptorial birds. Further, as there is a good deal of paddy cultivation lying between the lower spurs, there is an additional attraction for such birds as find their food amongst the standing grain and stubbles. In conclusion, I must apologise for the meagreness of my list ; and in extenuation would plead guilty to being an oologist rather than an ornithologist ; this, added to the extreme difficulty of transporting specimens, accounts for my having undoubtedly passed over large numbers of the smaller passeres, especially warblers, though so far as possible, I made a point of shooting any small bird with which 1 was unacquainted. ; The numbers used are from the “ Fauna of British India.”’ ORDER PASSERKES. Famity Corvin. 4. CoRVUS MACRORHYNCHUS.—The Jungle Crow. Common on sea coast and in foot hills; frequently found feeding on garbage on the beach. I found two nests on 27th March 1909, each with three young, nearly fully fledged. 7. Corvus SPLENDENS.—The Indian House Crow. The only house crow found at Akyab and to the north; to the south it extends as far as Kyaukpyu (some 60 miles south of Akyab), where it is found in company with C. insolens. South of Kyaukpyu I failed to meet with it. It is of interest to note that it commences breeding at the end of February, and nests with eggs are numerous by the first week in March. It is much victimised by the Koel, of whom more anon. On 2nd March 1909, I obtained two very abnormal pale blue eggs, with a few large blotches, rather recalling the eggs of the talking Myna (£. intermedia), but quite rough to the touch, and glossless. 8. Corvus INsoLENS.—The Burmese House Crow. Found with C. splendens at Kyaukpyu, but not further north. South of 12 1198 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. Kyaukpyu it replaces C, splendens. I did not look for nests, but doubtless it breeds in March. 12. Unroctssa occrpiraLis.—The Red-billed Blue Magpie. Foot hills of Arakan Yoma, but rare. 14. Crssa CHINENSIS.—The Green Magpie. I only met with the bird once myself, in March 1910, when beating for pig. The only other occasion on which I heard of it was from my friend Mr. Hamilton, of the Forest service, who tells me that when he was sitting up over a corpse for a man-eater, one of these birds came and pecked at the corpse; but whether it was devouring the flesh or searching for insects is uncertain. The incident, however, seems worthy of note. The bird would appear to be rare, as I did not meet with it at Kyaukpaudaung. 16. DeEnpRocitta RuFA.—The Indian Tree-Pie. Common, especially at Akyab, where it breeds in April and May, though I failed to find its nest. 31. Parus atricers.—The Indian Grey Tit. I think I saw some of these birds on Kyaukpaudaung, but failed to obtain a specimen. As its range extends throughout Burma it is fairly certain that it occurs in Arakan. I met with no other birds which I even suspected of belonging to the Parine or Paradoxornithine. The country, on the whole, is unsuitable for these birds, and if any occur they must be very rare and local. FAMILY CRATEROPODIDA. 69. GARRULAX LEUCOLOPHUS.—The Himalayan White-Crested Laughing Thrush. Fairly common. I got a nest with 4 eggs on 8th May 1909 on Kyauk- paudaung. I failed to meet with G. belanger: at all. 72, GARRULAX PECTORALIS.—Black-gorgeted Laughing Thrush. Common. I saw a partial albino of this species, but failed to secure it. 73. GARRULAX MONILIGER.—The Necklaced Laughing Thrush. Less common than the preceding. ; 116. Pomaroruinus scHisticePs.—The Slaty-headed Scimitar Babbler. Fairly common, and one of the few birds which inhabits the heavy bamboo jungle. 131. PomarorHryvs HyroLeucus.—The Arakan Scimitar Babbler. Not common, and appears to inhabit the dense bamboo forest. I was fortunate enough to obtain a nest with 2 eggson 26th January 1909. The nest was of the usual type, and placed ina fork of a bamboo. It was made of the twigs and tendrils of a creeper, and thickly lined with roots and fibres of fern. It measured 13 inches from top of dome to base and 7 inches from entrance, which was at the side to back. A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1199 134. TrmELIa PILEATA.—The Red-capped Babbler. Far from common, but occurs occasionally in scrub jungle, usually near the sea. 137. GamPpsonHYNCHUS RUFULUS.—The White-headed Shrike-Babbler. I only once met with these birds, and that was in dense bamboo jungle at the foot of the Sandway Yoma. I secured one immature specimen. 139. PycrorHis sINENSIS.—The Yellow-eyed Babbler. Not uncommon in scrub jungle near the sea coast; resident and breeds. 143. PxELLoRNEUM MINUS.—Sharpe’s Spotted Babbler. Mr. Oates was good enough to identify my specimen, whose nest I found on Kyaukpaudaung on May 10th, 1909, with 8 eggs. The bird is not uncommon ; all the specimens I obtained were similar to that sent to Mr. Oates, so I fancy that P. subochraceum does not occur in Arakan. 1538. CoryrHocicHLa stRIaTA.—The Streaked Babbler. I record this with some diffidence, as the bird was severely damaged by the shot, and could not be preserved; but it appeared, after careful exami- nation, to be referable to this species. It was one of a pair, which appeared to be breeding, though I could not find the nest, and was obtained on Kyaukpaudaung on May 9th, 1909. 160. Turpinus aBpBorti1.—Abbot’s Babbler. Not uncommon’ in evergreen jungle. 163. ALcIPPE NEPALENSIS.—Nepal Babbler. On Kyaukpaudaung, where I found a nest on May 10th, 1909. I failed to meet with the bird elsewhere, or with A. phayrit. 169. SracHyRuHis NiGRIcEPs.—The Black-throated Babbler. Not uncommon. Nest with 4 eggs on Kyaukpaudaung on 8th May 1909. 188. MytopHongeus EUGENII.—The Burmese Whistling Thrush. Not common. Other members of the Brachypterygine and of the Sibiune are likely to occur on Kyaukpaudaung, but I should not expect to find them elsewhere. 243. AXGITHINA TIPHIA.—The Common lora. Common everywhere. 247. CHLOROPSIS AURIFRONS.—The Gold-fronted Chloropsis. Fairly common. 250. CHLOROPSIS CHLOROCEPHALA.—The Burmese Chloropsis. Common. 254, Irena PuELLA.—The Fairy Blue Bird. Rather rare ; but breeds, as I shot a female on April 8th, 1909, which would have laid in a few days time. 255. MELANOCHLORA SULTANEA.—The Sultan Bird. A single specimen, probably breeding, on Kyaukpaudaung, May 1909. 1200 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. SuB-FAMILY BRACHYPODINA. 263. CRINIGER FLAVEOLUS.—The White-throated Bulbul. I believe this to be the common Criniger of Arakan. I have undoubted specimens of this bird, but none of C. durmanicus. The birds are common, but difficult to shoot. 269. HypsirpETES PSAROIDES.—Himalayan Black Bulbul. Very common on Kyaukpaudaung, where I got numerous nests in May 1909; but I did not see it elsewhere. I failed to meet with H. concolor. 272. HemMixus FLAvVALA.—The Brown-eared Bulbul. Kyaukpaudaung, but not elsewhere. 275. HEMIxUS MACCLELLANDI.—Rufous-bellied Bulbul. Kyaukpaudaung, not elsewhere. 279, Mo.pastEs BURMANICUS.—Burmese Red-vented Bulbul. Common everywhere. 287. XANTHIXUS FLAVESCENS.—Blyth’s Bulbul. Mr. Oates identified two specimens from Kyaukpandaung, where they — are common. They are smaller than the type specimens, but this Mr. Oates attributes to their being young birds. However, I shot adults which were no larger, and I am inclined to think that this is a small local race ; there is no reason to consider it a different species. 288. Orocampsa EMERIA.—Bengal Red-whiskered Bulbul. Common everywhere. 290. OrocaMPsA FLAVIVENTRIS.—Black-crested yellow Bulbul. Common. I saw a pair collecting nesting materials in March 1910; but I have never found a nest. 306. Pycnonotus BLANFORDI.—Blanford’s Bulbul. Very rare in Arakan, the country being unsuited to its habits ; but occurs occasionally. 310. Micropus MELANOCEPHALUS.—The Black-headed Bulbul. I obtained a single specimen on 2nd March 1909, near the Akyab race- course. I searched for a nest, but was not successful. Faminy SItripz. 325. SirTaA FRONTALIS.— Velvet-fronted Blue Nuthatch. This bird is very fairly common, and appears to be the only nuthatch commonly found in Arakan. S. neglecta was not met with. Famity DicrvuRIDz&. 327. Dickurus atTER.—The Black Drongo. Common. 333. DicruRUS CINERACEUS.—The Grey Drongo. I saw, but failed to secure a species of Grey Drongo on several occasions. I feel almost certain that these birds were D. cimeraceus. ae _" A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1201 335. CHIBIA HOTTENTOTTA.—The Hair-crested Drongo. Common everywhere. I have seen flocks of 40 or 60 together. On one occasion they were dashing into the water from an overhanging tree, flying back, and repeating the performance; they seemed to be bathing or playing, not feeding. 339. BHRINGA REMIFER.—Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo. Fairly common. 340. DissEMURUS PARADISEUS.—Larger Racket-tailed Drongo. Common throughout the foot hills, and along the larger streams. I found several nests, but was unable to get at them. Curiously enough I obtained two nests quite easily accessible, in mango trees, near Rangoon shortly after [left Arakan. The tail feathers of this bird, and of B. remzfer, are much sought after for use as head-dresses by the Chin hill-tribes. Famity CEertHiipZ. I failed to identify any species, but once or twice I saw a wren, pro- bably a species of Pnoepyga. Famity SYLviIIp2. As already stated, I know that I missed many warblers; the appended list is therefore very meagre, and far from representative. 363. ACROCEPHALUS STENTOREUS.—Indian Great Reed Warbler. Obtain- ed a single specimen on 28th March 1910. 367. ACROCEPHALUS AGRICOLA.—Paddy-field Reed Warbler. I got abird on 9th February 1909, which I identified as this species, but unfortunately the bird went bad before I had time to skin it, sol was unable to have my opinion corroborated. 374, OxtHotomus sutToRIUS.—Tailor-bird. Very common. Nests abundantly in May. 379. CiIsTIcOoLA TYTLERI.—Yellow-headed Fantail Warbler. Identified for me by Mr. Oates. Cisticolas are very common in suitable localities, but I failed to actually identify any other species. I found no nests. 382. FRANKLINIA GRACILIS.—Franklin’s Wren-Warbler. Appears common. Numerous nestS were obtained by my friend, Mr. Thorn, near Paletwa in N. Arakan. 424, AcANTHOPNEUSTE MAGNIROSTRIS.—Large-billed Willow- Warbler. Irecord this species with some diffidence, as the single specimen obtained was moulting, and was damaged by the shot. But it was without doubt an Acanthopneuste; and judging by the dark colour, attributable to this species. Date 12th April 1910. 463. PRINIA FLAVIVENTRIS.—Yellow-bellied Wren-Warbler. Common and breeds. 1202 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1, 468, PRINIA BLANFORDI.—Burmese Wren-Warbler. I cannot swear to the species, but it is either this or P. znornata. Not common. Famity LAanip2. 474, LaAnius coLLuRio1pEs.—The Burmese Shrike. Common in the winter. Leaves about April, and first seen on return on October 3rd, 1909. 481, Lanrus cristatus.—Brown Shrike. Very common near the sea coast from August to April. Mr. Oates identi- fied the bird for me, but it was not quite typical. I much regret not having collected a series, though I see no reason for suspecting the occurrence of anew species. Butitis just possible. 484, Hemipus picatus.—Black-backed Pied Shrike. I several times saw birds which I presume belonged to this species, and shot and identified one on 20th March 1910. 488. TEPHRODORNIS PONDICERIANUS.—Common Wood Shrike. Common in suitable localities. I failed to obtain any other species of Tephrodornis. 491. PERICcROCOTUS FRATERCULUS.—Burmese Scarlet Minivet. I did not actually obtain a specimen, as the birds were very rare, but I presume the few seen were of this species. 500. Prricrocorus PEREGRINUS.—Small Minivet. Common. Breed in the Casuarina trees in Akyab cantonments. 510. GravcuLus macii.—Large Cuckoo Shrike. Very common and noisy. I was lucky enough to get a nest, with two nearly fresh eggs on 30th March 1909, to which I was attracted by the agitation of the birds. It was only when my man climbed the tree that the nest was discovered, as it was almost invisible from below, being most cunningly concealed in a forked branch. 512. Artamus FuscuS.—Ashy Swallow Shrike. Very common. Breeds about April in the Casuarinas in Akyab. FaMIty ORIOLID. ° 521. OrioLus MELANOCEPHALUS.—Indian Black-headed Oriole. Common everywhere. Famity EULABETID2. 524, KEuULABES INTERMEDIA.—Indian Grackle. Not very common. Obtained eggs in N. Arakan in May. As elsewhere, a favourite cage bird. One of a pair which I had in my aviary was a brilliant talker and mimic, and could also whistle tunes. FAMILY STURNID&. 538. SruRNIA MALABARICA.—The Grey-headed Myna. Common. Breeds in holes in the Casuarinas in April and May in Akyab. F : ~ J A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN, 1203 549. AcRIDOTHERES TRISTIS.—Common House Myna. Common everywhere. 552. CitniopsaR Fuscus.—The Jungle Myna. Common in all suitable localities, but I failed to find a nest. 506. STURNOPASTOR SUPERCILIARIS.—Burmese Pied Myna. Very common and breeds in large numbers near towns and villages in May. Mr. Oates writes under S. contra: “ A specimen from Arakan in the British Museum is a typical S. contra. ’’ Every single bird which I met with, and I shot some dozens. and examined many more through glasses at close range were typical S. superciliaris. The British Museum specimen must, therefore, have been a rare straggler. Famity Muscicaripa. Flycatchers are scarcely as numerous as might be expected, and I failed to meet with several usually common species. Iam inclined to think that I did not overlook many, as I take a rather particular interest in this family. 558. HEMICHELIDON sIBIRICA.—Sooty Fly-catcher. Apparently confined to Kyaukpaudaung, where I obtained a specimen on May 7th, 1909. From the date, I should judge it to be resident. 562. SIPHIA ALBICILLA.—EHastern Red-breasted Fly-catcher. Common winter migrant approximately from November to March. All in female dress. 569. CyorRNIs MELANOLEUCUS.—Little Pied Fly-catcher. Common in Kyaukpaudaung at about 4,000 feet, not seen elsewhere. 575. CYORNIS RUBECULOIDES.—Blue-throated Fly-catcher. Appears common. 592, CULICICAPA CEYLONENSIS.—Grey-headed Fly-catcher. Common. ; 594. Nittava suNDARA.—Rufous-bellied Niltava. Though several times seen, I failed to shoot a specimen; but I am well acquainted with the bird which I obtained in the Upper Chindwin, not a great distance from Arakan as the crow (or Niltava!) flies, so I think it may safely be recorded. 599. TERPSIPHONE AFFINIS.—Burmese Paradise Fly-catcher. Fairly common in suitable localities. I got a nest from an evergreen stream with two fresh eggs on 13th April 1909. The nest was placed in the angle between the stem and leaf of a wild canna. Cock bird in chestnut plumage. 605. RHIPIDURA ALBICOLLIS.— White-throated Fantail Fly-cather. Not common. One of the birds which haunts the gloomy bamboo forests of the Yoma, where I first observed it. 1204 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT. Famity TurpDIpDz&. 608. PratTiIncoLa CcAPRATA.—Common Pied Bush Chat. Common and breeds. ~ 610. Prarincota MauRA.—Indian Bush Chat. Common winter migrant. 631. Hxrnicurus guttatus.—Hastern Spotted Forktail. On Kyaukpaudaung only. I obtained a nest of the usual Forktail type with three fresh eggs on May 8th, 1909. The nest was in a cleft of a rock over water. 633. HENICURUS IMMACULATUS. Common along all jungle streams, and occasionally seen in Akyab can- tonments. Breeds March and April. 638. CHIMARRHORNIS LEUCOCEPHALUS.— White-capped Redstart. Not common, but occasionally met with near waterfalls in perennial streams. Probably breeds, as I have seen it as late as April. 646. RHYACORNIS FULIGINOSUS.—Plumbeous Redstart. A single female. N.Arakan. Cold weather. 663. CopsycHUS SAULARIS.—Magpie-Robin. Common. 664. CrrrocINCLA MACRURA.—Shama. Not common. 686. GrOCICHLA CITRINA.—Orange-headed Ground Thrush. Only met with on Kyaukpaudaung, in evergreen jungle at about 4,000 feet. I got three nests on May 8th and 9th, 1909, containing respectively 1 fresh, 3 slightly incubated and 2 hard set eggs. The nests were of the usual type, placed in the fork of a sapling in each case. 693. PrrropHiLa cyanus.— Western Blue Rock Thrush. Common from October to about April. A few arrive in September. This bird occasionally sings most beautifully but very rarely. 698. OrnocINcLA DAuMA.—Small-billed Mountain Thrush. Ruchaung, N. Arakan, March 1910. Appears rare. Famity PLocrip2. 720. Puiocreus Bpaya.—The Baya. Common. 723. PiLocrus MANYAR.—Striated Weaver-bird. Common. 725a. Munta ornyzivorna.—The Java Sparrow. I met with a flock of six on September 26th, 1909, when snipe shooting : they were feeding on grass seeds, like common munias. Again, in March 1910 I saw a pairin Akyab cantonments and a single specimen in the paddy fields in April 1910. The birds are known to the Arakanese villagers, so the species may be taken as thoroughly established in Arakan. ap Oe A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1205 726. Munia ATRIcAPILLA.—Chestnut-bellied Munia. Common. 727. URononcHa acuricaupa.—Hodgson’s Munia. Common. Breeds early in May, when I obtained several nests with fresh eggs. 735. UroLoncHa PUNCTULATA.—Spotted Munia. Common everywhere. 739. SPORHGINTHUS FLAVIDIVENTRIS.—Burmese Red Munia. Fairly common. Found a nest of young birds at the end of August 1909 in a screw-pine on a bund in a paddy field. FRamity FRINGILLIDZ. 761. Carpopacts ERYtHRINUS.—Common Rose Finch. A single specimen at Myohaung, 3rd March 1910. I am told the bird is not uncommon in this particular locality. Itis one of the few places in the “plains” of Arakan, or rather of the Akyab district of Arakan, where there is a fair extent of jungle, other than mangrove jungle, and is conse- quently a good place for birds. The woodland near Myohaung would repay more careful exploration than I was able to give. 776. Passer pomEsTicus.—The House Sparrow. It may be of interest to record that this bird is not found north of Kaladan on the Kaladan river. It does not occur at the little town of Paletwa, the head-quarters of N. Arakan ; nor is it replaced by any other sparrow. At Akyab, I found a nest containing young sparrows built into a kite’s nest, in which were young kites and the sparrows were quite unmolested. The sparrows also use old kingfisher’s burrows, which are very numerous near Akyab, as nesting sites. 780. Passer cINNAMOMEUS.—Cinnamon Tree Sparrow. Rare. I only identified one bunting, though I saw others. 797. HEmpBeErizA aurzota.—Yellow-breasted Bunting. Occurs in large flocks, and is common in the cold weather months. ° 4 observed them as late as April. Famity Hrirrunpdinip2&. 807. CHELIDON NEPALENSIS.—Hodgson’s Martin. Common at Kyaukpaudaung, where it breeds on the clifis in April and May. ‘The nests, as a rule, are inaccessible and I did not get eggs. The birds are occasionally met with, but are rare elsewhere. 809, CorTILE stNENsIs.—Indian Sand Martin. Common. 814. Hrrunpo eurruratis.—EHastern Swallow. Common everywhere in winter. 13 1206 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX, ; 815. Hirunbo TYTLERI. Tytler’s Swallow. Fairly common. 817. Hrrunpo savanica.—Nilgiri House Swallow. I failed to satisfy myself as to whether these birds are resident throughout the year, but I obtained eggs from some cliffs by the sea at Kyaukpgu at the end of March, and the birds are common in winter. Oates does not record this bird from Burma. 818. Hirunpo smiruit.— Wire-tailed Swallow. Common. Nest with 4 eggs from a cliff on the Lemru river, N. Arakan April 12, 1909. 822. HirRunDO NEPALENSIS.—Hodgson’s Striated Swallow. Appears to occur only in N. Arakan, where I met with itin April and May fairly commonly. Famity Morvacinnipa. Wagtails are very numerous in Arakan. The following were actually i*entified, but there are probably others. 826. Moracizta atBa.—White Wagtail. Common everywhere. 828. Moract~ta ocuLaRiIs.—Streak-eyed Wagtail. Upper Kaladan, N. Arakan, November 1908. 832. MoraciLbLaA MELANOPE.—Gray Wagtail. Common in winter; earliest date of appearance September 20, 1909. » 834. Moracitnta FLAva.—Blue-headed Wagtail. Not uncommon. 839, LimonipRomuUS iInDicus.—Forest Wagtail. Twice seen in January and February 1909 but I failed to secure either specimen. I have shot it elsewhere in Burma, and once identified. It is easily recognised, so may be unhesitatingly recorded. 845. ANTHUS RICHARDI.—Richard’s Pipit. Common. 847. ANTHUS RUFULUS.—Indian Pipit. Common everywhere, and I saw a pair carrying nesting materials in February ; but as Iwas on the march, I did not look for the nest. 850. ANTHUS ROSAcEUS.—Hodgson’s Pipit. A young bird, Akyab racecourse, 24th November 1908. Just assuming the pinkish tinge on head and neck ; breast and sides heavily streaked. The specimen, which I had intended to preserve, was unfortunately stolen from my verandah by a crow! Famity ALAUDIDA. 861. ALAuDA GuLGuULA.—Indian Sky-Lark. Resident and breeds from March to May,in both of which months I sot nests. « A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1207° 870. Mrrarra assamica.—Bengal Bush Lark. Very common and resident. Famity NECTARINIIDS. The birds of this family are very plentiful in Arakan, but I only identi- fied a few. 884, AlrHopyGa caRA.—Tenasserim Yellow-backed Sun-bird. Oates says that 1t is “ doubtful if this sun-bird extends to Arakan or not.’”’ I can now positively state that it is common in Arakan, being found usually on the edge of the forest, near the paddy fields. ; 895, ARACHNECTHRA ASIATICA.—Purple Sun-bird. Common. 896, ARACHNECTHRA HASSELTI.—Van Hasselt’s Sun-bird. This beautiful Sun-bird is not uncommon. 898. ARACHNECTHRA FLAMMAXILLARIS.—Burmese Yellow-breasted Sun-bird. Common. 908. ANTHOTHREPTES MALACCENSIS.—Brown-throated Sun-bird. Fairly common. 909. ARACHNOTHERA LONGIROSTRIS.—Little Spider-Hunter. Fairly common, but I never succeeded in finding a nest, though I think I must have been near one more than once, to judge from the excitement of the birds. Famity Dicamipz. 912. DicmumM cruENntTATUM.—Scarlet-backed Flower Pecker. Common. 914. DicmumM cHRYSORRHGUM.—Yellow-vented Flower Pecker. Rather rare. 919. Dicmum ERYTHRORHYNCHUS.—Tickell’s Flower Pecker. Not uncommon. A bold familiar little bird, which will settle close to: one, and is far too intent on its own business to take much notice of one’s. movements. I also saw, once or twice, a bird which I should be inclined to attribute to the genus Prionochilus ; but as I did not obtain a specimen I cannot venture any more definite opinion. Famity Pirripa. 927. PiIrrTa NEPALENSIS.—Blue-naped Pitta. Not common. The jungle is not suitable for Pittas, but P. cyanea and P. cyanoptera are also recorded from Arakan, and would probably be found on Kyaukpaudaung. This concludes the Passeres, of which I find I have actually identified 121 species. There is therefore plenty of scope for further research ! 1208 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. ORDER EURYLAIMI. Famity HuryvyL“{MIpa&. I only met with two species, both on Kyankpaudaung. These were :— 948. SERILOPHUS RUBRIPYGIUS.—Gould’s Broadbill. 944. PsaRisomMus DALHOUSI#.—Long-tailed Broadbill. I got nests of both, May 7th to 9th, but whereas Jonly got one of P. dalhousia, I got about half a dozen of 8, rubripygius, and frequently saw the birds. ORDER PICI. Famity Picipz. In my nine years’ experience of Burma, during which I have served in some ‘ten “ districts,” I have never struck a place in which the Pict are so scarce as in Arakan. This is doubtless accounted for by the immense areas of bamboo jungle, and the paucity of tree growth; but even in ordinary tree jungle, woodpeckers are far less numerous than usual. I wonder if the proximity of the sea, and the heavy rainfall has anything to do with this. The following list is complete as far as my observations went, as I did not see a single woodpecker which I failed to identify. 951. GEcINUS CHLOROLOPHUS.—Small Himalayan Yellow-naped Wood- pecker. Common. 958. GECINULUS GRANTIA.—Northern Pale-headed Woodpecker. Fairly common in the bamboo jungle. ‘967. DxrNDRocopuUS mMaciI.—Fulvous-breasted Pied Woodpecker. 2 4 R : : ; ¢ ; ‘ . Common ; nest in Akyab in a bamboo which had been used as a post in a deserted hut, June 1909, with three young. 988. TIGA JAVANENSIS.—Common Golden-backed Three-toed Wood- | pecker. Very common. 992. CHRYSOCOLAPTES GUITICRISTATUS.—Tickell’s Golden-backed Wood- pecker. Common. ri , 995. HEMICERCUS CANENTE.—Heart-spotted Woodpecker. Fairly common. 996. HErMILOPHUS PULVERULENTUS.—Great Slaty Woodpecker. I only saw one pair, and found the nest hole on May 10th, 1910, but it proved inaccessible to my great disappointment. It was in a huge “+ Kauyin ” (wood-oil) tree, fully eighty feet from the ground. 1002. Sasta ocHracEA.—Rufous Piculet. Common. A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1209 ORDER ZYGODACTYLI. FaMity CApITONIDa. 1009. THrReIceERYxX LINEATUs.—Lineated Barbet. Common. 1012. Cyawnors astarica.—Blue-throated Barbet. Common. I got a nest with two fresh eggs on the road to Kyaukpaudaung at about 3,000 feet, May 7th, 1909. 1019. XANTHOLHMA H®MATOCEPHALA.—“ Coppersmith.” Very common. ORDER ANISODACTYLI. Famity CoraciaD@. 10238. Coractas AFFINIS.—Burmese Roller. Very common. 1025. Hurystomus or1tENTALIS.—Broad-billed Roller. Fairly common. Famity MeERopipz. 1026. Mbroprs viripis.—Common Indian Bee-eater. 1027. Merors pHitipprinus.—Blue-tailed Bee-eater. Appears to be more or less migratory, as I noticed both in 1909 and 1910 that it was far more abundant in the breeding season, April and May, than at other times. 1030. MernirrorpHacus swinHoir.—Chestnut headed Bee-eater. Common. 1031. Nycriornis AtTHERTONI.—Blue-bearded Bee-eater. Not uncommon. I found a nest early in May, 1910, but without eggs. Famity ALCEDINIDS. 1033. CERYLE varnia.—Indian Pied Kingfisher. Very common. I found young birds just able to fly on March 21st, 1909; and got a nest with 5 eggs on April 13th, 1910. 1034, CrryLE LtucuUBRISs.—Himalayan Pied Kingfisher. N. Arakan, Lemin river only, but common there. 1035. AtcEDo isprIpA.—Common Kingfisher. Common. 1041. PELARGOPSIS AMAUROPTERA.—Brown-winged Kingfisher. Common near the sea coast, and in mangrove swamps. This bird has the habit of plunging into the surf, and settling on the sand while it secures. its prey, allowing the waves to break over it. 1043. Pxrtarcopsis GuRIAL.—Brown-headed Stork-billed Kingfisher. Common, but keeps most to the fresh water, rarely coming down to tidal limits. P. amauroptera, on the contrary, I never found frequenting fresh water. 1210 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. - 1044. Hatcyvon smyRNENSIS.— White-breasted Kingfisher. Very common. 1045. Hancyon prtzara.—Black-capped Kingfisher. Very common in fidal jungle, and along brackish creeks. Common as it was, I totally failed to find a nest. 1047. SauropatiIs cCHLORIS.—White-collared Kingfisher. Common in same habitat as H. pileata, and very noisy. This bird undoubtedly breeds in holes of dead trees, and apparently excavates its own burrow. I found several such holes, but failed to obtain eggs. My friend Mr. Wickham, however, got them from trees in the Andamans, and I have -a clutch which he gave me. One of my clerks told me that there was a nest -of this species in a tree in his compound at Akyab afew years ago. The bird is commonly seen in the gardens in Akyab town, and I have no reason to disbelieve his statement. Famity BucEerorip. 1051. DicHocERos Bicornis.—Great Hornbill. Common. 1053. ANTHRACOCEROS ALBIROSTRIS.—Indo-Burmese Pied Hornbill. Common. I had two of these birds as pets, and they were extremely ‘tame, flying ahout loose in the compound, and coming into the house when they wanted food. As an amusing pet, this bird is hard to beat; but it is a tyrant in an aviary, and will kill small birds. 1054. RuyrTiIpoceRos uNDULATUS.—Malayan Wreathed Hornbill. Not common, confined to the hills, and very shy and wary. I did not succeed in collecting a specimen, but identified them with the aid of field glasses. Famity Upvurip. 1067. Upupa 1npica.