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C., White Ants crossing open ground ae PAGE 343 610 £188 373 609 722 356 370 368 820 820 821 845 Maeratu, Lt.-Col. H. A. F.; Additions to the “ Birds of Kohat aod Kurram ”’ Mrrcuent, F. J.; Large Kash- mir Brown Trout, Salmo fario (With a teatfigure) .. By Beale Cae; (Macacus rhesus) Moir, Monkeys swimming Chase of Chinkara , buck (Gazella bennetti) by another. Kite and Kingfisher ; Paddy-birds (Ardeola gray) fishing . Sense of locality ina Leat- cutting Bee.( With a figure). Indian Martens (Martes flavigula) feeding on Nectar. Buzzard (Buteo desertorum) and Shrike (Lanius sp.) Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) and Fishing Eagle (Haliaetus leucoryphus) NarasimHan, M. J., B.A.; Malformations in Casuarina. (With a Plate) The the NeviLt, Capt. C. A.; breeding habits of Mahseer (Barbus tor) O’Donet, H. V.; Notes on the Burmese Ferret-Badge (Helictis personata) .. ae X1xX PAGE 601 atl 589 596 598 615 838 819 xx O’Donet, H. V.; The Eastern Baya (Ploceus megarynchus) nesting in the same Tree as the Jungle Bee (Apis indicus). Osmaston, A. E.; Curious habits of Wood-peckers in the Kumaon Hills Osmastons BBs ohana tSs; Notes on Cuckoos in May- myo . Green van- Nidification of the Shrike-Tit (Pteruthiu thochloris) j (Coccystes yacobinus) . . ? Owl caught on a Thorn a real aaa LL Ga es Te ? Breeding of the Banded Crake (Rallina superciliaris).. PrersHouse, Major STANLEY; Notes on some Bulbuls from the Bhamo District (Sinlum Kaba, Kachin Hills) Primrose, C.; Notes on the habits of the Harlequin Bat (Scotomanes ornatus) : — ; Notes on the Painted Bush Quail (Micro- perdi erythrorhynchus), F. B. 1., 1859 “ic RapcuiFFe, Lt.-Col. H. DELME; See DeELME-RADCLIFEE, H. Rancacuart, K.; Note on an undescribed species of Cynodon ai Rao, M. K. Venxata; Some Diseases on Trees in Mysore caused by a species of Phytophthora PAGE 821 363 593 824 Or co ~] 846 615 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. REviEws; Some South Indian Insects ; A list of British Birds ; The Beetles of the Himalayas ; Big Game Shooting in Upper Burma a RutHERFOoRD, A., M.A., B.Sc.; Some New Ceylon Coccidee. SHERRIFFs, W. Rax.; Food of the Carabidze SUBRAMANIAM, T. V.; The Calotropis Fly. (With a tezt- Jigure) THomas, OLDFIELD, F.R.S.; A New Marmot from Chitral. . ; See also Bompay Naturan Hisrory Socrety’s Mamma Survey oF Inptia. Tomiinson, A. G.; Notes on the Birds of Mesopotamia. . Travers, W. LAnNncELor; Locusts in North Bengal .. Trenco, C. G. CHEVENIx, I.C.S.; Notes on a Young Pangolin or Scaly {Anteater (Manis crassicaudata) Tyee, H. A. FSM. 1:0:8757A Porcupine attacking a dead Panther. (With a texrt-figure). Tyrer, Lt.-Col. H.C., 17th Infantry; Notes on some New and Interesting Butter- fliés from Manipur and the Naga Hilis. Part III. (With Plates III & IV) PAGE 815 815 lll 607 590 187 119 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Waitt, H. W.; Bronze-capped Teal (Eunetta falcata) in the Punjab Wait, Lt.-Col. F., C. M. Z. 8., Pee Se CG... EL. S).; Gulls feeding on Termites. . Wernice, A. T.; Scrow (Cap- ricormis rubidus) attacking Cart-Bullocks Wuistier, Hvueu, M. B. O. U., Indian Police; Some Birds in Hissar District, Punjab.. Some Birds observed at Dal- housie Hill Station in 1915.. The Breeding of the Koel (ELudynami honorata, Linn.). Pace 599 598 589 190 595 Wuistier, Hueu, M. B.O.U., Indian Police; The Pink- headed Duck (Rhodonea caryophyllacea, Lath.) in the Punjab ; Abundance of the Saw-scaled Viper (Echis carinata) in the Punjab Notes on some Birds of the Gujranwala District, Punjab Wroveuton, R. C.; See BomBay NaturaL History SociEety’s MamMAL Survey or Inptia. Yeats, G. A. Levert ; See Lz- vett-Yuats, G. A. XX1 Pace 599 607 689 IDI SIAM KO) QS SE 1G) al TEL TBS NS), WOLUME x==xiv. No. 1. The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. The Nicobar Mega- {Tw Sve"! pode (Megapodius nicobariensis) The Palms of British India and Ceylon. LXXX, Pinanga Kuhlit, Bl., in the Botanic Garden of Peradeniya.. a 8 i 69 Notes from Southern Tibet. A.—New Goral (Nemorhedus bailey2). B.—Young Male Takin oe ae i oe aid Re 73 Celomys mayort, Thos., and dzcolor, Thos., from Ceylon a ok 93 Butterflies from Manipur and the Naga Hills, II. & IV.— IIIl.—Figs. 19. Neptis kirbariensis, 20. N. namba. 21. Calinaga aborica. 22. Euthalia japroa. 28. Rahinda paona, 24. Neptis nemorum phesimensis. 25. Thecla saitua. 26. Pseudochliaria virgoides. 27. as GRRL Ver nacular names. me ah (Nicobarese). Description-——Adult Male and Female.—The feathers of the nape, the sides of the head, and surrounding the posterior portions of the crown greyish; chin and throat sparsely feathered with pale grey, sometimes rufescent, sometimes albescent. Remainder of plumage rufescent brown, generally darker above than below. The lower plumage is often a rufous grey, in a few cases becoming almost a pure grey. The general tone of the upper plumage is usually rather a bright rufescent, but is occasionally duller and rarely has a somewhat olive tinge. The feathers round the neck are generally sparse, and this part is often nearly bare, and in some specimens the feathers of the head are also much abraded and knocked about. Ogilvie-Grant remarks about this species in a foot-note in the British Museum Catalogue (in loc. cit.) : “Some specimens as has already been remarked by Lord Tweedale have a curious tendency to lose the feathers on the crown and assume a naked callosity. In afemale adult from Nancoury I. the crown is entirely naked, and covered with a thick black-looking skin, which appears almost of the nature of a scab. The same peculiarity is almost equally developed in an immature male from Camorta; while in three other specimens (both adult and immature) the crown is partially denuded, and tbe skin is of the same black colour. In all the other specimens the skin of the top of the head is red.” “T am of opinion that the naked head in the above-mentioned specimens is abnormal, and possibly caused by disease.” The sexes are alike in size, but vary a great deal mdividually. Hume gives the following dimensions for a series of fifteen birds, and also notes the colouring of the soft parts :— “Length, 145 to 17; expanse, 28:0 to 32°5; wing, 8 to 9°5; tail “from vent, 2°75 to 3:5; tarsus, 2°6 to 2°75 ; bill from gape, 1:2 to 1:3; “ pill at front, 0-94 to 1:1; wings when closed, reach to within from 1” to “ quite the end of tail ; in weight they vary from 1 Ib. 5 oz. to 2 Ibs. 2 oz.” The above measurements probably include a large proportion of not quite mature birds, and I find that in the British Museum Collection of close on fifty skins no adults have a wing under 9-6" (228°6 mm.) and they run from this up to 9-8" (248-9 mm.) males and females alike being of the smallest and biggest sizes. The other measurements of these birds all come within those given by Hume. Richmond records the total length of the males as ie 4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. between 381 and 400 mm., and the females between 374°5 and 409:°5mm., and the weight of females from 30 to 36 oz. Colours of the soft parts.—“ Legs and feet; front of tarsus dark horny, in some greenish horny, scutz often irregularly marked with lighter horny, front of toes darker, darkening still more towards claws ; claws dark horny above, lighter horny beneath, and tipped light horny ; soles pale carneous, sometimes pale yellow; tibio-tarsal articulation, back and sides of tarsi dull brick or litharge red. Bull light greenish or yellowish horny, yellower along the edge of mandibles ; lores and whole orbital and aural region, and visible portions of the skin of the neck, showing through between the sparse feathers, varying from a light, somewhat cherry red to a bright brick red ; irides light brown or hazel brown.” (Hume.) Richmond gives the colours of the soft parts as follows :— “ Hyelids red; sides of head vermilion ; skin of throat pale mauve pink ; iris clear brown; bill greenish horn ; legs dull reddish, brown in front; soles dull ochraceous, claws black.” (Proceedings, Nat. Mus. U.S. A., Vol. XXV., p. 311.) Birds not quite adult have the head and neck completely clothed in feathers, those on the chin and foreneck being greyish white. It seems also that in such birds the under parts are always brown or rufous brown with no tinge of grey. “The quite young bird, when rather less in size than a quail, is a uniform snuff brown all over, everywhere densely feathered, even about the throat and neck, and with the feathers of the forehead and back of the head much longer, actually and not merely relatively, than in the adult, no bare space in front of or around the eye, no tail developed, only a large bunch of fur-like feathers, but the wings large, strong, and well- formed ; the bill very short. One such bird measured 5:5 in length, had a wing of 4”, tarsus 1:1; and bill at front 0°3.” (Hume, Str. Feath.) Distribution.—The Nicobars, where they have been found on every Island except Choura, and Car Nicobar. Butler has recorded them as occurring on Baltye Malve, though Hume and Davison did not find them there. Hume also saw traces of these mounds on Table Island, one of the Andamans, and was told by the European Light- house-Keeper that he had shot birds which he described as correspond- ing exactly to Megapodes. Oates at a later date went over the same Island together with Captain Shopland, and failed not only to find any trace of the bird, but even of their mounds. Butler also found no traces of birds or their mounds, though he worked this Island very thoroughly. Nidification.— Davison is quoted by Hume in Stray Feathers, etc., to the following effect :— “T have seen a great many mounds of this bird; usually they are placed close to the shore, but on Bompoka and on Katchall I saw two mounds some distance inland in the forest ; they were composed of dry leaves, sticks, etc., mixed with earth, and were very small compared with others near the sea coast, not being above 3 feet high, and 12 or 14 feet in circumference ; those built near the coast are composed chiefly of sand, mixed with rubbish, and varied very much in size, but average about 5 feet high and 30 feet in circumference, but I met with one exceptionally large one on the Island of Trinkut, which must have been THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 6 at least 8 feet high and quite 60 in circumference. It was apparently a very old one, for, from near its centre, grew a tree about 6” in diameter, whose roots penetrated the mound in all directions to within a foot of its summit, some of them being nearly as thick as a man’s wrist; I had the mound dug away almost to the level of the surrounding land, but only got three eggs from it, one quite fresh, and two of which had the chicks somewhat developed. “On this mound | shot a Megapode, which had evidently only just laid an ego; I dissected it, and from a careful examination it would seem that the eggs are laid at long intervals apart, for the largest egg in the ovary was only about the size of a large pea, and the next in size about as big as a small pea. These mounds are also used by reptiles ; for out of one I dug besides the Megapode’s eggs, about a dozen eggs of some large lizard. “T made careful enquiries among the Natives about these birds, and from them I learnt that they usually got 4 or 5 eggs from a mound, but sometimes they got as many as ten ; they all assert that only one pair of birds are concerned in the making of a mound, and that they only work at night. When newly-made, the mounds (so I was informed), are small, but are gradually enlarged by the birds, the Natives never dig a mound away, but they probe it with a stick, or with the end of their déos, and when they find a spot where the stick sinks in easily, they scoop out the sand with their hands, generally, though not always, filling in the holes again after they have abstracted the eggs. The Nicobarese and the Malay and Burmese traders take numbers of these eggs, which they generally cook by placing them in hot ashes, but they also some- times boil them quite hard, and they do not seem to be very particular whether the egg is fresh or contains a chicken in a more or less advanced stage of development. The Nicobarese, at any rate, appear to relish a boiled or roasted chicken out of the egg, quite as much as_ they do a fresh egg. “The eggs are usually buried from 33 to 4 feet deep, and how the young manage to extricate themselves from the superincumbent mass of soil and rubbish seems a mystery. I could not obtain any information from the natives on this point, but most probably they are assisted by their parents, if not entirely freed by them ; for these latter, so the natives affirm, are always to be found in the vicinity of the mounds where their eggs are deposited. “ We obtained about 70 of these eggs, 62 of which were preserved ; these vary much both as regards colour and size, and they undoubtedly darken very materially by being buried in the sand, for I have found that eggs containing chickens in a more or less advanced stage of development were dark coloured, the depth of shade increasing as the eggs approached the hatching point ; but it does not follow from this that all dark coloured eggs will be found to be not fresh, for very often dark coloured eggs are laid. There are three types of eggs—a dull clayey pink, an earthy yellow, and an earthy brown of several shades. ”’ “ The surface soil of the mounds only is clay ; at about a foot from the surface, the sand feels slightly damp and cold, but as the depth increases the sand gets damper, but at the same time increases in warmth. ” Commenting on this account Hume then continues in his own words :— “T cannot myself agree with Davison about the colouring of the eggs. On the contrary the brighest pink egg we got was one which the bird had not even time to bury before she was surprised. Moreover the 6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. shells tell their own tale, almost all the small holes in pink eggs and all the largest holes in,the brownish ones. “‘ T saw a considerable number of these mounds, chiefly in Galatia Bay, and there I examined some of them very minutely. These were situated just inside the dense jungle which commences at Spring- tide high-water mark. It appeared to me that the birds first collected a heap of leaves, cocoanuts, and other vegetable matter, and then scraped together sand which they threw over this heap, so as not only to fill up all interstices, but to cover everything with about a foot of pure sand. I say sand, but this term is calculated to mislead, because it does not contain much silex, but consists mainly of triturated coral and shells. After a certain period, whether yearly or not I cannot of course say, the birds scrape away the covering sand layer from about the upper three-fourths of the mound, cover the whole of it over again with vegetable matter, and then cover it over again with the sand. In the large mound, an old one into which I carefully cut a narrow section from centre to margin, this arrangement was very perceptible ; in it | thought I could trace by the more or less wedge-shaped portions of pure sand along the base, the remnants of successive outer coverings of sand, the basal portions of which have never been removed, ten or perhaps eleven successive renovations of the mound; even the central portion was perfectly cool. The vegetable matter had in a great measure dis- appeared, leaving only the hard woody portions behind, but showing where it had been by the discolouration of the sand. The decay of the vegetable matter, and the birds’ habit (as I judge from appearances) of not removing the basal portion of the sandy covering at each renovation, sufticiently explain why the mounds increase so much more in radius than in height. “A smaller mound, as I take it still in use, though I could find no eggs in it, contained a much greater amount of vegetable matter, and was sensibly warm inside. I could make no section of it, as it was too full of imperfectly decayed vegetation. I believe that the bird depends for the hatching of its eggs solely on the warmth generated by chemical action. The succulent decaying vegetation, constant moisture, and finely triturated lime, all combined in a huge heap, will account for a considerable degree of artificial heat. “JT am by no means satisfied that only one pair of birds use the same mound. On the contrary, the Nicobarese I had with me that day, explained, as I understood, that the one pair begin the mound, they and all their progeny keep on using and adding to it for years, and as ‘Cuxem,’ or whatever the wretch’s sobriquet was, interpreted, the men with us had during the previous month, taken at one time some 20 eggs out of one and the same mound, which also they took us to see, and which was perhaps 5! high and 16! or 18’ in diameter, and which was the freshest looking I had seen. “The eggs are excessively elongated ovals, enormously large for the size of the bird. They vary a great dealin size, and a good deal in shape; all are much elongated, but some are more like turtle’s eggs than those of a bird. When first laid they are of a uniform ruddy pink as we know from having obtained one before the bird had even time to bury it; after being buried, so long as the egg remains quite fresh, it continues a pale pink, but as the chicken develops within, the egg becomes a buffy stone colour, and when near about hatching it is a very pale yellowish brown. The whole colouring matter is contained in an excessively thin chalky flake, which is easily scraped off, having a pure white chalky shell below ; this outer coloured coat seems to have a THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, 7 great tendency to flake off in spots, specks, and even large blotches, as the chicken develops within. Quite fresh laid eggs rarely exhibit any white marks of any kind, while those more or less approaching hatching (one cannot say incubation in this case) are invariably more or less mottled with white. Occasionally fairly fresh eggs are dug out, bearing along their entire length on one side, two parallel white lines made apparently by the claws of the mother bird when scraping the sand over them. The eggs are always a little pointed towards one end, and some, especially the less cylindrical ones, are conspicuously so. The shell is entirely devoid of gloss, and the surface is everywhere roughened with innumerable minute pores which occur equally in the exterior coloured flake, andthe white somewhat less chalky shell beneath.” “Tn length the eggs vary from 3:01” to 3:4", and in breadth from 1:90" to 2°25", but the average of 62 eggsI have carefully measured is one 2:00.” Reducing Hume’s measurements in inches to millimetres we have a length between 76-4 and 85:3 mm., and a breadth between 48-2 and 57-1 with an average of 82°5 x 52°5 mm. The question as to whether the old birds pay any further attention to the young after they are hatched is by no means settled. Tt is true that the young birds have been seen associating with the full-grown ones, but it would appear that the young have been of various ages, as one would expect, and that there have been gener- ally more than two .adult birds, which one would not have expected. The young can fly directly they are hatched, for, as already stated, they are born fully feathered, not covered with down, and if sufficiently precocious to fly without being taught, why should they not be sufficiently so to know how to feed themselves also. Butler says that he thinks the young birds find their way out of the mound unaided by the parents, and remarks :— “For one thing the birds could never know—with eggs in different stages of incubation in the same mound—when to dig down to save a new hatched young one from suffocation; further, the eggs can be hatched by packing them in a box in the material of the mound in which they are found, and Mr. E. H. Man, who hatched a chick on his verandah by this means, told me that it not only extricated itself from the sand, but flew up on the verandah railing directly it was approached.” The eggs seem to be abnormally tough in constitution, for Lieut. St. John records how some eggs which were taken away in buckets of sand were forgotten, the sand taken away and the eggs left exposed to open air and rain without any protection, yet of the dozen collected some five or six hatched out. Mr. St. John says that these young ones were fed entirely on white ants, on which they thrived well. Habits.— Almost the only existing accounts of this bird and its habits we owe to Hume and to Mr. J. Davison, who, for many years, collected for him, and whom every writer on the Megapode has quoted since Volume 2 of Stray Feathers was written. The latter says : “The Megapode never wanders from the seashore, and throughout the day keeps in thickest jungle, a hundred yards or so above highwater 8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. mark. It never, so far as I observed, emerged on to the open grass hills that form so conspicuous a feature in so many of the Nicobars, but throughout the day hugged the belt of the more or less dense jungle that in most places, along the whole coast-line, supervenes abruptly on the white coral beach. At dusk during moonlight nights, and in the early dawn, glimpses may be caught of them running about on the shore or even at the very water’s edge, but during daylight they skulk in the jungle. “They are to be met with in pairs, coveys, and flocks of from 380 to 50. They run with great rapidity, and rise unwillingly, running and flying just like jungle hens. They often call to each other, and when a party has been surprised and dispersed, they keep on calling to each other incessantly, half a dozen cackling to each other. The note is not unlike the chuckling of a hen that has recently laid an egg, and is anxious to publish the stupendous fact on nature’s pages; it may be syllabled in a variety of ways, but several of us agreed that on the whole ‘ Kuk-a-kuk-kuk’ most nearly represented their chuckling, cack- ling call. “The stomachs of all we examined contained tiny land shells, some- times with the animals not yet dead, larvee of insects, dissolved matter, apparently vegetables, and minute fragments and particles of quartz and other hard rocks. “When by any chance you can get up to them they are easy to shoot. They are most abundant where the soil is light and sandy, and the ground at the bases of the magnificent trees that overshadow one from above, is therefore comparatively penetrable, and in such localities, with a few good dogs, they would afford very pretty shooting. “As game they are unsurpassed. The flesh very white, very sweet and juicy, loaded with fat is delicious, a sort of juste milieu between that of a fat Norfolk Turkey and a fat Norfolk Pheasant. “The eggs, too, are quite equal if not superior to that of the Peafowl, and to my mind higher commendation cannot be given.” A friend writing to me from the Andamans after his first uterview with these birds says: “To me they appear like large and very fat Barn-door Fowls with abnormally small heads compared to their heavy fat bodies, but even these latter were small in comparison to their powerful legs and huge feet. We found it difficult to make them fly, though when they did do so, they went quite a decent pace as soon as they had got fairly started. Curiously enough some quite small chicks we saw were quicker away and actually faster on the wing than the full-grown bird. They all ran at a tremendous pace, heads and sterns held low, like a jungle-fowl on the run, but were even quicker than that bird.” Davison, who saw more of these birds than anyone else, even Hume, never saw more than six birds in a flock, but one of the Convicts told him that he saw about thirty of them together on Trinkut. Sub-Order—ALHCTOROPODES. The principal external feature in which this sub-order differs from the Peristoropodes consists in the hind toe being raised above the other three in addition to which it is much shorter, its basal phalanx being shorter than that of the middle or third toe. THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 9 The inner posterior notch on each side of the sternum is more than half the length of the sternum instead of less than half as in the Peristoropodes. FAMILIES. Ogilvie-Grant divides the Alectoropodes into two families, the Tetraonidee and Phasianidee, the former having the nostrils fea- thered, and the toes naked and pectinate or feathered, whilst the latter have the nostrils clear of feathers and the toes without pectination and not feathered. An additional character used by him to differentiate between the two families, 2.¢., the feathering of the tarsus, does not hold good throughout, for though all the Tetraonide have the tarsi feathered, one species, Lerwa, of the Phasianide also has the tarsus well feathered and a second, Tetraogallus, has it partially so covered. In spite of this, however, I consider his diagnosis of the two families the best put forward, so far and when considered together with the general appearance of the birds and their habits, the reasons given appear to be fully sufficient to authorize the division, and I there- fore accept the two families. Of the Tetraonide, or true grouse, we have no representatives in India, but the Phasianide are very well represented. Family—PHASIANID. Sue-FAMILIES. When we come to consider in what way the family Phasianide can, or should, be divided into sub-families, we are faced with a most difficult problem. Jerdon, who like Ogilivie-Grant, divided his game birds into two families, Phasianide and Tetraonide, divided each of these again into three sub-families, the first into Pavonine, Phasianine and Galline, and the second into Tetraonine, Perdi- cincee and Coturnicinw. But these divisions are admittedly more popular than scientific, and there is no really definite dividing line between the various groups as formed by him. Ogilvie-Grant, in Game Birds, divides his Phasianide into two divisions, Phasianinc and Perdicine, basing his division on two features, (1) comparative length of tail and (2) length of first primary in comparison with the tenth. Neither of these features, however, are consistent, though on the whole they work fairly well. Finally Blanford, in the Fauna of British India, Birds, failing to find any satisfactory reasons for, or method of, division, attempts none, and keeps all the Phasianide together as one undivided family. To the Sportsman and Field Naturalists the majority of the game birds form themselves into four fairly definite groups, viz., Peafowl, Argus Pheasants, Pheasants, and Partridges, to which we may 2 10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIV. possibly add the Jungle Fowl as a fifth, for these birds in outward structure and general habits do not seem to agree well with any of the others. Hitherto there has, however, been no sound scientific data discovered upon which it was possible to define these superfici- ally self-apparent divisions, and the large number of genera which could not be placed with certainty have defied scientific classification. Recently, in July 1914, Beebe has written in “ Zoologica,” the publication of the N. Y. Zoological Society, a most interesting article on the Phasianide in which he explains how he proposes to divide this family into four sub-families according to the formula for the moulting of their rectrices. According to this Ornithologist the Partridges (Perdicince) commence by moulting the central tail feathers and finish with the outermost pair; with the true Pheasants (Phasianine) the exact reverse obtains; the Argus Pheasants (Argusiance) commence by moulting the third pair from the centre, and the Peafowl (Pavonine) commence with the fifth pair. By this classification the Jungle Fowl are included with the Pheasants, an arrangement which agrees with nearly every system hitherto accepted, but one concerning which I cannot but feel doubtful. Beebe says himself that he only puts forward this scheme faute de mieux, and frankly adds that he hopes thai some still better one may be found to succeed it; he also remarks that he has been unable to examine ehoroue ny many of the genera he includes in his Perdiwine. As a whole I accept Beebe’s classification; it is the only one which has any scientific basis, and it is convenient from the point of view of the Sportsman and Field Worker. Key To Sus-FAMILIES. Moult of rectrices commencing — A.—With the fifth pair Oa ... Pavonine. B.—With the third pair bee ... Or * NotE.—The original Journal not being available these references are to the “reprint of 1887. RESULTS FROM MAMMAL SURVEY. AT 7. Mus kandianus, Kelaart, J. A S. Ceyl., Vol. II, p. 326, 1850. 8. Mus nemorahs, Blyth. 9. Mus asiaticus, Gray. Mus rattus and Mus decumanus. Miller in his Catalogue of the Mammals of W. Europe, says of these species ‘‘ Originally confined to the north temperate portions of the Old World; now essentially cosmopolitan through artificial dispersal.” Kelaart records both these rats from sea-ports only, no doubt imported specimens. Major Mayor obtained no specimens. Mus nemoralis, Blyth. The two co-types are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, but the British Museum possesses a specimen, presented by Kelaart, with identification on the label in Blyth’s handwriting, therefore a ‘“‘metatype.” The species is no doubt the Island representative of the Indian H. rufescens. H. nemoralis would appear to be rather smaller than rufescens, with a pro- portionally longer tail; the skull, so far as I can judge from the fragments available, is longer and narrower. Kelaart records the species from Colombo (type locality) and Trincomalee; Major Mayor took it also at Mannar and Kandy. It is probably generally distributed throughout the Island, except at the highest eleva- tions. Mus decumanoides, Hodgson. This is most probably the same species as the last. The description is very meagre, but so far as it goes it quite fairly fits nemorahs, Blyth. Mus flavescens, Klliot. Asa name this is useless, being pre- occupied for a murine from 8. America. ‘There is a specimen in the National Collection labelled with this name in Kelaart’s hand- writing; neither the skull nor the skin are separable from those of the next. Mus kandianus, Kelaart. There are three co-types thus labelled in the National Collection. One from Newera Hliya exactly corres- ponds with Kelaart’s description, and this (B. M. No. 52, 5, 9, 26) I propose to select as a “‘ lectotype.”’ The other two are quite dis- tinct, and will be referred to again later. This is undoubtedly the Island representative of the animal which in all previous Reports has been listed as “‘ rufescens var.,’’ 1.e., the white bellied mainland form of rufescens. Major Mayor obtained a very long series of this animal numbering some 50 specimens, from a dozen different localities. In size there is some variation, for a great deal of which however age is no doubt responsible, but in colouring the series is remarkably even. Mus tetragonurus, Kelaart. The type and only known specimen is in the National Collection (presented and labelled by Kelaart), so far as I can see, it differs in no way from kandianus. It was no doubt, when dealt with by Kelaart, a dried specimen with the 48 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. vertebrae in the tail (they have since been removed), which gave the tail the quadrate appearance which inspired the specific name. Mus ceylonus, Kelaart. I have no specimen to guide me, but the description suggests a young individual of kandianus, before the adult dress has been assumed. In his Prodromus, Kelaart adds to his description “ 1 have no reason to think it to be the young of the former species” (i.e., of decumanoides). So apparently he had himself some misgivings. Mus asiaticus, Gray. Unfortunately there is no specimen available to show to what animal Kelaart referred under this name; it may possibly have been a Millardia to which his description in some ways applies. Besides these species actually enumerated by Kelaart, he men- tions another as follows :—‘“‘ There is another rat in Newara Eliya of which we do not now possess any specimens, of more slender make, of still longer and denser fur ; of a dark olive brown surface colour on the upper parts. Beneath white, but not so defined as in Mus jlavescens. After seeing a description of MW. nitidus of Hodgson, we suspect this is allied to it, if not identical.” Two of the three cotypes of kandianus, but not the third, the ‘ lectotype,’ seem to represent this form. Major Mayor obtained a series of over 30 adult specimens from Pattipola and Ambawela belonging to this form, which I propose to call EHpimys kelaartt, sp. n. A highland form of the rattus group, characterised by its dark colouring, and long soft fur. Size about as in nemoralis and kandianus, but tail on the average proportionally shorter. Fur long and soft. General colour above more sober than in kandianus showing less mixture of fulvous. The individual hairs pale slate colour at their bases with fulvous tips but with a very large admixture of all black hairs. Below dingy white, merging eradually into colour of upperside, with no marked tine of separation as usually in kandianus. Dimensions of type :—Head and body, 156; tail, 176; hindfoot, 32; ear, 21. Skull :—Greatest length, 42; condylo-incisive length, 38; molars, 7. Holbitat.—Highlands of Ceylon, 5,000-6,000 feet. (Type from Pattipola.) Type.—Adult male, B. M. No. 15. 7.1.7. Original number 952. Collected by Major Mayor, 21st February, 1914. Presented to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society. Thus there are found in Ceylon :— 1. #H. rattus, L. RESULTS FROM MAMMAL SURVEY. 49, 2. H. norvegicus, Hrxleben (i.e., HL. deewmanus, Pallas) as visitors. brought from Europe on shipping and found sparingly in Seaports,, and especially in Dockyards. 3. LH. nemoralis, Blyth, representing the H. rufescens, Gray, of the Mainland, distributed sparsely as a tree rat all over the Island up to 1,500 feet altitude. A. H. kandianus, Kelaart, representing the ‘ White bellied variety ” of HL. rufescens. This is the common house rat of the whole Island from the sea coast up to the highest altitudes. 5. LH. kelaarti, sp.n. Perhaps most nearly related to L. nitidus of the Himalayas, as surmised by Kelaart. A highland form, only found at elevations of 5,000-6,000 feet. The three indigenous species may be distinguished as follows :— A. ie comparatively short. 2. Underparts ... ... nemoralis, Blyth. _, Underparts pure aries _.kandianus, Kelaart. B. Hair comparatively long, under- parts dirty white, the individual hairs with slaty bases ae .. .kelaarti, n. sp. G.—A SEconp SPECIES oF Ccelomys FROM CEYLON. BY OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museunv.) During the preparation of the general list of the Singhalese Mammalia collected by Major Mayor, the skin recorded in the preliminary list of his first collection as ‘“‘ Leggada hannyngtoni”’ has been re-examined, and proves to represent a second species of the recently described genus Celomys. It has, indeed, a very con- siderable resemblance to the Coorg Leggad, and the accident that its hindfoot was wrongly recorded as 22 mm., just as in the Leggad, in place of its true measurement, 25 mm., was no doubt largely responsible for the mistake. The species may be called :— Celomys bicolor, sp. n Size, perhaps, averaging slightly less than in C. mayorit. Fur much more strongly spinous than in that species, the spines 10—11 mm. in length by about 0.4mm. in breadth. General colour above, lighter than in C. mayori owing to the ends of the wool hairs being of a lighter buff, but on the posterior back the colour is darker, from the predominance of the black-tipped spines. Sides clearer grey. Under surface from chin to anus wholly sharply-defined snowy white, the hairs white to their bases; the white ascending a 50 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. rather high up on the sides, and enclosing the whole of the fore- limb*. Hind limbs slaty grey externally, white on inner side; hind-feet dull whitish above. ‘Tail sharply contrasted brown above and white below. Skull on the whole very like that of C. mayori, but rather nar- rower throughout, the muzzle and braincase both unusually narrow. In correlation with this the frontal projection into the parietals is only 6.3 mm. in breadth, as compared with 7.8 in C. mayori. Dimensions of the type :—Head and body, 104; tail Gmperfect); hindfoot, 25; ear, 17.5. Skull, tip of nasals to back of frontals, 19.2; zygomatic breadth, 12.8; nasals, 12 x 3.2; interorbital breadth, 4.6; breadth of brain case, 11.8; palatilar length, 13; palatal foramina, 5.7 ; upper molar series, 4.5. Habital.— Kottawa, Southern Province. Alt. 250'. Type.—Adult female. B.M.No.14. 12.1.8. Original number 17. Collected, 12th April 1913, by Major EH. W. Mayor. Presented by the Bombay Natural History Society. This species is evidently a lowland hot-country relative of the highland Celomys mayori, distinguished from that animal by its more spinous fur, sharply defined pure white underside, and nar- rower skull. H.—TwHE Common InpIAN MONGOOSE. BY R. C. WRouGHToN. The oldest specific name for this animal is “‘ mungo.” In Report No. 1, I erroneously stated that Gmelin gave no type-locality for the 1, species, but this was a mistake, for in his Syst. Nat., p. 84, 1787, he writes ‘‘ Habitat in Bengala, Persia, aliisque Asiz callidioribus plagis.” The specimens in the Bengal, Bihar, Orissa collection of the Mammal Survey are therefore topotypes, and at last we have a firm foundation for dealing with the species. In all 126 specimens of this animal have been obtained by the Survey, fairly distributed over the whole of India, except the extreme North. A comparison of this large amount of material shows that the Ceylon form is sufficiently different to be ranked as a distinct species. The re- mainder can be divided into four sub-species (geographical races) of mungo, and the further material in the National Collection suffices to establish a fifth. The pattern of the colouration throughout the species munyo is a coarse grizzle of some shade of brown and white more or less pure. *On one side of the single specimen; on the other a narrow band of grey tends down nearly to the wrist. RESULTS FROM MAMMAL SURVEY. 51 This grizzle is on the face, hands, and feet, very fine indeed, but on the back it is very coarse, and only somewhat less so on the belly, where however it is usually obsolescent or entirely absent. In two of the forms there is a distinct ‘ wash ’ of ferrugineus on the face and feet, and in one the ferruginous colouring is so strong that the fine grizzling, referred to above, is completely obscured on at least half the face. These forms may be arranged in a Key as follows :— A. Grizzle coarser. a. Face, feet and tail-tip coloured strongly ferruginous. (Sind).Mungos mungo ferru- gimeus, Blanf. b. Face and feet noticeably, but not strongly, coloured ferru- ginous. aa. Under fur buff. (Bengal). Mungos mungo mungo, Gmel. bb. Under fur white. ais tana) .. : ..Mungos mungo pallens, Ryl. c. Ferruginous colouring of face and feet obsolescent or en- tirely absent. aa. Under fur greyish white. (Nimar, &c.) ... ...Mungos mungo meerens, sub-sp. n. bb. Under fur buff (Dhar- war, Wc.) aS ...Mungos mungo ellioti, sub-sp. n. B. Grizzling very fine (Ceylon) — ... Mungos lanka, sp. n. Mungos mungo mungo, Gmel. 1782. Viverra mungo, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 84. 1792. Viverra nems, Kerr., Anim-King, p. 160. 1812. Ichneumon edwardsi, Geoffrey, Descr. d’ Egypt. II., p. 139. 1836. Mangusta nyula, Hodgson, J. A., 8S. B. V., p. 236. 1841. Herpestes pallidus, Wagner. Schreb. Saug. Supp. IL., pero. The names nems, edwards, and griseus are supported by descrip- tions too vague to indicate more than that the animal was the large mongoose of India. Three cotypes of MW. nyula are in the N ational Collection and agree entirely with these specimens from Bihar, Orissa. The name pallidus is a mere renaming of nyula. The under fur is comparatively very sparse. The length of the hairs on the lower back is about 40 mm. They are dirty white with three bands (each 6 mm. wide) and a tip of a hazel colour. 52 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. The average of the dimensions of 6 males and 7 females are as follows :—Head and body, ¢ 390, 9 365; tail, g 367, 9347; hindfoot, g 77, 6 71; ear, ¢ 81 9 28. Skull of an adult male from Daltonganj, condylo-incisive length, 81 ; zygomatic breadth, 42. Distribution:—Nepal, and Lower Ganges Valley. A _ single specimen was obtained at Sohagpur, C. P. Mungos mungo pallens, Ryl. 1914. Mungos mungo pallens, Ryley., Journ. B.N.H. BS. XXII, p. 660. A desert form of mungo, from which it differs chiefly by its longer hair, and much lighter colour. The under fur very dense, and of a pure white colour. The length of the dorsal hairs greater (50—55 mm.), and the dark rings on the individual hairs wider (8—10 mm.), than in true mungo, consequently the grizzling appears coarser than in mungo.. The dimensions of the type given by Miss Ryley are as follows :— Head and body, 378; tail, 398; hindfoot, 74; ear, 27. Skull :— condylo-incisive length, 793; zygomatic breadth, 41:1. The receipt of further material however shows that pallens is in no way smaller than mungo, indeed if averages are to be exactly trusted, it erows slightly larger. The type locality of pallens is Palanpur, but, as Miss Ryley pointed out, it is found all over Rajputana, and more recently the Survey has obtained it from Kumaon. Mungos mungo merens, sub-sp. n. Under fur normal, buffy white. The length of the dorsal hairs greater than in mungo, less than in pallens (45°50 mm.) The dark rings on the individual hairs are as in mungo, but the colour is very dark brown, almost black (‘seal brown’). Dimensions of the type:—Head and body, 392; tail, 361; hindfoot, 73; ear, 27. Skull:—Condylo-incisive length, 81 mm; zygomatic breadth, 38:5. The same body dimensions of a large male from Berar are: 430. 415. 78. 32. respectively. Habitat.—The type is from Ganoor, Nimar, but the Survey has also obtained specimens from Cutch, West Khandesh, Berar, and the Central Provinces. Type.—Adult female, B. M. No. 12. 6. 28.14. Original num- ber 728. Collected by Mr. C. A. Crump, on 22nd December 1911, and presented to the National Museum by the Bombay Natural History Society. Mungos mungo elliott, sub-sp. n. Under fur fairly copious, bright buff in colour. Dorsal hairs short as in mwngo (40-45 mm.), buffy white with four dark rings RESULTS FROM MAMMAL SURVEY. 53 and a tip, the lowest ring about 7mm. the others decreasing in width to the fourth (34mm), their colour the same as, but rather paler than in moerens, so that the grizzling appears finer than in any of the other races. Dimensions of the type:—Head and body, 480; tail, 410; hindfoot, 80. Skull:—Condylo-incisive, length, 81; zygomatic breadth, 43. The similar body measurements of an adult female from Seringapatam are given by Mr. Shortridge as 400. 355. 71. 28 respectively. Habitat.—The type locality is Dharwar, but Mr. Shortridge also obtained specimens from Mysore and Coorg and the British Museum possess a specimen from Travancore, so that this is no doubt the form found throughout Southern India. Type.—Adult male, No. 12. 6. 29. 44. Original number 476. Collected by Mr. G. C. Shortridge on the 5th January 1912, and presented to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural His- tory Society. Mungos mungo ferrugineus, Blanf. 1874. Herpestes ferrugimeus, Blanford. P. Z,8., p. 661. 1884. Herpestes andersom, Murray. Vert. Zool. Sind., p. 34. Under fur about normal, of a bright buff colour, dorsal hairs long as in pallens (50-55mm.), the dark rings less wide (7-8mm.) and more brightly coloured than in that race. The dimensions quoted by both Blanford and Murray are unreliable, the former giving those of a flat skin, while the latter bases on a mounted specimen. Fortunately the British Museum has a female specimen presented by Capt. Whitehead, taken by him at Kohat, for which he recorded the following dimensions :—Head and body, 350 ; tail, 380 ; hindfoot, 73; ear, 25. M.m. ferrugineus, therefore, is the same size as the other races. Both Blanford and Murray give the type locality as Kotree, Sind. As we have seen it has been taken at Kohat, and it there- fore no doubt occurs in Baluchistan and perhaps the northern Punjaub. Mungos lanka, sp. nov. A species undoubtedly very closely related to mungo, but though all the above races of mungo appear to intergrade where they meet each other, lanka, as was to be expected from it’s insular position, shows no such tendency with regard to ellioti it’s nearest neighbour. It seems to me therefore most convenient to recognise it as a distinct species. The general pattern of colouring is quite the same as in mungo, but there is a complete absence of ferruginous coloring on the face and feet. 564 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. The under fur is very sparse, of a buff colour. The dorsal hairs are very short (30-35mm.), a yellowish-white colour, with four narrow (3-4mm.) rings, and a short tip, of a deep black brown, as in elliott. As in mungo, the soles are bare to the heels. Dimensions of the type:—Head and body, 380; tail, 316; nindfoot, 76; ear, 27:5. Skull:—Condylo-incisive length, 80 ; zygomatic breadth, 41-5. In general shape the skull is quite like that of mango. Habitat.—Ceylon, the Type from Cheddikulam. Type.—Adult female, B. M. No. 15. 3.1.54. Original number 664. Collected by Major Mayor, on the 12th November 1915. Presented to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society. I.