© '■n -J-> crt 1 — • M W ►^ 5. -a .'- cd -t-iJ r,r S~< o "A ^\ -M d to ce -I THE JOURNAL ^ OF THE Bombay Natueal Histoet Society. EDITED BY W. S. MILLARD. N. B. KINNEAR, R. A. SPENCE. VOL. XXVI. Consisting of Five Parts and containing Seven Coloured Plates, Forty-six Lithographed Plates, Seven Diagrams, Ttvo Maps a7id Forty -nine Text-Figures^ Part J {Pages 1 to 318) „ II iPages 319 #0 704) „ III iPages 705 to 884) „ IV (,Pages 885 to 1055) „ V {Index, cfo.) Dates of Publication. •49 ••• •■• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• «•• •t* ••• .t* . 20«A Z><;cr., 1918. . 20Jo. XVIII (contd.). Report on the House Rats of India, Burma and Ceylon. By Martin A. C. Hinton 716 Scientific Results from the Mammal Survey, No. XX. By Oldfield Thomas, F.R.s 726 A. — Notes on the Genus Cheliones. B. — Change of Coat in the Common Palm Squirrel — An Appeal. B}- R. C. Wroughton, f.z.s. C. — Two new forms oi the Funamlndus tristriatus (Gvoivgi). By R. C. Wroughton and Winifred M. Davison. D. — On the Genus Tadarida (Wrinkle-Lip Bats). By R. C. Wroughton, F.z.s. Indian Dragonflies. Part V. {With Text-ficjiLres). By Major F. C. Fraser, i.m.s 734 Some new Mammals from Mesopotamia. By Oldfield Thomas, f.r.s., f.z.s 745 Common Butterflies of the Plains of India. Part XXIII. By T. R. Bell, c.i.e., i.f.s. 750 Some Birds observed at Fagoo, near Simla. By H. Whistler, f.z.s., m.b.o.u 77(»' Summary of the Results from the Indian Mammal Survey of the Bombay Natural History Society. Part IV. By R. C. Wroughton, F.z.s 776 A Popular Treatise on the Common Indian Snakes. Part XXVIII {With a coloured Plate XXVIII and Diagram). By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, c.m.g., c.m.z.s., f.z.s., I.M.S 803. The Flora of the Indian Desert, (Jodhpur and Jaisal- mer). Part III. {With G Plates.). By E. Blatter, S.J., and Prof. F. Hallberg 811 xii CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVI. Page A Tentative List of the Vertebkates of the Jalpaiguri District, Bengal. {With Plates). By Chas. M. Inglis, M.B.O.U., W. L. Travers, H. V. O'Donel and E. O. Shebbeare, i.F.s ., 819 The Birds of Prev of the Punjab. Part III. (With Flaiel). By C. H. Donald, f.z.s 826 Miscellaneous Notes : — 1. Note on the Malabar Slender Loris, (Loris hideklcerianiis). By N. B. Kinnear, C.M.z.s. 836 , II. Tiger {Felis tigris) climbing Tree. By G. Monteath, b.a., i.c.s 837 III. Wild Dogs (Ciion dul-liunensis) and Sambhur. By F. Ware 837 IV. Distribution of the different races and species of Takin (Budorcas). By F. Kingdon-Ward. 838 V. Notes on the Big Game and Dnck of Dhar State. By H. H. Udaji Pao Puar, K.c.s.i., K.B.E., Maharaja of Dhar 841 VI. Variety of the Common House Crow (Corvus splendeyis) at Jhang, Punjab. By Hugh Whistler, F.z.s 843 VII. Maternal instinct in the Pied Bush-Chat, (Pratincola caprafa). By S. M. Robinson. 843 VIII. Nesting habits of the Brown Rockchat (Ger- comela fusca). By W. H. Mathews 843 IX. An Albino Swallow. By W. H. Mathews... 844 X. Abnormal variety of the Green Bee-Eater. (Merops viridis). By Hugh Whistler, F.z.s. 844 XI. Some Birds of Prey of Mesopotamia. By C. H. Donald, f.z.s 845 XII. Extension of Range of the Green Imperial Pigeon (Carpophaga wna mna) in Western India. By N. B. Kinnear, C.M.z.s 846 COIS TENTS OF VOLUME XXVI. xiw Page XIII, Extracts from " A Monograph of the Phea- • • sants by William Beebe." By Chas. M. Inglis, M.B.o.u ■..:.: 847 XIV. The Black-Breasted Kalij Pheasant (Gen- nceus horsjieldi horsfieldi) east of the Irra- waddy. By Chas. M. Inglis, m.b.o.u. ... 848 XV. A note on the breeding of the Hill Patridge Arhoricola iorqueola near Simla. By Hugh Whistler, f.z.s • 849- XVI. Late stay of Common Snipe {Gallinago cceles- tis) in Central India. By Percy Hide ... 849 XVII. Late stay of Pin-tail Snipe (Gallinago stenura) in Burma. By A. F. M. Slater. 850 XVIII. Migration of Snipe in Burma. By E. T. Kenny 850' XIX. Feeding habits of the Little Egret (Herodias garzetta). By H. R. Meredith 852: XX. Further occui'rence of the Rose-coloured Starling (Pastor roseus) and the Flamingo (Phcenico2}terus roseus) in the Darbhanga District, Behar. By Chas. M. Inglis, M.B.o.u... 853 XXI. Different Birds nesting in Compan}-. By W.Mathews 853 XXII. Notes on some nests recently found in South Tenasserim. By Cyril Hopwood, m.b.o.u. 853' XXIII. Mesopotamian Bird Notes. By F. C. R. Jourdain 860 XXIV. The Giant Tortoise living in Ceylon. (With a Plate). By N. B. Kinnear, c.m.z.s. ... 861 XXV. The Rudimentary hind limb in an Embryo of Pi/thon moluriis. By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, i.M.s 862. XXVI. The Habits of the Green Whip-Snake (Bryo- ■ iMs myderizans) . By J.. F. Cains, s.j. ... 862. XIV CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVI. Page XXYII. Note on tlie snake Trirhinopholis nuchalis (Boulenger). By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, i.M.S. 863 XXVIII. A Gravid Specimen of the Snake Cylind/ro- phis mamdatus (Linn.). By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, I.M.S 863 XXIX. Reply to Dr. Malcolm Smith's remarks in the last Journal. By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, I.M.S 864 XXX. Notes on some recent additions to our Society's Snake collection. By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, I.M.S 865 XXXI. Occurrence of Stichopthalma godfreyi (Roths). By O. C. Ollenbach 867 XXXII. Occurrence of Colotis vestalis and amata at Unao. By G. 0. Allen, i.c.s 868 XXXIII. Early appearance of Pieris hrassicce (Linn.) in the Darbhanga District, Behar. By Chas. M. Inglis 869 XXXIV. Notes on the habits of Butterflies (Zeuxidia onasoni and Xanthotcenuia husiris). By 0. C. Ollenbach 869 XXXV. Naini Tal Butterfly Notes. By G. 0. Allen, I.c.s 870 XXXVI. Life History Notes on Coorg Butterflies. By F. Hamilton, i.c.s 871 XXXVII. The Hawk Moth {Deilephiia Uvornica). A correction. By Capt. F. B. Scott, i.a. ... 872 XXXVIII. Harpador costalis, Stal, preying on Ceratina viridissima, D. T. By Chas. M. Inglis, M.B.o.u 872 XXXIX. Notes on the Flying White Ants and Scor- pions that feed on them. By C. H. Dracott 873 XL. Notes on some new and other Indian Dra- gonflies. By Major F. C. Fraser, i.m.s 874 CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXTI. xv Page XLI. Ants attacking Bees. By A. G. H. Brei- thaupt 878 XLII. Habits of Earth Worms. By G. O. Allen, i.c.s 879 Review. A practical handbook of British Birds 880 Proceedings 882 No. 4. The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part XXVIII. With a Coloured Plate, Trmjopan hlythi hlythi. By E. C. Stuart Baker, f.l.s., f.z.s., m.b.o.u.... 885 Scientific Results from the Mammal Survey, No. XVIII (concld.). Reports on the House Rats of India, Burma and Ceylon. By Martin A. C. Hinton 906 Indian Dragonflies. Part VI. (With Text-Jig ares.) By Major F. C. Eraser, i.m.s 919 Scientific Results from the Mammal Survey, No. XXI. A. — Some New Mammals from Baluchistan and North West India. By Oldfieid Thomas, f.r.s 933 B. — Two new species of Galomi/fcus. By Oldfieid Thomas, f.r.s 938 The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India. Part XXIV. By T. R. Bell, CLE., i.F.s 941 Summary of the Results from the Indian Mammal Survey of the Bombay Natural History Society. Part V. By R, C. Wroughton, F.z.s 955 The Flora of the Indian Desert (Jodhpur and Jaisalmer;. Part IV. By E. Blatter, s.j., and Prof. F. Hallberg. 968 A Tentative List of Vertebrates of the Jalpaiguri District, Bengal. Part II. (With a Plate, Map and Test BlocJc). By Chas. M. Inglis, m.b.o.u., W. L. Travers, H. V. O'Donel and E. O. Shebbeare, i.F.s. ... 988 The Birds of Prey of the Punjab. (With Text figures) Part IV. By C. H. Donald, F.z.s 1000 xVi CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXV I. Page Notes on Indian Butterflies. By Lt.-Col. W. H. Evans, F.Z.S., F.E.S 1021 Description of a New Snake of the Genus Contia, B. and G., FROM Persia. By G. A. Boulenger 1024 Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India, Burma and Ceylon. Report Nos. 30, Deccan (Poona District), and 31, Nilgiris 1025 Progress of the Mammal Survey....' , 1036 Obituary Notices : F. Hannyngton, i.c.s., E. W. Ellis, i.F.s 1037 Miscellaneous Notes :— . I. Large Kashmir Stag Head (Cervus cashmi- rianus) {icith text-hlock'). By C. Gilbert Rogers ....1038 II. Porcupine's method of attack. By C. R. S. Pitman 1039 III. Porcupine's method of attack. By Ran- dolph C. Morris 1040 IV. Caracal (Felis caracal) and Hunting Leopard (CynceUiriis juhatiis) in Mirzapur, U. P. By G. 0. Allen, i.c.s 1041 V. "Field Rats in the Deccan in 1879. By J. Davidson 1042 VI. Note on the eggs of Prinia inornata. The Indian Wren- Warbler. By F. Field 1043 VII. Note on the Nightjar (^Capi'wfulgus cegypU- cus). By Major W. M. Logan Home 1043 VIII. Strange behaviour of a wild bird. By Major J. E. M. Boyd 1043 IX. The Blue-breasted Quail (Excalfactoria ' cliinensis) at Mirzapur. By H. Whistler, ■ F.Z.S., M.B.G.U. 1044 X; Birds of different species nesting in Com- pany. By G. 0. Allen, I.C.S. .1044 COXITXTS OF VOLUME XXVI. xvii Page XI. The Red 'I'urtle Dove {(Enopepelia t. tranque- harlca) in Unao, U. P. By G. O. Allen, 1 .c.s 1 0-1:4 Xll. Accidents to Vnltures. By G. O, Allen, i.C.S. 1045 XIII. Howei'ing habit of the Spotted Owlet (Athene hrahma). By G. 0. Allen, i.cs 1045 XIV. A 17 Scale Krait [Bun(/arus ca^rtdeus) from Banu-alore. By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, i.M.s.... 1046 XV. Early occurrence of the Painted Lady {\\nie^t•") Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India ; Scientific Results, No. XXI. By Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S boulexger, g. a., f.r.s., D.Sc. ; Description of a New Snake of the Genus Contia, B. & G., from Persia Boyd, Maj. J. E. M. ; Strange behaviour of a Wild Bird . . 933 Scientific Results, No. XVIII. By Maktix A. C. HlXTON Scientific Results, No. XIX. By Oldfield Thomas, 1^ , It , o . • . • • • • .•■>9 Scientific Results, No. XVIII. By Martin A. C. HiXTOX. Part 11 . . . . 384 Braxder, I.F.S. ; Train . . A. A. Dunbar, The Tiger and the 10i>4 1(»43 6o8 Scientific Results, No. XVIII. By Martin A. C HixTON. Part III .. .. 716 Scientific Results, No. XVIII. By Martin A. C. HixTON 906 417 Scientific Results No. XX. By Oldfield Thomas, f'r.S. .. 7-^6 Breithaupt, a. G. H. ; Ants attacking Bees Brooking, Major-General H. T. ; List of Birds observed in the Euphrates Valley Burton, Brig. -General H. G.; Panthers Burton, Lt.-Col. R. W., 1,A ; Notes from the Oriental Sporting Magazine. New Series, 1 869 to 1879 June 1828 to Jinie 1833 . . Caixs, J. F., S.J. ; The Habits of the Green Whip Snake {Dn/aphix mijcterizmis) Glaytox, F. ; Mimicry in Spiders CoLviif, Lt.-Col. E. J. D. ; Notes on the habits of the Mallard {Ana>^ boscas) Connor, Lt.-Col. .F. Powell., I.M.S. ; A Note on the function of the "Forceps" in Forficulidcc S78 • u I ■jm 309 104; 862 30: 291 688 LIST OF CONTRIBUrOBS. XXX Pa UK CoNXOK, Lt.-Col. F. Powell, I.M.S. ; Notes on the Emer- gence from the Coccoon in Lasiocampidfe . . . . ti91 Gumming, W. D. ; Natural History Notes from Fao . , l'9i^ CuRRiE, A, J, ; Occurreuoti of Indian lied-breastecl Fly catcher (Stpkia hyperythra) in the Deccan . . . , . . (i67 Davison, J. ; Field Eats in the Deccan in 1879 .. .. 1042 Dawson, H. ; Extension of Range of the Bronze-winged Dove 671^ Donald, C. H., F.Z.S. ; The Birds of Prey of the Punjab. Part I. {With 2 Diayraim). i'47 Part II. ( With Plates I ami li) 629 Part III. ( With Plate I.) . . 826 ( With rext-Ji(,ures) Part IV. IdOO ' j' Some Birds of Prej^ of Meso- potamia . . . . . . 84'") Davison, Winifred M. ; See Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India, Dracott, C. H. ; Notes on the Flying White Ant and Scor- pions that feed on them . . 873 Duke, J. A. ; Tigress {Felis tiyris) attacking a Sloth Bear (^Melursus ursinw) . . (ioR Duke, J. A. ; Spotted Deer {A-ris axis) and the Wild Dogs ( C'uou dukhunensis) . . 661 Pack Ellis, E. V., I.F.S., Hannyng- TON,- F., I.C.S. ; Obituary Notices 1037 Evans, Lt.-Col. W. H., F.Z.S., F.E.S. : Notes on Indian Butterflies 1021" Field, F. (Keed) ; Note on the Eggs of Piinia inornate/. The Indian Wren-Warbler .. 1043 Fraser, Maj. F. C, I.M.S. : Indian Dragonflies. Part III. (With 2:J Text- Fiffures). 141 Part IV. (With IJ, Text- Figures) 488- PartV. {With Text-Jiyures). 734 The Undescribed Female of an Indian Dragonfly {Hemi- cordnlia asiatica) . . . . 68o' Part A"I. ( With Text-fiyures) 919 Notes on some new and other Indian Dragonflies . . 874 Gosse, Capt. Philiv, E.A.M.C; Nilgiri Trap for catching Wild Animals . . . . 311 Hamilton, Lt.-Col. It. E. A. ; The Beatrix or Arabian Oryx {Oryx leueory.r) in Central Arabia. {With a Plate) 283 Hannyngton, F., I.C.S. : Life History Notes on Coorg Butterflies , . . . . . 871 Hannyngton, F., I.C.S., Ellis, E. W., I.F.S. ; Obituary Notice . . . . . . 1037' -xxu LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Page Heath, Regijtald H. ; Porcu- pine's mode of attack Hide, Peecjy ; Late stay of Common Snipe {Gallinago calestis) in Central India . . 28:i 84P HiGGiNs, J. C, I.C.S.; The Sheldrake {Tadorna cornuta) in Manipur State . . . . 67o HiNXOU, Martin A. C. ; See Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey OF India. Home, Maj. W. M. Logan ; Note on the Nightjar (Capri- mulgus feyyptieus) . . , . 1043 HoPwooD, Cyril, M.B.O.U. ; Notes on some Nests recent- ly found in South Tenas- serim , . HoTsoN, Capt. J. E. B., I.A.R.O. ; Oleander poison- ing Camels . . Hunt, E. A. : Note on the supposed effects of the bite of a Pentamomid Bug (Hali/s dentatus) Jackson, Mrs. V. A, ; Notes on a Young Hog Badger {^Arc- tony x sp.) in the Garo Hills. Further Notes on the Hog Badger 803 30H 694 i>81 i>81 Panic among Elephants during an Earthquake . . '2H') Inglis, Chas. M., M.B.O.U.; The Burmese Peafowl {Pam muticus) in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bengal . . 673 Page Inglis, Chas. M., M.B.O.U. ; Nidification of Stone's Phea- sant {Phasianu< eleffan-f). A Correction . . . . 673 Extracts from ''A Mono- graph of the Phesants by William Beebe" .. .. ><47 • The Black-Breasted Kalij Pheasant {Genncens horsfieldi horsjieldi) east of the Irra- vaddy . . . . . . 848 5 Further occurrence of the Rose-coloured Starling {Pas- tor i-oseuft) and the Flamingo (Phocnicopterus rosetis) in the Darbhanga District, Behar . . 8.>3 ; Early appearance of Pieris brassiere (Linn.) in the Dar- bhanga District, Behar . . 860 Harpactor coittalis, Stal., preying on Ceratina viridis- sima,'D.1 872 Early occurrence of the Painted Lady ( Vanessa cardni L.) in the Darbhanga District, Behar . . . . 1046 Travers, W. L., O'Donel, H. V. O. and Shebbeare, E. O., I.F.S. ; A Tentative List of the Vertebrates of the .Jalpaiguri District, Bengal. {With Plates) 819 Part 11. ( With a Plate, Map and Text-Block) . . . . 988 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. xxiu Page -Jones, A. E. ; A List of Birds found in the Simla Hills, 1908-1918 601 ; Further Notes on the Birds of Amballa District, Punjab ., .. 67o JouRDAiN, F. C. R. ; Mesopo- tamian Bird Notes . . . . 860 Kenny, E. T. ; Migration of Snipe in Burma . . . . 8o0 KiNLOCH, Lt. A. P. : Record Female, Nilgiri Tahr (Hemi- tragus hylocriu^) . . . . 666 KiNLOCH, A. M. ; The Cotton Teal in Malabar . . . . 674 ; The Habits of the Green Whip Snake {Dryojphis myctevizans) . . 681 IKiNNEAK, N. B., C.M.Z.S.; Note on the Malabar Slender Loris {Loris lydekTcerianuii) . . 836 Extension of Range of the Green Imperial Pigeon {Carpophaya cena renn) in Western India . . . . 846 The Giant Tortoise living in Ceylon. (^With a Plate.). 861 Kykle, Fellowes ; Occurrence of the Lesser Florican or Likh S. aurita in the Maha- bleahwar Hills . . . . 289 Light, Lt.-Col. R. ; Size of Tigers 659 ■ ; Porcu- pine's method of shedding quills when attacked . . 666 LuAKD, Lt.-Col. C. E. ; A \&- riety oi Buteafrond'jsa .. 305 Page Mc^Cann, C. ; On the breeding habits of some Myriapoda . . 303 Maokay, Brig.-General H., R. A. ; Large Carp from Meso- potamia . . . . . . 680 Mackenzie, J. M. D., I.F.S., M.B.O.U.. F.Z.S. ; Nidifica- tion of the Smaller Streaked Spider-hunter {^Arachnothera aiirata) , . . . . . 669 Macnaghten, H. ; On White Elephants . . . . . . 285 Magrath, Lt.-Col. H. A. F. ; Sandgrouse in Mesopotamia. 672 Marryat, N. ; Note on the occurrence of the Lesser Florican or Likh {Sypheotis aurita) in Bombay . . . . 674 Martin, S. J. ; A Note on the large Brown Thrush (^Zoo- ihera monticola) . . . . 668 Mathews, W. H., I. P. ; Note on the Indian Long-Billed Vulture {Gyps indicus) . . 287 • Nest- ing habits of the Brown Rock-Chat (Cercomela fusca), 843 ; Albino Swallow ; Diffe- rent Birds nesting in company 844 853 Meredith, H. R. ; Feeding habits of the Little Egret [Herodias garzetta) . . . . 852 Mills, J. P., I.C.S. ; Notes on a Takin Head from Assam. . 284 XXIV LIST OF CONTSIBrTOHS. Page Mitchell, F, J. ; Method of Porcupine's attack . . . . 28.;j ; How Trouts were introduced into Kasli- mir . . • • . . • • . . . . 29-1 MoNTEATH, G., B.A,, l.C.S. ; Tiger (Felts tiyris) climbing tree . . . . . . . . 837 MoKKis, Randolph C. ; Porcu- pine's method of attack . . 1040 O'Brien, Lt.-Col. E, : Method of Porcupine's attack . . 283 ; Mon- goose {Munyos muvf/o) kill- ing a Hedgehog . . . . OtiO Pkoceedix*; Paue . . 31'3-318 .. 698-703 882" 1003: ; Indian Grey Shrike (Lanitnf /aJitora) attacking wounded Sand- Grouse 6G7 Ollenbach, O. C. : Occurrence of tStichopthcdma f/odfrciji, lioths . . . . . . 867 : Notes on the habits of Butterflies [LeiLiidia onasoni) and {Xa/n- tliotcemiia busiris) . . . . 801) Olivek, Major D. G. ; Sjit it- Bill Duck in Kashmir . . 675 Osmasxon, B. B., C.I.E., I.F.S. ; Supplementary. „ Notes on Some Indian Birds . . . . 424 Pitman, C. R. S. ; Porcupine's method of attack . . . . 1039 Prater, S. H. ; Notes on Some Interesting Snakes recently presented to this Society . . (is3 Progress of the Mam3Ial Survey . . . . . . 6o0 . 1036 PrAR, H.H. UnA.Ti Rao., K.G.S.I.,. K.B.E., Maharaja of Dhar ; Notes on the Big Game and Duck of Dhar State . . 841 Rao, S. p. Jivana, M.A. ; An Anomaly in Floral Biology . . 1049' Reports: Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India, Burma AND Ceylon, No. 30, Deccan (Poona District), and 31 . Nilgiris 1025 • Review : A practical handbook of British Birds . . . . 880 RiDLAND, J. G. ; Arrow head imbedded in a Tiger's back. 658- RisHwoRTii. H. IJ. : Libellu- lines at St. Thomas' Mount, Madras ' 685 Robinson, S. M. ; Maternal instinct in the Pied Bush- Chat (Praf«'?2e6/a cff/jr«?ff) .. 843 RoDGERS, C. Gilbert; Large Kashmir Stag Head {Cervu» cashmiriamis) {Witli tcrt- blocl-) 1038 Scott, Capt. F. B., I.A, ; Notes on the Larva of C'ha'r(jcampa alecto 299- The Hawk Moth (Deilfphilia liwrnica). A correotion ,. 872:' LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. XXV- Page Sedgwick, L. J., I.C.S. ; Eleochai'u cunrje^ta, Don., in the Bombay Presidency , , oil' Reduction rothiana of JHuphorbitt The Cyperacea3 of the Bom- bay Presidency. Part II , , Slater, A. F. M. ; Late stay of Pill-tail Snipe {(jallinago .•iteiiura) in Burma . . Smith, Malcolm A., F.Z.S. ; Remarks on Col. Wall's identificatibn of Hi/drop/iis cijeaiocinctux . . . . SUBRAHMAXIAM. T. V. ; A curious method of feeding noted in Danaix limniace, Cram . . Tadi^lixgam, C, and Raxga- CHAEi, K. ; Note on a new undescribed species of C'y- nodon. (ll'itha J'late) Thomas, Oldfielj>, F.R.S.. F.Z.S. ; Scientitic Results from the Mammal Survey, No. XIX. A Synopsis of the Groups of True Mice found within the Indian Empire A New Species of yesokia from Mesopotamia . . Some iicnV Mammals from Mesopotamia . . . . See Bombay Natural His- tory Society's Mammal Survey of India. i 591) li)i> SoO Page. 682 104; ;504 417 422 74r, TicEHURST, Capt. Claude B., R.A.M.C. ; The Mesopo- tamian Bulbul Notes on a Collecti Plate \'II (A) — Sandy plain 3 miles E, N. E, of Jaisalmer Town. In the foreground fruiting specimens of Citrulliix colocynt/tis, with shoots up to 50 ft. long . . . . 228 (B) — A consocies of Indif/ofcra aryentea, Burm. On a sand-dune, o miles S. AV. of Phalodi (Jodhpur State) 228 Plate VIII (A) — A depression in rocky country, 6 miles N, E, of Jaisalmer Town, with Prosopis spicif/era, Saluadora oleoides, Gymno^poria montana. In the foreground : Commiphora viulrid, Sarcostenuiia brevistiyma . . 229 (B) — Shoot-habit of Commiphora mulnd on rocky slope of the above locality . . . . . . . . 229 Plate IX (A) — A giant specimen of Cappari^ decidua at Bhikamkor (Jodhpur State) 230 (B) — A characteristic community of plants at Bhikamkor : Gymnosporia montana, Pro>iopi-t > — 8. The Chittul (Ili/dropliis ci/anocinctus) . The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India. Part XXII. With Plate H . . . . , . . . . . . _ ^ 43g Figs. o3, 53a — Tayuria cippus c? , $ 54,54a — J'irachola isi/crafes Qa — Curetis tht'tis (J , $ 57, 57ff — ArJiopala centcturus, J , 2 • . . . . . 