—Indian Hoopoe. Common. I once took a single young bird from a nest (the others had, I suppose, flown), and put it in a cage in my verandah, fully 300 yards from its nest. Within a few hours the old birds were feeding it, and continued to do so for two days, when it made its escape. ORDER MACROCHIRES. Famity CyYpsELipa. 1074. CypsrLus suBreRcATUS.— Malayan House Swift. Breeds in hundreds on Kyaukpandaung in May, but the nests were inaccessible. 1076. TacHoRNIS INFUMATUS.—Hastern Palm Swift. Common. 1078. CHu#tTURA INDICA.—Brown-necked Spine-tail. Common. A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1211 Famity CaPRIMULGIDA, 1091. Caprimuneus asraricus.—Common Indian Nightjar. Common. 1093. CaprimuLeus MacruRus.—Horsfield’s Nightjar. Common. 1096. LyNcoRNIs CERVINICEPS.—Great Eared Nightjar. Fairly common. ORDER TROGONES. Faminy TROGONID. 1101. Harpacres ERYTHROCEPHALUS.—Red-headed ‘Trogon. Common. 1103. Haxpactss orEscius.—Yellow-breasted Trogon. I made the acquaintance of this beautiful Trogon for the first time in Arakan. It is not common. ORDER COCCYGES. Famity Cucunip. 1104. Cucunus canorus.—The Cuckoo. Two in September, 1908. Presumably migrating. 1107. CuctuLus microprERus.—Indian Cuckoo. Fairly common. 1108. HiERococcoyx sPpARVERIOIDES.— Large Hawk-Cuckoo, Not common. 1118. Caccomantis MERULINUs.—Rufous-bellied Cuckoo. Not common. 1114, PENTHOCERYX sONNERATI.—Banded Bay Cuckoo. Rare. 1119. CoccystEs conomanpus.—Red-winged Crested Cuckoo. Met with occasionally but not commonly. I also have it in my mind that I saw C. jacobinus, and failed to note it in my book, so it must be considered a “ doubtful starter.” 1120. Hupynamis Honorata.—Indian Koel. For a koél-ridden place, commend me to Akyab. ‘There are more koéls to*the square yard, I should imagine, than in any other portion of the Indian Empire. Tam inclined to agree that the bird is partially migra- tory, as it is far more common in the breeding season than at other times. As stated above C. splendens breeds in Arakan in March, and the koél of course, follows suit. During the first week in March 1909, I got koél’s eggs ad. lib. and I believe I established a record, on March 4, when I took seven koél’s eggs from one crow’s nest (and incidentally performed a public service), There were no crow’s eggs in this nest, and the koél’s 1212 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. eggs were allfresh. The eggs were of three distinct types, and made three natural clutches of 3,2, and 2. I presume three koéls were laying in this nest, and the crows had given it up as a bad job. I saw crows feeding young koéls as late as July. 1123. Ruopopyres rRistis.—Large Green-billed Malkoha. Fairly common. 1130. CENTROPUS SINENSIS.—Common Corocal. Common. ORDER PSITTACI. Famity Psirracipsz. 1136. Panmornis INDOBURMANICUS.—Large Burmese Paroquet. Common. 1138. Patmornis TrorQuATUS.—Rose-ringed Paroquet. Common. 1145. Pata#ornis Fascratus.—Red-breasted Paroquet. By far the commonest parrot in Arakan. 1150. Loricutus vernatis.—Indian Loriquet. Common. P. schisticeps or jfinscht probably occurs,’ but I failed to meet with either. ORDER STRIGES. Famity ASIONIDA. 1164. Kerupa zEYLONENSIS.—Brown Fish Owl. Common, and breeds in Akyab. 1178. Scors BakKAM@NaA.—Collared Scops Owl. Common. I found two nests with young in April 1909 and 1910. 1180. AvrHENE BRAMA.—Spotted Owlet. Common. 1187. Ninox scuruzara.—Brown Hawk Owl. I know the call of this owl well, having shot them, whilst shooting, i= the Chindwin. I did not actually see a specimen in Arakan, but frequently heard them calling, so include it in my list. ORDER ACCIPITRES. Famity PAaNnDIONIDA. 1189. Panpion HALIAETUS.—The Osprey. A not uncommon winter visitor, usually met with near the sea. FaMILty VULTURIDA. 1191. Orogyrs catvus.—Black Vulture. Rather rare. 1195. Gyps tENUIROSTRIS.—Himalayan Long-billed Vulture. Common. A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN, 1213: 1196. PshupoGyrs BENGALENSIS.—Indian White-backed Vulture. Very common. Famity FALconips. 1212, Spizagrus LiImnanrus.—Changeable Hawk Eagle. Not common: but I was lucky enough to get a nest, with a single hard set egg, on April 22nd, 1910. 1217. SpritoRNis cHEELA.—Crested Serpent Eagle. The commonest eagle in Arakan, found everywhere. 1223. Hanianrus tevconypuus.—Pallas’ Fishing Eagle. Fairly common. Found a nest without eggs on 9th November 1909. White-bellied Sea Eagle. Very common near the sea. I found several nests in October and 1224. HALIAETUS LEUCOGASTER. November, but always failed to get eggs. 1226. Ponioanrus 1cHTHYAnTUS.—Large Gray-headed Fishing Eagle. Fairly common. Nest with almost fledged chick on January 26th, 1910. 1228. Hatistur 1npus.—Brahminy Kite. Very common. 1229. Mitvus covinpa.—Common Pariah Kite. Very common. 1232. Enanus c»/RuLEus.—Black-winged Kite. Rare. 1233. Crrcus MacruRUS.—Pale Harrier. Very common in winter. 1236. Crrcus MELANOoLEUCUS.—Pied Harrier. Common in winter. 1237. Circus zRueINosus.—Marsh Harrier. Common in winter. 1244, Asrur Baprtus.—The Shikra. Common. 1254, Fatco pernerinus.—Peregrine Falcon. Not common. 1265. TinuncuLus atauparius.—Kestrel. Common, especially in the hot weather. I noticed large numbers of Kestrels on Akyab race course, in March and April; on shooting a speci-~ men, I found that it had been feeding almost entirely on a kind of large cricket, which is very abundant at this time of year; and which doubtless attracts the hawks. “ORDER COLUMBAS. \ Famity CoLUMBIDZ&. 1271. Crocopus PHaNIcoPrERUS.—Bengal Green Pigeon. Rare. 14 1214 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1, 1273. OsMOTRBRON PHAYREI.—Ashy-headed Green Pigeon. Very common. 1278. OsMOTRERON BICINCTA.—Orange-breasted Green Pigeon. Fairly common. On March 13, 1909, I got a nest with two slightly incubated eggs. The nest was placed in a pollarded stump, only a few feet from the ground, and the eggs were plainly visible when the bird flew away. 1281. TreRon NEPALENSIS.—Thick-billed Green Pigeon. Not common. 1284. CarpopHaca #NEA.—Green Imperial Pigeon. Common, and breeds from February to May, as I have found nests in ‘both months. 1289. MynristicIvora BIcoLOoR.—Pied Imperial Pigeon. This I believe to be the first record from Burma, at all events from the mainland. One of my men shot three from a flock of four in February 1910, a little south of Sandoway; one of the skins was sent to the Bombay Natural History Society. The villagers at once recognised the birds, and say they are numerous, and breed, in the islands off the coast, visiting the mainland in the winter months. The crops of the birds shot were stuffed with wild figs ; and the birds were far superior to C. enea for the table. 1291. CHaLcoPpHaPs INDICA.—Bronze-winged Dove. Common. 1304. TurtuR ortzNTALIs.—Rufous Turtle Dove. Common. 1308. Turtur TI¢RINus.—Malay Spotted Dove. Very common. 1311. CinoPorrnia TRANGUEBARICA.—Red Turtle Dove. Fairly common. ORDER GALLIN At. FaMiny PHASIANID. 1325. Pavo muricus.—Burmese Peafowl. Occurs sparingly in the Sandoway District. 1327. PotypPLEcTRUM CHINQUIs.—Gray Peacock-Pheasant. Not uncommon in the N. Arakan Hill tracts. 13828. GaLLUs FERRUGINEUS.—Red Jungle Fowl. Common. 1840d. GENNZUS CUIVIERI. Silver Pheasants are not common as a rule, as the Jungle is unsuitable. But in N. Arakan they are fairly plentiful throughout and along the Ru stream, a feeder of the Lemru, they positively swarm. The specimens collected by me, and sent to the late Mr. Oates, were identified by him A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1215 as G. prendergarsti. However, on comparison with the types in the British Museum, my specimens were found to be identical with G'. cuiviert and were identified and labelled by Mr. Ogilvie Grant as such, I only met with the one variety, but one male approximates to typical G. horsfieldt. This came from the Chittagong border. 1354, HxcaLFACTORIA CHINENSIS.—Blue-breasted Quail. Fairly common on swampy grazing grounds. This bird seems to have a very strong scent, as my spaniel used always to get very keen when they were about. 1364. ARBORICOLA INTERMEDIA.—Arakan Hill Partridge. Common almost everywhere in the jungle, and easily detected once its call is known. Breeds in March, when I obtained eggs. 1365. ARBORICOLA ATRIGULARIS.— White-cheeked Hill Partridge. Rare. I only obtained one specimen, at about 2,000 feet, on the road to Kyaukpandung. ORDER HEMIPODII. Famity TURNICID2. 1382. TurNnIx PuGNAx.—Bustard Quail. Found almost everywhere, in suitable localities, but never common in any one place. 1386. TURNIX BLANFORDI.—Burmese Button Quail. Rare. ORDER GRALLA. As soon as we arrive at the water birds, waders, herons, storks, etc., the number of common species rapidly increases, as might be expected in a district offering such a variety of suitable localities, as does the coast line of Arakan. Faminy RaLLip®. 1389. Hyporanipia striata.—Blue- breasted Rail. Very common. 1401. AmMavRoRNIS PH@NICURUS.— White-breasted Moorhen. Very common ; breeds in Akyab town. 1402. GaxLLINuLA cHLoRoPuUS.—Moorhen. Common. 1403. GALLICREX CINEREUS.——Kora. Common. 1404. PorpHyRIo POLIOCEPHALUS.—Purple Moorhen. Rather rare. 1405. Fuxica atra.—Coot. Not common, Species of Poozana and Rallina also occur, but I failed to identify any. 1216 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. Famity HELiorNnirHip”. 1406. Heniopais PERsoNATA.—Masked Finfoot. One evening, whilst fishing with my friend Mr. Pickthall, in a deep pool! on the Ru stream, a bird which we took to be a duck, flew down and settled with a loud grunting quack. My friend fired, and the bird, hard hit, struggled into the elephant grass. On being driven out, it swam and dived well for several minutes, until secured ; all the time it kept uttering its: monosyllabic grunt. It proved to be a fine male, and the skin is now in. Mr. Pickthall’s possession. The date was March 9th, 1910. Famity GRuID&. 1409. Grus anticgonr.—The Sarus. Cranes are not common: the only one I shot proved to be G. antigone and not G. sharpii. 1411. ANnrHRoporpEs vrrco.—Demoiselle Crane. On New Year’s Day, 1909, I saw three of these birds, which I easily identified with my glass, though they were too wary to allow of my shooting: any. There were, apparently, one old and two young birds. ORDER LIMICOL2. FamMity QpIcCNEMID#. 1419. Hsacus REcURVIROSTRIS.—Great Stone Plover. Rare, but I met with it at Kyaukpyu. In N. Aracan I saw birds which were probably . scolopa... FaMity GLAREOLID. ' 1425. GuarEoLa oRIENTALIS.—Large Indian Pratincole. Very common and resident. In 1909 I was too late for eggs, but found a young bird. In 1910, I determined to get eggs, and after several days’ hunting got the knack of it, when my Burman. “boy ” and I succeeded in finding about twenty nests. The birds were breeding in paddy stubble, near the sea, just outside Akyab town; the nests are best found by flushing the birds, and then watching them return, when they run to the nest and squat down. The nests were all found during the last week in April. 1427. GLAREOLA LACTEA.—Small Indian Pratincole. Much less common than G. orientalis, but resident and breeds. Famity ParRrips. 1428. Meropopius Inpicu s.— Bronze-winged jacana. Common. 1429. HypropHasIANus CHIRUGUS.—Pheasant-tailed jacana. Fairly common. : a f 7 e . ue : 9 A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1217 Famity CHARADRIIDS. H430. StTREPSILAS INTERPRES.—Turnstone. Four birds on October 5th, 1909, on the rocks near Fakir point, at Akyab. 1432. SarcoGRAMMUs ATRINUCHALIS.—Burmese Wattled Lapwing. ‘Common. 1435. HorLorrErus venrRALIs.—Indian Spur-winged Plover. Fairly common. 1439. CHARADRIUS FULVUs.—Hastern Golden Plover. Occurs in vast numbers from September to May, by which time the birds are assuming breeding plumage. I kept one in my aviary for several ‘months, and it throve exceedingly on a diet of white ants. It was liber- .ated in May. 1441. SQuarTaROLA HELVETICA.—Grey Plover. A not uncommon winter migrant. 1442, ANGIALITIS GEOFFROYI.—Large Sand Plover. A common shore bird, from August to February or March. 1447. AMerariris pusia.—Little Ringed Plover. Very common. 1451. Himaropus canpipus.—Black-winged Stilt. Rare. (1454. NuMENIUS anquata.—Curlew. Very common. I have seen them as late as June and as early as August. 1455. Numrnius pHm@orus.— Whimbrel. Equally common ; returns in August, and appears to leave about April or “May. 1460. Toranus HypoLEUCUS.—Common Sandpiper. Very common. 1461. Toranus GLuaArEnoLta.— Wood Sandpiper. Very common. 1462. Toranus ocHRopus.—Green Sandpiper. Very common. 1463. Toranus staGNatitis.—March Sandpiper. Rare. 1464. Toranus caLtipRis.—Redshank. Very common ; August to April or May. 1465, Totranus Fruscus.—Spotted Redshank. -Common. 1466. Toranus cuorris.—Greenshank. Very common ; August to March. 1472. TRringa RvuFIcoLLIS.—Eastern Little Stint. Fairly numerous. 1482. Scotopax rustico~a.— Woodcock. _A very rare visitor. One was shot in the winter of 1908. 1218 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. AXI, 1484. GaLLINAGO C@LESTIS.—Common Snipe. Less common than G. stenura. The first shot was on September 25th. 1910, and on October 10th, 1909. Last shot about end of January. 1485. GALLINAGO STENURA.—Pintail Snipe. Very plentiful. Arrive between August 20th and 25th and stragglers. remain till the end of April. 1488. RosTRaTULA CAPENSIS.—Painted Snipe. Unaccountably rare, as there are many suitable localities. ORDER GAVIA. Famity Laripa. 1489. Larus 1cHTHyYaTUS.—Great Black-headed Gull. On November 20th, 1909, I observed three very large Gulls, in company with G. brunneicephalus. They were too wary to allow of my shooting one, but from what I could make out through my glass, I think they must have been L. ichthyetus. 1491. Larus BRUNNEICEPHALUS.—Brown-headed Gull. The Gulls arrived about the end of October, and are then commonly met with throughout the winter. In 1909 they left in Apirl, when most had assumed breeding plumage ; in 1910, breeding plumage was assumed about the same time, but they did not leave till the beginning of May. 1496. HyprocHELIDON HyBRIDA.— Whiskered Tern. Commonest in winter, but as there are always a few about, it probably breeds. As the whole country is under water in the rains, there is an ample choice of nesting sites. 1502. Sterna BERGII.—Large Crested Tern. Very common. According to Hume, they used to breed on Oyster Island, some three hours out from Akyab! but there is a Lighthouse there: now, and this seems to have scared them, as they no longer breed there. 1503. Srerna sHENA.—Indian River Tern, Rare. 1517. Ruyncors aLBIcoLtiis.—Indian Skimmer. Fairly common. ORDER STEGANOPODHS, Famity PELICANIDA. 1523. Ps.ecANUS PHILIPPENSIS.—Spotted-billed Pelican. Common. FAMILY PHALACROCORACIDS. 1526. PHALACROCORAX CARBO.—Large Cormorant. Common. 1528. PHALACROCORAX JAVANICUS.—Little Cormorant.. Very common. A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1219' 1529. PLoTUS MELANOGASTER.—Indian Darter. Very common. ORDER HERODIONES. Famity Iesipia. 1641. Isis MELANOCEPHALA.— White Ibis. Extremely common, but appears to be partially migratory, as most of the birds disappear in the breeding season, and I failed to find nests. 1543. Inocoris Davison1.—Davison’s Black Ibis, Not uncommon, and usually found in pairs, but very wary. An excellent bird for the table. FaMity PLATELEIDS. 1545. PuLatTaLEA LEUCORODIA.—Spoonbill. My first record was a young bird, shot on November Ist, 1908. It was by itself but I subsequently met with several small parties in the same locality both in 1908 and 1909. The place was not far from Akyab, and was the site of an old irrigation tank, now no longer extant, the bund having beer destroyed. The birds are probably the remnants of a colony which bred there when the tank contained water. Famity CIconripz. 1548. Dissura EPIscopus.— White Necked Stork. Common. 1549. XENORHYNCHUs AstIatTICUS.—Black-necked Stork. Common. 1550. Lerroprinus pusius.—Adjutant. Common. 1551. Leprorrinus savaNnicus.—Smaller Adjutant. Rather rare. 1552. PsHUDOTANTALUS LEUCOCEPHALUS.—Painted Stork. Common. 1553. ANastomus oscitans.—Open-bill. Not common, but occasionally met with in small parties. T failed to find the nest of any stork though doubtless [they breed, in Arakan. |Famity ARDEIDA. 1554. ARDEA MANILLENSIS.—EHastern Purple Heron. Very common. 1555. ARDEA CINEREA.—Common Heron. Very common. 1556. ArpEA sumATRANA.—Dusky Grey Heron. Fairly common. Haunts the mangrove swamps and muddy brackish creeks, 4220 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. 1557. ARDEA INSIGNIs.—Great White-bellied Heron. Occasionally met with on the larger jungle streams. 1559. Heropias auBa.—Large Heret. Very common. 1561. Heropras carzerra.—Little Egret. Very common. 1562. Busutcus coromanpus.—Cattle Egret. Very common. 1564. LeprEropius sacer.—Eastern Reef Heron. Very common. 1565. ArpEoLA GRAYI.—Pond Heron. Very common. 1568. Nvyoericorax Grispus.—Night Heron. Very common. j 1572. ArpErra cINNAMoMEA.—Chestnut Bittern. Very common. 1573. Duprtror FriavicotLis.—Black Bittern. Very common, generally in nullahs amongst the paddy fields. ORDER ANSERES. Famity ANATIDA. 1584. SarcrpIoRNIs MELANONOoTUS.—Comb Duck. Common. 1584. AsARcORNIS scUTULATUS.— White-winged Wood Duck. Occasionally met with in N. Arakan, haunting the larger streams. 1587. Taporna cornuta.—Sheldrake. L obtained one from a party of three on January 31st, 1910, m the Kyaukpyu district. The skin was sent to the Bombay Natural History Society. 1588. Casarca RUTILA.—Brahminy Duck. Visits Arakan in enormous numbers in the cold weather. 1589. Denprocyena savanica.— Whistling Teal. Very common. 1591. Nertropus COROMANDELIANUS.—Cotton Teal. Common. 1594. Eunerra ratcata.—Crested Teal. A single female, February 1909, Kyankpyn district. 1597. Nuxrrium crecca.—Common Teal. Common from October to March. 1599. Marca PENELOPE.— Wigeon. Obtained two birds from a flock of about 40 on February Ist, 1909, and a single bird in December 1909, Kyaukpyu district. A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1221 1600. Darria acursa.—Pintail. Visits Arakan in enormous numbers from December to March, but as there are few decent jheels, the birds are most often seen in the estuaries of rivers, where they are unapproachable. 1601. QUERQUEDULA CIRCIA.—Garganey. There are generally a few garganeys with the common teal, but they are not very plentiful. 1602. Sparuna cLrypratsa.—Shoveller. Rare. I did not see any during the season 1908-09, but shot three during 1909-10. 1607. Nyroca BAERI. two. In each case the bird was by itself, did not meet with any flocks of WV. ferruginea, so assume that the single birds which I saw and did not shoot Saw about half a dozen altogether, and shot were NV. haert. ORDER PYOPODKS. Pamity PopiciPpEDID®. 1617. Popicers sLBIPENNIS.—Indian Little Grebe. Very common. This completes my list. which numbers 294 species actually identified. 1222 THE MOTHS OF INDIA. SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN “THA FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.” SERIES IV, PART V. BY Str Grorce F. Hampson, Bart., ¥.2.8., F.E.S. (Continued from page 911 of this Volume). CATOCALIN®. 2443a. HoMoprEeRA EREMOCHROA, 0. Sp. @. Head, thorax and abdomen pale grey-brown; palpi white, the extremity of 2nd joint and the 3rd joint blackish; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen white, the fore tarsi black ringed with white. Forewing brownish grey irrorated with black, the costa with numerous black strive with slight whitish streaks between them ; subbasal line repre- sented by black points on median nervure and vein 1; antemedial line black, minutely waved and slightly excurved; reniform a minute lunule with traces of a blackish line from it to inner margin; postmedial line indistinctly double, slightly bent outwards below costa and incurved at discal fold, incurved below vein 4 and excurved at vein 1; subterminal line indistinctly double filled in with grey, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle; a minutely waved black line just before termen with series of black points in the interspaces. Hindwing brownish grey with dark strize on inner margin; traces of four waved dark lines on terminal half; a lunulate black line just before termen; cilia whitish with a brown line through them ; the underside white irrorated with pale brown except on basal and inner areas, a slight discoidal point and waved blackish terminal line. Habitat.— Bombay, Deesa (Nurse). Exp. 24 mill. Type in B. M. 2446a, HomorrERA RUFICOLORA, 0. Sp. 6. Head, thorax and abdomen bright rufous mixed with some ochreous; antennez blackish; tarsi blackish ringed with whitish. Fore- wing bright rufous ; subbasal line deep rufous, double, waved, from costa to median nervure ; antemedial line deep rufous, minutely waved, inwardly oblique ; medial line minutely waved, excurved; postmedial line indis- tinctly double, oblique from costa to vein 6, slightly incurved at discal fold, incurved and minutely waved below vein 4; subterminal line indistinct, brown, excurved below vein 7 and at middle; a terminal series of slight brown strie. Hindwing greyish white, the veins and terminal area suffused with bright rufous; a postmedial series of minute dark THE MOTHS OF INDIA. LW ieee streaks on the veins and a striga at inner margin with another dark striga before it ; a terminal series of slight brown striz ; the underside ochreous white, the costal area slightly irrorated with red-brown. Habitat.—Mapras, Gooty (Campbell). zp. 32 mill. Type in B. M. 25266. HypmTra PULCHERRIMA, Butl., A. M. N. H., 1892, p. 298. tepesceus, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7) xvi, p. 152 (nee W1k.). Head rufous; palpi brown; sides of frons deep brown with fine whitish streaks above; thorax rufous and deep brown; abdomen brown, the dorsal crests rufous. Forewing brown with a violaceous tinge; a black spot on costal area near base finely defined by whitish; a broad deep black antemedial band from costa to just above inner margin, its inner edge defined by a fine whitish line and angled outwards in cell, its outer edge by a whitish band diffused outwardly ; a blackish spot on costa above end of cell; an oblique cocked-hat-shaped mark just beyond the cell finely defined by whitish, its upper extremity curved up to below costa and its lower bent inwards to lower angle of cell, its outer edge forming the postmedial line, angled upwards from its lower extremity into cell, then excurved and forming two small black lunules finely defined by white on inner area, a rufous shade beyond it; a small blackish spot below costa towards apex ; the terminal area rather darker. Hindwing uniform brown. Hahitat.—AnDAMANS, Port Blair; Stncarorre ; Bornzo; Br. N. Guinea. Exp. 50 mill. 2527a. HyPmTRA HETEROGRAPHA, N. sp. dg. Antennz bipectinate with moderate branches, the apical part simple ; hindwing with fold between veins 6-7 clothed with glossy scales on upper side. Head, thorax and abdomen reddish brown; tarsi pale. Forewing reddish brown suffused with grey except medial part of costal area ; subbasal line represented by a small curved black mark, from costal with point below it; a large irregularly triangular black antemedial patch from cell to just above inner margin, its apex connected with the costa by a sinuous line with small black spot before it below the costa ; a black point in middle of cell; two sinuous red-brown indistinct medial lines, oblique from costa to lower angle of cell, where there is a black point, and with small diffused spot on its inner edge on discocellulars, below the cell incurved to submedian fold, then bent outwards, an oblique black bar beyond it from costa ; an irregular obliquely placed cocked-hat-shaped black patch beyond the cell, its upper extremity forming an oblique line to below the costa and its lower curved inwards to below angle of cell, then with bisinuate line to iImner margin; subterminal line indistinct, irregularly waved, angled inwards at discal and submedian folds and with oblique black striga on it below costa; the terminal area somewhat redder brown. MHindwing grey brown with glossy scaling between veins 6°7 and slight dark subterminal 1224 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. marks at veins 2 and 1 ; the underside greyer with slight brown postmedial striga below vein 2. Habitat.—Burma, Tenasserim, Moolayit. vp. 48 mill. Type m B. M 2490a. OpnHtusa ruBIDA, Wlk., Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. vii., p. 179 (1864). Head and tegule deep chocolate red; thorax greyish brown ; pectus pale rufous ; legs fuscous mixed with grey ; abdomen fuscous, the extremity and ventral surface pale grey. Forewing deep chocolate red, the medial area with a greyish gloss to median nervure; a terminal whitish band irrorated with brown, bent outwards to apex and narrowing to tornus; a fine dark antemedial line, very oblique from costa to below the cell, then obsolete ; a black point in middle of cell; two minute grey discoidal spots defined by chocolate; a slight dark postmedial line very oblique from costa to vein 6, then obsolete ; an indistinct diffused waved brown subterminal line; a fine waved line just before termen; a slight dark terminal line; cilia fuscous with series of whitish points at base. Hindwing fuscous black ; an oblique bluish white band from middle of costa to above tornus ; the termen narrowly whitish from below apex to submedian fold with a waved brown terminal line ; cilia white; the under- side grey-white, the terminal area suffused with fuscous, broadly at apex. narrowing to tornus. Habitat.—Assam, Khasis, Jaintias ; Borneo, Sarawak. Harp. 76 mill. 2491a. OPHIUSA LACTEICINCTA, 0. sp. @. Head and tegule deep chocolate red; thorax greyish; pectus whitish tinged with rufous; legs grey-brown; abdomen fuscous brown, the extremity grey, the ventral surface whitish tinged with rufous. Fore- wing grey-brown tinged with chocolate deepening towards the brownish white terminal band which is bent outwards to apex and narrows to tornus ; a fine dark subbasal line from costa to submedian fold ; ante- and postmedial lines dark-brown, very oblique, the latter slightly curved; a black point in middle of cell; two minute grey discoidal spots defined by brown , a diffused brown subterminal line; a fine waved brown line just before termen; a slight brown terminal line. Hindwing greyish brown, the termen and cilia brownish white from apex to vein 1; the underside brownish white, the terminal area tinged with brown. Habitat.—Assam, Shillong (Rawlings). Exp. 76 mill. Type in B. M. PLUSIANZ. 2667a. Puusta Exquistra. Feld. Reis. Nov. pl. 110, f. 30 (1874). Head and thorax whitish mixed with brown; metathorax with some black scales; tarsi brownish ringed with white ; abdomen white slightly tinged with red-brown. Forewing whitish mostly suffused with rufous brown and slightly irrorated and striated with black; a waved white THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1225 subbasal line from costa to vein 1 defined by black on inner side; a waved black antemedial line defined by white on inner side and with blue-grey Iunules before it in submedian interspace; orbicular pure white, elongate elliptical and conjoined to a large oblique elliptical white spot below the cell; reniform narrow, defined by white and _ strongly constricted at middle, a black spot above it on costa; postmedial line black. slightly defined by white on outer side, minutely waved below costa, then oblique, somewhat dentate, and angled outwards at vein 3, some blue- erey beyond it between veins 5 and 2; subterminal line black, defined by brown on inner side and white on outer, excurved below costa, angled in- wards in discal fold, then somewhat dentate, a fine black terminal line with narrow brown band before it, defined by white striz on inner side ; cilia chequered brown and white. Hindwing bright yellow with broad fuscous terminal band; cilia chequered brown and white. Hatitat.