—ON SOME SPECIMENS OF VANDELEURIA FROM BENGAL, BIHAR AND ORISSA. BY OLDFIELD THOMAS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) After the notes written last year in this Journal* about Vandeleuria it has been with much interest that I have examined a small series prepared by Mr. Crump in Bihar and Orissa during his Survey work. At Lohra, Hazaribagh, on the plateau at an altitude of 1,060’, he obtained the single specimen which I provisionally referred to V. oleracea, a reference which I should now confirm, though the teeth are a little larger than those of the type and of other speci- mens from Ahmednagar. The condylo-incisive length of the skull is 20°9 mm., and the molars 3-4 mm. In colour this specimen is sandy fawn, rather less warmly buffy than is usual in oleracea, but the difference is of little importance. External dimensions :— Head and body, 76 mm.; tail, 125; hindfoot, 18; ear, 16. But in Chaibassa, in a region where Mr. Wroughton tells me the country is much more heavily forested, Mr. Crump collected a series of Tree-mice which, while still belonging to the small-toothed V. oleracea, are of so different a colour that they evidently ought to be distinguished as a local race. Vandeleuria oleracea marica, subsp. n. Essential characters as in V. oleracea, but colour darker than in either of its described sub-species. General colour above approaching russet-brown, decidedly darker than the wood-brown of JV. oleracea modesta, and still more different * Vol. XXIII, p. 200, Nov., 1914. RESULTS FROM MAMMAL SURVEY. : 55 trom the butfy or sandy tones of V. oleracea oleracea. Sides clearer and more buffy. Undersurface wholly white. Hands dull whitish ; feet pale brownish, considerably darker than in oleracea. Ears apparently averaging a little shorter than in true oleracea. Tail pale- brown, rather lighter below. Dimensions of the type, measured in the flesh :—Head and body, 79mm.; tail, 120; hindfoot, 18; ear, 15. Skull:—Imperfect. Kstimated condylo-incisive length, 21 mm.; nasals, 7:7; inter- orbital breadth, 3:4; palatal foramina, 4:4; upper molar series, 32. Habitat. —Chaibassa, Bihar and Orissa. Five specimens, includ- ing type, from Koira, 800', one from Luia, 1,000.' Type.— Adult female. B. M. No. 15°4-3-108. Original number 5422. Collected 10th August 1914 by C. A.Crump. Presented to the National Museum by the Bombay Natural History Society. The possibility of a closer study of such interesting Indian genera of small mammals as Vandeleuria is entirely owing to the splendid work that is being done by the Bombay Society’s Survey. Thanks to this great enterprise, series of specimens, without which no advance can be made, are being brought together both for study at the time and preservation with a view to further comparisons later. All the more, however, will any specimens be appreciated that private members can obtain, to supplement those got by the Survey Collectors, especially now that the work of the latter has been interrupted by their unanimous enlistment in the service of their country. Skins and spirit specimens from all parts of the Indian Empire will be gratefully received by those responsible for working out the mammals of the Survey. J.—A NEW MONKEY FROM THE CHAINDWIN RIVER. BY R. C. WrovuGuHtTon. The Mammal Survey obtained on the west bank of the Lower Chindwin, at Kin, three specimens of Presbytis phayrei, a species which it also obtained from Mt. Popa andthe Shan States. Higher up the river on the same bank, a single specimen of P. jnleatus was obtained at Nansun Chaung. Of this specimen Mr. Shortridge notes : ‘‘ Apparently the Langur occurring on the west bank of the River in the Upper Chindwin. Probably more confined to the hills than the other species.” Finally on the east bank, between Homalin and Hkamti, was obtained a langur ranking in size and make with pileatws, and the peninsular langurs, rather than with the Burmese leaf-monkeys. 56 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. While by its characters it falls into the same category as P. pileatus in Blanford’s Key to the genus (Mammalia, p. 27), I can find no specimen at all resembling it in the National Collection, nor have I been able to trace any description that would fit it. Series of specimens were obtained at Homalin and Hkamti, which differ markedly in colouration. A single specimen taken at Minsin, half- way between these two places, shows a somewhat intermediate colouration. I propose therefore to describe the Homalin form as a new species, under the name shortridgei and to rank the Hkamti form as a local race of it, under the name shortridge: belliger. The name refers to the khaki coat assumed by the northern animal. Presbytis shortridget, sp. n. A Langur of the larger, stouter schistaceus type; most nearly resembling P. prleatus, but entirely lacking the yellow in the colouration of that animal. Size large, larger and stouter than any of the Burmese Leaf- monkeys, such as P. phayrev. Fur long and silky, about 50 mm. long on the back, 100-110 mm. on the flanks. Hair of crown laid straight back from the forehead, not radiating from one or more points, forming a ‘ cap,” as in pileatus. General colour above and below palebluish grey (‘cimereous’’), dorsal area much darker (‘slate grey’), nape of neck paler, silvery grey. Face naked, moustache and eyebrows black. A white tuft on the points of the ears. (Mr. Shortridge notes that this white ear tuft is very conspicuous in life). Limbs coloured like flanks, hands and feet black. ‘Tail like flanks for about 200-250 mm., remainder black. Skull as in P. pileatus. Dimensions of the type (recorded by the collector) :—Head and body, 710; tail, 1,020; hindfoot, 196; ear, 35:5. Skull :—Great- est length, 115; basal length, 80; zygomatic breadth, 90; brain- case breadth, 63; breadth across orbits, 78; interorbital breadth, 14; cheek teeth, behind the canine, 31. Hubitat.—Homalin, Upper Chindwin, Burma. Type.—Adult male B. M. No. 15°5:5°10. Original number 5,714. Collected by Messrs. G. C. Shortridge and 8S. A. Macmillan on the 17th July 1914, and presented to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society. Altogether 5 specimens were obtained (03202) at Homalin, and a male from Minsin, about half-way between Homalin and Hkamti. This last specimen is much less clear grey than those from Homa- lin and is no doubt an intermediate. | RESULTS FROM MAMMAL SURVEY. or = 2 Presbytis shortridges belluger, subsp. n. Quite like shortridgei, but the whole coat suffused with olive- brown. Size and fur as in shortridgei. Colour of all parts exactly as in homalinus, except that an olive- brown (“hair brown”) is everywhere substituted for the clear grey of true homalinus. Dimensions of type (recorded by collector ):—Head and body, 655; tail, 930; hindfoot, 206; ear, 36. Skull :—Greatest length, 117; basal length, 81; zygomatic breadth, 92; braincase breadth, 61 ; breadth across orbits, 75 ; interorbital breadth, 12 ; cheek teeth behind the canine, 30. Habitat—Hkamti, Upper Chindwin, Burma. Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 15°5-5-14. Original number 5927. Collected by Messrs. G. C. Shortridge and 8. A. Macmillan on the 3rd August 1914. Presented to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society. In all 5 specimens, all males, were obtained. K.—NOoTES ON TAPHOZOUS AND SACCOLAIMUS. BY OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS. ( Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Musewm. ) In connection with the fine material from various parts of India received from the Bombay Survey, I have looked through the Museum material hitherto referred to the difficult genus Taphozous, and find some few points worthy of being considered as “results ” of the mammal survey. In the first place with regard to the genus. Dobson in his Cata- logue divided it into two sub-genera, Taphozous and Taphonycteris, on account of the absence in the latter of the radio-metacarpal pouch in the wing. Quite recently Mr. Hollister* has proposed that Taphonycteris should be recognised as a distinct genus, on the ground of its cranial characters, and in this I think he is right. But in using the name Taphonycteris he has overlooked the fact that Saccolaimus, Lesson, quoted both by Palmer and Miller, is applicable to the group, and antedates Vaphonycteris by many years. From Taphozous, Saccolaimus is distinguishable by not having the radio-metacarpal pouch, and in the skull by various characters, of which the most important are the completeness of its bull, these being imperfect antero-internally in Taphozous, and its much broader * Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, 46, p. 308, 1913. 58 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIV. mesopterygoid fossee, of which the posterior end is of quite a” different shape. The small anterior premolar is also proportionally larger. The only Indian species is Saccolaimus saccolaimus, of which Blyth’s Taph oous crassus appears to be a synonym. Taphozous nudwentris and kachhensis. These two bats are undoubtedly very closely allied, and are not, as Dobson thought, distinguished by any difference inthe gular sac. In both the male has a shallow sac, its posterior wall 1-2 mm. in depth, while the female has none, but has a naked area correspond- ing to the position of the sac. A comparison of skulls, however, shows that the Asiatic form is larger and heavier, and they may therefore be kept as distinct species. The skull of hachhensis generally exceeds 27 mm. in length from the occipital crest to the base of the canines, while in nudiventris this dimension is ander 26 mm. And the larger skull is even disproportionally more bulky throughout. The ranges of the two correspond geographically with the Continents, kuchhensis Asiatic, from Palestine, through Meso- potamia and Persia, to India and Burma; nudiventris African and Arabian. Considering its great range, from Palestine to Burma, it is not surprising that 7’. kachhensis is distinguishable into several geogra- phical races, of which three ought to be recognised by name, re- spectively, western, central and eastern. The central, typical form is now, thanks to the Bombay Natural History Society’s Survey, represented in the Museum by a fine series of specimens, ranging from Cutch to Bellary in 8. India and Hazaribagh in Bengal. All are very similar in colour and other characters, while the western and eastern forms may be distinguished as follows :— Taphozous kachhensis babylonicus, subsp. n. Colour much paler than in true kachhensis. Size at a maximum, the type slightly larger than any Indian specimen available. Fur short, almost as much so as in the Burmese race. General colour above drabby whitish, the hairs white at base, pale brownish drab at tip; in true hachhensis the colour is pale olive brown or sepia. Undersurface dull white or pale brownish white, the middle line whiter, the sides browner. Skull stout and heavy, averaging slightly larger than in true kachhensis. Dimensions of the type :— Forearm, 81 mm.; another specimen, 82. Skull :—Greatest length (c) 28-8; length from condyle to front of canine, 26.8; zygomatic breadth, 18.3; interorbital breadth, 8.7 ; RESULTS FROM MAMMAL SURVEY. 59 intertemporal breadth, 5; palato-sinual length, 8.4 ; maxillary tooth- row, 12.2. Habitat.—Palestine and Mesopotamia. Type and two paratypes from the Euphrates, other specimens from Fao, Persian Gulf (W. D. Cumming) and the Lake of Galilee (H. B. Tristram). Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 50.10.21.3. Collected during the Euphrates expedition. The colour of the Palestine examples is doubtful, as they are spirit specimens in somewhat bad condition, but geographically they should belong to the Babylonian race. A Taphozous from Muscat, which might have been expected to be this form, proves to be assignable to the Hgyptian 1’. nudiventris. Taphozous kachhensis nudaster. Colour practically as in hachhensis, but fur shorter and poorer. Size slightly less than in true kachhensis. Fur both above and below excessively short and thin, the hairs of the posterior half of the back hardly more than two mm. in length, and so sparse and poor that the light bases of the hairs are visible, even in smoothly brushed specimens. In hachhensis the fur is normal and close, and the light bases of the hairs hidden. The bases themselves are white for their basal and brown for their terminal halves, but the brown is of a rather more purplish tinge than in hachhensis. Skull as in kachhensis but on the average a little smaller. The type has an unusually broad intertemporal space, but other specimens are as in kachhensis. Dimensions of the type :—Forearm, 78 mm. Head and body, 102; tail, 35; ear, 22.5; third finger, 129. Skull:—Greatest length, 27.8; length from condyle to front of canine, 24.6; zygomatic breadth, 17.2; interorbital breadth, 8.4; intertemporal breadth, 5-7; palato-sinual length, 7:4; maxillary tooth-row, 11. Halitat.—Dry zone of Burma. Typical series from Pagan, near Mt. Popa. Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 14.7.19.46. Original number 4176. Collected 27th October 1913 by G. C. Shortridge. Presented by the Bombay Natural History Society. Ten specimens. The difference in the pelage is so marked in all the considerable number of specimens examined that it seems to justify the recogni- tion of the Burmese race as a distinct sub-species. Taphozous theobaldi, Dobs. The range of this species, which has been recorded from Tenas- serim, Malay Peninsula and Java, has been recently greatly extended 60 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. by the capture of some specimens in Nimar, Central Provinces of India, by Mr. Crump, working for the Bombay Survey. The Nimar specimens however, as might be expected, show certain differences from the Malay form, and may be distinguished as a distinct sub-species. Taphozous theobaldi secatus, subsp. n. Size as in true theobaldi. Fur close and fine, not extending on to the wing-membrane or interfemoral above, and only on the wings close to the side of the body below, the ending of the furry part extremely sharp and well-defined. In theobaldi on the other hand the fur extends on to both wing and interfemoral membranes above and below for a certain distance from the body, its limits quite vague and undefined. Colour above sepia, the hairs over most of the body brownish whitish basally, but laterally and on the rump the hairs are sepia to their bases. In theobaldi the general colour is a brighter brown, tipped on the hinder back with greyish, and the bases of the hairs are everywhere strongly contrasted drabby whitish. Under surface slightly paler than upper, the region across the . throat darker, but without the definite blackening usually present in theobaldi. Skull as in theobalds. Dimensions of the type:—Forearm, 71 mm. Head and body, 89 mm.; tail, 28; ear, 24. Skull :—Greatest length, 23-5; condyle to front of canine, 22:5 ; zygomatic breadth, 13-7; interorbital breadth, 7:1; palato-sinual length, 6; maxillary tooth-row, 10-1. Habitat.—Nimar, Central Provinces. Type from Asirghar, 2000’. Type-—Adult male. B. M. No. 12.6.28.5. Original number 644. Collected 31st October 1911 by C. A. Crump. Presented by the Bombay Natural History Society. Two specimens. Taphozous longimanus. The three members of the 7’. longimanus group that have been described from the E. Indian Archipelago are all smaller than the true continental 7’. longimanus and might conveniently be recognised as forming one species with three sub-species, whose names would be T’. leucoplewrus leucopleurus, Dobs. (Flores), I’. leucopleurus albipin- nis, Thos. (Borneo and Malay Peninsular) and T. leucopleurus kampent, Jent. (Java). Their skulls appear to be quite similar to each other and their only differences lie in the colour of the fur and wings as described by their respective authors. Taphozous achates, sp. n. Essential characters asin 7’. melanopogon, but skull conspicuously larger. RESULTS FROM MAMMAL SURVEY. 61 No pouch, at least in female, the usual situation of the pouch completely hairy, as in melanopogon. ars fairly large, the anterior margin straight, slightly papillate. Colour apparently as in melanopogon. The hairs, which are about 5:6 mm. in length on the back, white for their basal halves, dark brown terminally, the two colours strongly contrasted. Wing mem- branes brown above and below, a narrow line along the hinder edge white. Skull as in 7’. melanopogon, and similarly distinguishable from that of 7’. longimanus by its longer basial pits, but conspicuously larger in all dimensions. Dimensions of the type :—Forearm, 62 mm. Head and body, 73; tail, 24; ear, 20; third finger, metacarpal 55, first phalanx, 20; lower leg and hind foot (c.u.), 36. Skull :—Greatest length, 21:5; condyle to front of canine, 2°12; interorbital breadth, 6:45; intertemporal breadth, 5 ; -mastoid breadth, 11:5; palato-sinual length, 6-7; maxillary tooth- row, 9°8. Habitat.—Savu Id., East of Timor. Type.—Adult female in spirit, B. M. No. 97:4-18-23. Collected August 1896 by Alfred Everett. Two specimens. Although I have not been able to examine any Javan topotypical specimens of TJ. melanopogon, it is evident that Temminck’s animal was really the smaller of the two allied forms, as his figure of the skull exactly agrees with Indian examples of “melanopogon,” and the forearm length given by him is only 59 mm. From the Australian 7’. australis, which is of about the same size, this bat may be distinguished by the complete absence of a oular pouch, whose usual meciee is thickly hairy. Taphozous melanopogon. The specimens recorded as of this species in the reports on the Bombay Survey from the Ajanta Caves, close to the border of E. Khandesh—Report No. 1 (Journ. Bomb. N.H. Soc., xxi., p. 399, 1912), are correctly so named, as are all those from localities east and south of this. But those from Cutch—Report No. 3 (op. cit. xxi, p. 830, 1912)—and Kathiawar, Report No. 10 (op. cit. xxii, p. 494, 1913) are quite a different species, and one new to the Indian Fauna. Thisis the N. African 7. perforatus, Geoff., which, like a number of other African species, just penetrates to this north- western corner of India. It may be distinguished from 7. melanopogon by its smaller size, paler colour, and the absence of the conspicuous black beard which is almost always present in the male of the allied species. 62 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. Taphozous australis georgianus, sub-sp. n. Like typical 7. australis in size, rudimentary condition of gular sac in female, and colour (so far as can be made out on spirit specimens) but distinguished by the fact that the intertemporal constriction of the skull is markedly narrower, and the basial pits are longer. In six specimens of 7. australis, from the Cape York region, including the two co-types, the intertemporal constriction is uniformly just 5 mm. across, while in two specimens of georgianus it is 4-1 mm. which makes a material difference in the general’ aspect of the skull. SBasial pits in 7. australis 3-5 mm. in length, and ending about a millimeter from the large vacuities outside the nasal cavities, in JT. a. georgianus 4-1 mm. in length, and ending quite close to the vacuities. Other characters apparently asin TY. australis, except that the rudimentary indication of a gular sac is less perceptible than in that form. Dimensions of the type:—Forearm, 65 mm. Head and body, 78; tail, 25; ear, 21; third finger, metacarpal, 60, first phalanx, 21:5; lower leg and hind foot (c. u.), 36:5. Skull:—Greatest length, 22:2; condyle to front of canine, 21; zygomatic breadth, 13:7; interorbital breadth, 6:2; inter- temporal breadth, 4:1; mastoid breadth, 11; maxillary tooth- row, 9°6. Habitat.— Western and North-Western Australia. Type from King George’s Sound; a second specimen (imperfect) from the Mary River, Northern Territory. Type.—Adult female in spirit. B. M. No. 44, 2. 27.59. Pre- sented by Sir John Richardson. This sub-species is founded primarily on specimen d of Dobson’s Catalogue, a female, which, when it first came, was accompanied by amale, but the latter has now unfortunately disappeared. This specimen d was said by Dobson to be the type of Gould’s species australis, but a reference to the original description, in the ‘‘ Mam- mals of Australia*, shows that australis was founded on two speci- mens from Albany Id., Cape York, which are Dobson’s 6 and ce, these therefore being the co-types of the species. Four other specimens from the Cape York region all quite agree with the co- types of the species in the characters now used to separate the Western form. Taphozous perforatus heedinus, su-bsp. n. Kssential characters as in true perforatus, but colour much darker throughout. Upper surface sepia brown, the basal half of the hairs white. Throat sepia, the interramial region suffused with wood- *Vol. III, pl. 32, 18546 RESULTS FROM MAMMAL SURVEY. 63 brown; belly greyer, the basal halves of the hairs white, the terminal halves grey, with or without whitish tips. Hars and membranes uniformly dark brown throughout. Skull much as in perforatus, perhaps a little larger on the aver- age, and the braincase slightly more inflated. Dimensions of the type:—Forearm, 63 mm. Skull :—Greatest length, 20; condyle to front of canine, 19-4 ; breadth of braincase, 9°8 ; maxillary tooth-row, 8°8. Habitat.—N. E. British E. Africa and Aden. Type from the Chanler Falls, Eusso Nyiro, British East Africa. Other speci- mens from Hodeida (Bury) and Aden (Yerbury, Percival and Dodson). Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 12. 7. 1.46. Original number 756. Collected 3rd September 1911, and presented by A. Blayney Percival, Esq. Tine 7. perforatus of Kgypt, and also of Cutch and Kathiawar, is of a comparatively pale brown colour, and the wing membranes are markedly paler than is the case in the Chanler Falls and Aden specimens. Taphozous hildegardece, Thos. This East African species, which has so striking a resemblance to T. melanopogon in its general characters and its development of a black beard in the male, may be distinguished by its pale colour, white wings, and by the fact that the skull of the male is distinctly larger than that of the female. ‘This is also the case in 7’. sudan. On the other hand in such of the remaining species as I have had the opportunity of examining, including 7’. perforatus, mauwri- tianus, melanopogon, longimanus and theobaldi, and in the available species of Saccolaimus, there appears to be little if any sexual differ- ence in the size of the skull. In J. kachhensis however there is a little difference, but less or none in its sub-species nudaster and in T. nudiventris. [T.—TwHe BuRMESE CIVETS. BY RR. GC. WRouGHTON. The Mammal Survey collection from the Chindwin River con- tained three specimens of Civet. One of these, unfortunately lacking the skull, is exactly like one in the National collection, which also has no skull, from Shensi in China. The present speci- men is from Nagpur, near Kindat, on the border of Manipur. Though these two specimens differ considerably from the common Viverra zibetha, yet with such poor material and such confused distribution, I do not dare to give it a name, but record it with 64 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. the hope of calling the attention of local members to this interesting desideratum. The two other specimens represent a well marked local race of Viverra zibetha, which I propose to call picta. Vwerra zibetha picta, sub-sp. n. A local race of V. zibetha, distinguished by its bright aS Size and fur as in true zibethon. General colour scheme as in 2wetha, including the yellowish tinge in the ground colour, but all the dorsal markings most distinct. On the posterior half of the back the markings on each side of the median black crest coalescing to form continuous black lines parallel with it, only separated from it by narrow continuous lines of the ground colour (a buffy grey). Skull as in zibetha. Dimensions of the type:—Head and body, 800; tail, 435 ; hind- foot, 126; ear, 53. Skull :—Greatest length, 136 (140) ; ‘basilar length, 124 qd 30) ; ereatest breadth, 70 (74) ; braincase breadth, 39 (40) ; greatest length of carnassial, 13°5 (15:5); length of bulle, 18 18-5). Enea Upper Chindwin River. Type.—Adult male, B. M. No. 15.7.1.9. Original number 5900. Collected by Messrs. G. C. Shortridge and 8. A. Macmillan, on the 31st July 1914, and presented to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society. The second specimen was taken at the same place and on almost the same date. Though labelled as a male, it is apparently a female, it agrees in all characters both of skin and skull with the Type, except in so far as can be accounted for by sex. On laying out all the material in the National Collection in order to compare the above specimens, I found that the Lower Burma specimens of zibetha are easily distinguishable by the clear grey of the ground colour, and I propose to separate them under the name prUInosa. Viverra zibetha pruinosa, sub-sp. nov. A local race of zibetha, distinguished by the total absence of the yellow tinge in the ground colour of that species. Size and fur as in true zibetha. General colour scheme exactly as in zibetha, but the tips of all the hairs pure white, not buffy as in zzbetha. Skull as in zibetha, but bulla markedly longer. Dimensions of the type :—Head and body, 760; tail, 482; hind foot, 182; ear, 51. Skull:—Greatest length, 140; basilar length, 129; greatest breadth, 71; braincase breadth, 37; greatest length of carnassial, 16; length of bullee, 22. RESULTS FROM MAMMAL SURVEY. 65 Habitat.—Tenasserim, extending northwards to the Shan States, and southwards to the Malay Peninsula. (Type from Thaget, Little Tenasserim River. Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 14. 12. 8.106. Original num- ber 5003. Collected by Mr. G. C. Shortridge on 28th March 1914, and presented to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society. The Mammal Survey obtained 6 specimens in the Shan States and 6 in Tenasserim. There is one from the Malay Peninsula in the National Collection. A specimen obtained by G. W. Dawson, 1.C.8., at Yin which is recorded in the Supplement to the Tenas- serim Report, appears to be intermediate between zibetha zibetha and zibetha pruinosa. 66 THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, INDIGENOUS AND INTRODUCED: BY EK. BLATTER, b.J. ARH ave. (With Plate \xxx.) (Continued from page 744 of Volume XXIII.) PINANGA, Bl. in Rumph. 11, 76, t. 87, 108A, 109-116. (From the vernacular name ‘ Pinang.’’) Mart. Hist. Palm. III, 183.—Griff. Palms Brit. Ind. 146, t. 230 C, 231, 932, A, B, C, 235.—Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III, 20 (1, 3, 5-20).—Scheft. Natuurk. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind. 32, 171.—Kurz For. Fl. 11, 538.—Wendl. und Drude. Linnea, 39, 176—Drude, Bot. Zeitg. 1877, t. 5, fig. 12, 13.— Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. ITI, I, 884, 3.—Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. V1. 406. Unarmed ; stem erect, annulate. Leaves pinnate, with the upper leaflets confluent. Flowers monccious, androgynous, ternate, | female between 2 males, the clusters in 2 or 4 or 6 series on spadices from the stem below the leaves; spathe solitary. Male flowers obliquely 3- quetrous ; sepals 5, acute, keeled, not imbricate; petals 5, ovate or lanceolate, valvate ; stamens 6 or more; anthers subsessile, basifixed, erect. Female flowers much smaller than the males, ovoid or globose; sepals 3, orbicular, imbricate ; petals 3, orbicular, broadly unbricate ; ovary 1-celled ; stigmas 3; ovule basilar, erect. Fruit ovoid or ellipsoid, pericarp fibrous ; seed ovoid or ellipsoid ; albumen ruminate; embryo basilar. Species about 40. . DIsTRIBUTION.—Indo-Malayanl. New species have been described by Beccari in Webbia I (1905), p. 316-27 and III (1910), p. 193. CULTIVATION IN EHuropr.—The species of this genus are stove palms. They thrive best in a compost of one part loam, two of peat, anda little sand. A liberal supply of water is necessary. Propagated by seeds. * INDIGENOUS SPECIES. PINANGA HEX ASTICHA, Scheff. in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. I, 148 ; Kurz For. Fl. I, 539; Bece. in Ann. Jard Bot. Buitenz. II, 80, 86; Males. Ti, 122; Hook Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 406; Brandis Ind. Trees, 647.—Areca hexasticha, Kurz. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLII, UW, 201, t. 12. DEScRIPTION.—An evergreen, slender, simple-stemmed, gre- garious palm ; stem 20-30 feet high, 14 inch in diameter. Leaves 3-5 feet long, pimnate, with the end-pinne confluent; leaflets linear, somewhat falcate, 1-1} feet long, many, alternate, 2-3 ribbed, many nerved, the lower acuminate, the upper and terminal PALMS OF INDIA AND CEYLON. 67 crenate, lobed and ending into as many bluntish and_ shortly 2-lobed lobes as there are ribs; petiole short, 3-4 inches long, scaly, sheathing at the base; sheaths thinly scaly-rough, soon turning glabrous. Spadix stout, simple, reflexed ; rhachis as thick as the finger, fleshy. Male flowers in 5-6 series; female perianth (in young fruit) very much like that of P. gracilis, the sepals and petals almost ; coniform, broad-oval, blunt or bluntish, about a line long or a little longer ; staminodes apparently none; unripe fruits fibrous-fleshy, smooth, fusiform and narrowed at the apex. Hasirat.—In marshy places of the tropical forests of the southern parts of the Pegu Yoma, as, e.y. between Kyanzoo and Kya Eng (Pazwoondoung Valley). PINANGA GRACILIS, Bl., Rumph. II, 77 ; Kurz For. Fl. I, 538 ; Bece. in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. IJ, 81, 86; Hook Fl. Brit. Ind. V1, 407 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 647.—P. patula g. gracilis, Scheff. in Natuurk. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind. XXXII, 178.—Seaforthia gracilis, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. I, 185, 318; Kunth Enum. II], 191.— Areca gracilis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Il], 619 ; Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 460; Palms Brit. Ind. 154, t. 232, A, C,f.2; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLII, Il, 201; T. Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. XI, 5.—Nenga gracilis, Becc. Males. I, 25. Names.—Ram eua (Beng.); Tawkun (Burm.). Description.—The stems are slender, usually gregarious, 6—20 feet high, 6-8 lines in diameter, distinctly and distantly annulate, crown of about five or six leaves, which are 5-4 feet long; sheath half a foot long, the naked part of the leaf-stalk being 3 or 4 inches long ; petiole and sheath scurfy. Leaves sparingly pinnate ; leaflets inserted by a very broad base, about a foot long, lower ones 2-3-ribbed, finely acuminate, upper ones 3-5 inches broad, pre- morse, many-ribbed, obcuneate, truncate, bipartite to the middle, about 8-cleft, divisions bidentate, emarginate, or entire and acute. Spathe solitary, bifid. Spadix simple, reflexed. Male flowers in three rows, broad, flat, imbricating; calyx minute, three-cornered ; petals 3, obliquely cordate, cuspidately acuminate, many times longer than the calyx. Stamens numerous, shorter than the corolla. Female dowers in large shallow niches with 3-toothed margins, much smaller than the male flowers. Sepals broad, round. Petals like the sepals, but smaller. No rudimentary stamens. Ovary ovate, l-celled; ovule one, erect. Style very short, stout. Fruit half an inch long and three or four lines broad, ovate, tapering to the tip, scarlet or orange, smooth. Albumen highly ruminate. Embryo basilar. Hasitrat. -Sikkim, sub-Himalayan tract and valleys up to 2,000 feet, common; Assam; Khasia Hills; Cachar; Chittagong; Arakan Yoma; Pegu; Martaban ; Tenasserim, in damp evergreen forests, ascending to 3,500 feet. 68 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. Flowers during the hot and rainy season; fruit ripens the following year. PINANGA GRIFFITHII, Bece. Males. III, 117; Hook. FI. Brit. Ind. VI, 407; Brandis Ind. Trees, 647.—Areca sp., Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 461 (under A. gracilis, fruit only); Palms Brit. Ind:, 155 to 252 (spadix only). DEscRIPTION.—Stem slender; leaves pinnatisect; leaflets numer- ous, 3 to many-costate. Spadix reflexed, subdigitately branched; peduncle of spadix 2 inches long; branches 3-5, spreading, not compressed. Calyx of male flowers shorter than the petals. Fruits arranged spirally in 4 lines, ovoid, rather more than half an inch long and + inch broad, narrowed at the base, mammillate ; pericarp thin; albumen deeply ruminate. This palm is imperfectly known. I have only copied the meagre descriptions given by Griffith and Beccari. Hapirar.—Khasia Hills. PINANGA MANII, Bece. Males. II, 178; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 409; Brandis Ind. Trees, 647.—Areca costata, Kurz.in Journ. As. Soe. Beng. XLII, I, 200 (excel. omnib. synon.) DescripTion.—Trunk 50 feet high, 54 inches in diameter. Leaves 15-20 feet long (64 feet according to Hooker, l.c.); leaflets very many, strongly 1-3 nerved, 3 feet long, 3 inches broad, ensi- form, straight, pale beneath ; leaf-sheaths 4 feet long, clasping the stem. Spadix 19-20 inches long, shortly peduncled, branches 40-50, spirally arranged, filiform, pendulous. Flowers biseriate. Male sepals about as long as the petals. Fruit small, 4, by ,3,;— 3 inch, ovoid from an acute base; seed subglobose ; raphe reticulate ; albumen densely ruminate. Hasirat.—Nicobar Islands; South Andaman Islands. PINANGA KUHLI, Bl. in Bull. Néerl. (1838) 65; Rumph, I, 82, t. III and gt. III, f. 11-13; Kunth. Enum. II, 641; Miq. pl. Jungh. 57 ; Scheff. in Natuurk. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind. XXXII, 182; in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz I, 152; Becc. Males. III, 1388; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 409; Brandis Ind. Trees 647—P. costata, Bl. in Bull. Néerl, le.; Rumph. Le. 80, t. 109 and gt. 109 C. ; Kunth. le. ; Miq. l.c. 156 ; Kunz. For. Fl. I, 538, F.— Seaforthia Kuhlii, Mart. Hist. Nat Palm, III, 185, 318—S. oryzeformis, Mart. l.c. 185, ed. I. (excl. omnib. syn. except. Gaert.)—P. nozva, Bl. in Rumphia IJ, 81, t. 110, A—E.—P. coronata, Bl. in Rumphia HI, 83, t. 112, 113.—S. costata, Mart. 1c. 313.—Ptychosperma kuhlii, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. IM, 21, De Palm. Archip. Ind. 23.—P. costata, Miq. ll. ec. 25, 23.—Areca oryzaformis, Gaertn. Fruct. I, 20, t. 7, f. 2, 6 (aon Rumph.) DESCRIPTION.—Stem soboliferous, 20—380 feet high (10 feet according to Becc.). Leaves 3—4 feet long, pinnate, with rather narrow confluent end-pinne ; leaflets 1—2 feet long, linear to Ped dj eae u 4 ho, ee ’ ‘ i A i PLATE LXXxX. JOURN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Garden of Peradeniya. 1c the Botani Kuhilii, Bl., in inanga 12 es PALMS OF INDIA AND CEYLON. 69 linear-lanceolate, somewhat falcate, prominently and strongly 2-8 ribbed above, the lower ones long-acuminate, the upper and terminal ones terminating in as many bluntish 2-lobed lobes; petiole variable in length, subscurfy. Spadix 1 foot long, refracted, shortly peduncled, robust, simply branched, glabrous ; brancheselongate. lowers sessile, distichous, either all females in the same spadix, or each female accompanied by 2 males. Female flowers: sepals and petals almost conform, nearly 14 line long, broadly ovate or orbicular, blunt or obsoletely mucronulate. Fruit nearly 4 inch long, seated on the cup-shaped perianth obovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, thin fleshy-fibrous; seed adherent to the pericarp, albumen deeply ruminate. Hasirat.—South Andaman Islands—Sumatra; Java. Fruit ripens in June. ILLUSTRATION.—We have to thank Mr, Macmillan for the photograph reproduced on plate LXXX. It represents a tuft of Pinanga kuhlii, the stems being covered with lichens. PINANGA DICKSONIZ, Bl. Rumph. II, 85 ; Scheff. in Natuurk. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind. 174 ; in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. I., 149 ; Becc. Males III, 138 ; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 409; Brandis Ind. Trees 647 ; Talb. Trees Bomb. ed. 2, p. 339 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. Presid. I, 803.—dreca dicksonu, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III, 616 ; Griff. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. V, 458; Palms Brit. Ind. 153 t. 231.—Seaforthia dicksonii, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm III, 184, 313; Kunth Enum. III, 190. Description.—A slender, smooth, green-stemmed palm, stem solitary, tall, 16-20 feet high, of about 2 inches in diameter, soboli- ferous. Leaves pinnate, forked, about 4 feet long; leaflets numerous, sessile, elongate, 12-24 inches long and #-1 inch broad, with numerous parallel veins, apices preemorse, dentate. Spadix retrofracted, compound ; ramifications from 4-8, alter- nate, simple, equal, distichous, from 6-8 inches long, stout, clothed with imbricating flowers. Spathe simple, rigid, compressed. Male flowers : Calyx 3-cleft, divisions subulate, nearly as long as the corolla ; petals 3, ovate, cordate, valvate, tapering at the tips. Stamens from 20-30; filaments very short ; anthers linear ; pistillode 0. Female flowers : spathes 3, reniform, corolla like the calyx ; staminodes 6, clavate, penicillate, style short ; stigma 3- lobed. Berry oblong, dry, fibrous, $-? in. long by 4 in. in diameter. Seed of the shape of the berry, ruminated. Hmbryo basilar. Hasirar.—Found in great abundance on the mountains of Travancore and Malabar ; in the evergreen forests near the Gair- soppa and Nilkund Ghats of Northern Kanara, gregarious and locally abundant. Flowers and fruit ripens in August. 70) JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. Usrs.—'The poorer classes eat the nut as a substitute for the common betel-nut, but no other part of the tree appears to be employed for any useful purpose. PINANGA HOOKERIANA, Bece. Males. III, 175; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 410. Drscription.—Stem slender, 3-4 feet high; internodes clavate, young scurfy ; petiole and rhachis of leaves scurfy. Leaves 44 feet long; leaflets numerous, opposite, one foot long, narrowly linear- lanceolate, subfalcate, acuminate, 2-3-ribbed, 5-4-keeled above, terminal lobe bifid ; petiole 6 inches long. Spathe 4 inches long; spadix 3-4 inches lone with a slender peduncle and 4-5 slender branches which are compressed, flexuose and crowded with flowers. Male flowers: calyx 3-toothed, mem- branous; petals unequal, much longer than the sepals; stamens about 15; pistillode 0. Female flowers: sepals and petals sub- equal; stigma large, discoid; staminodes 0. Fruit about 4 inch long by + inch. diameter, ellipsoid, narrowed at the top. (Hooker.) HABiTaAT.—-IKhasia Hills, 2-4000 feet; Nunklow and Churra. PINANGA HYMENOSPATHA, Hook. f. Flora Brit. Ind. VI, 411. DeEscRIPTION.—Stem slender, as thick as a goose-quill; inter- nodes long. Petiole and rhachis of leaves, slender, scurfy. Leaves 12-14 by 4-5 inches, leaflets very numerous, 15-20 pairs, regularly close set, 3-4 by j-4 inch, alternate, flat, thin, narrowly ensiform, fmnely acuminate, unicostate, dark-green above and brownish beneath when dry ; rib slender, prominent on both surfaces ; petiole 3 inches long, subterete ; sheath 5-4 inches long, striate. Spathe 13 inch long, ellipsoidly fusiform, erect, quite membran- ous, subhyaline. Spadix very short, about as long as the spathe, flowering to the base. Male flowers: flat, imbricate, + inch in diameter, trapezoidly orbicular; dorsal sepals twice as long as the others, apiculate ; stamens 9, unequal; filaments very short, anthers linear. Female flowers minute, globose; ovary ovoid; stigma pulvinate ; ovule erect. (Hooker.) Hasirat.—Burma; at Moulmein. Hooker calls this palm ‘‘a very distinct species remarkable for its membranous spathe and very elegant form.” * * INTRODUCED SPECIES. PINANGA PARADOXA, Scheff. in Natuurk. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind. XXXIT, 31 ; Becc. Males, ITI, 129, in nota; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 411 ; Ridley, Fl. Malay. Penins., II, 141.—Areca curvata, Griff. Notul., ILI, 164 (partim).— Areca paradova, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 463; Palms Brit. Ind., 156, quoad descriptionem fructus et figuram ejusdem in t. CCOXXXVIT, C. f. 11.—Kentia paradova, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm., II, 312.— PALMS OF INDIA AND CEYLON, 7) Nengdla paradova, Beec,, Males. 1, 32,—Ophiria paradova, Beec, in Ann. Jard, Bot, Buitenz, I, 128.—Cladosperma, n. 9., Gril. Notul. II, 165, Descriprion.—Stems very slender, 3-12 feet high, } inch in diameter, internodes 2 inches long. Leaves about | foot long, entire and oblong, or with 5-6 pairs of sigmoidly linear-lanceolate acuminate leaflets, leaflets mostly alternate, broad, 5 inches long, | wide, lower ones acuminate, terminal one br oadly cuneate, deeply cleft, often unequally, margin truncate, toothed; petiole 6 inches long or less, scurfy Spadices usually 2 or 3 on a stem, unbranched or with 2 branches 5-4 inches long, undulate. Flowers distichous. Male flowers } inch long. Sepals short acute. Petals lanceolate with long points. Stamens 6, filaments very short. lemale flowers: calyx short, lobes rounded, petals hardly longer. Drupe red, seuday, curved, fusiform, 4 inchlong. Seed fusiform, albumen ruminate with 6 long longitudinal lines of rumination (according to Ridley, albumen equable according to Hook. FI. Brit. Ind.) Hapirat Gunong Panti; Malacca: Mount Ophir; Selangor : Bukit Kutu, Bukit Hitam; Perak: Larut Hills; Negri Sembilam: Gunong Ange; Kedah : Gunong Jerai (ex Ridley). Grown in Indian gardens. PINANGA PATUTLA, Bl. Rumphia, I, 86, 47, t. 115; in Bull. Néerl. 1838, 65; Kunth. Enum. IU, 641; Kurz in Journ, As. Soc. Beng, XLII, U, 201; Bece. Males. III, 139; Hook.f. FL Brit. Ind, VI, 411; Ridley, FI. Malay. Penins. Il, 143.—Sceaforthia patula, Mart, Hist. Nat. Palm, 323— Ptychosperma patula, Mig, ¥\, Ind, Bat, I, 26, and Suppl. 253; in Journ. Bot. Néerl. I, 7. Descrirrion.—Stems tufted, slender, 6-20 feet high, 4-14 inch in diameter, internodes 24-54 inches long. Leaves 2-5 feet long, pinnate ; leaflets few, rarely many (6 pairs according to Midley), broad, distant, sigmoidly lanceolate and falcate from a narrowed hase, caudate-acuminate, 2-many-nerved, terminal broader, 7-9-nerved, truncate and deeply bifid. Spadix deflexed, 2-5-branched ; branches rather slender, 6 inches long, red. Spathe and male flowers not known. lemale flowers : sepals orbicular, obtusely erose-crenulate. Petals smaller and rounder. Drupes flesh colour, elliptic, ribbed, narrowed and acute at the tip, when dry over } inch long. Seed elliptic, ruminate. Hapirat.—Pahang : Sahan River at Kwala, Tenok; Perak: Ulu Bubong (ex Ridley); Sumatra, Borneo. “I bd NOTES FROM SOUTHERN TIBET. BY Carr: Hove I ATEEN Oak) (With a plate.) The following Notes were made on a journey made in company with Captain Morshead, R.E., in 1913. An account appeared in the Geographical Journal for October 1914, and the places named in these notes will be found in the map published with that paper. I was unfortunate in having no one able to skin, which resulted in fewer specimens being brought back than would otherwise have been the case. Another misfortune which occurred was the theft of all our shot-gun cartridges, and for two months we travelled through country where no collector had ever been, without being: able to secure a single specimen. Major Evans has described the butterflies collected in Volume XXIII, pages 552-546, of the Journal. A sketch map accompanies Major Evans’ paper and a brief itinerary :— MAMMALS. In the following list of Mammals those marked * were obtained and have been presented to the British Museum. The small Mammals were identified by Mr. Oldfield Thomas. No specimens of the animals marked + were obtained, but the notes may be of some interest :— * The Mishmi Brown-toothed Shrew, Sorzculus baileyi, Thomas.—Journal, B.N.H.S., Vol. XXII, p. 683. A new species. * Sikkim Water Shrew, Nectogale sikhimensis, de Wint.—A dried skin containing the skull and most of the flesh was given me at Sanga Chéling by a man who saw I was interested in animals. This skin was said to have come from Karpo Valley (alt. about 12,000 feet). It was used asa kind of charm, which when rubbed lightly on swellings on horses was said to cure them, and for this reason was considered yaluable. * The Mishmi Chestnut Rat, Epimys brahma, Thomas.—Anzong Valley, Mishmi Hills, 6,000 feet, 3rd May 1913. A new species. Journal, B. N. H.S., Vol. XXIII, p. 231. * The Woolly Hare, Lepus oiostolus, Hodgs.—Chumdakyang, 15,000 feet. * The Greyish Woolly Hare, Lepus otostolus illuteus, Thomas.—Kangsar Tsangpo Valley, Tibet, 10,000 feet, 12th August 1913. A new subspecies. Journal, B. N. H.58., Vol. XXIII, p. 232. * Hodgson’s Mouse-hare, Ochotona curzonie, Hodgs. Nyima La, Tibet, 27th August 1913, 15,000 feet. Great Tibetan Sheep, Ovis hodgsoni, Blyth, were found in a few places. At Kye Kye in the Upper Char Valley we heard of them but did not see any. On the Nyala La, north-east of Ts6na we saw many, and Captain Morshead shot two and came on the carcass of one which had just been killed by wolves. On one hill near the Pass, herds of Kyang, Gazelle and Ovis hodgsont were grazing mixed up together. They were also said to be found on the Tulung La south-east of Tséna. > a rs 4 4 be JOURN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. A.—NeEw Gorat (Nemorhedus baileyi). B.—Youne Mate Taxin. “I (es) NOTES FROM SOUTHERN TIBET. Bharal, Pseudots nayaur + and Musk Deer Moschus sp? + were common everywhere at suitable altitudes. The former were particularly numerous in the hills north-east of Tséna. On one day’s march I counted nine herds of Bharal, one of Ovis hodgsont and three of Tibetan Gazelle. * The Mishmi Goral.—Nemorhedus baileyi, Pocock. A new goral which Mr. Pocock has described in Vol. XXIII, p. 32, of the Journal, was obtained in the Yigrong Valley. Goral of this colour were plentiful in the upper valleys of the Dibang. The skins, as well as that of the Serow, Takm, and bears, are used as coats by the inhabitants of Po Me. (Fig. A.) Serow, Capricornis sp ?+ of a dark roan colour are found in Po Me and in the Tsangpo Valley as far up as Shu (EH. Long. 95°-25’). They were plentiful in the uninhabited country below Gyala. The imperfect skin of a Barking Deer was brought from Tang Me in Po Me which has been identified by Mr. Pocock as Muntiacus lacrymans. The common Barking Deer is very plentiful in the Dirang Valley and in the portion of Bhutan through which we travelled. Tibetan Gazelle, Gazella picticaudata, Hodgs.