438 The Flora of the Indian Desert, Jodhpur and Jaisalmer. With Plates from XIII— XXV— Plate XIII (A)— Crest of a dune East of Loharki (Jaisalmer State). On top: Calliyomim polyyonoides. On the slope : lihipiehima armaria, JSrua psendo- tomentosd, Indit/ofera aryentea . . . . . . ~,-2,iq (B) — The same dune as above, seen from the plain. Part of the advancing wind-eroded crest is shown on Plate I. -A. . . . . . .50^ Plate XIV (A)— View of gravel plain from the top of dune iu Plate XIII showing bare patches. In the fore- ground, at foot of dune: ^^rua fomentosa, Crotalaria burkia . . . . . . . . .503 (B) — Bare area in the above locality, colonized by Cleome papillvsa, Fayonia cretica, Bocrhaacin diffusa, ■ a.n([ Leptadenia sparti urn .. .. ry2S XXX LIST OF PLATES. Page Plate XV (A.) — Edge of sand-dune at Loharki, Jaiaalmer State, (the same as on Plate II) with a clump of Calotroms procera, Mrua tomentom, Leptadenia spartium and Panicum turyidum . . . . 530 (B) — Elevated dune area at Loharki, with Crotalaria burhia, Leptadenia spartium, Mrua pseudo-tomen- tosa and Panicum turjiidum . . . . . . 530 Plate XVI (A)^In the neighbourhood of Kailana (Jodhpur State). A clump of Leptadenia spartium and Mrua tomentosa . . . . . . ■ • • - • • 53l (B) — Near Kailana ; Leptadenia spartium supporting Launma chondrilloides . . . . . . . . 532 Plate XVII (A) — Along the road from Jodhpur to Balsamand : Crotolaria burhia and Mrua tomentosa with isolated individuals of Calotropis procera ; in the back-ground Prosopis spicigera . . . . 534 (B) — On the road between Jodhpur and Kailana : Crotalaria burhia, Mrua tomentosa and Lepta- denia spartium . . . . . . . . . . 534 Plate XVIII (A) — Clump of Lijcium barbarum and Capjmris decidua in a sandy plain near Devikot (Jaisalmer State). 536 (B) — Shoot-habit of Kaloxylon salicornicum. The plant protects the small mound on which it grows against erosion. Taken East of Sodakoer (Jaisalmer State) . . . . . . . . 536 Plate XIX (A) — A rocky plain with little soil at Amarshgar near Jaisalmer. In the background Euphorbia neriifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 (B) — A family of Aristlda hirtiyluma on volcanic ground, West of Loharki (Jaisalmer State) . . 538 Plate XX (A)— Dune vegetation at Osian (Jodhpur State) . . 540 (B) — Another view from the above dune area . . 540 Plate XXI (A) — Near Kailana Lake. A specimen of Euphorbia neriifolia, supporting Sarcostemma brevistigma. 542 (B) — On the rocky plateau above Mandor near Jodh- pur. A clump of Euphorbia neriifolia, Cappa- ris decidua, and Convolvulus glomeratus, var. volulilis. The low vegetation consisting chiefly of Aristida . . . . . . • • 542 LIST OF PLATES. xxxi- Page Plate XXII (A) — A sandy plain at Sodakoer village (Jaisalmer State). An association of ^rua tomentoga and Mrua pseudo-tojnentosa, with families of Cctp- paris decidua . . . . . < . . . . 544 (B) — Cistanche tubulosa, parasitic on the roots of Capparis decidua in the above locality . . 544 Plate XXIII (A) — An open forest of Zizyphus rotundifolia between Loharki and Sodakoer (Jaisalmer State). In . the foreground a bare gravel area and an isolated specimen of Prosopis spicigera . . 546 (B) — Rocky river bank, two miles East of Sodakoer. with Schiveinfurthia hcerocarpa and Anticharis linearis . . . . . , . . . . . . 546 Plate XXIV (A) — Sand dune north of Jaisalmer. On tho right a family of Cypenis arenarius, to the left ^rwx sp,, on the hill in the background Fagoma cretica . . . . . . . . . . , . 548 (B) — Pond and marshy ground between Phalodi and Bap with various Cyperacecs . . . . . , 548 Plate XXV (A) — Western slope of a sand-dune three miles south- west of Phalodi (Jodhpur State), with pure Calotropis procera association . . . . . , 550 (B) Family of Cyperus arenarius covering the eastern slope of the above dune . . . . ,, 550 Some South Indian Coccids of Economic Importance — Plate I. — Pulvinaria maxima. .. .. .. .. .. ., 624 (A) — Scale infested branch of Nim. (B) — 1 2 adult. 2t. c? Puparium. 3. $ with ovisac. Plate II. — Phenacoecus insolitus. .. .. .. .. ,, 626 (A) — Brinjal plant covered with ovisacs. (B) — A (S mealy bug with ovisac magnified. (C)— The larva. Plate III — Anovialococcus indicus (nov. sp.) . . . . . . . . 627" (A) — Babul branch infested with scales and visited by the black ant. (B) — Female and male puparia magnified, two views of the former are shown. ^xxii LIST OF PLATES. Page Plate IV — Walkerinna cineari .. .. .. ,, ._ g28 (A) — Adult scales on Portia stem XI. (B)— Adult ?. (C)— Adult 2 . (D) — Larva. (E) — Very young larva. The Birds ol Prey of the Punjab. (With 2 Plates)— Plate I. — Figs. 1 and 2 represent a bird flying directly overhead . . (3.32 Plate II — Figs. 1, 2 and •>. All represent a bird flying directly over- head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BoO On the identity of Blaxtoapora butleri . . . . . . . . , . (;!>H No. 3. A Popular Treatise on the Common Indian Snakes — Plate XXVIII — 1 — ■'). The Jew's-nosed snake {Enhydrina ralakadien). S03 G— 8. Linne's Seasnake (^Hydrus platurv'i). The Flora of the Indian Desert (Jodhpnr and Jaisalmer). With H Plates. XXVI- XXXI— Plate XXVI (A) — View of Phalodi (Jodhpur State), taken from the Rest House .. .. .. .. iSIl (B)— View of Banner (Jodhpur State) and neigh- ' " bouring hills . . . . . . . . . . 811 Plate XXVII (A) — A rocTcy valley above Mandor (Jodhpur State). On the terraced slope : Euphorbia neriifolia. In the foreground : a belt of JErtm iomontosa, below it Lepidar/atliis trinervu and Tar/onia cretica . . . . . . . . . . . . sli* (B) A field at Balarwa (Jodhpur State), invaded by Leucas aspcra . . . . . . , . . . 812 Plate XXVIII (A) — Gravel vegetation near Balarwar (Jodhpur State). Satid-binding plants in the fore- ground ; in the background Cajiparix dccidua, Prosopis spicif/ent- .. .. .. .. 814 (B) — Scrub at Bhikamkor (Jodhpur State). Cnppans decidna, fri/»mospona montana, Tjyeium harba- non, Zi~i/pfiu.s rotundifo/ia, Pruifopix spiclget'a, Calligonum puhifjonoidcif, Crufularia burhia, Tepkrosia purpurea, jEnm s^. .. .. .. 814 I'late XXIX (A) — Chalris near Mandor (Jodhpur State). On the rocky ground : Euphorbia neriifolia , . .. .^16 (B) — The Bada Bag dam near Jaisalmer. To the riirht : Acacia arabica .. .. .. 816 'o' LIST OF PLATES. xxxiii Page i Plate XXX (A) — Dry gravelly river-bed 2 miles East of Sodakoer (Jaisalmer State). Shrubs in the foreground : Haloxylon salicornicum. Trees in the back- ground Rordia rothii surrounded by a belt of Calotropis procera . . . . . . . . 817 (B) — Locality as above Haloxylon salicornicum, Cordia rothii and grasses . . . . . , . . 817 Plate XXXI (A) — Hill near Marwar-Lohawat (Jodhpur State). To the left a low sand-dune with Calliyonum poly- yonoides, in the foreground Crotalaria burhia, Convolvulus sp., and various grasses . . . . 818 (B) Typical Fort at Devikot (Jaisalmer State). Scanty ruderal vegetation . . . . . . 818 A Tentative List of the Vertebrates of the Jalpaiguri District, Ben- gal. ( With a Plate). Plate I. — («) Tea with shade trees haunts of Franklinia yracilis and other Warblers 820 (b) Torsa river, the haunt of Ardea insiynis, Meryanser castor, etc. ; the stones in the foreground affording shelter to the Wall Bat {Myotis muricola) . . , , 820 The Birds of Prey of the Punjab , . . 825 Plate I. — Fig. 1. — Represents a Buzzard flying directly overhead. 2. — Represents a Kite flying directly overhead. 3. — Represents a Black-winged Kite flying directly overhead. The Giant Tortoise {Testudo yiyantea) living in Hirumbard, Galle, Ceylon 861 No. 4. The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon — The Grey-bellied Horned Pheasant {Trayopan blythi) . . . . 88o A Tentative List of the Vertebrates of the Jalpaiguri District, Ben- gal. (With a Plate and Map of the Jalpaiguri District) . . . . 988 Plate II — 1. — A stream rising in the hills, the jungle on the banks being the resort of Pavo cristatus, the Common Pea- fowl, Gallus ferruyineus, the Red Jungle-fowl, etc., and the sand and stones that of (Edicnemus scolopa.r the Stone-Curlew, and other waders . . . . . . 992 2. — Near view of forest along the banks of a river. Haunts of Ketupa zeylonensis, the Brown Fish-Owl, Polioaetus huvfijli^, Hodgson's Fishing Eagle, etc. . . . . 992 Page Acacia arabica, PI. 225, 234, 235, 816 Acisoma panorpoides panorpoi- des, Wing neuration of, Fig. 492 JSma pseudo-tomentosa, PI. . . 526, 530, 544 tomentosa, PI. . .224, 225, 528, .530, 532, 534, 554, 812 sp. PI. .. 225,538,548,814 Albizzia . . . . • ■ . . -.o-j Alcedo is2nda, Haunts of, Pig. 997 Anomalococcus indicus, Gr. PI, 627 Anticharis linearis, PI. . . 546 Arabian Oryx, (Oryx leucoryx) PI 283 Arhopala centaurus, 57, 57«, PI. 438 Arrow head imbeded in the Tiger's Back, Fig. 658 Ardea in»i(jnis, Toorsa Ptiver, the haunts of, PI 820 Aristida, PI 542 Azadirachta indica . . . . 235 BadaBag in the neighbourhood of Jaisalmer Town, PL . . 234 Barmer, view of (Jodhpur State) 811 Birds of Prey of the Punjab. Part II. ( With Flates I and II) .. .. . ..629 Birds of Prey of the Punjab. Part III. {With Plate I) . . 826 Black-winged Kite flying direct- ly overhead. Fig. 3 . . . . 826 Blastospora hutleri, Syd. PL . . 696 Bcerhaavia diffusa, PI. . . 528 Brachythemis contaoninata, Wings showing neuration. Fig. 787 Page Brachythemis farinosa, Male Sexual Organs of, Fig. {a) . . 490 Female Sexual Organs of, Fig. (b) . . 490 sobrina, Male Sex- ual Organs of. Fig. (a) 490 — Female Sexual Organs of. Fig. (b) . . 490 Wing neu- ration of, Fig. . . 491 Bradinopyr/a yeminata. Wings showing neuration. Fig. 514 Butterflies, Common — of the plains of India. Part XXII, PI. H. 438 Buzzard flying directly over- head. Fig. 1 826 Calliyonum polyyonoides, PL 814, 818, 230, 526 Capparis decidua, PL . . 230, 236, 536, 542, 544, 814 Carp, Large from Mesopotamia, Fig 679-680 Catreus tcallichii, PL . . . . 1 Cerberus rhynchops, PL Fig. 1-4 90 Cervus cashmirianus, Fig, . . 1038 Cheer Pheasant, PL , . . . 1 Chithul, The {Hydrophis cyano- cinctus) PI 436 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXV Page Cistanche tubulosa, PI. . . . . 544 Citrullus colocynthus, PI, . . 228 Cleome papillosa, Fl. .. .. 528 Coccids. Some South Indian of Economic Importance (a) . . 621 Cocculus, PI. . - . . . . 230 Colotropis procera, PI. . . 224, 530 534, 550, 817 Cominiphora muhul, PI. . , 229 Convolvulus glomeratus, var. volubilis, PI. . . 542 sp. PI 818 Corchorus antichorus, PI. . 223 Cordia rothii, PI. . . . . 817 Cratilla metallica, Wing neura- tion of, Fig 152 Crocothemis semilia, Wings of, Fig . . 515 Crotalaria burhia, PI. . . 225, 528, 530, 534, 814, 818 Curetis thetis, 56, 56a, PL . . 438 Cynodon intevmedius, PI. . . 305 Cyperacece, PI 538, 548 Cyperus arenarius, PI. 538, 548, 550 Diplacodes nebulosa, Forewing of. Fig. (A) . . 500 trivialis. Forewing contrasting its neuration with that of "A" Fig. (B).. 500 Hindwing of. Fig. (B) . . 500 Male Sexual Organs of, Fig. 1. In profile 2. From the front . . 502 Dog-faced Water Snake {Cerbe- rus rynchops) . . . . . . 90 Page Dragonflies, Indian, Part III ( With 12 T e X t- Jigures) . . 141 Part IV (14 Text- fiywei) . . 488 Part V ( With Text- figures) . . 734 Part VI ( With Text- figures) . . 919 Dune Vegetation at Osian, PI. 540 Eclipta erecta, PI. . . . . 231 Embryo, Rudimentary hind- limb in an, of P. molurus . . 862 Enhydtis curtus, PI. Fig. 5-8. 90 valakadien, PI. 1 — 5. 803 valalcadyn, Fig. (A— D.) . . . . 808 Euphorbia neriifolia, PI. . . 225, 542, 812, 816 vegetation, PI. . . 224 lagonia cretica, PI. . . . . 528, 538, 548, 812 Falcon, tooth and festoon. Fig. 1006 Flora of the Indian Desert (Jodhpur and Jaisalmer), (PI. I— XII) 218 Flora of the Indian Desert (Jodhpur and Jaisalmer), Part II {With 13 Plates, XIII— XXV) .. .. 525 Flora of the Indian Desert (Jodhpur and Jaisalmer) Part III {With 6 Plates, XXVI— XXXI) .. ..811 Forceps : A note on the func- tion in Forficulidce, Fig. . , 688 Forficulidce : A note on the func- tion of "Forceps" .. .. 688 XXXVI INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. Page Port, Typical at Davikot (Jai- salmer State) . . . . 818 Franklinia gracilis, Tea with shade trees haunts of, PI. . . 820 Gallus ferrur/ineus, the jungle on the banks being the re- sort of, PI 992 Oame Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part XXV, Plate 1 Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part XXVI, Plate 320 Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part XXVIII, Plate 885 Giant Tortoise at Hirumbard, Galle, PI 861 Gymnosporia montana, PI. 229, 230 814 Saloxilon salicornicum, PI. . .536, 817 Hydrophis spiralis. 1 — 4, PI. . . 430 Pig. A, B, C and D . . . 436 r)/anocinctus, Fig. A — E and F. . . 436 5— 8, PI. 430 Kydrus platurus, Fig. (A — C) . . 808 var. hicolor, PI. 6—8 . . 803 Impeyan Pheasant, PI. . . 335 Indigopera aryentea, PL 228, 526 Indothemis limbata, Wings showing neuration. Fig. . . 734 Jaisalmer town and surround- ing plain B 222 Jew's-nosed Snake, PI. 1—5. . 803 Jodhpur City and neighbour- ing hills, A. . 222 Ketupa zeylonensis, Haunts of, PI. 992 Kite, flying directly overhead Fig. 2 826 Page LasiocampidcB, Note on emer- gence from the Cocoon, Fig. 692 Lathrecista asiatica, Wings of, Fig. .. 146 Male Sex- ual Organs of, Fig. 21. 148 Female Sexual Or- gans o f, Fig. 22 . . 148 Launcea chondrilloides, PI. . . 532 Lepidayothis trinervis, PI. . , 812 Leptadenia spartium, PI. . . 226, 628, 530, 532, 634 Leucas aspera, PL . . . . 812 Libellula quadrimaculata, Wings of. Fig 149 Linne's Snake, PL 6—8 . . 803 Locusts, A flight at Poona, 1903, PI 301 Lophophorus impejanus, PI. . . 336 sclateri, PI. . . 335 rimysii, PI. . . 535 refulyens, PL . . 320 Loxura atymorus, 65, PL . . 438 Lycium barbarum, PL . . 536, 814 Lyriothemis acigastra, Male Sex- ual Organs of, Fig. (14) .. ..141 cleis, Female Sexual Organs of, Fig. (15) . . 141 Male Sexual Organs of. Fig. (16) . . 141 . acigastra, Wings of , Fig. (17) . . 142 cleis, Wings of. Fig. (18) . . 143 Map, migration of Snipe in Burma 851 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXVII Page Map of the Jalpaiguri District 988 Map II, General scheme of mountain ranges . . . . 654 Melanophidium ivynadense^ ■P'ig* (A., B.) 556 Merganser castor, Toorsa River, the haunts of, PI 820 Mesopotania, Large Carp, from. Fig 679-680 Monal Pheasant, PI. . . 320 Neurothemis intermedia, Wings contrasting the open and close reticulation of the neuration . Fig. (38) (a) . . 506 fulvia, Wings con- trasting the open and close reticulation of the neuration. Fig. (6) . . 506 , Sexual Organsof, Fig. (39).. .508 {ii) of the male from the front, {h) of the male in profile, (c) of the female . . .508 intermedia inter- media. Sexual Organs of («) of the male seen from the front, {b) of the male from the side, Fig. (40) . . 511 (Edicnemus scolopax, the sand and stones being the resort of, PI. . . . . . . 992 Page Onychothemis tonkinensis ceyla- nica, Male Sexual Organs of. Fig. (a) 742 {b) claws of same contrasted with "C" which shows the claws of Lyyonyx ins, fur- nished with claw hooks. Fig. (46). 742 ■ — tonkinensis ceyla- nica, Wings show- ing neuration. Fig. (47) Orogomphus xanthoptera, sp. nov. Wings of, Fig. . . chrysostigma, Male Genital Organs of, Fig. (25) (a).. ransonnetti, Male Genital Organs of. Fig. {b) japonicum, Male Genital Organs of. Fig. (c) sabina, Male Geni- tal Organs of, Fig.{d).. auceps, Male Geni- tal Organs of, Fig. {e) .. t(sniolatum, Male Genital Organs of, Fig. (/) . . brunneum brunneum. Wings and Male Genital Organs of. Fig. (26) . . 159 glaucum, Female Genital Organs of. Fig. (27) (a). 165 triangulare. Female Genital Organs "' of. Fig. {b) . . 166 743 875 154 154 154 154 154 154 - XXVIU INDEX TO ILLVSTRATJONIS. Page Oroffomphus pruinosum, Male Genital Organs of, Fig. (c) . . 165 triangulare, Male Genital Organs of, Fig. {d) .. 165 Orthetrum sabina, Wings of. Fig. (28) 167 Oryx, Arabian or Beatrix, PI. 283 Oryx beatrix, PI. . . • • 283 Palpopleura, Wingneuration of. Fig 488 Panicum turgidum, PI. . . 530 Pavo cristatus, the jungle on the banks being the resort of, PI. 992 Pelargopsis gurial, Haunts of, Fig... 997 Phalodi (Jodhpur State\ view of, PI 811 Pheasant, Grey-bellied Horn- ed, PI 885 Pheasant, Monal, PI 320 Phenacoccus insolitus, Gr. PI. . . 626 Plotus melanog aster. Haunts of, Fig 997 Polioaetus humilis, Haunts of, PI 992 Potomarcha, Wings of, Fig. . . 144 Prosopis spicigei-a, PI. . . 225, 229, 230, 235, 534, 546, 814 Pulvinaria maxima, Gr. PI. . . 624 Rhabdops olivaceus, Fig. (A — C.) 564 Rhinophis sanguineus, Fig. 556 , Fig. (A— C). 564 Rhodotliemis rufa, Wings show- ing neuration. Fig. . . . . 504 Rhynchosia arenana, PI. . . 526 River Toorsa, the haunts of A. insignis and M, castor, PI. 820 Page Ryothemis variegata, Wings of 6. Fig. 928 varieaata. Wings of 2- Fig. 931 phyllis 2)hyllis, Sex- ual Organs of. Fig. 932 Salmdora oleoides, PI. . . 229, 235 Sand-dune with scanty vege- tation at Loharki, A. . . 219 Sand-dune devoid of vegeta- tion, showing ripples, B. . . 219 Sarcostemma brevistigma, PI. 229, 542 Schtveinfurthia hcerocarpa, PI. 546 Sclater's Monal Pheasant, PI. . 335 Sea-snake, The Narrow-ringed, PI 430 Seetzenia orientalis, PI. . . 2i:3 Shaw's Sea-snake . . . . 90 Silybura brevis. Fig. (A— E.) . . 558 Stag, Large Kashmir, Fig. . . 1038 Stichopthalma godfreyi, Roths, Fig 868 Snakes, Common Indian {Plates XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII) . . . . 90, 430, 803 Snakes, Common Indian, Dia- grams . . . . 96, 436, 808 Snakes, Notes on a collection made in the Nilgiri Hills and the adjacent Wynaad (With Diagrams and Maps) . . 552 Sympetrum, Wing neuration of, Fig 494 decoloratum, Male Genital Organs of. Fig. (a) . . 496 fonscolombei, Male Genital Organs, Fig. {b) .. 496 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXIX Page Sympetrum hypomelas, Male Ge- nital Organs, Fig. (c) .. .. decoloratum, Female Genital Organs, Fig. {d) .. commatum, Male Genital Organs, Fig. (e) .. oriontale, Male Ge- nital Organs, Fig. (/) orientale, Female Genital Organs, Fig. {9) hypomelas, Female Genital Organs, Fig. (^) . . Tajuria cippus, 53, 53a, PI. Tephrosia purpurea, PI, Testudo gigantea, at Hirumbard, Galle, PI Tortoise, Giant at Hirumbard, GaUe, PI Tragopan blythi blyihi, PI. Trap Nilgiri for catching wild animals, Fig, 496 496 496 496 496 496 438 814 861 861 885 311 Page Trithemis f estiva, Male Sexual Organs, Fig. {a) ..: 919 palidinervis, Male Sex- ual Organs. Fig. ib) .. .. 919 aurora, Male Sexual Organs, Fig, (c) .. 919 aurora. Wings showing neu- ration, Fig . 921 kirbyi, Male Sexual Organs, Fig. {d) . . 919 Typhlops thurstoni, Fig, . . 556 ^etcheri, Fig. .. 556 Vertebrates, A Tentative list of the Jalpaiguri District, Ben- gal, Part 11 {With a Plate, Map and Text-block) . . 988 Virachola isocrates, 54, 54a. PI. 438 Wind erosion in sand dune near Loharki (A) . . . . 218 Wind erosion in lime-stone (B) 218 Walkeriana cineria, Gr. . . 620 Ziziphus rotundifolia, PL 814, 546 jujuba . , . . 235 , PI 235 Zygonyx iris. Wings showing neuration, Fig. . . . . 740 xl ERRATA. No. 1, Volume XXVI. Rage 80, plate XXVI, figures 5-6, jor '■E^ihydrina' read Enhydris. „ 294, line 21 from the bottom, for "the inacqueeni" read " than macqiteeni." No. 2, Volume XXVI. Page 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 380, line 13" from the top, for "Linnans" read "Linnaeus". ,, footnote, 3 lines from bottom, for "geren" read "green." 570, lines 8 and 9 from top of text, for " 94 " read " 91.' 571, line 10 from top, /or " 242 " read " 252." 583, under subcaudals of Dipsadomorj'hus cet/loiiensis, for " 94 to 111 " read " 91 to 110." 583, under ventrals of Bipsadomorphus nuchalis, for " 248 to 266" read " 233 to 252." 583, under subcau.dals of Dip>sadomorphus nuchalis, for "113 to 129" read "90 to 111." 594, No. 1310, for '^risovies" read " risorins." 609, No. 704, for ''Zoothere" read "Zoothera." 659, Title of Note No. IV, for "Tigres" read ''Tigris." 666, Title ot Miscellaneous Note No. X, for "Hylocirius" read "Hylocriits." 667, Footnote to Note No. XII, for "SejyJiia" read ''Siphia." 668, Title of Note No. XIV, for "Zoothea" read "Zoo- thera." 672, line 2 from the bottom, for "are not probably" read "are rare but probably." 673, ,, 15, read Baghownie instead of Baghowinie. 16, ,, Laheria ,, Lakeria. 18, 19, 22, 26, 27, 674, Title of Note No. XXIV, for " Syphootis " read " Sypheotis." 675, line 1 from top, for "poeciloroiicha'^ read ' 'poeciloryncha . ' ' ,, No. 328, for ''longicandatus" read ^'longicaiulatas.'" 677, lines 9, and 10 from the top, /or Wheater read Wheatear. 