—_Natat; Carr Cotony; BatucHistan, Quetta. Exp. 36 mill. 2677a. PLUSIA MEGALOBA, 0. sp. , Q. Head fiery red; palpi and antenne rufous, the latter with the basal joint whitish ; thorax rufous, the tegule tinged with fiery red and the metathorax with brown; tarsi with slight pale rings; abdomen sreyish rufous, the dorsal crests fiery red, the basal crest tipped with black. Forewing rufous with a greyish tinge, the medial area, except towards costa, and the medial part of terminal area suffused with brilliant cupreous red ; subbasal line represented by an oblique golden striga from costa defined on each side by some cupreous red; the stigma below the cell silvery white forming a small oblique elliptical spot conjoined to a large conical spot beyond it; orbicular slightly defined by silver, round, open above ; reniform with silver bar on inner edge and angled mark on outer; postmedial line slight, silvery defined by brown on inner side, erect, sinuous, some whitish points beyond it on costa; an indistinct irregularly dentate subterminal brown line; cilia grey-brown. Hindwing cupreous brown with a greyish tinge ; cilia brown at base, grey at tips. Habitat.—Assam, Khasis (Badgley). zp. 26 mill. Type in B. M. 268la. PLUSIA CHALCOPASTA, 0. Sp. Hind tibize and Ist joint of tarsi of male fringed with long hair ; abdomen with lateral tufts of very long hair. Head and thorax bronze-brown slightly mixed with greyish, the tegule, patagia and metathoracic crests tipped with whitish scales ; tarsi slightly ringed with whitish ; abdomen red-brown. Forewing purplish grey-brown suffused with golden bronze, the lines golden bronze ; subbasal line slight, oblique, from costa to median nervure ; antemedial line inwardly oblique, sinuous, a bisinuate striga from it to near postmedial line below the cell, with some purplish grey above it in and below the cell; orbicular and reniform with faint bronze annuli, the former round, the latter oblique elliptical ; 1226 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. postmedial line oblique, slightly incurved below discal fold ; subterminal line more golden with some cupreous bronze on its inner side and dark suffusion before it and beyond it at apex, excurved from below costa to vein 6, then oblique ; a terminal series of slight golden striz. Hindwing fuscous brown with a reddish bronze gloss ; cilia whitish with a dark line near base ; the underside grey irrorated with brown, the terminal half suffused with brown except the termen. . 3 Hahitat.—N. Inpia (Walhouse); Mapras, Gooty (Campbell), Nilgiris — (Lindsay, Hampson) ; Ceyton, Maskeliya (de Mowbray), Pattipola (Green). Exp. 42-48 mill. Type in B. M. Genus OMORPHINA. Type. Omorphina, Alph, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., XXVL., p. 452 (1892). . aurantiaca. Prohoscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely porrect, slender, the Ist and. 2nd joints fringed with long hair in front, the 8rd rather long ; frons smooth ; eyes small, reniform ; antennz of male ciliated ; head and thorax clothed with rough hair only and without crests; tibiz clothed with long hair; abdomen with some rough hair at base Ae without crests. Fore- wing short and broad, the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomos- ing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3-4 from angle of cell; 5 fully developed from above angle ; 6:7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 2688a. OMoRPHINA AURANTIACA, Alph. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., “XXXVI. 8 p. 452 (1392) ;id. Rom. Mém. ix., p. Al, pl. 1 £.2. Staud. Cat. Lep. pal., p. 220. Head, thorax and abdomen black clothed with bright rufous hair ; palpi and legs with fuscous hair mixed, the anal tuft palerufous. Forewing bright . tufous, the basal half slightly suffused with fuscous ; traces of a sinuous dark antemedial line ; orbicular and reniform defined by deep rufous, the former round, the latter narrow ; a deep rufous postmedial line, slightly bent out- wards below costa, then waved, incurved at discal fold and strongly below vein 4; a minutely waved rufous subterminal line; cilia deep rufous. Hindwing bright orange yellow; the base and inner area suffused with black, confluent with the black discoidal lunule ; a narrow black terminal ‘band ; cilia pale rufous, with dark line near base; the underside with the blackish suffusion confined to inner area. Habitat—Tiset ; Sixxim. Exp. 24 mill. Nocruinz. 2300. CosMOPHILA MESOGONA. ~Tarva, Semi-looper. Grass green with numerous black-centred white THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1227 spots; dorsal and lateral stripes dark-green with pale edges. Food plant wild raspberry in the leaves of whichit spins up when pupating. (W. H. Campbell). 2303@. CosMOPHILA FIGLINA, Butl., Ill. Het. B. M. vii., p. 71, pl. 131, f, 2 (1889). g. Forewing with the termen slightly excurved at middle. Head and thorax rufous tinged with brown; palpi whitish in front ; lower part of frons whitish ; antenne with the basal joint whitish in front ; pectus and legs yellowish tinged with rufous; abdomen grey-brown, the basal erest rufous tipped with whitish, the anal tuft tipped with white, the ventral surface yellowish tinged with rufous. Forewing yellow mixed with red, the costal area, cell, and the area from lower angle of cell to termen between vein 5 and submedian fold red-brown witha greyish tinge; a whitish mark at base of inner margin; antemedial line blackish, oblique, waved, excurved at median nervure and above inner margin ; orbicular and reniform diffused brown, undefined, the former round with a white point in centre, the latter lunulate ; postmedial line black, waved, oblique from costa to below vein 7, at vein 3 retracted to lower angle of cell and again excurved below submedian fold ; an indistinct waved subterminal line defined on inner side by brown suffusion, incurved between veins 6 and 4 and below vein 3. Hindwing grey-brown; cilia whitish ; the underside whitish with the costal half tinged and irrorated with red, a slight waved postmedial line. ©. Forewing more uniform purplish brown. Habitat—Punsas, Dharmsala; Assam, Khasis; Ceyvton, Maskeliya, Madulsima ; Burma, Rangoon. zp. 38 mill. 2318. CHuRIA ancuatTa. del. Anomis figlina. 2441a. PotypesMA NopUNA; Swinh. A.M.N.H. (7), xvi., p. 152 (1905). Q. Head and thorax dark sap-green mixed with white ; pectus and legs pale red-brown, the tarsi fuscous ringed with white; abdomen pale red- brown, the ventral surface whitish. Forewing dark sap-green irrorated with white ; a diffused white fascia below base of cell, the medial area whitish from below costa to above submedian fold, the postmedial costal area whitish ; subbasal line defined on each side by whitish, excurved below costa and angled inwards in cell; antemedial line defined on inner side by white to submedian fold, slightly incurved from costa to median nervure, angled inwards in submedian fold, then double and excurved above inner margin; a black discoidal lunule; a rather diffused straight medial line interrupted in cell; postmedial line double filled in with white, oblique and minutely waved from costa to vein 6, inwardly oblique to submedian fold, then excurved and angled inwards on vein 1, some white points beyond it on costa ; an oblique dentate white line defined by dark scales on inner side from costa near apex to submedian fold, where 1228 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. there is a wedge-shaped blackish mark beyond it; subterminal line dentate, black defined by white lunules on inner side and connected by slight dark streak with a terminal series of faint stric ; cilia with a fine whitish line at base. Hindwing whitish suffused with glossy ochreous, the veins and terminal area dark-brown ; a discoidal lunule, and sinuous post- medial line angled outwards in submedian fold; a subterminal series of white strie ; a white patch at termen and on cilia with a dark patch above it; cilia with a fine pale line at base ; the underside whiter irrorated with brown, a black discoidal Iunule, sinuous postmedial line. and broad dark terminal band. Habitat—Cryton. Eup. 42 mill. 2522a. IsoURA METAPH#A, Nn. sp. Palpi with the 3rd joint long. 2. Head, thorax and abdomen red-brown with a purplish tinge ; palpi at base, pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen whitish tinged with fulvous, the tarsi fuscous with pale rmgs. Forewing red-brown with a pur- plish tinge ; subbasal line represented by a small black spot below costa, the antemedial line by a black striga from costa, a spot in cell nearer base, and sometimes a slight striga below submedian fold; orbicular represented by a small black spot, the reniform by black points on its inner and outer edges ; a more or less incomplete minutely waved black medial line bent inwards to costa; postmedial line represented by a double series of slight black lunules with another series beyond it, bent inwards to costa, then nearly erect; an incomplete minutely waved black subterminal line slightly excurved below vein 7. Hindwing with the basal area’ brownish ochreous, the rest of wing fuscous brown with a diffused brownish ochreous post- medial band not reaching costa or inner margin ; cilia paler; the underside ochreous white with blackish postmedial band from below costa, where it is angled outwards, to submedian fold; the terminal area suffused with fuscous. Habitat,—Crvion, Colombo (Mackwood), Kandy (Green). Hixp. 44 mill. Type in B. M. 25436. BocvuLa SINIFERA, 0. sp. 2. Head and thorax red-brown ; legs suffused with fuscous ; abdomen fuscous brown, the ventral surface whitish suffused with red-brown. Fore- wing red-brown tinged with fuscous; two indistinct diffused ineurved medial lines: a slight pale discoidal spot with minute brown lunule on it: an indistinct pale mcurved postmedial line; a pale subterminal line, oblique from costa just before apex to vein 7, then excurved, then strongly bent inwards between veins 6and 4 and excurved to inner margin near tornus, defined by black on outer side from costa to vein 4, strongly in the sinus : a terminal series of slight pale points; cilia greyish at tips. Hindwing fuseous brown, the cilia greyish: the underside greyish suffused and a THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1229 irrorated with brown, a slight discoidal lunule and indistinct ditfused curved postmedial line. } Habitat.— Assam, Khasis. Lap. 40 mill. Type in B. M. 2544 6. Bocuta mMacoma, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7) xviii., p. 410 (1906). 6. Head and thorax pale rufous slightly irrorated with fuscous ; palpi fuscous ; forelegs and the tarsi fuscous ; abdomen greyish dorsally suffused with fuscous. Forewing pale rufous slightly irrorated with fuscous; a _ black point on median nervure at origin of vein 2; traces of a very cblique sinuous medial line ; postmedial line represented by avery oblique series of minute dark points on the veins ; an oblique sinuous fuscous fascia from apex to vein 5 just beyond the postmedial line with a straight black line diffused on outer side from its extremity to inner margin near tornus, the area beyond it tinged with fuscous to the indistinct diffused sinuous subter- minal line; a terminal series of small black lunules. Hindwing pale brown suffused with fuscous; the underside grey irrorated with brown, the terminal area suffused with fuscous to vein 2, a slight discoidal lunule and indistinct diffused curved postmedial line. Habitat—Assam, Khisis. Exp. 28 Mill. 2555. ACANTHOLIPES HYPENOIDES insert (Syn.) evula magniplaga. Swinh, A. M.N.H. (7) xvi., p, 622 (1900). Genus Masca. Type. BUSCH WANES VN SN LSOS) leit peetys a. abd sei SE Als Shh elsMs abactals. DeMM Mira, NN ke ext xaviny LOOS (LSGaA he Wen. willed... abactalis. Probosis fully developed; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint rea- ching to about vertex of head and moderately scaled, the 3rd moderate ; frons smooth ; eyes large, rounded; antennze of male ciliated; head and thorax clothed with hair and scales and without crests; fore femora and tibiz of male broadly fringed with hair, the Ist joint of tarsus with tuft of hair; mid tibie broadly fringed with hair ; hind tibize broadly fringed on both sides with hair and with tuft of very long hair from base ; abdomen without crests. Forewing with the apex rectangular, the termen slightly angled at vein 4; veins 5 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3-4 from angle of cell; 5 from above angle : 6:7 from upper angle ; 8 auastomosing with the cell near base only. 2616a. Masca apactaris, WIk., xvi., 9 (1858). Phagytra leucogastralis, Wik., xxxiv., 1508 (1865). Metria platypoda, Keld., Reis. Nov., pl. 120, f. 44 (1875). Head and thorax white mixed with reddish-brown; antennz ringed brown and white ; hindlegs with the tufts of hair black at tips; abdomen 16 1230 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI. white with lateral brownish streaks. Forewing with the basal half white tinged aud irrorated with brown ; the terminal half suffused with fuscous brown; traces of an oblique antemedial line with more prominent spots below the cell and above inner margin; an obscure very oblique dark spot in middle of cell and discoidal spot constricted at middle; the dark terminal area angled inwards below the cell; a minutely dentate postmedial line bent outwards below costa, oblique below vein 4, and angled inwards in submedian fold ; two subterminal white points near apex and traces of a subterminal line; a terminal series of dark strie. Hindwing white, the terminal half of costal area broadly fuscous, on terminal area extending to vein 3; a postmedial series of minute black streaks on veins 5 tol;a terminal series of black striz ; the underside thickly irrorated with fuscous brown except inner area and terminal area below vein 5, a black discoidal point, curved diffused medial brown band and double postmedial series of brown points. Hatitat.—Assam, Khasis; SincarorE; Bornro; PHILIPPINES; JAVA: AmBOINA; CeRAM; New Guinea. 2p. 46 mill. | 2747a. Eanasia MESoTYPA, Swinh., A.M.N.H. (7), xvii., p. 550 (1906). Head, thorax and abdomen dull reddish brown; palpi irrorated with fuscous, the tuft on 3rd joint black ; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen greyish irrorated with fuscous. Forewing dull reddish brown tinged with grey and irrorated with fuscous ; a dark oblique antemedial line, incurved in cell; a small round white spot in middle of cell defined by fuscous ; an inverted comma-shaped discoidal whitish mark defined by fuscous and with reddish spot in lower part; a dark postmedial line oblique from costa to vein 6, then minutely waved, oblique below vein 5 and with traces of another line beyond it; a curved dentate subterminal line; a fine black terminal line; cilia brown at base, whitish at tips except at middle. Hindwing dull reddish brown tinged with grey and irrorated with fuscous ; a whitish discoidal mark defined by black, its outer edge twice indented and with small round spot beyond its lower extremity; a dark slightly sinuous medial line; a dentate subterminal line; a fine black terminal line; cilia brown at base, whitish at tips, intersected by brown at the points; the underside paler with indistinct diffused line beyond the medial line. Habitat.—Assam, Khasis. Exp. 3 24, 9 30 mill. 2748a. EGNASIA TENELLA, 0. sp. 3. Head, thorax and the abdomen creamy white, back of head with two brown points, the thorax slightly irrorated with brown, the abdomen faintly tinged with brown ; palpi with the extremity of 2nd joint and the 3rd joint ringed with brown; tarsi brownish ringed with white. Forewing creamy white slightly irrorated and striated with brown ; a curved subbasal brown striga from costa; antemedial line brown, waved; the discocellulars, with THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 1231 two brown strize and two blackish points; a faint medial line excurved to discocellulars ; postmedial line brown, excurved from costa to vein 4, then slightly ineurved ; two minute dark streaks on costa towards apex and traces of a minutely waved white subterminal line with series of blackish points on its outer edge; a fine brown terminal line ; cilia tinged with rufous. - Hindwing creamy white slightly irrorated with brown; a black discoidal point enclosed by the faint medial line which forms an elliptical annulus round it; a curved brown postmedial line ; subterminal line represented by a double series of small brown spots eycept towards costa, with whitish points between them ; a fine brown terminal line; cilia tinged with rufous. Habitat —Burma, Maymyo. Erp. 26 mill. Type in B. M. 2762a. CAPNODES SUBAPICALIS, Swinh., A.M.N.H. (7), xvi., p. 154. (1905). ©. Head and thorax fuscous irrorated with white, tibize and tarsi pale rufous; abdomen pale rufous dorsally irrorated with fuscous and whitish. Forewing pale rufous irrorated with a few black scales ; a blackish patch at base of costa; a black point in middle of cell; an indistinct medial line, strongly incurved below the cell; two black discoidal points edged with whitish ; an indistinct dentate rufous postmedial line, oblique towards costa and strongly incurved below vein 4; traces of a waved subterminal line towards tornus; a semicircular brown line from below costa towards apex to termen at vein 5, defined by white on outer side, and connected by diffused fuscous streaks with small subterminal black spots defined by white, below this semicircular patch is a series of black points before termen ; a fine black terminal line; cilia marked with fuscous towards apex and with fine black line near tips. Hindwing pale rufous irrorated with a few black scales; two obliquely placed black discoidal points; a minutely waved rufous line from below middle of costa to tornus with a black spot beyond it at tornus; a series of black points just before termen; a fine dark terminal line; the underside yellowish white irrorated with rufous, two discoidal black points, a curved dentate rufous postmedial line, and series of black points just before termen. Habitat.—Assam, Silchar; CacHar. rp. 36 mill. 2772, RaPARNA DIGRAMMA. Larva.—Fuscous thickly spotted with pale green ; intersegmental olive- green bands ; an olive-green dorsal stripe with spots on it; an interrupted subspiracular pale green line ; tho 12th somite somewhat swollen, with an orange band; ventral surface dull green; head flat, bright red ; four pairs of prolegs. Food plant. Ochna sguarrosa, 5. (W.H. Campbell.) HYPENIN#. 28196. BLEPTINA HETEROPALPIA, 0. sp. Antennz of male minutely serrate and with fascicles of long cilia, some- 1232 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. what contorted and fringed with scales above at middle; palpi with the 3rd joint long, from outer extremity of 2nd, oblique, bent forward at extremity, fringed with long hair behind and short scales in front; fore tibia without sheath; forewing with large costal fold on underside. 6. Head and thorax fuscous brown mixed with grey; tarsi with slight pale rings; abdomen grey suffused with fuscous brown. Forewing erey tinged with brown and irrorated with black; an indistinet sinuous black antemedial line; a diffused black medial shade not extending to costa; reniform whitish with brown centre, elliptical; postmedial line diffused, blackish, incurved below end of cell; subterminal line indistinct, whitish defined on inner side by blackish suffusion, angled outwards at vein 7 and with blackish patch before it, excurved at middle; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing whitish tinged with brown, traces of a diffused antemedial line and curved postmedial and subterminal lines ; a terminal series of black striz ; the underside whitish irrorated with brown, a black discoidal Iunule, the postmedial and subterminal lines more distinct. FHabitat.—Mapras, Palnis (Campbell). vp. 28 mill. Type in B. M. 2828. BLEPTINA TRIANGULIFERA insert (Syn), Macna pretectata, Hering Stett. Ent. Zeit. xliv., p. 98, pl. 1, f. 1 (1903). 28336. MAsrigorHORUS INDENTIFASCIA, Swinh., A. M.N. H. (7) xvii., p. 283 (1906). Fuscous brown ; palpi with the tuft of hair on inner side ochreous ; tarsi ringed with whitish. Forewing with the area to postmedial line greyish fuscous ; antemedial line represented by slight dark suffusion; a small deep black spot in middle of cell and rather large deep black discoidal lunule ; postmedial line fuscous defined by greyish on outer side, excurved from costa to vein 4, then incurved and minutely waved, subterminal line grey, angled inwards at discal fold and incurved in submedian inter- space; a terminal series of slight black lunules. Hindwing with small blackish discoidal spot, postmedial line fuscous defined by grey on outer side, minutely waved, excurved at middle; subterminal line greyish, obsolete towards costa, excurved from vein 6 to 3, then incurved; a terminal series of black strie ; the underside grey irrorated with fuscous, the terminal area suffused with brown, a black discoidal spot, curved minutely waved medial line and pale curved subterminal line defined on each side by fuscous. Habitat.—Buvutan ; Assam, Khasis. Fup. 40 mill. Under MasticornHorvs insert Ovenanus, Swinh. Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon, 11. p. 201 (1900) for Sect. ii. Type drontesalis. a. MASTIGOPHORUS MAGNIPLAGA, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7) xvi, p. 624 ). 5 28 (190 o o 5) THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1255 g. Red brown. Forewing with black point at base of costa and subbasal point below the cell, an indistinct pale antemedial line slightly bent inwards to costa, with black point before it in cell and spot beyond it on costa : a large rounded black discoidal patch truncate above and defined by ochreous, with dark brown patch above in on costa and slight oblique pale band beyond it touching its outer edge ; postmedial line very indistinct, dark, minutely crenulate, excurved from costa to vein 4, then oblique, a diffused dark patch beyond it on costa ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing with indistinct diffused pale postmedial band with the slight curved brown postmedial line on it ; a slight dark terminal line ; the under- side greyish brown with small black discoidal spot, minutely crenulate post- medial line, and indistinct minutely crenulate subterminal line. Habitat.—Sixuim ; Assam, Khasis. vp. 42 mill. 28686. NoDANA DISCOSTICTA, 0. sp. Antennz of male knotted and contorted at middle ; fore tibia with the sheath covering the basal joint of tarsus only, fore and hind legs with a large tuft of hair from femero-tibial joint. g. Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous brown tinged with purplish grey ; legs with the tufts ochreous. Forewing brown mixed with purplish erey and with slight dark irroration, the costal edge darker; subbasal line blackish, from costa to median nervure; antemedial line black, minutely waved, bent inwards to costa : a round black discoidal spot ; postmedial line black, minutely dentate, exeurved from costa to vein 4, then incurved, subterminal line whitish, defined on each side by fuscous, almost straight ; a terminal series of black points ; cilia with a fine pale line at base. Hind wing grey suffused with brown ;an indistinct discoidal bar and straight postmedial line from vein 6 to inner margin; subterminal line whitish defined on inner side by fuscous, the white not extending to costa, almost straight from costa to submedian fold where it is angled ; a terminal series of black points; cilia with a paleline at base; the underside whitish irrorated with brown, a black discoidal lunule, the postmedial line slightly angled outwards at vein 6 and inwards at discal fold, the subterminal line diffused and slightly angled at veins 5 and 2. @. Rather deeper ochreous brown. Habitat.—Cryiton, Kandy (Green), Peradeniya (Green). Exp, 34 mill. Type in B. M. Genus PILIPECTUS. Type. Pilipectus, Beth-Bakn. A. M. N. H. (8) vi., p. 443 (1910) ...... ocellata. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the second joint reaching to about vertex of head and moderately fringed with hair in front, the 3rd long and slender ; fronts smooth, with tuft of hair; eyes large, round ; 1284. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. antenne of male ciliated ; thorax clothed with scales mixed with long hair, the tips of patagia with very long hair, without crests ; mid tibis moderately fringed with hair, the hind tibiz fringed on both sides with long hair, the inner spurs very long; abdomen with some long hair at base and crest on basal segment. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen rather oblique below vein 4, not crenulate, the inner margin with numerous scale-teeth of scales and long hair; vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 5 from above. angle ; 6 from just below upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 fully developed from just above angle; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only. 28746. PILIPECTUS CYCLOPIS, nN. Sp. 3. Head and thorax ochreous white tinged with rufous and mixed with chocolate-brown scales ; pectus and legs white, the latter suffused with brown; abdomen white dorsally tinged with brown, the crest at base brown. Forewing covered with fine chocolate-brown and white striz and with numerous coarser white strize, the basal half with the dark markings black- ish; the veins whitish, antimedial chocolate-red marks above and below vein 1; a chocolate-red patch suffused with plum-colour beyond the cell, an orange spot on its lower part with white point above it, divided by whitish strie from a semicircular chocolate-red patch defined by whitish beyond it, its middle part suffused with plum-colour and with some white in centre, two fine dark streaks above it below costa ; the apex pale rufous without striee ; the termen with blackish marks irrorated and striated with white, the three towards apex small triangular spots, a large triangular patch at vein 5, wedge-shaped patch below vein 8, and rounded patch above tornus. Hindwing white, the apical area suffused with brown. Underside of fore- wing brown, the tornal area white. Q. Hindwing almost wholly suffused with brown, the cilia white slightly tinged with brown. Habitat.—Cryton, Haldamulla (Mackwood), Matale (Pole); Srncarorn; Borneo, Sarawak. zp. 44 mill. No. 1497. Cacyparis prunifera, Swinh. from Sikhim belongs to this genus, the forewing has the outer part of the postmedial patch extending from just below costa to below vein 3 and with yellow marks on it in the inter- spaces except between veins 6 and 5; P. ocellata, B.-Baker. from New Guinea has the fuscous on termen of hindwing in male extending to tornus. 14077. ToLPiA ARGENTESCENS, 0D. sp. Head, thorax and abdomen brownish ochreous with a slight silvery gloss ; palpi blackish except at tips ; tarsi blackish ringed with white. Forewings ochreous with a slight silvery gloss irrorated with rufous, the terminal area suffused with rufous, the costa dark-brown to middle where it expands into a patch ; subbasal line represented by a black striga from costa and a point THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1235 in cell; antemedial line brown, oblique from costa to a small black spot in middle of cell, then erect, waved ; medial line brown with small black spot on costa, erect, sinuous, with a small white discoidal spot on its outer edge ; postmedial line red-brown defined on outer side by whitish, oblique to vein 6, slightly incurved at discel fold, then excurved, incurved below vein 4; subterminal line whitish defined on inner side by red-brown, ex- curved below vein 7 and at middle; some black striz on costa towards apex and ontermen. MHindwing ochreous white tinged with brown; a fine brown terminal line; the underside with the costal area suffused with brown, a blackish discoidal striga. Hatitat.