+ were common at suitable places, but there are none on the hills on either bank of the Tsangpo in its lower reaches in Kongbo. We first found them near Lhagyari and they were common in the country to the south of that place. *Shou, Cervus affiinis, Hodgs.—A specimen with horns in velvet was shot at Chésam in the district of Tsari at about 15,00U feet elevation on the 12th September 1913. Mr. Pocock’s note on this specimen, which proved to be a young one, appeared in the “ Field” for 5rd October 1914. The measurements were :—Head and body, 6724”; tail, 3”; ear, 82”. Height at shoulder 46”. Others were seen south of the Tsari range on the marshy plain near Simoneri. In this part of Tibet this stag is very local in its range, and appears only to exist in the upper valleys in the holy district of Tsari : further down the valley at Migyitiin (9,630 feet) the forest was very thick and we were told that the Shou was never found there. They occasionally cross the ranges into the valleys to the west, but do not stay there perma- nently. I found a pair of shed horns which measured 54”. A stag was said to oceur in the forests on the hills above Pe in Kongbo Province and they are common at Gyamda, a town some distance north of our route which we did not visit. I saw horns in the villages of the Loro Karro Valley which were said to have come from the high bare country north of Tsona, but stags had not been seen in this part of the country for many years, and we could hear nothing of them in the Dungkar Valley in the west, the only ground in the vicinity which appears suitable. Takin, Budorcas tavicolor, Hodgs.—Inhabit the forest clad slopes, south of the Himalayan range, but do not cross to the north, though they penetrate some distance up the valleys of rivers which break through the range. There were horns in many villages in Pemakoé and the animal is common here, especially in some valleys which flow into the Chimdro Chu from the north. We saw some small herds in the forests on the bank of the Tsangpo below Gyala, but they do not come further up the valley than that place. They are found in the valley of the Po Tsangpo as far upstream as Trulung, but not above that place and not in the valley of the Yigrong. We heard of them in the lower end of the Tsari Valley and in the valleys flowing from the range south of the Tsari river. Daflas, who crossed the Himalayas into the Chayul Valley, said that they were common in their country, but that there were none north of the watershed. They appear to migrate with great regularity at certain seasons. One of their routes is in the Anzong Valley (the main northern branch of the Dibang) up which they travel towards the end of May as soon as the melting snow allows them to reach the grassy clearings at the edge of the forest. Another well marked line of migration 10 74. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. in the Dibang Valley is from the Andra Valley, north-west of the village of Mipi, across the hills to the Yongyap Valley which they cross and move to a hot spring somewhere in the valleys to the north-east. The natives say that at the end of May, the Yongyap Valley swarms with them, but they do not stay there long, and we ourselves passed through this valley before the arrival of these large ‘her ds. The Akas say they are plentiful i in their country where they are called « ‘Shugupan.” The people of Po Me and Kongbo call them “ Kyimyak ” or “ Tsimyak.” One which I shot (Fig. B) was eating the bark of trees as he een along, leaving a regular blazed. trail in places which was very easy to follow. In uninhabited country where they are seldom hunted they are very fearless of man until they get his wind, and natives say that they can sometimes walk boldly up to within a few yards of them. Kyang, quaus hemionust were seen on the Pu La (4th September) and the Nyala La (26th October). We saw no bears, but there are many on Po Me and the people are fond of wearing black bearskin coats. We saw stones turned over by bears on the glaciers which flow north from the great snow peak of Namcha Barwa, and they are found in valleys flowing into the Tsangpo at least as far upstream as Shu where the altitude of the river bed is about 10,000 feet. Here 1 saw in trees some branches bent together to form a kind of platform about three feet square on which they said the bears sat. These places were used every night and fresh droppings were on them and on the ground. I saw monkeyst in the Yongyap Valley at about 9,500 feet. They are also found in the Lower Tsangpo Valley, at least as far up as Dowoka where the river bed is 9,500 feet and the monkeys are said to be in the forests high up on the hills. The only ones I saw in the Tsangpo Valley were near Gyala, where I saw a large flock among dry rocks and scrub jungle on the steep hillside. I saw one of these in captivity which appeared to have rather longer hair than the ordinary Bengal monkey, Sema rhesus, especially round the face. I also saw a flock in the Tsari Valley. We saw wolves and foxes in many places ; the former were occasionally in small packs, eleven being the largest number seen together. Near the Hor La (31st Oct.) the shepherds burn a circle of sheep’s dung fires round their camps to scare these animals away. We saw Marmots, Marmot sp? + on several high passes. They had not hibernated by the beginning of October, but must have done so soon after. Tigerst are found as far up the Dibang Valley as two marches beyond Mipi where I saw fresh tracks and the bones of one which had been killed a year previously. Pig, Sus sp?t are very common in the Upper Dibang Valley where they do considerable damage, and we sometimes saw hillsides ploughed up by them. The Mishmis call them Amwon. Several snakes were seen in the Mishmi Hills and also in Pemaké. They are also said to be very plentiful in north-eastern Bhutan. Lizards were basking on the rocks and walls along the whole of our road up the Tsang Po Valley ; they were also numerous in the Yigrong Valley in Po Me. BIRDS. The following birds collected were identified by Mr. Stuart Baker :-— Himalayan Jay, Garrulus bispecularis—Chulikatta Mishmi name Jula. HKtalin Dibang Valley, 8,000 feet. 7-2-15. Yellow-billed Blue Magpie, Urocissa flavirostris—Chema Chembo Rong Valley, Po Me, 7,000 feet. 7-7-13. The Himalayan Nutcracker, Nucifraga hemispila. Tome Yigrong Valley, 7,500 feet. 5-7-15. SU or NOTES FROM SOUTHERN TIBET. The Large-Spotted Nutcracker, Nucifraga caryocatactes multipunctata,— Etalin Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills, 7,500 feet. 7-2-15. The Green-backed Tit,—Parus monticola—Dem Po Me, 8,000 feet. 29-6-13. La Yé Ting, Po Me, 8,000 feet. 8-7-13. Hodgson’s Fulvetta, Proparus vinipectus.—Tri Pe, 10,500 feet. 15-7-13. Nest hanging in a branch of bamboo ; nest of grass lined hair. Moss and lichen on the outside, 4 fresh eggs. Prince Henry’s Laughing Thrush, T’rochalopteron henricit.—Showa Po Me, 9,000 feet. 27-6-13. The only other specimen of this species is the type which is in the Paris Museum. The Western Yellow-winged Laughing Thrush, Tvrochalopteron nigrimen= tum.—Nyuk Tsang, Lower Tsangpo Valley, 9,000 feet. 19-77-15. Black-faced Laughing Thrush, Tvochalopteron affine.—Tsu Valley, a branch of the Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills, 7,500 feet. 15-35-15. White-throated Laughing Thrush, Gerrulax albigularis—Lower Yigrong Valley, 7,500 feet. 5-7-15. Great Tibetan Babbler, Baba. waddelli—Luti, Lower Tsangpo Valley, 10,000 feet. 10-8-13. ‘Austen’s Hill-Warbler, Suya khasiana.—Mipi, Dibang Valley, 4,800 feet. 11-5-18. Bailey’s Ixulus, Ivulus flavicollis baileyi—Tembang, Drang Valley, 7,000 feet. 10-10-13. A new sub-species described by Mr. Stuart Baker in the Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club, Vol. XXXV, p. 17. The locality is wrongly given with the description. : Dark-grey Bush-Chat, Oretcola ferrea.—Tsangrang in Pemako, 4,500 feet. 18-6- 18. Himalayan Black Bulbul, Hypsipites psaroides.— Tong Me in Po Me, 7,500 feet. 1-7-18. The Grey-backed Shrike, Lantus tephronotus——Tibetan name Tre Tre, Showa, Po Me, 9,000 feet. 27-6-13. Rufous-bellied Niltava, Niltava sundara—lLa Yé Ting, Rong Valley, Po Me. 7,500 feet. 8-7-15. Nest of moss lined with roots on tree trunk 4 feet from ground, three eggs hard set. Rufous-breasted Blue Flycatcher, Cyornis hyper thrus.—La Yo Ting, Rong Valley, Po Me, 7,500 feet. 8-7-13. Nest of moss hanging in a lump of moss on dead branch of a tree 4 feet from the ground, two fully fledged young birds. The Little Blue-and-White Flycatcher, Cyornis astigna.—Si Lungba, north of the Sii La in Po Me, 10,800 feet. 25-6-13. Nest of moss lined with fine moss and a little hair in a cleft in a tree 4 feet from the ground, four eggs hard set. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, Chelidorhyna hypovanthum.—St Lungba N of Sii La in Po Me, 10,800 feet. 25-6-13. _ Sooty Flycatcher, Hemichelidon sibirica.—Sii La, 11,000 feet 24-6-13. Daurain Redstart, Ruticilla aurorea.—Nest of grass with moss outside, lined with hair and feathers on the ground under a rock. ‘Three fresh eggs on 17-7-13 (only 2 on 16-7) Tri Pe, Lower Tsango Po Valley, 10,500 feet. 17-7-13. Blue eggs. Three eges not quite fresh at Timpa, 10,000 feet. 5-8-13. Brown eggs. Whit-collared Ouzel, Jurdus albicinctus.—Gacha, Tsangpo Valley, 10,000 feet. 14-8-13. Himalayan Greenfinch, Hypacanthis spinoides.—Dre Yigrong Valley, 7,500. 2-7-13. Eastern Meadow Bunting, Emberiza stracheyi—Gyadzong, Po Me, 7,500 feet. 2-7-1383 The White-capped Bunting, Emberiza stewarti—Tong Me in Po Me, 76 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. 7,900 feet. 1-7-13. Nest of grass lined with hair on the ground under a tuft of grass. 3 fresh eggs. These eggs were not identified with the bird, but Mr. Stuart Baker is of opinion that they are unmistakeable. Black-naped Green Woodpecker, Gecinus occipitalis—Showa, 9,000 feet. 27-6-13. The Black Woodpecker, Picus martius.—Tongkyuk,Po Me, 8,500 feet. 9-7-13. Common Indian Nightjar, Caprimulgus asiaticus.—Mipi, Dibang Valley, 4,800 feet. 15-5-15. Hutton’s Owlet, Athene bactriana.—Chumdakyang, 15,000 feet. 2-9-13. Rufous Turtle Dove, Streptopelia turtur orientalis.—Tibetan name “Didigugu.”” Showa, Po Me, 9,000 feet. 28-6-13. These doves along with Parrots and Choughs do some damage to the crops in Po Me and boys are kept in the fields to scare them away. Speckled Woodpigeon, Dendroteron hodgsoniitDem, Po Me, 8,000 feet. 29-6-13. Pe, 10,000 feet. 14-7-13. Numbers were seen in Po Me, and in the Lower Tsangpo Valley. Perches on trees in flocks of from 10 to 15. Sclater’s Monal, ZLohophorus sclatert.—Tibetan name (Po Ba dialect) “Dong” Chulikatta Mishmi name Pui-Di. Common in the Upper Dibang Valley, and on both sides of the Yongyap La. Cocks weighed 5 Ibs. in May. Is very noisy in the evenings. These birds when chased by a dog refused to fly until nearly caught when they would fly into a tree and remain there while the dog barked below. Our dog actually caught one. They were usually found in small flocks of two or three individuals. In Po Me Monal Pheasants are found, though no specimens were collected. It appears that both JZ. selatert and another similar bird with a crest of long feathers are found together. This is probably L. dhuysz, but possibly Z. refulgens and is called “Tse” by the Pobas. Monal Pheasants were also seen on the Se La and other places near Tawang, but no specimens collected. Temmink’s Tragopan, Tragopan temmincki—Tibetan name “ Bop”. Common in the Upper Dibang Valley and also in Po Me at suitable elevation. At the end of July several broods were seen in the Tsangpo Valley near Pemakéchung at altitudes between 7,500 and 9,500 feet. In the uninhabited region about here these birds were very tame and only moved a few yards off when disturbed. More than two or three were never seen together. Cocks weighed about 34 lbs. in May. We were told that there were tragopans in the Tsari Valley and some were seen on the Tse La near Tawang; a specimen obtained here by Captain Molesworth is described as Tragopan blythi moles- worth by Mr. Stuart Baker in Vol. XXXV of the Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club, p. 18. Kuser’s Blood Pheasant, Ithagenis kuserv.—Tibetan names: Poba dialect, “Siri”. Kong Bo dialect, “Seto”. Siri is also the name given to I. geoffroyt which is found on the eastern Tibetan border. /. cruentus in the Chumbi Valley is called “Semo”. Very common and confiding in the Upper Dibang Valley. Also common in Po Me. It lives at higher elevations than the Monal and Tragopan and was frequently seen on snow but, always in forest, and prefers dense undergrowth. Gathers together in flocks of ten to twenty. It does not fly readily. A nest was found in a depression on the ground under a bamboo at an altitude of 10,000 feet in the Upper Dibang Valley, at the end of April, which contained three fresh eggs of which Mr. Stuart Baker gives the following description:— “The eggs of I. kuseri are exactly like those of J. geoffroyt and are remark- ably like weakly coloured specimens of those of the grey hen. The ground colour is a rather warm reddish buff and the whole surface is densely covered with speckles and small blotches of rich blood red. Incne egg all these markings are very small with the exception of one large blotch near the smaller end. In the other egg there is a fairly well marked broad ring of NOTES FROM SOUTHERN TIBEY. ef =] rather large deeper coloured blotches than elsewhere round the centre of the egg. The texture is very hard, close grained and smooth, and there is a decided gloss. The eggs measure 46x 32°2 and 45x32 mm. They are very true oval in shape.” Some blood pheasants, probably of this species, were seen on the hills on the right bank of the Tsangpo below Pemakochung at about 11,000 feet. We were told that there were blood pheasants in the Tsari Valley. Blood pheasants were also seen on the Péshing Poshinla La in Monyul, probably J. tibetanus, described by Mr. Staurt Baker from a specimen obtained by Captain Molesworth (Bulletin of B. O. C., Vol. XXXV p- 18). The Mishmis trap the pheasants in their country and also the hill partridges (Arboricola) m the following way :—A light fence is made of twigs about 18 inches in height, usually along a contour of the hill in the forest. In this gates are kept open just wide enough to admit a bird, and in these openings a noose made of fine roots and fixed to a bent springy bamboo. The birds when feeding wander down to the fence and do not fly or hop over, but follow it until they reach one of the gates and the first bird to pass is usually caught. Harman’s Eared-pheasant, Crossoptilon narmani, Elwes.—Tibetan name, “ Cha-nga”. This bird occurs in Po Me, where I found feathers and scratch- ings, though I was never fortunate enough to come on the birds themselves. It is common in the Lower Tsangpo Valley in Tibet. The farthest point west at which we saw it was the east side, Putrang La, where there were numbers in the rhododendron scrub at about 15,500 feet. The lowest elevation at which we found this pheasant in the Tsangpo Valley was at about 9,300 feet at Gyala, but I saw traces of them in Po Me at about 8,500 feet. In the valley of the Tsangpo itself the highest point upstream at which we found these birds was the neighbourhood of Nang Dzong. They were plentiful in the valley ot the Char, which is a branch of the Subansiri, but none were found west of the Pu La which is the watershed between the Tsang Po and Subansiri in this region. There were many on the Takar La and the Le La. They were heard calling near Natrampa on the Lower Chayul Valley, but they do not appear to extend west of these places. They were said to be common at Tsariin winter, but we saw none. These birds move about in flocks of about 5 or 10, and frequent forest-covered hills, and at higher elevations dwarf rhododendron jungle, whers they feed on the grassy clearings among the bushes. They are very noisy in the early morning and less so in the evening. Their call is like that of C. tibetanum. When alarmed they usually fly into a tree; the flight is heavy and usually downhill. The beaters on seeing these birds would make a noise like the barking of dogs, on which the birds fly into a tree and are easily shot. They say that if they do not make this noise the birds fly a considerable distance. Broods of freshly hatched chicks were seen at Gyala, 10,000 feet on 18th July, while about the same time a speci- men of a larger chick was shot. A well-grown young one was shot on the Putrang La on 24th August. These birds are trapped by Tibetans in the Lower Tsangpo Valley. Adult specimens in the flesh measured, males 313, 332, 354 inches and females 34 and 342 inches. This bird was first obtained by the late Lieut. Harman, R.E., through one of the Tibetan explorers and described by Mr. Elwes in 1881 from a single imperfect skin ; he suspected that this skin had been obtained from the Lower Tsangpo Valley, but its exact habitat has not been known until now. Common Hill Partridge, Ardoricola torqueola.—Tibetan name, Sipung Lulu, Chulikatta Mishmi name, “‘Pao-Er’’: Nepaulese name “Peora’’. This bird was found in the Upper Dibang Valley at about 8,000 feet elevation. A juvenile specimen was obtained in Po Me at Trulung, 8,000 feet, on 6th July. Is always found in thick forest. 78 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. Red-breasted Hill Partridge, Arboricola mandelliiChulikatta Mishmi name “Pao-Hr’. A specimen was obtained in the Upper Dibang Valley, 2,000 feet, on 14th January 1912. The Tibetan Partridge, Perdix hodgsonie.—Tibetan names: Central Ti- betan, Rhakpa; Hastern Tibetan, Sakpa; in Kongbo Tibetan, “‘Che Tra”. Found in the crops in the Tsangpo Valley from Pe upwards. A good many broods of newly-hatched birds were seen in the beginning of August. They were also seen in the Chayul, Sémpu, and Upper Nyamjang Valley. They are found in flocks of from 10 to 15. Their flight is like that of an english partridge, but they are not so willing to rise ; they are not very wild. When scattered they call each other with a curious buzzing sound. I once heard this exactly imitated by the creaking lid of a lunch basket which we had out shooting. Tibetan Snow Cock, Tetraogallus tibetanus.—Tibetan name ‘“Kongmo” or “Lhapcha” Kongmo. Takar La, 16,000 feet. 21-9-13. Was also seen at suit- able heights all along the route traversed and was very numerous on the Druk La. This is a noisy bird and always calls when starting to fly. They invariably fly downhill and willrun up a hill out of gunshot for quite a distance when it is impossible to overtake them. They live above the level of trees and shrubs, and I have seen them on snow. I have seen as many as 30 in a flock. In addition to the specimens obtained a few other birds of interest were seen. In the Upper Dibang Valley there is a game bird called by Tibetans Shatama, but all efforts to secure a specimen were fruitless. This bird also is said to occur at Rinchenpung in Pemaké. In the Upper Dibang Valley another game bird which was never obtained is called Tong Yama by the Tibetans. Quail were seen in the Upper Dibang Valley and also below Rinchenpung. On the Sii La the pass south of Showa in Po Me some spe- cimens of a small game bird called “‘Lhading” in Tibetan were seen, but the only one shot was lost under a snow drift. At Gyala I saw a bird on the wing which appeared to be like a Kalij, but could not shoot it. Another game bird which I made great, but unsuccessful, efforts to obtain is called “ Kuling” in Tibetan. It is common on the Kongbo Nga and Putrang passes and also in the hills above Shu in the Tsangpo Valley. Cormorants were seen on the Yigrong Lake in Po Me and also on the river at Tsela, where we also saw Mergansers. In the winter duck and bar- headed geese are plentiful on the Yigrong Lake and also on the Tsangpo River. The ubiquitous Brahminy duck was seen at several places through- out the journey. Parrots were common in Po Me up to about 9,000 feet. There were also numbers in the Tsango Valley. We did not notice them higher upstream than the Kongbo Nga La where the altitude of the valley is about 10,600 feet, but they are occasionally seen a few miles farther up the valley. 79 BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY’S MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. Report Nos. 18 & 19. (With a Plate). By R. C. WrovuGuHton. COLLECTION ae =e ot Sones LocaLiry one ae i.) (Geylont DATE aa ie ses January -March 1914. COLLECTED BY... ote ... Major E. W. Mayor. HaRierR REPORTS .. No. 1, E. Khandesh, Vol. X XI, De SoZ Oa: No. 2, Berars, Vol. XXI, p. 820, 1912 NOS: Cutch, Vol. X XI, D. 826, 1912; No. 4, Nimar, Vol. oa Pp. 944, 1912; No. 5, Dharwar, Vol. XXI, p- 1170, 1912 ; No. 6, Kanara, Vol. Crate p. 29, ‘1913; Now iG Central Provinces, Vol. XXII, p. 45, 1918 ; No. 8, Bellary, Vol. XXII, p. 58, TONS Now 9; Mysore, ‘Vol. XXII, p. 288, 1913; No. 10, Khatiawar, Vol. XI, p. 464, 1913; No. 11, Coorg, Vol. XXII, p. 486, 1913, No. 12, Palanpur, Vol. XXII, p. 684, 19138; No. 13, South Ceylon, Vol. XXII, p. 700, 1913; No. 14, Shan States, Vol. XXII, p. 710, 1913; No. 15, Kumaon, Vol. XXIII, p 282, 1914; No. 16, Dry Zone, Central Burma, and Mt. Popa, Vol. XXIII, p. 460, 1915 ; No. 17, 8S. Tenasserim, Vol. XXIII, p. 695, 1915. This Report deals with the Collections representing the Fauna of Ceylon. A former Report, No. 13, by Miss Ryley, gave the results of a first collection from the Southern Province, but additional material since received has necessitated the seuarcgmmirnettion of that material and in some cases a substitution of other names for those accepted by Miss Ryley. In these circumstances I have thought it most convenient to make this Report deal with the whole Island. Where there is no change of name the specimens are listed in lump under the heading “8. Ceylon”. Where a species obtained in S. Ceylon is not represented in the new collection the species is entered but without a serial number. The following short account of the physiography of the Island is compiled from the Imperial Gazetteer of India. There is a central mountain zone (Central Province) from which outwards there extends a broad fringe of plain which varies in width from 30 to 80 miles in the southern parts of the Island, but occupies very nearly half of its area in the north. In the extreme North, however, about Jaffna, the flats are quite recent, owing partly to elevation above the sea and partly to the accumulation of detritus washed down by strong southern currents from the Coromandel Coast and piled on to the Coral Reefs round Point Pedro. The central mountains show groups of fantastic peaks and prominences, but, irregular as is their apparent configuration, there is a distinct tendency toa north-east to south-west strike about their main ridges. 80 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, . Vol. XXIV. Except for the clearings for plantations and agriculture the whole Island is jungle-covered. At the higher elevations, up to 6,000 feet, the clearings are for tea, while in the low-lying coastal fringe rice cultivation is responsible for most of the open spaces. The northern half of the Island is a vast expanse of primeeval forest, traversed by the great high road of the north with the branches to the ports of the eastern coast. : The following are Major Mayor’s notes on his collecting stations :— Urugalla, Central Province.—A small village, 21 miles east of Kandy. Elevation about 1,600 feet, but rising up to the Negat- enne Gap, at 3,000 feet. The country comprises a series of hills— some running up to 1,000 feet above Urugalla—all heavily culti- vated. Tea and Rubber Hstates up to Negatenne, and round Urugalla large tracts of terraced rice-fields, interspersed with jungle, whilst the tops of the hills are covered with forest. Heavy mists morning and evening make it very difficult to dry the skins. Here, as elsewhere, the natives apparently eat everything they can catch; with the exception of one old Singhalese villager, they brought in no specimens, and I am certain visited my traps when located. It being just after the N.-E. Monsoon the villagers, according to the headmen, were helpless with malaria. I distributed about 500 (10-gr.) packets of quinine round this District. Kandy and Peradeniya.—The former 1,654: feet, the latter 1,540 feet, above sea-level. The Director of Agriculture kindly gave me the use of an empty bungalow in the Royal Botanical Gardens. This I made my centre, trapping in the Gardens, and in the Experimental Gardens and the jungle on the other side of the Mhawala Ganja; also in the Jiady Horton Reserve Forest on the hills above Kandy in which the Government Agent of Kandy kindly gave me permission to shoot. Loris and Flying Squirrels were reported to be in this part, but I saw neither, and could not get any specimens brought in by natives. The Gardens abound in Squirrels, mostly F. palmarum, and thousands of Flying Foxes, which are protected by the Garden authorities, as I presume they interest the crowds of Tourists who visit the beautiful Royal Botanical Gardens. Pattipola, Central Province.—A village 3 mile from Summit Level of the Railway (6,226 feet) between Kandy and Bandara- ‘wella. Very hilly, the lower slopes and valleys covered with coarse grass, interspersed with Rhododendron trees and bushes. The upper slopes, and tops of all the hills, are covered with a dense jungle of wind torn and twisted trees, smothered in moss. and streaming bunches of lichen. The undergrowth is very thick, and mixed with bamboos running up to 8 feet or more in height. MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 81 Unfortunately the “nillu”* was not in bloom. I was told it blooms once in every 7 or 10 years. When this occurs and the seeds drop all the small Rodents and Jungle Fowl come in thousands to feed on them, followed by the larger mammals. The rats, &c., literally kill themselves by overeating. I was told that one Nillu Season the rats died in such numbers on the banks of the lake at Newera Eliya—presumably the seed makes them very thirsty—-that the Town was obliged to have them collected and buried by coolies. Very bad driving mists occur here and slight frosts in the early mornings. The noticeable thing in the up- country jungle, as compared with that in the low country, is the absolute stillness and silence and apparent lack of animai and bird life. Sambhar, locally known as “Elk,” are very plentiful, and Hlephants cross over Summit Level. I did not see one Bat whilst here—natives reported Bats in the Summit Level Tunnel, but on investigation I found them to be Swallows. These build the edible nests, and I was told the Chinese Emperor yearly sent men over to collect them. Ambawela, Uva Province.—A group of Tea Estates about 5 miles east of the Bandarawella Railway Line. LHlevation about 5,000 feet, with hills running 600 to 1,000 feet higher. The hill tops, generally covered with jungle, where not under tea. Lower slopes covered with coarse grass 3 or 4 feet long. Beyond here towards Hakgalla, one of the high peaks of Ceylon, the country is open and hilly Patnast jungles, on the tops and on the banks of the various “ Hilas.” There is practically no population, except the coolies on the various T'ea Hstates. Kala Oya—On the Anuradhapura and Putlam Road, on the Kala Oya River, dividing the North-Central and North-West Provinces. Elevation about 140 feet. Country flat and covered with a thick thorny and cactus treed jungle, about 20 feet high, the only good trees along the River banks. North of this and in both Provinces is a large Game Sanctuary, the Forest Guards of which said they had never seen Flying Squirrels and rarely the MW. vitticollis. The Leopard is common about here. The Wet Season is in the N. HE. Monsoon. Mannar, Northern Province.—Is nearly at the end of the Railway line under construction from Madawachchi on the Jaffna and Anura- *“Nillu” Strobilanthes sp., an allied form is common on the Western Ghats of Bombay. Herds of Cattle are taken long distances to areas where the ‘ Karvi’ has seeded, and become very fat. 7 Patnas Jungle—H. H. W. Pearson has a most interesting paper on the nature and origin of these Jungles (‘‘ Botany of the Ceylon Patanas.” Journ. Linn. Soc. Xxxiv., p- 300, 1898-1900). He says ‘‘The tree vegetation of the Uva patanas is represented by comparatively few individuals, belonging to two species, viz. :— Phyllanthus emblica (up to 3,000’) and Careya arborea (3,000/—4,500')”’- 1) 82 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. dhapura Line to Talli-Mannar, the new Port for the coolies from 8. India. A small Town practically on the 8. W. end of an Island 18 by 3 miles. The country is flat, 12 inches above sea level, and covered with a low scrub, practically dried up in the Spring and Summer. It seemed impossible to get anything but a few musk-rats and squirrels. There were many bats in the buildings of the old Dutch Fort, but one could not get at them as the ceilings were boarded or canvassed over and the bats got between this and the tiled or Cadjan roof, they flew in and out at dusk. The fishermen here get several dugong during the year, in their nets, the flesh is eaten, as are Flying Foxes which are considered to be a dainty dish. Oheddikulam, Northern Province.—A very small village, with one small boutique, 37 miles inland along the Railway Line from Mannar. The country is flat, with a thick, thorny jungle, inter- spersed with trees running up to 50 feet high. There is a big Tank near the Village with some good timber trees, this is a favourite haunt for Macaques, but they are very shy. There are large troops of Langurs but they are even more shy than at Man- keni, owing to the excessive shooting and poaching that goes on all round. The Tamils shoot and eat anything. On my arrival a Tamil brought up three live Gerbils, he refused 25 cents and took them away to eat. The Jungle is as hard to move about in as else- where in Ceylon. The natives here all keep dogs for hunting. I saw 5 men who had between them 17 dogs on leads. This of course makes the game, &c., very scarce. Mankeni, Kastern Province.—A Forest Bungalow on the Batti- caloa and Trincomalee Road, 28 miles from the former, and about 150 yards from the Seashore. The surrounding jungle, which comes up close to the Bungalow, is very thick evergreen in which it is im- possible to move about, or see anything, except along a very few native cart-tracks and jungle paths. Though there was plenty of animal sport about, animals, except Jackals, are rarely seen. The place abounds with Langurs and Macaques, but they will allow no one to approach within 100 yards of them. We noticed here Monkeys sleeping at noon, they were lying on their backs along the boughs, with their arms and legs hanging down on each side. Trincomalee, Hastern Province.—There is no jungle nearer than 2 miles. There are Bats in Fort Augustus, but the arrival of the N. E. Monsoon made collecting impossible. Major Mayor desires to record his obligation to the Director of Agriculture, who gave him the use of an empty bungalow in the Royal Botanic Gardens as head-quarters; to the Government Agent of Kandy who allowed him to shoot in the Lady Horton Reserve, on the hills above Kandy; to the Assistant Government Agent, Mannar, Mr. Harrison Jones, for hospitality and help; and to Messrs. MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 83 H. M. Diummond Hay and Wallis Wilson who gave him all assistance and much valuable information, and also hunted the surrounding country for him with their pack of Klk Hounds. The present collection comprises 941 specimens belonging to 59 Species in 39 Genera. Quite a number of these species are known as peculiar to Ceylon, e. g., Pithecus pileatus, Loris tardigradus, Pachyura montana and P. kandiana, Paradoxwrus awreus, Mungos flavidens, Ratufa macroura, Gunomys gracilis, Axis ceylonensis, Sus zeylonensis, &c. Ithas been a great desideratum to obtain modern, well made, and measured specimens of these as a basis for comparison in dealing with the 8. Indian Fauna. With three groups, viz., Ratufa macroura, Funambulus palmarum and Hpunys “rattus,’ it has been possible, with some confidence, either to apply existing names, or where such were not available to give new ones to divergent forms. But the most unexpected result of the Survey has been the dis- covery of a new Murine Genus, linking ina way the Genera Mus and Hpunys, represented by two quite distinct species. If we have any members in Ceylon who desire to help, I would call their attention specially to the South-Western extension of the Central Mountain Cluster. Several most interesting specimens, including Celomys bicolor, were taken at Udugama and Kattawa. Some years ago, in dealing with the Genus Tatera, I founded a species on a specimen in the National Collection. I have been unable to match it among all the specimens in this Collection, which are cuviert and have very long feet and tails, while ceylonica, Wroughton, is characterised by the exact reverse. (1) PirHEcus pILEatus, Shaw. The Toque Monkey. (Synonymy in No. 13.) 32, Maha Oya; 36, 91, Mankeni; 2, in al. 1, Cheddikulam ; © 1 (skeleton only) in al. 1, Panadura ; in al. 1, Kesbawa ; 31, in al. 2, Raygam; ¢1, Tammannewa; 1, Kala Oya, S. Ceylon, dl, 94. (2) Prespytis trsinus, Blyth. ‘The Bear Monkey. 1852. Presbytis ursinus, Blyth, J.A.S.B., XX, pp. 155, 182. 1888. Semmopithecus ursinus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 19. 3 2, Pattipola; 91, in al. 1, Hakgall. “These do not appear to be very numerous in the hilly country. They are very shy and extremely difficult to approach. Ifcome upon suddenly, at close quarters, however, they keep perfectly still and then their dark bodies and white whiskers blend absolutely with the twisted boughs covered with moss and lichens. I only saw one which was conspicuously black, but was informed that at lower elevations, between 1,500 and 3,000 feet they are smaller and blacker.”—E.W.M. 84. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV, PRESBYTIS CEPHALOPTERUS, Temi. ; The Purple-faced Monkey. S. Ceylon, 22. (3) PRESBYTIS PRIAMUS, Blyth. The Madras Langur. (Synonymy in No. 18.) 1, Asugam Bay ; ¢2, 912, Mankeni; 3, Valaichenai; 36, 23, in al. 1, Cheddikulam ; 92, in al. 1, Kala Oya; <2, g1, Tammannewa; 91, (Juv.), Ambawela; 1, Bambarra bottuwa; 8S. Ceylon, J3, 93. (4) Loris TaRDiIcRaDvuS, L. The Slender Loris. 1766. Lemur tardigradus, Linneeus, Syst. Nat., p. 44. 1796, Loris gracilis, Geoffroy, Mag. Encyc. An 4e, p. 48. 1888. Loris gracillis, Blanford, Mammalia No. 27. 61, Mannar; ¢1(juv.) 91, Anuradhapura ; ¢1, Willichia; 21, Tammannewa. (See also Report No. 11.) These are topo types of Linnzeus’ species, and will be useful in dealing with the mainland forms, when occasion serves. ‘“‘ Rarely seen and hard to obtain. They are reported round Kandy, but I never heard of them at any higher altitude. They were also reported in lower Uva, and a Planter told me that two had been obtained in his Cocoa- nut Estate in Lower Eastern Province. I only obtained them at Anuradha- pura and round Kala Oya, on the borders of the N. C. and N. W. Pro- vinces.”—E.W.M. (5) PrEROPUS GIGANTEUS, Bruenn. The Common Flying Fox. (Synonymy in No. 2.) @1, Valaichenai; ¢4, 91. Cheddikulam; ¢1, Peradeniya. (See also Reports 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 and 15.) “ Blying Foxes are plentiful in certain parts but most at Peradenia Gardens, Kandy. There they swarm in thousands, absolutely covering the trees they are feeding on and making an astonishing noise with their wings, as, when frightened, they rise in black clouds in the air. They have locally an edible value and sell for as much as 35 cents each.” —H.W.M. (6) RovsEerrus seminupvus, Kel. The Ceylon Fruit Bat. 1850. Pteropus seminudus, Kelaart, J.A.S. Geyl., I, p. 329. 1891. Xantharpyia amplexicaudata, Blanford, Mammalia No. 137 (partim) o1, 91, Urugala; $2, 924, in al. 4, Kandy, S. Ceylon, d1. (7) CyNoprEeRuUs spHINX, Vahl. The Southern Short-nosed Fruit Bat. (Synonymy in No. 6.) 63, 218, in al. 4, Urugala; in al. 2, Ambawela; 94, Noitchi- gama; d1, 95,inal. 3, Tammannewa; 1, Kala Oya ; 29, in al. 5, Anuradhapura; 8. Ceylon, d1. (See also Reports Nos, 9, 11, 18, 14 and 15.) MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 85 (8) RuinoLtopHus RovuxI, Temm., The Rufous Horseshoe Bat. (Synonymy in No. 5.) 31, 21, inal. 1, Maha Oya. South Ceylon, G1, in al. 8. (See also Reports Nos. 6, 9, 13 and 15.) (9) RurNoLopHus BEDDOMEI, K, And. The Great Indian Horseshoe Bat. (Synonymy in No. 6.) O1, in al. 3, Kala Oya. (See also Report No. 11.) (10) HrprosipERos BRAcHYorus, Dobs. The Dekhan Leaf-nosed Bat. (Synonymy in No. 6.) 338, 21, inal. 3, Kala Oya. (See also Report No. 12.) (11) HuipposIprRos DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes. Sykes Leaf-nosed Bat. (Synonymy in No. 5.) 31, 91, in al. 2, Samarakella; $2, Valaichenai; 4, 91, in al. 11, Mannar; dé, in al. 9, Tammannewa; 91, in al. I, Kala Oya; 62,914, 1, inal. 9, Trincomalee; ¢2, 91, in al. 15, Anuradhapura; S. Ceylon, 3 20, 221, in al. 5, (See also Reports Nos. 6, 8, 9, 11 and 13.) (12) HipprostprRos FuLVuS, Gray. The Bicoloured Leaf-nosed Bat. (Synonymy in No. 3.) 33, 25,in al. 7, Valaichenai; 25, 91, inal. 5, Trincomalee ; 6 4,in al.1, Anuradhapura. S. Ceylon 91. (See also reports Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16 and 17.) (18) MucapERMA sPAsMA TRIFOLIUM, Goeff. The Malay Vampire Bat. (Synonymy in No, 5.) 32, 93, Mankeni; $1, Panichikankeni; inal. 2; Samarakella; in al. 1, Trincomalee; 8. Ceylon g1, 22. (See also Reports Nos. 6, 11, 16 and 17.) By an oversight the S. Ceylon specimens were published as Lyroderma dyra. PIPISTRELLUS COROMANDRA, Gray. The Coromandel Pipistrel. (Synonymy in No. 5.) 8. Ceylon, 1, 21. (See also Reports Nos. 9, 11, 13, 14 and 15.) 86 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. (14) PipistRELLUS MimMuUs, Wrought. The Southern Dwarf Pupistrel. (Synonymy in No 1.) 91 (juv.) inal, 1, Kandy; 8. Ceylon $4, 95,imal. 5. (See also Reports Nos. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15 and 16.) (15) ScoroPHILUs WROUGHTONI, Thos. Wroughton’s Bat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) d1, 21, Anuradhapura. (See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16 and 17.) (16) HesPERoPreNUs TICKELLI, Blyth. Tickell’s Bat. (Synonymy in No. 5.) 62, 22, Anuradhapura. (See also Report No. 6.) MINIOPTERUS SCHREIBERSI, Kuhl. The Long-winged Bat. (Synonymy in No. 13.) S. Ceylon $2,in al. 8. (17) Levuconce HASSELTI, Temm. Van Hasselt’s Bat. 1840. Vespertilio hasseltt, Temminck. Mon. Mamm. II, p.£225, 1891. Vespertilio hasseltt, Blanford, Mammalia No. 203. Ol, Valaichenai; 32, 92, Kokoputchi; 21, Anuradhapura. (18) TapHozous crassus, Blyth. The Pouch-bearing Sheath-taried Bat. (Synonymy in No. 6.) 62, Gangodawila. (19) PacHyuRa sp. Shrews. 66,22,in al. 1, Mannar; 21, Colombo: ¢6, 29,inal, 2, Kandy. (See also Reports Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 1], 12, 13, 15, 16 and 17.) ‘(20) PacHyura KANDIANA, Kel. The Kandy Shrew. 1852, Sorex kandianus, Kelaart, Prodr., p. 30. 1888. Crocidura murina, Blanford, Mammalia No. 117 (partim). 02, Kandy. S. Ceylon 91. Among the musk shrews from Kandy are two specimens of a very dark colour which answer closely to Kelaart’s description of kandianus, and I MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 87 have therefore so listed them here. It is doubtful how far colour is a charac- ter of specific value in these animals. There are several more specimens in the series which much resemble these two,but are coloured differently, pro- visionally I have included these under the head “ Pachyura sp.” above. A third specimen was taken at Wellawaya and listed by Miss Ryley under Pachyura sp. (21) Pacnyura Montana, Blyth. The Ceylon Highland Shrew. 1851. Sorev montauss, Blyth, J.A.S.B. XX, p. 163. 1888. Crocidura murina, Blanford, Mammalia No. 117 (partim). $2, Pattipola; $2, 1 in al. 1, Ambawela; S. Ceylon 921. Kelaart sent two specimens to Blyth under the MS. name montanus. Blyth, by publishing the name with a short description, no doubt unwit- tingly, forestalled Kelaart’s publication of the name in the following year in his Prodromus. These specimens I think undoubtedly represent this species with both descriptions of which they entirely agree. A specimen was also taken at Udugama and listed in Report 13 under the general head Pachyura sp. (22) Frenis parpus, L. The Panther. (Synonymy in No. 5.) g1, Ambawela; 91, Kala Oya. S. Ceylon 21. (See also Reports Nos. 6, 9, 11, 13, 14 and 16.) (23) FELIS VIVERRINA, Benn. The Fishing Cat. 1838. Felis viverrina, Bennett. P.Z.8., p. 68. 1836. Felis virerriceps, Hodgson, J.A.8.B., V., p. 233. 1837, Felis himalayanus, Jardine, Nat. Lib., p. 230. 1888, Felis viverrina, Blanford, Mammalia No. 35, d1, Maha Oya. Some years ago, in dealing with the African Bush Cats, I came to the con- clusion that the specific name serval, usually applied to them, belonged to the present species (A.M.N.H., p. 205, 1910). Ihave now been into the whole question again and Mr. Thomas has convinced me that it is better to leave things as they were originally. The name Felis serval was given on a plate published by Schreber in 1776, which was practically a reproduction of one published in 1765 by Buffon. Whatever Buffon described, and per- sonally I am confident that it was our Indian Fishing Cat, the specific name must go to the animal represented by Schreber’s plate. In that picture the large ears, set close together on the head, and the markedly rmged tail are certainly not characters of viverrina, and so there is ample excuse for leaving the name _ serval with the Cape Cat for which it has been used for so many years. (24) FeEnis AFFINIS, Gray. The Jungle Cat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 6 1, Cheddikulam. (See also Reports Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 15 and 16.) 88 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. (25) FELis nuBIGINoSsA, Geoffr, The Rusty-Spotted Cat. (Synonymy in No. 5.) 3d 1, Ambawela; 2 1, Hakgalla, S. Ceylon ¢ 2. (See also Report No. 13.) Fetis (domestic). 1 melano, Yatiyantota; ¢ 1, Ambawela. The Yatiyantota specimen is merely an melano of the common domestic cat, and not of affinis, as supposed by the donor. (26) VIvVERRICULA MALACCENSIS, Gmel. The Small Indian Civet. (Synonymy in No. 3.) 3 4,inal. 1, Maha Oya; ¢ 2, Mankeni; ¢ 2, Cheddikulam; 3 1. Pattipola; ¢ 2, Tammannewa; S. Ceylon ¢ 3. (See also Reports Nos. 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15 and 16.) (27) PARADOXURUS NIGER, Desm. The Indian Toddy Cat. (Synonymy in No. 5.) g 1, Tammannewa; 8. Ceylon ¢ 2, 2 1. (See also Reports Nos, 7, 8, 11, 15 and 15.) (28) Parapoxurus aureus, F. Cuv. The Ceylonese Palm Civet. 1822. Paradoxurus aureus, F. Cuvier, Mem., Mus., Hist:, Nat., UX., p. 48. 1852. Paradoxurus zeylanicus, Kelaart, Prod., p. 39. 1888. Paradorurus aureus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 53. Q}l, Maha Oya. (29) Muneos ranxa, Wrought. The Common Ceylon Mungoose. 1808. Herpestes mungo, Blanford, Mammalia No. 60 (partim). 1915, Mungos lanka, Wroughton, Journ. B. N. H, 8. XXIV., p. 53, 3 1, Mannar; ¢ 1, Kala Oya; 2 2, Tammannewa. (See also Reports Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 15.) This is no doubt the Ceylon representative of Mungos mungo, but in sorting out the races of that species recently (l.c.) it became evident that the Ceylon form required a new name. “TJ did not get any of these until I got to the N. and N. W. Provinces. M. smithi and M. flavidens being most common. In my experience the M. vitticollis is very scarce or extremely wary and shy. From evidence of white and native residents itis rarely seen. The latter say that when it goes out it is always protected by the other mongoose who warn it of any danger.” —E.W.M. MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 89 (80) Muneos smirut, Gray. The Ruddy Mongoose. (Synonymy in No. 7.) OOS YOOle Mibyaleerriee edad Giaa Gi MOM ile Ogle Se Ceylon ¢ 3, 2 4. (See also Reports Nos. 12 and 13.) (31) Muneos FLAvVIDENS, Kel. The Ceylon Brown Mongoose. (Synonymy in No. 13.) 1, Yatiyantota; ¢ 2, Pattipola. S. Ceylon ¢ 1, 2 2. (32) CANIS INDICUS. The Common Indian Jackal. (Synonymy in No. 3.) ¢ 1, Asugam Bay; ¢ 4, 2 1, Mankeni. (See also Reports except Nos. 2, 8, 15 and 17.) “ Jackals are common everywhere, but I obtained and saw most in the Eastern Province.”—EH.W.M. . (38) Lurra turra, L. The Common Otter. (Synonymy in No. 11.) Q1, Newera Hliya. (See also Report No. 15.) “They appear to be in most of the rivers, also in the Lake at Kandy. Most plentiful I should say in the trout streams, round Newera Eliya, where the river Keepers shoot several every year.” —E.W.M. (384) Metursus ursrnus, Shaw. The Sloth Bear. (Synonymy in No. 11.) g1, Delagowella; S. Ceylon, 31. PETAURISTA LANKA, Wrought. The Large Grey Flying Squirrel. (Synonymy in No. 13.) 8. Ceylon d1, 921. Prrromys (PETINOMYS) LAYARDI, Kel. The Small Ceylon Flying Squirrel. 1850. Scturopterus layardi, Kelaart, J. A. 8. Ceyl. Vol. II, p. 328. 1890. Scruropterus fuscocapillus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 237 (partim). S. Ceylon, 21. This is the animal listed in Report No. 13 as Sciuropterus fuscocapillus, Bl. ‘Since then Miller has shown that the name Pteromys must replace Sciurop- terus. The type of layardi Kelaart is in the National Collection and though in bad condition is sufficient to establish that this specimen is layard:. The type of fuscocapillus + apparently lost, and the only thing 1 have to repre- J2 90 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV, sent it is a mutilated flat skin collected by Mr. Bourdillon in Travancore. Kelaart in his description of layardi says “ beneath gray,” while Blyth writes of fuscocapillus “ Under parts rufous white extending to the cheeks and under lip, the lateral fur margining the membrane rufo fulvous.” There is sufficient of Mr. Bourdillon’s specimen to show that the fur of the cheeks and of the line joining side and membrane (and indeed all fur on lower side of membrane) is buffy, growing paler near the base, whereas in dayardi and in the present specimen the hairs of the underside are dark slate grey with pale pots. The fringe on outer edge of membrane would seem to be much more developed in layardi than in fuscocapillus. (35) Ratura Macroura, Penn. Pennant’s Long-tailed Squirrel. 