684, line 5 from the top, for " Faviriientala" read ^^ pavimentatay PJiasiayiux , , J-JOiXVOli-Oi. , Phasianus. two , , ten. 7 5. Baghownie , Baghowinie Laheria , , Lakeria. xli Page 684, line 7 from the top, for " Gaw Hills " vecul " Garo Hills." ,, 11, /or "lops" read "lips." ,, ,, ,,18 from the bottom, after the word "into" insert " two." „ ,, ,, 15 from the bottom, /or " breaking up into 3 scale 3 " read " breaking up into 3 scales." „ 688, Title of Note XL, for '' Forficdlidoi " read " Forficididce." . ,, 698, line 6 from the bottom, under locality, for " Nilambur, S. I." read " Nelliampatty Hills." No. 3, Volume XXVI. Page 731, line 13 from the bottom, instead of " 3 other specimens belonging to " read. " 3 other specimens which belong." ,, 732, „ 3 from the top, instead of " size larger, forearm 48 " read "size smaller, fore- arm 48 mm." 17 from the bottom, at the end of the sentence add^ (The figures in brackets are those of JEgyptiaca). 15, for Type: — Adult 0 read T7//?e :— Adult Female. 733, ,, 6, for %)e :— Adult 0 read %je :— Adult Female. ,, ,, ,, 4 from bottom, for Type : — Adult 0 read Tijpe : — Adult Female. ,, 848, ,, 10 from the bottom, for " Ormaston " read, " Osmaston." ,, ,, ,, 35, /or "belbi" read '^heehei." Plate 1, at page 820, at bottom of page, /or " Mrotis" read ^' Myotis'' and " murecola" should be *' muricola." Page 820, Plate I, Jor ''Mrotis rmiricela" read "Myotis muricoUi." „ 822, line 15, " Hanatapara " should rearZ "Hantapara." ,, 823, „ 18, "XXV" should reafZ "XXIV." Page 823, line 30" „ 34 A-i V " Bharnabari " should be omitted as ,, ,5 ,J ■*■•■ f ,, ,, 5, ,5 „ 824, „ 2 ,5 6 Hasimara includes Bharnabari. 55 )} JJ 55 55 xlii Page 823, line 32, after " Jalpaiguri," insert district. ,, ,, ,, 49, "said to be" should be omitted and instead of "at the first two localities " ' everywhere ' should be read. „ „ ,, 52, the note on the Club-footed Bat should be in brackets. ,, 824, ,, 11, " Harpicorplialus'^ should read ^^ Harpi- ocephalus.'^ 5, „ ■ ,, 39, there should be a space between Mus and homourus. 825, ,, 3, ^' maximas " should reat^ '^ maximus." „ 17, after " rhinoceros " "of this species" should be inserted. 841, line 6 from the bottom, for "Beselaphus'' read " Boselaphus.''^ 842, ,, 9 from top,/or "Q,uadricorus^' read ^'■quadricornis" „ ,, 20, from tojD, for "Dendiocpia" read- "Dendrocyna." 844, „ 5, from top, for "Fits" read ''Bits." ,, Note No. IX, line 3, from top, for "Ga^js" read ''Gape." 845, No. 3 for "Boated Eagle" read "Booted 'Eagle" 858, ,, 1055, /or 'Bhi/tidocros' read "Fhytidocoros". 861, line 16, for " 46'-5" read " 46-5 inches. 862, Note No. XXVI, line 5, for " pitcator" read "piscator." ,, 870, line 7 from the top, for "Mgcalesis'Wead "Mycalesis." In the Plate illustrating " Birds of Prej^ of the Punjab " published at page 326, Vol. XXVI, the bottom figure (Fig. 3), which depicts the underside of the Black-winged Kite (Elanus cmruleus) is incorrect — as the margins of the open wing are not all black. The underside of the primaries for less than half the length of the wings are the only black portions. No. 4, Volume XXVI. Page 997, in description of Plate for '' Stork-bellied Kingiislier" read StorJi-billed King fisher" . „ 1043, signature at the bottom of Miscellaneous Note No. VI, for " F. Reed " read " F. Field." ,, 1045, line 9, the second "flocks" should read "cocks." „ 1051 line 2, for "from 5-10 A.M." read "in the morning" and omit foot-note reference to C. E. C. Fischer. 5' 55 .<^^}P2 JOURNAL OF THE Bombay Natural History Society. December 1918. Vol. XXVI. No. 1 THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. BY E. 0. Stuiet Bakek, F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Pakt XXV. With a Golowred Plate. (^Continued from page 546 of Volume XXV.) Genns—GATREUS. The Genus Catreus contains a single species very closely allied to the true Pheasants, but differing from them in having, a long full crest. The female differs from the male in plumage, but not to an}-- thing like the extent the true female Phasiaims contrasts with the male. The tail is vei'y long, and is carried like that of Phasianus, not compressed like that of iyop/mv'x and Gemueus. It is composed of 18 feathers, the central pair very long and about five times as long- as the outermost. The wing is rounded, the fifth primary longest and first shorter than the tenth. The feet are strong and the tarsi armed with spurs, occasionallj^ represented by knobs in the female. The only species, G. wallichi, is confined to Indian limits. Catreus wallichi. The Cheer Pheasant. Phasianus wallichi, Hardw., Trans. L. S., xv., p. 166(1827) (Almorah) ; Button, J. A. S. F., xvii., pt. 2, p. 695 (1848); Blytb, Cat. Mus. A. S., p. 245 (1849) (N. W. Himalayas) ; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 235 (Kumaon) ; Jerdon, B. of I., iii., p. 527 (1863) ; Tytler, Ibis, 1861, p. 235, ' (Simla) •2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. Boavan, ibid, 1868, p. 380 (Simla) ; Stoliczka, J.A.S.F., xxxvii., pt. 2, p. 68 (1868) (Satlej Valley); Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 524 (1873); Marsh., B. Nest in I., p. 59 (1879); Hume and Marsh., Game-B., i., p. 169 (1878) : Scully, Str. Feath., viii., pp. 345, 366 ^1879) (Nepal) ; Marsh., Ibis, 1884, p. 423, (Chamba) ; Gates' ed., Hume's Nests and Eggs, iii., p. 412 (1890). Lophoshoros loallichi, Less., Man. d'Grni, ii., p. 179 (1825) ; Vigne. P.Z.S., 1841, p. 6. (Chamba). Phasianus stacei, Gould. Cent. Birds., p. 68 (1832) (Himalaya). Cati-pus wallichi, Adams, F.Z.S., 1858, p. -^99; Mitchell, ibid, 1858, p. 545; Gould. B. of Asia, vii., p. 18 (1865) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. M., xxii., p. 317 (1893) ; Id., Man. Game-B., ii., p. 1 (1897) ; Blanf., Fauna B. I. Birds, iv., p. 82 (1898) ; Sharpe. Hand-L., i., p. 37 (1899) ; Gates, Cat. Eggs B. M., i., p. 56 (1901) ; Venour, Jour. B N. H. S., xvii., p. 812 (1907) (Dunga Gali, N. W. F. Province) . Ward, ibid, p. 944 (1907) (Jhelum Valley) ; Magrath, ibid, xix., p. 159 (1909) (Murree) ; Finn, Avi. Mag., i,, p. 129 (1910). Vernaculxr Names. — Kahh', Chihir (NepaV) ; Cheer (Kumaon, Qarhwal and further West); Bunchil, Boinchil, Herril (Hills, N. of Mussoori') ; Chummun, Chaman (^Ghamha, Kulii, etc.); Reear (Karnar, Drawa, Fir Pavjal, and Kaji Naqh, Rehar {Barcj, N. W. F.) Descripiion. — Adidt Male. — Top of the head and feathers of the crest blackish brov\-n, edged paler and with rather conspicuous grey tips ; back of the head and upper nape the same but with the grey edges almost concealing the dark centres ; line of feathers below the bare orbital space and ear-coverts hair-brown, almost black next the bill ; chin, throat and sides of the neck greyish white, very faintly centred with brown streaks, obsolete in some speci- mens ; lower nape and hind neck the same barred with black, scapulars and lesser wing-coverts barred o&hy grey and black, each feather with a narrow g^ey fringe and with the siibterminal black- bar glossed with green ; upper tail-coverts and tail pale buffy grey to almost pure grey at the tip, barred with wide mottled bars of black and dark cinereous grey ; outer tail feathers with the dark grey on the inner webs replaced to a great extent with deep chestnut. Primaries brown, the outermost edged and barred with pale buff on the outer webs and both mottled and barred with the same colour on the inner webs; secondaries the same, becoming more and more mottled in characters towards the innermost, which have one broad subterminal bar of black, a second bar less definite in shape and the rest of the feather irregularly mottled with black and buff; greater and median wing-coverts like the lesser, but with more of a buffy-ochre tinge, in some cases becoming here and there almost rufous. Below greyish-white, more or less tinged with rufous-buff pos- teriorly and on the flanks each feather barred with black, but with these bars concealed on the fore neck and upper breast, and very THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 3 conspicuous on the lower breast and fianks ; the feathers of the breast also have faint brown shaft stripes ; centre of abdomen blackish, more or less mottled with rufous buff; vent and under tail-coverts rufous ; thigh-coverts dirty rufous buff. Colours of Soft Parts. — Orbital skin crimson-scarlet or crimson, sometimes dotted with little pink, or pinkish-white pimples ; iris golden hazel or reddish hazel, sometimes, according to Hume, an orange-brown ; bill pale yellowish horny, more rarely pale brownish or bliiish horny ; legs plumbeous or greyish brown, occasionally with a fleshy ti]5t, especially on the hinder parts ; toes paler and more fleshy and soles paler still. Measurements. — The series of males of which J have been able to take measurements, some 40 in number do not show a very great range of variation. Including the 22 specimens in the British Museum, they measure : — Wing from 9-3" (235 mm.) to 10-6" (269-2 mm.), and averag- ing 9-9" (250-5 mm.); tail 15-3" (388-6 mm.) to 23-0" (584-2 mm.), with an average of 19-0" (481-8 mm.) ; tarsus about 3" (76-2 mm.); spur generally about -5" (12-5 mm.), rarely as such as 75" (19-0 mm.); bill at front about 1-1" (27-9 mm.), and from gape about 1-3" (36 mm.) " Weight, 2 lbs. 10 ozs. to 3 lbs. 7 ozs." (Hume.) In a letter to me, Col. R, H. Rattray recorded the weight of one shot at Mussoorie as jnst on 4-lbs. Wilson (Mountaineer) mentions having obtained birds with tails of 28" (716 mm.), and this observer is invariably so correct that we must accept his statement, but such birds are no duubt quite exceptional. The crest runs up to 3-6" (91-4 mm.), and is usually about 3" (76-2 mm.) Adult Female. — Head similar to that of the male, but with buff or ochre-buff instead of grey edging and tips to the feathers ; hind neck and nape greyish- white with bold black centres ; mantle pale chestnut — varying a good deal in depth in different individuals — each feather with cream shaft streaks, greyish edges and bold black bars; lower back and rump ashy-brown, mottled with black and, to a much less extent with buff; tail and upper tail-coverts with alternate bands of mottled rufous and black and bolder black and buff; the longer tail-coverts with more black and less buff. Primaries brown, regularly barred with buff on the outer webs and with chestnut on the inner ; secondaries mottled blackish- brown, and chestnut-buff with four broad bars of creamy-buff' edged above and below with black ; greater and median coverts mottled black and chestnut-buff with broad tips of creamy-bufi. Below chin, throat and fore neck creamy-white ; breast black, the feath-rs with broad white edges and white central streaks ; re- mainder of lower surface pale chestnut each feather edged with 4 JOUHNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXJ'l. creamy-buff; flanks anteriorly like the breast, gradually changing posteriorly until they are almost the same as the belly ; centre of abdomen buff; under tail-coverts pale rufous, mottled slightly with brown. Colours of Soft Parts. — Similar to the same parts in the male, but the facial skin is a duller, dingier crimson, more a brick-red. Measurements.— ^ing, 8-6" (223-4 mm.) to 9-7" (245-6 mm.), average (28 birds) 9-15" (231-6 mm.); tail, 12-5" (317-5 mm.) to 18-6" (467-4 mm.), with an average of 15-0" (381-0 mm.) ; tarsus, 2-8" (71-6 mm.) to 3-1" (78-7 mm.), generally a little under 3" (about 75 mm.) ; bill at front about 1" (25*4 mm.) and from gape 1-2" (30-4 mm.). The spur is only a mere knot when present, as a rule there is none. The crest runs up to 2*7" (68-5 mm.), but is more often about 2" (50-8 mm.) " Weight, 2 lbs. to 2 lbs. 12 ozs.*' (Hume.) Distribution. — The West of Nepal, Kumaon, Garhwal, Tehri Garhwal, Simla States, Bussahir, Chamba and at least as far West as Dunga Galli in the Hazara District of the N.-W. Frontier Province. Ward says that it is not found in Kashmir proper, though it is found in Kishtwar and the Jhelum Valley. Major H. L. Haugh- ton, then of the 36th Sikhs, obtained specimens at Bvarnar and Drawa (Kashmir), and also at Pir Panjal and Kaji Nag. Nor can they be very rare there, for on one day he informs me he managed to shoot eight birds. It is possible that these pheasants inhabit Nepal a good deal further to the East than Hume thought to be the case. Before the traffic in bird skins was j)ractically stopped in Darjiling the Nepalese occasionally brought these skins into Darjiling for sale and less often birds alive, which they said had been trapped in the Valley of Nepal on the higher hills to the North. 1 have myself seen such skins, and one of my eggs was obtained with the skins of the parent bird from Nepalese in Darjiling. Scully, it must be remembered, found these birds very common in captivity in Khatmandu, and believed that the bird was by no means uncommon to the North of the Valley. No one yet has collected in Nepal off the beaten tracks, and even Hodgson was never, evidently, in a position to collect in the real interior of the country, whilst Residents since his time appear to have made no attempt to do so. Nidification. — This beautiful Pheasant breeds throughout the above area at elevations between 5,000 and 9.000 feet, occasionally lower than the former, and, equally occasionally, above the latter. The breeding season commences early in April and lasts through- out May and June. In the lower ranges most eggs will be taken in the end of April and early May, whilst in the higher altitudes THE GAME BIRD^ OF INDIA. 5 none are likely to be taken before the end of May, and more in the early half of June. The latest date I have recorded is the 3rd of July for incubated eggs. Owing to the fact that Europeans do all they can to prevent the eggs of this bird being taken, and, vs^herever they are sufficiently numerous to make it worth while, do their best to preserve these pheasants, there is very little on record about their nidification. In addition to this, the fact that they nearly always breed in the wildest and most precipitous hills makes their nests and eggs very hard to find, and consequently full clutches of Cheers' eggs are very rare in collections. The nests are very rough affairs, merely a collection of leaves and rubbish in some hollow, either natural, or scratched out by the birds themselves. It is placed in amongst bushes,bracken or grass at the foot of, or on the side of, some steep hill or cliff, and almost invariably in very broken gi-ound. Hume found his three nests at the foot of almost vertical cliffs, " broken into ledges and steps and studded with down-trail- ing bushes, tufts of grass and, growing here and there out of some larger cleft or wider ledge, a few stunted trees." This description appears to be very typical of the normal breeding and nesting haunts of the Cheer, and the few details I have been able to secure from sporting friends simply confirm what Hume has written. It is interesting to note that Hume took this bird's nest at Nagthiba as long ago as 1861, and that only three years ago, 1915, I received from a friend a pair of eggs taken from the same place. The cock birds are monogamous, a fact which has been long known, for Wilson recorded that " both male and female keep with the young brood, and seem very solicitous for their welfare." In 1916, Mr. A. Wimbush of the Forest Service, came on a very interesting instance of the cock Cheer's care for his family. He writes in epistola : — " This morning when out after Gural in the Jaunsar " division of the Dehra Dun District at an elevation of about " 8,000 feet, I came suddenly upon a pair of Cheer Pheasants " with a brood of chicks about one or two days old. " The parent birds which appeared to have been sitting "touching one another, as though each covering half the " chicks, waited until I was some ten or twelve yards away, " and then started a most lively demonstration. " The chicks ran in all direction, one coming straight " towards me, and the two old birds wdth tails spread, wings " arched and neck feathers ruffled ran backwards and forwards " in front of me, clucking just like an old hen does if a dog " interferes with her chicks. " The most interesting point was that the chief demonstrator "was the cock bird. Without the least sign of fear he 6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. " approached to within about eight yards of me, assuming the "most threatening attitude. •' This continued for a moment or two, until all the chicks " had hidden in the grass, whereupon both old birds began to " walk away, calling all the time to the chicks." If the eggs are at all incubated, the hen birds sits very close, and may be nearly trodden or before she will rise. In such cases, she gets oft" her nest with a good deal of fluster and noise, but usually the birds sneak off" very stealthily. The number of eggs in a ifull clutch seems to be anything from eight to fourteen, most often ten or eleven. Hume found thirteen in one nest. Adams says thej lay from nine to twelve, and Wilson says nine to fourteen, and Whymper took clutches with from eight to eleven eggs in Garhwal. In appearance the eggs are just like small hens' eggs varying in colour from a pale creamy white to a pale stone or brown, sometimes with a faint chocolate or creamy tint in it. They are never of the rich, warm cafe-au-lait tint so often found in the f^ggs of the Jungle-Fowl and the Kalij Phesants, and, on the other hand, most eggs have the faintest tinge of olive-green in them, hardly dis- cernible unless placed against other eggs, Frequentlj" the eggs are spotted and speckled with brown, and, curiously, these spots seem to be nearly always at the small end. This is the case in four out of the only six eggs I have in my collection, in the majority of those in the British Museum and at Tring and again in Mr. S. L. "Whymper's collections. As a rule these spots and specks are scanty and poorly coloured, but 1 have one egg which is quite richly blotched with rich brown at the small end. In shape they are the same as hens' eggs, occasionally rather drawn out, but never a peg-top shape like those of the true Phasianus group. The texture is hard, close and strong with a fair gloss. Thirty eggs vary in length from 49-9 mm. to 57-1 mm., and in breadth from 36-5 mm. to 4.0-6 mm. The average is 53-3 mm. by 38-7 mm. General Hahits. — The Cheer may be found at any altitude between 4,000 feet in the cold weather, and 10,000 feet or more in the summer, but as a rule keep between about 6,000 feet and 9,000 feet. They haunt the wildest of country, and though not found above the forest level they are not birds of heavy forest, but rather of the scanty forest and thick grass and undergrowth which grow on the more precipitous hills and cliff" sides. According to various authors and writers, they seem to go about in flocks of any thing from half a dozen to a dozen or more, probably only the family party of the last hatching. They do not keep very close THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 7 together, but scatter over a considerable area, a habit of consider- able importance to the sportsman in pnrsnit of them, as he can pick them up one or two at a time instead of flushing the whole covey together. No account of this Pheasant can be considered complete with- out " Mountaineer's " most interesting notes, for no one since has written any account to compare with his. I therefore make no apology for quoting them in full, although so many have used them before me. " Though far from being rare, fewer perhaps are met with " than of any other kind unless it is particularly sought for, " always excepting the Jewar. The reason of this may be " that the general character of the ground where they resort " is not so inviting in appearance to the sportsman as other '' places ; besides, they are everywhere confined to particular •'localities, and are not, like the rest, scattered indiscrimiua- •'tely over almost every part of the regions thej'- inhabit. " Their haunts are on grassy hills with a scattered forest of " oak and small patches of underwood hills covered with the "common pine near the sites of deserted villages, old cow- " sheds, and the long grass amongst precipices and broken " ground. " They are seldom found on hills entirely destitute of trees •' or jungles, or in the opposite extreme of deep shady forest ; ■' in the lower ranges they keep near the top of the hills or •' about the middle, and are seldom found in the valleys or " deep ravines. Further in the interior they are generally low •'down, often in the immediate vicinity of the villages, except •'in the breeding season, when each pair seeks a spot to per- •' form the business of incubation : they congregate in flocks " of from 5 or 6 to 10 or 15, and seldom more than two or ' three lots