—Cryton, Kandy (Green). xp. 14 mill. Type in B. M. 2904c. MARAPANA CAUTIPERAS, 0. Sp. Head and thorax white mixed with grey-brown ; palpi with the 2nd joint red-brown at sides, the 3rd with fuscous ring near tips; frons red-brown at sides ; forelegs fuscous in front; abdomen white dorsally suffused with rufous except at base, the basal crest red-brown. Forewing white tinged with rufous, the costal area suffused with brown towards base; a large quadrate patch of red-brown mixed with fiery red and grey on terminal part of costal area, extending down to vein 4 and on inner part to vein 3; subbasal line white, excurved below costa and ending at submedian fold; antemedial line white slightly defined on inner side by rufous, angled out- wards at subcostal and median nervures, then oblique; traces of a waved brown medial line ; postmedial line white, very oblique and sinuous to vein 4, then inwardly oblique, some white points beyond it on costa; sub- terminal line white with diffused white patch before it at costa aud defined on outer side by brown on the dark area, angled outwards at veins 7 and 4 and slightly incurved at submedian fold, where there is a rufcus point on its outer edge; a series of black points just before termen; a fine black terminal line. Hindwing whitish suffused with brown; a dark discoidal point ; a whitish postmedial line ; traces of a sinuous punctiform subterminal line, a series of black points just before termen and a fine black terminal line ; cilia pure white ; the underside white irrorated with fuscous, a black discoidal spot, indistinct rufous postmedial line, faint punctiform sub- terminal line, and series of black points before termen. Habitat.—Cryton, Kandy. (Mackwood); Stnaapore (Ridiey). 9. Lup. 34 mill. Type in B. M. © 2904d, MaRraPANA DIPLOGRAMMA, Na. Sp. 3. Head and tegule red-brown slightly tinged with grey; thorax and abdomen grey-brown. Forewing grey-brown suffused with reddish brown on basal costal area, beyond the antemedial line, on postmedial area ex- cept towards inner margin, and on terminal area; subbasal line pale, in- wardly oblique, from costa to submedian fold; antemedial line double filled in with whitish, erect, slightly incurved in cell; a double discoidal 12386 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Voi. XXTI. bar filled in with whitish; postmedial line double filled in with whitish, oblique below vein 4; an oblique grey-white shade from costa before the subterminal line which is indistinctly double filled in with whitish, slightly incurved at discal fold, excurved at middle, and incurved below vein 4. Hindwing grey suffused with fuscous brown; an indistinct post- medial line ; cilia pale rufous ; the underside whitish irrorated with reddish brown, a dark discoidal lunule, somewhat diffused sinuous postmedial line, and series of points just before termen. Hatitat.—Cryiton, Ambalangoda (Pole). Erp. 22 mill. Type in B. M. 29156. RHYNCHINA LEUCOGONIA, Nn. sp. ©. Head and thorax brown mixed with grey-white, the metathoracic crest tipped with black ; abdomen whitish suffused with brown, the basal crest tipped with black; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen white irrorated with brown. Forewing whitish tinged with purple and suffused with brown and irrorated with black ; a diffused whitish fascia above vein | to postmedial line where it is met by an oblique whitish band from apex ; antemedial line very indistinct, excurved below costa, then oblique and angled inwards on vein 1; a white point at lower angle of cell; post- medial line indistinct, double, angled outwards below costa, then very oblique, some white points beyond it on costa; subterminal line slight, dark, dentate with black streaks, before it below veins 7,6, defined by whitish on inner side below vein 5, with a slight black mark at submedian fold, then with a pure white lunule before it; a. terminal series of black points; cilia with slight white lunules in the crenulations. Hindwing reddish brown ; the underside whitish tinged with red-brown, a slight dis- coidal lunule and indistinct curved postmedial line. Habitat.—Manpnras, Horsleykonda (Campbell). Exp. 34 mill. Type in B.M. 29286. HyPENA THERMOPHA, 0. sp. 3. Head and thorax dark red-brown ; palpi whitish at base and as tip of 8rd joint; pectus and base of legs whitish ; tarsi fuscous ringed with whitish ; abdomen grey-brown tinged with rufous, the basal crest tipped with grey, the ventral surface whitish. Forewing dark red-brown irrorated with black; an indistinct waved rufous antemedial line defined by ochreous on inner side ; obscure blackish spots at middle of cell and on discocellulars ; postmedial line rufous slightly defined by ochreous on outer side, minutely waved, oblique from costa to vein 4, then imeurved; a sub- terminal series of slight black points, and a terminal series. Hindwing uniform reddish brown with a cupreous gloss; the underside with the inner half greyish. Habitat.—Bompay, Ratnagiri (Jayakar). vp. 30 mill. Type in B. M. 2929a. HyrENA MESOGRAMMA, 0. sp. Q. Head and thorax black-brown mixed with grey ; palpi whitish below ;antennze ringed with whitish ; pectus whitish ; tarsi fuseous ringed ~ a THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1237 with white; abdomen black-brown mixed with grey and with whitish segmental lines, the crests blackish, the ventral surface whitish. Fore- wing reddish brown mixed with some grey and thickly irrorated with black, the terminal area darker ; points of raised black scales with whitish scales in centre at middle of cell and on discocellulars ; the postmedial line almost medial, oblique, whitish, defined on inner side by rufous, then by some black scales, some grey points beyond it on costa ; subterminal line indis- tinct, oblique and blackish from costa to vein 6 where it is met by an oblique black streak from apex, then greyish, slightly incurved at discal fold and strongly at submedian fold, a terminal series of black striz. Hindwing fuscous brown with a greyish tinge;a terminal series of black stris ; cilia whitish at tips; the underside whitish irrorated with red- brown, a blackish discoidal point and terminal series of minute black lunules. Hatitat.—Manpras, Gooty (Campbell). zp. 16 mill. Type in B. M. 29856. HYPENA MOLYBDOTA, nN. sp. ¢. Head and thorax glossy black-brown ; abdomen pale brown ; palpi white at tips; tarsi ringed with white. Forewing black-brown with a leaden gloss and irrorated with a few white scales; antemedial line black from median nervure to inner margin, waved ; a minute rufous spot defined by black in upper part of middle of cell, reniform small, triangular, rufous defined by black; a waved medial shade from lower angle of cell to inner margin; postmedial line black, minutely waved, excurved below costa and at middle, angled inwards at discal fold, ineurved below vein 3 and ex- curved above inner margin, subterminal line white, minutely waved slightly excurved below vein 7 and at middle ; a terminal series of minute black lunules defined on inner side by white scales. Hindwing fuscous ; a slight waved black postmedial line on inner area; subterminal line whitish, incurved at vein 2;a terminal series of black points ; the under- side whitish thickly irrorated with fuscous brown, a small discoidal spot, indistinct dark waved postmedial line, and waved whitish subterminal line defined on outer side by fuscous. Habitat.—Manpras, Palnis (Campbell) ; Travancors, Pirmad (Mrs. Imray). Exp. 30 mill. Type in B. M. 2985 6. HYPENA ATRIRENA, 0. 8p. Q. Head, thorax and abdomen reddish brown tinged with grey ; palpi black-brown, white at tips; sides of frons black-brown; forelegs tinged with fuscous. Forewing grey suffused with reddish brown; antemedial line indistinct, dark, oblique, waved ;a whitish point in middle of cell ; reniform black defined by some whitish scales, attenuated above and rounded below ; postmedial line slight, dark, minutely dentate, slightly bent outwards below costa and incurved at discal fold and below vein 4; subterminal line indistinct, pale, minutely waved, exeurved below vein 7 17 12388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. and at middle ; a terminal series of black striz. Hindwing grey suffused with brown; traces of antemedial and medial lines; a terminal series of dark strize ; the underside with slight dark discoidal bar and traces of waved postmedial and subterminal lines. Habitat.—Cryton, Wellawaya (Green). vp. 22 mill. Type in B. M. 2988a. HyPENA ABNORMALIS, n. sp. Palpi of male with tuft of ochreous hair from Ist joint in front, the 2nd joint with tuft of long haic from base above, curved forward before the fringe of hair; antennz serrate and fasciculate; the cell with fold on underside containing a tuft of long yellow hair; the fore coxe and femora with tufts of hair, the fore tibia with small streak covering the base of torsus. &. Head and thorax fuscous brown; abdomen whitish tinged with brown. Forewing grey suffused with reddish brown and irrorated with fuscous; traces of an erect dark antemedial line; postmedial line dark, excurved below costa and at middle and incurved at discal fold and below vein 4; faint traces of a dark subterminal line, angled outwards at vein 7;a terminal series of black points. Hindwing white faintly tinged with brown except the costal area to beyond middle, the inner area strongly tinged with brown ; the underside white slightly irrorated with brown, a dark discoidal point and terminal line from apex to vein 2. Habitat.—Cryton, Hatigala (Green). Exp. 28 mill. Type in B. M. 2990. BrirHa BIGUTLATA insert (syn.) Hypena colabalis, Feld., Reis. Nov., pl. 120, f. 29 (1874). 2996b. CHUSARIS RUBRIRENA, 0. Sp. A Q. Head, throax and abdomen rufous mixed with some ochreous white ; palpi with some black on outer side of 2nd joint at base and extremity, the 3rd joint white with black ring near extremity ; tarsi banded with black. Forewing ochreous suffused with rufous and irrorated with brown especially on costal area; a brown antemedial mark on costa with traces of the antemedial line arising from it, oblique, sinuous ; reniform oblique, with red centre defined by black except above and whitish bar before it, some dark suffusion beyond it and a blackish striga above it from costa ; postmedial line white and oblique from costa to vein 6, then obsolescent, strongly angled inwards in submedian fold, a blackish patch beyond it on costa; subterminal line white slightly defined on inner side by red suffusion, angled inwards below costa and at discal fold, the area beyond it suffused with red and with slight diffused black streaks from below costa to vein 4; a terminal series of small black spots defined on inner side by white lunules ; cilia white with some black at apex and middle and black line through them between those points. Hindwing blood-red, the terminal area tinged with brown; a slight dark discoidal point, indistinct curved white postmedial line with slight oblique black striga before it at inner margin, and subterminal series of slight dark spots towards tornus THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1239 with oblique black striga on a white mark before them above inner margin ; a series of blackish points just before termen ; cilia whitish with blackish line near tips from apex to discal fold ; the underside whitish suffused with rufous, traces of waved red medial and postmedial lines, and of a waved white subterminal line defined on inner side by brown and on outer side towards costa, a terminal series of black lunules. Habitat.—Cryton, Kegalle (Alston). Erp. 18 mill. Type in B. M. 30086. HyPENAGONIA FLAVISIGNA, 0. sp. Palpi projecting about one and a half times length of head. ©. Head, thorax and abdomen dark-brown mixed with grey; palpi with oblique pale band on 2nd joint. Forewing dark-brown mixed with grey; a slight dark subbasal line, angled outwards below costa, then oblique; a slight dark antemedial line, obliquely excurved from costa to median nervure, then oblique ; an oblique diffused medial black band from upper angle of cell to inner margin; a minute whitish discoidal lunule ; postmedial line indistinct and whitish on costal half, yellowish on inner half, bent outwards below costa and incurved below vein 4, a irregular yellow mark with slight black marks on its edges beyond it between veins 6 and 4, and some white points on costa; a subterminal series of small triangular black spots with white striz on their inner side; cilia mixed with white at tips. Hindwing grey and yellowish thickly irrorated with dark-brown, a black medial band from upper angle of cell to inner margin; a maculate black postmedial line with some yellow before it; an indistinct blackish subterminal line; a series of black striz slightly defined on inner side by grey just before termen; a fine black terminal line; cilia mixed with white at tips; the underside white mixed with seme yellow and thickly irrorated with black, a small black discoidal spot, medial and postmedial lines, and diffused subterminal shade. Habitat.— Cryton, Kalutava (Alston). Exp. 16 mill. Type in B. M. 3008c. HyPENAGONIA LONGIPALPIS, 0. sp. Palpi projecting about three times length of head, the 3rd joint upturned and tufted with hair at middle. Head, thorax and abdomen yellowish mixed with rufous and a few black scales ; palpi with oblique black line near extremity of 2nd joint, the 8rd joint with black band at middle; tegule with some black at tips; tarsi ringed with black. F orewing yellowish mixed with rufous and irrorated with black; a slight waved black subbasal line from costa to median nurvure ; a fine minutely waved black antemedial line; a brown medial band edged by slight dark lines, the outer edge slightly angled outwards at lower angle of cell below the minute white discoidal lunule ; postmedial line fine, black defined on outer side by white, oblique from costa to vein 6, slightly angled inwards at discal fold, incurved and minutely waved below vein 4, the costa beyond it with alternating black and whitish 1240 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. streaks ; the postmedial area with curved series of black points and in female a rounded spot in discal fold with diffused streak from its outer edge to tips of cilia; a subterminal series of small black spots, excurved at middle; a fine waved black terminal line; cilia with whitish line at base of cilia. Hindwing yellowish and white mixed with rufous and irrorated with black; a brown medial band from below costa to inner margin, edged by blackish lines; a postmedial series of black points with minute yellowish lunules on their outer sides; a subterminal series of small black spots defined on inner side by whitish; a fine waved black terminal line; cilia with a whitish line at pase and black line at middle; the underside with waved black medial, postmedial and subterminal lines, black discoidal bar, and series of small spots before termen. Habitat.—Cryton, Puttalain (Mackwood), Haputale (Alston). Zzp. 18 mill. Type in B. M. 30085. HyPENAGONIA BRACHYPALPIA, 0. Sp. Palpi projecting about the length of head. ©. Head, thorax and abdomen white; palpi and hinder part of thorax tinged with rufous ; fore femora and tibiz tinged with fuscous; abdomen with rufous band at base and slight fuscous bands towards extremity. Forewing white tinged with rufous except on costal area; antemedial line with black point at costa, then slight, rufous, incurved in cell and excurved in submedian interspace; two black discoidal points; a rather diffused oblique rufous line from lower angle of cell to inner margin; postmedial line fine, brown, with black point at costa, strongly bent outwards below costa, then oblique, slightly incurved at discal fold and somewhat sinuous below vein 4; two slight black streaks on costa towards apex ; subter- minal line slight, whitish, slightly angled inwards below costa and with rufous mark on its outer edge at middle; a terminal series of black strize with small rather dentate white marks before them; cilia with fuscous spot at middle. Hindwing white; a diffused rufous antemedial line except on costal arva; a black discoidal spot; the medial area with some fuscous irroration ; an inwardly oblique dark line from costa towards apex to diseal fold; a double very minutely waved subterminal line, the inner line blackish, the outer brown and rather diffused towards apex; a fire black subterminal line except at apex; the underside white slightly irrorated with fuscous, a black discoidal point and slight sinuous postmedial line. Hantat.—Cryton, Labugama (Mackwood). rp. 14 mill. Type in B. M. 30L42. Maostsroprera ALBISIGNA, 0. sp. 3. Head and tegule brownish white, the palpi brown irrorated with black, the frons with brown lateral bars, some brown between antenne and two black points at back of head, the tegule black at middle and tips; thorax and abdomen grey-brown irrorated with a few black scales. Fore- wing grey-brown irrorated with a few black scales; traces of a strongly THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 1241 excurved antemedial line ; orbicular near end of cell, round, defined by black except below ; a comet-shaped mark at end of cell, its upper extre- mity extending to near costa and its lower to near postmedial line above vein 3, defined by black except above, a white spot on its inner side on discocellulars, a white line on its outer edge and some rufous in centre, some black suffusion beyond it and a slight white streak above its upper extremity ; postmedial line black, dentate, oblique from costa near apex to vein 3, angled outwards at vein 7 and inwards at discal fold, a fuscous mark below vein 2; some white points on costa towards apex; subterminal line slight, grey defined on inner side by black strize, excurved at middle, and angled inwards at discal and submedian folds; a fine waved black terminal line with an ochreous white mark before it below vein 3 and black- brown spot below 2. Hindwing fuscous brown. the cilia whitish; the underside grey thickly irrorated with brown, a slight dark discoidal striga and indistinct pale curved postmedial line. Habitat.—Mapras, Horsleykonda (Campbell). Exp. 24 mill. Type in B. M. 2103a@. RivuLa COGNATA, n. sp. Mid and hind tibiz of male fringed with long hair on outer side, the mid tibia with fold containing a tuft of long hair; abdomen with lateral tufts of hair near base meeting ventrally; hindwing with the termen deeply excised at submedian fold, the tornus lobed, the inner area with a fold containing a tuft of black scales on upperside just beyond middle. 3. Head and thorax red-brown, the patagia ochreous white; pectus and legs ochreous white; abdomen dark-brown mixed with some grey. Fore- wing ochreous white irrorated with dark-brown, the terminal area suffused with red-brown, the costa dark-brown; subbasal line represented by a whitish striga from costa ; antemedial line whitish, angled inwards in cell, then with a large patch of black-brown suffusion before it; a whitish discoidal point on a diffused brown spot ; postmedial line whitish slightly defined on inner side by brown, bent outwards below costa near apex, then minutely waved, oblique and ircurved below vein 4, some oblique white strie beyond it from costa; subterminal line represented by a small wedge-shaped whitish mark from costa with black point at its apex, then by a series of black points with whitish points on their inner side and by a whitish striga at tornus. Hindwing fuscous brown; a slight whitish line at base of cilia ; the underside ochreous white irrorated with brown, a slight dark discoidal spot and indistinct postmedial line from costa to vein 4. 9. Thorax and ground colour of forewing uniform red-brown. Habitat.—Bompay, N. Kanara, Karwar (Bell) ; Cryton, Kandy (Green), Exp. 18 mill. Type in B. M. 1242 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI. The structure of R. basalis is similar, but the postmedial line of fore- wing is straight from below apex to inner margin. 21036. RivuLa SIMULATRIX, 0. sp. Structure of male similar to R. basalis and cognata, but abdomen and hindwing normal. 3. Head, thorax and abdomen pale ochreous yellow. Forewing pale ochreous yellow, the terminal area tinged with rufous; antemedial line whitish defined on outer side by a fine brown line and on inner by rufous suffusion except at costa, excurved from costa to submedian fold, then oblique ; a whitish point at upper angle of cell on a diffused rufous spot; postmedial line whitish slightly defined on each side by brown, strongly bent outwards below costa, then oblique, straight, some oblique whitish strise beyond it from costa; subterminal line represented by a whitish striga trom costa, then by a series of black points with whitish points on their inner side and a whitish striga at tornus. Hindwing ochreous white tinged with brown especially on terminal area, a fine dark terminal line; the underside ochreous white irrorated with red-brown. Q. Head, thorax and abdomen red-brown; forewing entirely suffused with red-brown, with deep red-brown suffusion before antemedial line ; hindwing dark red-brown, the cilia rufous. Hatitat.—Cryton, Dickoya (Green), Pundaloya (Green), Nawalapitiya (Pole). zp. 18-20 mill. Type in B. M. 2103d. Rivuna procrira, Swinh. A. M. N. H. (7), xvi., p. 621 (1905). Forewing with vein 10 absent or very short. ©. Head and thorax white or pale brown mixed with dark red-brown ; palpi, pectus, and legs brown, tarsi blackish slightly ringed jwith white ; abdomen fuscous, whitish at base. Forewing white or pale brown slightly irrorated with brown; a red brown patch on costa near base with the indistinct irregularly waved antimedial line arising from its outer edge and expanding into a patch at inner margin; a medial red-brown band expanding into a triangular patch at costa, narrowing at lower angle of © cell and expanding into a wedge-shaped patch at median nervure with a >- shaped black mark on it; postmedial line arising from outer edge of the band, bent outwards below costa, incurved below vein 4 and joining the band at inner margin; terminal area red-brown with two white points on costa, an indistinct blackish subterminal line excurved below vein 7 and at middle, a white spot beyond it at apex with five black marks below it and some small white spots towards tornus ; a terminal series of black points with white striz on their inner sides. Hindwing fuscous brown with a slight pale line at base of cilia; the underside whitish tinged with brown, the terminal area suffused with brown, a fuscous discoidal lunule and curved postmedial line. Habitat.—Assam, Khiasis; Baur. Zvp. 22 mill. a THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1243 URANIAD. 3045d. HpipLEMA FULVIHAMATA, Nn. sp. (pl. G., f. 14). Forewing with the termen very slightly angled at vein 6, hindwing with the costa excised beyond middle and produced to points at veins 6 and 4. Head and thorax red-brown tinged with purplish grey ; palpi above and frons black; pectus and legs whitish, the forelegs fuscous above; abdomen grey tinged with brown, the medial segments with blackish dorsal marks. Forewing greyish suffused with purple-brown and striated with blackish; traces of an interrupted waved antemedial line bent inward to costa; postmedial line double tinged with fulvous and oblique from costa to vein 5, then indistinct, pale, and incurved from vein 4 to submedian fold, then defined by black on inner side and slightly excurved ; a terminal black point below apex, then a dark band with diffused black and fulvous on its inner edge, angled outwards at vein 6 and ending on termen at vein 2. Hindwing with the costal half purplish, the inner half purplish grey-brown striated with black; a fulvous streak in lower part of cell hooked on discocellulars and with some black beyond its angle ; post- medial line ochreous, defined on inner side by brown from costa to discal fold and below vein 4 by black and fulvous, oblique and slightly sinuous from costa to vein 4 where it is acutely angled outwards, then nearly straight ; a whitish line from termen at vein 7 to termen at vein 2, defined by black on outer side and produced to termen as short white streaks at discal fold and veins 4°3; the underside brownish white slightly striated with black. Habitat. Cryton, Kandy, Peradeniya (Green); Punto Laut (Doherty). Exp, 22 mill. Type in B. M. GEOMETRID A. BoaRMIAN&. 3148a@. SYNEGIA CONFLAGRATA, N. sp. Q. Head, thorax and abdomen fiery red mixed with yellow; palpi brownish ; frons yellow below and with red and brown bars above; antenne brown, the shaft above and a line between their bases pure white ; pectus and legs ochreous and brownish, the forelegs brown; ventral surface of abdomen whitish. Forewing yellow and fiery red almost entirely suffused with fuscous brown, leaving some of the ground colour at base, as irroration on medial costal area, as ante and postmedial patches on inner margin, as a semicircular patch on termen from apex to vein 4, and lunulate spots towards tornus ; an interrupted red and yellow antemedial line, excurved below costa ; a postmedial white spot in submedian fold at the apex of the patch on inner margin ; some brown striz on termen; cilia yellow intersected with brown towards apex and at middle. Hindwing yellow suffused with fiery red ; some brown at base ; a dark discoidal point 1244 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI. with the indistinct sinuous brown medial line just before it; postmedial line double, fiery red filled in with yellow, waved ; a strong brown sub- terminal line, angled outwards to termen at discal fold and produced as streaks to termen at veins 4, 3,2; the underside ochreous, a brown subbasal line except towards costa, medial line brown, waved, double towards inner margin, the discoidal point just beyond it, postmedial line brown, curved, waved, the subterminal line connected at discal fold with a lunulate patch on termen. Habitat.—Manpras, Nilgiris (Andrewes). Exp. 36 mill. Type in B. M. 3235. Macaria SUBALBATARIA. Larva.—Bistre brown; two black dorsal lines with a white line between them; two fine lateral black lines; ventral surface paler; head bistre brown with black spots. 6 (W. H. Campbell). 3236a. Macaria HONORIA, 0. sp. Head and thorax dark-brown mixed with some grey ; palpi ochreous at base and white at tips; frons with white points at sides, antennze with the basal point white in front ; pectus yellow, legs yellow irrorated with brown, the tibiz and tarsi brown above; abdomen yellow, dorsally dark-brown except at extremity. Forewing purplish grey irrorated and striated with dark-brown, the basal and costal areas suffused with brown, the medial area pale grey except towards costa; an oblique antemedial dark-brown bar from costa ;a small black-brown discoidal spot; postmedial line dark- brown, strong oblique and slightly sinuous to vein 7, then bent inwards to discal fold, then slightly oblique, a patch of black-brown above its angle on costal area, then a band of dark-brown suffusion beyond it emitting a diffused fascia from the angle of the line to termen;a terminal series of black-brown points; cilia brownish with white line at base, chequered with dark-brown towards apex. Hindwing purplish grey striated with brown ; the basal area suffused with brown, a whitish subbasal spot in cell, its outer edge incurved before the small round black discoidal spot placed on the paler medial area ; postmedial line blackish, almost straight, a broad band of brown suffusion beyond it and rather wedge-shaped black patches between veins 6:7 and 4°3, the former extending at extremity to discal fold ; the terminal area with dark-brown patch between veins 6 and 4;a terminal series of slight dark lnnules; cilia whitish at base, brownish at tips, dark between veins 6 and 4. Underside of both wings with the basal area pale striated with brown, the terminal area fuscous brown with white subapical spot on forewing, the hindwing with some white striz near inner edge of the dark area and on apical area and an irregular white patch striated with brown at middle of termen. Habitat.—Mapras, Nilgiris (Andrewes). Eup. 42 mill. Type in B. M. 3326b. GARUS FLAVIPICTA, 0. Sp. 3d. Head and thorax fiery red; antennz with the shaft whitish, the wegyear Leask rigged PUFA EME i yA % Be ATK rit : ' nigh V4 pipenrd ast ass Sra rhe 15. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. EXPLANATION OF PLATE G. Arbela theivora. Celama leucoscopula. BS mesotherma. rufimixta. 3 dentilinea. Reeselia pallidiceps. Zia ectrocta. flema atrifrons. Halone flavinigra. Asura phantasma. ,, toxodes. , fulvimarginata. Neasura taprobana. Epiplema fulvihamata. Cidaria nyctichroa. Gymnoscelis lobata. Chloroclystis dentatissima. polygraphata. Utetheisa pulchelloides. Episilia clavata. arenacea. >) Lycophotia poliades. 23. 