1769. Sciurus macrourus, Pennant, Ind. Zool., L., pl. 1. 1777. Scturus ceylonicus, Erxleben, Syst. R. A. Mamm, p. 416. 1785. Sciurus ceilonensis, Boddaert, Elench. Anim., L, p. 117. 1849. Sciurus tennanti, Blyth., J. A. 8. B., XVIII., p. 600. 1852. Scetwrus montanus, Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeyl, p. 50. 1891. Scturus macrurus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 241. 33, 21, Pattipola (Alt. 6210). Some years ago I published an account (Journ. B. N. H.S., Vol. XIX, p. 880, 1913) of these Ceylon Giant Squirrels. These four specimens show that. I was completely misled by the poor material available for examination. What I then identified as true macroura now proves to be without a name and in a joint paper (p. 36, ante). Mr. Thomas and myself have given it. the subspecific name melanochra. The two specimens from Kattowa listed by Miss Ryley (Report No. 13) as R. macroura must bear the name A. macroura melanochra. They are distinguishable at a glance from true macroura by the absence of the white tips to the hairs of the tail ; in melan- ochra the tail is entirely black. “ All the Giant Squirrels are commonly known as “ Rock Squirrel” pro- bably derived from the word “ Ruk” which in Sinhalese means “ tree.’ They are very agile and among the gnarled and twisted trees of the hill jungles are very hard to obtain. Their flesh is much appreciated by both Sinhalese and Tamils.”—E.W.M. (386) Rarura MACROURA DANDOLENA, Thos. & Wr. The Common Ceylon Giant Squirrel. 1891. Sciurus macrurus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 241. 1915. Ratufa macroura dandolena, Thomas and Wroughton, Journ. B. N. ES: Viol. XOxhYsp.i3G. 36, 27, Maha Oya; $1, Arugam Bay; ¢5, 910, Mankeni;. @1, Valaichenai; @1, Cheddikulam; 62, 22, Kala Oya; 6 2,22, Tammannewa; £1, Anuradhapura ; 8. Ceylon § 3, 94. In Report No. 13, Miss Ryley, following my paper of 1910, listed this. form as Rk. macroura tennenti, but as explained by Mr. Thomas and myself earlier in this Volume (p. 36), the name tennenti must fallas a synonym of macroura, and the S. Ceylon specimens as well as the present series must take the name at the head of this note. RatUFA MACROURA MELANOCHRA, Thos, & Wr. The Black and Yellow Giant Squirrel. 1915, Ratufa macroura melanochra, Thomas & Wroughton. Journ. B. N.. LS, VOL XOXVE py oo: S. Ceylon 22. MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 91 (87) FUNAMBULUS LAYARDI. Layard’s Striped Squirrel. 1849, Scrwrus layardi, Blyth, J.A.S.B., XVIIL., p. 602. 1891, Sczurus layardi, Blanford, Mammalia No. 255. 31, 21, Ratnapura. “These are the rarest of the small squirrels, and the hardest to obtain, as they frequent the tops of tall trees and their colouring protects them. The Taxidermist of the Colombo Museum, who obtained these specimens, told me they were the first for nearly 30 years.”—EH.W.M. (38) FUNAMBULUS KATHLEEN, Thos, & Wr. The Ceylon Dusky-striped Squirrel. 1891. Scrurus sublineatus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 256. 1914. Funambulus trilineatus, Ryley (nec Blyth) Journ. B.N.HLS., Vol. XXII, p. 708. 1915. Funambulus kathleenw, Thomas & Wroughton, Journ. B.N.H.S., Vol, XXIV, p. 38. 93, 22, Pattipola; 21, im al. 1 Ambawela; $1, Bambara- bottuwa. S. Ceylon g1, 8. Ceylon ¢1. The 8S. Ceylon specimen from Kottawa was listed by Miss Ryley in Report. No. 13 under the name trlineatus. That name however is technically preoccupied and the name kathleene is now substituted (mde p. 38, ante). “ Not so common as | expected in the hill jungles and very hard to see. They do not make an incessant noise like palmarum, and are consequently difficult to locate.” —E.W.M. (39) FUNAMBULUS PALMARUM BRODIEI, Blyth. The Northern Ceylon Palm Squirrel. 1849, Scrurus brodiet, Blyth, J.A.S.B., XVIII, p. 602. 1891. Scturus palmarum, Blanford, Mammalia No. 253 (partim). 362 Mannar; 310, 911, Cheddikulam. (40) FUNAMBULUS PALMARUM oLYyMPIus, Thos. & Wr. The Hiyhland Ceylon Palm Squirrel. 1891, Sciurus palmarum, Blanford, Mammalia No. 253 (partim). 1915. Funambulus palmarum olympius, Thomas & Wroughton, Journ. B.N.H.S., Vol. XXIV, p. 41. 313, &8 Urugalla; $2, 92, Kandy; d1, 92, Peradeniya; 52, 91, inal. 1, Ambawela. (41) FUNAMBULUS PALMARUM KELAARTI, Lay. The Lowland Ceylon Palm Squirrel. 1850, Scverus kelaarti, Layard, J.A.S.B., XX, p. 166. 1891. Sciurus palmarum, Blanford, Mammalia No. 253 (partim). 35, 21, Patticola; $7, 295, Mankeni; 91, Welimada; 35, 98, in al.l, Kala Oya; 32, 93,in al.l, Tammannewa; $2, 23, Putlam ; 34, 91, Anuradhapura; ¢2, Trincomalee. 8. Ceylon Glia? 9. FUNAMBULUS PALMARUM FAvonicus, Thos. & Wr. The Submontane Ceylon Palm Squirrel. 1891. Seiurus palmarum, Blanford, Mammalia No. 253 (partim). 92 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. 1915. Serurus palmarum favonicus, Thomas & Wroughton, Journ. B. N. H.S., Vol. XXIV, p. 39, S. Ceylon 59, 919. These specimens obtained at Kottawa, Udugama and Ranna in the north of the 8. Province were provisionally listed as palmarum by Miss Ryley in Report 13. On receipt of Major Mayor’s further collections it became evident that these represented a distinct geographical race inhabiting the outliers of the main central mountain mass. (42) TarERA CUVIERI, Waterh. The South Indian Gerbil, 1838. Gerbillus cuviert, Waterhouse, P.Z.S., p. 56. 1891. Gerbillus indicus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 264 (partim). $7, 27, Maha Oya; 34, 97, Mankeni; 22, Colombo; 31, Kala Oya; 8. Ceylon, 16, 926, in al. 1. Jt will be noted that all these specimens, including those from 8. Ceylon, are from the low coast country. Miss Ryley overlooked the name cwuviert or perhaps did not care to use it until material from 8. India was available. These specimens have tails nearly two inches longer than typical indica and that is the most marked character of cuviert. Whether as Blanford states, intermediates exists is as yet doubtful, but should they be found we may have to treat cuvier? as a mere geographical race, but for the present it is more convenient to treat it as a separate species. The type of cuvierz was from Arcot. In dealing with the Genus Tatera some years ago (A.M.N.H., XVII, p. 474, 1906), I established a new species ceylonica on a specimen presented to the British Museum by Kelaart, characterised by its shorter hind feet and markedly shorter tail. Presumably this is the highland form, of which there is no representative in the present collection. ; (43) Mus mane, Kel. The Ceylon House Mouse, 1851. Mus manei, Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeyl., p. 64. 1891. Mus musculus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 282 (partim). d1, 21, Maha Oya; 25in al. 3, Kandy; ¢7, 218, in al. 4, Cheddikulam: 91 Colombo; $11, 99, in al. 2 Urugalla; in al 2 Peradeniya; G2, 91,inal. 1 Ambawela; 92, in al. 1, Tammannewa; G2 Anuradapura; <3, 21, Trincomalee ; ¢2, 91, in al. 1, Nugagalla Estate. South Ceylon $8, 95 inal. 5. As explained in Report No. 3 Gray gave the name without a description to one of Elhot’s specimens and it was only in 1852 that Kelaart gave the description from a Ceylon specimen. These specimens are therefore topo- types of M. manei. (44) Mus soopuea, Gray. The Southern Field Mouse. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 33, 25, inal. 6, Maha Oya; 37, 919, in al. 8 Mankeni; in all Mannar; 62, Valaichenai; 93, 22, in al 3 Ched- dikulam; 7, 94, Urugalla; in al. 4, Kala Oya; S. Ceylon $6, 910, in al. 7. ( See all Reports except Nos. 3, 14, 17.) These do not seem to differ from the adjoining mainland form. JOURN. BompBay Nat. Hist. Soc. ; JETRO TD, ASM, Bompay Nat. Hist. Society. MamMAr Survey ae ApL.J3SEx 2 BM. No. Coekornyp > Loe, Ker taws - SP Siaies E. W, MavoTo. ALT, viele Cey Le one Rone POR TO ees el a ae Hist ae Minune Su ere : / ant ATE PL, {3 SEX BM. No. Coehamup ae Pod TOW : S.P Major E. W. Mavonke, © Aur. & ie 3 ce SO Dates . Set ¢P Major E. W, Mayon. < LT. are Ay. HIST. Society. Mamma Survey Be ch, 448ex O B.M. No, t- 12.1. Ls Calomys mayort, Thos., and bicolor, Thos., from Ceylon. + MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 98 (45) Catomys Mayori, Thos, Mayor's Rat. 1915. Cealomys mayort, Thomas, Journ. B.N.H.S., Vol. XXIII, p. 416. 36, 910, in al. 2, Pattipola. A medium sized rat, bearing a strong outward resemblance to Millardia. Brown with a faint ochraceous grizzling ; grey below. Head and body about 4 inches, tail 33 inches. Ca@Lomys BicoLor, Thos. The Bicoloured Ceelomys. 1915. Celomys bicolor, Thomas, Journ. B.N.H.5., Vol. XXIV, p. 49. 8S. Ceylon 21. This animal was listed in Report 13 as Leggada hannyngtoni, an animal which it very closely resembles exteriorly. When the skull was cleaned, Thomas decided that it was a second species of Celomys, z.e., the lowland representative of mayor. (46) Hpimys NEMoRALIs, Blyth. The Ceylon Larye Tree Rat. 1851. Mus nemoralis, Blyth, J.A.S8.B., XX, p. 168. 1891. Mus rattus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 272 (partim). 362, 93, Mannar; 54, 99, Kandy; 63, 28, Trincomalee ; S. Ceylon 39, 95, in al. 2. The type of nemoralis is in the National Collection. Blyth’s description is very incomplete. He compares it with “ M. setifer, Horsfield,” which is a Malay Bandicoot and says “ with a considerably longer tail, exceeding the head and body in length, in the proportion of 5 to 4.” The species is in fact the Ceylon representative of what in these Reports has been called “ pufescens.” If ultimately it is found not to differ from rufescens, Blyth’s name will fall, but comparing the types I believe it is unlikely, and 1 think it most convenient to list it under a name which most certainly belongs to it. (47) Hpimys xanpranus, Kel. The White-bellied Tree Rat. 1850. Mus kandianus, Kelaart, J.A.S. Ceyl., Vol. IT, p. 326. 1891. Mus rattus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 272 (partim). 48, 29,in al. 2, Maha Oya; d2, 91, Valaichenai ; 91, Cheddikulam ; ¢3, 27, imal. 1, Urugalla ; 91, Nagagala Estate ; $2, 91,in al. 5, Kandy ; d1, 91, Tammannewa, in al. 2, Mankeni; in al. 2, Peradeniya, S. Ceylon 6 24, © 25, in al. 2. The common house rat of Ceylon, corresponding to the white-bellied variety of rufescens on the mainland. (48) Epimys kELAartiI, Wr. Kelaart’s Rat. 1891. Musrattus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 272 (partim). 1915, Epimys kelaarti, Wroughton, Journ. B.N.H.8., Vol. XXIV, p. 48. 3 16, 2 25, in al. 7, Pattipola; ¢1, 215, in al. 5, Ambawela. Kelaart in his Prodromus indicated but did not name this species. It is recognisable by its very long fur and dirty white under surface, the bases of 94 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. the hairs being usually grey. The tail is proportionally shorter than in kandianus. The general colour above is darker than in kandianus and the admixture of buff or fulvous in the coat is very small. (49) GuNnomys GRraciiis, Nehr. The Ceylon Mole Rat. 1850. Mus dubius, Kelaart (nec Hodgson), J. A. S. Ceyl., V., p. 217. 1891. Nesocia bengalensis, Blanford, Mammalia No. 295 (partim). 1902. Nesoiia gracilis, Nehring. 8. B. Geo. nat. Fr. Berl., p. 116. © 2, Urugala; ¢1, 91. Tammannewa ; 91, Kandy. Not externally differing markedly from G. kek ; rather smaller in size and with markedly smaller teeth. (50) BanpicorTa MALABARICA, Shaw. The Malabar Bandicoot. (Synonymy in No. 5.) 3 1, Urugala ; 92, Ambawela. S. Ceylon 922. (See also Reports Nos. 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13.) In my paper on the Bandicoots (Journ. B. N. H. 8. XVIII, p. 750) I came to the conclusion that the Ceylon form was not distinguishable from that of the Malabar Coast. I see nothing in the present specimens to alter my opinion. ‘“ By no means plentiful, which is largely due to the fact that the natives persistently dig them out for food ; they even took some out of my traps.” — E.W.M. MILLARDIA MELTADA, Gray. The Soft-furred Field Rat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 8. Ceylon $8, 214, in al. I. (See also Reports Nos. 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11 and 138.) I can find nothing by which to distinguish these specimens from typical meltada from the Southern Mahratha Country. They were all taken in the low coastal land of the S. Province, and Major Mayor obtained no more in his further collections. (51) GotunDA NEwERA, Kel. The Newera Eliya Bush Rat. 1850. Golunda newera, Kelaart, P.Z.S., p. 152. 1891. Golunda elliott, Blanford, Mammalia No. 299 (partim). $1, 93, in al. 1, Pattipola; ¢1, Ambawela. Kelaart described a species, newera, from Newera Eliya, and a second, coffea, from Kandy. Of the latter there are two specimens, named and presented by Kelaart, in the National Collection. These. are more richly coloured than any specimens received from the mainland, but do not seem to differ in their skulls from ellioti. Of the former Kelaart gives the dimen- sions as head and body 32”, tail 23”. The specimens collected by Major Mayor are more than three quarters as big again. Nevertheless it is almost inconceivable that there should be two species living close together in these high altitudes, and I fairly confidently label our specimen as G. newera. G. newera, as represented by this series differs from typical ellzotz by its much finer grizzling (the yellow tips of the hairs are probably not more than MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 95 1/5 the length of those in eliiot?, and generally darker colouring. The size is the same as in ediiot?, but the skull is larger and the molars longer. Dimensions of an adult male (the figures in brackets are those of a male of about the same age from Dharwar) :—Head and body, 147 (150) ; tail 119 (120) ; hindfoot 26 (26) ; ear 16 (16). Skull :—Greatest length 34 (31) ; molars 7 (6). Judging from Kelaart’s specimens coffea is a much brighter coloured animal not differing greatly from a specimen of edlioti from Coorg. Major Mayor obtained no specimen of this species whose head quarters are at Kandy—Kelaart calls it the “Coffee Rat.” “Only two of these were actually got in the jungle. The dG was shot running up a tree to its nest, which was about 20 feet from the ground and the 2 was trapped afew days later. The others were trapped in hedges and compound boundaries, and one was caught by hand by the side of a Tea Factory.”—E.W.M. (52) Hystrix LeucurRA, Sykes. The Indian Porcupine. (Synonymy in No. 1.) o1, Mankeni; in al. 1, Yatiyantota; j1, 24, in al. 1, Tammannewa. (See also Reports Nos. 2, 5, 10, 11, 12 and 15.) “ Common everywhere, especially in the west of the N. C. Province. The natives sell the quills to the Moormen for making fancy boxes.” (53) Lepus NIGRICOLLIs SINGHALA, Wrought. The Ceylon Hare. 1915. Lepus nigricollis singhala, Wroughton, Journ. B.N.H.S., Vol. XXIV, p. 41. 1891. Lepus nigricollis, Blanford, Mammalia No. 319 (partim). do 4, 92, in al. 1, Tammannewa; ¢1, Hakgalla; juv. 1, Amba- wela; S. Ceylon 35, 22. A geographical race of nigricollis from which it differs most markedly by its buffy cheeks and the almost complete absence of the grey patch on the rump so noticeable in true nzgricollis. “ Plentiful all over the Island. From weights taken personally and those given me by various sportsmen, I should say there is no great difference in size between the Up and Low Country hares.’”—E.W.M. (54) Muwntiacus MaLaBaricus, Wr. Lhe South Indian Muntjac. 1891. Cervulus muntjac, Blanford, Mammalia No. 362 (partim). 1915. Muntiacus malabaricus, Wroughton, Journ. B.N.H.S., Vol. XXIV, p. 45. 31, 21, in al. 1, Tammannewa ; in al. 1, Ambawela. The specimens very much resemble a specimen from Kanara which itself only differs from malabaricus (from Coorg) by the pale colour of its limbs and the presence of considerable white areas on the iner side of the limbs. Until we know more of the West Coast Muntjac I rank these as malabaricus. (55) AXIS AXIS CEYLONENSIS, Fitz. The Ceylon Spotted Deer. 1874. Axis maculata ceylonensis, Fitzinger, Sitz. K. A. Wiss. Wien., Vol, LXX, p. 269. 1891. Cervus avis, Blanford, Mammalia No. 368 (partim). 96 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. 1905. Cervus (Rusa) axis zeylanicus, Lydekker, Field., Vol. I1V., p. 947. @1, Mankeni; 921. WValaichenai; g1, 9 2, im al. 2, Cheddi- kulam; ¢2, Sanctuary. As the name already exists and has been accepted by Lydekker in his “Catalogue of the Ungulates” I use it here. The majority of the specimens show a very marked mixture of “drab” im the ground colour, two specimens from Mankeni however scarcely show it at all. (56) Rusa unicotor, Bechst. The Sambhar. (Synonymy in No. 5.) Ql, Urugala. (See also Reports Nos. 11 and 15.) (57) Tragutvs MEemMiInNA, Erxl., The Indian Chevrotain. 93, Tammannewa; 923, in al. 2, Cheddikulam; 8S. Ceylon G1. (See also Reports Nos. 11 and 13.) Apparently identical with the Indian Mouse Deer. (58) Sus zEYLONENSIS, Blyth. The Ceylon Wild Pig. 1851. Sus zeylonensis, Blyth, J.A.S.B., XX., p. 173. Q1, Mankeni. The specimen is a young sow, but so far as can be judged, the last molar is not quite up, the skull fully shows the characters laid down by Blyth (viz., excessively narrow vertex and palate, and stout broad posterior molars) except in the length which however might increase with age. (59) Manis crassicaupata, G. St. Hel. The Indian Pangolin. (Synonymy in No. 3.) o1, Kala Oya. 8. Ceylon dl. (See also Reports Nos. 6, 8, 9, 11 and 13.) Report No. 19. By R. C. WrovuGHTon. COLLECTION we ss ey NOs Loca.iry sit ie .... Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. DATE co a ... May-September, 1914. COnLECrED EY... 2 a Miri Ces Orumip: HARLIER REPORTS . No. 1, E. Khandesh, Vol. X XI, p. 392, 1912; No. 2 2, 2, Berars, Vol. KX p. 820, 1912 ; No: 3, Cutch, Vol. XXI, p. 826, 1912 ; No. 4, "Nimar, Vol. XXL, p. 944, 1912; No. 5, Dharwar, Vol. SO p. 1170, 1912; No. 6, Kanara, Vol. XXII, p. 29,1913; No. 7, Central Provinces, Vol. XXII, p. 45, 1913; No. 8, Bellary, Vol. XXII, p. 58, “MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 97 1918; No. 9, Mysore, Vol. XXII, p. 288, 1918; No. 10, Kathiawar, Vol. XXII, p. 464, 1913; No. 11, Coorg, Vol. XXII, p. 486, 1913; No. 12, Palanpur, Vol. XXII, p. 684, 1913; No. 13, South Ceylon, Vol. XXII, p. 700, 1918; No. 14, N. Shan States, Vol. XXII, p. 710, 1918; No. 15, Kumaon, Vol. XXIII, p. 282, 1914; No. 16, Dry Zone, Central Burma and Mt. Popa, Vol. XXIII, p. 460, 1915; No. 17, S. Tenasserim, Vol. XXIII, p. 659, 1915; No. 18, Ceylon, Vol. XXIV, p. 79, 1915. The collections dealt with in this Report were made in the southern part of the Province of Bengal (old style). They represent the Fauna of the Palamau, Hazaribagh and Singbhum_ Districts of Bihar and Orissa and the Midnapore District of Bengal. The larger number of the specimens is from various places on the Chota Nagpur Plateau and the remainder from the lower ground of Palamau in the West and Midnapur in the East. Mr. Crump has furnished the following notes on the places visited by him. “« Daltonganj.—The head quarters of Palamau District, situated on the Amanat River, which flows northward to the R. Sone. Chainpur.—Native Territory, West of the river and a few miles from Daltonganj. The soil is poor and cultivated areas alternate with barren tracts. There is much bamboo jungle on undulating eround and low hills. Im Chainpur itself there are plenty of planted trees such as Mango and Fig, but the surroundings, except for patches of scrub jungle, are generally bare. On the stony ground ‘Palas’ (Butea frondosa) trees are numerous and yield Shellac, produced by the Lac insect which breeds on the trees. Hazaribagh.—The town Jies at an altitude of 2,000 feet, on a small plateau of about 500 sq. miles, being part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Barkagaon.—A small village immediately below the southern boundary of the Hazaribagh Plateau towards Ranchi. The low eround is almost entirely given over to Rice cultivation, with scarcely a hedge or tuft of grass to give cover to any mammals. The neighbouring sandstone hills are covered with bastard Sal and quite destitute of undergrowth. Jagodih.—A village near a range of low hills, running across the North of Hazaribagh District. This is part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau and les some miles to the North of the little Plateau of Hazaribagh, a big dip occurring between them. The rock here is Gneiss and Micaceous Schists, with a large proportion of Quartz. A jungle of very poor Salis mixed with dense thorny undergrowth, and, excepting the few large trees which have been spared for supersti- tious reasons, heavy timber does not exist. ‘ Mowa’ (Bassia latifolia) trees are plentiful and yield a large supply of fruit, which when fallen is collected for commerce by the natives. Below the large 13 98 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. tank I found a small piece of really respectable jungle in which I obtained the two specimens of Viverricula, but mammals of any description were difficult to find. Lohra.—About 8 miles North of Jagodih, situated among the hills above mentioned. The forest here is better, having a greater proportion of large trees, but these are always more or less isolated. Several of the rich Mica mines existing in this Range, are in the neighbourhood, with the result that the ground is strewn with small glittering particles, which, when driven by a strong wind, cause much discomfort. Gajhundi.—On the E. I. Railway and to the Hast ot Lohra. Conditions asin Jagodih and Lohra. Singar.—Is about 8 miles N. W. of Gajhundi, in the Gaya District. The village lies in a wide valley, surrounded by lofty granite hills clothed with dense scrub jungle. The Sal here has attained greater girth than any observed in this neighbourhood and, in places, forms quite good forest. Mammals too were more abundant. Nimiaghat.—Situated at the eastern extremity of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, in the Hazaribagh District, adjoins the western slopes of Pareshnath Hill. These are clothed with scrub jungle, including much stunted Sal. To the South the ground is flat and divided up into endless paddy-fields, with here and there a low jungle covered hill rising abruptly from the plain. Tanks abound and contained plenty of water even just before the Monsoon burst. Pareshnath Hill— A mountain of several craggy peaks, rising solitary from a vast, almost flat plain, and reaching an altitude of 4,477 feet above sea level. The view from the summit is very impressive. The highest peak is occupied by a Jain Temple, and numbers of smaller temples are placed on a ridge immediately below, otherwise the mountain is uninhabited. The slopes, except for a few open, grass covered spaces, near the summit, are densely wooded. During the hot weather, surface water is exceedingly scarce, but half way down the side I noticed a more abundant supply. Ohaibassa.—The headquarters of the Singbhum District of Bihar and Orissa. Sangajata.—-Thirty miles West of Chaibassa, in the Santara Forest. It is situated in a spacious valley and surrounded by heavy Sal forest and densely wooded hills, with a dense tangle of underwood and creepers, which makes an excellent cover for all animals. The principal rock of these hills is laterite while the sub-soil is composed of clay schists; quartz appears on the surface in some quantity. No cultivation is attempted on the hillsides, which are all clad with forest and strewn with stones and MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 99 boulders. In the valley Rice is cultivated though in quantities barely sufficient for home consumption, all the Kols however augment their larders with jungle fruits, roots and herbs. During the rains they subsist chiefly upon mushrooms. The Kols appear to be a very cheerful tribe, easy to get on with and always appreciating a joke. Most of the men carry bows and arrows and are rather keen shikaris, the pea fowl seem to know this for they were almost unapproachable. Luia.—A small village on the river Dro and about 6 miles from Sangajata. The surroundings are similar to those of San- gajata, but there is more heavy jungle in the valley. The best ground for collecting purposes and the piece of jungle where I obtained the Giant Squirrels are on the opposite side of the River, which was often in flood. During the rains the jungle here is extremely dense, the undergrowth being particularly difficult to get through. Midnapur.—Headquarters of the Midnapur District of Bengal, it is situated about a hundred miles West of Calcutta. The small area collected over is all laterite, very flat and adjoining the Gangetic plain, The surrounding forest is mostly stunted Sal, with practically no thorny undergrowth, the surface being clothed with a short close grass which, I understand, disappears soon after the monsoon. The cultivation is Rice.” Mr. Crump mentions the following animals which he has good reason to believe are present, but which he failed to obtain, viz. Tupaia, Felis bengalensis, Viverra, Hystriz, Tragulus. The failure to procure specimens of Tupaia and /Hystriz is especially regret- table. Perhaps some local Member of the Society will help to fill in these gaps. A large Rhinolophine Bat with a conspicuous noseleaf is known to live in this area, but since the type specimen was obtained has not again been recorded. _ The collection contains 1,024 specimens, besides a dozen collected and presented by Maj. O. A. Smith. The whole represents 57 species and sub-species in 389 genera. There is nothing strikingly new to report, indeed such was not to be expected, for this part of India has naturally been one of the best known. But many of the specimens will be most valuable when it comes to working out’ the genera in detail as being representative of Types which either have disappeared or are not available for examination. The specimens of Mungos mungo have thus enabled me to sort out the Geographical races of the Common Mongoose throughout India, similarly we have now undoubted representatives of Petawrista oral, Bandicota elliotana, Lepus ruficaudatus, wc. Maj. O. A. Smith claims, I understand, that there is a Canis in these parts, which though smaller than the Indian Wolf (pallipes ) is distinct from the Jackal (indicus). Mr. Thomas examined 100 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. specimens some time ago, but could find nothing in support of the theory and the specimens in the present collection seem to me to be true Jackals. From the point of view of distribution it is interesting to note how closely the Chota Nagpur Plateau is linked with the Central Provinces as shown by the Petawrista and Ratufa both of them genera which are very sensitive to local changes of conditions. - Mr. Crump desires to acknowledge the hospitality and assistance given him by the following gentlemen :—Messrs. T. Luby, I.C.8., Ry Tnister, WOiS, HR? Wier: Bo C2" Seny hs Wirlepapereke W. B. Thompson, 1.C.8., Leo Faulkner, D.S.P. (1) PirHEcus rHEsUS, And. The Bengal Mcnkey. (Synonymy in No. 7). 62, 22, Luia. (See also Reports Nos. 14 and 15.) “Observed only at Luia, Singbhum, where they are shy and difficult to approach, owing to the thick undergrowth. Eventually the villagers, turning out in force, surrounded and treed the Monkeys. I obtained afew speci- mens, but in the general excitement, into which the Kols entered thoroughly, they let the only two large males escape.”—C.A.C. (2) PresBytis ENTELLUS, Dufr. The Langur. (Synonymy in No. 1.) G2, Lohra; 35, 24, Midnapur. (See also Reports Nos. 2, 4, 7, 10 and 12.) “Ts plentiful in the small State of Chainpur but is protected. In parts of the Hazaribagh District the Langur appears to be remarkably scarce. 1 met with only four individuals two of which were secured. A few reside on Pareshnath Hill, but these enjoy the privilege of rigid protection. In the Santara Range, Singbhum, the Langur is well distributed, though, so far as I could judge, not very abundant. Langurs are persecuted by the Jumsara tribe, who kill them for food, and by the Kols, who do not hesitate to let fly an arrow at any Langur threatening their crops, consequently they have retired to the thickest forest and are excessively wary, seldom venturing into the open. I made a number of attempts to secure specimens but the noise of my struggles through the undergrowth always scared the Langurs long before I came near them.”—C. A. C. (3) PrERopus GIGANTEUS, Bruenn. The Common Flying Fox. (Synonymy in No. 2.) \See also Reports Nos. 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 18, 15, 18 and 19.) 39, 22, Nimiaghat; 51, 92, Lua; 21, Salbani. “Occurs at Chainpur where it is protected. A few were seen flying over Barkagaon, Singar, Luia and Sangajata, but at Nimiaghat they were plenti- MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 101 ful. The man sent to the roosting place to obtain specimens brought all males, the females I shot during the evening flight, which points to the sexes roosting apart.”—-O.A.C, (4) CyNnoprErus spHINX, Vahl. The Southern short-nosed Fruit Bat. (Synonymy in No. 6.) $2, Barkagaon ; not sexed 6, Sangar, Gaya. Ql, Luia; 21, Koira; 91, Salbani. (See also Reports Nos, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 18.) “ At Barkagaon and Singar specimens were obtained from Palmyra palms, which are favourite resorts for this species during the day.’’—C A.C. (5) RuryotopHus LEPIpus, Bl. The Inttle Indian Horseshoe Bat. (Synonymy in No. 6.) Not sexed 5, inal. 7., Singar, Gaya; 21, Nimiaghat; 51, Luia ; 32, 23, Salbani. (See also Reports Nos. 7, 15 and 16.) “During the day found only in the coolest situations, they speedily die in captivity. They often enter lamp-lit rooms, but even then are not easy to take so quick are they on the wing.”—C.A (6) HrpposipEROoS BRACHYOTUS, Dobs. The Dekhan Leaf-nosed Bat. (Synonymy in No. 6.) 1, Singar, Gaya. (See also Reports Nos. 12 and 18.) (7) HrpposiIDEROS FULVUS, Gray. ° The Bicoloured Leaf-nosed Bat. (Synonymy in No. 3.) In al. 1, Lohra; ¢4, 23, Nimiaghat; 22, Sangajata. (See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14 16, 17 and 18.) “Similar in habits to Rhinolophus. Frequently lives in Porcupine earths.” —C.A.0. (8) LyropERMa tyra, Geoff. The Indian Vampire Bat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) S11, 914, Nimiaghat; 39, 2 10, Sangajata; 6, 27, in al. 2, Salbani. (See also Reports Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14 and 15.) “Invariably congregates in large numbers and the sexes usually keep apart. Caves, bungalows, hollow trees and particularly disused wells are favoured by this species. I have never found any other species associating with it.”—C.A.C. 102 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. (9) PIPISTRELLUS CEYLONICUS, Kel. Kelaart’s Bat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) O1, Luia. (See also Reports Nos. 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 14.) “ Shot over heavy jungle.”—C.A.C. (10) PrpeIstRELLUS CoROMANDRA, Gray. The Coromandel Pipistrel. (Synonymy in No. 5.) 02) I) Wacodihs lk Oi 4 inial 1 Sinear 5 (2)2) shnnyealean Nimiaghat; ¢1, Sangajata; $2, 92, Luia ;d2, 98, inal. Koira; 918, 922, inal. 3, Salbani. (See also Reports Nos. 9, 11, 18, 14 and 15.) (11) PipistRELLUS MimusS, Wrought. The Southern dwarf Pipistrel. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 21, m al. 1, Lohra; 1, Gajhundi; 91, 8, in al. 11, Singar, Gaya; 1, in al. 1, Nimiaghat; 1. in al. 1, Jagodih; 32, 93, mal. 3, Luia; 66, 919, m al. 18, Koira; 37, 29, in al. 25, Salbani; in al. 1, Calcutta. (See also all previous Reports except Nos. 4, 14, 16 and 17.) “These little bats (including coromandra) are generally difticult to find because of their habit of squeezing into small crevices for protection during the day. Inthe evening they are early on the wing, and with their slow and high flight are a fairly easy mark for the gun. During the day they appear to rest singly or in pairs. Many of these specimens were netted as they emerged from under the bungalow tiles anda large number of those from Koira were caught in the thatch roofs of the houses.”—C.A.C. (12) Scorozous porMERI, Dobs. Dormers Bat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) ol, 94, 6 Singar, Gaya; 92, Nimiaghat; 33, Koira. (See also Reports Nos. 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10 and 12.) We have so far always listed this Bat as a Pipistrel, but recently Thomas has decided to recognise it as a separate Genus. (Journ., B.N.H.S., Vol. XXIV, p. 33.) (18) ScoroPHiLus wrouGHtToNnI, Thos. Wroughton’s Bat. . (Synonymy in No. 1.) 35, 218, in al. 3, Daltonganj; in al. 1, Barkagaon ; 91, Jagodih; 65, 96,in al. 3, Lohra; G11, 95, 5 Singar, Gaya; in al. 3, Calcutta; 612, 97, im al. 5, Salbani. (See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17 and 18.) “This Bat is not partial to houses if it can find a convenient Palmyra palm, where it often congregates in large numbers, usually separate from other species .”—C.A.C, MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 108 (14) ScoropHitus Kun, Leach. \ The Common Yellow Bat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) In al. 1, Barkagaon; 312, 26, in al. 5, Nimiaghat; ¢1, Koira; in al. 2, Nimiaghat. (See also Reports No. 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15 and 16.) “This is essentially a bat of towns and villages. It may be found under the tiles or in the thatch of any Dak Bungalow, where, owing to its unpleasant smell and habits, it is an unmitigated nuisance. It emerges early. It breeds in May and June generally producing twins.”—C.A.C. (15) HesrERoprENUS TICKELLI, Blyth. Tickell’s Bat. (Synonymy in No. 5.) gen Ol, Kora. (See also Reports Nos. 5, 6 and 18.) “Shot over water late in the evening, flight rapid. The flesh colouring on and bordering the humerus, radius, ulna and metacarpals very bright when the bat was freshly killed, but soon faded after death.”—C.A.C. (16) TapPHozous crassus, Blyth. The Pouch-bearing Sheath-tailed Bat. _ (Synonymy in No. 6.) 3 1, Koira. (See also Report No. 18.) “A powerful flier.”—C.A.C. (17) TaPHozous KACHHENSIS, Dobs. The Cutch Sheath-tailed Bat. 1, Singar, Gaya. (See also Reports Nos. 3, 8, 9, 10, 12 and 16.) “This single specimen was shot over water. It is a very late flier.” —C.A.C. (18) TapHozous LoncImMaNus, Hardw. The Long-armed Sheath-tailed Bat. (Synonymy in No. 6.) Q1,inal. 1, Nimiaghat; §2, 91, Salbani. (See also Reports Nos. 7, 8, 9, 12 and 16.) (19) Rutworpoma KINNEARI, Wrought. The Greater Indian Mouse-tailed Bat. (Synonymy in No. 3.) 4 32,21, Gajhundi. (See also Reports Nos. 4 and 10.) 104 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIEY, Vol. XXIV. (20) RHINOPOMA HARDWICKEI, Gray. The Lesser Indian Mouse-tailed Bat. (Synonymy in No. 3.) 31,24, Singar, Gaya. (See also Reports Nos. 5, 7, 8, 10 and 12.) “Most of these specimens (including kinneari) were shot during flight, which is high and late in the evening. They are gregarious and here inhabited old, discarded mica mines, where searching was difficult and even dangerous.” —C.A.C. (21) PacHyura sp. , 25,7, Daltonganj; 91, Gajhundi ; 2, 93, Singar, Gaya; 34, 95, inal. 3, Nimiaghat ; (22) PacHyura Micronyx, Blyth. The Kumaon Pigmy Shrew. (Synonymy in No. 15.) 37, 68, Luia. “These shrews were caught in the fields and under grass stacks near the villages. The lateral gland is large and oval and the tail of the average male is very thick at the base.”—C.A.C. (23) PacHyura Hopcsonti, Jerd. The Darjeeling Pigmy Shrew. (Synonymy in No. 15.) 6 ly Sangajatas; G2,..9 7, lima; Jeo Koira: (See also Report No. 16.) “‘ Most of these were caught in or near villages. For shrews they are wonderfully nimble.’”—C.A.C. (24) Feruis parpus, L. The Panther. (Synonymy in No. 5.) 1, Daltonganj. (See also Reports Nos. 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16 and 18.) 25) FE is arrinis, Gray. The Jungle Cat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 1, Singar, Gaya ; @1, Koira; 31, Salbani; ¢1, Nimiaghat ; g1, 21, Jagodih; ¢1, Lohra. (See also Reports Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16 and 18.) ‘* Does not appear to be very common in Bihar and Orissa.”—C.A.C. (26) Feruis se. (Domestic). 21, Nimiaghat. MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 105 (27) VIVERRICULA MALACCENSIs, Gmel. The Small Indian Civet. (Synonymy in No. 3.) , 21, Jagodih. (See also Reports Nos. 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16 and 18.) (28) ParRapoxuRus NIGER, Desm. The Indian Toddy Cat. (Synonymy in No. 6.) g1, Singar, Gaya; 91, Pareshnath; $1, Nimiaghat. (See also Reports Nos. 7, 8, 11, 13, 15 and 18.) (29) Muneos munco, Gm. The Common Bengal Mongoose. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 32, 93,3, Daltonganj; 51, 91, Jagodih; $1, Lohra; Ol, Nimiaghat; g1, Gajhundi. As I have pointed out elsewhere in this Journal (XXIV, p. 50) this is the first time we have received true mungo, as established by Gmelin. All other specimens which have been so labelled in these Reports have now (l.c.) been distributed to several local races. “Very plentiful round Chainpur, I did not see many elsewhere.”—C.A.C. (380) Muneos smirui, Gray. The Ruddy Mongoose. (Synonymy in No. 7.) 91, Lohra. (See also Reports Nos. 12, 13 and 18.) ‘‘ Several observed in the North of Hazaribagh, very shy. ’—C.A.C. (31) Muneos avropuncratus, Hodg. The Smail Indian Mongoose. 1836. Mangusta auropunctata, Hodgson, J., A. 8. B., V., p. 1837. Herpestes nipalensis, Gray, Charl. Mag. N.H., L,, p. Ol, Nimiaghat; ¢1, 21, Midnapur. There is a considerable difference between the two specimens from Midnapur and the one from Hazaribagh; the latter is undoubtedly true auropunctatus, but until more material is available I do not care to separate the Midnapur form. “T was unlucky not to hit off the ee of this Mongoose as it is no doubt locally quite common.’’—C.A.C. (382) Hyana Hy#Na, Timm. The Striped Hyena. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 91, Hazaribagh; 51, Jagodih. (See also Reports Nos. 3, 4, 7 and 15.) 14 106 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. “Common in Hazaribagh. Not seen or heard in the Santara Range, Singbhum. Mr. R. Kirkpatrick, D. F. O., of Chaibassa owns a tame hyzena which is exceedingly docile and lives quite happily with several small dogs. When shown to me it was at first shy, but soon became very friendly.”—C.A.C. (33) CANIS PALLIPHs, Sykes. The Indian Wolf. -(Synonymy in No. 3.) $2, 91, Hazaribagh (Collected by Maj. O. A. Smith). (See also Report No. 10.) “The wolves of Hazaribagh have become famous owing to their man-kill- ing proclivities. Several packs terrorised the neighbourhood and became such a curse that rewards were offered by Government for their capture. Major Smith who has shot a number of these wolves added information on the subject. The wolves hunted by day in pairs or small packs, displaying a deadly courage and resource, and pulling down women and children and sometimes men. The members of a pack wandet over a wide area, assembl- ing after fairly regular intervals at certain spots.”’—C.A.C, (84) Canis InpIcus, Hodgs. The Common Indian Jackal. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 62, 91, Daltonganj; $3, Barkagaon; ¢1, Jagodih. 92, Lohra; 1, Gajhundi; 1, Singar, Gaya ; 2, 21, Nimiaghat and 3 collected by Maj. O. A. Smith at Hazaribagh. (See also all previous Reports except 2, 8, 13 and 17.) T can find no difference of either skin or skull, among all these specimens, which cannot be accounted for by individual variation. “ Jackals are plentiful all over the cultivated areas. Not observed in Singbhum Forest. In Hazaribagh a second species or race is said to exist, having peculiar characteristics of colour and voice, and in habits somewhat resembling Canis pallipes. Iam informed that in Hazaribagh jackals occa- sionally attack human beings.” —C.A.C, (35) VULPES BENGALENSIS, Shaw. The Indian Fox, — (Synonymy in N~. 1.) 62,3, Daltonganj; ¢1, 91, Barkagaon; 1 collected by Major VU. A. Smith, Hazaribagh. (See also Reports Nos. 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 15.) The type locality is given by Shaw as ‘ Bengal,’ these therefore are prac- tically topotypes. “Very common near Daltonganj and in, the South of Hazaribagh. Not observed in Singbhum.”—C.A.C. (586) MeELLIVoRA INDICA. The Indian Ratel. (Synonymy in No. 3.) 1, Gajhundi. MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 107 (87) Mernursvus urstnus, Shaw. The Sloth Bear. (Synonymy in No. 11.) 1, Nimiaghat. (See also Report No. 13.) (38) PxErauRista orat, Tick. The Central Indian Flying Squirrel. (Synonymy in No. 2.) 61, 23, Luia. In the Berars Report three specimens of a Petuurista were provisionally recorded as oral, pending the receipt of topotypes for comparison. The type locality of or al is Chaibassa, so that we may accept these specimens as topotypes. On careful comparison with the Berars specimen I can find no difference. “ Flying Squirrels occur sparingly in the heavy jungles of the Santara Range, Singbhum. P. oral is normally nocturnal and spends the day in hollow trees, but during the rains I find it will move about and feed during the day. I think the explanation of this is that it takes advantage of dry intervals whenever they occur. At this season it changes its regular haunts and sleeps in the forks of trees, or among foliage. ts coat harmonises to such a remarkable degree with its surroundings as to make it hard to see. It sleeps . coiled up with the head hidden, and the tail encircling the body, and the parachute is partly extended.”—C.A.C. (39) RatuFAa INDICA CENTRALIS, Ryl. The Central Indian Giant Squirrel. (Synonymy in No. 11.) 2, O1, Sangajata; 536, 94, Luia. These ae agree quite closely with Miss Ryley’s type from Hoshan- ee bas “This handsome squirrel i is gregarious, and one of the most locally distri- buted animals, I have ever come across. At Luia it inhabits a piece of jungle perhaps a mile square, and outside this it is useless to search for it. Near Sangajata the favourite haunts were patches of jungle near the river, and though I passed through much of the Forest here, nowhere else, outside the spots mentioned, did I see the large conspicuous nests made by this species. The call is a loud rattle used principally, | think, when alarmed. This squirrel lives among the most lofty trees, it can take huge leaps, and is equally at home on a smooth trunk or scrambling among the slenderest twigs. I have never seen it lower than about 12 feet from the ground. The Kols say it breeds during the hot weather.’—C.A.C. (40) FuNamMBULUS PALMARUM, L. The Palm Squirrel. (Synonymy in No. 2.) 91, Pareshnath; $1, Singar, Gaya; ¢1, 93, 1, Jagodih; ae, On Wohrars 3, li, 2 3, Gajhund (See also eae Nos. 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9.) 108 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. “ Blanford states this squirrelis not found in forests, but in my experience though partial to the neighbourhood of cultivation, it may like pennanti be found far into the forests.’’-—C.A.C, (41) FuNaMBULUS PENNANTI, Wrought. The Common Five-striped Squirrel. (Synonymy in No. 1.) ¢ 3, Singar, Gaya; 53, 91, Nimiaghat; 21, Luia; 22, Salbani: 34, 24, 6, Daltonganj; 1, Barkagaon; 1, 924, Jagodih; 62, 91, Lohra. (See also Reports Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 15.) We have now the approximate line of demarcation between these two species (pennant: North and palmarum South). Commencing from Surat through Nimar, Berar to Hazaribagh, z.e., from about 28° N. on the West Coast to 24° N. on the Ganges. “Common at Chainpur and well distributed throughout Hazaribagh where however it overlaps with /. palmarum, the latter I think predominating. At several places I shot both these squirrels on the same ground but did not find them together in any one tree.”—C.A.C. (42) TatEra Inpica, Hardw. The Indian Gerbil. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 9 3, 2, Daltonganj; ¢1, Gajhundi; ¢2, 91, Salbani. (See also Reports Nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 15.) “ Generally rather rare in Bihar and Orissa.”—C.A.C. (43) VANDELEURIA OLERACEA, Benn. The Dekhan Tree Mouse. (Synonymy in No. 2.) 31, Lohra. (See also Reports Nos. 4, 5, 7 and 10.) (44) VANDELEURIA OLERACEA MARICA, Thos. The Bengal Tree Mouse. 1915. Vandeleuria oleracea marica, Thomas. Journ., B.N. H.8., XXIV., p- 54 gl, Luma; 25, Koira. Practically nothing but colour separates this form from true oleracea. (45) Mus maner, Kel. The Common Indian House Mouse. (Synonymy in No. 5.) 33, 26, Daltonganj; ¢38, 96, Gajhundi; $2, 91, Singar, Gaya; $2, 24, Nimiaghat; 1, Pareshnath; $4, 25, Luia; 23, Salbani. ( See also Reports Nos. 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 14, 16 and 18.) “Common in all villages. ’-—C.A.C. (46) Mus Boopuea, Gray. The Southern Field Mouse. (Synonymy in No. 1.) MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 109 31, 21, Daltonganj; $3, 91, Barkargaon; 92, Jagodih; 1, Lohra; 9 1, Gajhundi; ¢ 6, 9 2, Nimiaghat; 9? 1, Pareshnath; 4138, 918, Luia; ¢2, 922, in al. 6, Koira; 31, 25, Salbani. (See also Reports Nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 138, 15, 16 and 18.) “Kverywhere common about cultivation and are frequently met with in forests.””—C.A.C. (47) Leeeapinta cGurKyaA, Thos. The Kumaon Spiny Mouse. (Synonymy in No. 15.) 21, Singar, Gaya; 94, 23, Pareshnath. “Very rare ; more abundant in Pareshnath, where all my specimens were taken from quite a small area, which was stony and less covered with vegetation than its surroundings. ”—C.A.C, (48) Epimys BLANFoRDI, Thos. The White-tatled Rat. (Synonymy in No. 2.) 64, Jagodih; G3, 91, Lohra; Pareshnath. ( See also Reports Nos. 6, 7, 9 and 11.) “Rarely found any distance from hills, where it lives among the rocks, probably scooping out a small hollow for a nest. ally observed any distinct burrows. ”—C. A. C. 2, Gajhundi; 65, 912, I have only very occasion- (49) GUNOMYS BENGALENSIS, Gr. and Hardw. The Bengal Mole-Rat. 1833. Arvicola bengalensis, Gray & Hardwicke, ILI, Ind. Zool., II, pl. 21. 1854. Mus daccaensis, Tytler, A. M.N.H., XIV., p. 173. 1878. Mus (Nesokia) blythianus, Anderson, J. A. 8. B., XLVI, p. 227. 1878. Mus (Nesokia) barelayanus, Anderson, 1. ¢., p. 229. 1891. Nesocia bengalensis, Blanford, Mammalia No. 295. 