inhabit the same hill. " They wander a good deal about the particular hill they are " located on, but not beyond certain boundaries, remaining '• about one spot for several days or w-eeks, and then shifting " to another, but never entirely abandoning the place, and " year after year they may, to a certainty, be found in some " quarter of it. " During the day, unless dark and cloudy, they keep con- " cealed in the grass and bushes, coming out morning and "evening to feed. When come upon suddenly while out, they " run off quickly in different directions, and conceal them- " selves in the nearest cover, and seldom, more than one or two " get on the wing. They run very fast, and if the ground is " open and no cover near, many will run two or three hundred " yards in prefei-ence to getting up. 8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV L "After concealing themselves they lie very close, and are " flushed within a few yards. There is, perhaps, no bird of ' its size M'hich is- so difficult to find after the flock have • been disturbed and thej- have concealed themselves ; where ' the grass is very long, even if marked down, without a good ' dog it is often impossible to flush them, and even with the ' assistance of the best dogs not one-half will be found a ' second time. A person may walk within a yard of one, and ' it will not move. I have knocked them over with a stick, ' and even taken them with the hand. In autumn the long ' grass, so prevalent about many of the places they resort to, ' enables them to hide almost anywhere ; but this is burnt by ' the villagers at the end of winter, and they then seek refuge • in low jungle and brushwood, and with a dog are not so ' difficult to find. " Both males and females often crow at daybreak and dusk, ' and in cloudy weather sometimes during the day. The ' crow is loud and singular, and, when there is nothing to ' interrupt, the sound may be heard for at least a mile. It is • something like the words chir-a-jiir, chir-a-^nr, chir cliir, cJiirwa, ' cJiirwa, but a good deal varied ; it is often begun before com- ' plete daylight, and in spring, when the birds are numerous, ' it invariably ushers in the day : in this respect it may rival ' the domestic cock. When pairing and scattered about, • the crow is often kept up for nearl}^ half an hour, first ' from one quarter, than another ; and now and then all ' seem to join in a chorus. At other times it seldom lasts ' more than five or ten minutes. " The Cheer Pheasant feeds chiefly on roots, for which it ' digs holes in the ground, grubs, insects, seeds and berries, ' and, if near cultivated fields, several kinds of grain form a ' portion of its diet ; it does not eat grass or leaves like the ' rest of our Pheasants. "It is easy to rear in confinement, and might, without ■' difficulty, be naturalized in England, if it would stand the " long frosts and snows of severe winters, which I imagine is "rather doubtful. " This bird flies rather heavily, and seldom very far. Like " most others, it generally utters a few loud screeches on " getting up, and spreads out the beautifully barred feathers " of its long tail, both when flying and running. It does not " perch much on trees, but will occasionally fly up into one " close by, when put up by dogs. It roosts on the ground "generally, and when congregated together, the whole flock " huddle up in one spot. At times, however, they will roost "in trees and bushes," TRE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 9 Two points in this excellent account require comment. First as regards their flight ; few sportsmen will agree with Wilson's description of it, and all my correspondents give the Cheer credit for being a most difficult bii'd to shoot, not only on account of its great speed in flight, but also because of its habit of hurling itself headlong down cliff" sides with almost closed wings, giving the snappiest of snap-shots, unless one is close to the level at which it intends to alight. Close to this point it gradually moderates its pace, somewhat opening its wings, spreading its tail and in the words of Hume — " sweeps off in graceful curves riglit or left, shortly dropping suddenly, almost as if shot, into some patch of low cover." The second point which atti*acts notice is the statement that these birds roost on the ground ; doubtless they do so some- times, but over most of their habitat I am told they roost either on stunted trees, high bushes or on the summit of high rocks. The description given by Mr. Wimbush of the demonstration made by a pair of pheasants in defence of their young shows that attitudes supposed to be awe-inspiring are indulged in hj Cheer. Finn corroborates this, and remarks : — "This species is not supposed to show off", but a vicious "male in the Calcutta Zoo used to show off* in the Common " Pheasant's attitude aslant with spread tail when trying to " attack, and as the show position so commonly seems to be " the fighting one too, I expect the species does thus display " when courting. This bird made a murmuring note when "approached, like the Kalij Pheasant." It is said to be an excellent bird for the table and one of my correspondents adds "It is the only game bird I have shot in India which in any way reminds me of the English Pheasant and the flesh, especially, if kept for a short time in the cold weather is much more like that of true Phasianiis than that of the Jungle fowl or Kali]'.'' Genus— LOPHURA. The Genus Lophura contains three species of Pheasants, which are rather closely allied to those of the genus Gennceus, but the tail is differently shaped, though compressed as in that group, and the naked portion of the face is prodxiced above the forehead and again below the cheeks into the fleshy pendant wattles. The wing is similar to that of the Kalij Pheasants, the first primary equal to the ninth or tenth, the fifth and sixth sub-equal and longest. In both Gennceus and Loi^lmra, the tail is composed of sixteen feathers, but in the former the central tail feathers are 10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL RI8T, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. longest, whereas in the latter the third pair are a little longer than the two central pairs. The crest is composed of feathers with shafts bare at their bases and heavily plumed at the tips. In G. rufa four-jBfths of the shafts are bare, but in Q. diardi merely the bases. The feet and tarsi are stout and armed, in the male, with a well- developed spur. There are three species in the Genus as now restricted, two of which are found in the limits of the present work, the third Lophura ignita being obtained in the forest of Borneo. Key to Species. A. Mantle deep purplish blue. a. Upper breast black, glossed blue ; central tail feathers white L. rufa cf b. Upper breast dark grey, vermiculat- ed with white central tail feathers black L. diardi j B. Mantle chestnut. c. Wing-coverts chestnut, vermiculated with black ; outer tail feathers black L. rufa $ d. Wing-coverts black, with buff bro- ken bars ; outer tail feathers dark chestnut L. diardi $ LOPHURA RLiFA. The Fire-Bacli, Phasianus iynitus, Raffles (nee Shaw and Nodder) Trans. Linn. Soc, xiii., p. 320 (1822) (Sumatra) ; Daniell, F. Z. S., 1882, p. 24 ; Elliott, Ibis, 1878, p. 412. Phadanus rufus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii, p. 321 (1822) (Suma- tra) ; Gray in Griffiths ed. Cuv., iii, p. 28 (1829). Pliasianus castaneus, Gray in Griffiths ed. Cuv., iii., p. 28 (1829) (Penang). GaUus macartneys, Schinz (nee. Temm.) Nat. abild. Vog., p. 28, pi. 93 (1833) (Sumatra). Euploeamus iynitus, Gray, 111. Ind. Zool., ii., pi. 39 (1834) ; Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc, p. 243(1849) (Sumatra) ; Blyth and Wald.,Cat. Mamm. and Birds, Burma, p. 149 (1875) (Tennasserim River) ; Elliott, Ibis (1878) p. 124. Euploeamus vieillotti, Gray, List Gen. E. 2nd ed., p. 77 (1841) ; Gould, B. of Asia, vii., pi. 15 (1852) (Malacca) ; Hume, Str. Feath., ii., p. 481 (1874) (Tennasserim) ; id, ibid, iii., p. 324 (1875) (Tennasserim) ; Sclater, P.Z.S., (1875) p. 380; Hume, Str. Feath., v., p. 119. (1877) (Tennasserim) ; Hume and Marsh , Game-B. In., i.. p. 213 (1878); Hume and Dav., Str. Feath., p. 438 (Pakjan); Elliott, Ibis, 1878, p. 413; Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 532 (Perak) ; Gates, B. of Burma, ii., p. 320 (1883) (L. Tennasserim). Euploeamus rufus, Hume, Str. Feath., v., p. 121 (1877). THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 11 Euplocavms sumatranus, Dubois, Bull. Acad. Belg., (2), xlvii., p. 825 (1879) (Sumatra). Lophum rufa, Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B.M., xxii., p. 268 (1893) ; id, Man. Game-B., i., p. 244 (1895) ; Blanf., Fauna. B. T., iv., p. 87; Gates, Man. Game-B , i., p. 379 (1898) ; Sharpe Hand-L., B., i., p. 34 (1899); Gates, Cat. JEgg8,B.M., i., p. 52 (1901). Lophura vieillotti, Buttikofer Notes Ley. Mus., xvii., p. 181 (1895). Lophwa sumatrana, Buttikofer, Notes Ley. Mus., xvii., p. 177 (1895). Vernacular Names. — Kuock-wah (Siamese) ; Mooah-Mooah, (Malay). • Description. — Adult Male. — Plumage above including thick bushy crest, lesser wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts a deep rich metallic purple-violet ; lower back a fiery golden red, passing into a rich copper chestnut on the rump, the concealed bases of these feathers coloured like the upper back ; two pairs of central feathers white, inner webs of third pair white, outer webs of these and whole of remaining tail feathers black, more or less glossed with violet. Wing quills brown, darkest and almost black on the innermost second.'^ries; greater coverts black, glossed, more especially at the edges and tips, with a more decided green tint than that on the back, median coverts where visible the same glossy green. Below like the mantle, the sides of the lower breast and flanks with conspicuous white shaft-stripes faintly tinged with chestnut in 8ome specimens ; centre of abdomen black ; vent and thigh- coverts dingy blackish-brown ; imder tail-coverts black glossed with the same colour as that on the wing-coverts. Many birds, apparently fully adult, have a curious sprinkling of the finest specks of white arranged as a naiTOw irregular line on each feather of the metallic plumage of the back and with similar terminal lines, but of reddish instead of white, on the wing- quills. Birds from Sumatra, it should be noted, have the lines on the flanks chestnut instead of white, but with the material available it is impossible to say whether this is constant and would sufiice to give this form sub-specific rank. Colours of Soft Parts. — Irides bright pale red ; facial skin pale smalt blue or bright smalt blue ; bill white or pale fleshy horn ; tarsus in front and toes bright vermilion red, back of tarsus pal.r with soles and claws reddish white ; spur fleshy pink or pale vermilion ; skin of throat showing through the scanty feathering- fleshy pink. (Davison). Measurements.— Wing, lO'O" (254-0 mm.)toll-7" (297'1 mm.), average of thirty birds li-3" (286-1 mm.); tail, 9-0" (228-6 mm.) to 12-8" (325-1 mm.), average, 11-3" (286-1 mm.); tarsus, 4-25" (107-9 mm.) to 4-8" (121-9 mm.), average 4-55" (115-5 mm.); spur, 1-25" (31-7 mm.) to 1-7" (43-2 mm.); crests, 1-5" (38-1 mm.) to 1-7" (43-2 mm.). 12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXJ'I " Weight, 4-25 lbs. to 5 lbs." (Hume.) Hume gives the length of the bill from gape as 1*6" to 1'8" (40-6 to 45-7 mm.). .4 Young Male apparently moulting into adult plumage, has the upper tail-coverts blackish-brown, mottled with chestnut at the tips ; the white centi*al tail feathers have their basis and broad shaft-stripe brown ; the whole of the under surface is black with hai'dly a vestige of gloss and the. gloss on the upper parts is scanty and dull. • ^1 Young Male in fii'st phimage is dull earthy brown above, much freckled with rufous, the head is darker and the incipient crest is tipped with chestnut; below the chin and throat are dull albescent; neck dark brown ; breast and flanks dark brown, each feather broadly edged with white ; centre of abdomen and vent dull white ; under tail-coverts brown ; thigh-coverts like the flanks. Adult Female. — Head, neck and upper back bright chestnut rufous ; lower back and remainder of upper plumage a more bufi* rufous, profusely covered with narrow irregular bars of black : the colours of the upper and lower back grade into one another, and the feathers of the former show more or less black stippling on their terminal halves ; tail and upper tail-coverts a still richer, deeper chestnut than the head, the outer tail feathers immaculate, the inner and upper tail covers narrowly barred with black. Wings like the back, but rather more chestnut in general tone. Below, chin and throat rufescent white, changing into pale chest- nut on the fore neck ; breast and lower neck bright chestnut, the feathers with broad white edges to the basal halves ; remainder of lower plumage black with broad white edges to each feather, and with the black more or less mixed with chestnut on the flanks ; centre of abdomen and vent mottled white ; under tail-coverts black and chestnut; thigh-coverts black and chestnut with white fringes. Individuals vary a great deal in the extent to which the chest- nut of the upper breast encroaches on the lower breast and flanks. In some the whole of the lower plumage has the black more or less mixed with chestnut, whilst in one or two specimens, on the other hand, the chestnut is almost entirely confined to the neck and extreme upper breast. Colours of the Soft Parts. — Iris bright pale red ; facial skin smalt blue ; bill, cere, gape and base of both upper and lower mandibles dark horny brown ; rest of bill horny white, greenish white, pale yellowish ; legs bright red or vermilion in front and on the toes, paler behind and on soles which are a pinkish white, claws hornywhite. (Davison.) Measurements.— Wing, 8-8" (223-5mm.) to 10-4" (264-lram.), average of thirty-four birds, 9-9" (251-2mm.) ; tail, 6-5" (165-1 mm.) to 9-3" (236-2 mm.), average, 8-3" (210-8 mm.) ; tarsus, THE GAME BIRDS OF IM)IA. 13 3-4" (86-3mm.) to4-r' (104-lmm.); crest about 1-5" (38- 1 mm.); bill at front about 1-3" (33-0 mm.) and from gape about 1-6" (40-6 mm.). Hume gives the wing of the female as running up to 10-75" (275 mm.) « Weight, 3 to 3-5 lbs." (Hume.) The Young Female is duller above and the chestnut of the head is little, if any, brighter than the rest of the plumage. The mottlings are generally stronger and more plentiful and the scapulars have a few broad bars of black. Below the chestnut is but slight in extent, and is confined to the fore neck. Distribution. — South Western Siam, the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. The female in the British Museum Collection marked " Borneo " is of course not from that island. This fine Pheasant only enters our limits in the South of Tennasserim about as far North as the latitude of Tennasserim Town, but is apparently very common further South. Nidification. — There is, as far as I can find, absolutely nothing on record about the nidification of this Pheasant in a wild state, and very little in caged state, although it is a common enough bird in captivity. Haime's collection contains a single egg laid by a bird under the latter conditions in Julj'', and the only eggs laid by wild birds that I know of are two in my own collection purchased from the Waterstradt Collection and taken in JNIalacca on 4th April. The egg obtained by Hume measures 2-25" by 1-68" (57-1 by 39*6 mm.), the two in my own collection measure 51'0 by 39*3 mm. and 52*7 by 39-5 mm. In shape and texture they are similar to rather thin shelled domestic-fowls' eggs, and in colour they are a pale stone or buff". Hume calls his egg a delicate cafe-au-lait, but I should prefer to call this also a very pale dull buff. The surface in all these eggs is smooth, but with little gloss, and my two eggs are stained here and there from the rubbish upon which they were laid. The only notes obtainable about the wild-laid eggs were as follows :— - " Brought in by native collectors with the skin of the " adult bird ; said to have been placed in a nest composed of " dead leaves, grass and bamboo spates under some thick *' bushes in dense evergreen forest." — Malacca, 4/4/1899., low Beyond the fact that of the eggs known one was laid in July and two in .April ; it is impossible to say when the breeding season commences or ends. General Habits. — The Fire-Back appears to be a bird of the dense low country evergreen forest, not being found in the higher hills anywhere within its habitat. Over most of its range it is a comparatively common bird, and many are trapped and kept in U JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. confinement by the natives. Easy to tame and easy to feed, it thrives even when kept in a comparatively small enclosure, but it has not yet been induced to breed. Like the Kalij Pheasants, this bird is a haunter of thick jungle, generall}'^ evergreen, with dense undergrowth, less often bamboo or secondary growth in abandoned cultivation. It is nearly half a century since the much-quoted account of this bird's habits was written by Davison yet since then pi-actically not one scrap of information has been added to our knowledge or, at all events, recorded anywhere. Siam and the Malay Peninsula are now exceptionally well off for good scientific and field natura- lists, and il is to be hoped that before long they will supply the deficiency. Davison writes : — " These birds frequent the thick evergreen forests in small " parties of five or six ; usually there is only one male in the ♦' party, the rest being females, but on one or two occasions " I have seen two males together ; sometimes the males are " found quite alone. I have never heard the males crow, nor " do 1 think that they ever do so ; when alarmed, both males " and females have a peculiar sharp note, exceedingly like " that of the large Black-Backed Squirrel (Sciiirus hicolor). " Tlie males also continually make a whirring sound with " their winffs, which can be very well imitated by twirling " rapidly between the hands a small stick, in a cleft of which " a piece of stiff cloth has been transversely placed, I have " often discovered the whereabouts of a flock by hearing this " noise. They never come into the open, but confine them- " selves to the forests, feeding on berries, tender leaves, and " insects and grubs of all kinds, and they are very fond of " scratching about after the manner of domestic poultry, and " dusting themselves. When disturbed, they run rapidly "away, not ui different directions, but all keeping much " together ; they rise at once before a dog, getting up vv^ith a " great flutter, but when once well on the wing, fly with a " strong and rapid flight ; they seldom alight again under a " couple of hundred yards, and usually on the ground, when *' they immediately start running. " I noticed on one occasion a very curious thing. I had "stalked an Argus, and while waiting to obtain a good "shot, I heard the pt^culiar note, a sort of chulun, chukun, " followed by the whirring noise made by the male Fire- Back, " and immediately after saw^ a fine male Fire-Back run into " the open space, and begin to chase the Argus round and " round its clearing. The Argus seemed loath to quit its own " domain, and yet not willing to fight, but at last, being THE GAME BIRI)^ OF INDIA. 16 " hardpressed, it ran into the jungle. The Fire-Back did not " attempt to follow, but took up a position in the middle of " the clearing, and recommenced the whirring noise with his '• wings, evidently as a challenge, whereupon the Argus slowly " returned, but the moment it got within the cleared space, "the Fire-Back chai-ged it, and drove it back into the jungle, " and then, as before, took up his position in the middle of " the space and repeated the challenge, 'J'he Argus imme- " diately returned, but only to be again driven back, and this " continued at least a dozen times, and how much longer it " would have continued I cannot say, but a movement on my "part attracting the birds' attention, they caught sight of me, "and instantly before I could fire, disappeared into the jungle. " The Argus never made the slightest attempt to attack the " Fire-Back, but retreated at once on the slightest movement " of the latter towards it, nor did I see the Fire-Back strike 'the Argus with either bill, wings, or spars." LOPHURA DIARDI. The Siam Fire-Bach. Euplocamus diardi, Bonap. Comp., Rend., xi., iii.. p. 415 (1856), ox. Temm., M. S. Dlanlv/alUia praelatus, Bonap., Comp. Rend., xi., iii., p. 415 (1856) ; Schl., Hand-L.d., Dierk, i., p. 379, Atlas Aves, pi. v., fig. 55 (1857) ; Gould, B. of A., vii., p. 21 (1860). Jjiardir/aUua fa%ciolatu>' , Blyth , J.A.S.B., xxvii., p. 280 (1858). Euplocamus pi aeldt us, Sclater, List. Bhas., p. 6, pi. 6 (1863) (Siam, Shan States) ; Schomb. Ibis, 1864, p. 259 (E. Lao Country) ; Sclater and Wolf, Zool. Sketches, (2) pi. 35, (1867); Elliott, Man. Bhas., ii., p. 24 (1872). lophura diardi, Ogilvis-Grant, Cat. B. M., xxii., p. 290 (1898); id, Hand-L., Game-B., i., p. 247 (1895) ; Gyldanstolpe, Kungl. Svensk, Hand-L. 50, No. 8, p. 67 (i913) ; id. Journ. N. H. Soc, Siam, i., Mo. 4 p. 235 (North Siam). Vernacular Names. — Kai-pha (^Siamese)', Kai-fan — (Laos). Description. — Adult .1/aZp.