24, Ufeus carnea. Anytus leucocyma, Tichestra serrata. Dichonia chlorata. Chloroclystis plicata. Prasinoxena metaleuca. Melissoblaptes monochroa. Crambus endopolia. ., neurigrammalis. ‘3 albiceps. Chilo arzealis. Prorophora dialeuca, Heterographis augentescens.. Nephopteryx rhodobasalis. Thermopteryx rubrifusa. Spatulipalpia albistrialis. Lepidogma chlorophilalis. Macalla eumictalis. Trichophysetis umbrifusalis. 2.° Bostra mesaleucalis. Oligostigma andreusialis. Massepha rufescens. ———— 44 Horace Knight del.et lith. . West, Newman chromo. INDIAN MOTHS. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1245 branches brownish, abdomen yellow tinged with red and brown. Fore- wing fiery red with a few dark striz, the medial area with diffused yellow patches on costal area and below the cell and an oblique yellow bar from costa before the angle of postmedial line, the costal edge yellowish on basal area; a diffused brownish antemedial line oblique from costa to median nervure, then slightly waved ; a black discoidal point ; postmedial line dark slightly defined by violaceous on outer side, acutely angled outwards below costa, then oblique ; the apex brownish with some violaceous irroration. Hindwing fiery red sparsely striated with black, the terminal area witha faint violaceous gloss ; medial area yellow, narrowing towards costa and with slight red marks on its outer edge towards inner margin, bounded by the dark postmedial line which is excurved and minutely waved from vein 4to inner margin. Underside of both wings yellow striated with black and with diffused patches of rufous suffusion especially on tornal area of forewing and apical area of hindwing which has the postmedial line excurved between veins 4 and 2. Habitat.—N. Assam, Dibrugrah (Ward). Exp. 38 mill. Type in B. M. 3528a. ABRAXAS DIVERSICOLOR. Larva.—Dull fuscous; a pale yellow dorsal stripe interrupted at the junction of the somites ; spiracular line red with a series of minute red specks above it ; head prominent, glabrous, red; legs and preanal claspers red, anal segment and anal claspers whitish. Food plant Rhododendron. (W. H. Campbell). LARENTIANA. 3643a. CIDARIA NYCTICHROA, n.sp. (PI. G., f. 15.) 6. Head, thorax and abdomen reddish brown mixed with some grey and black, the tegule, prothorax and abdomen with blackish bands, the metathorax with black crest ; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen brownish white, the fore tibiz and tarsi black with pale rings. Forewing reddish brown suffused with a black and with numerous minutely waved black lines, the double antemedial line and the postmedial line rather more prominent, the latter excurved below costa and at middle ; a waved greyish subterminal line and black terminal line. Hindwing red-brown suffused with black and with numerous waved black lines except on costal area which is greyish; a black terminal line ; the underside whitish irrorated with fuscous, curved sinuous medial and postmedial blackish lines and a broad diffused subterminal band. Halitat.—Manras, Palnis (Campbell). Exp. 28 mill. Type in B. M. 3738. PHoToscoTOSIA VENIPICTA insert (syn.) ustroma pilosa, Th. Mieg. Le Nat. i910, p. 34. 3747). PoMASIA PUNCTARIA, 0. sp. ©. Head white with blackish bars above from and between antenne, 18 1246 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. the back of head and tegule yellow, the latter with blackish patches ; palp blackish banded with white ; antennz brown, the basal joint white in front; thorax brown with white patches on patagia; pectus and legs yellow, the fore and mid tibiz and tarsi banded with brown ; abdomen dark-brown with dorsal series of white spots and segmental lines, the extremity and ventral surface orange-yellow. Forewing brown with numerous waved white lines with series of small spots between them, the apical area and termen with the markings orange-yellow; a white discoidal annulus with white point in centre; the termen with a series of orange lunules concave towards base. Hindwing brown with numerous waved white lines with series of small spots between them, the terminal area with the markings orange- yellow. Habitat.—Manras, Nilgiris (Andrewes). vp. 24 mill. Type in B. M. 3754. GYMNOSCELIS SUBTRIGOSA, insert upithecia substristigera, Wk., XXXV., 1879, (1866); which has precedence. Larva.—Black ; two yellow-green dorsal lines conjoined at the junctions of the somites by bands of the same colour ; a spiracular series of yellow- green spots and a few similar spots on the ventral surface; head black, glabrous. Feeds gregariously on a species of low-growing Fig. ( W. H. Campbell.) 3755@. GYMNOSCELIS LOBATA,n. sp. (Pl. G., f. 16.) Hind tibia with long inner medial spur, the outer spur absent: hind- wing of male with costal lobe folded over on underside, the inner area folded over on underside and grooved. dé. Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous mixed with reddish brown, ~ the underside ochreous whitish, the fore tibize and tarsi fuscous ringed with white. Forewing greyish ochreous irrorated with fuscous ; subbasal line represented by slight double dark strie from costa; antemedial line slight, waved, inwardly oblique, a waved dark band beyond it with the black discoidal striga on its outer edges; a faint double minutely waved medial line ; postmedial line double, minutely waved and obliquely curved, with fuscous suffusion on its inner side; subterminal line pale, minutely waved, with fuscous suffusion on its inner side, the area beyond it purple ; a fine dark terminal line ; cilia ochreous and fuscous. Hindwing greyish ochreous irrorated with fuscous; traces of double waved ante and post- medial lines; a rather punctiform blackish subterminal line, the area beyond it tinged with purple; a fine black terminal line ; cilia ochreous and fuscous. Underside of forewing suffused with purple except the inner area to beyond middle, a curved whitish postmedial band with deeper purple before and beyond it; hindwing whitish, the costal fold fulvous, an obliquely curved purple postmedial band from costa to vein 4 and a terminal band. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1247 Q. Head and abdomen more fulvous ; wings tinged with green; fore- wing with the suffusion before postmedial and subterminal lines rufous, no purple on termen; the underside with the purple replaced by brown. Habitat.—Cryiton, Madulsima ( Vaughan ), Maskeliya (Alston), Amba- wela (Green), Hakgala (Green). Zvp. 3 18, 9 20 mill. Type in B. M. 3/706. CHLOROCLYSTIS DENTATISSIMA, Warr., Nov. Zool., v., p. 428 (USoS) ene Ge, ft. 17.) Q. Head, thorax and abdomen grey tinged with reddish brown; palpi fuscous towards tips; fore tarsi brown ringed with whitish. Forewing grey suffused and irrorated with brown; subbasal line represented by a black striga from costa, the antemedial line by black strize from costa and inner margin and at median nervure, inwardly oblique; a blackish point on middle of costa ; postmedial line faint, waved, with short black streaks on the veins, oblique from costa to vein 6, angled inwards at discal fold and oblique below vein 4; subterminal line whitish, minutely dentate, defined on inner side by slight dark streaks on the veins ; a terminal series of black striz with minute streaks before them in the inter spaces. Hind- wing grey suffused and irrorated with brown; indistinct minutely waved, subbasal antemedial and medial lines; postmedial line blackish, curved, slightly incurved at discal fold, with another faint line beyond it; sub- terminal line whitish defined on inner side by brown, minutely dentate ; a terminal series of black striz; the underside brownish white with curved dark medial and postmedial lines except on inner area, a fine black terminal line. Habitat.—Cryion, Peradeniya (Green), Colombo (Mackwood); Cocos Keewine 1; Key Is; N. Ausrratia, Port Darwin. Zvp. 18-22 mill. 3770c. CHLOROCLYSTIS POLYGRAPHATA, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 18.) © Head, thorax and abdomen grey mixed with fuscous and tinged in parts with rufous ; palpi, sides of frons, pectus and legs blackish, the tarsi slightly ringed with white. Forewing grey, slightly tinged with reddish brown and irrorated with fuscous ; subbasal line double, curved, from costa to submedian fold, the inner line indistinct, antemedial area with two indistinct waved lines, the antemedial line black, diffused and oblique to median nervure, then minutely waved, the medial area with two lines, oblique to just below cell, then minutely waved ; a strong black postmedial lunule with blackish patches above it on costa and black points below it on veins 3 and 2; postmedial line fine, on a pale band slightly angled outward at vein 6, oblique to below vein 4, then minutely waved, a diffused lunulate dark line beyond it; subterminal line whitish defined on each side by fuscous, minutely waved ; cilia fuscous intersected with whitish. Hindwing grey tinged with brown; a black mark on base of median nervure and two spots an inner margin; two obscure antemedial lines angled outwards at middle and interrupted in submedian inter space ; postmedial line double, 1248 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. the inner line with slight dentate black marks before it on median nervules, angled outwards at middle, then incurved and minutely waved ; subterminal line double, maculate, oblique from costa to vein 3 where it is obtusely angled; a series of fuscous spots just before termen from apex to vein 3; cilia tinged with ochreous and with series of fuscous spots at base. Underside of both wings suffused with fuscous brown; hindwing with obscure maculate postmedial line excurved at middle. Haintat.—Cuyton, Hakgala (Green). Exp. 28 mill. Type in B. M. 37736. CLOROCLYSTIS PLIcaTA, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 27.) Forewing of male with the costa folded over on upperside from before middle to towards apex. Head, thorax and abdomen grey suffused with reddish brown, palpi blackish except at base, the tips of 8rd joint white. Forewing grey suffused with red-brown and with some black irroration on the veins; antemedial line indistinct, double, waved ; three oblique blackish strive from medial part of costa ; postmedial line indistinct, double, minutely waved, excurved to vein 4, then oblique; subterminal line grey, minutely waved, with slight black streaks before it below costa and at middle and beyond it in the inter spaces; a terminal black line. Hindwing grey suffused with red-brown, the median nervure and veins beyond lower angle of cell irrorated with black to the indistinct double whitish postmedial line which is excurved at middle; an indistinct dentate whitish subterminal line; a black terminal line. Hobitat.—Cryton, Hakgala (Green), Ohiya (Green), Newara Eliya (Mackwood), Horton Plains. £2p. 26 mill. ACIDALIANA. 3925. HpHyna VALIDARIA, insert (syn.) 4076a. Geometra rufifrontaria. 597la. TIMANDRA FLAVISPONSABRIA, D. Sp. Head rufous; antennz whitish towards base and with white bar between their bases; thorax yellow tinged with rufous; legs rufous; abdomen yellow tinged with rufous. Forewing ochreous yellow, the costal and terminal areas suffused with rufous and irrorated with blackish; ante- medial rufous points on median nervure and vein 1;' a minute rufous discoidal spot; traces of an oblique postmedial line defining the rufous terminal area, obsolete towards costa and excurved between vein 5 and submedian fold; subterminal line with diffused oblique blackish streak from apex, then represented by a series of black points; a fine red-brown terminal line; cilia rufous. Hindwing ochreous yellow slightly striated with brown, the terminal half suffused with rufous; an oblique red-brown medial line with rufous band beyond it and fuscous patch on costal area; a brown postmedial line excurved between veins 4 and 2; a fine red-brown terminal line ; cilia rufous. Underside of both wings tinged with rufous } f a BS ¥ A 7 THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1249 and prominently striated with blackish, the postmedial line black, excurved between veins 5 and 2, a black terminal line ; forewing with black discoi- dal spot. Hatitat.—Mapras, Wynad (Cardew), Nilgiris (Andrewes); Burma, Katha (Bingham). zp. 30 mill. PYRALIDA. GALLERIANZ. 414lc. PRasINOXENA METALEUCA, n. sp. (Pl. G., f. 28). 6. Head, thorax and abdomen white, the patagia green. Forewing apple-green with two brownish grey discoidal points and one in discal fold beyond the cell; the costal edge brown towards apex; cilia white with waved brown line at base and fuscous tips. Hindwing white. Underside of forewing with the fringe of hairy scales on and beyond median nervure ochreous white. : Halitat.— Cryiton, Kandy (Mackwood). Exp. 16 mill. Type in B. M. 4144c, MeLIssoBLAPTES MONOCHROA, Nn. sp. (Pl. G., f. 29). ¢. Head, thorax and abdomen brownish white. Forewing pale brownish ochreous, sparsely irrorated with black; a subbasal black point in cell; a series of black points on costa towards apex and on termen from apex to vein 2. Hindwing uniform pale brownish ochreous. Hatbitat.—Cryion, Ambalangoda (Pole). vp. 32 mill. Type in B. M. CRAMBINE. 4156d. CRAMBUS ENDOPOLIA, n. sp. (Pl. G., f. 30). ¢6. Head and thorax pale grey-brown; pectus, legs and abdomen whitish tinged with brown. Forewing pale grey-brown, the inner area paler to submedian fold, the veins beyond the cell slightly streaked with whitish and defined above and below by faint brown streaks; traces of a brown point at middle of vein 1 and discoidal point; an indistinct highly curved postmedial brown line. Hindwing white tinged with brown ; the underside with the inner area whiter. Hantat.—Crvion, Wellawaya (Green). rp. 26 mill. Type in B. M. 4169a. GRAMLPUS NEURIGRAMMALIS, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 31). Head and thorax white, sides of palpi, antennz and patagia golden bronze ; abdomen white faintly tinged with ochreous. Forewing white; a diffused golden bronze fascia on costal area to subterminal line and another on median nervure to well beyond angle of cell; a black discoidal spot; the veins beyond the cell defined by fine golden bronze streaks; a double highly curved subterminal line with small wedge shaped black- brown mark beyond it on costa; a black-brown terminal line. Hindwing white with a slight bronze terminal line from below ajex to submedian fold. 1250 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. Habitat.—Cuyton, Ambalangoda (Pole). Exp. § 16, 2 18 mill. Type in B. M. 41786. CRAMBUS ALBICEPS, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 32). 92. Head and thorax grey tinged with brown, the vertex of head whitish; abdomen white tinged with brown. Forewing grey tinged with reddish brown and thickly irrorated with brown; a slight blackish discoidal point and blackish terminal line; cilia with a silvery gloss. Hindwing white tinged with brown, the cilia white; the underside white faintly tinged with brown. Habitat.—Cryton, Haputale (Alston). Zxp.18 mill. Type in B. M. 420%2e. CHILO ARZALIS,n. sp. (Pl. G., f. 33). ; Forewing with vein 8, 9, 10 stalked, 11 anastomosing with 12. 3. Head, thorax and abdomen pale ochreous yellow ; forelegs brownish, the tibia and tarsus whitish in front. Forewing pale ochreous yellow slightly irrorated with brown and the veins defined by faint brown streaks ; traces of an oblique antemedial brown line from vein 2 near base to vein 1; a triangular blackish discoidal spot with a brownish streak from it to termen ; postmedial line rather oblique and formed of faint dark streaks from costa to vein 6, then very oblique to middle of inner margin and minutely dentate ; two black points on termen above tornus. Hindwing white; the underside with the costal area tinged with ochreous. Habitat.—Manras, Palnis (Campbell). Exp. 26 mill. Type in B. M. 4203. CHILO SIMPLEX. Larva.—Pinkish grey sparsely covered with fine hairs; two faint pale brown dorsal stripes; a diffused lateral band of the same colour; a supra- spiracular series of small black specks ; in some cases the whole body is suffused with brown ; head red, glabrous; thoracic plate horny. . Feeds in the heads and stems of the great millet and Holcus spicatus, boring down into the head as the earis formed and settling in the stem in which it pupates ; the whole upper part of the plant rots; very destructive. (W. H. Campbell). 4205. CHILO SUPPRESSALIS, insert (syn). Chilo auricilia Dudgeon. J. Bomb. Soc. xvi., p. 405 (1905). Food plant Sugarcane. ANERASTIANZ. 4279a. AMBALA ALBIVENALIS, 0. sp. Maxillary palpi flattened against frons; antennze of male strongly laminate and with ridge of scales in sinus at base of shaft; hindwing with veins 3 and 5 stalked to near termen. Head and thorax white mixed with rufous; abdomen white dorsally suffused with fulvous yellow at base. Forewing ochreous tinged with rufous and slightly irrorated with black, the veins prominently streaked with white ; an antemedial black point on vein 1; a postmedial black point eS ae THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 1251 on vein 1 and usually an oblique striga between veins 5 and 2; a terminal series of slight black points. Hindwing white with a faint ochreous brown tinge ; the cilia pure white. Halitat.—Cryion, Puttalam. (Pole) 1 ¢g,1 2, Haputale (Alston) 1 dg, Kegalle (Alston) 1 g. ap. 12-20 mill. 4285a. ANERASTIA CASTANEALIS, 0D. sp. @. Head, thorax and abdomen chestnut-red ; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen paler, the tarsi fuscous ringed with white. Forewing pale chestnut-red, deeper red towards costa; the ante-and postmedial lines represented by traces of short deep red streaks. Hindwing white, the costa and termen slightly tinged with brown; the underside with the costal area tinged with brown. Habitat.—Cryion, Kegalle (Alston). Exp. 16 mill. Type in B. M. 4299a. SaLURIA HEMIPHZALIS, nN. sp. Head and thorax fuscous, the metathorax rufous; abdomen grey dorsally tinged with rufous. Forewing with the costal half fuscous, the inner half rufous, the costal area with a white fascia tapering to a point just before apex. Hindwing semihyaline whitish tinged with brown; cilia whitish with a brown line through them. Hatbitat.—Cryion, Haldamulla (Mackwood), Haputale (Alston). Exp. 22:26 mill. Type in B. M. 43046. CRITONIA OCHRACEALIS, Nn. sp. Palpi of male oblique, the 2nd joint hollowed out to receive the brush hike maxillary palpi; antennez serrate, with large tuft at base of shaft. Head and thorax brownish ochreous; abdomen ochreous. Forewing ochreous with a brownish tinge below costal area from base to apex ;the costal edge blackish at base; a blackish antemedial point on vein]; an ill-defined blackish discoidal spot ; an oblique postmedial series of blackisn points on the veins; an oblique blackish bar from apex and terminal series of black points. Hindwing semihyaline ochreous, the costal area tinged with brown towards apex; a fine dark terminal line. Underside of forewing suffused with fuscous brown, except on inner and terminal areas, more extensively suffused in female. Haintat.—Punsazp; Kangra Valley (Dudgeon); Mapras, Nilgiris (An- drewes). Lzp. 5 26, 9 30 mill. Type in B. M. 4312. PoLYACHA DEPRESSELLA insert (syn). Polyocha saccharella (Dud- geon) J. Bomb. Soc. xvi, p. 405 (1905). This belongs to Sect. II; but the forewing has veins 4:5 approximated for some distance and veins 10 from the cell, hindwing with veins 3 from angle of cell and 8 free. Larva on sugarcane. 4326a.—HuTEROGRAPHIS ARGENTESCENS, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 35). . Head and thorax rufous with some silvery scales; antennze blackish 1252 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. abdomen ochreous brown. Forewing ochreous mostly suffused with bright rufous; traces of an oblique dark antemedial line with silvery scales before 1t towards inner margin; an oblique medial band of silvery suffusion ; an indistinct. oblique dark postmedial line with band of silvery suffusion beyond it; the inner margin blackish from near base to a dark brownish batch at tornus ; cilia silvery whitish at tips. Hindwing ochre- ous brown, the cilia silvery white except at base. \ Habitat.—Cryton, Kegalle (Alston). Zap. 20 mill. Type in B. M. PHYCITINA. Genus PRoRoPHORA. Type. Prorophora, Rag., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1887, p. 252 ........ curvibasella. Proboscis well developed; palpi down-curved, typically extending about the length of head; maxillary palpi slightly tufted with hair; frons with pointed prominence hidden in a tuft of hair; antennz of male almost simple. Forewing long and narrow, the apex rounded ; vein 3 from angle of cell; 4:5 on a long stalk from above angle; 8:9 stalked; 10:11 from cell. Hindwing with vein 3 from angle of cell; 4-5 on a long stalk; 6°7 from upper angle; 8 not anastomosing with 7. 4335+. PRoRoOPHORA DIALEUCA, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 34). Palpi extending twice the length of head. @. Head, thorax and abdomen grey suffused with brown. Forewing grey suffused with brown and slightly irrorated with fuscous ; a white streak above median nervure from before middle of cell to termen at discal fold, emitting minute spurs on bases of veins 4°3; slight fuscous medial marks on median nervure and vein 1, and a postmedial series of minute diffused streaks on the ve.ns, oblique below vein 4 ; the veins slightly streaked with whitish towards termen which is more strongly irrorated with brown. Hindwing semihyaline white, the termen faintly tinged with ochreous brown. Halbitat.—Cryton, Elephant Pass (Mackwood), Jaffna (Mackwoud). Exp. 24 mill. Type in B. M. Genus HypHANTIDIUM. Type. Hyphantidium, Scott., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 207... sericaria. Assara, Wlk., xxvii, 79 (1863) Pee RN nse. Cateremna, Meyr., Pr. Linn. Soc., N. 8S. W., vil, p. 156 (1882) .. or : .. microdova. Seneca, Hulst., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xvii, p. 177 (1890).. temedella. 4345. MH yPHANTIDIUM ALBICosraLis, Wl1k., xxvii, 80 (1869); Rag. Rom. Mém., viii, p. 73, pl. xxv., f. 14. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1253 Euzophera subterebrella, Snell., Tijd. V. Ent., xxiii, p. 250 (1880) ; id., XXvii, p- 54, pl. v., f. 12. - nivricostella, Hmpsn., Moths. Ind., iv., p. 74 (1896). 4354a. NmPHOPTERYX NEPHELOALIS, N. Sp. @. Head, throax and abdomen grey suffused with brown; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen whitish; tarsi blackish ringed with white. Forewing grey suffused with brown;some diffused whitish from base of costa followed by a dark shade; an oblique whitish diffused antemedial bard with the slight double brown antemedial line on its outer edge followed by a blackish shade from costa to median nervure ; two obliquely placed blackish discoidal spots; subterminal line whitish defined on each side by dark lines and with slight oblique dark shade from its inner side at costa, slightly excurved at middle and very minutely waved : a terminal series of blackish points. Hindwing pale suffused with brown; cilia whitish with a brown line near base. Habitat,—Cryton, Trincomali (Green). Zp. 20 mill. Type in B. M. 4359d. NEPHOPTERYX RHODOBASALIS, n. sp. (Pl. G., f. 36.) Antennz of male with large tuft of scales from basal joint and sinus at base of shaft but without tuft of scales in it; the tibiz broadly scaled; large black anal and genital tufts with some silvery scales in them. Head and thorax ochreous tinged with rufous; tibiz and tarsi banded with blackish; abdomen fuscous, ochreous at base. Forewing with the basal area whitish tinged with pink and rufous and with dark patches on costa at base and before middle ; antemedial line double, oblique, formed of raised blackish and silvery scales; the rest of wing fuscous mixed with greyish ; two obscure discoidal spots with some whitish before and beyond the lower ; subterminal line indistinct, double filled in with whitish, the inner line minutely dentate, slightly incurved below costa; a terminal series of black poiuts; cilia with a fine whitish line at base followed by a dark line. Hindwing semihyaline whitish, the veins and a terminal line brown ; cilia with a dark line near base. Habitat.—Cryton, Madulsima (Vaughan). zp. 18 mill. Type in B. M. 4359e. NEPHOPTERYX ACROBASELLA, N. Sp. Maxillary palpi of male dilated with scales and flattened against the frons; antennz with sinus at base containing a tuft of scales; thorax with tufts of long hair from below base of hindwing. Head and thorax grey mixed with some red and pale olive brown, the tarsi fuscous ringed with white; abdomen brownish ochreous with grey and fuscons bands. Forewing grey irrorated with purplish red; some olive ochreous‘on basal inner area; the first line medial, blackish, oblique, straight, with a conical olive ochreous band before it, not quite reaching costa, and defined on inner side by band of raised blackish, red and silvery 19 1254 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. scales from cell to inner margin; two black discoidal points; an olive ochreous postmedial band from submedian fold to inner margin; subter- minal line whitish defined on inner side by black and on outer by red, almost straight, oblique ; a fine black terminal line; cilia whitish with an ochreous line at base followed ‘by a fine dark line. Hindwing semihyaline whitish tinged with brown; a blackish terminal line; cilia with a dark line near base. Habitat.—Cxryton, Hambantota (Bainbrigge-Fletcher). Zvp. 18 mill. Type in B. M. 7 4370d. NEPHOPTERYX FERREOTINCTA, N. sp. ©. Head, thorax and abdomen grey-brown mixed with whitish; tarsi fuscous ringed with white ; abdomen with brownish dorsal bands towards base, the anal tuft ochreous, the ventral surface white. Forewing white, thickly irrorated and suffused with grey-brown and with some rufous espe- cially on inner area before and beyond the subterminal line ; antemedial line ill-defined, whitish, with diffused black patch before it on inner half and diffused white patch beyond it, oblique from costa to submedian fold, then incurved : two indistinct conjoined brown discoidal points; subterminal line white, slightly angled inwards at discal and submedian folds; a terminal series of blackish points; cilia witha white line near base. Hindwing semihyaline whitish, the costal area tinged with brown; a fine brown terminal line and line near base of cilia. Haintat.—Cryton, Matale (Pole). Exp. 20 mill. Type in B. M. Genus THERMOPTERYX, nov. Type.— 7. rubrifusa. Palpi upturned, the second joint reaching about to vertex of head and moderately fringed with scales in front, the third short; maxillary palpi slightly dilated with scales; frons smooth; antennz of female almost simple; tibize slightly fringed with hair. Forewing with veins 2-3 on a long stalk; 4-5 closely approximated for about half their length and not in line with median nervure; 6 from uvper angle; 8-9 stalked and 10 closely approximated to them for about halfits length. Hindwing with vein 3 from angle of cell; 4-5 strongly stalked; 6-7 from upper angle; 8 not anastomosing with 7; the cell about half length of wing. 4382a. THERMOPTERYX RUBRIFUSA, nN. sp. (PI. G., f. 37.) Q. Head, thorax and abdomen grey-white suffused in parts with rufous; palpi fuscous. Forewing grey-white irrorated with rufous; a patch of rufous suffusion on basal costal area ; the inner area suffused with rufous from before middle where it extends almost to costa and thence obliquely to termen between veins 3 and 2; a patch of rufous suffusion at apex ; two rufous discoidal points; a greyish subterminal line, slightly bent outwards at discal fold, then minutely waved; a terminal series of THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1265 rufous points. Hindwing semihyaline white, the costal area faintly tinged with rufous towards apex. Habitat —Cryton, Trincomali (Green). £zp.28 mill. Type in B. M. 4383c. MYELOIS ATRIMACULALIS, Nn. sp. ©. Head, thorax and abdomen grey mixed with red-brown, the pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen greyer. Forewing grey suffused with red brown ; a small subbasal black spot below costa; small antemedial black spots just below costa and on vein 1; a rather large blackish spot at lower angle of cell with two black points above it: a minutely dentate postmedial dark line from below costa to submedian fold, the veins beyond it with slight dark streaks ending in minute terminal black points. Huind- wing greyish tinged with brown especially on apical area. Ha'ntat.