36, 218, Daltonganj; ¢1, Singar, Gaya; 3 23, 918, Nimiaghat; ¢1, Sangajata; ¢6, 93, 36, 910, Salbani. “ A common rat in Bihar and Orissa.”—C.A.C. Luia ; (50) Banpicora ELLIoTaANA, And. The Bengal Bandicoot. 1878. Mus (Nesokia) elliotanus, Anderson, J. A. 8S. B., XLVI, p. 231. 1891. Nesocia bandicota, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 296 (partim). @ 2, Gajbundi; ¢ 1, Barhi (Collected by Maj. O. A. Smith). A smaller bandicoot than either gigantea or malabarica, about the size of nemorivaga, like which it lacks the mantle of long hairs found in the larger species. It is however black while nemorivaga is brown. (51) Mittarpia MELTADA, Gray. The Soft-furred Field-Rat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) Q1 Pareshnath. ( See also Reports Nos. 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11 and 13.) 110 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. (52) CrEMNOMYS cUTCHICUS, Wrought. The Cutch Rock-Rat. (Synonymy in No. 3.) 33, 91, Gajhundi; ¢2, 92, Singar, Gaya. ( See also Reports Nos. 8, 9, 10 and 12.) (53) GOLUNDA ELLIOTI, Gr. The Indian Bush-Rat. (Synonymy in No. 1.) 61, Pareshnath. (See also Reports Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11 and 15.) “Taken on a steep rocky slope, an unusual environment,. as G. elliot? is not a climber. It must be very rare on this side of India because at each camp many traps were set and I should have taken this rat if occurring in any numbers.”—C.A.C. (54) Lupus rnuFicaupatus, Geoff. The Bengal Hare. (Synonymy in No. 15.) 38, 24, Daltonganj; 2, 23, Singar, Gaya ; 61, Midnapur; 21, Salbani. These do not differ markedly on the average from the Kumaon specimens and may, I think, be now confidently accepted as true ruficaudatus. “Except at Daltonganj and Singar, nowhere very common. Not observed in the Santara Range, Singbhum. Rare near Midnapur and Salbani.”—-C.A.C. (55) GAZELLA BENNETTI, Sykes. The Indian Gazelle. (Synonymy in No, 1.) 61,921, Jagodih; $1, 92, Hazaribagh ; (Collected by Maj. O. A. Smith). (See also Reports Nos. 3, 7 and 10.) (56) Manis crassicauDATa, Geoff. The Indian Pangolin. (Synonymy in No. 3.) Oi, Chaibassa. (See also Reports Nos. 6, 8, 9, 11, 13 and 18.) “The specimen obtained at Chaibassa was presented to me alive. When alarmed, the animal rolls itself into a ball with the head inside and the extremely muscular tail wrapped round the body, this means of protection is so efficient that a strong man can with difficulty unroll the animal. This Pangolin, when placed on a camp table, crawled over the edge, lowered itself by keeping the terminal part of the tail flat on the table ; a clumsy hold on the framework was then obtained with the fore feet, until the tail was brought down to grip the table leg and the pangolin lowered itself to the ground. As the fore toes are doubled up under the feet when walking, I imagine that the ascent of steep places is performed backwards, the pre- hensile tail being used to haul the pangolin up banks or rocks. ”’—C.A.C. ec Lig “ SOME) NEW CEYLON COCCID2.” BY A. RUTHERFORD, M.A., B.SC.,* Govtl Ent, of Ceylon. Ripersia thee, sp. nov. Adult female, oval-cylindrical, about 2 mm. long, enclosed in a loose white test. Derm thickly studded with small, circular gland-pores. Antenna of seven segments, the seventh segment much the longest and ending in a long seta; basal segment broader than long ; segments 3, 4, 5 and 6 shortest and of much the same length; setze on all segments. Legs well develop- ed, very stout. Coxa stout, and twice as broad as long; femur stout usually not more than twice as long as broad; tibia but slightly longer than the tarsus and both stout; tarsal claw broad at base, sharply incurved at the apex ; digitules present, tarsal simple, ungual apparently dilated at apex. Anal ring with six long set; the setze rise from a hyaline band bor- dered on each side by a row of gland-pores. Anal lobes indistinct ; position indicated by a long seta; near the base of this seta a group of small, scattered, circular pores, two stout conical spines and several more slender spines. Similar groups of pores and spines (2 or 3 ina group) occur on the lateral margins of the segments in front of the anal segment. Stout conical spines and a few long slender spines and numerous small pores occur all over the body. On branches of tea at Peradeniya, June 1913 and July 1914, Allthe insects in one colony were irregularly ruptured at one end and resembled somewhat small dipterous puparia from which the adult fly had escaped. A colony of what was probably the same species of insect, observed in June 1913, had been apparently completely exterminated by the caterpillars of Spalgis epius, a large number of the pupz of this Lycenid, occurring on the bush. This insect in the seven-segmented antenne and inthe general character of the legs resembles Dactylopius theecola, Gr., described from roots of tea plants from India. It shows many points of difference however. Coccus litzee, sp. nov. Female insect flattish, dark-brown and covered with granular paletus of yellowish-white wax. There is a medium dorsal and two submarginal ridges; the meditm ridge is connected with the submarginal ridges by two transverse ridges and numerous ridges run from the submarginal ridges to the margin. The shape is roughly circular, the anterior end sometimes being slightly acuminate. Length about 3 mm. It resembles somewhat L, piperis, Gr., but is much darker in colour and eyes are not visible. Male scale occurring along with female, scarce; composed of 18 plates. In slide preparations the positions of the ridges stand out as translucent areas; the mid-dorsal clear area does not reach to the anal plates. Oval translucent areas occur in groups, especially on the marginal and sub- marginal areas and cephalad of the anal plates. There is a particularly prominent group towards the inner margin of each of the chitinised areas lyig between the clear areas corresponding to the ridges; it lies just lateral of the position of the submarginal ridge. We regret to announce that Mr. Rutherford has died since writing this paper—Eds. 112 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. Body covered with small pores (? wax-tubes). Hyes are prominent and lie just lateral of the base of the antenne. Antenne with six segments, the third very long and sometimes showing traces of subdivision; legs slender; tibia plus tarsus long, longer than femur, tarsus as long as tibia. Claw sharp, tarsal and ungual hairs present. Femur comparatively stout, relatively broader than in Green’s figure of ZL. piperts, Gr. Anal plates as in L. pipers, but broader in comparison with their length. They are broadest in their caudal half. Stigmatic spines thin, one longest, taper slowly to apex and are some- times slightly constricted at the base; they are set in a deep notch ex- panded inwardly as in LZ. piperis, Gr. Marginal sete simple, rather longer and stcuter than in L. pipers, Gr. Anal ring with eight setee. Margin of space containing anal plates with a row of gland-like structures. Body of parent contains young with well-developed mouth-setze. Larvee purplish. On stem and branches of Litsea longifolia, Peradeniya, 22nd August 1914. This insect falls near LZ. piperis, Gr., from which however it has many points of difference. Neolecanium pseudolew, n. sp. Adult black or dark-brown, about 2°50 mm. long, longer than broad, acuminate, but usually not symmetrically so, towards the anterior end. Dorsum tubercled and with a thin coating of white wax ; insect rather flat. The insect resists prolonged boiling in 10 per cent. KoH so that few struc- tures can be made out. The margin of the body and of the anal cleft is more heavily chitinised than the rest of the body. The derm is thickly studded with irregularly-shaped, translucent areas. The anal plates are longer than broad, the lateral margin a continuous curve. Marginal setze are long, simple and stout and are set at fairly wide intervals; there are also shorter setze. Stigmatic spines are set on margin, two or three, one larger than the others ; sometimes of three lengths. Parastigmatie pores mesal of the stigmatic spines. Larvee with a distinct caudal notch, its lateral sides each with a com- paratively large, crescentic, fairly conspicuous plate. Anus at base of plate. Two anal setz to be made out. A long setze at the apex of each plate and a long, stout, backwardly directed seta on the margin opposite each stigma. What is probably another but younger form of the same insect occurs on the same tree. It is of the same shape. The dorsum sometimes possesses a median, longitudinal ridge with transverse ridges running out from this ; the dorsum is covered with a thin, white bloom that is often however absent from the median region. Some are tabular. The derm possesses numerous, conspicuous, circular or oval clear areas. There is a submarginal band of more or less circular plates of chitin each showing concentric layers. The marginal setz arelong, stout and simple. Stigmatic spines two or three, one longer than the others; the two shortest tapering and sharp at apex; parastigmatic pores as above. Anal plates as above. Antennal segments rather indistinct, but seven or eight, probably eight segments, the fourth being very short; legs well developed ; tibia but slightly longer than tarsus ; tarsus showing traces of two lines of subdivision. Claw hooked at apex, sharp, broad at base. Length of mounted insect about 3mm. On branches of Cinnamon, Peradeniya, Ceylon, July 1914. This insect in microscopical characters resembles S. obae more than it does any insect with which the writer is acquainted. The appearance of the fresh insect, however, is quite different. NEW CEYLON COCCIDA., 113 Aspidiotus (s. st.) panic, n. sp. Scale of female pinkish-grey and slightly elongated, narrower at one end than at the other; exuviae golden-yellow, situated towards the broader end and partly covered by secretion. Ventral scale complete. Adult female slightly longer than broad. Pygidium large, abdominal segments contracted drawing in the pygidium. Body hyaline except the pygidium which is somewhat chitinised especially at the apex. Antenna consists of a tubercle, notched at apex and bearing a long curved seta near its base. No parastigmatic pores. Three pairs of lobes. Median lobes largest each with a stout basal piece projecting well into the pygidium; placed close together the mesal sides diverging slightly towards the apex; apex rounded with a slight angle on the mesal side ; lateral side with one or two conspicuous notches. Second lobes with sides parallel towards the base, convergent towards apex with a lateral notch. Third lobes small, broader than long, sides of equal length, apex truncate and sometimes with a small apical point. Pygidium laterad of the third lobes coarsely lobate. Pectina between median lobes, 1 or 2 between median and second lobes, 3 between second and third; all shortly pronged at the apex. A long, stout, straight seta laterad of the median lobes and projecting well beyond the lobes; shorter sete laterad of second and third lobes and on the pygidia margin. Dorsal pores small. Anus considerably caudad of vagina, long and narrow. Cireumgenital pores (7 and 7) (5 and 6); body contains young with mouth-setz well developed, Under the leaf-sheaths of Panicum incinatum, Peradeniya, Ceylon, July 1914. Parlatoria zeylanica, n. sp. Adult insect slightly longer than broad and broadly rounded at the anterior end. Abdominal segments distinct. Pygidium slightly chitinised, its base showing a faint tessellation. Antenna consists of a small tubercle bearing a long seta. Between antennz and cephalad of mouth-parts are some 5 or 6 tubercles, each bearing a seta at the apex. Pygidium with three pairs of lobes. Median lobes with sides parallel to near apex, then notched, the apex low and rounded; the lateral margin may have two notches. Second lobes similar but shorter. Third lobes broadly triangular and serrated at the apex. Pectinze 2 (between median lobes) 2, 3, and cephalad of the third lobe, three more. One of the fimbriations of the pectine is usually much longer than the rest. A long seta laterad of median lobes, and shorter ones on and laterad of each of the second and third lobes. Broad, parlatoria- lke gland-pores, one between the first and second, and between the second and third lobes, and two laterad of the third lobes; each set in a deep notch and with edges strongly chitinised. No circumgenital pores. Anus on a level with a line joining the anterior lateral extremities of the pygidium. Few dorsal pores; about eight or nine scattered over the pygidium, large. A few similar gland-pores on the lateral margins of the abdominal and thoracic segments and four on the middle region of the segment in front of the pygidium, two on each side. Internal part of gland-tube very short, broader than long. Associated with Chionaspis simpler, Gr., and Aspidiotus secretus, Gr., on a “small bamboo,” Peradeniya, August 1914. ts 114 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. Parlatoria cinnamomi, n. sp. Female scale golden-yellow; a black area just caudad of the first exuvium; some with a black area in the middle of the first exuvium; both exuvice covered with a thin, white wax. A male scale associated with the above insects had a black spot on the exuvium. Adult female broader than long, pygidium somewhat retracted. Three pairs of lobes placed far apart. Median lobes have a deep notch on each side near the apex, which is narrow; sometimes there are two notches on the lateral side. Second lobe similar but may have several notches on the lateral margin; the apex too is more sharply pointed. Third lobe scarcely notched on the mesal side, with several notches on the lateral side and the apex pointed. Pectin broad, expanded distally; 2 between median lobe, 2 between median and second lobes and 3 between second and third lobes. Laterad of third lobe in order—a pectina, two-rounded ' projections, a long hyaline lobe with a seta laterad of it, and a series of lobe-like processes rounded at apex and extending on to the abdominal segment in front of the pygidium. A small triangular gland-pore projec- tion midway between median lobes, between median and second lobes and laterad of the second pectina, between second and third lobes; several less distinct cephalad of 3rd lobes. Internal part of gland-tube very short. A seta at the base of each lobe on its lateral side, and one on the pygidial margin. Circumgenital pores anterior (6 and 7), posterior (4 and 3). A few anterior parastigmatic pores. Pygidium of second exuvium very similar tothat of adult. There are several pectinz laterad of the third lobes and the abdominal segments are without the rounded projections of the adult. On upper surface of leaves of Cinnamon, Peradeniya, Ceylon. I have observed the same insect on leaves of Caryota urens at Pera- deniya. It falls near P. aonidiformis, Gr., but differs in the much broader pectinze and in the character of the processes on the margin of the pygidium as well as in the prominent, gland-pore projections. Parlatoria zeylanica, sp. nov. Female scale light-brown, composed entirely of the exuviz. Second exuvium three times the length of the first, both covered with a whitish secretion. A pitchy black area just caudad of the first exuvium. Three pairs of lobes, median lobes longer than broad, trianguiar towards apex, irregularly indented. Second lobesoften longer than broad or at least as long as broad, the lateral side slightly indented. Third lobe not always distinguishable from the lobe-like plates ; when visible longer than broad with apex rounded. ‘T'wo plates between the median lobes, two between median and second and two or more between the second and third. The plates extend well beyond the lobes, are often slightly expanded towards the apex, are roundly truncate at apex with a fine median projection, the whole resembling a partly burnt candle. Laterad of third lobes are about four or five short, usually stout, blunt, lobe-like plates. Marginal pores not visible. Circumgenital pores (6 and 7) (4and 3). Anus slightly caudad of the caudo-lateral group of circumgenital pores. Anterior spiracles apparently without parastigmatic pores. The pygidium of the second exuvium has three pairs of conspicuous lobes. The median lobes have faint mesal and lateral notches. The second and third lobes have each a laterad notch or the third may be without such a notch. There are two pectinze between the median lobes, two between the median and second, three between the second and third, and a series of seven or eight laterad of the third lobes ; the pectinze are broad and NEW CEYLON COCCIDA, 115 do not project beyond the lobes. There is a broad gland-pore between the median and second, and the second and third lobes, and two on the pygidium cephalad of the third lobes; the duct is short and broad, almost as broad as the incision. On the under surface of leaves of Cinnamon, Peradeniya. This insect has a distinct resemblance to P. atalantie, Gr. The colouration of the scale however is different, the lobes are longer and the plates stouter. Lobes and plates are grouped more closely than in Green’s figure of P. atalantie, and I have never seen the third lobe as there represented. A very similar insect occurs on the leaves of Vitis sp. Sterculia thwattesii and Polyaithia sp. In insects from V2tis the lobes are more prominently notched and there are 3 or 4 plates between the second and third lobes. The lobes of the second exuvium are all notched on the mesal and lateral sides, the mesal notch usually being situated caudad of the lateral ; a short band of yellow chitin, probably representing a fold, runs meso-cephalad on each side from the base of the pygidium which is somewhat retracted. The larva has two pairs of distinct lobes. The insects are attached by chalcids. In insects from Sterculia the plates are not quite so long as in Cinnamon, and their shape is not constant, varying on the two sides of the one pygidium. There are sometimes four plates between the second and third lobes, one or more of them apparently devoid of the apical prolongation. Insects from Polyalthia show three pectinz between the second and third lobes. lf these insects are identical with P. atalantie, Gr., this insect is much more variable than Green has represented it. Parlatoria, sp. Female scale circular, Aspidiotus-like; exuvize greenish yellow, the second less than twice the length of the first; axes of exuvie not in a straight line often inclined to each other at a high angle; first exuvium with a distinct median ridge: secretion greyish-white. Head and thoracic segments occupy the major part of the body ; abdomi- nal segments contracted pulling the pygidium somewhat into the body ; anterior end broadly rounded; pygidium very slightly chitinised. Five pairs of lobes. Median lobes longer than broad, widening distally, each side with a prominent notch near the apex, apex rounded. Second lobes longer than broad, rounded at apex, distinctly notched on the lateral side, indistinctly so on the mesal side. Third lobe similar to second but smaller. Fourth lobe triangular, longer than broad, sharply pointed and serrated on the lateral side. Fifth lobe similar to fourth but smaller. Pectin two between median lobes, two between median and second lobes, three between second and third lobes, three between third and fourth, four between fourth and fifth and two laterad of fifth. Segments in front of pygidium with stout, triangular, plate-like projec- tions. Marginal pore between median lobes, one between median and second, one between second and third, two between third and fourth, the mesal being the smaller, three between fourth and fifth ; all pores with broad chitinous rim. Internal gland tube more than twice as long as broad and of about the same width throughout. Five or six rows each of three or four dorsal pores extending a short distance cephalad of the margin of the pygidium on each side of the middle line. Anus longer than broad, caudad of a line joining the fifth lobes. Vagina near the base of the pygidium. A seta laterad of each lobe. A single circumgenital pore in the position of the cephalo-lateral group of one side. Body contains larvee with well-developed mouth-setz and two pairs of lobes. Anterior 116 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. spiracles with six parastigmatic pores in a row and widely separated, situated meso-cephalad of the opening. Antenna a rounded tubercle bearing a long curved seta. On upper surface of leaves of Diospyros ebenum, Peradeniya, Ceylon, 27th August 1913. Parlatoria pergandi, var. phyllanthi, Gr., occurs on the same leaves along the side of theinidrib. This insect falls near P. pergandii, Comst., but is distinguished by the much greater length of the gland-tubes as well as by the virtual absence of circumgenital pores. Itis very near P. mangifere, Morlatt; the fourth and fifth lobes are longer and narrower, _ the interval between the median lobes slightly greater, being wider than the breadth of the lobe. The number and arrangement of the parastigmatic pores too is somewhat different (those of P. mangifere being from 8 to 10 in number and situated in a group on the inner side of the stigma). Lepidosaphes vande, n. sp. Female scale very dark-brown in colour, except the first exuvium which is paler. First exuvium with a mid-dorsal, longitudinal, rounded ridge. Second exuvium of same colour as the first but covered with secretion. Secretion transversely and coarsely ridged. Length of scale difficult to determine as they are usually curved and massed together under the leaf sheaths ; about 2°50—2°75 m.m. Male scale paler with a flat, white margin to the secretion. The exuvium usually provided with a covering of white wax which projects in front like two horns. Hinge narrow, whitish. Adult female more than twice as long as broad, broadest in thoracic region, anterior end rounded and provided with small conical processes. Posterior abdominal segments not markedly produced laterally. Attenna an irregularly-shaped tubercle bearing 3 setze. Anterior spiracles with a group of 11-14 pores; posterior without pores. Two pairs of lobes. Median lobes broader than long, set rather close together, somewhat triangular, sides of triangle serrate, the extreme apex a small, roanded lobe; sometimes the apex is nearer to the mesal than to the lateral side, giving the lobe a resemblance to that of Howardia biela- vis. Second lobe duplex ; mesal half large, mesal side short, lateral side long, oblique and serrated ; lateral half a minute tooth. Laterad of second lobes the margin of the pygidium is serrated, especially in the region of the second part of pore openings. Marginal pores prominent, oval, twice as long as broad. Dorsal pores few, small and somewhat inconspicuous. Four comparatively large, circular, translucent areas (dorsal pores) just cephalo-laterad of the second lobe. Plates 2, 2,1, 2,2; plates between median lobes and between median and second lobes short and comparatively inconspicuous; that laterad of second lobes large. Plates on lateral margin of abdominal segments long-dome-shaped with a more slender median projection. Two setz between median lobes, one laterad of median lobes, one between halves of second lobes, and one laterad of each pair of pore-projections. Circumgenital pores 6 (13 and 15) (8 and 9); 6 (12 and 9) (7 and 7); 5 (14 and 9) (9 and 18); 7 (12 and 12) (8 and 11). The median pores may or may not be arranged in a transverse row. The anus is situated cephalad of the median group. The pygidium of the second exuvium is very similar to that of the adult. There is but 1 plate in each of the fourthand fifth places. There are no such points on the lateral margin of the abdominal segments as Green records for L. beckit. NEW CEYLON COCCIDA. 117 On stems of Vanda spathulata, Peradeniya, Ceylon, September 1914. This insect falls very near L. beckii, but has several points of difference which are indicated in the course of the description. Leucaspis limonie, sp. nov. Female scale elongate, narrow, dark-brown, consisting chiefly of the large second exuvium. There is occasionally to be seen a small mass of white wax cephalad of the first exuvium, and a narrow fringe at the posterior end. The dorsum of the second exuvium is sometimes lightly dusted with white wax. There is a transverse line of weakness in the first exuvium at a point about two-fifths of its length from the anterior end. Male scale with exuvium dark-brown and a white secretion of much the same dimensions as the second exuvium in the female scale. Adult female several times longer than broad, greenish, abdominal segments not laterally produced. Antenna a comparatively large tubercle sometimes tapering towards apex and bearing three long straight hairs, the mesal and lateral ones of each group of equal length and longer than the’middle one; situated cephalad of the mouth parts and about four times their width apart. Anterior spericles with about eight parastigmatic pores in a double row running cephalad from the spiracle ; posterior spiracles without such pores. A few sharp, triangular processes situated round the cephalic margin. _Mouth setz long. Pygidium hyaline. Four conical lobes, tapering from base, much longer than broad pointed at apex; median lobes slightly larger than the second. A pair of long, narrow apically expanded pectinz between the median lobes, a similar part between first and second lobes and two or three laterad of the second lobes. Thereafter two short, broad, pectinze followed by a series of about eight truncate plates, longer than broad, each traversed by a gland duct. There is a longitudinal row of broad, cone-shaped processes running along body laterad of the mouth parts (these are probably marginal, their apparent position being due to a longitudinal! folding of the body). Dorsal pores small and scattered. Anus near base of pygidium. Circumgenital pores in an arch, the caudo-lateral group being separated from the rest; there are from twenty-six to thirty- three in the median group and nine to thirteen in the caudo-lateral. Latero-cephalad of the main groups on each side are two groups of four (or two) each. Second exuvium with two pairs of prominent lobes projecting far into the pygidium, with broad pectinz and gland-pores between them. Along the sides of the body are situated numerous, broad, cone-shaped processes deeply concave at the apex and one or two more elongate, pectinee-like processes. First exuvium with a single pair of lobes; mesal of each a seta and a gland-pore and between the two gland-pores two short precesses irregularly serrate at apex. On leaves and petioles of Limonia alata, Peradeniya, Ceylon, August 1914. This insect resembles Leucaspis cockerelli, (de Charm) but the lobes are of a different shape and are not notched, while the pectinz are longer (extending well beyond the lobes) and the median and cephalo-lateral groups of circumgenital pores form a continuous series. Aulacaspis uncinati, n. sp. Scale of female not much longer than broad; secretion white; exuvie reddish-brown, situated at one side. : Extreme apex of pygidium somewhat truncate. Three pairs of lobes. Median lobes hyaline, not united at the base, expanded caudally and slightly divergent towards the apex; margins slightly indented ; a slight 118 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. band of chitin along their mesal sides. Second lobes distinct, duplex ; mesal part expanded towards the apex and further projecting slightly farther caudad than the lateral part whichis wider at the base than towards the apex. The third lobes are distinctly present on one side ; duplex, mesal half large and conspicuous, lateral half shorter distal margin of both parts oblique. A prominent gland-pore projection laterad of the median lobes and a still more prominent one laterad of the second lobes and two pairs on the pygidial margin cephalad of the third lobes. Plates 1, 1,1, 1, 5-6. A dorsal seta laterad of the median lobes, one between the parts of the second and third lobes and one laterad of each pair of pore-projections. Dorsal pores few, large, in three rows on each side of the pygidium, the inner row consisting of three and situated just laterad of the circumgenital pores. Circumgenital pore 11 (24 and 25) (18 and 19); the median in a compact group, the cephalo-laterals in three or four longitudinal rows, the caudo-laterals in two or three rows. Anus at level of interval between cephalo-and caudo-lateral groups of pores. Antenna consists of a rounded tubercle bearing a single seta; antenn situated as in dA fagrea, Gr. A group of anterior parastigmatic pores apparently present. Underneath leaf-sheaths of Penicwm uncinatum, Peradeniya, July 1914. This insect resembles somewhat A fagree, Gr., but differs in the character of the median lobes, in the presence of a third lobe and in the number of circumgenital pores; (of A fagree, Gr.), Green says, “the lower groups in every case containing the greater number.” JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC. D. Bagchi & A. Chowdhcri, del. Butterflies of Manipur and the Naga Hills. NOTES ON SOME NEW AND INTERESTING BUTTERFLIES FROM MANIPUR AND THE NAGA HILLS. EXPLANATION OF Puate III. Fig. 19.—Neptis kirbariensis, n. sp. ©. 20.—Neptis namba, n. sp. ¢. ., 21.—Calinaga aborica, n. sp, ¢. ,, 22,—Huthalia japroa, n. sp. 3. , 2d.—Rahinda paona,n. sp. ¢. ,, 24,—Neptis nemorum phesimensis, n. sp. 3. ;, 20.—Thecla saitua, np. sp. ¢. ,, 26,—Pseudochliaria virgoides, n. sp. ¢. ,, 2¢.—Arhopala arata, n. sp. 3. ,, 28.—Cyaniris melznoides, n. sp. 3. 119 NOTES ON SOME NEW AND INTERESTING BUTTER- FLIES FROM MANIPUR AND THE NAGA HILLS. BY Lieut.-Cou. H. C. Tyrier, 17TH INFANTRY. Parp sbEy, (With plates IIT & IV.) Family—LYCASNID A. Sub-family—Gerydine. GERYDUS BOISDUVALI, Moore. A male and female taken at Nichuguard in October and November and several males at Sebong, Manipur, in November, January and February. GERYDUS LONGEANA, De N. Occurs commonly in the Manipur Valley itself. Many specimens were also taken at Sebong and on the Cachar Road, Western Manipur Hills; also taken at Nichuguard, Naga Hilis. There are three well defined forms of this species. (1) The wet-season-form, the males of which cannot be distinguished from G. boisduvali taken in the dry-season, the females can how- ever be easily separated by the broad continuous white discal band on forewing. Taken from May to November. (2) An wntermediate dry-season-form, agreeing with Bingham’s descrip- tion, which flies from October to May. (3) An extreme dry-season-form which varies from very pale brown with dashes of white to almost pure white ; taken from November to March. Some specimens of the wet-season-form agree with the description of Gerydus wroratus, var. assamensis, Doherty. ALLOTINUS DRUMILA, Moore. — Decidedly rare in Manipur; a pair taken on the Irang River, Western Manipur Hills, nm February. Up till 1913, 1 had only managed to obtain one female in the Naga Hills, but in 1914 during March, April and May my collectors managed to obtain a male and twenty-one females at Nichuguard. The males appear to be very rare. ALLOTINUS SUBVIOLACEUS, Moore. A female taken on the Cachar Road, Western Manipur Hills, in November and a male and three females in December. This is an interesting capture as it has not been previously recorded further North than 8. Burma. De Nicéville calls the Burmese form A. alkamah, distinguishing the same from the Javan form, true subviolaceus, in having the violaceous area on upperside in the male of greater extent. Yhe conspicuousness of the violaceous area on both wings of the three females now before me is variable; one female has it dull like the male, whilst the other two have it bright and clear. 120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. ALLOTINUS HORSFIELDII, Moore. Very common on the Burma and Cachar Roads in Manipur. Logania MAssALI4, Doherty. Two males taken at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in May and June and a female at the same place im October. Five males also taken at Sebong, Manipur, in November and January. One male from Nichuguard differs in having the white discal spot pro- - duced inwardly to the base of the wing. The size varies a good deal, my largest male measuring 1:1” and my smallest 0:8”. LoGANIA SUBFASCIATA, 0. Sp. Male. Upperside: dark brown. Forewing: a pale spot somewhat as in L. massalia, but rather larger and of different shape, placed obliquely ‘across the wing, the middle portion occupying the basal half of space 3. Underside: very dark brown. Forewing: a pale discal band as on upperside but larger and reaching the dorsum. Hindwing: finely and evenly mottled. Both wings: termen much more undulating than in LZ. massalia. Expanse: ¢ d 1:03”. Two males were obtained at Sebong, Manipur, in February and April. The discal fascia on the underside of forewing and the undulating enue at once distinguish it from L, massalia. PITHECOPS FULGENS, Doherty. Several males and females of this beautiful species were obtained on the Irang.and Lengba Rivers in the Western Manipur Hills in March and April and again in October and November. Tt has only been hitherto recorded from Upper Assam, where Mr. Doherty obtained it at Margherita. Sub-family—Lycenine. Una usta, Distant. Since recording the presence of this form within Indian limits, J. B. N. H.S., Vol. XXI, p. 593, I have taken numerous males in the Naga Hills and in Manipur. It occurs all along the cart road from Nichuguard to Manipur from the foot of the hills up to 5,000 ft. and also at Sebong in the Hastern Manipur Hills and on the Irang River, Western Manipur Hills, The female seems very rare and I have only secured one more, which is an intermediate form, taken at Sebong in November. The upperside agrees with the extreme dry-season-form described in the J.B. N.H.5S., Vol. XXI, p. 598, but on the underside all the dark spots are present. Two extreme dry-season males were obtained on the Irang River, Manipur, in November which agree with the dry season female above men- tioned in the obsolescence of the dark spots on the underside. CYANIRIS MUSINOIDES, Swinhoe. Common in Manipur and the Naga Hills. Ifound ¢ ¢ of this species very abundant at Kairong, Manipur, 3,400 ft., in July and hundreds were to be seen collected together on the cart road feeding on wet mud mixed with cowdung. Females fly at much higher elevations and I obtained a good number at ; Mao and near Kohima at 5, 000 ft. and upwards. NAGA HILLS BUTTERFLIES. 121 In March and April a few dry season forms were obtained in the Manipur Valley at 2,600 ft. An hermaphrodit was taken at Takabama, Naga Hills, 7,000 ft. in August which has the right pair of wings male in character and the left pair female. CYANIRIS BINGHAMI, Chapman. A single male was obtained in Manipur in July. 1 failed to recognise it and sent it with a lot of other butterflies to Major W. H. Evans who on recognising it to belong to this species very kindly returned it to me. He unfortunately only put ‘“ Manipur” on the label and so the exact locality where it was taken must remain uncertain. Another male was subsequently taken at Sebong, Manipur, in April. CYANIRIS MELZNOIDES, n. sp. (PI. III, Fig. 282). Male: very near C. melena, Doherty, from which it differs in the following respects :— Upperside: Both wings: black border broader and therefore the blue discal area, brilliantly irridescent in some lights, slightly more restricted. Underside: Both wings: the submarginal series of spots further removed from the margin, larger and more irregular. Female: Upperside: both wings very similar to the female of C. puspa. Underside: markings as in male. The ground colour of the underside is pure whztesh-grey as in the descrip- tion of C. melena, but specimens of the latter species in the de Niceville collection have the ground colour distinctly brownish-grey, but this may be due to the specimens being old. Six males and a female were taken on the Irang River, Western Manipur Hills, in December; two males at the same place in January and a very smal] male in July. The small wet-season-form taken in July differs from the dry-season-form only in having the spots on the underside comparatively larger. CYANIRIS DOHERTY, n. sp. (Pl. IV, Figs. 45, 46, w.s. andd.s.d <). Male. Upperside: Forewing: costal and terminal areas broadly black, extending to beyond a third of the dorsum from the tornus and filling the upper half of the cell; the rest of the wing greyish, shot with pale iridiscent blue in certain lights. Hindwing: almost entirely black brown with a very small discal patch of grey scales. Underside: very similar to C. transpectus wet-season-form except that the hindwing has an extra spot at the extreme base of interspace 7 agreeing in this respect with C. puspa; discal spot in interspace 7 not more prominent than spot in 6. The above is a description of the wet-season-form ; the dry-season-form differs on upper- side in being much paler with white discal patches on both wings and in having the dark terminal border on forewing narrower. Underside: markings as in the wet-season-form but rather smaller; the terminal markings not so distinct. Expanse: ¢ gd 1:17"-1:2". Three wet season males were taken by my native collectors at Kirbari Naga Hills at 6,000 ft. in July, September and the beginning of October. A single male of the dry-season-form was obtained at the same place at the end of October. This is a very distinct form and on the upperside the wet- season-form looks rather like a very small and dark specimen of C. vardhana ; on the underside however it is quite different and the markings are nearest to the wet-season-form of C. transpectus agreeing with it m having a spot at base of interspace 1 but differing in having an additional spot at 16 122 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. the extreme base of interspace 7 and in the spot at the outer end of interspace 7 being subequal to spot in 6 and not larger and more prominent as in C. transpectus. PHENGARIS ATROGUTTATA, Oberthur. A good number of both sexes were obtained in the Naga Hills at 7,000 ft. in September. It should occur in Manipur, as it has been recorded from the Chin Hills which is still further South ; but I have failed to find it. EVERES PARRHASIUS ASSAMICA, n. sub-sp. Under the above name I propose separating the form of parrhasius from Assam and the Upper Chindwin from the typical form which occurs in South India and Ceylon ; it differs as follows :— Male. Upperside: black border much broader on both wings. Female. Upperside: the discal greyish-blue patch on forewing much reduced, darker and hardly visible ; hindwing rather darker. Underside: similar. A parrhasius form of an Hveres was recorded by Watson from the Chin Hills under the name of LZ. dipora, J. B. N.H.5S., Vol. X, p. 660. The form from N. EK. India and Upper Burma is undoubtedly conspecific with the form from South India and Ceylon and only differs on the upperside as before mentioned. EVERES ARGIADES DIPoRA, Moore. There are two forms of the Argiades group occurring in Manipur and the Naga Hills. They are probably dzpora, Moore, and diporoides, Chapman, as I have similar specimens from the N. W. Himalayas, the habitat of these two forms. I however cannot identify them with certainty as I have not Chap- man’s description of deporoides by me and Moore’s description of d2pora fits both forms. In the first form the JG is dull blue with a narrow black terminal border. It is variable in size; the dry-season-form being sometimes very small, but the wet-season-form appears to average considerably larger than the second form, the ¢ of which is much brighter blue with a much broader black border to the termen. There should be no difficulty in separating the dipora and parrhasius groups as the undersides are quite different. In the dipora group all the spots on the underside are round and black. In the parrhasius group the only spots that are round and black are the twoin space 8, one in the cell and one on the abdominal margin of the hindwing ; the other spots are somewhat linear and pale grey. CASTALIUS ROXUS ROXANA, de N. C. rovana is undoubtedly a race of C. rovus and was described from the extreme dry-season-form. There are three well marked forms. (a) The extreme dry-season or typical form. (6) Anintermediate form which has the white bands narrower and a deep black border which has its inner edge slightly encroached upon by the white discal band. This form is almost exactly similar to a specimen of C. rovus I have from Upper Tenas- serim. (c) A wet-season-form with white bands very narrow and bbe outer margins broader, its inner edge more even. Numerous specimens were obtained i in Manipur both in the Hastern andl Western Hills and a few at Nichuguard in the Naga Hills. Wet-season- forms were taken from April to November ; intermediate forms in December and again in March; dry-season-furms from December to February. NAGA HILLS BUTTERFLIES. 123 NipHANDA CymBia, de N. Decidedly a rare species in Manipur. Two males were taken at Sebong in February and March and three females on the Irang River in February. ORTHOMIELLA PONTIS, Elwes. Nine males taken in Northern Manipur Hills at 4,000-5,000 ft. in March and April and three females on Kabru, 8,400 ft. in April, May and June. NacaDUBA BHUTEA, do N. According to Bingham the female is undescribed. Female. Upperside: Forewing: costal and terminal margin broadly black ; the remainder of the wing nlilac grey shot with brilliant light blue in certain lights. Hindwing lilac grey ; termen narrowly darker ; tornal spot on underside faintly showing through. Underside slightly paler than in male; otherwise similar. Sub-family—Poritiine. PoRITIA ERYCINOIDES, Felder. - Many males and four females taken at Sebong, Manipur, in February and March, June, October and November, and a single male at Saitu in the Manipur Valley. They in no way differ from specimens I have from Maymyo, Burma. Sub-family— Thecline. Genus Zepuyrus, Dalman. Some of the forms of this genus are very hard to identify and I propose eiving a key which I hope will be of some use, in determining doubtful forms. I have included all the known forms from within Indian limits so as to make the key as complete as possible. A portion of the key relating to the Z. icana—Z. doherty and Z. mandara, groups “C &D” has been copied from de Niceville’s key for want of sufficient material. Z. letha has not been included as I have never seen this species and know it only by Watson's figure and description. Key to the Indian Species of ZEPHYRUS. A. Males and females. Upperside: alike ; dark peacock blue with orange spots on forewing. Underside: alike except that the forewing of the female has an orange patch on the disc. 1. AEPHYRUS Pavo, de N. B. Males. Upperside: green. Females; light or dark blue. 1.4. Underside: 3 ‘and 2, ground colour white ; sexes not alike; dark markings much. more conspicuous in the @. Female. Upperside: dark peacock blue with an orange spot on forewing. 2.8. Upperside: black border narrow. 2. ZEPHYRUS ATAXUS ZULLA, n. sub-sp. 3.2. Upperside; black border broad. 38. ZEPHyRUS atTaxus, Doubl. & Hewit. 4.1. Underside: sexes alike; ground colour dark grey-brown. Female. Upperside; shining light blue, with faint orange spot on forewing. 4, ZEPHYRUS SUROIA, N. sp. 124 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. C. “Males. Upperside: green, violet in some lights (underside: marginal bands on hindwing red). Females (as far as is known), brown with orange spots. Underneath sexes alike.” 1.2. Both sexes with discal band on underside hindwing broad, in- cluding dark line defining discocellular nervules, not out- wardly prominently defined by silvery line. 5. ZEPHYRUS 1cana, Moore. 2. 1. Both sexes with discal band on underside of hindwing narrow quite separate from red line defining discocellular nervules, outwardly prominently defined by silvery line. 6. ZzePHyRus DOHERTYI, de N. D. “Male. Upperside: touched with obscure violet close to base of fore- wing only. Hindwing: entirely black. Female unknown.” 7. ZEpHyrus MANDARA, Doherty. EH. Males. Upperside: green. Females: (as far as is known) brown with orange spots ou forewing. Underside: sexes not alike. 1. 10. Males. Upperside: brilliant metallia green. Green scales close together giving the wing a smooth even appearance. 2. 9. Both sexes underside hindwing with the sub-basal costal streak sometimes obsolescent. 3. 4. Underside: Windwing: the sub-basal costal streak continued across the cell and reaching the lower edge; nearly always some red scales between the discocellular streaks on forewing. 8. ZEPHYRUS VITTATA, Ti. Sp. 4. 3. Underside: Windwing : sub-basal costal streak not crossing the cell, sometimes just entering it but generally stopping at its upper edge. 5. 8. Underside: Hindwing : basal area darker than area between discal and sub-terminal bands. 6. 7. Upperside: black border narrow. 9. ZEPHYRUS DUMOIDES, var. INTERMEDIA, nN. 7. 6. Upperside: black border broad. 10. ZEPHYRUS DUMOIDES, TSE 8. 5. Underside : Hindwing : basal area not darker than area between discal and sub-terminal bands. 11. ZerpHyrus puma, Hewitson. 9. 2. Both sexes: hindwing with the sub-basal costal streak wanting. 12. ZEPHYRUS KABRUA, N. Sp. 10. 1. Males. Upperside : deep green, green scales further apart, giving the wings a powdery appearance. 1], 12. Large size, over 2”. Underside dull fuliginous black. 13. ZepHyRus zoA, de N. 12. 11. Smaller, under 2”. Underside palebrown. 14. YZePHYRUS DONT, TSE KF. Upperside: Males green, Females either brown with two bluish-white spots on forewing or grey blue on both wings. Underside: sexes alike. 1. 8, Underside: Hindwing : discal band more or less straight, even and continuous ; if slightly uneven in interspaces 3 and 4, then portion in 4 placed more inwardly than portion in 3. 5. Underside : ground colour pale silvery grey or grey brown. 3. 4. Underside: Hindwing : tornal ocelli black inwardly bordered with orange. 15. ZeEpHyRuUS BIRUPA, Moore. 4. 8. Underside: Hindwing : tornal ocelli black not inwardly border- ed with orange. 16. ZEPHYRUS JAKAMENSIS, 0D. sp, 5. 2. Underside : ground colour bluish silvery white. NAGA HILLS BUTTERFLIES, 125 6. 