— Crown from forehead to nape, fides of the head behind and over the ears, chin, throat and crest black ; the crest glossed with purple-blue ; the feathers of the chin, throat and foreneck, especially the latter, are very scanty, the fleshy red skin showing through ; back and upper breast very finel}'- vermiculated grey and black, the general effect being a rather dark grey; lower back like the back, but each feather with a broad terminal bar of gold, thi? bar of colour concealing the grey bases ; rump and iipper tail-coverts, with the exception of a few of the longest, rich metallic blue-black, each feather fringed with d^ep copper-crimson ; longest tail- coverts black with a copper sheen and edges of metallic green. Tail black completely glossed with greenish blue, more distinctly blue on the outer than the inner webs. 16 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL RISr. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. Below black, glossed with deep blue, but with the brownish bases of the feathers showing through. Wings like the back, but the scapulars with a broad subtei*minal band of black followed by a narrow line of pure white ; lesser and median coverts with similar markings, but much less pronounced. Colours of the Soft Farts. — Iris red, brown, red-brown or hazel ; bill pale greenish horny ; facial skin bright scarlet-red ; legs and feet rich deep scarlet or crimson-red, toes and spurs dark horny- brown, the latter tipped paler, and sometimes wholly of a pale horny white colour. " Iris burnt sienna, light red to vermilion • bill pepper- " brown ; legs vermilion ". (E.G.Herbert). Measurements. — Wing, 230 to 256 mm., average eight birds, 250 mm. ; tail, 345 to 386 mm.; tarsus about 100 mm. ; crest 70 to 90 mm. ; bill from gape about 32 mm. and from front to tip about the same. Adult Female. — Crown, nape and sides of the head a dingy pale earth-brown, shading into pale rufous, white on chin, throat and fore neck ; back and sides of neck, back and scapulars chestnut red, with faint dusky margins to each feather, and a certain amount of black stippling in tiny irregular bars. Lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts vermiculated or mottled with pale rufous buff and black ; the bars broader and better-defined on the hack than elsewhere. Tail, two central pairs of feathers, the same wdth broad bars of black, boldly mottled with buff on their terminal halves, outer feathers a rich chestnut red. Below chestnut, the breast and fore neck like the mantle ; the lower breast, abdomen and flanks with bold edgings of white to each feather ; centre of the abdomen dull brown and white ; under tail-coverts unmarked chestnut, the bases mottled with brown. Visible portions of the wing like the tail, but with the buff bars and mottlings even more boldly defined ; primaries a lighter brown with narrow mottled bars of pale buff. Colmirs of Soft Parts. — Iris red or brown ; bare skin of face dull scarlet brick-colour, pale dull scarlet or dull scarlet ; bill horny brown, tip and gouys paler ; legs and feet a very rich deep red, scarlet red or crimson red ; soles paler and claws pale horny or horny-white. " Iris raw umber, burnt sienna, Venetian red or Naples yello\\- ; " bill above black, the lower mandible yellowish horny ; some- " times the upper mandible is more brown than black ; feet and " legs vermilion, but paler and duller than in the male." (E. G. Herbert.) Measurements. — Wing, 220 to 238 mm. average of eight birds 228 mm. ; tail 220 to 260 mm. ; tarsus 75 to 85 mm. crest very short and of ordinary feathers, not distinguishable from the rest THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 17 unless erected; bill from gape about 30 mm., the same as from the feathers of the forehead to the tip. The Voting Male is like the adult female, but is duller and more mottled with blackish above; the breast is more brown, and less chestnut, and has not got the well-defined white edgings to the feathers of the lower breast and flanks. The tail feathers are more barred with black and not quite so rich a chestnut. Colours of the Soft Paris. — Iris brown or dull blue-brown ; facial skin dull fleshy red ; bill pale yellowish horny ; feet and legs dull fleshy pink. In the Autumn in the first moult the young male appears to put on the complete plumage of the njale, i-etaining a few feathers here and there of the female, which aie, presumably, dropped duiing the ensuing winter, and replaced with adult feathers. Tliere is a young male in the British Museum collection in this stage with awing of 210 mm. and no crest. Distrihution. — Siam, Annam and Camljodia, and it lias also been reported from the Southern Shan Hills and the Eastern Lao Country. It possibly occurs a'so in the Eastern parts of Karennee from whence 1 have had it doubtfully repoited. Nidijication. — Nothing recorded. Eggs laid in captivity are said to be indistinguishable from those ot Lcphura rvfa. This bird has bred in the Zoological Society's gardens in London with Silver Pheasants during a period when hybiids were attracting much attention, to satisfy which very useless curiosity, a good deal of experimental work was done by people who forgot that environ ment alone could create stable sub-species such as now exist. General Habits. — There is absolutely nothing on record as to this bird's habits. It appears to haunt hcav}^ forest at low eleva- tions, where thei-e is a great deal of undergrowth and where the climate is so damp that most of this is evergreen. Sir H. Schomburgh's interesting notes on some captive birds which appeared in the Ibis (1(SG4) gives us some insight into its habits. He writes : — " The Kai-pha I speak about was quite tame, and ran about " in the verandah of my residence Although "the Kai-pha, in splendour of plumage cannot be compared "either with the Gold or the Silver Pheasant, still there is " something giaceful in its figure and stately in its walk " . . 1 allowed him to leave his coop and to walk about " in the house, where he picked up insects, apparently more " congenial to him than the everyday food of paddy (rice in " the husk). When he saw a spider or ant crawl up the walls " in the room, he would fl}'^ up Fcveral feet to catch it. He " was very partial to plantains and bananas, indeed to almost I 18 'JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL BIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. ; "any kind of fruit ; this predilection lie may have acquired in "his state of domestication. Both in his coop and when ; " walking about in the verandah, he emitted frequently a " faint sound ; ^ut when disturbed or alarmed, the sound was " harsh ; and when flying up, it was with a whirring noise . " similar to that of our Partridges, but stronger. The female "thouoh so difi'erent in plumage, has the same manners as ; "the male." Q?he\ are very commonly trapped by the Siamese and kept as, cao-ed "birds, being frequently brought into Bangkok and sold there for this purpose. Mr. E. G. Herbert kept some of these birds, and his interesting notes to me show that the j^oung males in the first autumn moult acquire practically the complete plumage of the adult male. He was successful in hatching out some eggs under hens, some of the young birds reaching maturity. Mr. Herbert's observations confirm those of Sir H. Schomburgh's. The traps used to catch the wild birds appear to be of two kinds. In one nooses are set round about a decoy in jungle haunted by these I'heasants, and in the other nooses are set in openings in low brush-wood fences in similar places ; the birds wander down the fences, and then in walking through them get caught. In fact, the trap is the same as already described as being in use amongst BO many of the Eastern wilder tribes. As might be expected, they are said to be good eating, though one of my correspondents refers to them as " very dry." (To he continued.') )■■ o.;.)-U-r 19 SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS FROM THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY OF THE BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. (By R. C. WilOUGHTON.) Part II. {Continued from iiacje 598 of Volume XXV.) Order II. — Chiropteka — (continued.') Subfamily II. — MuKiNhNiE. Blanford's genua Harpiocephalus, together with the genus MuRiNA, and a third genus. Hakpiola, founded by Thomas (A. M. N. H. (8), xvi., p. 309, 1915) make up this Subfamily, and may be arranged in a ke}'^ as follows : — Key to the genera of the MuriniNjE. A. — Last upper molar normal. a. Canine normal ... ... ... I. MURINA. b. Canine not higher than the anterior premolar ... II. Harpiola. /?. — Last upper molar reduced to a remnant, often deciduous III. Harpiocephalus. Gen. I. — MuRiNA. Except that we accept the name ,^„ . ,, , o 11 h:dimi, Peters, for the Indian i-e- No. 198. tuhinaris, bcully. , ,. ,.7 „, ^ ,, ^^^ I i^^ , ,. T^ 1 presentative ot levcxjaster, these No. 201. ciichtis \yoh^on ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ unchanged, but we No. 202. Zet^co^a^kr, M.-Ldw. ^^^^^.^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ the list two new species, viz., ruhex, Thomas, and aurata, Milne- Edwards, These five species may be arranged in a key as follows : — Kei/ to the species o/MuRiNA. ^. — Size small, forearm, 27-35 mm. a. Size smaller, forearm 27-28 mm. ... 1. aurata, M.-Edw. b. Size larger, forearm 33-35 mm. . a\ Uppei- half ot outer margin of ear-con(;li c uicave... ... 2. tulnnaris, ScnWj. W. Upper half ot outer margin of ear-conch convex or straight. waras. 2. M. tuhincLris, Scully. yO JOURNAL. BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. ISOCIETF, Vol, XXVI a*. Colour above ferniginous... 3. cychtis, Dohson. 6". Colour above browu ... 4. hnttoni, Peters. B. — Size large, forearm 41-42 mm. ... 5. rub&is, Thomas. Distribution : — 1. M. aurata, Milne-Ed- Tt/pe localiti/ : — Thibet. Other loajblitiefi : — Sikkim (B. M.) ; Sikkim (M. S. I.). Type: — Pan's Museum. Tqpe hcalitij : — Gil git. Other localities : — "India" (Jerdon) ; Kashmir (B. M.) ; Daijiliug; Chin Hills (M. S. I.). Tiii)G :— Ind. Mus. Calc. Tijpe lociliti/: — Unknown. Other localities : — Sikkim ; Darjil- ing: Chin Hills (M. S. I.). Ti/pe:— Ind. MuB. Calc. No. 166.a. Ti/pe locality: — Masuri, (Hutton). Othei' lo'^alities : — Darjiliug(B. M.); Kumaon (M. S. I.) Type: — Unknown. Ti/pe hcalitij: — Pashok, Darjiling. (B.'N. H. S.— Baptista). Other localitiP'S ; — None. Type:—B. M. No. 16. 2. 25. 111. 3. if. cyclotis, Dobson. 4. M. huttoni, Peters. 5. M. rw&sa;, Thomas. Gen. II. — Haupiola. No. 199. griseus, Pet. Distribution : — H. grisea, Peters. There is only one species know^n. The t3'pe is still the only specimen known. Type locality : — Jeripaui, Masuri. CHutton). Other localities : — None. Type :— B. M. No. 79. 11. 21. 117. Gen. III. — Harpiocephalus. Blanford inserts a " y " in the name without authority. No. 200. harpyia, Temm. The Indian representative ofharpia. a Javan bat, is lasyurus, Hodgson. It is the only species. SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 21 Distribution : — H. lasyurns, Hodgson. Type locality : — Darjiling. (Hodg- son). Other localities : — Darjiling (B. M.) ; Bhutan Duars (M. S. I.). Type:—B. M. No. 79. 11. 21. 119. Subfamily III. — KEUivouLiNiE. There is only one genus. Gen. — Kerivoula. Blanford adopted the initial " 0 " without authority. Temniinck's species, papulosa, is No. 21S. picta, Pall. fi'om Java and Sumati*a. Blanford No. 214. hardivickii, Horsf. mentions a specimen (Mamm. No. 215. papulosa, Term. p. 3 -LI) which was taken in Calcutta and which he refers to this species, but it has now been examined by Thomas, who separates it as a new species under the name lenis (J. B. N. H. S., xxiv., p. 417, 1916) and that name must therefore take the place of pnpillosa for the Indian animal. Early in the Survey I described a new form from Mysore, under the name crypta (J. B. N. H. S., xxii., p. 14, 1913). These four lorms may be arranged in a key as follows : — Key to the species of Kerivoula. A. — Wing-membranes parti-colored orange and black ... ... ... ... 1. picta, Pall. B. — Wing-membranes of the same colour throughout. a. Size larger, forearm 41 mm. ... 2. lonis, Thos. b. Size smaller, forearm 35mm. or less. o'. Colour paler ; size greater, fore- arm 33-35 mm ; ear larger, more markedly emarginate ... ... 3. har dwicTcei, ^orsf. fc'. Colour darker ; size smaller, forearm 31* 5 mm; ear smaller, less emarginate ... ... ... 4. erypta, Wr. Distribution : — 1. K. pieta, Pallas. Type locality : — Peninsula of India. OUiPT localities : — Ceylon (B. M.) ; Western Ghats, Dharwar (M.S.I.) Co-tiipes:—B.'M..Noa. 67. 4 12. 342-343. Lectotype :—57 . 4. 12. 342. 21' JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. 2. K. lenis, Thomas, TyiJ? locality : — Calcutta. Ollipr localities : — None. 'iVi^e:— B. M. No. 79. 11. 21. 126. 3. K. hardmclcei, Horsfield. Type localities: — Java. Ot/ittr localities'. — Java (B. M.) ; Daviiling (M. S. I.). 2'//pe:— B. M. No. 79. 11. 21. 181. 4. K. eryjpta, Wroughton. Ti/ps hcality : — Shiraoga, Mysore. (B. N. H. S.— Shortridge). 0' her localities: — None. Type :— B. M. No. 12. 8. 25.2, Subfamily IV. — Minioptekin^. There is only one genus represented. Gen. — MiNioPTERUS. The Indian representative of the No. 216. scJireihersi, Natt. 'Envope:\n ."chreihersi is fuliginosits, Hodgs., and Dobson has named a species, pusiUus, from the Nicobars. These two species may be distinguished as follows : — Key to the species of Miniopterus. A. — Size larger, forearm more than 45 mm. ; hair not extending on to interfemo- ral membrane ... ... ... 1, fuliginoms, Hodgs. B. — Size smaller, forearm 40 mm.; hair ex- tending on to interfemoral membrane as far as the third caudal vertebra ... 2. pusillus, Dobs. Distribution : — 1 . M. Juligiitosus, Hodgson. Ti/p-i locality : — Nepal (Hodgson) Other hcalities : — Western Ghats; Ceylon ; Kumaou ; Mt. Popa (iM. S. I.) Type : — Not traced. '■ 2. M. pusillus, Dobson. Type locality: — Nicobars. (Sto- liczka). Other localities : — None. Type: — Ind. Mus. Oalc. No. 185. dd. SUMMARY OF TRE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 28 Fam% VI. — EMBALLONURID.E. This Family contains three genera which occur within our limits; they may be distinguished as follows : — Key to the genera of the Emballokurid^. A. — Upper incisors 2-2 ... ... ... I. Emballonura. B. — Upper incisors 1-1. a. Radio- metacarpal pouch present ... 11. Taphozous. 6. No radio-metacarpal pouch present. III. Saccolaimus. Gen. I. — Emballonura. There is only one species within No. 217. semicaudatajVeale. our limits. This name belongs to a Polynesian species and cannot be used for the Indian animal. Miller established a species, penin- sularis, from Trong, but Thomas later showed (J. B. N. H. S., xxiii, p. 706, 1915) that it could not be separated from moniicola, Temm., and that name must therefore be used here. Distribution : — E. vnonticola, Temmiack. I^VPQ localiti/ : — Java. 0Uie7- localities . — Java (B. M.) ; Tenasserim (M. S. I.) Ti/i^e : — Ley den Museum. (Type o{ Ijeninsidaris, Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 83575. (in al.)) Gen. II. — Taphozous. Thomas has made sub-species. No. 218. melanopogon , secatus and nudaster, for the Indian Temm. representatives of theohaldi and the No. 219. theohaldi, Dobs. Burmese form of kac/ihensis respec- No. 220. longimamts, tively (J. B. N. H. S. xxiv., p. 59, Hardw. 60, 1915) and has recognised the No. 221. Jcachhensis, Dohs. northern form as distinct from melanopogon, and identical with perforatus, Geoff., from Egypt. These seven forms may be arrang- ed in a key as follows : — Key to the species of Taphozous. C A. — No gular. sac in either sex. a. Abdomen hairy throughout. 24 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVl B.- a}. Size smaller, forearm 60-62*5 mm. a^. Colour darker ; a black beard in males ; forearm 62-5 mm. ... l)^. Colour paler ; no black beard in males; forearm 60"5 mm. W. Size larger, forearm 71-75 mm. a'. Fur extending on to inter- femoral memb'-ane ... If. Fur not extending on to inter- femoral membrane ... Lower abdomen naked. ft\ Fur normal and close &\ Fur exceedingly short and fine -A gular sac present in males, rudi- mentaiy in females ; interfemoral membrane hairy to the exsertion of tail ; forearm 60 mm. 1. melavopogon, Temm. 2. perforatus, Geoff- 3. t. theohaldi, Dobs. 4. t. secatus, Thos. 5. Jc. kachhensis, Dob- son. 6. Jc. nudaster, Thos. 7. lovgimanus, Hardw. Distribution : — 1. T. melanopogon, Tem- minck. 2. T. p&rforatus, Geoffroj. 3. T. theohaldi theohaldi, Dobs. 4. T. theohaldi secatus, Thomas. Typs locality : — Java. CHher localitiss : — Khandesh ; Se- cunderabad, Dekhan ; Kennery Caves, Salsette ; South Konkan ; Western Ghats ; Malay Peninsula (B. M.) ; Khandesh; Berars ; Ni- raar ; Central JProvinces; Kanara ; Bellary ; Mt. Popa ; Tenasserim (M. S. I). 7V/2W : — Leyden Museum. y'/fpe locality : — Egypt. Other localities : — Fgypt (B. M.), Cutch ; Kathiawar (M. S. I.) 7V//>e : — Unknown. Perhaps in Paris Museum. 'J't/^Je locality : — Tenasserim. (Theobald.) Other localilies : — None. Co-ti,pes : — Ind. Mas. Calc. Nos. 187 a. & b. Tt/pe locality : — Asirgarh, Nimar (B. iS[. H. S.— Crump.) Other localities :-^Nimar (M.S.I.) Type:—\i. M. No. 12. 6. 28-5. SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SUBVEY, 25 T. Icachhensis Jcachhen- sis, Dobson. 6. T. kachhensis nudas- ier, Thomas. T. loncjimanus, Hard- wicke, TfilJe l.cality : — Kachh. (Stoli- czka). Other localities: — Sind ; Kutch; Palanpur; Kathiawar; Khandesh; Bellai V ; Mysore ; Beugal ; Sikkim (M. S' 1.) Tjjpe :—lnd. Miis.Calc. No. 189. i. Tqp'' loca'itt/ : Pagan, Burma. (B. N. H. !S.— Shortvidge). Other localities : — Pagan, Burma (M. S. I.) 'lyi)e'.~-B. M. No. 14. 7. 19.46. 7'//^>e Iccaliiy : — Calcutta. i}ther localities : — Mandvi, Surat Dist. ; Bombay ; Dharwar ; Calcutta j, Eaiigoon (B, M.) Palanpur; Cen- tral Provinces ; Western Ghats ; Kanara ; Bellary ; Mysore ; Bengal ; Cliiudwin ; Mt. Popa ; Tenasserim (M. S. I.) I'a'pe: — Unknown, (Type of hrevicaiidus, Blyth, Ind. Mua. Calc. No. 188.,;?. 147). Gen. III. — Saccolaimus. No. 222. saccolcemus, Temm. The only representative of the genus in India. Distribution : — S. mecolaimus, Temminck. Ti/}^^^ locality : — Java. Other hcdities : — Java; Kanara; (B. M.) Kanara; Ceylon; Bengal (AI. S. I.) Tij]je : — Ley den Museum. Family VII. — Rhinopomatid^. There is only one genus in the Family. Gen, — Rhinopoma. No. 223. miero]phyllum, Geofi. The Indian representative of this species is hardicicl-e^, Gray (J. B. N. H. S. xxi., p. 767, 1912.) In the collection from Cutch I named a species, Mnneari (1. c), and 26 JO UENAL, BOMB A Y NA TUBAL HIST. SO CIETY, Vol, XXVI. rhomas has named a subspecies, seianum, of tlie Arabian rnuscatel- /wn from Seistan (A. M. N. H. (8), xii., p. 88, 1913). These three forms may be arranged in a key as follows : — Ke^ to the spscies of Khinopoma. ^.— Tail shorter than forearm ; skull with a transverse ridge, on each side, im- mediately above the nostrils ; forearm 70mm. ... ... ... ... 1. JcinnearifWr. B, — Tail longer than forearm ; skull with a globular swelling, on each side, above the nostrils. a. Size larger, forearm 57-Gl mm. ... 2. hardwickei, Gray. 6. Size smaller, forearm 52*omm. ... 3. to. seianum, Thos. Distribution : ,1. E. Jcinneari, Wroughton. 2. B. hafdwicTcei, Gray. S. B. muscatellum seianum, Thomas. Tifpe locality : — Bhuj, Cutch. (B. N. H. S.— Crump.) OtJier localities : — Kathiawar ; Nimar ; Bengal (M. S. I.) Tope:—B. M. No. 11. 12.11.1. Ti/p3 hcalitii : — " India." ether localities : — Nasirabad, Baj- putana ; Allahabad ; Khandesh; Dharwar (B. M.) Sind; Cutch; Palanpur; Kathiawar; Gwalior ; Central Provinces ; Dharwar ; Bel- lary; Bengal (M. S. I.) ' ., ;. 7//^je:--B. M. No. I.e. Tyj)e hcalify : — Seistan. (Col. MacMahon, Seistan Boundary Com- mission). Other he dities : — None. 2)ip3:—B. M. No. 6. 1. 2. 