—Cuyton, N.C. Province (Pole). vp. 18 mill. Type in B.M. 4385a. PHYCITA UMBRATALIS, N. sp. ¢. Head and thorax grey-brown mixed with some fuscous; abdomen erey-brown; the tarsi with slight pale rings. Forewing grey suffused with fuscous-brown ; antemedial line diffused, brown, curved, with black points before it on median and submedian nervures; a black discoidal point ; the veins of postmedial area with short black streaks; subterminal line grey defined on inner side by black and on outer by red-brown; a terminal series of black points ; cilia grey with brown lines at base and middle. Hindwing greyish white with fine brown lines on termen and near base of cilia. Haintat.—Manpras, Horsleykonda (Campbell). Zvp. 18 mill. Type in B.M. 4389c. PHYCITA MELANOSTICTA, nN. sp. @. Head, thorax and abdomen grey suffused with brown ; tarsi fuscous ringed with white; ventral surface of abdomen white. Forewing grey suffused with brown and clouded in parts with fuscous ; the first line medial, double, brown filled in with white and defined on outer side by white, slightly excurved below costa and with short black streak before it above vein |; a slight curved black striga on upper discocellular and a blackish shade beyond the cell bent inwards below vein 4; postmedial line white, rather oblique from costa to vein 4 and slightly angled inwards in sub- median fold ; a terminal series of dark points. cilia whitish with a fine brown line near base. Hindwing semihyaline white, the costal area tinged with brown towards apex; a fine brown terminal line and line through the cilia. Ha'itat.—Cryton, Peradenya (Green), Habarana (Green). ZEvp. 22-24 mill. Type in B.M. 4393a, PHycITA MIMELLA, Rag., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1889, p. cexviii; id. Rom. Mém. vii, p. 163, pi. viii, f. 3. ©. Head, thorax and abdomen grey mixed with brown, the tarsi with pale rings. Forewing grey tinged in parts with brown and rather thickly 1256 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. irrorated with black; antemedial line indistinctly double, oblique from — costa to submedian fold and incurved at vein 1, a brownish patch before it © in and below the cell, defined on inner side by a black bar; two small black discoidal spots ; postmedial line indistinct, brown defined on outer side by whitish, arising below costa, oblique to vein 6, then minutely waved and somewhat bent outwards to inner margin, an oblique blackish shade beyond it from costa ; a terminal series of black points ; cilia white tinged with brown. Hindwing semihyaline white, the veins and costa towards apex tinged with brown; a fine brown terminal line from apex to vein 1; cilia with a fine brown line near base from apex to vein 1. Habitat.—Cxyton, Kegalle (Alston) ; New Guinea, Port Moresly. Exp. 18 mill. 44916. SPaTULIPALPIA ALBISTRIALIS, n.sp. (PI. G., f. 38.) Palpi of male with the second joint strongly dilated with a fold enclosing the brush-like maxillary palpi and fringed with hair on outer side at ex- tremity ; frons hollowed out ; antennze with the basal joint large, the shaft with sinus at base enclosing a large tuft of scales, then laminate; the vertex of head with ridge of scales ; forewing with veins 8, 9, 10 stalked ; hindwing with the lower angle of cell very strongly produced to half the length of wing, the median nervure and discocellulars closely approxi- mated, veins 3, 4, 5 from angle, 4, 5 closely approximated for about one- third length. &d. Head, thorax and abdomen bright rufous, the second joint of palpi in front, the basal joint of antennee and tuft of scales in sinus, and the tegule at middle ochreous; tibize and tarsi banded with dark brown. Forewing bright rufous with fine blackish streaks on the veins ; a silvery whitish streak below base of cell ; antemedial line silvery whitish, strongly angled outwards in cell, then running inwards as a streak above median nervure to near base and on inner area represented by an oblique streak to inner margin with a streak from it above vein 1 to postmedial line; a silvery whitish streak in lower extremity of cell and short streaks in the interspaces beyond the cell; a blackish discoidal spot; postmedial line silvery whitish, arising from costa near apex, acutely angled inwards in discal fold and outwards at vein 5, then oblique to just above vein 1 to which it is slightly bent outwards ; a fine black terminal line ; cilia whitish at base and tips with fine red lines through them, brown at middle. MHind- wing whitish tinged with brown ; cilia with whitish line at base followed by a brown line. Habitat.—Cryton, Maskeliya (Alston), 1 ¢.type. vp. 20 mill. 4421c, SPATULIPALPIA ALBICOSTALIS, Nl. Sp. : dé. Head and tegule white slightly tinged with brown; thorax and abdomen pale brown, the anal tuft, pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen white tinged with ochreous. Forewing pale ochreous brown, the — .., co. . g ’ ‘yp THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1257 costal area white slightly irrorated with brown; obliquely placed ante- medial dark points on and below costa; a slight white discoidal striga; a straight punctiform postmedial dark ime slightly defined on outer side by _ whitish, and punctiform terminal line; a fine whitish line at base of cilia. Hindwing pale tinged with brown ; a fine brown line near base of cilia. Habitat.—Czrvton, Poyahawelle (Alston). Z2p.16 mill. Type in B. M. 4425a. CRYPTOBLABES SCOTOCHROALIS, N. Sp. ©. Head and thorax dark cupreous brown with a greyish glose; abdomen greyish suffused with brown; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen whitish mixed with fuscous, the fore legs fuscous, the tarsi fuscous with slight pale rings. Forewing dark cupreous brown with a silvery grey glose; antemedial line rather strong, white, oblique from below costs to inner margin towards which itis diffused on inner side ; subterminal line slight, whitish, somewhat excurved at middle then oblique ; a faint greyish terminal band; cilia greyish. Hindwing greyish tinged with brown especially on the veins; cilia pale brownish with a white. line at base. ; Halitat.—Cryton, Kegalle (Alston). Exp. 14 mill. Type in B. M. 4427a. CRYPTOBLABES FLAVIZONALIS, Nn. sp. ©. Head and thorax brownish white; palpi black at side; a black- brown band between antenne; abdomen yellowish with lateral fuscous marks and dorsal black points on basal segments; the terminal segments fuscous with whitish bands; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen white mixed with some fuscous, the tarsi fuscous ringed with white. Fore- wing white slightly irrorated with black, the inner area suffused with pur- ple-red ; obliquely placed subbasal black points below costa and cell; an antemedial olive-yellow band expanding on inner half and defined on each side by black lines overlaid by silvery scales ; two black discoidal points ; subterminal line white defined on inner side by a red line blackish and angled outwards below costa and on outer by a rather diffused black line overlaid by silvery scales with some red on its outer edge; a terminal series of black points; cilia whitish with brownish lines near base and tips. Hindwing white tinged with brown especially on the veins; the cilia whitish with a faint brownish line near base. Hatitat.—Cryton, Kegalle (Alston). zp. 12 mill. Type in B. M. HpIpascHIAN. 4538a. LEPIDOGMA CHLOROPHILALIS, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 39.) @. Head and thorax green mixed with rufous and a few black scales: palpi black at tips; antennz blackish except at base; tibize and tarsi banded with black; abdomen ochreous tinged with brown and with obscure blackish bands except at base. Forewing sap-green irrorated with black ; the terminal half of costa red, the medial area sometimes irrorated with red ; subbasal line represented by black points below costa and cell; some 1258 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. black below the cell and on inner margin before the rather diffused oblique waved antemedial line; a discoidal tuft of black scales; postmedial line black defined on outer side by whitish, dentate, excurved from below costa to vein 2; subterminal line represented by a pale green band defined on inner side by dark green or blackish suffusion and on outer by a terminal series of dark green lunules; cilia chequered white and black. Hindwing pale almost wholly suffused with fuscous; a curved minutely waved diffused dark postmedial line defined on outer side by whitish ; the termen purplish red with a terminal series of small black lunules; cilia whitish chequered with black from apex-to vein 2; the underside whitish suffused with purplish brown, especially on terminal area, a curved dentate dark postmedial line. Hlabitat.—Cryton, Maskeliya, (Pole), Madulsima (Vaughan), zp. 30 mill. Type ia B. M. 44385. LepipogGM4 MELANOLOPHA, 0. sp. Q. Head, thorax and abdomen pale reddish brown; palpi black with pale ring at base and extremity of third joint; tibie and tarsi black ringed with white. Forewing pale reddish brown sparsely irrorated with black ; the costal area suffused with black to the postmedial line, the subbasal and antemedial lines represented by pale bars on it; a prominent tuft of black scales at upper angle of cell; a faint diffused fuscous shade beyond and below the cell; postmedial line black, strongly excurved below vein 6 and slightly incurved below vein 3; a terminal series of black strize and a fuscous shade on terminal area above tornus; cilia fuscous with a pale line at base. Hindwing pale reddish brown suffused with fuscous; a subterminal black bar at vein 2 defined on outer side by whitish; a blackish terminal line ; cilia fuscous with a pale line at base; the under- side ochreous whitish irrorated with fuscous especially on costal area, the terminal area tinged with fuscous, a pale postmedial line obliquely curved to submedian fold near termen. Habitat.—Cryton, Kegalle (Mackwood). Zp. 20 mill. Type in B, M. 4545). MAcALLA BRACHYSCOPALIS, nN. Sp. Male with the antennal process short and hardly extending behind the head. d. Head and thorax olive-green with some black scales ; palpi mostly black ; antennal process black at tip ; tarsi black with pale rings ; abdomen olive green with some black scales, tinged with rufous and largely mixed with black towards extremity. Forewing olive-green irrorated with black expecially towards costa, the terminal area slightly ringed with rufous; a pale oblique antemedial striga from costa ; a discoidal tuft of black scales ; postmedial line blackish defined on outer side by pale olive, oblique from costa to vein 5, excurved to vein 2, then again oblique to near tornus; a terminal series of small triangular black spots ; cilia chequered olive and | | | THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1259 { blackish, with a fine pale line at base. Hindwing pale silky olive tinged with fuscous especially on terminal area; a terminal series of smal! triangular black spots; cilia with a fine pale line at base. Halitat.—Cryton, Maskeliya (Alston). Zep. 22 mill. Type in B. M. 4446), MacaLLa EUMICTALIS, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 40.) Head, thorax and abdomen greyish mixed with rufous and black; tarsi black with pale rings. Forewing greyish tinged with olive and in parts with rufons especially on medial area and irrorated with black, the apical area suffused with black; some black suffusion on base of inner margin and on costa before middle; antemedial line represented by a ridge of xaised black scales, inwardly oblique from costa to vein 1, then bent outwards above inner margin; a sinuous medial ridge of black scales from cell to nner margin; a discoidal tuft of black scales and a diffused oblique ridge of scales from lower angle of cell to vein 1; postmeduial line black, dentate, oblique from costa to vein 4, then erect and angled inwards at vein 2, a whitish patch before it beyond the cell; a terminal series of rather triangular blackish spots with a slight whitish patch before them at middle; cilia chequered rufous and blackish. Hindwing olive tinged with rufous and fuscous ; cilia with a fine pale line at base. Habitat.—Czryton, Maskeliya (de Mowbray). Zap. g 34, 2 40 mill. ENDOTRICHIN&. 4504a. TRICHOPHYSETIS UMBRIFUSALIS, n. sp. (FI. G., f. 41). ©. Head, thorax and abdomen white, the last faintly tinged with brown ; palpi with some black scales; two black points between antenne ; fore tibize, the spurs and tarsi with black points. Forewing white with a faint brownish tinge on inner area except towards base and on terminal area; a black point below base of vein 1; an indistinct double curved brownish antimedial line with black points at costa and submedian fold ; an indistinct double curved brownish postmedial line; a minutely waved fuscous line from costa towards apex to termen at vein 3, the area beyond it suffused with brown. Hindwing white, the terminal area tinged with brown ; a double brown antemedial line with black spot on its outer edge in submedian fold ; a double brown postmedial line with black spot on its inner edge at submedian fold almost touching the antemedial spot, and black point at inner margin; cilia brown; the underside with indistinct double subterminal line from costa to vein 3 with black spot on its inner side at costa. ab. 1. Abdomen more suffused with brown and irrorated with black ; forewing with the inner half from before middle suffused with brown and irorated with black; hindwing with the inner area from before middle and the terminal area suffused with brown and black. Habitat,—Maonras, Nilgiris, Ootacamund (Cardew), Ouchterlong Valley (Andrewes). Zap. 22 mill. Type in B. M. 1260 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. PYRALINZE. 454617. STEMMATOPHORA ADALIS, nN. sp. @. Head, thorax and abdomen brownish grey irrorated with black; the tarsi with slight pale rings. Forewing grey tinged with brown and thickly irrorated with fuscous; antemedial line white, almost obsolete towards costa, angled outwards on median nervure and oblique towards costa and inaer margin; postmedial line whitish, excurved at middle and above inner margin; a fine pale line at base of cilia. Hindwing grey suffused with browa, the inner area slightly tinged with purplish; a slight curved whitish postmedial line ; a fine dark terminal line: cilia whitish with dark lines near base and tips; the underside grey tinged with purplish and thickly irrorated with fuscous, a curved white postmedial line defined on inner side by fuscous. HA vhitat—Manpxras, Horsleykonda (Campbell). zp. 22 mill. 4610a. BosrRa saRcosia, n. sp. 36. Head and thorax brownish ochreous ; palpi blackish at tips ; antennx with the shaft ringed with black towards base; pectus and legs tinged with reddish and with black mixed, the tarsi black with pale rings ; ab.lomen brownish ochreous irrorated with black, the anal tuft with some black, the ventral surface tinged with purplish red towards extremity. Fore- wing brownish ochreous with a slight flesh-coloured tinge and sparsely irro- rated with black ; a series of black points on costa ; a black discoidal point ; postmedial line formed of black scales, excurved to vein 3, then incurved ; a terminal series of black strie; cilia purplish red with black lines near base and tips. Hindwing ochreous irrorated with fuscous; a rather difused fuscous curved postmedial line; a terminal series of black points : cilia purplish red with black lines near base and tips; the underside with the costal and terminal areas irrorated with black, a black discoidal point. Habitat—Ceyton, Galgama (Mackwood). Z£vrp.14 mill. Type in B. M. 46lla. BostrRa MESOLEUCALIS, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 42). 6. Headand thorax pale olive slightly tinged with rufous and with - som? blackish scales; legs whitish; abdomen whitish irrorated with black. . forewing pale olive, the medial area white irrorated with black, the termi- nal area irrorated with black; some diffused purplish red on base of median nervure; an oblique white antemedial line defined on inner side by pur- plish red suffusion ; postmedial line white defined on inner side by diffused purplish red wedge-shaped patches at discal and submedian folds, oblique from the costa to vein 6, excurved to vein 4, then incurved; a blackish terminal line: cilia with a fine white line at base. Hindwing pale olive irrorated with fuscous ; a blackish terminal line ; cilia with a white line at base. Habitat.—Cryton, Maskeliya (Alston). zp. 20 mill. Type in B. M. THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1261 HypDROCAMPINZ. 4645c. NyYMPHULA GRISEALIs, nN. sp. @. Head and thorax grey tinged with brown; palpi with the 2ud joint fuscous at sides ; abdomen reddish brown, the ventral surface grey. Forewing glossy brownish grey, the terminal area suffused with fuscous brown, a diffused brownish discoidal spot. Hindwing pale brownish grey: cilia of both wings with pale line at base followed by a darker line. Hahntat.—Cryion, Peradeniya (Green). Lrp. 18 mill. Type in B. M. 467la. OLIGOsTIGMA ANDREUSIALIS, n. sp. (PI. G. f. 43). ©. Head and thorax whitish mixed with yellow-brown and fuscous scales; antennee ringed with black; abdomen yellow mixed with brown and black and with whitish segmental rings. Forewing whitish suffused in parts with yellow and thickly irrorated with black; a double oblique fuscous postmedial line filled in with whitish from costa to vein 3, with fulvous orange suffusion before it, met at vein 3 by an oblique fulvous orange streak from origin of vein 2; a whitish streak from middle of inner margin, bent upwards to submedian fold in which it extends to the terminal band, some fulvous orange above it below origin of vein 2; an orange terminal band defined on inner side by a black line with a white line before it from costa to the whitish streak ; cilia brownish white with a fuscous line near base. Hindwing orange, the base whitish with a diffused brown subbasal line; a diffused double brown medial line filled in with white ; a white subterminal band defined on inner side by ditused brown and on outer by a black line; some slight black stirze before the black terminal line forming at apex two spots with a white point between them: cilia brownish white ; the underside paler, the subterminal band arising at discal fold. Habitat.—Manras, Nilgiris (Andrewes). Zvp.18 mill. Type in B. M. 468la@. OLIgosTIGMA CHRYSOZONALIS, n. Sp. @. Head and thorax ochreous white ; abdomen brownish ochreous with white segmental lines, the ventral surface white. Forewing brownish ochreous ; a round orange discoidal spot defined by fuscous, a black point above it on costa, an indistinct oblique whitish band from before it to vein 1 and some whitish beyond and below it, an obscure orange streak on medial part of vein 1; postmedial line slight, dark, slightly defined by whitish on outer side, erect from just below costa to vein 2, then bent outwards to inner margin near tornus where it is met by a black line from median nervure just before end of cell, bent outwards below submedian fold, a golden yellow terminal band with fine black line on its inner edge from just below costa to above tornus with a white band before it with dark line on its inner edge; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing white ; a fuscous brown band from costa beyond middle to inner margin nea base:; 20 1262 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, bol. XXI, a golden yellow terminal band with dark line on its inner edge excurved below costa, then slightly sinuous ; two black terminal lines with some white between them, the inner slight and with some whitish before it at apex and from the lobe to tornus, both interrupted at the lobe on which there are two black points with silvery white points before them: cilia white with slight fuscous line through them and some fuscous at the iobe. Habitat.—Manpras, Palnis (Campbell). Zxp. 24 mill. Type in B. M. 4700a. DavLia ARGYROSTROTALIS, n. sp. d. Head and tegule orange; palpi brownish at base ; frons brownish with slight white lateral line ; antenne brownish; thorax brownish mixed with silvery white; abdomen white irrorated with brown. Forewing brownish grey irrorated with silvery scales and with obscure orange rufous markings; some orange rufous on basal area, a rather difused antemedial line, a discoidal lunule and a diffused incurved postmedial band; the terminal area rather yellower with a silvery subterminal band onit. Hind- wing brownish grey irrorated with silver; some orange yellow below and beyond lower angle of cell; a small dark spot below the angle of cell and another above tornus; a diffused incurved dark band from costa beyond middle to termen at vein 2 towards which it has some silver markings on it; a silver terminal band from below apex to vein 2 with some yellow before it, cilia yellow with brown tips from apex to vein 2, then pale. Hatitat.—-Cuyton, Maskeliya (Alston). Zxp. 26 mill. Type in B. M. . Genus CENOLOBA. Cenoloba, Wism. Ent. Mo. Mag. xxi, p. 175 (1885). Type C. obkkteralis, W1k., from Australia. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect, typically extending about three times length of head and with the ?rd joint porrect, the 2nd joint fringed with hair below produced to a point at extremity, the 3rd naked; maxillary palpi about half the length of labial palpi, typically triangularly scaled; frons rounded; antennz minutely serrate and ciliated. Forewing elongate, narrow, the termen deeply cleft to one half, the segments lanceolate; vein 1 simple; 2 and 8 stalked; 4 from angle of cell; 5,6 obsolete ; 7 from upper angle; 8, 9, 10, 11 stalked. Hindwing elongate and gradually dilated, the termen deeply cleft, the segments lanceolate ; vein 2 from before angle of cell; 3, 4 stalked from angle; 5 to base of cleft from middle of discocellular; 6,7 shortly stalked; 8 anastomosing with 7 to three-fourths of wing. A75ld. CENoLOBA TAPROBANA, n. Sp. Palpi about twice the length of head, the 8rd joint set on at an angle; maxillary palpi almost filiform. White ; antennee yellowish ; tarsi with brownish rings. Forewing with some dark points on costa; indistinct yellowish antemedial, medial and a ——— > oe THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1263 postmedial bands from below costa to inner margin ; a slight dark discoidal striga on outer edge of the medial band ; the extremity of the lower lobe yellowish. Hindwing with antemedial and postmedial yellowish bands, the extremities of the lobes yellowish. Habiiat.—Cryton, Trincomali (EH. E. Green). 2p. 10 mill. Type in B. M. PYRAUSTINA. 4768a. MasSSEPHA RUFESCENS, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 44). Hindwing with veins 4, 5 strongly stalked. ©. Head, thorax and abdomen dark-brown mixed with yellowish white the frons and head between’ antennee paler; palpi yellowish white, the Ist and 2nd joints banded with brown;legs yellowish white tinged with brown. Forewing reddish brown irrorated with dark brown on inner area; the costa and terminal area pale’ yellow; antemedial patches of diffused black scales below the cell and vein 1; a discoidal whitish patch with a brown striga on discocellulars ; an oblique brown postmedial line defined on outer side by a whitish band. Hindwing red-brown, the basal half irrorated with dark-brown and greyish scales; an indistinct oblique dark discoidal spot; an indistinct sinuous brown postmedial line faintly defined on outer side by greyish; the apex pale yellow; the underside whitish, the costal half suffused with brown, a dark spot in cell near base and prominent discoidal lunule, the postmedial line more distinct. Halitat.— Manvras, Nilgiris (Andrewes). Zvp. 16 mill. Type in B. M. 4783. RegIMENA PHRYNEALIS. Larva. Pale grass-green; skin semi-transparent ; somites well-defined : dorsal stripe slightly darker green;a few fine black specks on the head and 2nd somite ; ventral surface and legs much paler; head ochreous yellow. Feeds spun up in the leaves of a creeper. (W.H. Campbell.) 4850a. NosopHORA MESOSTICTA, N. sp. dg. Head and thorax brown, the frons, vertex of head and tegule with some whitish ; pectus and legs ochreous white with some brown ; abdomen brown with white dorsal bar at base, the ventral surface white. Forewing brown ; a small white spot in middle of cell and a bar beyond the cell ex- panding into a rounded patch between veins 4and2. Hindwing brown with round whit2 spot beyond the cell. Ha'itat.—Assam, Khisis. I¢type. zp. 28 mill. 4834a@. BoccHoRIx ALBINALIS, 0. sp. Head and thorax pure white, the patagia with rufous point; fore tibie with rufous band at extremity; abdomen white’ dorsally tinged with rufous. Forewing pure white; a subbasal rufous striga from costa and slight curved mark above inner margin; antemedial line double, rufous, oblique and sinuous ; medial line double, rufous, enclosing a rufous discoidal 1264 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. X.XT, striga, the inner line incurved and the outer line excurved below the cell; postmedial line rufous, double towards costa, excurved to vein 3, then in- curved ; subterminal line rufous, incurved, from costa to vein3, a rufous terminal line; cilia with a slight rufous line at middle. Hindwing semi- hyaline white ; a double rufous medial line arising below costa, obliquely curved and enclosing a white discoidal bar ; postmedial line rufous, slightly excurved at vein 5 and ending at vein 2 on the sinuous rufous subterminal band ; a rufous terminal line and fine rufous line near base of cilia. The Muscat specimen has the subterminal line of forewing continued to inner margin and closely approximated to the postmedial line; the post- medial line of hindwing double, the line through the cilia of both wings stronger and the cilia of forewing tinged with rufous at apex and middle. Hahitat.—Arasia, Muscat (Jayaker) ; Bombay, Kutch (Swinhoe). zp. 18-20 mill. Type in B. M. 4878a. PHRYGANODES STYGIALIS, n. sp. Abdomen of male slightly dilated towards extremity with exsertible dorsal fringe of white hair, the anal segment very long. cf 6. Head, thorax and abdomen deep fuscous brown; palpi white at base; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen white, the fore legs fuscous in front, the fore tibiz and tarsi banded with white. Forewing deep fuscous brown; a minutely waved blackish antemedial line; a small black spot in middle of cell and discoidal lunule ; postmedial line black, ineurved below costa, bent outwards and minutely dentate between veins 5 and 2, then bent inwards to below end of cell and sinuous to inner margin. Hindwing deep fuscous brown with a slight greyish tinge; post- medial line blackish, oblique and minutely waved from costa to vein 2, then bent inwards and sinuous to inner margin; the underside whitish tinged with brown, a small black discoidal spot, the postmedial line not waved. Hatitat.—Cryton, Maskeliya (Alston), Haputale (Alston). Zvy. 30 mill. Type in B. M. 4894a, DIcHOCROCIS MACROSTIDZA, 0. Sp. Head, thorax and abdomen orange-yellow; tegule, shoulders and patagia with black spots ; fore coxce and fore and mid femora blackish the fore tibiz and the tarsi banded with black; abdomen with dorsal and subdorsal series of black spots, the anal tuft of male black. Forewing orange-yellow ; a black spot at base of costa; antemedial black spots at costa, below cell and on inner margin; a black spot in middle of cell and discoidal bar; an oblique postmedial maculate band from costa to discal fold and an incurved series of three spots from below lower angle of cell to inner margin ; an oblique series of seven spots from below costa towards apex to inner margin and three subterminal spots between veins 3 and 2. Hindwing orange-yellow; a black discoidal spot and two obliquely THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1265 placed spots above middle of inner margin; three obliquely placed post- medial spots from below costa to discal fold, a series of eight spots from below costa towards apex to above tornus, and three subterminal spots between veins 5 and 2. Habitat.