7. Upperside: Males: green, sometimes violet in certain lights. Hindwing: black border broad and not sprinkled with blue scales. Underside : costal end of discal band on forewing conspicuously broader than tornalend. 17. Zmpuyrus sya, Kollar. 7. 6. Upperside: Males: green, never tinted with violet. Hindwing : black border narrow and sprinkled with blue scales, Underside: costal end of discal band on forewing not conspi- cuously broader than tornal end. 18. ZEPpHyRUS ASSAMICA, n. Sp. 8. 1. Underside: Hindwing : discal band distinctly irregular, either continuous or broken up into detached or semi-detached streaks. 9. 12. Hindwing with tails. 10. 11. Hindwing: underside ; discal band continuous ; portions in inter- spaces 4and 5 projecting outwardly beyond portions in 3 and 6. 19. AEPHYRUS KIRBARIENSIS, N. sp. 11. 10. Underside: Hindwing: discal band not continuous but com- posed of semi-detached streaks. Portions in interspaces 4 and 5 not as in 10 but more inwardly placed than portions in 3 and 6. 20. ZEPHYRUS PAONA, Nn. sp. 12. 9. Hindwing without tails. Underside : discal band irregular and composed of detached streaks. Portions in interspaces 4 and 5 placed more inwardly than portion in38 but more outwardly than portion in 6. 21. ZEPHYRUS KHaAsIA, de N. G. Upperside: grey blue with two white costal spots on forewing. Sexes alike, above and below. 22. ZEPHYRUS z1HA, Hewitson. ZEPHYRUS Pavo, de N. (Pl. IV, fig. 29, Q),. A dand®@ taken above Kirbari, Naga Hills, at about 7,000 feet in June. Two males at the same place in July. A worn female above Kohima in September and another damaged female above Jakama during the same month. The female differs from the male in having on the underside of the fore- wing an orange discal patch beyond the cell in interspaces 2 and 3; it is otherwise similar. Mr. de Niceville’s description of the female applies really to the male as he makes no mention of the orange discal patch on the underside of the forewing. Doherty obtained a male of this rare species at Margherita in Upper Assam at only 400 feet according to Mr. de Niceville ; if this is really so it is very low for a Zephyrus to be found. Itis highly probable that there has been a mistake and that 400 feet should really read 4,000 feet; even that is very low for a Zephyrus in Assam. I have never taken one below 6,000 feet. ZEPHYRUS ATAXUS ZULLA, Nn. sub-sp. A female taken on Paona Hill above Kirbari, Naga Hills, at 7,000 feet at the end of June and a male at the same place in the middle of July. On the upperside the male differs from Murree specimens of Z. atavus in having the apical and terminal black border on both wings conspicuously nar- rower. The female on the upperside does not differ from the typical form. Underside: both sexes have the dark markings more distinct. ZEPHYRUS suROIA, nv. sp. (PI. IV, figs. 30, 31.5,2). Male. Upperside: both wings rather dark shining green. Forewing: a black terminal border continued narrowly to middle of costa, broad at apex narrowing towards the tornus. Hindwing: costa broadly dark brown; 126 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. termen narrowly darker brown or black; a narrow blue terminal line, well marked in interspaces 1 and 2 becoming obsolescent towards the apex; a few scattered blue scales on basal half of interspace 7; dorsal margin broadly brown; anal lobe black. Underside : brown with all the pale mark- ings bluish-white. Forewings: a short pale narrow band at the end of the cell; sometimes one or two pale spots in the cell; a post discal bluish- white band from just below the costa to vein 2, inwardly recurved and pro- duced upwardly as a fine rather indistinct line to vein 4 which it strikes a little beyond the lower end of the pale streak at the end of the cell, the ground colour between these two pale lines dark brown; a dark brown terminal border, very dark towards the tornus, inwardly bordered with a bluish-white rather diffuse band, and divided by two narrow marginal bluish- white lines, the outer one very indistinct. Outer half of interspace 1 greyish. Hindwing: a sub-basal bluish white band from vein to base of vein 2; a discal transverse band from vein 8 straight as far as vein 2 where it zigzags and ending at the middle of the dorsum; sometimes a pale bluish- white spot between these two bands in interspace 7; a short bluish-white marginal streak near base of dorsum; a sub-marginal bluish white band with diffuse edges, recurved along the dorsum where it is very narrow and quite blue; a terminal row of diffuse bluish-white lunules; a large black tornal spot ringed with rufous yellow; anal Jobe black, sometimes sprinkled with a few rufous yellow scales, crowned with rufous yellow which colour is continued for a short distance along the dorsum; and lastly a fine terminal bluish-white line. Cilia white; tail blacix tipped with white. Female. Upperside: Forewing: costal margin black, narrow near the base widening out towards the apex; apex and termen broadly black narrowing towards the tornus; remainder of wing bright sky-blue with purple reflec- tions in some lights; two very indistinct reddish patches in interspaces 5 and 4; a black streak on the discoceilulars. Hindwing: costal margin broadly black-brown ; termen narrowly black; the remainder of the disc bright blue as on forewing, not quite filling interspace 5; outer portions of veins 2 and 3 well indicated by black scales; a fine greyish-blue terminal line becoming obsolescent towards the apex. Underside: a small indistinct reddish spot on the bluish-white marginal line in interspace 2 of forewing. Otherwise as in male. Expanse: gf d 1:57”—1°78" ; 2 91:67"—1°76". A good number of males and two females were taken by Major Evans and my native collectors on Suroifui mountain in the Hastern Manipur Hills at about 8,000—9,000 feet in June and July, and another female and several males in August or September. ZEPHYRUS VITTATA, n. sp. (Pl. IV, figs. 42, 43, 5, ©). Male. Upperside: bright green with deep blue reflections in certain lights. Forewmg: costal margin very narrowly black towards the apex; apex and terminal margin rather broadly black. Hindwing: costal margin broadly black; terminal margin black, rather broader than on the forewing, and widening outwards the tornus. Underside: grey-brown. Forewing : costal margin and outer two-thirds darker than the ground colour; disco- cellulars defined by two bluish-white lines, between which the ground colour is darker brown with some orange scales next to the outer line. A post- discal transverse broad pale band from costa to vein 2, where it ends in a point, inwardly sharply defined by a narrow whitish line, a subterminal whitish line. Hindwing: a sub-basal bluish-white line from vein 8 to lower edge of the cell; discocellulars defined by a bluish-white line, a post discal narrow bluish-white line rather straight as far as vein 2 where it forms a W and then recurves back tothe middle of the dorsum; a subterminal NAGA HILLS BUTTERFLIES. 127 rather pale line, outwardly bordered with dark brown, coalescing with the postdiscal line at vein 2 and recurved along the dorsum for a short distance ; the area between the postdiscal and subterminal bands and dorsal area thinly irrorated with bluish-white scales; the terminal border broadly and thickly irrorated with similar scales; a black spot near tornus ringed with dark ochreous-red ; anal lobe black sprinkled with a few ochreous red scales and crowned broadly with the same colour which is continued as a narrow streak along the dorsum for a short distance. Cilia greyish. Tails black tipped with white. Female. Upperside: deep brown becoming blackish to- wards outer half of forewing. Forewing: three contiguous large orange spots beyond the cell and in interspaces | and 2. Hindwing: unmarked. Underside: browner than the male. Forewing with three orange spots as on upperside ; markings on both wings otherwise similar. Expanse. ¢ ¢ 1-6’—1:69"; 9 91:66"—1-73". This species occurs both in Manipur and the Naga Hills. In Manipur several males and females were taken on Kabru, 8,400 feet in July and August and at Suroifui, 8,000—9,000 feet in August. In the Naga Hills numerous males were taken at Kirbari in June and July and several females at Phesima and Takabama in July and August at about 7,000 feet. ZEPHYRUS DUMOIDES, n. sp. (PI. IV, Fig. 39, 3). Male. Upperside: very similar to Z. vittata, mihi, but the black border on both wings broader. Underside: Forewing: grey brown; a dark brown bar at the end of the cell bordered on both sides with white ; a narrow postdis- cal white band from costa to vein 2 inwardly broadly bordered with dark brown ; a dark subterminal line broadening towards the tornus; a slightly paler terminal border divided from the subterminal dark line by a rather indistinct and very narrow whitish line. Hindwing: basal two-thirds as far as the postmedian transverse whitish band dark brown ; a subcostal bluish- white streak near base of interspace 7 ; the discocellulars marked with brown and inwardly indistinctly bordered with paler colour; a rather straight narrow postmedian whitish band from apex to vein 2 where it recurves and forms a “ W” and ends on the middle of the dorsum; a subterminal dark brown band, inwardly faintly bordered with whitish, the area between this and the postmedian whitish band irrorated with pale scales and conspicuous- ly paler than the basal two-thirds of the wing ; termen rather paler than the subterminal dark band and thickly irrorated with pale scales which are dis- tinctly blue towards the tornus ; a black spot near the tornus encircled with dark red ; anal lobe black crowned with dark red, which colour is indistinct- ly continued for a short distance along the dorsal margin, and bearing a few blue scales posteriorly. Female. Upperside: very similar to the female of Z.duma. Underside: differs from Z. duma in being darker. Forewing: the discocellulars generally not so well marked. Hindwing: the terminal area not so conspicuously irrorated with pale scales. Expanse: ¢ ¢ 1:7"—1°8"; 2 2 1:65”—1°382", Numerous males and a good series of females were obtained at Kabru, Manipur, at 8,400 feet in July and a few in June and August. ? Var. imtermedia, n. This is on the whole a smaller insect than Z. dumoides and has on the upperside the black terminal border much narrower ; in this respect being almost identical with Z. wittata. The underside is however almost exactly the same as Z. dumoides, mihi. The difference in size and in the width of the black border appears to be fairly constant in the large series of set males before me and placed side by side with Z. dumovdes, mihi, appears well marked ; but without an examination of the genitalia I do not like to separate it. The females are exactly like 7. dwmoides female and only differ in size. 128 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. Expanse: 3 ¢ 1°56"”—1°72"; 9 9 1:63"—1°65". Z. dumoides has only been taken in Manipur on Kabru, 8,400 feet. Z. intermedia is not uncommon in Manipur where it has been taken on Kabru, 8,400 feet, and on Suroifui, 8,000—9,000 feet, in July. It occurs rarely in the Naga Hills where a few specimens, 1 ¢ and 3 Q 9, were taken at Kirbari, 7,000 feet, in July. Z. duma, a closely allied species, is the prevailing form in the Naga Hills, it extends into Manipur where it is very rare, only two males being taken on Kabru im three years. 4 ZEPHYRUS DUMA, Hewitson. Specimens from the Naga Hills agree exactly with specimens from Sikkim. It is by no means uncommon and has been taken on several separate ranges at elevations of 7,000 feet and over from June to September. As before mentioned it is very rare in Manipur. Z. duma can always be separated from both Z. dumoides and Z. intermedia by the green being of a more brassy shade and also from the former by the much narrower terminal border, and from the latter by its larger size. On the underside it is much paler and more silvery and on the hindwing the basal area as far as the postmedian band is not conspicuously darker than the area between the postmedian and subterminal bands, which is a very marked feature in other two closely allied forms. ZEPHYRUS KABRUA, n. sp. (Pl. IV, Fig. 41, 3). Male. Upperside: both wings brassy green as in Z duma. Forewing: costal margin near apex, apex and terminal margin narrowly black, very narrow near the tornus. Hindwing: costal margin broadly and terminal margin narrowly black ; a terminal narrow blue line on either side of the tail, dorsal margin brown. Underside: pale silvery fawn colour. Forewing: discocellulars marked with brown ; a post discal brown band reaching vein 2; a pale silvery broad subterminal band from costa to vein 2 broadest at costa; a terminal brown band divided by a marginal rather indistinct pale silvery line. Hindwing: a brown line closing the cell often joined to the median brown line at vein 4; a median brown line commencing at the costa and continued as a straight line to vein 2 where it forms a “ W” and re- curves ending near the middle of the dorsal margin ; this band is sometimes broken at veins 4 and 7 and the lower portion often appears to be in conti- nuation of the discocellular brown line, a broad costmedian pale silvery band ; a subterminal broad brown band irrorated outwardly with silvery scales; a terminal fine white line outwardly bordered by an anteciliary brown line; a black submarginal spot in interspace 2 ringed with orange ; anal lobe black crowned with orange, which colour is extended for a short distance along the dorsal margin and inwardly lined with silvery, Cilia greyish-brown. Female. Upperside: brown. Forewing: three orange spots on disc beyond the ceil and in interspaces 2 and 38, the lower spot rather indistinct. Hindwing: unmarked. Underside: very similar to Z. duma 2 but no pale markings near the base of interspace 7 or on the discocellulars. Expanse: ¢ gd 1:33"—1:67"; 9 1:46”. Many males were taken on Kabru peak, Manipur, 8,400 feet, in June and July, and at Phesima Naga Hills at 7,000 feet, in July and August ; a single female taken at Takahama, Naga Hills, 7,000 feet, in August. This form can at once be distinguished from Z. duma and Z. dumovdes by its very much smaller size and by the silvery fawn colour of the underside which entirely lacks on the hindwing any mark in interspace 7, nearly NAGA HILLS BUTTERFLIES. 129 always clearly visible in its allies. The blue line near tornus of upper hindwing also at once distinguishes it. i ZEPHYRUS 240A, De Nicéville, Many males were taken on Kabru, Manipur, at 8,400 feet, in July and August, most of the specimens in the latter month were worn and useless. Many females were taken on Kabru which undoubtedly belong to both this species and to Z. dumoides, they vary a good deal inter se, but I can find no certain character by which to assign them to their respective males. I am however inclined to think that specimens which have the postmedian narrow white bands on both wings very narrow and straight and the terminal area of the hindwing below very sparsely irrorated with pale scales should be assigned to this species. This species was originally described by De Nicéville from a single male obtained by Mr. A. V. Knyvett on Tiger’s Hill above Darjeeling at 8,000 feet elevation on 26th June 1888 and has not again been met with by any collector; De Nicéville subsequently was of the opinion that it was a sport of Z duma. It is however undoubtedly a good species and the males are very constant in the extent of the powdery dark green scales, some males however have the green scales tinted with violet in certain lights. It appears to be an extremely local species and I have only obtained it on top of Kabru mountain. The Manipur form differs from De Nicéville’s description and figure in not having the black border of forewing of even width as far as interspace 6; at vein 4 the black border widens out, the green scales being confined to the base of interspace 4 and 5 and quite wanting in interspace 6, giving the apical area a very black appearance; 1t is however not advisable to separate it as a race until the Sikkim form is rediscovered and found to be constant in the even width of the black border of forewing. It agrees much better with De Nicéville’s description and figure of Z. zoa than does the next species. ZEPHYRUS DONI, 0. sp. Male. Upperside: dull powdery green turning to purple in certain lights and almost invisible in others. Forewing: with a broad even black terminal border. Hindwing: broadly black along the costa, termen and dorsum, the green scales being confined to the disc as in Z. zoa. Underside: both wings pale brown. Forewing: discocellulars faintly marked on either side with white ; a post discal narrow white hand, mwardly bordered with dark brown, ending at vein 2; a subterminal white line inwardly bordered with dark brown which widens outwards the dorsum. Hindwing: discocellulars unmarked, a post discal narrow white band bordered inwardly with dark brown as on forewing ending in a “ W” at the tornal angle ; terminal area darker brown with two subterminal white limes and a terminal line of the same colour onit. Tornal area orange inwardly bordered with black, with a large black spot in interspace 2 and some black scales in interspace 1. Expanse: ¢ 1:4”. A single male taken on Suroifui, Manipur, 8,600—9,000 feet, in July. lts nearest ally appears to be Z. zoa from Manipur which however has not yet been taken on Suroifui. It differs from that species in its much smaller size; on the upperside the green scales are not so powdery, the black border is wider in proportion to the breadth of the wings and is of even width from the dorsum to vein 6 in Z. zoa from Manipur ; the black border widens out markedly at vein 4 filling the apex. On the underside it is a much paler brown. Forewing: the discocellulars not so well marked. Hindwing : the sub-basal streak in interspace 7 wanting ; the discocellulars unmarked ; and the two subterminal white lines better defined. 17 130 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. The green scales when seen through a microscope are broader than they are in the Manipur Z. zoa, and consequently closed together. ZEPHYRUS JAKAMENSIS, n. sp. (Pl. 1V, Figs. 32, 33, 5 @). Male. Upperside: both wings bright shining green. Forewing: termen broadly margined with black as in Z. birupa. Hindwing: costa broadly brown black; termen narrowly bordered with black and_ irrorated with blue scales. Dorsal margin brown, greyish towards the base. Underneath very similar te Z. syla but the colour greyish silvery and not bluish silvery, all the markings narrower; no sub-costal streak in interspace 7; the two submarginal spots on either side of the tails pure black with no trace of any orange. Female. Upperside : very similar to Z. syla but the ground colour paler. The forewing has the terminal black border inwardly produced for some distance along the dorsal margin and consequently the bluish discal area is smaller; apex of cell and outer half of interspace whitish, the area beyond the end of the cell and interspaces 2 and 3 almost white. Hindwing: the bluish-grey scales more conspicuous and extensive almost covering the entire wing below vein 6 with the exception of a very narrow terminal area; veins brown and conspicuous. Underside similar to male. Expanse: ¢ ob 1:°4”—1°63"; 2 9 1:45". Two males were taken at Phesima inthe Naga Hills at 7,000 feet in June and several more males and a single female at the same place in July. Three males taken on Suroifuiat about 8,000 feet inJuly. Itcanat once be distinguished from its nearest allies Z. birupa, Z. syla and Z.assamica, Mihi, described below, by the complete absence of any red in the vicinity of the tornal black spots. ZEPHYRUS ASSAMICA, 0. sp. Male. Upperside: very similar to Z. syla but pure green and never tinted with bronze. Hindwing: terminal black border rather narrower and in- wardly irrorated with blue scales. Underside : markings on the whole finer than in Z. syla especially on the hindwing. F crewing : costal end of- post- discal band not conspicuously broader than the tornal end, generally narrower. Hindwing: tornal black spots much smaller, the inner one often obsolescent, and orange markings not nearly so conspicuous. Female. Upperside: Forewing: ground colour darker, otherwise similar. Hindwing: darker, of the same colour as the forewing, and much more extensive than in Q Z, syla, generally quite reaching the termen but sometimes just stop- ping short of it. Underside: as in male, Expanse: ¢ 6 149"”—1:58"; 2 2 1:31”—1°63”. A good number of males and females were taken in the Naga Hills at about 7,000 feet in July and August, and a few in Manipur during the same months cn Kabru, 8,400 feet, and on Suroifui at about 8,000 feet. A ¢ specimen from Sikkim has been given me by Mr. E. Ollenbach. This form is probably an eastern race of Z. syla. ZEPHYRUS KIRBARIENSIS, n. sp. (Pl. IV, Figs. 36, 37, gd @). Male. Upperside: very similar to the preceding form but the black border on forewing is very muchnarrower. Hindwing: black border rather narrower especially near the tornus and the blue scales more restricted, generally only visible as a narrow line on either side of the tail. Underside: Fore- wing: very similar. Hindwing: very similar but the discal band is very irre- gular, the portion beyond the cell in interspaces 4 and 5 projecting beyond the portions on either side in interspaces 3 and 6. Female. Upperside: very similar to the female of the preceding form. Underside: as in male. JOURN, BOMBAY NAT, AIST. SOC. D. Bagchi & A. Chowdhari, del.. Butterflies of Manipur and the Naga Hulls. NOTES ON SOME NEW AND INTERESTING BUTTERFLIES FROM MANIPUR AND THE NAGA HILLS. TE:XPLANATION OF PuLaTE IV. Fig. 29.—Zephyrus paro, de N. 9°. , 930.—Zephyrus suroia, n. sp. 3. a) Oke — As es Ss OF: 32.—Zephyrus jakamensis, n. sp. 3. oo oS AA e ad OF , o4.—Zephyrus paona n. sp. 3. 5 30.— “5 9p is aa 36.—Zephyrus kirbariensis, n. sp. 3. OY ee : 55 iam de 38.—Camena cotoides, n. sp. ¢. 39.—Zephyrus dumoides, n. sp. ¢ 40.—Tajuria sebonga, n. sp. ¢. 41.—Zephyrus kabrua, n. sp. 3. 42.—Zephyrus vittata, n. sp. 3. » 43.— $5 He aos 44,,—Zephyrus khasia, de N. 9. , 45,—Cyaniris dohertyi, n. sp. g. w.s. f. a), AOk—«, *\. 5 hiss a edn Se Es » 47.—Tajuria thydia, n. sp. ¢. NAGA HILLS BUTTERFLIES. 131 Hxpanse: ¢ fo 1'45”—1:58"”; 9 O 1:5”—1:59." A few males and females taken on Kabru, Manipur, 8,400 feet, in July and August, and several males and females in the Naga Hills at Kohima, Phe- sima and Kirbari at about 7,000 feet from July to September, a single female at Jakama in October and a single male at Kohima in November. A Q of this species was originally taken at Kirbari in the Naga Hills and recorded in the J. B. N. H. Soc., Vol. XXI, p. 598, as being very near to Z. syla. I did not like to separate it on a single specimen ; it is however a perfectly good species. The shape of the discal band on the underside is very characteristic and at once distinguishes it from its nearest ally Z. assamica, Mihi, which has the discal band generally straight and if not straight the portions beyond the cell in interspaces 4 and 5 are somewhat more inwardly placed than portions in 3 and 6 and not outwardly as in the present form. Thel2 g ¢ and 8 @ @ now before me show no variation in the shape of this band. ZEPHYRUS PAONA, n. sp. (Pl. IV, Fig. 34, 35, g @). Male. Upperside: both wings very similar to Z. kirbariensis. Hindwing with a blue terminal line on either side of the tail. Underside: bluish silvery white. Forewing: a brown streak closing the cell ; a postdiscal narrow brown band consisting of semi-detached streaks; a very indistinct subterminal band darker than the ground colour ending in distinct black spots near the tornus, a very indistinct terminal line slightly darker than the ground colour and lastly an anteciliary dark narrowline. Hindwing: a narrow sub-basal brown streak in interspace 7 not quite reaching its lower edge ; another similar streak closing the cell, a very sinuous irregular discal band, deeply excavated in interspace | and then sharply recurved to the mid- dle of the dorsum ; a subterminal band of indistinct dark lunular spots, rather more conspicuous in interspace | and 2 where they are inconspicuously bor- dered posteriorly with orange; a terminal row of very inconspicuous spots slightly darker than the ground colour and lastly an anteciliary narrow dark line. Cilia white. Female. Upperside: very similar to the Q of 4%. kirba- riensis, Mihi, but the discal white spots are much more conspicuous ; inter- spaces 2 and 3 being completely white from the base to the terminal black border. Hindwing: also very similar but interspaces 4, 5 and 6 are whitish towards the termen ; a distinct brown terminal border; an anteciliary dark line inwardly bordered with blue on either side of the tail. Underside similar to male but the discal bands on both wings rather more heavily marked and more distinct. Expanse: ¢ 1:71"; 2 1:67". A single male was taken on Kabru Mountain, Manipur, 8,400 feet, in June, and a female during the same month on Paona Peak at about 8,000 feet. This beautiful species can at once be distinguished from its nearest ally Z. kirbariensis, Mihi, by the form of the discal band on the underside of the hindwing which at its anterior end consists of semi-detached lunular streaks, the streak in interspace 6 projecting beyond those in interspaces 4,5 and 7; in Z. kirbariensis, the discal band is continuous at its anterior end and the portions between the veins are straight, the portion in interspace 6 does not project outwardly but is more inwardly placed than portions in 4 and 5. ZEPHYRUS KHASIA, de N. (Pl IV., Fig. 44, 9). Female. Very similar to Z. kirbariensis 9 on the upperside and cannot be distinguished from it except by the absence of the tail on the hindwing. Underside: exactly as in the male. This species has hitherto been only known by a single male taken in the Khasia Hills a long time ago. Its 1382 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. re-discovery is therefore very interesting, A large series of males and females were taken by my native collectors in the Naga Hills at Phesima and Kirbasi in July and August and a few in September and October. Two males and a single female were taken at Suroifui, Manipur, at 7,000-8,000 feet in June and July. The 2 @ of the syla-khasia group are ali very much alike on the upperside, but fortunately the markings on the underside are constant and distinctive and so there is no difficulty whatever in separating them. THECLA SAITWA, n. sp. (Pl. III, Fig. 25, 2). Female. Upperside: dull brown. Forewing: unmarked. Hindwing: a black submarginal spot in interspace 2 irrorated with a few pale scales; anal lobe black irrorated,with bluish-white scales and crowned with white; a dark anteciliary line inwardly margined with white towards the tornus. Two narrow tails, the upper one short, the lower one long, black tipped with white. Understde: ground colour pale buff. Forewing: discocellulars indis- tinctly marked with white ; a very narrow white postdiscal line margined with brown and broken at veins 2 and 4, a submarginal row of black spots in interspaces 1-5; the one in interspace 2 the largest, its outer half orange; an anteciliary black line inwardly bordered narrowly with white. Hindwing: a white streak closing the cell bordered on both sides with darker colour ; a postdiscal narrow white band as on forewing broken at vein 4 and forming a ‘‘W” and ending on the tornus; a submarginal row of lunular orange spots inwardly crowned with black and bordered inwardly and outwardly with white, a large black spot in interspace 2 contiguous to the orange lunule; anal lobe. black ; apex of interspace | irrorated with bluish- white scales; an anteciliary dark line inwardly margined with white. Cilia: basal half white, outer half brown. Eyes hairy. Expaase: 2 1: 3”. A single female was taken at Saitu village, 4,000 feet at the Northern end of the Manipur Valley,in May. In general appearance it is very like to T. sassanides but can at once be distinguished by the two tails on the hindwing. ILERDA MOOREI, Hewitson. Amongst numerous specimens of IJlerda androcles taken by my native collectors at Suroifui, Manipur, were two specimens very near J. moore. They are slightly paler than typical specimens from Sikkim but are pure blue and never green in any light. They may possibly be an aberration of androcles but are probably an eastern race of moore. My collectors were collecting near Suroi village from 5,000 feet to 9,000 feet and these two specimens may have been taken at the summit of Suroifui at about 9,000 feet which would be too high for androcles but not for mooret which flies at high altitudes in Sikkim. APHN US SANI EVANSII, n. sub-sp. In my “ Notes on Butterflies from the Naga Hills,” published in the J., B. N.H. Soc., Vol. XXI, page 600, and pl. 11., fig. 5, No. 335, I recorded and figured a form of Aphneus near to A. sani. I have since compared this form with specimens of A. sani in the DeNicéville collection and find that they agree in every respect except that they lack the red spot on upper forewing which is present in all DeNicéville’s specimens from Sikkim. I have since taken eight more ¢ ¢ in the Naga Hills in June, September and October and a dry-season ¢ at Sebong, Manipur, in April. They alllack the red spot completely and I have therefore under the above name separated the Assam and Burma race from the Sikkim form. NAGA HILLS BUTTERFLIES. 1338 Sub-family—Arhopakne. MAHATHALA AMERIA, Hewitson. A single female taken at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in March, and two more at the end of April or beginning of May. APPORASA ATKINSONI, Hewitson. A singie female taken by my native collector at Sebong, Manipur, at the beginning of June. I believe this species has not previously been recorded further north than Tenasserim. Iraota ROCHANA, Horsfield. Hight males of this beautiful species were obtained near Sebong, Manipur, in April, June, November and December. So far only recorded from Mergui within Indian limits. TRAOTA TIMOLEON, Stoll. Males very common in the Manipur Valley. Females appear to be very rare and none were taken in the Valley itself: one was obtained at Sebong in July, another female was obtained at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in May ; this female has only one tail and resembles the male in this respect; the other tailis not broken off. This species appears to be very variable; typical tumoleon being connected with typical mecenas by intergradations. Mecenas forms were taken from January to July. Intermediate forms, May to July and timoleon forms, June to October. ZINASPA DISTORTA, De N. Not uncommon in Manipur during February and March; rather scarce during the wet-season. Mora massyia, Hewitson. Four males and numerous females taken at Sebong and on the Irang River, Manipur, from January to July at low elevations. A single female was also taken at Kirbari, Naga Hills, at about 6,000 feet in June. This species amongst the 2 2 seems to vary greatly in colouring and size. My smallest 2, taken in January, being only 0:9" and my largest, taken in June, 1°48”. The males appear to be very rare. ARHOPALA CAMDEO, Moore. Four males taken at Sebong, Manipur, in April. ARHOPALA APHA SUFFUSA, n. sub-sp. This form differs from typical apha in the DeNicéville collection in having the underside suffused with lovely pink. Three males and a female taken at Sebong in June. ARHOPALA SILHETENSIS, Hewitson. Two males of this rare species were taken at the foot of the Naga Hills n October and November and two males and two females at Sebong, Manipur, in March and April. 134 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. ARHOPALA ANARTE, Hewitson. Two males of this very rare species were obtained on the Irang River, Manipur, in May and July. Major W. H. Evans gives the habitat of this form as Cachar, Burma, but does not state who obtained it previously so far north as Cachar. Bethune- Baker and De Nicéville do not record it further north than Myitta, Tenasse- rim. It is a very beautiful species. ARHOPALA AGADA, Hewitson. Numerous males and three females taken at Sebong, Manipur, in April. These specimens are somewhat darker underneath than examples from Burma in the De Nicéville collection. In the J., B. N. H.8., Vol. X XI, p. 597, I erroneously recorded this species as having been taken in the Naga Hills. The specimens referred to were really A. bazalus. ARHOPALA EUMOLPHUS, Distant. Five males and three females of typical ewmolphus were obtained at Imphal, Sebong, and on the Cachar Road, Manipur, from November to April. The race hellenore is very common at the same places. ARHOPALA APIDANUS AHAMUS, Doherty. Two males and two females taken at Nichuguard; Naga Hills, from October to January, and a male at Sebong, Manipur, in April. ARHOPALA ADRIANA, De N, A single female taken at Imphal, Manipur, in August. ARHOPALA ABSEUS, Hewitson. Five specimens taken at Sebong, Manipur, in April and another on the Irang River, Western Manipur Hills, in October. ARHOPALA CHINENSIS, Felder. Very common in the Manipur Valley, a single female was also taken in the Naga Hills at 5,000 feet in September. ARHOPALA ARESTE, Hewitson. Five males and four females taken at Imphal from September to March and a female on the Irang River, Manipur, in February. A pair taken in the Naga Hills at 5,000 feet in August and October and a female at Nichu- guard in December. ARHOPALA BAZALUS, Hewitson. Not uncommon in Manipur from the foot of the Hills up to 5,000 feet. In the Naga Hills a fair number were obtained at about 5,000 feet. ARHOPALA AGRATA, DeN. Two males which agree with specimens in the De Nicéville collection were obtained at Sebong, Manipur, in March and April, two males and eight females at the same place in July and a pair in October. ert NAGA HILLS BUTTERFLIES. 135 ARHOPALA ARATA, 0D. Sp. A male of a form which appears to be new was obtained on the Lengba River, Western Manipur Hills, and two more at Sebong, Eastern Manipur Hills, in March and April. It agrees with nothing in the De Nicéville collection. The upperside is similar to specimens of A. aac, Hewitson, and the under- side to A. agrata, De N., in the De Nicéville collection. ARHOPALA KHAMTI, Doherty. A single male taken at Sebong in May agrees with specimens in the De Nicéville collection. ARHOPALA RAMA, Koli. Common at low elevations in Manipur. The breadth of the black terminal border of the forewing is variable. ARHOPALA, sp. ? Three males and two females of a form intermediate between A. rama and A. hewittsont taken in Manipur and the Naga Hills from March to July. ARHOPALA HEWwITSONI, Bethune-Baker. A pair taken at Sebong in June. ARHOPALA ALEMON, De N. Numerous males of the dry-season-form taken at Sebong, Manipur, in January and February and a few at Imphal in May; and numerous wet- season-forms at Sebong from June to January. The sexes hardly differ ; the female has the terminal black border on forewing very slightly broader and the black tooth at the end of the cell more pronounced. This tooth is nearly always to be seen in the male but is glossed over with purple. In two dry-season males the purple gloss has entirely obliterated the black tooth. From the dates of capture it will be seen that typical wet-season-forms fly on well into the cold weather. The black border on the forewing is broader in the wet-season-form than in the dry-season-form. ARHOPALA ComIcA, De N. Two females of this curiously marked species were obtained at Sebong, Manipur, in March and agree exactly with De Nicéville’s type. Mr. Bethune- Baker believed this to be a sport of 4. dodonea (T.Z.S., 1903, p. 134). The type I believe was then unique. The tail is much longer than it is in dodonea and of a different shape. I believe it to be a good species. ARHOPALA ToUNGUVA, G. 5S. A large series of males and females obtained at Sebong, Manipur, in June which agree with specimens taken by Mr. Ellis at Kankerait, Shan States, in May and at Tangbingon, Upper Burma, in December. The males differ considerably from eight males I have from Rangoon, Lower Burma, taken in April, in having on the uppexside the blue much duller and the black border slightly broader ; and on the underside in being paler and not so suffused with pink. 136 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. ARHOPALA PARAMUTA, De N. Rare in Manipur. A few specimens taken at low elevations in February and April and a female at Imphal in July. ARHOPALA PERIMUTA, Moore. Common in Manipur at low elevations in the cold weather; a -pair also taken at Sebong in July. ARHOPALA ABERRANS, De N. Three males and two females taken at Sebong, Manipur, in January and February ; and two males and numerous females taken at the same place in July. ARHOPALA BIRMANA, Moore. Three males (dry-season-form) taken at Sebong, Manipur, in February and at April and four males and numerous females of the wet-season-foim taken at the same place in July. ? ARHOPALA ARIEL, Doherty. A very large series of both sexes of an Arhopala which may be arzel were taken at Sebong from November to April. They differ from both Elwes’ and Bethune-Baker’s figures in having the black border on both wings not quite so broad. The underside is exactly similar to that of A. bamana. ARHOPALA ZEPHYRETTA, Doherty. A single male taken at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in May. ARHOPALA GANESA WATSONI, Evans. A male and four females taken at Suroifui, Manipur, 7,000-9,000 feet in July, and a pair near Kohima, Naga Hills, in May and July. Sub-family— Deudorigine. DEUDORIX EPIJARBAS, Moore. Males exceedingly common in Manipur. Females appear to be rare and only five were taken. The dry-season-form is much smaller than the wet- season-form. Two males and a female of the very distinct variety diara, Swinhoe, were taken at Imphal, Manipur, in October and November. DEUDORIX HYPARGYRIA, Hlwes. A single male taken at Sebong, Manipur, in April agrees fairly well with Elwes’ figure and description, it is however smaller, being only 1:48” in expanse ; the red colour is paler than shown on the figure and more res- tricted on the hindwing, the costal area as far as vein 5 being entirely fuscous. Underneath the wings are pure silvery with no tinge of brown near costa and outer margin, the markings on hindwing are similar but indistinct. The palpi are not entirely white, the terminal joint being fuscous. Elwes placed his hypargyria in the genus Rapala but made no mention of it possessing any male secondary sexual characters. Evans for this reason in his “ List of Butterflies” placed it under Deudorix. NAGA HILLS BUTTERFLIES. 137 I have examined my specimen carefully. It is undoubtedly a male and has no secondary sexual characters, so that if my identification is correct hypargyria should be placed under Deudorix. ‘(2 DETDOKIX. sp. P. A single female taken near Suroi, Manipur, at about 4,000—5,000 feet in July may be new. It is very close to D. epijarbas 2 but differs as follows :— Upperside: darker with a purple gloss. Forewing: a rather indistinct reddish-brown patch in interspaces 2, 3 and 4 just entering 1. Underside : Forewing: discocellular and discal bands very narrow. Hindwing: bands very narrow as on forewing; portion of discal band in interspace 7 in line with portions in interspaces 4, 5 and 6 and not shifted inwards ; discocellular bands quite clear of discal band. RapPaLa TARA, De N. Appears to be rare. Only a single male was obtained on the Irang River, Western Manipur Hills, in March. RAPALA SPHINXNICEVILLEI, Swinhoe. Three males taken at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in October, March and April. RAPALA SCINTILLA, De N. Common at Imphal, Manipur. Rapata Buxaria, De N. LT erroneously recorded in the J., B. N. H.S., Vol. XXI, p. 602, under the above name one of the forms of the variable R. nissa. I have however since taken numerous malesand a female of true duzaria at Phesima, near Kohima, Naga Hills, during July and a few males below Kabru, Manipur, in May and June. Two females were also taken at the foot of the Naga Hills in October and November. The males of &. buxaria appear to fly somewhat higher than R. nissa and all my specimens were obtained at about 7,000 feet. Rapata rosacea, De N. Seven males of a form taken on the Barak River, Western Manipur Hills, in March which agree very well with De Nicéville’s description and figure except that the anal spots on hindwing, underside, are not marked with red but are golden or golden brown. They can be at once distinguished from R. nissa by the much paler colour of the sexual patch on upper hindwing and on the underside by the anal spots not having any trace of black. The sexual patch of modified scales on hindwing extends slightly along veins 6 and 7 and just into the base of interspace 6 which it does not do im -R. nissa. Four of the specimens are strongly suffused with rosy pink on the underside and three are yellowish with scarcely any pink suffusion. RaPaLA PETOSIRIS, Hewitson.. Fairly common in Manipur at low elevations. A few specimens were also taken at Nichuguard, Naga Hills. Rapata surFosa, Moore. Common in Manipur. Many specimens taken at Sebong and on the Trang River, Western Manipur Hills. 18 188 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. ? RaPALA REFULGENS, De N, Six males which I doubtfully identify as belonging to this species were taken at Sebong, Manipur, in April. They agree fairly well with De Nicéville’s description but the colour of the upperside is more purple than in L. eryx with which De Nicéville compares his refulgens. It does not appear to be a true Rapala as the secondary sexual patch on hindwing fills the base of interspace 6 as in Varachola and Stnthusa but does not extend into the cell asin those genera. The underside resembles a Sinthusa more than a Rapala. VIRACHOLA ROSACEA, 0. Sp. Male. Upperside: both wings dull purple glossed with pk. Hindwing: costal area pinky brown; sexual patch of meditied scales pinky brown; anal lobe yellow brown sprinkled with a few black scales. Undersede : rich dark vinous buff, all the markings very obscure. Forewing : discocellulars faintly marked with darker colour; a faint post-discal macular band of darker colour, parallel to the margin, visible in interspaces 1-3. Hindwing: discocellulars marked by two white lines, the space between them filled with darker colour. A post-discal macular band of darker colour edged on both sides with white and outwardly produced in space 5 and recurved along the dorsum; anal lobe black; a small black spot in interspaces 1 and 2 placed on an orange ground, the spot in interspace | irrorated with a few metallic blue scales ; and lastly a white streak above the anal lobe. Tail black tipped with white. Cilia on termen concolorous with the ground colour below, tipped with white below anal spots of hindwing and becoming pure white along dorsum. Antenne: black ringed with white, apex of club red brown. Expanse: ¢ d 1:3"-1:44". On the upperside this species looks more like a Rapala than a Virachola and has the termen of forewing rounded and not straight but on the underside the macular band is in shape nearer to that of Virachola and the shape of the sexual patch on hindwing is similar. VIRACHOLA ISOGRATES, Fab. Males taken commonly at Imphal, Manipur. VIRACHOLA PERSE, Hewitson. Appears to be rare. A couple of males taken at Imphal], Manipur, in October and a female at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in May. VIRACHOLA DOHERTY, 0. Sp, A single specimen of a male taken at Kirbari, Naga Hills, at 5,000—6,000 feet in September appears to be new and quite unlike anything | know. Male. Upperside: both wings grey-blue, veins marked with fuscous, Forewing: costal area as far as upper edge of cell and apex broadly fus- cous, this colour continued decreasingly along the termen ending almost in a point at the tornus. Hindwing: costal area as far as vein 6 fuscous; abdominal margin and interspace 1 covered with grey hairs ; anal lobe small, fuscous and sprinkled with a few paler scales ; a glandular patch of modified scales fillmg the base of interspace 6 and extending on either side into the cell and interspace 7. Underside : both wings pale grey suffused with white except on the dis- cocellulars, discai and subterminal bands. Forewing: discocellulars marked with grey bordered on both sides with white ; a narrow grey, slightly NAGA HILLS BUTTERFLIES. 