2. Family VIII. — MoLOSsm^. The name Tadarida has been substituted by Lyon (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxvii, p. 215, 1914), as being an older name, for Nyctinomus. Besides this Thomas recognises two other genera as occurring in our region, and arranges the three , SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY, 27 genera in a key (J. B. N. H. R., xxii, p, 91, 1913) as follows : — Key to the genera of the Molossid^e. A. — PremaxillaB separated ... ... ... I. Tadarida. B. — Premaxillse united. a. Basi-occipital pits well defined ; a prominent vertical projection on zygoma ... ... ... ... II. Otomops. h. Basi-occipital pits scarcely defined ; no projection on zj-goma ... III. Ch^REPHON. Gen. I. — Tadarida. No. 224. tragaius, Dobs. The only species. Distribution : — T. tragata, Dobson. Tiji^e hcalify : — Calcutta. Other localities: — Nasii'abad, Raj- putana (B. M.); Sind ; Cutch ; Pal- anpur ; Kathiawar; Dharwar ; My- sore (M. S. 1.). 2'//pe : — Iiid. Mus. Calc. No. 196. a. Gen. II. — Otomops. The genus was established by Thomas for the species found by Mr. Prater at Castle Rock, Kanara. Distribution : — 0. wroughtoni, Thomas. Ti/pe locality : — Talewadi, Kanara (B. N. H. S.— Prater). Other localities : — Kanara (B.M.). Type:—B. M. No. 12. 11. 24. 1. Gen. III. — Ch^rephon. No. 225. plioatus, B. Ham. The only species. Distribution ; — 0. flicatus, Buchanan Tij-pe locality: — Peninsula of India. Hamilton. Other localities: — Java; Malay Peninsula; R^jputana (B. M.); Teuasserim (M. S. I.). !ir//2>e ; — Unknown. S JO VRNA L, B 0MB A Y NA TUBAL HIST. SO CIETY, Vol. XX VI. Order III. — Tnsectivoka. The following is a key to the four families of this Order, viz. : — A. — Postorbital processes present ; orbital ring encircled by bone ... ... 1. TuPAiiD^. B. — Postorbital processes absent. a. Crowns of first and second upper molara with a central fifth cusp ; bullse imper- fect ... ... ... ... ... II. Erenaoeidjs. b. No central fifth cusp on first and second upper molars. a\ Zygomatic arches present; bulla9 ossified ... ... ... ... III. TALPiDiB. &\ Noz3'gomatic arches ; bullaa imperfect... ... ... ... IV. SORICID^. Family I. — Tupaiid^. Lyon has recently dealt with this Family in an exhaustive monograph (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xiv., p. 1., 1913). He estab- lislies a separate genus for the Peninsular forms occurring wesb of the Hiver Ganges, and distinguishes the two genera as follows : — Ket) to the genera of the TupaiiDjE. A. — Lower lobe of ear presenting a surface greater than upper half of ear ; inner side of ear fairly well haired ; reticula- tions on naked area of nose coarser. ... I. Anathana. B. — Lower lobe of ear presenting a smaller surface than upper portion of ear; inner side of ear scantily haired ; reti- culations on naked area of nose fiuer. II. Tupaia. Gen. I.— Anathana. Lyon recognises three species No. 101. ellioti, Waterh. which he distinguishes aa fol- lows : — Key to the species of Anathana. A. — Tail coloured like back; general colour above reddish brown ; feet and hind legs buff or ochraceous ... ... 1. ellioti, Waterh. /?. — Tail coloured differently from the back. SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 29 a. Colour of body above reddish brown ; I'eet and hind legs grizzled buffy ... 2. 'pallida, Lyon, h. Colour of body above dull grizzled brown- ish ; feet and hind legs grizzled gre}-- ish ... ... ... ... ...3. wrmightonijljjon. Distribution : — 1 . A. eUioti, Waterhouse. ^//?'^ locality : — Eastern Ghats, Madras (Elliot.) Other hcaUties :— "Madras"(Elliot). (B. M.) Type:—B. M. No. 50. 1. 21.5. 2. A. pallida, Lyon. Type locality : — Manbhuni, Ben- gal (Beavau). Oilier localities : — Raipur, Central Provinces. (B. M.) Type:-B. M. No. 66.12.28.2. 3. A. vrroughtoni, Lyon. Type locality : — Mandvi, Suiat. (Wi'oughton). Other localities : — Matheian, Bombay. (B. M.) 2'//2Je:—B.M. No. 96.11.7.1. Gen. II. — TuPAiA. There appears to be no record of No. 102. ferrvginea, TiafT. true ferrvginea with the mammary No. 103. nioobarica, Zeleb. foimula of 2-2^8, within our limits. The Burmese form with three pair of mammas is undoubtedly /)t?Zai/(7ea, Wagner. Thomas later (A. M. N. H. (8), xiii, p. 2 1 3, 1914), siiggested that chinensis. And., could not be allowed specific rank, but should be treated as a sub- epecies of heles :— B. M. Nos. 79.11.21. 479 and 480. (Type of riracilicaiula, Anderson, Ind. Mus. Calc.No. 250. h.). Lectotype -.—B M. No. 79. 11. 21. 479. 3. 8. leucops, Horsfield. Type locality: — Nepal. (Hodgson). Other localities: — Nepal (B. M.). Sikkim (M. S. I.) Type:— B.M. No. 79.11.21.483. (Tj^pe of macrMnts, Blanf B. M. No. 90.1.1.19.) 4. 8. haileyi, Thomas. Type locality : — Tsu Eiver, 7,500', Mishmi Hills, Assam. (Bailey). Other localities : — None. Type:—B. M. No. 14.1.1.1. Gen. II. — Blarinella. Thomas established the genus to B, irardi) Thomas. receive a Chinese form, and later (A. M. N. H. (8), XV., p. 335., 1915), referred the present species to it. SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 37 Distribution : — B, tvardi, Thomas. Type locality : — Hpimau, 8000', Upper Burma. (0. Thomas — F. K. Ward). Othet- localities : — None. Type-.—^. M. No. 15.2.1.3. Gen. III. — Feroculus The genus was established b}'- Kelaart for the very aberrant form he had already'' nam^d /erocitZits (Soreuc). Blanford adopts Blyth's name, but as it was not given until a 3"ear after the animal had been No. 119. macropus, Bl. called ferocuhis, by Kelaart, it must give place to that name. Distribution : — F. feroculus, KelaskTt. Tifpe locality: — Newera Eliya, Ceylon. (Kelaart). Other localities : — None. Type-.—B. M. No. 52.5.9.36. (Type of macropus. Blyth, the same specimen.). Gen. IV. — Pachyura. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 117. 118. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. No. 125. murina, L. caerulea, Kerr. hidiana, And. rubicunda, And. leucogenys, Dobs. davi, Dobs. hodijsoni, Jord. perrotteti, Duv. Gen. V. — Crocidura. No. 126. fuliginosa, Bl. No. 127. horsfieldi, Tomes. No. 128. famigata, De Fil. No. 129. aranea, L. These two genera form a most difficult group, and one that, though it has not been comprehensively worked, has had so many names sporadically assigned to it, that the difficult task of thoroughly 38 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. working it out has been rendered still more arduous. Mr. Hinton had undertaken to work out our Survej^ material, but circumstances have been too strong for us and the work has not yet even been begun. For the present. I think, and Mr. Thomas agrees with me, that the group had better be left alone in this Summary. Blanford lists 22 species of which 4 are Crocidura, but double that number of names already exist for the Pachyura alone. Gen. VI. — Anourosorex. -vT 1 on • A J Thomas pointed out (J. B. N. H. S., No. 16V. assamensis. And. . r, ./^ -irviX .i . .i XXIV., p. 700, 19 lb), that there appears to be no difference between assamensis, And., and squamipes, M.-Edw. DiSTRIBDTlON : — A. squamipes, Milne- Ed- Ti/pelocality : — Moupin, Sze-chuen. wards. Other localities : — Sze-chuen (B. M.); Chin Hills (M. S. I.). Ti/pe : — Paris Museum. (Co-types of assamensis, Andei'son, Ind. Mus. Calc. Nos. 278. a to e.). Gen. VII. — Chimarrogale. No. 131. himalayica. Gray. Distribution : — G. himalayica. Gray. Type locality: — " Himalaya". Other localities: — Kashmir,- Sik- kim (B. M.) ; Sikkim ; Darjiling (M. S. I.) Type ;— B. M. No. 42.2.18.1. Gen. VIII. — Nectogale. - ^ -p, , This name was given to a Chinese • y • " • animal. Later de Winton suggested (P. Z. S. p. 573, 1899) the name sikhimensis for the Indian form. SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 89 Distribution : — N, sikhiniensis, de Wiuton. Type locality: — Lathong, 10,000', Sikkim. (Waddell). . Qther localities: — Thibet ; Sikkim, Thibet (B. M.); Sikkim (M. S. 1.) ^Vi>e;—B. M. No. 96.1.1.9. Order IV. — Dermoptkra. Blanford uses the generic name GALtiOPiTHECUS, but Thomas, who dealt with the group names in this Order in 1908 (A. M. N. H. (8) I., p. 252), recognized two geneiic names, relegating Galeopithecus to the Philippine group, not represented in India, The other genus, Galeopterus, was taken by the Survey in Tenasserim. Gen. — Galeopterus. No. 133. volans^ L. This name was given by Linnasus to a Philippine ibrm and Thomas' \\WD,\e, 'peninsuloc must be used for our animal. Distribution :• — G. peninsula', Thomas. 2'//pe locality : — Samangko Pass, Malay Peninsula. (H, C. Robinson). Oilier localities : — Malay Peninsula (B. M.). Tenasserim (M. S. I.). Type:—B. M. No. 8.7.20.10. Order V.— Carnivora. The families cf the Carnivora may be arranged in a key as follows : — Key to the families of the Carnivora. A. — Bullge much dilated, rounded, and (except in Hv^NiDiE) divided into two chambers by a septum. a. Head short ; 3 or 4 teeth in upper molar series ; claws curved, sharp and retractile ; toes 5-4 ... ... I. Felid^ b. Head elongate. a'. Claws variable ; 5 or 6 teeth in molar series of each jaw; usually toes 5-5 ... ... ... II. ViVERRID-fi 40 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. //. Claws blunt, not retractile; 5 teeth in upper molar series, 4 in lower ; toes 4-4 B. — Bullae much dilated, rounded but not divided C. — Bullae not rounded nor divided. a. True molars 1-1 in upper jaw, 2-2 in lower ; no alisphenoid canal . . . I). True molars 2-2-in upper jaw; an alisphenoid canal present. a'. True molars 2-2 in lower iaw ... /''. True molars 3-3 in lower jaw ... Family I. — Felid^e. 111. HYiENID^. IV. Canid^e. Y. MuSTELIDiE. VI. Procyonid/e. VII. IlRSIDiE. The two genera included in this Family may be distinguished as follows : — Key to the genera of the Felid^. A. — Claws perfectly retractile ; inner cusp of upper sectorial well developed... I. Felis. B. — Claws imperfectly retractile ; inner cusp of upper sectorial rudimentary II. Acinonyx. Gen. I. — Felis. No. 28. leo; L. No. 29. tigris, L. No. 30. pardus, L. No. 31. uncia, Schreber. No. 32. nehulosa, Griffith. No. 33. marmorata, Martin. No. 34. temmincki, Vigors and Horsfield . No. 35. viverrina, Bennett. No. 36. bengalensis, Kerr. No. 37. ruhiginosa, I. Geof- frey. No. 38. manul, Pallas. No. 39. ornata, Gi'ay. No. 40. torquata, F. Cuvier. No. 41. chaus, Giildenstadt. No. 42. caracal, Giildenstadt. No. 43. lynx, L.. Numerous divisions have been proposed in • the first three species as established by Lin- naeus, but none have received general recognition. Blyth has established the name isahellina for the Indian form of the Lynx, and de Winton, who studied the group, has accepted Gray's name of afjinis for the Indian repre- sentative of choAis, on the ground of " its longer tail, bright fox- red ears, and lighter build", its narrower skull and slighter teeth, (A. M. N. H. (7). ii. p. 292, 1898). Blanford's key, modified to this extent, is as follows : — Key to the species of Felis. A. — Ears of moderate length, not tufted. a. Very large, total length over eight feet. SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 41 a'. Tawny throughout ; tail tufted at tip. 1. leo. L. In. Tvansversely stripedjtail not tufted.. 2. tigris, L. h. Smaller, total length less than 7*5 feet. a^ Spotted throughout. a\ Markings on body less than 2 in- ches in diameter. a\ Exceeding 5 feet from nose to tail-tip ... ... ... "d. pardus, L. h\ Less than 5 feet from nose to tail-tip. a\ Tail about one fourth the length of head and body too-ether ... ... ... 4. uiuernna, Benn. //. Tail about one third the length of head and body together. a\ No distinct longitudinal bands on crown ; ears pointed... ... ... 5. or?iaia, Gray. h\ Distinct longitudinal bands on crown ; ears rounded. a". Upper molar series 3 on each side ; tail unspotted... ... Q.ruhiginosa,(jieoS. If. Upper molar series 4 on each side ; tail spotted above ... . . . 7 . bengalensis, Kerr. If. Markings on body exceeding 2 inch- es in diameter, or becoming irregu- lar blotches. a\ Large ; pale grey or whitish with dai'k rings on body ... ... S.uncia, Schreb. h\ Brownish grey or tawny, with large irregular blotches or irre- gular black bands, ft*. Total length from nose to tail- tip over 5 feet in adults ... 9 . nehulosa, iiriff. b*. Total length under 5 feet ... 10. warmora /a,Mart. h^. Uniformly coloured, or with more or less indistinct transverse bands ; size moderate or small. a^. Size larger, total length 45 — 50 inches ; colour chestnut above ; tail whitish below ... ...11. t&mminc/d, Vig. &H. 42 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETl, Vol. XXVI. 6'. Size smaller, total length 30 — 35 inches. • a*. Paler, silvery grey or buff; fur long, thick and soft ... . ..12. manul, VaX\. />'. Darker, gvej or tawny. a*. Backs of ears coloured ochra- ceous... ... ... ...13. affinis, Gray. h*. Backs of ears colon red like the body .» ... ... ...14!. tor quata F. Cuv. B. — Ears long, pointed, with a tuft at the tip. a. Tail about one-fourth of total lenoth ...Ib.carafal, Giild. h. Tail less than one-fifth of total length . 1 6. isabeUina, Blyth. Distribution :- 1. F. leo, L. 2. F. tigris, L. 8. F. pardus, L. 4. F. viverrina, Bennett. 5. Jf''. omata, Gray. 6. F. rubiginosa, Geoffrey. Type locality : — Africa. Other localities : — Junagadh ; Ka- thiawar (B. M.). Type: — Unknown. (Type oi guzs- rateoisis, Smee, B. M. No. 55. 12. 24. 432.) Type locality : — Asia. Other localities:-{Geneva\\y through- out Indian region). T//p)e : — Unknown. Type locality : — Eg3'pt. Other localities :-{Geneva\\j through- out Indian region). Type : — Unknown. Ti/jje locality : — Madras Presidency (Heath), Other localities: — Mii-pur, Sind ; Kandy, Ceylon ; Nepal (B. M.); Eas- tern Province, Ceylon (M. S. I.). Ty)je:—B. M. No. 55. 12. 22. 252. 2^!/pff locality: — Rajputana (Boys). Other localities : — Thar and Parkar, Sind ; Sehore, Central India (B, M.) ; Sind; Cutch ; Eathiawar (M. S. I.). Ti/pe :— B. M. No. 48. 8. 14. 3. Tt/pe locality : — Pondiclieri, Madras. Other localities : — Nellore, Madras, (B. M.) ; Central Province, Ceylon (M. S. I.). Type : — Perhaps in Paris Museum. SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 43 7. F. bengaleiisis, Kerr. 8. F. uncia, Sclireber. 9. F. nebulosa, Griffith. 10. F. marmorata, Martin. 11. F. tewminchi, Vigors and Horsfield. 12. F. manul, Pallas. 13. F. affinis, Gray. Type locality : — " Bengal." Other localities • — S. Beluchistan Coorg ; Simla ; Piinjab ; Kumaon Nepal ; Lakhimpur, Assam ; Bengal Teuasserim ; Malay Peninsula (B. M.) Kumaon; Lsclinng, 8,800'; Chung- tang, 5,850' ; Darjiling 3,500' ; Sik- kim ; Chin Hills; E. Manipur; Upper Chindwin; Thayetmyo, Uuby Mines, (Maymyo, Upper Burma; Mergui; Tenasserim M. S. I.). Type : — Unknown. (Type of ellioti, Gray, B. M No. 1^8. a. ; Type of wagati, Gray, B. M, No. 192. a. ; Type of tenass(rimensis, Gray, B. M. No. 44. 3. 25. 285). Ti/pe localiti/ : — Unknown. Other localities : — Ladak ; Thibet (B. M.). Ti/jye : — Unknown. Tjtpe locoUty : — Sumatra. Other localities : — Nepal ; Sikkim ; Bhamo, Upper Burma (B. M.) Type : — Unknown. (Type of mac- roceloides, Hodgson, B. M. No. 45. 1. 8. 211.) TyjJe locality : — " Java or Sumatra." Other localities: — Nepal (B.M.) Type :— B. M. No. 55. 12. 29. 254 (Type of charltoni, Gray, B. M. No. 46. 3. 4. 6.) Tt/jK locality : — Sumatra. Other localities : — Nepal ; Sikkim ; Upper Chindwin ; Malav Peninsula (B. M.); N. Shan States (M. S. I). Type :— B. M. No. 55. 12. 24 240." Typelocalitij : — Central Asia. Other localities: — Kandahar (Blan- ford) ; Ladak (Strachey) ; Thibet ; " Kirgit-en," India (B.M). Type : — Unknown. Type locality : — Gangutri, Kumaon. Other localities : — Seistan ; Eajpu- tana ; Sehore, Central India; United Provinces ; Poona, Bombay ; She- 44 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. y&YOY Hills, Madras ; Colombo, Oey- lon ; Nepal ; Assam (B. M.); Upper Sind Frontier; Mt. Abu, Rajputana; Palanpur, Kathiawar ; Cutch ; Khan- desh ; Nimar ; Central Provinces ; Dharwar ; Kanara ; Coorg ; N. Pro- vince, Ceylon ; Kumaon ; Behar ; Orissa ; Midnapur, Bengal (T opo- type of kutas, Pearson) ; Bhutan Duars ; Chin Hills ; Lower Chind- win ; Mt. Popa, Upper Burma (M. S. I.). Type :— B. M. No. 57. 6. 10. 40. (Lectotype of erythvotvs, Hodgs, B. M. No. 43. 1. 12'. 6.). 1 4. F. torquata, F. Cuvier. Ti/pe locality : — Nepal. Other localities : — Rajputana ; Ku- maon (B. M.); Junagadh and Rajkot; Kathiawar (M. S. I.) Ty2Je :-^ Perhaps in Paris Museum. 15. F. caracal, Giildenstadt. Tijpe locality : — Caspian Sea. Other localities : — Baluchistan; Sind (B. M.); Cutch (M. S. I.) Type : — Unknown. 16. F. isabellina, Blyth. Type locality : — Thibet. Other localities '. — (jilgit ; Kashmir ; Thibet (B. M.) Go-types : — Ind. Mus. Calc. Nos. e. & /. of Sclater's Catalogue. Gen. II. — AciisoNYX. Hollister pointed out in 1911 (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xxiv. p. 225). that Cynailurus, the name adopted for this genus by Blanford, was established by Wagler in 1830, whereas Brookes used (Anat. Zool. Mus., p. 16.), Acinonyx in 1828. Hollister further noted (1. c.^ that No. 44, juhatus, Schreber. this name belonged to the African form, and that the earliest name for the Indian " cheetah " is venaticus, Gray, (Griffith's Cuv. v., p. 166, 1827). Distribution : — A. venaticus, Gray. Type locaMti/ : — "India". The spe- cies was founded on a picture by SUMMABY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 45 Hamilton Smith, which was probably based on an animal from Mysore. Other localities; — Except one mount- ed for exhibition, presented by the Zoological Society, the National Col- lection has no specimen of this animal, and none has been obtained by the Mammal Survey. Type ; — Unknown. Family II,— Viverrid^e. The two Subfamilies of Viverridj3 may be distinguished as follows : — Key to the Subfamilies of Viverrid.e. ^4. — Claws strongly curved, more or less retractile ; prescrotal glands usually present ... ... ... ... I. ViVERRiiViE. B. — Claws lengthened, exserted, not re- tractile; no prescrotal glands ... II. MuNGOTiNiE. Subfamily I. — Viverrin^. Gray's division of the genus Paradoxurus into two has now been generally accepted ; the name Arctogalidia has been substituted for Arctogale, this latter being preoccupied ; the genus Hemigalus, taken for the fii'st time within our limits, has to be added. Blan- ford's key of the Subfamily may be modified as follows : — Key to the genera of the Viverrin^e. A. — Ears not tufted ; tail not prehensile. a. Tarsus and metatarsus hairy behind ; tail with dark and light rings. a'. Two upper true molars ; a black gorget. a^. An erectile black dorsal crest ... I. Viverra. h'. No crest ... ... ... II. Yiverricula. h\ One upper true molar ; no gorget... III. Prionodon. /'. Tarsus partly naked. UK Sole naked nearly to the heel; tail not rino-ed. a'. Teeth large ; a preanal or pre- scrotal glandular tract. a'. Bony palate not extending a quarter of an inch behind the last upper molars .. . ... IV. Paradoxurus. 46 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETJ, Vol. XXVI. h\ Bony palate extending more than half an inch behind the last \ip])er molai'S fc^ Teeth small ; no naked preanal or prescrotal tract 6'. Sole at most half naked, tail ringed . B. — Ears tufted ; tail prehensile ; tarsus naked behind Gen. I. — ViVEKRA. V. Pagdma. VI. Arctogalidia. VII. Hemigalus. VIII. Arctigtis. No. 45. zibetha, L. No. 46. civettina, Blyth. No. 47. megaapila, Blyth. Two names were recently given by myself (J. B. N. H. S. xxxiv, p. 64, 1915) to local forms of zibelha. Further material seems to show that one of these, 'pida, cannot be maintained; the other, prvttiiosa, has to be added to the marginal list. The four forms may be arranged in a key as follows: — Key to the forms of ViVERRA. _4. — No black stripe down the upper side of the tail. a. A general fulvous tinge, due to the buff tips of all the hairs ... 1. z. zibetha, L. h. General colour a clear grey, due to the white tips of all the hairs ... 2. pruinosa, Wrought. B. — A black line down upper side of tail. a. Large transverse dark marks on sides 3. civettina, Blyth. b. All spots, no transverse marks ... 4<. megaspila, Bljth. Distribution : — 1. V. zibelha zibetha, Linnaeus. V. zibetha pruinosa, W rough ton. Ti/pe loGolity : — Bengal (Thomas, P'. Z. S., p. 187, 1911). Other localities: — Nepal (B. M.) ; Sikkim ; Darjiling ; Bhutan Duars ; Chin Hills; Lower Chindwin (M.S.I.). Type : — Unknown. (Lectotype of melaimra, Hodgs. B. N. No. 43. 1. 12. 25 ; type of civettoides, Hodgs. B. M. No. 43. 1. 12. 23). Type locality : — Tenasserim (B. N. H. S.— Sho'rtridge). Other localities : — Siam ; Malay Pe- ninsula (B. M.); Tenasserim; Shan States (li. S. I.). Type :— B. M. No. 14.12.8.106. SUMMARY OF TEE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 47 3. V. civettina, Blyth. 