—Burma, Rangoon (Scott), Khyen Hills (Watson). Erp. 28°32 mill. Type in B. M. 491la. NacoLzia PACHYTORNALIS, n. sp. Hindwing of male with groove in submedian fold on upperside, the underside with tuft of long pinkish hair from base of inner margin, the inner area forming a large hollowed out vesicle towards tornus, with small eurved tuft of hair at middle of vein J and fringes of thick scales towards tornus. 6. Head ochreous; thorax grey suffused with purplish brown; abdo- men brownish ochreous; palpi whitish at base and with brown band at middle ; pectus and legs white tinged with ochreous. Forewing grey tinged with purplish and irrorated with brown; traces of a sinuous dark antemedial line; a dark discoidal lunule constructed at middle; post- medial line dark, excurved to vein 4, then bent inwards to lower angle of cell and oblique to inner margin ; cilia grey and fuscous with a pale line at base. Hindwing brownish grey irrorated with fuscous except on costal area; an ill-defined whitish antemedial band; a dark postmedial line, excurved to vein 4, then bent inwards to lower angle of cell: cilia fuscous with whitish lines at base and middle; the underside yellowish white with indistinct curved dark postmedial line. Halitat.—Mapras, Horsleykonda (Campbell). Exp. 20 mill. Type in B. M. 4920a. NacoLBIA OCHRIZONALIS, Nn. sp. Head brown mixed with ochreous ; palpi ochreous with blackish band on second joint; thorax cupreous brown; pectus and legs ochreous, the fore tibize with blackish band; abdomen cupreous brown, the extremity and ventral surface ochreous. Forewing cupreous brown, the costa except towards base and the termen and cilia ochreous; antemedial line rather diffused, oblique from costa to median nervure ; a black point in middle of cell and small discoidal lunule ; postmedial line rather diffused, blackish, at vein 4 bent inwards to below angle of cell, then erect. Hindwing cupreous brown, the termen and cilia ochreous; a blackish discoidal striga ; postmedial line indistinct, blackish, slightly bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then bent inwards and oblique to above tornus. Habitat.—Sixuim (Pilcher); Assam, Khasis. zp. 30 mill. Type in B. M. 4928a. NacoLEIA FUSCIFUSALIS, 0. sp. Head, thorax and abdomen fulvous yellow mixed with fuscous; palpi black, white at base; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen white, 1266 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. the fore tibiz with fuscous band. Forewing fulvous yellow irrorated and suffused with fuscous especially on basal area and terminal area except above tornus ; antemedial line blackish, bent outwards at median nervure, a small annulus in middle of cell and discoidal lunule defined by blackish ; terminal half of costa with short black streaks; postmedial line black, meurved at discal fold, excurved between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to below end of cell and again excurved above inner margin, a blackish patch beyond it above inner margin and the terminal area blackish from apex to vein 3; a terminal series of small black spots; cilia yellow with a black line near base and some fuscous at middle. Hindwing fulvous yellow, the terminal area suffused and irrorated with blackish except a patch below middle ; some black at extreme base and a black discoidal spot; post- medial line black, excurved between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to below the discoidal spot and straight to inner margin; a series of black points just before termen: cilia yellow with some fuscous at middle; the under- side with the blackish on terminal area confined to apical area. Halitat.—Cryton, Rambukkhana (Alston) ; WooptarKc I. (Meek). Zap. 14 mill. Type in B. M. 49286. NacoLEIA LEUCOSEMALIS, Nn. sp. 3. Head, thorax and abdomen pale yellow mixed with black except on terminal half of abdomen which has a black bar at base of anal segment and lateral series of black points ; antennee ringed with black ; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen whitish, the fore tibiz with blackish band. Forewing yellow thickly irrorated with black, the costa and termen less thickly irrorated; a subbasal black striga from costa; antemedial line black, waved ; a white spot in middle of cell and narrow discoidal lunule defined by black; postmedial Jine blackish with black spot at costa, excurved between veins 5and 2, then retracted to below the discoidal lunule and straigth to inner margin ; a terminal black line from apex to vein 3. Hindwing yellow thickly irrorated with black except at termen; a small black discoidal spot, sinuous blackish postmedial line, and slight blackish terminal line from apex to vein 3; the underside with the postmedial line excurved between veins 5 and 2. Habitat.—Cryuon, N. Centr. Province (Pole). Zap. 12 mill. Type in B.M. 4942b, NAvOLEIO CONISOTA, nN. sp. ©. Head, thorax and abdomen pale reddish brown, the head and front of thorax tinged with black; palji white at base; pectns, legs and ventral surface of abdomen pale. Forewing ochreous suffused with reddish brown and irrorated with fuscous, the basal half of costal area blackish ; antemedial line dark, excurved in submedian interspace ; a black point in middle of cell and two discoidal bars ; some black points on medial part of costa; postmedial line black, excurved between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to below end of cell and excurved above inner margin; a THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1267 terminal series of blackish points. Hindwing ochreous tinged with red- brown and irrorated with fuscous; a small blackish discoidal spot; post- medial line blackish, excurved between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to below end of cell and oblique to tornus ; a terminal series of blackish points. Hatitat.—Manpras, Nilgiris (Andrewes). Exp. 22 mill. Type in B. M. A94%e. NAcoLEIA MEGASPILALIS, 0. sp. Head and thorax cupreous brown mixed with white ; abdomen banded white and cupreous brown. Forewing whitish ; the basal area suffused with cupreous brown; an oblique, slightly irregular dark antemedial line; a quadrate cupreous brown spot in middle of cell conjoined to another below the cell ; a equadrate cupreous brown patch in and beyond end of cell with small spot above it on costa and another beyond it on costa; postmedial line rather diflused and maculate, oblique from costa to vein 5, bent outwards and somewhat dentate between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to below angle of cell; terminal area suffused with brown and with a white patch between veins 5 and 2 leaving two small wedge-shaped brown spots on termen. Hindwing white; a diffused brown line close to base ; a discoidal point ; a diffused rather maculate medial line ; a diffused rather maculate postmedial line bent outwards and somewhat dentate between veins 5 and 2; teminal area suffused with brown and with white patch between veins 5 and 2 leaving two small wedge-shaped brown spots on termen. ; Habitat.—Mapras, Horsleykonda (Campbell); QuEENSLAND, Dawson Dist. Ranée (Barnard). vp. 20 mill. Type in B. M. 4983a. SYLEPTA AGRAPHALIS, 0. sp. Sylepta denticulata, Hmpsn. Moths Ind. iv., p. 338 (part). 6. Head, thorax and abdomen grey-brown, the head whiter; palpi black, white at base and tips; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdo- men whitish. Forewing grey-brown; aslight dark antemedial mark on costa and oblique whitish line defined on outer side by fuscous from cell to inner margin; a small whitish spot at middle of cell and curved discoidal striga both defined by fuscous ; postmedial line represented by a small fuscous spot at costa with two small whitish spocs below it, then by a series of small fuscous spots with whitish points on their outer side, excurv- ed between veins 5 and 2, then bent inwards to below end of cell and oblique to inner margin ; a terminal series of minute blackish points and a fine pale line at base of cilia followed by a dark line. Hindwing grey- brown; an oblique dark discoidal striga; a slight dark postmedial line defined on outer side by whitish, bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then retracted and oblique to above tornus; a terminal series of blackish striz and fine pale line at base of cilia. Habitet.—Buutan (Dudgeon) ; Assam, Khasis. vp. 32 mill. Type in B.M. 1268 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. 4989a.—SYLEPTA MICROSEMA, 0. Sp. ¢. Head and thorax dull greyish brown; palpi fuscous, white at base, bdomen pale brown ; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen white, the fore tibiee with slight fuscous band. Forewing brown with a slight cupreous tinge; antemedial line indistinct, dark, oblique, from costa to median nervure, then more erect ; a pale point in middle of cell and slight whitish discoidal lunule both defined by dark-brown ; postmedial line dark- brown, slightly incurved below costa and oblique to vein 2, then retracted to below end of cell and excurved at vein 1. Hindwing brown with a slight cupreous gloss ; a faint dark discoidal bar ; postmedial line very indistinct, dark, slightly excurved between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to below end of cell and oblique to above tornus ; the underside brownish white. Habitat.—Crvion, Puttalam (Pole); StncaporE (Ridley) ; Lours1apss, St. Aignan (Meck). zp. 28 mill. Type in B. M. 4990. SyYLEPTA ADDUCTALIS. Larva.—Attenuated at extremities, the divisions of somites strongly Se a ee ee marked, dull pinkish green ; head small, dull green. Feeds spun up in the leaves of Balsam. (W. H. Campbell.) 4994, SyLEPTA PSEUDOVIALIS, nN. sp. Sylepta ovialis, Hmpsn. Moths Ind. iv, p. 340 (nec. Wk.) E ead, thorax and abdomen fuscous brown with a slight cupreous gloss ; palpi black-brown, white at base; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen white, the fore tibiz with fuscous band at extremity and the tarsi tinged with fuscous above. Forewing fuscous brown with a slight cupreous gloss; traces of a whitish antemedial line from cell to inner margin with a more or less distinct spot beyond it in cell; a quadrate white spot in end of cell; postmedial line forming an eliptical white spot from below costa to vein 5 where it is very slightly bent outwards, then slight, whitish, at vein 2 bent inwards to below end of cell, then more distinct and slightly excurved. Hindwing fuscous brown with a cupreous gloss; a faint dark discoidal lunule ; postmedial line with small white spot below costa, then slight, whitish and bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then bent inwards to below end of cell and more distinct and oblique to above tornus ; cilia with a fine white line at base ; the underside » with the basal and inner areas whitish, a dark point in middle of cell and discoidal lunule, the postmedial line more distinct, Habitat.—Si1xuim (Dudgeon, Pilcher); Buuran (Dudgecn); Assam, Kh4sis; Cryton (Green); Borneo, Sarawak (Shelford), Pulo Laut (Doherty). Zzp. 30 mill. Type in B. M. 5008a. GLYPHODES CAPRINIODES, nN. sp. Head. tegule and shoulders fulvous brown, the rest of thorax white ; palpi white at base and in front; pectus, legs and abdomen white; the fore tibie fulvous. Forewing semihyaline white, the costal area fulvous THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1269 brown indented by a slight white striga at discocellulars; a series of fuscous strize just before termen. Hindwing semihyaline white with a fine fuscous line just before termen. Habitat.—Punsas, Manpuri; Bompay, Ratnagiri (Jayaker); Burma, Tenasserim, Dondut Hills, (De Nicéville); ANDamans. vp. 36-40 mill. Type in B. M. | 5010a. GLYPHODES ATHYSANOTA, nN. sp. @. Yellow-green; palpi fulvous, white at base, and at tips of maxillary palpi; frons fulvous and white at sides; antennz with the tuft before the excision yellow at tip; shoulders with fulvous streaks; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen white ; the fore tibize banded with fulvous, the mid tibiz streaked with fulvous above at base; anal tuft fuscous and white. Forewing with the costa reddish brown; a black discoidal point ; cilia reddish brown, white at tips. Hindwing with the costal and inner areas white; cilia red-brown, white at tips from apex to vein 2, then wholly white. Habitat.—Manpras, Nilgiris (Andrewes); Br. N. Guinea, Mafalu (Pratt), McKebea (Pratt). Hap. 30 mill. Type in B. M. 51846. NoorDA MARGARONIALIS, 0. sp. @. Head, thorax and abdomen pale yellow-green; palpi at tips and lower part of frons white; pectus and legs white; anal tuft fuscous. Forewing pale yellow-green, the costal edge white; cilia white at tips. Hindwing semihyaline white tinged with green; the underside with the costal area green. Habitat.—Punsas, Kangra Valley, 4,500 feet (Dudgeon) 1 ¢. Exp. 20 mill. Type in B. M. 51966. CALAMOCHROUS BIPUNCTALIS, n. sp. ¢. Head, thorax and abdomen pale ochreous yellow mixed with whitish ; palpi white at base, brownish at tips; fore femora and tibiz tinged with brown. Forewing pale ochreous yellow, the costal and inner areas tinged with brown ; two obliquely placed blackish points in middle of cell; an oblique dark antemedial striga from vein 1 to inner margin; a diffused brownish discoidal lunule; the median nervure and base of veins arising from it slightly streaked with brown; a diffused brown mark beyond the cell with oblique fascia from it to apex; short dark postmedial streaks in the interspaces from vein 6 to below vein 2. Hindwing pale ochreous yellow. Habitat.—Manras, Palnis (Campbell). Zap. 34 mill. Type in B. M. 52366. PYRAUSTA METASIALIS, 0. Sp. 3S. Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous white irrorated with fuscous ;. palpi below, pectus and legs whitish, the fore tibiz with black band at extremity. Forewing ochreous white thickly irrorated with fuscous ; the costal edge blackish towards base ; a curved blackish antemedial line ; 21 } 1270 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. an obscure blackish annulus in middle of cell and discoidal lunule defined by blackish ; postmedial line blackish, oblique to discal fold, bent out- wards between veins 4 and 2, then retracted to below end of cell and erect to inner margin. Hindwing ochreous white thickly irrorated with fuscous ; a rather diffused oblique blackish antemedial line ; postmedial line black- ish, incurved at discal fold, then excurved and diffused to tornus ; some fuscous suffusion before termen towards apex. Habitat.—Sixuim (F. Moller). zp. 14 mill. Type in B. M. 52556. PyRAvsTA MICRODONTALIS, Nn. Sp. Head, thorax and abdomen white faintly tinged with reddish brown, the head and base of tegule rather more strongly tinged ; palpi white below and blackish above ; abdomen with subdorsal black points on 3rd segment ; fore tibie with black band at extremity. Forewing white tinged with reddish brown and slightly irrorated with fuscous ; antemedial line black- ish, oblique from costa to submedian fold; black points at middle of cell and on discocellulars ; postmedial line formed of small dentate black marks, excurved between veins 5 and 2, then bent inwards; a terminal series of slight blackish strie. Hindwing white tinged with reddish brown and slightly irrorated with fuscous; a black discoidal point ; postmedial line black, minutely dentate, bent outwards between veins 6 and 2; a terminal series of slight black strize. Habitat.—Crvyuion, Maskeliya (Alston). rp. 40 mill. Type in B. M. 5259a. PyRAUSTA MONOSEMA, 0. sp. Head, thorax and abdomen red-brown; pectus, femora and ventral surface of abdomen fuscous ; antennze tinged with fuscous. Forewing red- brown ; a blackish discoidal bar ; postmedial line blackish, bent outwards at vein 6, then minutely waved, excurved to vein 4, then obiique. Hind- wing pale reddish brown ; the underside with indistinct curved postmedial line. Habitat.—Punsas, Lahore. (Mrs. Mulvany). Evp.28 mill. Typein B, M. ADDENDA. SPHINGID. 91f. MaruMBA BENGALENSIS, nN. sp. 3. Head, thorax and abdomen pale red-brown tinged with grey, the dorsum of thorax with darker stripe ; frons dark red-brown at sides. Fore- wing pale red-brown tinged with grey; an oblique slightly incurved antemedial line; two medial lines; some dark suffusion on inner medial area; a pale elliptical discoidal spot defined by fuscous and exten- ding to well below the cell; a dark line just beyond the cell, oblique below vein 4 ; postmedial line dark, incurved to below vein 4 where it is hooked, then strongly retracted and incurved; a large chocolate brown patch on terminal area from costa to below vein 4, with incurved inner edge THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1271 and two conjoined obliquely placed spots from below vein 3 to tornus. Hindwing ochreous tinged with rufous; a lunulate chocolate-brown patch be- fore termen from vein 3 to tornus ; the underside with two red-brown ante- medial lines and two postmedial lines oblique from costa to between veins 3 and 4, then incurved. Habitat.—Brneat, Chota Nagpur, Kalunga. Exp, 60 mill. Type in B. M. NOTODONTID&. 221c, PHALERA DIVERSA, 0. Sp. Antenne of male bipectinate to two-thirds length. d6. Head and thorax dark-brown mixed with grey especially on patagia and metathorax; abdomen dark-brown, the ventral surface ‘with grey mixed. Forewing dark-brown with grey mixed; an oblique ‘sinuous black subbasal line and erect sinuous medial line; a narrow white discoidal lunule; some white irroration on postmedial part of costa ; postmedial line black, arising below costa, sinuous, incurved below the cell where there is some brownish grey before it and bent outwards between veins 4,3; a dentate blackish subterminal line arising from apex towards which it is oblique and diffused, incurved between veins 6 and 4, where there is a brownish grey patch beyond it followed by slight black streaks on the veins, then indistinct, dentate and slightly defined on outer side by brownish grey ; a crenulate blackish terminal line. Hindwing dark reddish brown, the cilia whitish at tips ; the underside with rather diffused postmedial line and the terminal area slightly irrorated with grey. Q. Forewing suffused with pure white to postmedial line except on inner area, some white on terminal area below apex. Habitat.—Bompay, Kanara, Karwar. Exp. ¢ 56, 9 76 mill. Type in B. M. 265a. STAUROPUS CHLOROTRICHA, N. Sp. <6. Head and thorax dark-brown mixed with grey-white; palpi black-brown, whitish in front; pectus and legs whitish tinged with red- brown, the tarsi ringed with red-brown; abdomen dark-brown, the basal crests with a few whitish scales, the ventral surface whitish suffused with red-brown. Forewing dark reddish brown overlaid with golden-green hair- like scales ; faint braces of waved dark antemedial, postmedial and sub- terminal lines. Hindwing dark red-brown, the apical part of costal area overlaid with golden-green hair-like scales and with a paler green bar just before apex ; the underside white faintly tinged with red-brown. Habitat.—Si1xuim (F. Moller). vp. 44mill. Type in B. M. DREPANIDE. 706a. LEUCODREPANA FURVICOSTA, 0. Sp. Heid, thorax and abdomen pure white; palpi, frons and antennsz 1272 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. 7 fulvous; forelegs brownish in front. Forewing pure white, the costal j edge fulvous; traces of two oblique waved lines formed of blackish scales — from below middle of costa to inner margin and of two similar subterminal © lines, and of a line just before termen. Hindwing pure white with traces of a waved antemedial line formed of dark scales, of two similar postmedial © lines, and of a line just before termen. Halitat.—Si1xuim Tiset, Yatung (Hobson) ; Sixuim (F. Méller). Lup. 30 mill. Type in B. M. 720a. DREPANA BICOSTATA, 0. Sp. ¢. Head blackish; thorax pale violacious brown; pectus and legs greyish ochreous, the forelegs tinged with brown; abdomen greyish, the ventral surface ochreous white. Forewing pale violaceous brown ; ante- medial and postmedial red-brown"patches on costa, the former with slightly . incurved fulvous line from it to inner margin ; an oblique fulvous subtermi- nal line; the costal area towards apex, the termen and cilia to vein 3 suffused with red-brown. Hindwing ochreous yellow, the inner area greyish with a fulvous postmedial bar; the underside with some greyish on costal area beyond middle and a slight postmedial bar. Habitat.—Sixuim (F. Moller). zp. 23 mill. Type in B. M. (To be continued. ) be iN, 7 ' f : ie an < + rer By vag fh ihe pipny Ai , . iy. - eh r < a JOURN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prats I, ee i iy TE Hy Hi es i y MME Wy A.—Russula Theissenit. B.—Armillaria mellea. C.— Marasmius subrhodocephalus. D.—Favolus ciliaris. 1278 THE FUNGI OF INDIA BY F. THEIssen, 8. J. Pani 1 (With Plates Ito IV and teut figures 1 to 10.) The fungal flora of India, especially of the Bombay Presidency, has received very little attention upto now. Whilst collections on a larger scale were made in Ceylon, Australia, and New Zealand, we possess, with regard to the Indian mycoflora, but short notices which appeared at great intervals in the scientific journals of the last forty years. It was only during the last ten years that larger collections were made by Mr. W. Gollan, the Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Saharanpur, the Rev. EH. Blatter, Professor of Botany at St. Xavier’s College in Bombay, and quite recently by the Imperial Mycologist, Mr. E. J. Butler, whose extensive materials have been described by Messrs. H. and P. Sydow in the Annales Mycologici of 1906, 1907 and 1911. It is not difficult to understand, why the Indian mycoflora has been so much neglected in the past. As it happens very rarely that scientific expeditions, composed of specialists, select India as the field of their explorations, mycologists in Hurope have to depend entirely on the good-will and the initiative of amateurs. Much has already been done in this respect by Huropeans residing in India, but we feel convinced that many more would be willing to contribute towards the exploration of that vast and interesting country, if they knew how to gather and prepare specimens. We trust, therefore, that a few practical hints for collectors will be welcome. As to the literature on Indian fungi, we refer to the ‘Bibliography of the Botany of British India and Ceylon’ by H. Blatter, which appeared in Vol. XX, No. 5 of this Journal, p. Ixxix—clxxxv. I A Few Hints ror CoLuecrors. 1. How to distinguish fungi. Fungi may easily be distinguished from other cryptogamic 1274 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI, plants, such as lichens and alge, by the absence of the green colouring matter, called chlorophyll. It is for this reason that they assume all possible colours, except green. Being devoid of chlorophyll they cannot assimilate carbon dioxide, but must take up their carbonaceous food in the form of rather complex com- pounds, which they find on living or dead organic substances v. g. leaves, wood, dung, humus, decayed fruits, paper, insects, etc. Accordingly, some are parasitic, such as the Rusts and Smuts, and absorb those complex carbon-compounds from other living organisms, whether plants or animals. Others are saprophytic, absorbing those compounds from the remains of dead organisms as, v.g. the numerous and often large mushrooms which grow on humus or leaf soil in forests,—or from organic substance formed by living organisms. Hxamples of the latter are the Yeasts and Moulds which make their appearance on juicy fruits, saccharine liquids, etc. This is not the place to give a systematic account of the differ- ent classes of fungi. We shall confine ourselves to giving the general characteristics of some more important groups. Excluding from the outset the Schizomycetes (v. g., Bacilli), Myxomycetes and Phycomycetes, we shall consider the fungi known as Mushrooms, ‘Toadstools, Puftballs, Yeast, Moulds, Mildews, Rusts and Smuts. These may be divided into two classes, the Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes. In the Basidiomycetes the spores are borne free on so-called basidia (Fig. 1), whilst in the Ascomycetes the spores, Fic. 1.—Section of a gill of an Agaric Ceft) and of a pore of a Polyporus (right), showing the basidia (a) which bear on 4 steriemas (b) the 4 spores (c). a . THE FUNGI OF INDIA, 1275 usually 8 in number, are included in a sack, called ascus (Fig. 2). Fic. 2.—Section of the hymenium of an Ascomyces, showing the asci with 8 bicellular spores. A.—BASIDIOMYCETES. Omitting for a moment the Uredinales (Rusts, Smuts), we divide the Basidiomycetes into two very natural orders; the Hymenomycetes and Gastromycetes. In the Hymenomycetes (v. g., the common Mushroom) the basidia with the spores are exposed and free from the beginning, or at least from a very early state. In the Gastromycetes the basidia are developed in cavities within the tissue of the plant (Puff-Balls for instance). Hand in hand with this internal anatomical structure, the various families show distinct outer morphological characters. In order to distinguish them it is, therefore, not necessary, to make a minute microscopical examination. I.—Hymenomycetes. 1. Agaricacew.—Agarics, the common Mushroom. (Plate I, A, B, ().* * Fioures A,B, D of Pl.I, A of Pl. II, from Rick. Contributio ad Monogr. Agar. et Polyp. Broteria, 1907. Fig. C of Pl. I. Theissen, Marasmii austro-brasilienses, Broteria, 1909. a OE LEGIT “A Polyporacee austro-brasilienses, Denkschr. Acad. Wien, 1911. » Bot Pl. III. Lloyd, Hexagona. » A, D of Pl. V and A of Pl. VI. Lloyd, Phalloids. [ See over ] 1276 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. Usually fleshy, somewhat umbrella-shaped, when stalked, or fan- shaped when sessile. Consists generally of a stalk, termed the stipe, bearing at its apex a large circular expansion, the pileus (hat). On the underside of the pileus are a number of radiating plates of tissue (lamelle) on which are developed the microscopic basidia. Pileus and stalk vary much as regards size, shape, consistency and colour. Habitat.—On the ground, amongst moss, on trunks, rotten wood, dead leaves. Collectors ought to take notes regarding the following points :— Whether the pileus is furrowed or even, viscid or dry, .convex or plane, umbonate in the centreor depressed, pubescent or scaly or smooth, ciliated on the margin, of what colour and size ; whether the stalk is viscid, hairy, striped ; colour of the lamelle. 2. Polyporacez.—(poly—many, porus—pore, hole). The Dry Rot of timber is caused by members of this family. (Plate I, D; Plate If; Plate M11 Ay "Plate 1V." AC) Plants of all possible shapes ; fleshy, cartilaginous, or tough like wood, forming thin crusts, shapeless lumps, or umbrella-shaped like Agarics, or with the stalk-less pileus reflexed. They differ, however, from the Agarics by bearing the basidia not on radiating lamellz, but in alveolar (honey-comb-like) pits or tubes. Habitat.—On rotten wood, branches, stumps (seldom on living trees), or on the ground. Characters to be noted.—Colour of pileus and tubes; surface even or striped. * (contd.) Fig. 3 and Dof PI. VI. Grevillea, I. » B,C of Pl. VI. Durand, Geoglossacee, Ann- Mycol., 1908. » @andC of Pl. VII. Theissen, Fragm. brasil. Ann. Mycol., 1909. » Aof Pl. VIII. Theissen, Hypocreacex bras., Ann. Mycol., 191i. » A, Bof Pl. VII. Starbick, Ascom. R. Exped. » C of Pl. VIII and Pl. IX. Theissen, Xylariacee bras., Denkschr. Acad. Wien, 1910. » 6,9,10. After Spegazzini, Mycet- Are. IV. THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 1277 oa 3. Hydnacew.—Like the preceding, but more rarely stalked, usually resupinate (expanded) or forming a reflexed pileus. Basidia on spinous projections or teeth, which cover the under surface of the pileus, or the upper when the fungus is resupinate (Plate IV, B). Habitat, etc., asin No. 2. 4. Glavariacee (clava—club).—In this family the special organs for the support of the basidia (like lamelle, tubes, teeth) disappear. The basidia cover the whole surface or are limited to the upper part. The fungus is either unbranched, forming simple club-shaped bodies, or densely branched, cylindrical, or flattened and expanded, but not differentiated into stalk and pileus, cartila- ginous. (Plate IV, C.) Halitat.