139 eurved almost straight, discal band from costa to vein 1 margined with white ; an indistinct greyish submarginal band; a tuft of upturned grey hairs attached to the dorsum. Hindwing: discocellulars grey bordered with white ; a discal band bordered with white as on forewing but consisting of short lumules and recurved along the inner margin; a subterminal narrow grey band bordered with white ; anal lobe fuscous; a small fuscous spot above base of tail which is black tipped with white. Antenne above fuscous indistinctly ringed with white ; club tipped with yellowish ; below similar but markings more distinct. Expanse: ¢ 1: 59". SINTHUSA NASAKA, Horsfield. Six males and seven females taken in the Western Manipur Hills and at Sebong in January, April, July, October and December. SINTHUSA CHANDRANA, Moore. Three males taken at Saitu, Manipur Valley, in May and November. A male and female taken on the Irang River in January and April and two males at Sebong in January and April. SINTHUSA VIRGO, Hlwes. Two specimens taken at Kirbari, Naga Hills, in June agree with De Nicéville’s description and figure of S. virgo ; they however have no secon- dary sexual marks and therefore if males cannot be assigned to the genus Sinthusa which has. Ifthey are females they cannot, unless they are dimorphs, be S. »rgo as they do not agree with Elwes’ description. In the De Nicéville collection there is one specimen labelled S. vzgo which agrees with Elwes’ description. There are also above it several specimens which agree with my two specimens and with De Nicéville’s description and figure of S. 2rgo $. Ihave no note as to whether these specimens were marked ¢ ¢ or not, norif any of them had secondary sexual characters but I think they had not, for I made the following note at the time: “ Simi- lar to what I have called S. wrgoQ”. Referring to my two above men- tioned specimens, if the 2 referred to in De Nicéville’s collection is really S. vt7go then J am of the opinion that the wrong male has been assigned to it and that the next species described under the new genus Pseudochharia as new will probably prove to be the true male of Elwes’ virgo. But if De Nicéville’s specimens are all females then they may possibly be a dimorphic 9 form of S. virgo. Itis however highly improbable that Mr. De Nicéville when describing his male should have done so from a female form lacking the _ secondary sexual characters of a Stnthusa, and possibly there was a male in his collection with secondary sexual characters which | overlooked ; if this is so then his $ virgo with a similar female form will require a new name, and my vrgoides will have to sink as a synonym of S. virgo, Elwes. GeENuUs PsHUDOCHLIARIA, Nov. Venation and secondary sexual patch of modified scales on upper hind- wing similar to Sinthusa but differs from that genus in lacking on the under- side of the forewing the tuft of upturned hairs on the dorsum and in the possession of a large patch of modified scales filling the basal third of the dorsal space below vein 1. Type P. virgoides, Mihi. PSEUDOCHLIARIA VIRGOIDES, n. sp. (Pl. III, Fig. 26, 3). Male. Upperside : very like a dark specimen of 2 Chlharia kina. Forewing : costa and termen broadly black ; dorsum narrowly black ; basal area dark 140 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV, grey ; a small greyish-white discal patch. Hindwing : costal area brown ; the remainder of the wing bluish-grey ; veins slightly marked with darker colour ; anal lobe yellow. Termen edged with black; sex mark of modi- fied scales gclden brown in some lights, dark grey in others. Underside: exactly similar to that of S. virgo S as figured by De Nicéville Butterflies, India, Vol. III, Frontispiece Fig. 134. Cilia white. Female. Upperside : similar to the male but paler and discal patch on forewing much larger, as large asin @ C. kina whichit closely resembles. Underside: similar to the male. Expanse: ¢ 1:25"; ¢ 6 1:34", The underside of this species and of S. virgo is extraordinarily like C. kina. Two females taken at Jakama, Naga Hills, 6,000 feet, at the end of June, and a male at the same place at the beginning of that month. ARRHENOTHRIX PENICILLEGRA, De N. Four males and a female of the dry-season-form taken at Sebong and on the Lengba River, Manipur, in March and April, and three wet-season males in August. The dry-season males have the blue of a brighter shade and rather more extensive than the wet-season-form. CAMENA cCoToIDES, n. sp (Pl. IV., Fig. 38, 3). Very like C. cotys but differs as follows :— Male. Upperside: blue colour brighter and more metallic extending in interspaces land 2 of forewing right up to the termen ; area below the sex mark on hindwing concolorous with the rest of the wing and not pale grey. Underside: Forewing : dorsal tuft of hairs brown and not black ; sub- marginal line on both wings not so continuous and straight but broken up into lunules ; a raw of whitish lunules between the submarginal dark line and the termen ; anal area of hindwing more densely irrorated with bluish- grey scales. Expanse: ¢ 1:5". A single male taken near Sebong, Manipur, in February. Maneca BHOTEA, Moore. A male and three females taken on the top of Kabru Peak, Manipur, 8,400 feet, in June and July and two males on Suroifui, 8,000-9,000 feet, in June. I believe this species has not been previously recorded east of Sikkim. Ors mELASTIGNA, De N. A single female obtained at Sebong, Manipur, in April. Ors ata, De N. A single female obtained at Sebong in February. TAJURIA ISTER, Hewitson. Thirteen males and two females of the dry-season-form taken at Imphal in March and April anda male in June; a male of the wet-season-form taken in July and two more in August at the same place and four males and three females at Imphal and Sebong in November. The males and females of this species are very like the female of C. cleobis on the upperside but can be readily distinguished on the underside by the postdiscal band on forewing being placed closer to the termen. The male only differs from the female in having the blue on upper fore- wing slightly restricted in interspace 3. The seasonal forms differ a good NAGA HILLS BUTTERFLIES. 141 deal ; the wet-season-forms being darker and the blue on the upperside of forewing more restricted, agreeing in this respect with the seasonal forms of C. cleobis. There are two males and two females of this species in the De Nicéville collection labelled ister. Three of these have the yellow area round the anal spots on underside of hindwing well developed and one has it rather restricted as is the case of all my specimens from Manipur. Tf the insects identified by De Niceville as ister are really Hewitson’s species then it should come under the genus Tajurza as the male has no se- condary sexual characters. TAJURIA SEBONGA, n. sp. (Pl. IV, Fig. 40, ¢). Male. Rather like 7. thyia. Upperside: the blue area is rather paler and brighter extending on the forewing to the tornus. Underside: bands very similar to 7’. thyia but the ground colour is paler and greyer; anal spots much smaller and the yellow round them very restricted and hardly visible. Hindwing with either one or two tails. Expanse: ¢ ¢ 1:3’—1-4". The type taken at Sebong in January has only one tail ; another specimen taken at the same place in February and five males in March also have only one tail; of thirteen males taken at the same place in April ten have only one tail; two damaged specimens show an inner tail broken off and one fresh specimen shows two tails. Many of the one tailed males are in perfect condition and [I am quite sure that the inner tail is really wanting and not broken off as I have examined them carefully through a microscope and can find no signs of a broken off tail. TAJURIA LONGINUS, Fabr. A male taken at Imphal, Manipur, in March, and three more in August. TAJURIA NILA, Swinhoe. A single male taken at Sebong, in April, which agrees exactly with two males in the De Nicéville collection. TAJURIA BIZUS, Hewitson. Two dry-season females taken on Kabru, Manipur, 8,400 feet, in June and two males and a female of the wet-season-form at the same place in July. A female of the dry-season-form was also taken at Jakama, Naga Hills, 7,000-8,000 feet, in October. Tasuria THYIA, De N. A male taken near Imphal, Manipur, 3,000 feet, in July, agrees exactly with Khasia Hill specimens. TaJURIA THYDIA, n. sp. (Pl. IV, Fig. 47, 3). Male and female. Upperside: very like 7. thyia, blue area slightly more extensive. Underside: very similar to T. dieus. Expanse: § 1:48"; 91:56". A male and female taken on Kabru, Manipur, 8,400 feet, in August.: TaJURIA MEGISTIA, Hewitson. A single male was obtained on the Irang River, Western Manipur Hills, in October. It appears to be very rare in Manipur. 142 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. TAJURIA YAJNA ISTROIDEA, Doherty. A single male taken at Sebong, in April. TAJURIA MACULATUS, Hewitson. Males common in Manipur and numerous specimens were taken of both seasonal forms which differ from one another so greatly. A single female was taken at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in May. TAJURIA JANGALA RAVATA, Moore. Common at low elevations in Manipur. TasURIA JALINDRA INDRA, Moore. Males common in Manipur and numerous specimens were taken on the Range Hills near Imphal at 3,000 feet, throughout the year. The female appears to be rare and only one was obtained in March. ARAOTES LAPITHIS, Moore. A single male taken at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in May, and another at Sebong, Manipur, in October. SUASA LISIDES, Hewitson. Eight males and a female of this rare and beautiful species were obtained at Sebong, Manipur, in March, July, October and November. NEOCHERITRA FABRONIA, Hewitson (Pl. II, Fig. 17,18, g, @). A male and female of this rare form were obtained near Saitu at the northern end of the Manipur Valley at about 4,000—5,000 feet in May and June ; a female near Sebong, in November, and a female at Phiphima, Naga - Hills, in October at 4,000 feet. T have figured both sexes as this form is so little known to collectors in India. CHERITRELLA TRUNCIPENNIS, De N. Numerous males of this interesting species were obtained in the Naga Hills at about 7,000 feet during July and August. The females appear to be rare and only four were obtained. BINDAHARA PHOCIDES, Fabr. A fair number of males and three females were obtained at Sebong and in the Western Manipur Hills at low elevations throughout the year. YASODA TRIPUNCTATA, Hewitson. Not uncommon in Manipur. The seasonal forms vary considerably. CHARANA MANDARINUS, Hewitson. A single female taken on the Longba River, Western Manipur Hills, in March and six males at Sebong, in April. LEHERA ERYX, L. Not uncommon in the Manipur Valley. Numerous males and eleven females were taken near Imphal from March to November. The dry-season- form is somewhat smaller and many specimens have the underside tinged NAGA HILLS BUTTERFLIES. 143 with yellow and appear to be intermediate between the forms with pure ereen underside and L. skinnerv. LEHERA SKINNERI, W. M. and De N. A single male of this form was taken near Imphal, Manipur, in December. I think it will prove to be an extreme dry-season-form of L. ery. CATOP@CILMA ELEGANS, Druce. Very common onthe Range Hills near Imphal, Manipur, at about 5,000 feet. The dry-season-form of the female is much paler and has the blue more extensive than the wet-season female. The seasonal males do not differ appreciably. CATAPECILMA DELICATUM, De N. A single female taken at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in April. I believe this species has hitherto only been recorded from Sikkim. Horaca moutmMeErmMA, Moore. Common in Manipur. Rare in the Naga Hills where only a male and four females were obtained at the foot of the Hills near Nichuguard. The seasonal forms vary greatly. The dry-season-form has the blue much paler and more extensive; on the underside the colour on outer half is pale silvery-brown instead of yellow-brown and the white discal patch on the forewing quite reaches the costa in the female and almost reaches it in the male. Horaca viota, Moore. A male and two females taken at Imphal and Sebong, Manipur, in July and August appear to be referable to this species but 1 have no specimens from other localities with which to compare them. Family—HESPERIID AL. Sub-family— Hespervine. OxtHOP#TUS LALITA, Doherty. A male taken at Sebong, Manipur, in March and another in April. CAPILLA ZENNARA, Moore. A male taken at Nichuguard, Naga Hills,in November. Two males at Sebong, Manipur, in July and another in October. ACHALARUS BIFASCIATA LILIANA, Atkinson. Numerous males and two females obtained at Sebong and at Kanjupkhul, from the foot of the hills up to 6,000 feet, from March to June and several males and two females at Phesima and Kirbari, Naga Hills, during May and June. The female appears to be very rare. ACHALARUS ABorIca, n. sp. (PI. I., Fig. 16, 3). Male differs from A. hiiana on the upperside in being much darker. Fore- wing : three subapical white spots and not five ; discal band yellow and not creamy white. Cilia on hindwing with the pale portions darker ; on forewing uniform dark brown and not chequered with paler scales except in interspace 1, 144 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. where their area few paler scales. Underside: darker ; discal band yellow and not creamy, cilia as on upperside. Expanse: ¢ 5 2:04"—2°12", Two males taken by Captain Porter near Pasighat, Abor Hills,in June and July and kindly presented to me. The yellow discal band at once distinguishes this form from A. kliana. CELENORRHINUS CLITUS, De N. I previously recorded this species from the Naga Hills under the name of aspersa from which species, according to Col. Swinhoe, it is quite distinct. It is decidedly a rare species and I have only managed to secure four more males at Kirbari in June and July. CELENORRHINUS PULOMAYA, Moore. According to Elwes’ and Edwards’ key to the genus “ Celzenorrhinus ” this species is said to have the “shaft of antennze white in front only near base of the club.” Swinhoe in “ Lepidoptera Indica” states ‘“ Antenne: both sexes with an ochreous-white short streak below the club.” There are two forms in the Naga Hills closely resembling one another but which I believe to be quite distinct. One has the short streak below the club pure white and the other ochreous-yellow. Numerous specimens of both forms were obtained in the Naga Hills and the differences between them appear to be constant. Following Elwes’ and Hdwards’ I take the white banded form to be C. pulomaya and I propose separating the yellow banded form under the name C. pila. CELZNORRHINUS PILA, Nn. Sp. Closely allied to C. pulomaya but differs as follows :— (a) Base of club of antennze banded with yellow and not white. (6) Sub-basal spot and the lower of the two discal spots in interspace 1, smaller as a rule. (c) Orange spots on upper hindwing darker. (ad) Orange cilia not so broadly chequered with black at the veins. (e) Forewing more pointed and termen straighter. (f) Underside: Orange spots darker. Expanse: ¢ ¢ 1°7"-1:92"; 2 9 1°86"-2.03." Taken commonly at Kirbari and Takabama, Naga Hills, in August. CELEZNORRHINUS PYRRHA, De N. Both sexes of this species sometimes have and sometimes lack a sub-basal pale spot in interspace 1 of forewing upperside; it can however also be separated from other closely allied forms by the presence of the two additional pale spots in interspace | of forewing underside. Two females taken at Kohima and Kirbari, Naga Hills, in August and September; two pairs at Sebong, Manipur, in April, May and October, and two pairs at Saitu in October. CELE NORRHINUS PLAGIFERA, De N. Six pairs taken at Kirbari, Naga Hills, in July, August and October at 6,000-7,000 feet. This species is quite distinct from C. pyrrha and C. patula; from the former it can be distinguished by the absence of the two submarginal spots in interspace | of forewing underside, between the two spots of discal band and termen ; and from the latter in having the shaft of the antenne in both sexes black speckled with white and not pure white. NAGA HILLS BUTTERFLIES, 145 CELZNORRHINUS, Sp. ? A single male taken at Saitu, Manipur, 4,000 feet, in September differs from its nearest ally C. patula as follows :— Antennze: inner face of club white, outer face of club black except at the base where it is white; shaft speckled with black and white. Upperside: Forewing: discal band consisting of only three spots, much narrower than in C. patula. Hindwing: no spots on dise, only a submarginal row, paler than in C. patula. Underside: Windwing: spots paler and indistinct on disc. Cilia paler yellow, broadly chequered with black. This may possibly be C. swmtra, Moore, about which there appears to be some doubt. Major W. H. Evans who examined Moore’s types informed me that it had no discal orange spots on upper hindwing but only a row of large marginal spots, agreeing with my specimen in this respect. CELEZNORRHINUS PATULA, De N. Numerous males and five females were taken at Kirbari and at Takabama, Naga Hills, at 6,000-7,000 feet from July to September. It can be at once distinguished from all other closely allied forms except C’. pero by having the shaft of the antennz in both sexes anteriorly white. CELHZNORRHINUS PERO, De N. Apparently very rare. A single female only was obtained at Jakama, Naga Hills, 6,000 ft. in September. CELZNORRHINUS LEUCOCERA, Koll, A few specimens of both sexes taken at low elevations in Manipur in March, April, May and November. CELHENORRHINUS MACULICORNIS, Hl. and Kd. Three males taken at Sebong, Manipur, in October and a female at Saitu in May. Seven males and a female taken at Phesima, Jakama and Kirbari in the Naga Hills at 6,000 feet from July to October. This form is very closely allied to C. munda. CELEZNORRHINUS CHAMUNDA, Moore. Very common at Sebong, Manipur, where numerous specimens of both sexes were taken in March, April and June. CELEZNORRHINUS NIGRICANS, De N,. A male taken on the Barak River, Western Manipur Hills, in March and a female at Saitu in September. CELEZNORRHINUS AURIVITTATA, Moore. Taken very commonly at low elevations in Manipur, not so common in Naga Hills where one specimen was taken as high as 6,000 ft. CELZNORRHINUS AFFINIS, Hl. and Kd. Two pairs taken in Manipur at low elevations in April, May and Novem- ber, and a male at Kirbari, Naga Hills, 6,000 feet in November, 19 146 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTV. CoLADENIA INDRANI UPOSATHRA, Furhst. A male on the Irang River, Manipur, in February and another at Sebong in April. Apparently rare. CoLADENIA FATIH, Kollar. Not very common in the Naga Hills where it has been taken at about 6,000-7,000 feet. A few specimens also taken in Manipur at 3,000-4,000 feet. This species appears to fly at much higher elevations than C. dan which I have only taken at the foot of the hills where it is common. CoLADENIA AGNI, De N. Three males and a female taken at Sebong in March and April and a male on the Cachar Road, Manipur, in March. CoLADENIA AGNioIDEs, EH]. and Hd. Two males of this very rare form were taken at Sebong in April and June and a male at Nichuguarda, Naga Hills, in April. Although superficially somewhat like C. agni ; it can easily be distinguished from that species by the characters mentioned by Elwes and Edwards and by the presence of two conjoined diffuse pale spots in interspace | on the underside of the forewing exterior to the spot of the discal series in that imterspace. CoLADENIA BUCHANANII, De N. A single male taken at Sebong in April. This species has I believe been hitherto only known by a single female taken by Mr. A. M. Buchanan in the Ruby mine district, Upper Burma. TAPENA THWAITESI, Moore. Two males taken at Sebong in March and April. CTENOPTILUM vaAsava, Moore. A large series of males taken on the Irang River, Western Manipur Hills, m March, and a single male at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in June. CTENOPTILUM MULTIGUTTATA, De N. A male taken at Sebong in February and five more at the same place in March. ? CAPRONA KUKI, Bingham. A pair taken at Sebong and Imphal, Manipur, in March may possibly belong to this species. The upperside is much darker than in C. alida. The type specimen now in the British Museum was taken by me in the Lushai Hills. Caprona ALIDA, De N. Four males taken at Imphal, Manipur, in March and April, agree exactly with specimens I have from the Shan States, Burma. CAPRONA SYRICHTHUS, Felder. Not uncommon at Imphal and Sebong, Manipur, from May to August. CaPRONA ELWEsII, Watson. . Two males taken at Sebong, Manipur, in June. NAGA HILLS BUTTERFLIES. 147 They quite agree with Watson’s description and differ from true sychthus exactly in the way he states. It appears to be a good species in spite of the genitalia being the same according to Elwes. TAGIADES ATTICUS KHASIANA, Moore. Not uncommon throughout the year in Manipur at low elevations. TAGIADES ALICA MEETANA, Moore. Not uncommon throughout the year in Manipur and the Naga Hills throughout the year. TaGIaADES GANA, Moore. A single male taken at Gaspani, Naga Hills, 1,700 feet, in October. TAGIADES LiticiosA, Moschler. Very common both in the Naga Hills and in Manipur. TAGIADES MENAKA, Moore. Common in Manipur. TAGIADES PTERIA DEALBATA, Distant. Five males taken at Sebong in March and another in April. TAGIADES PRALAYA, Moore. Six males and females taken at low elevations in Manipur in April, October and November. A pair taken at Gaspani in the Naga Hills near Nichuguard in June and October. SATARUPA GOPALA, Moore. 5} A single male which agrees very well with specimens from the Khasi Hills was taken at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in April. SATARUPA SPLENDENS, nN. sp. Male. Upperside: very similar to S. gopala but differs as follows :— Upperside: Forewing: spot in cell larger, lower edge as long as upper, distinctly contracted at the middle; spot in interspace 5 minute; spot in interspace 2 broader than long; spots in interspace 1 smaller and round, the upper one minute. Hindwing: subterminal row of spots placed further inwards; terminal black area broader, much darker, and not divided along the veins by traces of bluish-white. Underside: Forewing differs in the same way as does the upperside but in addition has a well defined bluish-grey subterminal diffuse band from costa to dorsum, its inner edge almost touching the discal spots in spaces 1, 2 and 3 and enclosing the spots in spaces 4 and 5. This pale band does not develop into two well defined spots in interspace ] which is such a well marked feature in S, gopala. Hindwing: costal interspace completely white, the two black spots in interspace 7 as in S. gopala; terminal area darker and broader as on upperside. The female is very similar to the male but all the white spots on forewing are somewhat larger ; the spot in cell quite square and not pinched in at the centre ; the spot in interspace 2 almost square if anything longer than broad ; the lower spot in interspace 1 elongated and not round. The male is also larger than S. gopala; forewing more pointed at the apex and hind- wing outwardly produced from vein 2 to 4, giving the wing s much squarer appearance. 148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. Expanse: ¢ 2:8"; 9 3:2", A single male taken at Kirbari, Naga Hills, 6,000 feet in July, and a female at Jakama, Naga Hills, in September. SATARUPA ZULLA, nN. sp. Very similar S. splendens, Mihi, with which it agrees in size and shape of hindwing but the forewing agrees better in shape with S. gopala. It differs from S. gopala from Sikkim and the Khasia Hillsin my collection as follows:— Male. Upperside: Forewing: spot in cell round and minute ; spot in interspace 5 minute or wanting ; spot in interspace 2 larger, as broad as long ; spots in interspace 1 much larger, longer than spot in interspace 2. Hindwing : subterminal row of spots more inwardly placed and terminal area darker as in S. splendens, Mihi. Underside: Forewing : similar to upperside but with a pale bluish-grey diffuse band asin S. splendens, Mihi. Hindwing: costal interspace completely white, only one spot in interspace 7, the inner one wanting. ‘Subterminal spots and terminal dark area as in S. splendens, Mihi. Expanse: ¢ ¢ 2°78"—2:9". A male taken at Kirbari, Naga Hills, 6,000 feet, in July, and two more at the same place in September 1914. SATARUPA BHAGAVA, Moore. Watson recorded this species as common in the Upper Chindwin and in the hills up to 1,500 feet, but at Sebong, Manipur, which is not so very far from where Watson collected I only secured a single male in March. SATARUPA NARADA, Moore. Four males taken at Sebong, Imphal, and on the Irang River, Manipur, in March and April, and a female at Saitu in September. SATARUPA DIVERSA, Leech. This species differs from S. narada according to Elwes’ key in having the spot in interspace “1 a” of forewing subequal in width to that im “2”; in S. narada it is nearly twice as wide. There are two forms from Manipur and the Naga Hills which agree with S. diversa in this respect but which differ from one another as follows :— Form (1) of which I only took a single female on the Irang River, Manipur, in March and which agrees with three females I have from the Khasia Hills has the hairs of the breast white or ochreous-white and body on upperside white. This appears to be true S. diversa. Form (2) of which I took a pair at Kirbari, Naga Hills, 6,000 feet, in July and August, differs from form (1) in having the hairs of the breast deep yellow and the upperside of the body brown. The 2nd form is very close to S. phisara but differs from that species in having a well formed white spot in space | of forewing subequal in width to that in space 2 and all the markings are pure white and not cream colour. The male has indications of the dark spot on the discal white band on hindwing at the extreme edge of the cell as in phisara. It may possibly be only an aberration of phisara which however in the Naga Hills and Manipur flies at much lower elevations. SaTARUPA SAMBAKA, Moore, A maletaken at Sebong in April; 6 males in the Western Manipur Hills in March and April; a male at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in May and another at Kirbari, 6,000 feet, in June. It does not appear to be common in the Naga Hills and Manipur. NAGA HILLS BUTTERFLIES. 149 This form may be referable to the race kirmana, Swinhoe, from Burma, which I only know by Swinhoe’s figure to which it is very similar. OpINA DECORATUS, Hewitson. A male of this rare species was taken on the Irang River, Manipur, in March, and another at Sebong in April. Darpa HANRIA, Moore. A male taken on the Irang River, Manipur, in March, and another at Kohima, Naga Hill, in September. . Sub-family— Pamphiline. BARACUS SEPTENTRIONUM, W. M. and De N. Not uncommon in Manipur at 4,000-8,000 feet from April to September. SANCUS PULLIGO suBFAscIATUS, Moore. Not common in Manipur. | ASTICTOPTERUS OLIVASCENS, Moore. Very common in Manipur. Most of the specimens were obtained in the rains. ASTICTOPTERUS HENRICI KADA, Swinhoe. Common in Manipur, most of the specimens were taken in the cold weather. I am not sure whether this form will not prove to be merely the dry-season-form of A. olivascens. KorvUTHAIALOS RUBECCLA, Plotz. Common at Sebong, Manipur, from November to April; two specimens were taken at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in May and October. The width of the red band is very variable ; the two specimens from Nichuguard and two males anda female taken at Sebong in October and April have this band merely indicated and one specimen might easily be mistaken for K. butlerz. KorNTHAIALOS BUTLERI, W. M. and De N. Four males and two females taken at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, from October to March and two males anda female in the Western Manipur Hills in October and January, it does not appear to be common. KorvrHAIALos, sp. ? Three males taken on the Irang River, Manipur, in February and a male at Nichuguard in May differ from K. butlert in being larger and having the apex of forewing more pointed. SuapDa swEerGA, De N. Common at Sebong during the cold weather. SUASTUS GREMIUs, Fabr. Common at Imphal. The cold weather form lacks the spot in the cell of forewing on both sides and the dark spots on hindwing below are often obsolescent, 150 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. Suasrus apitus, Moore. A single male taken at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in November and five males at Sebong and in the Western Manipur Hills in March and Noy- ember. TARACTROCERA ATROPUNCTATA, Watson. A male taken at Sebong in July and a female during the same month near Suroi Village, Winmomr Ampirrta MARO, Fabr. Males common in the Manipur Valley. A few also taken at Sebong. The females appear to be much rarer and only seven were obtained. AMPITTIA MAROIDES, De N, Five males taken at Sebong in April, July and November. This species has not previously been recorded north of Tenasserim. TAMBRIX TYTLERI, Hvans. A female taken at Kirbari, Naga Hills, in July and two males at the same place in September have recently been described by Major W. H. Evans under the above name. Expanse: 61:18”; 9. 1:35”. TAMBRIX ? sp.?P A single female taken on the Irang River, Manipur, is very close to I, tytleri but differs on the upperside in having the two spots in the cell of forewing quite separate and the lower spot not inwardly produced beyond the inner edge of the spot in interspace 2; the outer edge of spot in inter- space 2 in line with the spot above it and not outwardly produced ; an additional spot in interspace 3 near the base. Underside : Forewing: differs as on upperside. Hindwing: no spot in cell, otherwise similar. Expanse: 91:05”. AUROMACHUS, SD. ? Four males of a species very close to 4. stigmata taken at the northern end of the Manipur Valley in June and another in the Western Manipur Hills in March. The markings on the underside are very similar, but the spot in the cell is rather darker. The forewing on the upperside completely lacks the sexual brand. a ANROMACHUS STIGMATA, Moore. Not common in Manipur, four males and three females taken at the nor- thern end of the Manipur Valley and a male at Sebong. Two males taken at Kirbari, Naga Hills, where it is more plentiful than in Manipur, have the discal brand very indistinct and the postmedian row of white spots on forewing very distinct, on the underside the dark spot in the cell is hardly indicated. AHROMACHUS DISCRETA, Plotz. Two males and a female, which agree with specimens from the Khasi Hills, were taken at the northern end of the Manipur Valley in May and July. NAGA HILLS BUTTERFLIES. 151 AXUROMACHUS JHORA, De N. Many males and four females taken in the Imphal Valley from March to July. A single male taken at Nichuguard in May. AUTROMACHUS KALI, De N.. The males of this distinct species are not uncommon in the Naga Hills but the female appears to be rare and I only managed to secure one at Jakama in July. SEBASTONYMA DOLOPIA, Hewitson. A fair number of males taken at Sebong, Manipur, from November to July. PEDESTES PANDITA, De N. Several males taken at Sebong, Manipur, in April. Hyanroris ADRASTUS, Cramer. Not common, males taken in both the Eastern and Western Manipur Hills at low elevations from January to June. The female was not taken. ARNETTA ATKINSONI, Moore. Common in Manipur. Dry-season-froms taken form February and wet- season-forms in May and June. Itys microstictum, W. M. and De N. A single male taken in the Western Manipur Hills in January and another at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in March. ZOGRAPHETUS SATWA, De N. A male at Nichuguard in March and two females at Sebong in February and March. ZOGRAPHETUS FLAVIPENNIS, De N. Two males at Sebong in April. Scopura CEPHALA, Hewitson. Four specimens taken at the foot of the Naga Hills from August to December. Six specimens on the Irang River, Manipur, in December and several specimens at Sebong in April, June and November. Six specimens of a form taken at Sebong from February to March differ from the above in having all the spots smaller; only one spot at the lower edge of the cell and the apical spots obsolescent, two specimens havirg only two and four only one, one of the latter also has only one spot faintly indicated on upper hindwing. They may be extreme dry-season-forms. ? ScopuRa MARTINI, El. and Hd. Three males of a form close to S. cephala were taken at Nichuguard in May and a male and female in the Western Manipur Hills in March which IT am unable to identify with certainty but which best agree with the des- eription and figure of S. martini. Two of these specimens have the pale spot on upper hindwing merely indicated. 152 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. . ScoBURA CEPHALOIDES, De N. Three males and a female taken at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in March, April and June, twelve males and two females at Sebong in April and June, and a male in the Western Manipur Hills in July. Pupicit1a PHoLUS, De N. Many males and six females of this rare and interesting form were taken at Kirbari, Naga Hills, 6,000 feet, in August and September 1913. In other years I took it very sparingly. GANGARA THYRSIS, Fabr. A male taken at Sebong in April and a female at the same place in November. A male was also obtained at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in October. Marapa aria, Moore. Common in Manipur. MarTaPa PURPURASCENS, El. and Ed. Two pairs taken at Sebong, Manipur, in April and October, and a male at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in March. Marapa pruna, Moore. A single male taken at Nichuguard in October. MATAPA SASIVARNA, Moore. A pair taken at Sebong in April and November and a female at Nichu- guard in March. TaMELA (=KERANA) DIOCLES, Moore. Common both in Manipur and in the Naga Hills. WATSONIELLA SWINHOEI, El. and Ed. Males common in the Naga Hills, 6,000—7,000 feet, during July and August. Only a single female was obtained. PIRDANA HYELA RUDOLPHII, El. and De N. A single male taken at Sebong in April. PLASTINGIA MARGHERITA, De N. A male taken on the Irang River, Manipur, in April. PiasTINGIA NoEMI, De N. Five males taken at Sebong and on the Lengba River, Western Manipur Hills, in March and July. Prastineia naGca, De N. Three males taken at Sebong in November. NAGA HILLS BUTTERFLIES. 1538 PLASTINGIA TYTLERI, Evans. A single specimen recently described by Major W. H. Evans under the above name was taken at Sebong in March. Loroneus saRALA, De N. A male and female of this very rare species were obtained at Gaspamni, Naga Hills, 1,700 feet, in October. PITHANRIA MURDAVA, Moore. Males common in Manipur in April. The female was not obtained. PITHAURIA STRAMINEIPENNIS, W. M. and De N. Males taken commonly in the Western Manipur Hills in March and April. A single female was obtained at Sebong in April. PITHAURIOPSIS MARSENA, Hewitson. Hight males of this form better known under the name Pithauria aitchi- soni, W. M. & De N., were obtained on the Barak River, Western Manipur Hills, in March. CUPITHA PURREA, Moore. A fair series of males and two females were obtained at Sebong in March and April and again in October and November. The autumn form on the upperside has the yellow markings more restricted than the spring form. AUGIADES Siva, Moore. Both sexes were taken in fair numbers in the hills near Imphal, Manipur, 4,000—6,000 feet, during May and June. TELICOTA PALMARUM, Moore. A single specimen taken near Sebong, Manipur, in February. TeLicota GoLa, Moore. This species does not appear to be at all common in Manipur. A _ pair obtained at Sebong in March and three more males in October and Novem- ber. Hare zema, Hewitson. Numerous specimens taken at the foot of the Naga Hills and at low elevations in Manipur. HAtrEe cErata, Hewitson. Not uncommon in Manipur and the Naga Hills at low elevations. Hare KNyvettt, El. and Kd. Fifteen males taken near Kohima, Naga Hills, appear to be referable to this species. Only one specimen however agrees with Elwes’ key in having a pale point below the cell spot in the forewing on both sides of the wing ; five specimens have this pale point on the underside of the wing but lack it on the upperside and the remainder lack it on both sides. 20 154 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. Hare kumAraA, De Nicéville. Numerous males and eight females taken at Kohima and Kirbari, Naga Hills; during August and September and a few specimens at Kabru, Manipur, 8,000 feet, in July and August. Two specimens differ from the remainder in having a pale point next the lower edge of the cell spot on both sides of . the wing. Hare sikKima, Moore. Four males and a female taken at the foot of the Naga Hills and two males in Manipur, all at low elevations. Hare HONOLEA, Hewitson. Very common in both Manipur and the Naga Hills. The females appear to be rare. Some of the specimens cannot be separated with certainty by the cilia from H. sekkima and of the numerous unset specimens taken, some will certainly prove to belong to that species. Hare BURMANA, Swinhoe. A single male taken at Sebong, Manipur, appears to be referable to this species. Hare Fusca, Elwes. Two males taken at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in June and three more at Kanglatombi and Kanjupkhul, Manipur, in the same month. Hare pepiris, Hl. and Kd. Fourteen males of a form identified by Major W. H. Evans as this species were obtained at Kohima and Kirbari, Naga Hills, 6,000—7,000 feet, during August ; a male at Kabru, Manipur, in June and another at Sebong in May. This form certainly agrees with Elwes’ description and figure except that the cilia of forewing is chequered and not pale grey but all the specimens before me have a pale band below the apiculus of the club and therefore according to his key should be near H. hyrie and may possibly be that species. HaLpPE SEPARATA, Moore. There are two closely allied forms occurring in Manipur. The first form identified by Major W. H. Evans as H. separata has the cilia conspicuously chequered ; the pale portions being pure white; ofthis form numerous males and four females were obtained in the Naga Hills at 6,000—7,000 feet in July and August and a male and two females on Kabru peak, Manipur, during the same months. The second form has the spots on forewing smaller especially so in the male and the spot interspace 3 is often wanting. On the underside the ground colour is rather more yellow and the cilia is not conspicuously chequered, the pale portions being dark grey. Four males and eleven females of this form were obtained on Kabru peak in July. There is also a single male of this form in my collection from Sikkim given to me by Mr. E Ollenbach. Iron sEmMamorA, Moore. Not uncommon in Manipur and the Naga Hills at low elevations. A single male was also taken at 6,000 feet in the Naga Hills in the month of August. NAGA HILLS BUTTERFLIES. 155 Baoris FARRI, Moore. This species better known as “ Parnara oceia, Hewit.,” occurs commonly, both in the Naga Hills and in Manipur at low elevations. PARNARA AUROCILIATA, El. and Ed. Six males and a female of this very distinct species were taken at Kir- bari and Kohina, Naga Hills, in July, August and September, and three males on Kabru peak in June and September at between 6,000—8,000 feet. PARNARA DISCRETA, El. and Ed. Not uncommon in both Manipur and the Naga Hills from the foot of the hills up to 6,000 feet. PaRNARA TULSI, De N. Seven males and two females of this distinct form were taken on the low range hills near Imphal, Manipur, and at Sebong from March to November; and a male at Gaspani, Naga Hills, 1,700 feet, in November. IsMENE MAHINTHA, Moore. A fair series of males and females taken near Sebong, Manipur, during nearly every month. It is however by no means ecmmon. IsMENE ATAPHUS, Watson. Four males taken at low elevations in Manipur in April, October and December and a male at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in June. It does not appear to be at all common. IsMENE HARISA,Moore. Apparently rare in Manipur where only a single male was obtained on the Cachar Road in September. Hasora cHUzA, Hewitson. About twenty males anda single female of this beautiful species were obtained at the foot of the Manipur Hills near Sebong, and at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in October and November and again from March to May. Hasora anurna, De N. A large number of males and females of this rather rare butterfly were obtained at Kirbari and Jakama, Naga Hills, at about 6,000-7,000 feet and at Suroifui, Manipur, at about the same elevation from July to October. A single male was also taken at Imphal, 3,000 feet, in June. It flies ata much higher altitude than H. badra. Hasora BADRA, Moore. A fair number of males and four females at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, and at Imphal and Sebong, Manipur, in January, May, July, October and November. 156 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF BALUCHISTAN. Parw aii: By Lr.-Cout. H. Devame Rapcuirre, F.Z.S. (Royal Welch Fusiliers). Famity: Picipz. 100. Gecinus gortt.—Hargitt’s Scaly-bellied Green Woodpecker. |947.] I several times observed this species at Ziarat at 8,000 feet and upwards, and think it must certainly breed there as I saw the birds in June and July. Several specimens were shot in 1913, I believe, by Capt. Meinertz- hagen, 7th Royal Fusiliers. There are 3 specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 101. Dendrocopus sindianus.—The Sind Pied Woodpecker. [963] I only once observed this species in Baluchistan, and that was in May 1913, when I saw one of these birds on the trunk of a tree in the Gloucester Road, Quetta. Marshall states thatit is common at Shelabagh at the mouth of the Khojak Tunnel, and on the Khwaja Amran range. Note.--I believe it will be found that one of the species of Pigmy Woodpecker, “ Iyngipicus’’, frequents the Juniper forest in Baluchistan. I saw near Ziarat at about 9,000 feet several holes in the trunks of Juniper trees, which I think could not have been made by anything else than a very small species of woodpecker, and in my opinion by one of the ** Tyngipier.”’ 102. Lynx forquilla.—The Common Wryneck. [1003. | I have not personally observed this species more than a couple of times in spring, evidently during migration, but Marshall states that this species is a constant visitor on migration in April. There are two specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. CorRACIADZ. 103. Coracias garrula.—The European Roller. [1024.] Appears in the (Juetta Valley early in May, but none seem to stop to breed there, and they all appear to pass on to the higher valleys, returning again to the Quetta Valley, after breeding towards end of July. Isawa good many in June and July in the valleys between Kuch and Ziarat and 1 think it undoubtedly breeds there. This species leaves the Quetta Valley for warmer regions in October. I shot a specimen of this species on the 6th August 1913 in the Galbraith Spinney near Quetta. It was evidently a bird of the year. 104. Coracias indica.—The Indian Roller. [1022.} I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but it un- doubtedly occurs there. On page 104 of Vol. III Blanford says that it is found sparingly throughout Baluchistan. MEROPID&. 105. Merops viridis——The Common Indian Bee-EHater. |1026.] I saw small parties of this species in my garden in Quetta im November 1911, and again in November 1912. They looked unhappy and as if suffer- ing from the cold, and must have been migrating. I never saw this species BIRDS OF BALUCHISTAN. 15 b> | during the summer or indeed at any other time, except as mentioned above. It was very remarkable that they should have been then so late in the year, but I am absolutely certain of the identity of the species, as on each occasion they were there for several days and were quite tame so that I could approach within a few yards of them. 106. Merops philippinus—The Blue-tailed Bze-Hater. [1027.] I never personally observed this species in the wild state in Baluchistan, but in September 1913 I saw a specimen in the flesh, which had just been shot and brought in to the Secretary of the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. It appeared to me to be a bird of this species in immature plumage. 107. Merops persicus—The Blue-cheeked Bee-Kater. [1028.] I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but it certainly oceurs there, and there are three specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta, undoubtedly I think of this species. 108. Merops apiaster.—The European Bee-Eater. [{1029.] This species is common in Baluchistan. It appears in the Quetta Valley early in April, and leaves again for warmer regions in October. It breeds in the Quetta Valley, and probably all over Baluchistan. It is generally seen in scattered flocks. 1 obtained several specimens at different times in various parts of the Quetta Valley. There are 5 specimens of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. ALCEDINID&. 109. Ceryle varia.—The Indian Kingfisher. [1038.] I observed this species on very few occasions in Baluchistan, and I do not think it is anywhere common. There are 5 specimens of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetia. 110. Alcedo ispeda.—The Common Kingfisher. [1035.] A few of these birds are generally to be seen by running streams in Baluchistan, such as the stream in the Urak Valley, which furnishes the Quetta water-supply, and the little stream running past the Murree Brewery near Quetta. A few pairs nest every year in the localities named. There are 2 specimens of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 111. Halcyon smyrnensis.—The White-breasted Kingfisher. (1044. | I have occasionally observed this species in Baluchistan, but it is nowhere common. ‘There are four specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. UPupip&. 112. Upupa cpops.—-The European Hoopoo. [1066. | Common in Baluchistan, and certainly breeds there. I obtained two specimens in the Galbraith Spinney near Quetta, in August 1913. This species migrates to warmer regions during the winter. There are four specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. Marshall records a nest with young found on May 18th. CYPSELIDG. 113. Cypselus melba.—The Alpine Swift. [1068. | I saw a small scattered flock of about 6 of these fine swifts flying about over the Gloucester Road in Quetta in June 1912, and again observed small scattered parties flying over Quetta in June 1913, also again in July 1913 at Ziarat, and in the valleys between Kach and Ziarat. I 158 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. think there can be little doubt that this species breeds in the higher moun- tains in Baluchistan, among the rocky precipices. There is one specimen in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 114. Cypselus apus.—The Kuropean Swift. [1069.] I frequently observed swifts flying over Quetta, which might have been of this species, but [ never obtained a specimen. Marshall states that this is the commonest swift near Quetta, arriving in the beginning of May in large numbers, and that he found nests of this species in the root of a cave on May 3lst. I cannot help thinking that he may have been mistaken and that the birds he referred to were really the next species, Cypselus murinus, I think however that a certain number of Cypselus apus also pass through Baluchistan every year. There is one specimen, said to be of this species, in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 115. Cypselus murinus.—The Pale Brown Swift. {1070.] This is the species, which I believe to be the common one in Baluchistan in summer, not Cypselus apus, as stated by Marshall. I saw many which I believe were of this species, in the valleys between Kach and Ziarat, in June and July and these were undoubtedly breeding there. 116. Cypselus affinis—The Common Indian Swift. [1073.] I personally observed this species but rarely in the Quetta Valley, but Marshall states that it is common in the hot weather, and that it arrives at the end of April. He records having found three nests with fresh eggs in the root of a cave on May 17th. CAPRIMULGID&, 117. Caprimulgus europeus.