4. V. megasjjila, Blyth. Tyj)e locality : — South Malabar. Other localities : — None. Tijye-. — lndi. Mus. Calc. (6. of Sclater's Catalogue). Type locality : — Prome, Lower Bui-- ma. Other localities: — Chindwin ; Mt. Popa ; Tenasserim (M. S. I.) Type : — Lost. Gen. II. — ViVEKKICULA. No. 48. malaccensis, Gmel. Almost all authors have remarked on the vaiiability of this animal, but though several different races have been described I have entirely failed so far in finding one that seems valid. Distribution :- - F. malaccensis, Gmelin. Type locality : — " in ludiis ". Other localities : — Dagshai, Pun- jab ; Rajputana; Nepal; Assam; Central Provinces; Dharwar; N. Mal- abar; Madras; Ceylon; Upper Burma, Pegu ; Malay Peninsula (B.M.) ; Siud; Cutch ; Palanpur; Kathiawar; Satara ; Dharwar ; Coorg ; Kumaon ; Bengal ; (topotypes of bengalensis; Gray) ; Sikkim ; Bhutan Duars ; Chin Hills ; Chindwin ; Mt. Popa ; Tenasserim (M.S.L). Ty2)e :— Unknown. (B.M. No. 85. 8.1.27. tyj)e of subspecies deserti, Bonh.). Gen. III. — PmoNODON. No. 49. pardicolor, Hodgs. No. 50. moculosus, Blanf. There seems no necessity for any change in these names. Blanford distinguishes the two species as follows : — Key to the species of Prionodon. A. — Smaller, head and body about 15 inches; back with longitudinal rows of large dark spots 1 . pardicolor, Hodge. 48 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. 7?. — Larger, head and body ] 8 or 20 inches ; back with broad transverse bands ... 2. niacidosus, Blanf. Distribution : — 1. P. 'pardicolor, Hodgson. 2. P. maculosus, Blanford. Type locality : — Nepal (Hodg- son). Other localities : Sikkim (B.M. and M.S.I.). Co-types:— B. M. Nos. 43.1. 12.10 and 11. Lectotyi^e :—B.M. No. 43.1.12.11. 2^yp)& locality : — Bankachon, Te- nasserim. (Hvime — Davison). Other localities : — Malay Penin- sula (B.M.) Co-tupes.—B.M. Nos. 85. 8. 1. 28 and 83.10.24.1. hectotype:—B. M. No. 85.8.1. 28. Gen. IV. — Paradoxurus. No. 51. niger, Desm. No. 52. hermaphroditus. Blanford in his key of the genus places \ No black crown ... ... 5. rat;?ts, Miller. B. — Pattern a uniform colour. a. General colour dull rusty red ... G. aureus, F. Cuvier. h. General colom' dark brown ... ... 7. jerdoni, Blanf. Distribution : — 1. P. crossi. Gray. Type locality : — Unknown, (me- nagerie specimen). Other localities : — Nepal; Dekhan (Sykes) ; Central India ; Rajpu- tana (B. M.) ; Rohilkund (M. S. I.) Type :— B. M. No. 78 a. (Type of hirsutus. Hodo-son B. M. No. 43. 1,12.119. ; Type of niqrifrons, Gray, B. M. No. 42. 10. 5.' 2.) 2. P. aiger, F. Cuv. Type locality : — Pondicheri. Other localities : — Madras (Jer- don) ; Ceylon (B. M.) Satara ; Dharwar ; Kanara ; Mysore ; Coovg (M. S. I.). 60 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. 3. P. strictus, Horsfield. 4. P. birmanicus, Wrougli- ton. 5. P. ravus, Miller. 6. P. aureus, F. Cuvier. 7. P. jerdoni, Blanford. Type : — Perhaps in Paris Mus. (Type of pallasi, Gray B, M. No. 55. 12. 2 t. 230. ; Type of nictita- tans, Taylor, B. M. No. 92. 7. 28. 1.). Type locality : — Nepal (Hodg- son). Other localities : — Assam (B. M.) ; Darjiling; Bhutan Duais (M. S. I.). Type: -B. M. No. 79. 11. 21. 546. (TjTpe of (juadriscrijjtus, Hors- field, B. M. No. 79.11.21.542; Type of vicinus, Schwartz, B. M, No. 79.11. 21. 2b3). Tyj)e locality : — Mingun, Upper Burma (B. n! H. S.— Shortridge). Other localities : — Tonghoo ; S. W. Siam (B. M.). ; Lower Chindwin Shan States ; Mt. Popa (M. S. I.). Type :- B. M. No. 14. 7. 19. 89. Type locality : — Trong, Lower Siam. (Abbott). Other localities : — Lower Pegu (B. M). ; Tenasserim (M. S. I.) Type:— v. S. Nat. Mus. No 84429. Type locality : — Ceylon. Other localities : — Newera Ceylon (Kelaart) (B. M.) Gya, Ceylon (M. S. 1.). Ti/2-)e : — Perhaps in Museum. Tyjje locality : — Hills of Malabar. Other localities : — Travancore ; Anamalai Hills ; Nilgiri Hills (B. M.) ; Coorg (M. S. I.). Type :— B. M. No. 88. 9. 26. 2. Eliya, Kala Paris Gen. V. — Paguma. As pointed out above, under Paradox urus, this genus contains the section " B" of Blanford's key No. 65. grayi, Benn. to that genus, i.e., the species grayi, Benn., of which nipalensis and lanigera are synonyms, and of which Schwartz has separated SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 61 (A. M. N. H. (8) xii., p. 289, 1913), a western subspecies under the name wroughtoni. Besides this, however, a species leucomystax, Gray, inhabiting the Malay Peninsula and south waids, is now found to extend its range northwards, in a slightly modified form to which Miller has given (Proc, Biol. Soc. Wash., xix., p. 26, 1906) the Bubspecific name robusta. A Chinese ibrm, from Yun- nan, viz. : — larvata, Temm., similarly extends within the border of northern Burma and to this form T have given (J. B. N. H. S. xix., p. 793, 1910), the subspecific name of intrudens. Finally Tytler has described a form from the Andamans (J. A. S. B. xxxiii., p. 188, 1864), under the name tytleri. These forms maybe arrang- ed in a key as follows : — Key to the forms of PaGUMA. 1. tyileri, Tytl. 2. leuc. robuata, Mill. A. — Hair, short (20-25 mm.) and harsh ... B. — Hair, long (35-40 mm.) and silky. a. Median pale face stripe not produced beyond the forehead backwards ... 6, Median pale face stripe produced backwards on to crown. a\ Median, pale face stripe not produced backwards on to the nape. Paler ; head and neck not mark- edly darker than rest of body. 3. grayi grayi, Benn Darker ; head and neck marked iy darker than rest of body . . a Median pale face stripe produced backwards on to the nape ... 4. grayi wroughtoni, Scliw. 5. larv. intrudens, Wr. Distribution : — 1 . P. tytleri, Tytler. 2. P. leucomystax rohusta, Miller. Type locality : — Andamans. (Tyt- ler.) Other localities : — Rutland Island, Andamans (B. M.). Co-types: — Ind. Mus. Calc. Nos. I. tn. n. p. q. Type locality : — Trong, Lower Siam. (Abbot!,)'. Other localities : — Bankachon, Tenasserim (M. S. I.). Type:—\J. S. Nat. Mua. No. 86796. 0-2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. 3. P. (jroAji grayi, Bennett. 4. 5. P. (jrayi ivroughtoni, Schwartz. P. larvata intradens, Wroughton. Type localiti/ : — " India." Other localities : — Nepal (B. M.) ; Kuniaon, 9,000' ; Dai>jiling 2,000' ; Chin Hills (M. S. I.) Tyfe-.—B. M. No. 55.12.24.232. (Type of lanigera, Hodgson, B. M. No. 43. 1. 12. 103; Type of mpa- lensis, Hodgson, B. M. No. 45. 1. 8. 297). Type localiti/ : — ^Grharial, Punjab. (Dium). Other localities : — Simla, Punjab ; Kashmir (B. M.). Type:—B. M. No. 7. 11. 21. 11. l^/'pG locality : — Myitkyina, Up- per Burma. (Capt. A. W. Kem- mis.) Other localities : — Yunnan, China (B. M.) Northern Shan States (M. S. I.). Ti/pe :— B. M. No. 9.7.20.6. Gen. VI. — Arctogalidia. The name Arctogale was first used by Kaup in 1829 (Entw) Gesch. Nat. Syst. Ear. Thierwelt. ii, p. 30.) for a genus of MuSTELiD^, and Merriam substituted (Science, v., p. 302, 1897) for it the name of Arctogalidia in its present connexion. No. 56. Leucotis, Horsf. Distribution : — The only species. A. leucotis, Horsfield. Type locality : — Tenasserim. Other localities : — Lower Siam ; Malay Peninsula (B. M.); Tenas- serim Village (M. S. I.). Type:—B.U. No. 79.11.21.545. Gen. VII. — Hemigalus. Thomas has pointed out (J. B. N. H. S. xxiii., p. 612, 1915), that the animal usually known as Hemigale hardwickei, must in future be called Hemigalus derbianus, Graj^. Blanford does not mention the genus at all, for it had not, in his day, been found withni cur limits. The Survey having now obtained specimens from Tenasserim, SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 53 only slightly differing from typical derbianus, Thomas has supplied the subspecific name (1. c. p. 613) incursor. Distribution : — //. derbianus incursor, ^'i/i^« locality : — Bankachon, S. Thomas. Tenasserim. (B. N. H. S.- -Short- ridge.) Other localities : — None. ""nve-.—B. M. No. 14.12.8.115. Gen. VIII. — Arctictis. Thomas has named a new species No 57 binturona Eaff ^"'^^ ^- ^- ^^^^ ^^' ^' ^- ^- (^>>' xvii, p. 270, 1916), under the name (jairdyieri, which will very probably be found to extend into our limits. These two forms may be dis- tinguished as follows :- — Key to the sjjecies of Arctictis. A. — Size large, greatest length of skull, 153 mm. ... ... ... ... ... 1, gairdneri^ Thos. B. — Size small, greatest length of skull, 136 mm. ... ... ... ... ... 2. hiniurong. Raff. Distribution : — 1. A. gairdneri, Thomas. ^V/'e locality: — Sai Yoke, S. W. Siam. (Gairdner.) Other localities : — S. W. Siam (B. M.) Type :— B. M. No. 15.12.1.26. 2. A. binturong, Raffles. Type locality : — Sumatra. (Raffles.) Other localities : — Upper Burma (B. M.) Tenasserim (M. S. I.) Type : — Unknown. Subfamily II. — MuNGOTiNiG. Gen. — MuNGOS. The name used by Blanford, Herpestes, for thiis genus dates only from 1811, whereas Geoffroy and Cuvier used the name MuNGOS fifteen years earlier (Mag. Encycl. ii., p. 184, 1795). 54 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. The form persicus, Gray, in- cluded in the synonymy of auro- No. 58. auropundatus, punctatus by Blanford^does not, bo Hodgs. far as I have been able" to discover, No. 59. birmanicus, Thos. occur within our limits, but pal- lipes is a well marked form of the Kandahar border. Miss Ryley des- cribed (J. B. N. H. S. xxii., p. 661,1914) another local race, under the name helvns, from Deesa, Gujerath. Quite recently I recorded that the type of nipalensis, Gray, had been found (J. B, N. H. S. XXV., p. 68, 1917). I gave a very full synonymy of this species, when it was first No. 60. mungo, Gmel. obtained by the Survey (J. B.N.H. S.xxi.,p. 401, 1912). One name only out of all those recorded, i.e., ferrugineiis, requires to be revived to represent the race of mungo from the extreme north of India. Miss Ryley added the name pallens (J. B. N. H. S. xxii., p. 660 1914) for the Gujerath form. Since then I have had occasion to provide two more Sub- specific names, mcerens and ellioti (for the Nimar and Dharwar forms respectively), and to make a new species, lanha, for the Ceylon form (J. B. N. H. S. xxiv., p. 50, 1915). These five species make up the remainder of Blanford's key. No. 61. smithi. Gray. The only change required in No. 62.fuscus, Waterh. any of them is pointed out by No. 6S. fulvescens, Kel. Miss Ryley in her Report on South No. 64. vitticollis, Benn, Ceylon (J. B. N, H. S. xxii., p. 706, No. 65. urva, Hodgs. 1914), where she substitutes jiavi- dens i'ov fulvescens, Kelaart having used the former name in 1850 (J. R. A. S. Ceyl. ii., p. 323), though the reference was overlooked by Blanford. These maj'- be arranged in a key as follows : — Key to the species of Mungos. A. — No neck-stripe. a. No black tail-tip. a\ Fur close and short, longer hairs of back with 4 or 5 rings of colour ; size, small. o'. Hindfoot, without claws, less than two inches long. a^ Pattern very coarse. a*. Dai'ker, dark brown ... 1 . auropunctatus Hodgs. SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 66 h\ Paler, buff. a'. Ground colour cream biiff ... }f. Ground colour white . . . 6^ Pattern very fine ... Hindfoot, without claws, more than two inches long ... hairs of back than 5 rings; size. long a Fur longer with more larger. N aked sole extending to heel . a'. Pattern of grizzle, coarser. a h\ a Face, feet, and tail-tip coloured strongly ferru- ginous ... Face, feet, and tail-tip not or only slightly co- loured ferruginous. Face, feet, and tail noticeably but not strongly ferruginous. a^. Under fur buff... h\ Ferruginous ing Under fur white, colour- of face, feet and tail-tip almost or entirely absent. a\ Under fur grey- ish-white 2. aur. helvus, Ryl. 3. aiir. pallipes, Bl. 4. nipcdensis, Gray. 5. birmanicus, Thos. 6. mungo ferrugi- neus, Bl. 7. mungo mungo, Gmel. 8. pallens, Ryl. 9. mungo moerens, Wr. 1 0 . mungo elliotiyWr . 11. lanha, Wr. a h\ Under fur buff. 6^ Pattern of grizzle very fine . Naked sole not extending to heel. Size large, tarsus and hind- foot about three inches ; colour dark brown grizzle... 12. fuscus, Waterh. Size smaller,tarsus and hind- foot less than 2-7 inches; colour dark brown or rufous. b. A black tail-tip B. — A neck-stripe. a. Neck-stripe black ; a black tail-tip. . . h. Neck-stripe white ; no black tail-tip.. b\ 13. flavidens,^e\. 14. smithi, Gray. 15. vitticollis, Benn. 16. wrva, Hodgs. 56 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. Distribution : — 1. M. auTOjjmidafus. Hodgson. 2. M, auropunctatus helims, Ryley. 3. M. auropunctatus iml- lipes, Blyth. 4. M. nipalensis, Gray. M. birmmiicas, Thomas. 2[. inungo fermgine us Blanford. 7. M. mungomimgo, Gmelin. Type localitij : — Nepal (Hodgson). Other localities -.—-Kashmir ; Orissa; Ktich Behar (B.M.) ; Bhutan Duars (M. S. 1.) CWi/pes:— B.M.No. 43.1.12.20. & 22. Ledotype :— B. M. No. 43.1.12.20. Type locality : — Deesa, Guzerath (B. N. H. S.— Crump). Other localities : — Palanptir, Gvvalior State; Bengal CM. S. I.) Type :— B. M. No. 13.8.23.1. Type locality : — Kandahar. Other localities : — Seistan ; Sukknr and Larkana, Sind (B. M.) ; Khair- pur, Sind Frontier (M, S. I.) T'yp'e : — Unknown. Type locality : — " North India"'. Other localities : — Midnapnr, Ben- gal, (M. S. I.) Type:—B. M. No. 43.5.31.18. Ty])e locality : — Pegu (Gates). Other localities : — Manipur ; Cachar (B. M.) ; Peau (M. S. I.) %^e:— bTm. No. No. 81.12. 2.4. , Ty2Je locality : — Larkhana, Sind. Other localities : — Rohri, Sind ; Kohat, N. E. Provinces (B. M.) ; Khairpur State and Sukkur, Sind (M. S. I.). Type: — Indian Museum, Calcutta, No."? Type locality : — " Hab. in Ben- gala, Persia, aliisque Asias calli- dioribus plagis." Other localities : — Nepal (B. M.) ; Gwalior State ; Central Provinces ; Ramnagar, Kuniaon ; Jalpaiguri, Bengal; Bhutan Duars; Daltongunj, Behar (M. S. I.). Type : — Unknown. (Co-types of nyula, Hodgs. B. M. Nos. 43.1.12.17. 1*8.19. Lectotype B. M. No. 43.1.12. 18. SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 57 8. M . mungo pollens , Ryley. 9. M. muncjo mixrens, Wroughton. 10. M. mungo eMioti, Wroughton. Type locality : — Palanpur, Guzerath (B. N. H. S.— Crump). Other localities : — Hazara ; Sambhar Rajputana; Jodhpur State (B. M.) Mt. Abu, Rajputana; Danta State Guzerath ; Cutch State ; Philibhit Rohilkund (M. S. I.). Type:—B. M. No. 13.8.23.2. Type locality : — Ganoor, Nimar. (B.'n. H. S.— Crump). Other localities : — Cutch ; Juna- gadh State : Khandesh ; Berar ; Ho- shangabad ; Central Provinces (M . S. I.) Tt/pe-.—B. M. No. 12.6.28,14. Type locality : — Dharwar (B.N.H.S. — Shortridge). Other localities : — North Kanara ; "Madras" ( Jerdon) ; Trevandrum, Travancore (B. M.), Seringapatam South Mysore; South Coorg (M. S. I.). Type:—B. M. No. 12 6.29.44. Ti/pe locality : — Cheddikulam, N. P., Ceylon (B. N. H. S.— Mayor). Other localities : — Ceylon (Colombo Museum) (B. M.) ; Tammanewa; Ceylon (M. S. I.) Type :— B. M. No. 15.3.1.54. Type locality : — " India." Other localities : — " Madras" (Jer- don) ; Trevandrum, Travancore (B. M.); South Coorg (M. S. I.). Type :— B. M. No. 55.12.24. 227." lo. M.Jiavidens, Kelaart. Type locality: — Central Ceylon. (Kelaart). Other localities : — Kandy (B. M.) ; Central Province, & Uva, Ceylon (M. S. L). Type : — Ind. Mus. Calc. No. a ? Type locality : — Unknown. Other localities : — Sambhar, Rajpu- tana ; Shevaroy Hills, Madras ; "Madras" (Jerdon); Kandy, Ceylon (B. M.) ; Mt. Abu, Rajputana ; Hoshangabad, Central Provinces ; 11. M. lanha, Wrough ton. 12. M. fusctis, Water- house. 14. M. smithi, Gray 68 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX VL Satara ; Mankeni and Ranna, Ceylon (M. S. I.) Type-.—B. M. No. 38.12.13.1. (Co-types of jerdoni, Gray, B. M. Nos. 46.11.6.21 and 46.11.9.5. Lectotype , B. M. No. 46.11.9.5.). 15. M. vitticollis, Bennett. Tiii?e locality : — Travancore. Other localities : — Dharwar (Elliot) ; Nilgiri Hills, Ceylon (B. M.), Coorg (M. S. I.) Type:—B. M. No. 55.12.24.224. 16. M. urva, Hodgson. T iijje locality : — Central and North Nepal. Other localities : — Sadya, Assam ; Upper Chindwin ; Tharawaddy and Rangoon, Burma (B. M.) ; Kanara ; Darjiling (M. S. 1.). Go-types:— B. M. Nos. 43..1. 12.31, 32 and 33. Lectotype :— B. M. No. 43.1.12.33. Family III. — Hv^NiDiE. Gen. — Hy^na. Thomas pointed out in 1911 (P. No. QQ. striata, Zimm. Z. S. p. 134), that %oewa, L., must be substituted for striata. There is not only not enough material from India, but still more there is none to join up the Indian region with the type locality. Distribution : — • H. hyuf.na, Linnasus. ^^VP^ locality : — The Benna Mount- ains, Bunder Abbas, Persian Gulf. Other lo<-alities : — Khairpur, Sind ; Cutch ; Khandesh ; Niraar ; Central Provinces ; Kumaon ; Orissa (M.S.I.). Type : — Unknown. (To be continued.) 69 SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY No. XVIII. Beport on the House Rats of India, Burma, and Ceylon. BY Martin A. C. Hinton. At the request of the Bombay Natural History Society, I under- took the comparison of the House Rats collected by the Mammal Survey with the Indian material in the British Museum. The work proved to be a complex and dithcvilt task, but I have now reached three chief conclusions, namely : — (1) That the common Indian House Rat, which in the various Survey Reports has been listed either as " Epimys rufescens'^ or else as " i\ rvfesc-ns, var. with white underparts," is indistinguishable specifically from Rattus * rattus, Linnaeus ; (2) that this species shows in India, Burma and Ceylon, a definite geographical variation, so that many races or subspecies have now to be recognized ; and (3) that the forms described as B. nitidus and R. vicerex, about the status of which there has been much controversy, are entitled to full specific rank, although they, too, are members of the B. rattus group. In this paper R. rattus, as represented in the Mammal Survey collections, is dealt with exhaustivelv ; and R. nitidus receives sufli- cient treatment to enable me to define a very interesting sub- species from the Chin Hills. With regard to R. vicerex, I must for the present content myself with publishing some skull measure- ments. In presenting my results to the Society I am fully conscious of the fact that there is still plenty of room for further woik upon these very difficult and somewhat unattractive animals. To obtain definite results one needs long series of careiul measurements, external and cranial, accompanied by careiul notes on the colour and mammae, from as many districts as possible. As a basis for further research I have given my original tables of skull measure- ments, with a description of the method of making them, at the end of this paper. If observers, dwelling in comparatively remote 1 As pointed out by Hollister (P. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIX, p. 126, 1916), Rattus (misprinted Ruttus), Fischer {Das National Mtisemn der Naturgeschichte zu Paris. Frankfurt au Main. 1803, Bd. II, p. 128), is a valid generic name and mu.st replace Epimys, Trouessart (1880). This is unfortunate but quite uoavoidablo. I would take this opportunity of expressing- my agreement v.ith Thomas's state- ment that Fischer took R. rattus as the type of his genus, and not " decumarms " (norvegicus) as asserted by Hollister. 60 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. districts, could be induced to furnish us with corresponding data, each dealing with say 100 fully adult rats from his own district and carefully studied by himself, our knowledge of the geogra- phical variation and its systematic value would very quickly be placed upon a secure foundation. Key to Indian, Cinghalese, & Burmese members of the group based principally upon external characters) : — I. Tail bi-coloured ... ... ... Rattus vicerex,'Bou\\ote. II. Tail unicoloured. A. Fur very fine ; lacking all trace of bristles. Nasal length exceeding 40 per cent, of the condylo-basal length of skull. a. Tail longer, about 108 per cent, of length of head and body. Fur long and thick ; underparts silvery or hoary. Rattus nitidiis nitidus, Hodgson. I>. Tail scarcely longer than head and body. Fur short and thin ; underparts not silvery, frequently with rusty tinge ... Rattus nitidus ohsoletus, Hinton. B. Fur coarser, usually with many bristles (though these vary in strength). Nasals usually less than 40 per cent, of the condylo- basal length of the skull. a. Ventral fvir white to bases ; lateral line of demarcation usually well defined. a' Mammae normally 3-3=12. a' Pectoral mammae not under- going reduction. a^ Tail relatively short, averaging less than ] 20 per cent, of the head and body length. «* Dorsal colour dull greyish brown ; audital bullae very large ... R. rattus tatkonensis, Hinton. 