—On the ground or on bark. Characters to be noted.—Colour, pubescence. 5. Telephoraceew.—Light yellow, reddish or brown crusts, ear- shaped pileus, seldom stalked. Basidia equally distributed over the even smooth light-coloured surface. Habitat.—On wood. Characters to be noted.—Colour. IT.— Gastromycetes. In characterizing the families of this order we follow C. G. Lloyd’s excellent monograph. 1. Phalloidew.—(Plate V, A, B, C.) Plants fleshy, enclosed in a gelatinous volva when young (eggs); when mature, they bear at the top a mucilaginous mass which contains the spores. Phalloids are known for their fcetid smell and bizarre shape. They attract the attention of the most unobserving, and are often given very appropriate names like: Stinkhorn, Stinkballs, Dead Man’s Finger. Only three colours have been observed in Phalloids: red, yellow, 22 1278 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. and white. Most of them are red or some shade of red, pink flesh-coloured, orange. ; 2. Nidulariacez.—Nest Fungi, Bird’s Nests. (Plate VI, A.) Plants shaped like little cups which open at the top and con- tain a number of small seed-like bodies, “ eggs” (sporangia). 3. Lycoperdaceew.—Puff-Balls. The ripe peridium consists of two distinct membranes (exoperi- dium and endoperidium), enclosing a powdery mass (spores). (a) Geastre. Star Puff-Ball.—(Fig. 3).—Outer membrane thick, splitting into recurving seg- ments. (6) Bovistae. Tumblers.—Outer membrane thin, not splitting into radiating segments. (c) Lycoperde. True Puff- Balls.—(Plate V, D.)—Peridium flaccid, opening by a definite mouth, Fig. 3.—Geaster saccatus. or rupturing irregularly and falling away in pieces. ITT.—Uredinales. This order comprises those parasites which are generally known as Rusts, on account of the rusty appearance they give to their host-plants at a certain stage of their development. They may be distinguished with the naked eye as minute roundish or oblong brown (yellowish or black) spots (‘ sori’) on the leaves, or even as compact bullate pustules some mm in dia- meter, scattered or crowded, often hidden by the pubescence of the leaf. The surrounding tissue is often killed by the parasite, assuming the appearance of round reddish-brown or pale spots. B.—ASCOMYCETES. This class includes a vast number of forms. We shall mention only a few typical representatives of the chief families. Some of them, the Discomycetes, have the ‘asci’ (spore-sacks) disposed on a continuous plain or disc, whilst others, the Pyrenomycetes, have them enclosed in capsules or receptacles, called ‘ perithecia.’ Prate II, JouRN. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. UsstmuUm. ma formos Ganoder THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 1279 I.—Discomycetes. (Plate VI, B, C, D and fig. 4.) Fig. 4.—Sarcosoma Meelleri. Light-coloured small cups or bowls from 1 mm to several cm in diameter, or upright ears, or finally with a distinct stalk. The asci with the spores are not included in receptacles, but distributed over the whole fertile, mostly coloured surface. In the family Geoglossacez this surface does not present the usual cup-shaped form, but reminds one of the club-shaped , body of Xylarias. ! Characters to be noted.—Colour, dimensions, pubescence. IT.—FPyrenomycetes. 1. Perisporiales and Microthyriales. (Fig. 5, 6 and Plate VELA.) Fig. 5.—Single threads and young perithecia Fig. 6.—Vizella Urvilleana. of an Asterina a. natural size. (enlarged). b, two perithecia enlarged. 1280 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1. A very interesting group, mostly leaf-fungi, growing on living and fading leaves of phanerogamic plants. The minute receptacles would escape the eye of the fungus-hunter, if they were not, as is usually the case, crowded together in a black araneous spot of densely interwoven threads. 2. Hypocreales. The representatives of this family appear in all shapes of the Spheriales (vide No. 4 below): clubs, pustules, diffuse thin crusts, . and isolated minute scattered perithecia; but they differ by the light-coloured (white, yellowish, reddish), soft (almost fleshy) bodies, the perithecia appearing on the surface as crowded dark minute points. The most striking species are those growing on insects and their larvee and chrysalids. (Plate VIII, A.) 3. Dothideales. (Plate VII, B.) Mostly leaf-fungi, forming shining carbonaceous circles or stripes. On branches, they produce pustulate rough black tumours, which are easily recognized. Fig. 8.—Section of the club of a Xylaria showing the small dark recep- Fig 7.—Poronia oedipus. tacles (perithe- cia). 4. S§pheriales. The most common forms are the following :— ‘a) Receptacles (perithecia) crowded and immersed in a compact, solid carbonaceous vegetative ‘ stroma’, black 4 : ; . | | . A THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 1281 on the outer side, forming club-shaped bodies, bullate pustules, or dark flat crusts. (Plate VII, C, VIII, B, C, IX and tig. 7 and 6.) (b) Receptacles single or scattered, minute, superficial, and attracting the attention only when closely grouped together, or immersed in the bark, piercing the epidermis with their tips. (Fig. 9 and 10.) In this case their presence may be noticed by dark punctiform holes in the epidermis or by the removal of the epidermis, when the black deformation produced in the cambium will at once be apparent. Frc. 9.—Lophiostigma xerophilum Fie. 10,—Oraniella coffeicola ; natu- 19) ema, F ral size (left) and section (right ; enlarged). 2. How to gather and preserve fungi. GENERAL. 1. Take your notes from fresh specimens, before the fungus begins to shrivel up. As to what notes are required, see above. 2. Add the name of the locality, and of the collector, the date (vainy season or not, etc.); mention the substratum of the fungus, whether branches, stumps, leaves, ground. As to the leaf-fungi it is almost indispensable to know the host-plant. 3. Pick up as ample material as possible. There will be more chances in this case, that your material will contain not only half- developed or abnormal specimens without fructification, but also ripe and typical ones. As the various stages of development are of interest to the specialist, it will be good to gather young and old specimens. 1282 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. 4, Do not break or cut off the fungus, but dig or cut it out along with its substratum. This will enable mycologists to study the method of insertion. 5. Specimens of different localities or hosts should be kept separately, even if the fungi seem to belong to the same species. SPECIAL. 1. lLeaf-fungi do not require much preparation. The leaves may be put between sheets of newspaper and pressed and dried in the ordinary way. Do not forget the name of the host-plant. 2. Fungi of hard (woody or carbonaceous) consistency should be dried in the open air. Keep them in a dry well-aired room for two or three days. This simple way of preparing specimens will always do for Thelephoracez, Clavariacee, Gastromycetes, Discomycetes and Hypocreales. If enveloped in paper or kept in boxes before thoroughly dry, the specimens will be attacked and spoilt by moulds. 3. Big specimens of Polyporaceze should be treated in the same manner. It often happens that fine specimens are packed and sent to Hurope, but on their arrival nothing is to be found but a powdery mass. The fungus has become a prey of insects. The practical instruction given by C. G. Lloyd in his ‘ Mycol. Notes, p. 36, ’ might be useful in this connection :— ‘The principal trouble that many have in making collec- tions of fungi is that specimens are apt to be eaten by insects. This is very discouraging, but we have learned now how to avoid it in a very simple manner. In the old collections where specimens are pasted on sheets they have to be poisoned with a solution of corrosive sublimate and alcohol, but this is very objectionable from the fact that it changes materially the condition of the specimens and they are not in their natural condition after going through the poisoning process. It was formerly my custom when I received specimens to sub- mit them to the fumes of carbon bisulphide, which is fatal to insect life, but I have found that while it may kill the insects in the specimens it does not kill the chrysalis, and specimens THE FUNGI OF INDIA, 1283 submitted to the fumes may have chrysalides which will hatch out and eventually destroy the specimen. I learned from Mr. Romell of Stockholm a very simple process which is as inexpensive as it is effectual for specimens that are preserved in boxes, but of course does not apply to specimens pasted on sheets. Simply put in each box a liberal quantity of flake naphthalene. Jor boxes the size of No. 4 and No.1 a tea- spoonful, and for larger boxes a larger quantity in proportion. _ Flake naphthalene does not affect the specimens at all, but it kills the insects, not only those that may be in the plant, but those that develop afterwards. I have recently gone through our private collection of some ten thousand specimens or more and dumped into each box a sufficient quantity of this flake naphthalene. I do not anticipate there will ever be any trouble in future with insects in my collection. Flake naphthalene is comparatively inexpensive, and two or three pounds will take care of two or three hundred specimens. It costs about fifteen cents per pound.”’ 4. As to the fleshy slender Agarics which always cause great difficulties, there are a good many species which may be treated as mentioned under No. 2. We have adopted this method with success in numerous cases, even with those species which have delicate cartilaginous stalks like Marasmius (cf. Fig. 6). But a great number of the fleshy Agarics resist any attempt to dry them. There are even some (Coprinus, etc.), which regularly melt into a black gelatinous mass as soon as they are ripe. These must be preserved in tubes filled with alcohol. 5. Of the Hymenomycetes spores should be procured. For this purpose fresh specimens must be put on a slide, or a piece of window-glass, or dark paper in such a way that the lamelle (in Agarics) or tubes (in Polyporez:) or teeth (in Hydnacez) or the smooth surface (in Telephoracez) look towards the glass or paper. After a few hours the spores will fall away, covering the glass with a fine layer of white or reddish powder. The glass or paper should then be wrapped up in paper and packed together with the dried specimen. Care must be taken not to mix up the corresponding powders and specimens. 1284 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. ila List or FUNGI. Nore.—The area dealt with comprises British India, including Burma. Baluchistan, Ceylon, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands have not been considered. Our present article does not include the Uredinales, Phycomy- cetes, Fungi imperfecti and Myxomycetes. Many species, specially the older ones, require a critical revision It is evident from this that much of our list is only of provisional value. As to more recent critical publications we made use of C.G. Lloyd’s ‘Gastromyceten’ and ‘ Polyporaceen,’ and our own : investigations on Microthyriaceze, Perisporiales, and Xylariaceee. A,—ASCOMYCETES. 1.—PERISPORIALES. Sphzrotheca pannosa, (Wallr.) Lév. Syll. I, p. 3. Locality unknown. Known from Europe and N. America. Erysiphe communis, (Wallr.) Fr. Syll. I, p. 18. ra Martii, Lév. Grevillea VI, p. 117. Simla, on leaves of Populus ciliata, Wall. Eurotium herbariorum, Link-Syll. I, p. 26. Bengal, Chittagong, Burma ; common on various substances. (Cooke Grevill. IV, p. 117.) Balladyna Butleri, Syd. p. 388. On leaves of Bambusa, Khasi Hills. Limacinula Butleri, Syd. p. 385. On leaves of Artocarpus mysorensis, Vayitri, Wynaad. Limacinula Thee, Syd. et Butl., p. 386. On leaves and branches of Camellia Thee, Rungmook, Darjeeling. Capnodium, mangiferum, C. et Br. Syll. I, p. 77. Syn.: Dimerosporium mangiferum, (Cooke) Sace. 1. cit., p. 53. On leaves of Mangifera indica, Mysore. Capnodium lanosum, Cke. Grevill. VIII, p. 96. On leaves of Ficus, Belgaum. Capnodium Eugeniarum, Cke. 1. cit. On leaves of Jambosa vulgaris, Belgaum. Capnodium Anone, Pat.—Syd., p. 384. On leaves and branches of Ficus retusa, Agave Vera-Cruz, etc. Builkere, Mysore ; on Ficus glomerata, retusa, bengalensis, Hassan, Mysore. — ‘III aLVIg aunbaqog vuoboxay—’q "SNULLAPOWOY SAUo..T—V¥ ‘009 “ISIF] “LVN AVaWog ‘“Naoor > eS = THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 1285. This species was originally described from the Gambier Islands, Polynesia (Syll. XVII., p. 555). Capnodium hetle, Syd., p. 384. On leaves of Piper betle, Dacca; Mudon, Amherst District, Burma. Capnodium brasiliense, Putt.—Syd. 1. cit. On leaves and branches of, Coffea arabica, Tuttapullum, Nilgiris. Parodiella perisporioides, (B. et. C.) Spee. On leaves of some leguminous plant, Bombay (Cooke in Grevill. IV., p. 117); on cultivated (imported!) Medicayo lupulina, Dehra Dun; on Des- modium rufescens, Wahjain, Assam ; on Indigofera trifoliata, Kistna District, Madras (Syd., p. 383). The species occurs throughout the tropics. Lasiobotrys Lonicerae, Kze. Syd., p. 384 On leaves and branches of Lonzcera, Harwan, Kashmir; on leaves . of Lonicera, Bhowali, Naini. Acanthostoma Wattii, (Syd.) Theiss. Syn. Dimerium Wattu, Syd., p. 383. (cfr. Theissen, Zur Revision d. G. Dimerosporium, Beih. Bot. Centr. Blatt 1912). On leaves of Camellia Thea, Dunmur Dullung, Sibsagar District, Assam ; Darjeeling. {Dimerosporium Fumago, (Niessl.) Sacc.] Syn. Meliola Fumago, Niessl. On leaves of Celastrus, Calcutta. This species is Asterina crustosa (cfr. Theissen, Fragmenta brasilica VI. in Ann. myc. 1912). [Dimerosporium aterrimum, Cke. et Wint. Grevill. XX, p. 83.] On coriacious leaves, Manipur. Species imperfectly known (cfr. Theissen, 1. cit.). Dimerosporium erysiphoides, Harte. On leaves of Cynodon dactylon, Pusa ; on Paspalum scrobiculatum, Bassein, Bombay Presidency. (Syd. p. 3838). Meliola zig-zag, B. et Br. Grevill. VIII, p. 96, Belgaum; Syd., p. 383, on Crmnamomum, Wahjain, Assam. i, Meliola densa, Cooke, Grevill. XII, p. 85. On leaves of J/ex (?) Khasia, Meliola amphitricha, Fr. Grevill. VIII, p. 96, Belgaum; Syd., p. 379, on leaves of Terminalia Catappa, Auda Tode, Wynaad. This species occurs throughout the tropics. Meliola asterinoides, Wint. var. maior, Gaull. Type from Africa; Syd, p. 379, on leaves of Webera corymbosa, Bilikere, Mysore. Meliola Butleri, Syd. 1. cit. On Citrus medica var. acida, Chittagong ; on Citrus decumana, Kya-in, Amherst District, Burma. 23 1286 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST SOCIETY, Vol. XX1, — Meliola cladotricha, Lév. , Syd., p. 380, on leaves of Eugenia jambolana, Cottamunda, Wynaad ; on leaves, Kya, Amherst Dist. Known originally from Borneo, New Guinea and Australia. Meliola clavulata, Wint. Syd., 1. cit., on leaves of Ipomoea Tellicherry, Malabar; Pulliyanur, Tra. vancore ; on Argyreia hirsuta, Balehonnur, Mysore.—Known originally from Africa. Meliola Diospyrl, Syd., p. 381. On Diospyros montana, Sidrabunna, Koppa, Mysore. Meliola geniculata, Syd. 1. cit. On leaves of Odina wodier, Pulliyanur, Travancore. Meliola indica, Syd., p. 382. On Barringtona acutangula, Dacca. Meliola Mangiferae, Earle. Syd. 1. cit., on Mangifera indica, Pulliyanur, Travancore.—Originally . known from Portorico. | Meliola palmicola, Wint. Syd. 1. cit., on Phenix, Mudigere, Mysore ; Chittagong ; Burdwan, Bengal; — Hunsur, Mysore; Ramachendrapur, Godavari.—Syn.: M. contigua K. et R.; known from Florida and Tonkin. . 2.—MIcROTHYRIALES. Asterina pemphidioides, Cke. Grevill. V, p. 16. | Syn.: Ast. crustosa B. et Cke. Ast, Fumago (Niessl.) v. H. On leaves (locality unknown): Grev. 1. cit ; on Eugenia jambolana, Godavari (Syd., p. 390), cfr. on this species Theissen, Fragmenta Brasil. No. 109, 201 (Annal. mycol. 1911). [Asterina concentrica, Cke. Grevill. XIV. p. 13.] On culms of Saccharum, N. W. India. Belongs to the Dothideacez (cfr. Theissen, Fragm. brasil. No. 90), without fruit and cannot be further con- sidered. [Asterina scutellifera, Berk. Syll. I, p. 50. | On leaves of Antidesma, Chittagong.—Undeveloped, cfr. Theissen 1. cit. No. 102. Asterina congesta, Cke. Grevill. VIII, p. 96. On leaves of Santalum album, Belgaum. Asterina carbonacea, Cke. Grevill. 1. cit. On coriaceous leaves, Belgaum. [Asterina cincta, Berk. Syll. I, p. 48.] On leaves of Camellia, Khasia.—This undeveloped and wrongly described species is to be replaced by the following: THE FUNGI OF INDIA. Asterina Camelliae, Syd. et Butl. Syd. p. 389. On Camellia Thea, Dunmur Dullung, Sibsagar District, Assam. Theissen, Fragm. bras. n. 169. Asterina Capparidis, 8. et B.-Syd. p. 390. On Capparis, Madras. Asterina incisa, Syd. 1. cit. On Webera corymbosa, Balehonnur, Mysore. Asterina indica, Syd., 1. cit. On Symplocos, Darjeeling. Asterina Lawsoniae, P. H. et Nym Syd. 1. cit. On Lawsonia alba, Pusa. : Originally described from Java. Asterina magnifica, Syd. et Butl. 1. cit. On Terminalia, Moulmein, Burma. Asterina malabarensis, Syd. 1. cit. On Pothos scandens, Kanouth, Malabar. Asterina spissa, Syd., p. 392. On Jasminum, Chittagong. Asterina StuhImanni, P. Henn. Syd. 1. cit. On Ananassa sativa.—Original from Africa. Microthyrium microscopicum, Desm. Grevill. VIII, p. 96, Belgaum. Calothyrium aspersum, (Berk.) Theiss. Syn.: Asterina aspersa, Berk. Syll. I, p. 45. Microthyrium aspersum, (Berk.) v. H. 1287 Cfr. On leaves of Laurus, Khasia. Cfr. Theissen, Zur Revision d. G. Micro- thyrium No. 17 (Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. 1912). Seynesia grandis, (Niessl.) Wint. Syll. IX, p. 1064. On dry culms of Calamus, Calcutta. Vizella conferta, (Cke.) Sacc. Syn.: Micropeltis conferta, Cooke Grevill. VI, p. 118. On leaves of “ Bhauri”’ ( Symplocos spicata), Dinagepore. Myiocopron orbiculare, (Cke.) Sacc. Syn.: Micropeltis orbicularis, Cooke Grevill. VI, p. 118. On Symplocos spicata, Dinagepore. 3.—HYSTERIINEA. Lembosia caespitosa, (Cooke) Sacc. Syn.: Arlographium cespitosum, Cke. Grev. VIII, p. 95. On coriaceous leaves, Belgaum. Aulographum vagum, Desm. Syll. II, p. 727. On coriaceous leaves, Himalaya. Lopi-¢ ermium Pinastri, (Schrad.) Chev. 1288 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT. Syn., p. 378, on Pinus excelsa, Achibal, Kashmir. Acrospermum parasiticum, Syd. 1. c. On leaves of Heptapleurum venulosum, Kumaon, Himalaya. 4,—PLECTASCINES. Thielavia basicola, Zopf. Syd. 1. cit. On roots of Viola odorata, Lahore. Originally described on roots of Senecio elegans, in the Bot. Gardens Berlin. 5,—DiIscoMyCETES. Heivelia crispa, Fr. Grevill. IX, p. 13; Syll. VIII, p. 18. On the ground, Punjab; Syd., p. 374, Achibal, Kashmir. Morchella bohemiea, Kromb. Syll. VIII, p. 10. Grevill. V., p. 16, on the ground, Kashmir. ‘“ Haten by the natives; dried and sent down into the plains.” (It seems doubtful, whether the identification was correct; it was, perhaps, the following. Morchella esculenta, Pers. Syll. viii, p. 8. Grevill. V., p. 16, on the ground, Kashmir ; Syd., p. 374. Amritsar ; Ranikhet, Kumaon, Himalaya. | Morchella deliciosa, Fr. Syll. VIII, 10. Syd., p. 874, on the ground, Amritsar. Morchella conica, Pers. Syll, VIII, p. 9. On the ground, Dehra Dun (Theissen, F. Bombay. Ann. mycol. 1911, p. 158) var. acuminata, Kickx. Siwalik Range (P. Henn. F. Ind. Orient. II, Hedwigia 1901, p. 338). Rhizina reticulata, B. et Br. Syll. VIII, p. 58. On the ground, Neilgherries. Rh. zonata, Berk. Syll. VICI, p. 59. Amongst Pinus leaves, Darjeeling. Peziza epispartia, B. et Br. Syll. VIII, p. 89. Grevill VIII, p. 96, Belgaum.—Type from Ceylor. Otidea darjeelensis, Cooke.—Syll. X, p. 4. Darjeeling, on the ground. Lachnea geneospora, Berk.—Syll. VIII, p. 178. On wood; locality unknown. Helotium pusense, Syd., p. 374. On twigs of Ricinus communis, Pusa. Ombrophila indica, Syd., p. 375. On rotten wood, Dehra Dun. Pseudopeziza Medicaginis, (Lib.) Sacc. Syd., p. 375, on leaves of Medicago sativa, Poona; on Medicago luputina, Harwan, Kashmir. THE FUNGI OF INDLA. "12989 Known from Europe, South America, Siberia. Pseudopeziza repanda, (Fr.) Karst. Syll. VIII, p. 727. Syd. 1. cit. on leaves of Galiwm, Kasauli. Known from Europe. Pseudopeziza trifolii, (Biv. Bernh.) Fuck.—Syll. VIII, p. 723. Syd. 1. cit. on leaves of Trifolium pratense, Verinag, Kashmir. Chiorosplenium zrugineum, (Berk.) Sacc.—Syll. VIII, p. 318. Syn. : Peziza eruginea, Berk. On decayed wood, Khasia. Lachnella nilgherrensis, Cke.—Syll. X, p. 20. Grevill. XIX, p. 73, in caulibus herbaceis ; locality unknown. Dasyscypha Emerici, (Berk. et Phil.) Sacc. Syll. X, p. 22. Grevill. XIX, p. 74, on branches, Neilgherries. Bulgaria chalybaea, (Berk.) Cke. et Mass. Syll. X, p. 41. Grevill. XTX, p. 41, on wood, Darjeeling. Lagerheimia Carteri, (Berk.) Sacc. Syll. X, p. 55. Syn. : Patellaria Cartert, (Berk.) Phil. Grevill. XIX, p. 75, on dead wood, Bombay. Aleurina orientalis, (Pat.) Sacc. et Syd. Syn. : Pheopezxia orientalis, Pat. Syll. X, p. 24. Syd., p. 374, on cow dung, Pusa.—Type from Tonkin. Saccobolus Kerverni (Crouan) Boud.—Syll. VIII, p. 524. Syd., 1. cit., on horse dung, Pusa.—Common European species. Tryblidiella rufula, (Spreng.) Sacc. Syd., p. 375, on branches of Citrus, Sagaryng, Burma; Pulliyanur, Tra- vancore ; Dehra Dun.—Known also from N. America and Brazil. Pseudophacidium indicum, Syd., p. 375. On branches, Dehra Dun. Phacidium symplocinum, Syd., p. 376. On living leaves of Symplocos, Darjeeling. Cryptomyces Pongamiae, (B. et Br.) Sacc. Syd. 1. cit. on leaves of Fongamia glabra, Islampur, Bombay Presidency. Schizothyrium annuliforme, Syd., p. 376. On living leaves of Acer oblongus, Mussoorie. Coccomyces vilis, Syd. et Butl.—Syd., p. 377. On leaves of Mangifera indica, Malda. Rhytisma conoideum, Cooke. Syll. VIII, p. 761. Grevill. V, p. 16, on leaves (sterile). Rhytisma durissimum, Cooke 1. cit. On coriaceous leaves (sterile). Rhytisma ustulatum, Cooke Grevill. V, p. 17. On dead leaves (Ficus ?). Rhytisma fuscum, Fr.—Syll. VIII, p. 759. 1290 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI, On Sapindacea (sterile). The last three species are very doubtful. Rhytisma acerinum, (Pers.) Fr. Syd., p. 377, on leaves of Acer cesius, Harwan, Kashmir ; Darjeeling. Rhytisma himalense, Syd. et Butl.—Syd., p. 377. On leaves of Ilex ( dipyrena ?), Ranikhet, Kumaon, Himalaya. Rhytisma piceum, Berk.—Syll. VIII, p. 762. Syn. : Rhytisma pieridis, Pat.—Syll. XIV, p. 817, from Tonking. Tambur Vall, Nepal. Syd., p, 378, on Pieris, Ranikhet, Kumaon, Hima- laya; on Pieris ovalifolia, Nepal. 6.—DoTHIDEALES. Phyllachora demersa, (Corda) Sacc. Syll. II, p. 595. Syn.: Spheria demersa, Corda. Dothidea demersa, Corda. On living leaves (Ixora ?); Grevill. V, p. 16. Phyliachora annulata, (Cke.) Sacc. Syll. II, p. 610. Syn.: Dothidea annulata, Cooke, Grevill. VIII, p. 95. On leaves of unknown tree, Belgaum. ‘“‘A curious species, with the perithecia forming little rings, but entirely sterile.” Phyllachora Ficuum, Niessl. Syll. II, p. 598. On leaves of Ficus infectoria, Calcutta; Syd., p. 395, on Ficus mysorensis, Yelwal, Mysore; on Ficus mysorensis var. pubescens, Wynaad. Phyllachora infectoriae, Uke. Bilikere, Mysore; on Ficus religiosa, Jessore, Bengal; Syd., p. 396. Phyllachora aspidea, (Berk.) Sacc. Syll. II, p. 598. Syn. : Dothidea aspidea, Berk. (from Ceylon). Syd., p. 396, on (Ficus scandens ?), Ranikhet, Kumaon, Himalaya. Phyllachora topographica, Sacc. Syn.: Phyllachora marmorata, Rac. (from Java). Syd.1. cit., on Ficus, Wynaad ; on Ficus hispida, Chittagong. Phyllachora abyssinica, P. Henn. Syd. 1. cit. on Ficus sp., Assam.—(Type from Abissynia.) Phyllachora Musae (K1.) Sacc. Syll. IL, p. 613, 625; IX, p. 1023, Grevill. XITI, p. 64, on Musa. Phyliachora repens, (Corda) Sacc. Syll. II, p. 598. Syn.: Dothidea repens, Corda. Grevill. V, p. 16, on Ficus gossypina; VIII, p. 95, on Ficus religiosa, Bel- gaum; Syd., p. 396, on Ficus religiosa, Madras. Phyilachora rhytismoides, (Corda) Sacc. Syll. II, p. 595. Syn.: Dothidea rhytismoides, Corda. On Acacia sp., Tenasserim. THE FUNGI OF INDIA, 1291 Phyllachora Chionachnes, Syd.—Syll. XVII, p. 839. On living leaves of Chionachne barbata, Panjab. Phyllachora viventis, (Cke.) Sacc. Syll. II, p. 601. Syn.: Dothidea viventis, Cooke. Grevill. V., p. 16. On living leaves of Leguminose. Phyllachora Dalbergiae, Niessl—Syll. II, p. 595. Syd., p. 397, on Dalbergia Sissoo, Pusa ; on Dalbergia sp., Bilin, Burma. —Type from Calcutta. All the following Phyllachora-species are mentioned by Sydow, p. 397 sqq. Phyllachora Pongamiae, P. Henn. On Pongamia glabra, Madras. Phyllachora Desmodii, P. Henn. On Desmodium sp., Harwan, Kashmir. Phyllachora ? tenuis, (Berk.) Sacc. ; On Bauhinia vahlii, Kirkee, Bombay Presidency.—Type from N icaragua. Phyllachora? fimbristylicola, Spec. On Fimbristylis sp., Dauracherra, Assam; on F. dichotoma.—Kanaighat ? Assam. Phyllachora Coicis, P. Henn. On Coix lacryma Jobi, Wynaad, Malabar. Phyllachora Cynodontis, (Sacc.) Niessl. On Cynodon Dactylon, Bankipore.—Very common. Phyllachora Cyperi, Rehm var. Donacis, Berl. et F. Sacc. On Arundo, Wahjain, Assam; on Imperata arundinacea, Khasi Hills, Assam; on Andropogon muricatus, Pusa; on Saccharum spontaneum, Pusa. Phyllachora graminis, (Pers.) Fuck. On Isachne, Kaneighat, Sylhet, Assam; on Panicum, Panora, Wynaad ; on Andropogon assimilis, Kumaon, Himalaya and Dehra Dun; on . 1301 . 1808 152, 1303 . 1802 LOH .. 1801 . 18038 . 1301 . 1802 .. 1801 » Ou Relics 0! .. 1802 ..1802 . 1302 «LO . 1297 .. 429 Ue .. 904 . 904 INDEX OF SPECIES, e]xxiil NuMBER, NuMBER. Ypthima huebneri ye 54|Zamenis diadema .. 134, 138, 301, 474 lycus 53 korros .. ie Fc .. 134 methora 53 mucosus . 134, 452, 690, 1099 newara. 53 ravergieri 137, 188 (Kolaza) chat 564 rhodorhachis .. 134, 135, 136 ——--—— ( —-) ypthimsides 564 ladacensis 134, 135 ———— (Wadira) bolanica 564 136 (Pandima) asterope mabeatta 565 ventrimaculatus 134, 135 ——_—— ( ) inica 565 | Zanthoxylum rhetsa 521, 531, 747 —_—_——_ (——_) lycus 565 | Zarona jasoda oa Gls nn lycoides 565 zanella . 987 ——__—_—— (—_) nareda 565 | Zea mythecoides .. 1003 ——_—_— (——__) newara .. 066 taprobanus .. .. 1003 ——— (-----——) sarcoposa.. 565} Zeltus etolus 602, 996 —_————— (————__) watsoni .. 565|Zemeras flegyas.. : 65, 584 (Shania) megalia .. 564 - confucius . 584 (Thymipa) affectata .. . 565 | Zephyrus sp. ods -—__—_—-- (——__) avanta . 565 | ————— ataxus fo Glele) —__——. (——_-) cerealis .. 565 birupa .. 55 Blas a (-) singala .. 565 dohertyi .. 988 — () — striata 565 duma 598, 988 —_____ (———__ ) baldus 565 icana «988 —— (————__) dohertyi .. 565 khasia . ., 988 ( ) matinia 565 letha 55 leis: —_—_—— (————_) methora .. 565 pava .. 988 — ) — persimilis. 565 syla . 988 —__— (————_) philomela 1535) = triloka .. .. 988 —_———— (——_) indecora 565 | —— ziha .. 988 —_——— (————_) sakra 565 | ————— zoa__.... Bo elsis) —— (——_——__) ——-- austena 565 | Zesius chrysomallus ‘; .. 9938 —____ (—___) - nikeea 565 |Zeuxidia amethystus masoni .. seal —___—_ (——) sawara 565 doubledayi rome ——___—— (————__) similis 565 | Zinaspa todara 6 .. 990 —_—__——. (———_) sobrina 565 - distorta . S80) —_—_——- (—_) tabella .. 565 | Zipcetis saites +. 065 —___—— (Ypthima) ceylonica 557, 564, 565 scylax 53, 566 —_—_—— (————_) hiibneri .. 557, 564| Zizera gaika .. 984 se) kashmira . 564 — lysimon .. 594, 984 —— (——— ) iarba 564 | ——— ( ) Javeandea .. 984 ——— maha 594, 984 —— - opalina .. 984 ——- ossa .. 984 ——— marginata .. 984 Zalissa exivifascia .. 908 |——— otis 594, 984 Zamenis fasciolatus ., 1103! ——_ —- indica . 984 elxxiv Zizera zera 5 Zizyphus jujuba .. Zographetus flavalum - flavipennis - maculicornis - ogygia INDEX OF SPECTES, NUMBER. .. 984 310, 1298 . 1002 . 1002 .. 1002 . 1002 Zographetus satwa Zoothera monticola Zornia biphylla Zosimia absinthifolia Zosterops plapebrosa simplex NuMBER, . . LOeRg .. 630) .. 1035 — as .. 1058 90, 164, 1164 He . 670 ore nef BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Most of the back ‘numbers ‘of the Society’s Journal are still to be 4 NOTICE. obtained at the following rates :— Price to the Price to Public. Members. Vol. I.— No, 1B .. 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