—The European Nightjar. [1092.] Fairly common in summer, but never seen in winter as it migrates to warmer regions for the winter months. I think itcertainly breeds in Balu- chistan and [ could mention as localities the Woodcock Spinney and Gal- braith Spinney near Quetta, where I have very little doubt that nests could be found. CUCULIDS. 118. Cuculus canorus.—The Cuckoo. [1104.} A summer visitant to Baluchistan, and fairly common in the higher mountains. A good many, I think, breed at Ziarat at 8,000 feet and upwards, probably using the nests of Pipits and Buntings to lay their eggs in, though I never actually found any myself. I have occasionally seen Cuckoos in the Quetta Valley. ln winter they migrate to warmer regions. There is one specimen of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. PSITTACIDA. 119. Palacornis torquatus.—The Rose-ringed Parroquet. [1138.] I have occasionally seen small parties of this species in the gardens in Quetta, but I do not think it breeds im Baluchistan, as I never saw them before July, and they stay on till late in the autumn before migrating to warmer regions. In November 19131 obtained a specimen in my garden in Quetta. There are three specimens of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. STRIGIDA. 120. Bubo ignavus.—The Eagle Owl. | 1167.] A constant resident in Baluchistan, though sparsely distributed. It breeds in the mountains of Baluchistan. In 1912 Major Marshall, R. G. A., BIRDS OF BALUCHISTAN. 159 had a young bird alive in his garden, which had been taken from a nest among the rocks by a Pathan. This bird he eventually presented to the Zoological Gardens at Karachi. In his notes Marshall records shooting a bird of this species in November. There are two specimens in the Mac Mahon Museum at Quetta. 121. Athene bactriana.—Hutten’s Owlet, [1174.| I frequently observed these birds among the rocks between Quetta and Chaman, and also between Quetta and Kach. Ithink it certainly breeds in Baluchistan, as I saw this species in almost every month of the year, including May, June, and July. There are four specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. VULTURID. 122. Vultur monachus.—The Cinereous Vulture. [1190. A resident species in Baluchistan, and breeds there. On April 5th, 1913, I took an egg from an eyrie on the top of a Juniper tree on Zarghun Mountain at an altitude of about 10,500 feet. I shot the female as she left the eyrie, she measured just under 9 feet from tip to tip of the wings. There is a specimen of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta, shot at Ziarat. 123. Gyps fulvus.—The Griffon Vulture. [1192.] A resident species in Baluchistan, and very common. It breeds in the mountains on high cliffs. Marshall records finding a nest on a high cliff, and that the young bird was hatched on April 25th. There is one specimen of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 124. Neophron percnopterus —The Large White Scavenger Vulture. [1198. | Very common in Baluchistan at all seasons, and breeds in the moun- tains. There are two specimens of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. FALCONIDZ. 125. Gypetus barbatus.—The Bearded Vulture, or Lammergeyer. | 1199. | Common throughout Baluchistan at all seasons, and breeds in the cliffs in the high mountains. Major Marshall, R. G. A., had one of these birds alive in his garden at Quetta for some time in 1912. I shot a fine specimen at Neli Kuch in the Gomal Valley in January 1891. Marshall records finding one nest with young birds in it in the beginning of April, and one nest with an egg in it on March 6th. There are two specimens of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 126. Aquila chrysetus.—The Golden Eagle [1200.] Fairly common in the mountains of Baluchistan, where it also breeds. Some of these birds are always to be seen in the Hanna and Urak Valleys and also in the Marruchak Valley. Major Marshall, R. G. A., had a fine young bird alive in his garden in Quetta in 1912. It had been taken from the eyrie and brought to him by a Pathan. It was in his garden for some time after it was full-grown, and I took several interesting photographs of it. He finally gave it to the Zoological Gardens at Karachi. In the spring of 1913 a Pathan brought me an egg, slightly incubated, which he said he was positive was of this species, but it seemed abnormally small, so I am doubtful about it. I have often seen these splendid birds beating along the mountain sides in pairs for Chikore, and on one occasion I was only just in time to prevent one of them carrying off a Chikore I had shot. Marshall records that he had two eggs brought to him by Pathans, who showed him the eyrie from which the second egg was taken 160 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. in 1912. The Pathan had shot the bird and brought it to Major Marshall who identified it as a Golden Eagle. The other egg was taken in 1911. There is one specimen in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta of this species. 127. Hieretus fasciatus—Bonelli’s Eagle. [1207.] I occasionally observed these birds at a distance, but so far off that I was never quite certain of them. There can be no doubt though that it is a resi- dent species, and Marshall records two nests found in the mountains, one on May 14th with one egg much incubated, and one on May 26th with two egos, slightly incubated. . 128. Butastur teesa.—The White-eyed Buzzard Eagle. [1220.] Fairly common in the Quetta Valley during the winter months, but I never saw it in summer, and I[ do not think it stays to breed. 129. Milvus govinda.—The Common Pariah Kite. [1229.] Very common in Baluchistan, and no doubt breeds there, though I never found a nest myself. 130. Milvus migrans.—The Black Kite. [1231.] I oceasionally observed this species in the Quetta Valley during the win- ter months. Marshall states that it breeds in the hills near Quetta, and records obtaining three fresh eggs from a nest about 12th April. 131. Elanus cewruleus.—The Black-winged Kite. [1232.] 1 occasionally ohserved this species in the Quetta Valley in the winter months, but never obtained a specimen. 1 never saw it in the summer. 132. Circus macrurus.—The Pale Harrier. [1233.] Fairly common in the Quetta Valley in winter, but I never saw it in summer, and I do not think it stays to breed. 133. Ctreus cyaneus—The Hen Harrier. |1235.] Fairly common in the Quetta Valley during the winter months, but like the last species, is not seen in summer. I shot two specimens along the Lora River, about three miles from Quetta, in November 1913. There is one specimen in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. The birds shot by me were in immature plumage. 134. Circus eruginosus.—The Marsh Harrier. [1237.] Fairly common in Baluchistan in marshy localities during winter, but never | think seen in summer, I do not think it ever remains to breed. 135. Buteo fero1.—The Long-legged Buzzard. (1289. | Fairly common in Baluchistan and is a resident species all through the year. It certainly breeds at Ziarat at 8,000 feet and upwards; and the birds seen there were mostly of the dark or melanistic variety. Im October 1912 I got a specimen of this species, shot at Quetta by Major Marshall, R.G. ee and it was of the pale variety. I sent this specimen to the Bombay "Natural History Society. There are two specimens in the Mac Mahon Museum at Quetta. I several times in winter saw specimens of the pale variety on the upper Gymkhana at Quetta. 136. Accipiter nisus.—The Sparrow-Hawk. [1247.] Common in Baluchistan, and I think certainly breeds there, especially in the wooded tracts, as in the vicinity of Ziarat. This species 1s mostly in evidence in Quetta during the winter, where it follows the flocks of small birds which are very numerous in winter. Several specimens were shot in 1913 by Capt. Meinertzhagen, 7th Royal Fusiliers, and one in 1912 by Major Marshall, R. G. A. There is one ‘eo of this species in the MacMahon Wis arr at Quetta. BIRDS OF BALUCHISTAN, 161 137. Falco peregrinus —The Peregrine Falcon. [1254.] This species is occasionally seen during the winter months, especially in the localities where the various species of wild ducks congregate, as at Khusdil Khan. I never observed this species during the summer, but think itis quite possible that some stay to breed, as there are in many places cliffs, such as this species likes to nest on. 138. Falco juyger—The Luggar Falcon. {[1257.] Fairly common during the winter months. I think it is probable that some stay to breed in Baluchistan. Marshall records seeing a pair in April which were as far as he could see, building a nest high up on the face of a cliff. 139. Tinnunculus alaudarius.—The Kestrel. [1265.] Common in Baluchistan, and breeds there. 1 saw pairs at Ziarat which were certainly breeding on the cliffs in June between 8,000 and 9,000 feet. Marshall records taking four fresh eggs from a nest on May 14th. There are two specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. CoLUMEIDZ. 140. Columba intermedia.—The Indian Blue-Rock Pigeon. [1292.] Common in the Quetta Valley at allseasons. They are seen in large flocks during winter. They breed in the “ Karewes”’ or under-ground water-channels, into which shafts are sunk at intervals, and often give sport in winter, when they fly out of these shafts on being disturbed by stones thrown into them. I frequently shot them in this way in the Quetta Valley, and also in the Zhob and Gomal Valleys. There are two specimens of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 141. Columba livia.—The Blue-Rock Pigeon. [1293.] Common in the Quetta Valley, though, perhaps, not so numerous as the foregoing species, but its habits are the same, and it also breeds in the Karewe shafts. Ihave shot this species also in the Quetta Valley and in the Zhob and Gomal Valleys. There are two specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 142. Palumbus casiotis,—The Eastern Wood-pigeon, or Ring-Dove. [ 1298. | Common in the Juniper forest at Ziarat, from 8,000 feet upwards, and undoubtedly breeds there. I also shot this species in the Zhob Valley from March to May. There are two specimens in the MacMahor Museum at Quetta. 143. Turtur cambayensis.—The Little Brown Dove. {1309.| Common everywhere in Baluchistan and certainly some birds remain throughout the winter. It breeds in Baluchistan. I frequently found nests in the spinneys and gardens, and one pair had a nest in the climbing roses round the front of my house in Quetta. There are two specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 144. Turtur risorivs—The Indian Ring-Dove. [1310.] ‘Common in Baluchistan and some birds remain during winter. It breeds in the gardens and orchards, and I found many nestsin May. There are three specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. PTEROCLIDA. 145. Pterocles arenarius.—The Large or Black-bellied Sandgrouse. [1316. | Common in the open sandy valleys of Baluchistan, especially during spring and autumn, and I think it certainly breeds in Baluchistan. I shot some of these birds in the upper Zhob Valley in April and May 1891. There are four specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 21 162 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. =a 146. Pterocles lichtensteint,—The Close-barred Sandgrouse. [1518. | I believe I observed this species on one occasion in Baluchistan, but am not certain of this. Blanford states on page 57 of Vol. IV that this species is found in Baluchistan, and is probably resident throughout its range. 147. Pterocles coronatus—The Coronetted Sandgrouse. [13519.! A resident species in Baluchistan, and I think no doubt beeede there. I shot one of these birds in the Zhob Valley i in January 1891. I do not think it is anywhere common. ‘There is one specimen in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 148. Pteroclurus alchata.—The large Pin-tailed Sandgrouse. {1320.1 Fairly common in flocks in spring and autumn, but I do not think it remains to breed, except perhaps in the higher ‘valleys. There is one specimen in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 149. Pteroclurus exustus—The Common Sandgrouse. [152]. | Common in flocks in Baluchistan in spring and autumn, though not so numerous as -Pterocles arenarius, which is, I think, the commonest sand- grouse in Baluchistan. I do not think this species breeds in Baluchistan. 150. Pteroclurus senegallus—The Spotted Sandgrouse. [1322.]| I have never personally observec this species in Baluchistan, but Blanford on page 62 of Vol. IV states that it is distributed from Northern Africa to South-Western Asia, and mentions a specimen from Pirchoki, below the Bolan Pass. There is also a specimen in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta, said to be of this species. PHASIANID®. 151. Coturnix communis.—-The Common or Grey Quail. |1355.] Found in Baluchistan in spring and autumn, but only sparingly, and apparently it does not breed in Baluchistan, but only passes through on migration. There are three specimens in the MacMahon Mvseum at Quetta. 152. Caccabis chucar.—The Chukor. [1370.] Very common in all the mountains of Baluchistan, and breeds every- where in the mountains but not in the open valleys. Very good sport is obtainable with these birds in many places in Baluchistan, as they fly strongly, and have to be hit well forward to bring them dewn. I have shot many in the Zhob Valley, as well as in the valleys near Quetta. There are five specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 153. Ammoperdix bonhami.—tThe See-See. [1371.| Common all over Baluchistan, and breeds everywhere like the Chukor; it is a resident species all the year round, and gives good sport with the gun. I shot many of these birds all the way up the Zhob Valley, and also in the mountains and valleys near Quetta. This species comes more down into the open valleys than does the Chukor. There are four specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 154. Francolinus vulg (1372. ] I never observed this species in Baluchistan myself, but to my certain knowledge a cock bird was shot in the Galbraith Spinney, about 22 miles from Quetta, by Captain Meinertzhagen, 7th Royal Fusiliers, and I think it was in the month of November 1913. Ido not think this species breeds in Baluchistan, except possibly in the districts towards the plains of India to the East. There is one specimen in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. ack Partridge or Common Francolin BIRDS OF BALUCHISTAN. 163 RALLIDZ. 155. Rallus aquaticus.—The Water Rail. [1388.] I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but Blanford states on page 160 of Vol. IV that it is found throughout Europe and the Palearctic region as far West as Yarkand and Cabul, and there is a specimen, said to be of this species, in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 156. Porzana parva.—The Little Crake. [1392.] t have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but on page 164 of Vol. IV Blanford states that it has been observed passing through Quetta, when migrating. It probably therefore visits Baluchistan both in spring and in autumn. 157. Porzana pusilla.—The Eastern Baillon’s Crake. [1393.] I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but there is in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta a specimen, said to be of this species. I think, however, that this specimen is more probably one of “ Porzana in- termedia, ” as Blanford on page 166 of Vol. IV states that throughout Western Asia, Porzana pusilla is replaced by Porzana intermedia. 158. Porzana maruetta.—The Spotted Crake. [1394.] I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but on page 167 of Vol. 1V Blanford states that this species is found in summer in Western and Central Asia, and in India in the winter, so it must either be resident in Baluchistan in summer, or pass through it in going to and from India on migration. There are two specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta, said to be of this species. 159. Porphyrio poliocepholus—The Purple Moorhen. [1404.] I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but Blanford states on page 179 of Vol. IV that this species ranges from India through- out South-Western Asia to the Caspian. Marshall records that he saw seven or eight of these birds together in thick reeds in a small river near Quetta. He was of opinion that they probably bred near there, and that this was a family. There are two specimens of this species in the Mac- Mahon Museum at Quetta. 160. Fuca atra.—The Coot. [1405]. This species is very common on the lake at Khushdil Khan, about 40 miles from Quetta, and on other open pieces of water. It seems to be uncertain whether any remain to breed in Baluchistan. There are two specimens of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. GRUIDA. 161. Grus communis.—The Common Crane. [1407.] I once saw on a clear day in March a large flock of Cranes flying very high up over Quetta and evidently migrating northwards. From their notes I feel sure that these birds were of this species, and I think they must pass through Baluchistan every year during their spring and autumn migration. OTIpID®. 162. Houbara macqueeni.cThe Houbara. [1415.] Found sparingly in Baluchistan. I came across them in various places in the Gomal and Zhob Valleys in 1891, and obtained one specimen between Gul Kach and Nawa Obo in December 1890. Marshall states that it passes through Baluchistan in fairly large numbers in March and April. 164 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. OEDICNEMIDZ. 163. C£:dienemus scolopax.—The Stone Curlew. [1418.] I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but on page 205 of Vol. [V Blanford states that it is found in Central and South-Western Asia, and Marshall records that one was shot out of a pair in very cold weather in March. He does not give the locality. GLABREOLIDA. 164. Cursorius galiicus.—The Green-coloured Courier Plover. [1423.] Sparsely distributed in Baluchistan. I shot several of these birds in the Zhob Valley in the spring of 1891. Marshall records shooting two in September. I think some probably breed in Baluchistan. There is one specimen in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. CHARADRIIDA, 165. Sarcogrammus indicus.—The Red-wattled Lapwing. [1451.] Found sparsely in Baluchistan. Have seen them at odd times im the Quetta Valley during the winter months. I also saw a few at Ziarat at about 8,000 feet in June and July, and 1 think there can be little doubt that it breeds there. Marshall records one being shot in March, in very cold weather, near Quetta. There is one specimen of this species in the Mac- Mahon Museum at Quetta. 166. Vanellus vulgaris—The Lapwing or Peewit. [1436.] Some of these birds are seen every winter in the Quetta Valley but I do not think it ever appears in large numbers nor do I think that any remain to breed in Baluchistan. I frequently saw a few in winter near the Lora River in the fields. There is one specimen in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 167. Chettusia leucura.—The White-tailed Lapwing. [1438.] This species passes through Baluchistan in its spring and autumn migration. I saw several small flocks in the autumn of 1912 in the Quetta Valley, and obtained one specimen shot by Major Marshall, R. G. A. I sent the skin to the South Kensington Museum, where it was identified as this species. 168. Charadrius pluvialis—The Golden Plover. -[1440.] I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but on page 235 of Vol. IV, Blanford records that he shot one at Gwadar in Baluchis- tan in January 1872, It probably passes through both in spring . and autumn. 169. Aygialitis geoffroyi—The Large Sand-Plover. [1442.] I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but Marshall records that one was brought to him in March, which had been shot out of a small flock of five or six birds, and he identified it as this species. If this identification is correct, it appears that this species must range further to the West than is stated by Blanford. 170. Agialitis dubta.—The Little-Ringed Plover. |1447.] Have often seen flocks of these little Plovers in the Quetta Valley in early spring. I think it is probable that a certain number breed in Balu- chistan. 171. Himantopus candidus—The Black-winged Stilt. [1451.] Fairly common in suitable places in Baluchistan, and I believe breeds on Khushdil Khan Lake. BIRDS OF BALUCHISTAN. 165 172. Totanus hypoleucas——The Common Sandpiper. [1460.] I occasionally observed this species in the Quetta Valley during the winter months, but never obtained a specimen. It is possible some may breed at Khushdil Khan. 173. Totanus ochropus.—The Green Sandpiper. [1462.] Fairly common in the Quetta Valley at times I think some must breed in Baluchistan, as I have seen them in July and August. There is a specimen of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 174. Totanus fuscus.—The Spotted Redshank. [1465.] I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but there are two specimens, said to be of this species, in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. On page 265 of Vol. 1V, Blanford states that this species migrates in winter to the countries round the Mediterranean and Southern Asia. Itis, therefore, presumable that it passes through Baluchistan in its spring and autumn migrations. 175. Totanus glottis ——The Greenshank. [1466.] I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but there is a specimen said to be of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. On page 267 of Vol. IV, Blanford states that this species winters in Southern Asia, so it is safe to assume that it passes through Baluchistan in its springs and autumn migrations. 176. Pavoncella pugnav.—The Ruff and Reeve. [1468.] This species passes through Baluchistan in its spring and autumn migra- tion. In October 1912 as far as I can remember, I obtained a specimen shot by Major Marshall, R. G.A. LIsent the skin to the Natural History Museum, South Kensington, where it was identified as that of a Ruff. I several times observed flocks of these birds in the Quetta Valley in October. 177. Calidris arenaria.—The Sanderling. (1469.] I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but on page 270 of Vol. IV, Blanford states that this species is common in winter on the coast of Sind and Baluchistan, so presumably this species also passes through Baluchistan in its spring and autumn migration. 178. Tringa minuta.—The Little Stint. [1471.] I frequently observed one or two of these birds by the Lora River near Quetta during the winter months. There are two specimens, said to be of these species, in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 179. Phalaropus hyperboreus.—The Red-necked Phalarope. [1480.] - I have not-personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but there is a specimen in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta, said to be of this species. On page 282 of Vol. LV, Blanford states that in winter it abounds on the coasts of Arabia, Baluchistan and Sind. It can be presumed, therefore, that it passes through Baluchistan in its spring and autumn migration. 180. Scolopax rusticula—The Woodcock. [1482.] A winter visitant to Baluchistan. Some of these birds are shot every winter in the Quetta Valley. There are several specimens in the Mac- Mahon Museum at Quetta. 181. Gallinago celestis—The Common Snipe. [1484.| This species is fairly common in Baluchistan in suitable places during the winter months, especially November and March. I do not think any remain to breed. 166 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV, 182. Gallinago sohtaria.—The Himalayan Solitary Snipe. {1486. | A good many isolated specimens of this species are shot in Baluchistan in the winter months. Five or six were shot to my knowledge in the winter of 1913-1914. One shot on October 12th, 1913, by Capt. Brown, 58th Rifles, was sent to me by Lt.-Col. Venour, commanding that Regiment. I skinned the bird and the specimen is now in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta, where there are also several other specimens. It is a winter visitant only. 183. Gallinago gallinula.—The Jack Snipe. [1487.] A few birds of this species are shot every year in Baluchistan in the winter months. One was shot in October 19135 at the edge of the Lora River near the Galbraith Spinney, Quetta Valley, by Capt. Pery Knox Gore, Royal Welch Fusiliers, who was out with me. This species is also only a winter visitant. LARIDz. 184. Larus ridibundus.—The Laughing Gull. {[1490.] Fairly common in Baluchistan, during the winter months, on pieces of water like Khushdil Khan Lake. It does not remain tobreed. There are four specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 185. Hydroprogne caspia.—The Caspian Tern. [1498.] This species is found on Khushdil Khan Lake, and probably in other similar places in Baluchistan. There is one specimen in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 186. Sterna cantiaca.—The Sandwich Tern. [1500.j| This species is found in Baluchistan during the winter months, but does not stay to breed. There is one specimen in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta from Las Beyla. PELECANID. 187. Pelecanus onocrotalus—The White or Roseate Pelican. [1521.] A resident species in Baluchistan in suitable localities. There were four specimens in the MacMahon Museum. Marshall records seeing these birds migrating in February at Baton Kuch. He says Pelecanus roseus, but probably it was this species. PHALACROCORACIDA. 188. Phalacrocorax carbo.—The Large Cormorant. [1526.]| Not common, but some are always to be seen on pieces of water like the Khushdil Khan Lake. I do not think they breed in Baluchistan. There is a specimen in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. SULIDZ. 189. Sula leucogaster.—The Brown Gannet. [1530.| A shore bird. There is a specimen in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. It is said to be common in the coast of Baluchistan. Isipip2. 190. Plegadis faleinellus—The Glossy Ibis. [1544.] I occasionally saw this species in the Quetta Valley in winter. There are two specimens, said to be of this species, in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. BIRDS OF BALUCHISTAN, 167 CICONINA. 191. Ciconia alba.—The White Stork. {1546.] I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but there is a specimen in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta, said to be of this species. 192. Ciconia nigra.—The Black Stork. [1547.] I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but it seems undoubtedly to occur there, and there is a specimen, said to be of these species, in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. ARDEID. 195. Ardea cinerea The Common Heron. [ 1555, Fairly common in Baluchistan on suitable pieces of water, such as Khushdil Khan Lake, in winter. There is a specimen in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 194. Herodias alba.—The Large Egret. [1559.] Marshall records that this species is fairly numerous at Khushdil Khan Lake in February. Itis probably found at all similar pieces of water in Baluchistan. I do not know if it breeds in Baluchistan. 195. Lepterodius asha.—The Indian Reep-Heron. [1553.] l have not personally seen this species in Baluchistan but there is no doubt that it is found in Baluchistan, especially at or near the coast. It is probable that it also breeds there, as Blanford on page 391 of Vol. 1V records that it frequents the shore of the Indian Ocean from the Persian Gulf to Ceylon, and that it breeds in May on Mangrove trees. There are two specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 196. Nyeticorax griseus —The Night Herou. [1568.] ; This species is found in Baluchistan, but is not common. There are four specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 197. Ardetta minuta.—The Little Bittern. [1570.| This species is found in Baluchistan in suitable places, such as the bed of the Lora River near Quetta. There are three specimens in the: MacMahon Museum. 198. Botaurus stellaris—The Bittern. [1574.] | Not common in Baluchistan, but is found in the bed of the Lora River and similar places. There are four specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. PHAUNICOPTERID A. 199. Phenicopterus roseus—The Common Flamingo. {1575.]} These beautiful birds occur occasionally in flocks in Baluchistan. Marshall records having seen a large flock, probably 200 or 300, at Khushdil Khan Lake in March, but he supposed them to be migrating, as they did not alight. There are seven specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. ANATIDA. 200. Cygnus olor.—The Mute Swan. [1577.]| An occasional cold weather visitant to Baluchistan. Their arrival means severe cold in the North. There is one specimenin the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 201. Anser ferus—The Grey-lag Goose. [1579.] These species passes through Baluchistan in its spring and autumn migration, but is never numerous and does not stay for long. There are two specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. 202. Tadorna cornuta.—The Sheldrake. [1587.1] This species visits Baluchistan during the winter months, but is not common. Marshall records having seen two at Khushdil Khan Lake in Webruary and March. There are seven specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 208. Casarca rutila—The Ruddy Sheldrake, or Brahminy Duck. [1588.] This species passes through Baluchistan in its spring and autumn migra- ~ tion, being commonest in February and March. Itis then to be seen at Khushdil Khan Lake. 204. Anas boscas—The Mallard. [1592.} Common in Baluchistan during the winter months in suitable places, such as the Khushdil Khan Lake. There are three specimens in the Mac- Mahon Museum at Quetta. 205. Chaulelasmus streperus—The Gadwall. [1595.] Occurs in Baluchistan during the winter months, but is not common. There are two specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 206. Nettiuwm crecca.—The Common Teal. [1597.1] Common in Baluchistan during the winter months, especially at the beginning and end of winter. There are four specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 207. Mareca penelope.—The Wigeon. [1599.] Fairly common during the winter months in Baluchistan, especially at the beginning and end of winter. I shot a specimen in immature plumage in November 1912, and sent the skin to the Natural History Museum, South Kensington, where it was identified as being one of the species. I shot this bird on the Lora River near Quetta. There are two specimens of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 208. Dafila acuta.—The Pintail. [1600.] Occurs in Baluchistan during the winter months. A few are always shot at the Khushdil Khan Lake in February and March. There are three specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 209. Querguedula circia.—The Garganey. [1601.| Occurs in Baluchistan during the winter months, but is not common. A few are shot at Khushdil Khan Lake every yearin February and March. 210. Spatula clypeata.——The Shoveller. !1602.] Fairly common in Baluchistan during the winter months. A good many are shot on the Khushdil Khan Lake. There are three specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 211. Marmaronetta angustirostris—The Marbled Duck. [1603.]| Fairly common in Baluchistan, and this is one of the few species of ducks which remain to breed in Baluchistan, as it has been found breeding on the Khushdil Khan Lake. There are five specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 212. Netta rufina.—The Red-crested Pochard. [1604.| Common in Baluchistan during the winter months, especially at the beginning and atthe end of the winter. There are three specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 213. Nyroca ferina.—The Pochard or Dun-Bird. [1605.]} Common in Baluchistan during the winter months in such places as the Khushdil Khan Lake, especially at the beginning and end of the winter. There are two specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. BIRDS OF BALUCHISTAN. 169 214. Nyroca ferruginea.—The White-eyed Duck. [1606.] Fairly common during the winter months in Baluchistan, especially at the beginning and end of the winter. A good many are usually shot in February and beginning of March on Khushdil Khan Lake, There is one specimen in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 215. Nyroca fuliguia.—The Tufted Duck. [1609.] Fairly common in Baluchistan during the winter months, at end of winter especially. A good many are usually shot on the Khushdil Khan Lake in March. 216. Clangula glaucion.—The Golden-eye Duck. [1610.} Occurs in Baluchistan, especially towards the end of the winter, but -is not common. A few are shot every year on the Khushdil Khan Lake. There are two specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 217. Erismatura leucocephala.—The White-headed Duck. [1611.] A few of these birds appear in Baluchistan every winter, especially towards the end of the winter. Marshall records that he shot two, out of a lot of about six,on Khushdil Khan Lake in February. There are three specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 218. Mergus albelilus.—The Smew. [1612.] Fairly common in Baluchistan during the winter months. Some we shot every year on the Khushdil Khan Lake. There are four specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. PODICIPEDIDZ. 219. Podicipes cristatus—The Great crested Grebe. {1615.] Some of these birds appear every winter in Baluchistan on suitable pieces of water like the Khushdil Khan Lake. There are two specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 220. Podicipes albipennis.—The Indian Little Grebe, or Dabchick. [1617.] Fairly common on suitable pieces of water in Baluchistan. This species is said to nest on the Lake at Khushdil Khan. There are three specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. Two of these specimens were ob- tained at Saranan, between Quetta and the Khojak. ADDENDUM. CHARADRIIDA. 221. Numenius arquata.—The Curlew. [1454.] I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but there is in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta a specimen from Saranan, between Quetta and the Khojak. PLATALEIDS. 222. Platalea leucorodia.—The Spoonbill. [1545.] ; Lhave not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but there is a specimen from the Khushdil Khan Lake in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. ARDEIDA. 223. Ardea manillensis—The Eastern Purple Heron. [1554. | I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but there are two specimens, obtained in Baluchistan, in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. 22 170 HEMIPTERA FROM THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY BY Dr, Ee BERGROTE. OC yMESAnS: The Hemiptera dealt with in this paper were collected and for- warded to me for study several years ago by Mr. R. C. Wroughton. Two new genera and some of the new species contained in the col- lection have been described by me in previous papers, and another new genus and species was described by the late Prof. Reuter. I now give alist of all the Hemiptera found by Mr. Wroughton, having marked with an asterisk the species that were undescribed when discovered by him. Only four of these species have as yet been found outside the Bombay Presidency, though they all are doubtless more widely spread. Bibliographical references are appended only to the species not described in Distant’s “ Fauna of British India : Rhynchota. ” Suborder HETEROPTERA. Fam. THYREOCORIDZ. 1. Aethus indicus, Westw. 2. Macroscytus fovesla, Dall. , *3. Macroscytus longirostris, n. sp. Subovatus, convexiusculus, niger. Caput nonnihil transversum, rugosum, apice distincte incisum, rostro piceo coxas posticas superante, articulis tribus ultimis subzeque longis, antennis piceis, articulis duobus primis sublinearibus. glabris, ceteris nonnihil incrassatis pallido-puberulis, articulo secundo primo: subbreviore, tertio secundo distincte longiore, quarto tertio et quinto quarto paullo longiore. Pronotum capite triplo latius, transversim vix impressum, lateribus parce ferrugineo-ciliatum, parte pntiea disci apice et lateribus modice dense punctata, ceteroquin leevi sed medio serie longitudinali puncto- rum interrupta, parte postica disci parce punctata, basi levi. Scutellum remote punctatum. Hemelytra apicem abdominis nonnihil superantia, corio sat parce punctulato, basin segmenti ultimi connexivi attingente, imtra marginem lateralem punctis piligeris duobus vel tribus instructum linea impressa percurrente preedito, margine apicali late levissime sinuato, mem- brana leviter infuscata. Abdomen subtus medio lve, lateribus irregu- lariter punctulatum. Pedes piceo-nigri, tarsis dilutioribus. Long. @ 7°5 mm. The length of the rostrum would place this species in the genus Gamp- sotes Sign., but the facies is so different from that genus, that it is much better placed in Macroscytus, all other characters of which it has. 4. Peltoxys brevipennis, Fabr. Parallelus, glaber, niger, et supra et subtus creberrime punctatus, capite et parte apicali pronoti pilis paucis longis preeditis, ventre brevissime pubescente, lituris nonnulis dimidi antici pronoti, area parva oblonga prope angulos basales scutelli, vitta angusta intra marginem lateralem prosterni hujusque margine basalji leevibus, rostro et tarsis testaceis. Caput subzeque longum ac latum, tylo latiusculo, percurrente, jugis extus ante oculos sub- parallelis, deinde fortiter rotundatis, articulo primo antennarum apicem capitis attingente, secundo brevissimo quam primo breviore, tertio secundo saltem triplo longiore, apicem versus sensim incrassato, quarto tertio BOMBAY HEMIPTERA. 17 subeequilongo, subfusiformi (art. quintus deest in specimine descripto), rostro coxas medias attingente, articulo tertio secundo paullo breviore et quarto plus quam dimidio longiore. Mesosternum in fundo impressionis mediz carinatum. Sulcus orificialis prope marginem anticum metasterni currens. Hemelytra abdomine paullo breviora, corio angulo apicali anguste rotandato, margine apicali in dimidio interno sinuato, membrana pellucida, leviter fusco-umbrata. Anguli apicales segmentorum abdominis levissime prominuli. Long. 2 4 mm. ; Stal’s and Signoret’s descriptions of this rare insect are erroneous in several points, owing no doubt to the circumstance that they had only seen ill-preserved specimens. Dr. Horvath having kindly examined the specimen in the Budapest Museum, upon which Signoret founded his description, has found that it belongs to the same species as my specimen. The tubercles in the middle of the lateral margins of the abdominal segments described and figured by Signoret are, as Dr. Horvath writes to me, only small particles of dirt. FKam.—ScureLLERID. 5. Seutellera perpleca, Westw. (nobilis, Fabr. nec. L.) 6. Chrysocors purpureus, Westw. The ground-colour of the living insect and of specimens preserved in spirit is brassy green; in dried specimens it passes into purplish. Fam. PENTATOMIDS. *7, WScotinophara Westwood, n. sp. Ovalis, nigra, brevissime adpresse ochreo-squamulosa, dense punctulata, corio cum clavo remotius punctato, vitta obliqua sublaterali pronoti, hujus lobo antico, corio cum clavo, lateribus pleurarum ac limbo lato laterali ventris stramineo-variegatis, callo parvo prope angulos basales scutelli, tuberculo ad angulos apicales segmentorum ventralium summoque apice articulorum quattuor primorum antennarum stramineis, apice scutelli, rostro, tibiis posticis ac tarsis omnibus fuscis, articulationibus rostri plus minusve late stramineis, membrana hyalina, limbo laterali externo infuscato. Caput latitudine paullo longius, tuberculis antenniferis obtusiusculis, articulo secundo antennarum primo paullo longiore, tertio secundo vie duplo longiore, quarto tertio distincte breviore, quinto omnium longissimo, rostro basin segmenti tertii ventralis paullum superante. Pronotum ante medium distincte transversim impressum, antice modice declive, margine apicali depresso, parte postoculari subsinuato-truncato, dente angulorum lateralium dente apicale paullo minore, marginibus lateralibus anticis imermibus, distincte sinuatis, ante sinum leviter rotundatis. Scutellum saltem in mare apicem abdominis paullum superans, mox pone basin quadrantis secundi distincte constrictum, apice obtuse angulato-sinuatum. Segmentum sextum venirale maris medio segmentis tribus precedentibus unitis subsequilongum. Seg- mentum genitale maris apice utrinque sinuatum. Long. ¢ 8 mm. This species seems to be akin to 8S. nigra, Dall., but it is partly varie- gated with yellow, the pronotum is not gibbous in front, and the scutellum is longer. 8. Halys dentata, Fabr. 9. Laprius varvcornis, Dall. “10. Halyomorpha picticornis, n. sp. Oblongo-ovalis, testacea, supra inzqualiter acervatim fusco-punctata, vittis duabus ante medium pronoti subvirescenti-nigris apice scutelli pallidiore, linea longitudinali media pronoti et angulis basalibus scutelli leevibus, segmentis connexivi medio concoloriter punctatis, basi et apice fascia nigra notatis, capite subtus, metapleuris lateribusque ventris 172 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIV. ineequaliter fusco-punctatis, vitta lata maculas aliquot testaceas includente propleurze et mesopleurz, macula majuscula marginali paullo ante angulos laterales propleurarum, fascia brevi mox ante angulos apicales segmentorum ventris maculaque media segmentorum hujus secundi et sexti piceo-nigris, mesosterno medio (carina excepta) fusco. Caput pronoto medio subzeque longum, rostro basin ventris attingente, testaceo, articulo ultimo nigro, antennis testaceis, articulis tribus primis fusco-punctatis, primo preterea subtus fusco-vittato, quarto toto et parte plus quam dimidia apicali quini fuscis, articulo testio secundo paullo longiore, quarto tertio parum longiore, quinto quarto subzeque longo. Pronotum margine apicali interoculari anguste sed distincte elevatum, marginibus lateralibus post medium non nisi levissime sinuatis. Hemelytra apicem abdominis paullum superantia, corio basin segmenti quinti connexivi superante, membrana cinerascente, intus prope basin et medio fusco-tincta. Abdomen subtus medio subleve, segmento sexto maris medio quinto vix dimidio longiore, segmento geni- tali maris apice leviter arcuato-sinuato. Pedes testacei, femoribus (pos- teriorum parte basali excepta) et tibiis anterioribus maculis punctiformibus nigris conspersis, tibiis superne linea purpurea (in anticis minus distincta) _ signatis, apice late nigris, posticis etiam annulo subbasali nigro preeditis, tarsis apice fuscis. Long. ¢ 12 mm. Differs from Halyomorpha, Mayr, as defined by Stal, by having the pronotal apical margin distinctly though narrowly elevated; from this genus as res- tricted by Jeannel it differs by the male genital segment which is not deeply and angularly sinuate. As the other Indian species of the genus are imperfectly known, it is unnecessary for the present to separate it generically. * 11. Gulhelmus laterarius, Dist. * 12. Husarcocoris proximus, un. sp. Late subovalis, flavotestaceus, dense nigro-punctatus, capite, articulo apicali rostri, macula transversa solum medio punctata nonnihil pone angulos apicales pronoti, ventre (limbo lato laterali excepto) maculaque ablongula ad angulos apicales segmentorum ventris nigris, antennis apicem versus nonnihil infuscatis, spiraculis fuscis, callo parvulo transverso prope angulos basales scutelli et margine laterali pronoti ventrisque leevibus, pedibus nigro-punctatis. Caput creberrime punctatum, cupreo-tinctum, articulis secundo et tertio antennarum zque longis, quarto tertio sesqui longiore, quinto quarto paullo longiore. Pronotum lateribus vix sinuatum, angulis lateralibus rotundatis, levissime prominulis. Scutellum abdomine nonnihil brevius, basi quam parte subapicali duplo latius, frenis medium scutelli vix attingentibus. Hemelytra apicem abdominis nonnihil super- antia, corio scutello paullo longiore, membrana subhyalina. Segmentum genitale maris apice sat anguste et profunde sinuatum, fundo sinus arcuato. Long. ¢ 5 mm. Distinguished from EZ. guttigerus, Thumb., by the considerably narrower postfrenal part of the scutellum. 13. Nezara viridula, L. 14. Menida flavovaria, Dall. 15. Menida formosa, Westw. 16. Piezodorus rubrofasciatus, Fabr. 17. Cyclopetta obscura, Lep.-Serv. The specimens belong to Westwood’s variety siccifolia. Fam. ARADIDA. 18. Mezra triangula, Bergr. Fam. CorEIpa, *19, Aschistocoris bombeus, Bergr., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1909, p. 185. BOMBAY HEMIPTERA. li: Oso 20. Notobitus dorsalis, Westw. 21. Cletus pugnator, Fabr. 22. Cletus bipunctatus, H. Sch., Wanz. Ins. VI, 9, fig. 566; Stal, Enum. Hem. III, 78 (1873). This very distinct and easily recognizable species has hitherto been - recorded only from Java. Vol. VI of Herrich-Schceffer’s work was finished in 1842, but it was published in parts, and there can be little doubt that the first Part, which contains the description of C. bipunctatus, appeared in 1840, or possibly at the end of 1839. C. bipunctatus, Westw. (1842), described under the same name by Distant in his Indian Fauna, is a synonym of the true pugnator, Fabr., which is not identical with trigonus, imp. 23. Clavigralla horrens, Dohrn. 24, Leptocoriva varicornis, abr. 25. Dulichius inflatus, Kirby. *26. Huthetus pulcherrimus, Bergr., Ann, Soc. Ent. Belg. 1909, p. 186. 27. Riptortus pedestris, Fabr. 28. Leptocoris, sp. Brachypterous form: hemelytra somewhat passing base of antepenul- timate (9) or penultimate (¢) abdominal segment, corium with sinuate apical margin and rounded apical angle, membrane extremely short, not reaching beyond apical angle of corium. Possibly the hitherto unknown brachypterous form of Z. augur Fabr., with which it agrees fairly well, though it is much smaller (length, ¢ 9 mm. 2 10°5 mm.) . Fam. PyrRHOcoRIDs. 29. Odontopus nyricornis, Stil. 30. Dysdereus Koenig, Fabr. Fam. Myopocuips. 31, Pyrrhobaphus servus, Fabr. 32, Pamera Nietnert, Dohrn. *30. Caridops yibba, Bergr. *34. Prostemnudea mimica, Reut. 35. Lachnesthus singalensis, Dohrn. 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