7/ Dorsal colour with an ochreous tinge; audital bullfB medium sized... R. rattus l-Jiyensis, Hinton. SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 61 /'' Tail relatively long, ave- raging more than 120 per cent, of the head and body length. a* Fur of tinderparts long and soft. Dorsal co- lour cold o-rev or vel- low ... ... ... R. rattus ijav gut nanus, Hinton. // Ventral fur shorter and harsher. ft" Dorsal colour black, grizzled with tawny. Battus ■laacinillani, Hinton. h Dorsal colour rich dark olive brown ... 7?. rattus siJihimensis, Hinton. Ir Pectoral mamnige undergoino- reduction. Tail short, ave- raging about 108 per cent, of head and body length. Dorsal colour umber ... i?. rattus fikos, Hinton. // Mammae normally 2-3^10 a'^ Fur full ; dorsal colour warm and bright. Tail length variable. a^ Dorsal colour olive brown. a* Size larger (H. & B. averaging 145; HF. 32) ; tail shorter, about 123 per cent, of head and body length ... Ii. rattus tistre,}iinton . h' Si^e smaller (H. & B. averaging 137 ; HF. 31); tail longer, about 131 per cent, of head and bodv lenoth ... 7?. rattus Jihotia, Hinton. />^ Dorsal colour not olive brown. a* Backs bright clay or golden broAvn ; tail very long, more than 150 per cent, of head and body length ... It. rattus sa.tarct', Hinton. 63 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. V Backs inclining to rufous ; whitish bristles usually present. a^ Tail shorter, about 122 per cent, of head and body length ... R. r. turoughtoni, Hinton. &' Tail longer, about 132 per cent, of head and body length ... ... B. r. kandianus, Kelaart. V' Fur rather short, thin and harsh, but usually not spiny; dorsal colour cold and dull ; tall long, about 1 35 per cent, of head and body length. a^ J)orsal colour warmer, near cinnamon brown or tawu}'^ ... ... ... B. rattus arhoreus, Buch. — Ham. y Dorsal colour colder and greyish. a* Dorsal colour drab ; long black hairs tend- iusf to ':orin a mid- dorsal stripe... ... B. rattus na/rhadce, Hinton. 6* Dorsal colour drab grey ; mid-dorsal line dt^cidedly darkened by black hairs ; white of belly duller B. rattus girensis, Hinton. b. Ventral fur slaty based; no sharp line of demarcation along flanks. a^ Fur long, dense, and soft; ventral fur white tipped ; tail short, le^s than 120 per cent, of head and body len^'th ... ... ... Rattus lelaarti, Wroughton. 6' Fur thinner and harsher ; ventral fur not white tipped ; SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 63 tail long, more than 120 per cent, of head and body length. a^ Dorsal colour rufous ; hair of belly rough with rusty tinge ... ... R. rattus nifescens, Gray. R. raitus nemoralis, Blyth. h'. Dorsal colour rarely ru- fous ; bellies without rusty tinge. a\ Backs grey or brown ; belly light grey to dusky, rough or smooth R. rattus alexandrinus , Geoff. b\ Back black; belly bluish gi'cy, sleek haired R. rattus rattus, Linnaeus. 1. Rattus rattus, Linnasus. A brief reference to the history of this species in Europe will greatly facilitate both the presentation and the understanding of the Indian facts. Mus rattus, Linneeus [Syst. JSat., 10th ed., 1758, p. Q\), was described from Upsala, Sweden and based upon the well known Black Rat. At or a little before the date when Linnaeus wrote, this animal was the common house rat of Europe, but later it was almost completely replaced by the Brown Rat (^R. norvegicus, Berkenhout). T^-pical /?. rattus is characterized externally by its dusky coloration, its back being usually black and its underparts of a dark brownish grey or slate. In 1803, Geoffrey (Cat. Mamyn. Mas. Nat. cV Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 192) named his Mus alexandrinus from Alexandria, Egypt ; and in 1812, he gave a full description and figure (Descr. de lEgypte, Hist. Nat. II., p. 735 ; Atlas PI. V, fig. 1). From the latter account it is evident that Mus alexandrinus is a rat in which the back is buffy brown, this colour brightening gradually on the flanks to pass insensibly into the whitish or yellowish grey of the underparts. In 1814, Rafinesque (Prec. des Decouv. et Trav. Somiologiques, p. 13) described his " MwscwZms frugivorus", from Sicily ; 'and in 1825, Savi (Nuovo Giorn. dei Letterati, Pisa, X, p. 74) re-described the same form from Pisa, Italy, under the name of Mus tedorum. This Sicilian and Italian rat is brown above as in ahxandrinus, but it possesses a softer coat, and the fur of its underparts is of a pure 64 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. white or lemon yellow colour, separated on each side from the rich tint of the flanks by a sharp line of demarcation. In 1866, de I'lsle {Ann. 8c. Nat. (Zool.) IV, p. 173) described a series of breeding experiments which he had made with " Mus rattus" and " Mus alexandrinus" ; by the latter name Rafinesque's frugivorus and not Geoifroy's alexandrinus seems to have been im- plied. Among the progeny of the various crosses effected, were some peculiar rats which de I'lsle called " semi alexandrines^' ; judg- ing from the description these must have corresponded rather closely with Geoffrey's alexandrinus in outward appearance. De I'lsle demonstrated that rattus, fntgivoms, and alexandrinus are nothing but colour phases of one and the same species, viz., R. rattus, Lin- naeus. His experiments suggested that the wild-coloured frugivo- rus represents the primitive stock, properly belonging to warm temperate or sub-tropical regions ; and that the dusky coloration of typical rattus is simplj'- a change of hue brought about by the indoor life' forced upon the species by its successful endeavours to colonize colder lands. The species appears to have made its way to north- western Europe at about the time of the Crusaders ; and by the 16th century, at the latest, it had fullj'' assumed there its familiar dusky garb. Geoffroy's alexandrinus may be regarded as an intermediate stage, the belly having acquired within doors a darker colour, and having lost its sharp contrast with the flank tint, although dorsal darkening has not taken place to any considerable extent. In examining a large, cosmopolitan collection of rats, it is quite easy to find and arrange a series of individuals connecting frugivorus with alexand/rinus, and especially the latter form with typical rattus. Mendelians, as Bonhote (P.Z.8., 1910, p. 653 and 1912, p. 6), argue that these three forms of rattus have arisen as mutations. There is nothing inconsistent between this view and the history of typical rattus as outlined above. In any case the colour differentia- tion in the three races is susceptible of a physiological explanation. Recently the three European races have been treated as subspecies, the characters of which may be tabulated as follows : — A^ — Dorsal parts black. Ventral parts dusky ; the hairs on belly short and usually adpressed ... ... R. rattus rattus, Linn. B. — Dorsal parts brown. a. Ventral parts not usually conspicuous- ly lighter than flanks ; ventral hairs with slaty bases ; coat harsh and usiial- ly thin ... ... ... . . ii, rattus alexand/rinus, Geoff. h. Ventral parts light coloured, sharply contrasted with flanks ; ventral hairs ^SCIENTJnC JiESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 65 mostly pure white or lemon coloured to their bases ; coat soft and usually- thick.. . ... ... ... ... R. rattus frugivorus, Raf. Specimens intergrading in appearance between these subspecies usually come from colonies of mixed origin, e.g., those of ships or of large towns. Where opportunities ibr pure breeding occur, as on small islands, each of these subspecies breeds perfectly true to type. It is, of course, unfortunate that the typical form of the spe- cies, in a technical sense, is B. r. o'cUtus (which is little better than a domestic animal), and not the really wild form, M. r. frugivorus. Turning now to India, the rats listed in the Survey Reports as " rufesceyis " , or " r«yescews var.", afford us with problems of con- siderable complexity. In the first plav^e, although I am unable to find any character in the dentition, skull, or external parts, to distinguish any of them satisfactorily from R. rattus, the range of variation is enormous. Indian skulls with well worn teeth have the condylo-basal length ranging between 34 and 44 mm. The fur may be long, soft, dense and without spines; or it may be short, thin, and harsh, with numerous spiny bristles. 'YA\b dorsal colour varies between bright rufous, or warm olivaceous tints on the one hand, to dull tawny, or cold mixtures of black and grey on the other. The underparts may be pure white or pale lemon ; or they may be slat}', with or without a rusty tinge or bloom. The hands and feet may be white or yellowish above, with or without dusky markings ; or they may be wholly blackish brown in colour. The mammary formula may be 2-3 = 10 or 3-3=12. Every intermediate stage between the extremes indicated may be found in the collec- tions before me. Nevertheless, much of this variation has a definite geographical value ; and where long series are available from one locality or district, the rats are usually lound to conform closely to one or more definite local types. It is therefore possible to define a considerable number of local races or subspecies. The members of the rattus group seem to afford an exception to the rule, so general for wild mammals, that not more than one subspecies of a given species, or not more than one of two or more very closely allied species can inhabit a given locality. But these rats are capable of playing many parts in warin countries 5 thus we find them following a free life in fields and hedgerows, far from houses, or high up among the branches of trees in forests ; or they may lead a purely parasitic existence in human habitations or shelters. It is a poor sort of locality which refuses at least two " niches in nature " for rattus ; and the semi-domesticated stocks, at all events, of this species have frequent opportunities for prospect- ing and touring conferred upon them by railways, wheeled carriages, and shipping. 9 66 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. Like other murines, this species shows, within certain limits, an almost startling plasticity. Its structure responds readily to the demands of purely local requirements. If necessary colour or the quality of the coat are modified ; a change in diet induces modifi- cations in the development or the " set " of the muscles of mastication ; and these in turn mould the skull, or lead to the lengthening or shortening of the tooth-rows. Considerations such as those mentioned in the preceding paragraphs lead us to realize the hopelessness of attempting to disentangle the history of the rats in large towns or ports like Calcutta or Bomba3^ In such places the rat population is a motley horde, representing the progeny of truly native rats crossed with the descendants of old wanderers and with newcomers not only from the neighbouring hinterland but from all parts of the world. It is therefore only in the more remote parts of the country that we can reasonably expect some measure of success to crown such efforts. The material collected by the Mammal Survey is most extensive, and although gaps exist it is now possible to gain a broad idea of the chief facts relating to the distribution and variation of the present species in India. Save for the conclusion that 11. nitidus in entitled to full specific rank, the conclusions of this paper are little more than natural extensions of those reached by Thomas in 1S81, upon the basis of comparatively insignificant material. In North-Western India, Sind and the Punjab, the prevalent race seems to be identical with R. r. alexandrinus. Further east, from the Himalayan districts of Kumaon and Sikkim southwards to Travancore and Ceylon, and through Assam and Burma to bouth Tenasserim, the common rat is that called " var. rvfescens" by Thomas aiid Blanford. This is, however, split into a number of local races. The most striking and widespread variations are those to which attention has so frequently been drawn in the Reports, viz., a dark bellied variety and a variety with pure white underparts. Mr. Wroughton has already commented upon the re- markable distribution of these two types (Report No. 15, /. B. N.H. 8., Vol. XXIII, p. 295). At the higher collecting stations in Kumaon only white bellied specimens were found ; at some lower stations white and dark bellied rats w^'re present together in apparently equal numbers ; while at still lower elevations dark bellied rats alone occurred. Again in Sikkim and at Hasimara, Bhutan iJuai's, all are of the white bellied type, although a certain proportion have slaty bases to their ventral hairs. In Bengal and Orissa, and in the southern part of the penin- sula as at Travancore, as well as through Assam, Burma, and Tenas- serim, the ratss are uniformly of the white-bellied type. From South SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURrEY. 67 Coorg northwards along the Western Ghats in Mysore ; in the Central Provinces and in Kathiawar, the white-bellied type is present but accompanied by rats of the dark bellied type. In Cutch, Palanpui', Gwalior, Nimar, Western Khandesh, Berars and Bellary, only dark bellied I'ats were collected. Similar facts were noted by Major Lloyd, and he tells us that of many thousands examined from the Punjab only some few from three villages in the Amritsar and Lahore districts were of the light bellied type (Rec. Ind. Mus. Ill, p. 20). Such distributional facts viewed in gross appear at first sight to afford the strongest possible evidence in support of the idea that white bellied and dark bellied types belong to distinct subspecies if not species. The initial object of my work, indeed, was to test such a belief. Mr. Wroughton has already brought before the Society (/. B. N. H. 8., Vol. XXIII, p. 474) the view that the white bellied forms of R. rattus in India and Burma represent the primitive wild form of the species ; and that the dark bellied types are parasites, the darkening of the underparts, no less than the darkening of the back, being the outward indication of domesticity or parasitism. In support of this view, one ma}^ point to the general similarity of the Indian white bellied forms to the wild race, E. r. frvgivorvs, of the Mediterranean region ; to their wide distribution, both in the mount- ains and in the plains, in India and Burma: and to the wild life which many of them lead in the jungles. Further en investigating these white bellied rats in detail, we find that they behave very much as do normal wild mammals as regards geographical variation and that it is therefore possible and comparatively eas}'^ to arrange them in geogTaphical races or subspecies. With regard to the dark bellied rats the case is different. They are largely resti'icted to districts possessing substantial houses ; they are more frequently caught within doors and far le-s frequently in the open. Close investigation of their structure leads to nothing but confusion ; the variation is largely individual or colonial, and scarcely at all geographical. In some districts, as in Kumaon, such rats seem to have little or no connection with the white bellied forms; in other places, they differ from their white bellied companions merely in colour and to a trifling extent in skull — the ornnial differen- ces being readily susceptible of a physiological explanation, as is shown below in discussing the rats of the Central Provinces and Kathiawar; finally, in still other districts, the difference is purely one of colour and even that sometimes breaks down. One concludes from this that the dark bellied rats are of diverse origin ; some seem to have been produced, in the localities where they are now found, from the local whit^ bellied race ; others have found their way to their present habitations from other more or less remote districts of CS JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. m the country, or even from abroad ; and lastly', many are doubtless to be regarded as the mixed descendants of both native and imported stocks. 1, Rattus rattus tistce, subsp. n, 1916. Ejnmys nt/escews, variety with white underparte, Wrough- ton, Report No. 23, Sikkim and Bengal Terai, /. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, Vol. xxiv, p. 489 (in part). Type.— A female (B. M. No. 17-7-2-13 ; Original No. 398) collected at Pashok, Sikkim, by N. A. Baptista on 16th July 1915; pi'esentedto the National Collection by the Bombay Nat. His. Soc. Distribution. — Sikkim. Material examintd. —122 (60 d" j 62 $ ), from Pashok (3,500') ; 14 r7 c? , 7 $ ), from Narbong (2,000') ; 7 (3 cJ , 4 $ ), from Rongli (2,700') ; 1 J from Gopaldhara (4,720') ; 3 (1 j , 2 $ ) from Batasia, Tonglu (6,000') ; 3 (1 c? , 2 5 ) from Gangtok (6,000') ; and 4 (Z ^,2 § ) from Sedonchen (6,500'). Total 154 (75 6 79 $)._ Description. — The/ttr is soft and thick, without spines on the back ; and not particularly long on the underparts. In the typical series from l*ashok the backs are dark olive-brow ai and very uniform in colour. The ventral colouration is of two types ; in about a third of the specimens from the type locality the ventral hairs have slaty bases and light tips and in these specimens a suffusion of bnfi', recalling what is seen in many forms of Apodemus, is some- times presf^nt. forming a median thoracic stripe and occasionally even a pectoral collar, in many other specimens, however, the ventral hairs are white from their tips to their bases ; while in others pui-e white and slaty -based hairs occur together in variable proportions. The mammary formula of females appears to be con- stantly 2-3=^10. The following are the collector's measurements * of those speci- mens from Pashok whose skulls wei'e specially investigated ventral hairs : — 145—168—31—21 slaty bases. 161_194_32_22 slaty bases. 160—183—33—23 slaty bases. ] 58—180—32—23 intermediate. 1 5 ()_1 80—3 1 —2 2 intermediate. 153_180— 30— 22 pure white. 155_19G_32— 21 do. type. 135_169— 32— 21 slaty bases. 14,()_ —32— 22 pure white. ] 38— —31—2 1 slaty bases. No. 288 0 , 3rd Jixly 1915 „ 325 0 , Bth 9? „ 625 0" , 1 8th Aug. 'J ., 234 2 , 27th June ;■ J ,, 243 ^ , 28th „ ? ) ., 335 5 , 9th Julv )5 ., 393 $,16th .. 53 ., 414 $,19th ., J9 „ 482 2, 27th „ 5 ) „ 689 2 , 3rd Sept. ?5 * Tnese dimensions are:— (0 Head and body. (2) Tail, without terminal hair. (3) Hiudfoot, without claws, {ij Ear from base. SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 0!) Tlie followinc: are averages (absolute and percentages of the of both sexes ?lage. head and body length) of specimens in adult pe and all from Pashok : — (1) Average of 31 (Head and body ranging between 122 and 161) with slaty bases to the ventral hairs = 143— 174— 32-1— 21 = 100— 122— 22-5— 14-7. (2) Averaee of 81 (Head and body ranging between 120 and 171) comprising intermediate specimens as well as those wdth pure irhite ventral hairs = 147_181_32-1— 21-3 = 100— 124— 21-8- 14-5. (3) Average of 50 lO-maramsed females (ventral coloration of both types) = 144— 177— 31-5- 20-9 = 100— 123— 21-9- 14-5. (4) Average of 40 white-bellied females (a few not included in the total of average 3, because their mammse could not be counted on the skins) = 145— 179— 31-4— 21 = 100— 123— 21-6- 14-5. In no female did the length of the head and body exceed 161 mm. Larger individuals were not only always males, but were all of the pure white-bellied type ; I suspect that some of these really belong to B. r. sikJdmensis (described below), for without examining the skulls * it is sometimes difficult to discriminate between the males of that sub-species and those of the white-bellied phase of the present form. The following table shows the decreasing values of the average relative lengths of the tail, hind-feet and ears in B. r. tistce at suc- cessive stages of growth ; for systematic purposes it is instructive to compare it with the similar table given latter for the asso- ciated jB. r. siJcJcimensis : — Pashok. R . ?: tista;. Head and body mm. Sex. No. of specimens Average length in percentages of Head and Body, H. & B., Tail, Hind-foot, Ear. 100 to 120 c? & 2 121 to 139 6 Do. 2 140 to 149 6 Do. 2 150 to 159 6 Uo. 2 160 2 161 6 160 to 171 6 14 12 21 16 18 15 15 X 2 10 100—127- 100—129- 100—120- 100—125- 100—125- 100—129- 100—119- 100—111- 100—118- 100—121- -26-7 - -24-2 - -23-4 - -22-4 - -22-8 - 21-3 - -20-9 - -20 - -20-25- -20-25- -17-1 -15-5 -15-1 -14-9 -14-4 -14-1 -14 -13-1 -14 -14-8t * It was not possible to clean all the many skulls collected and often the search for the skull of some particularly fine skin revealed the annoyingf fact that that particclar skull had been smashed by the trap. T As noticed above these larpre rats are probably in part referable to U. r. sikkime7isis. 70 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. The skull is small (average condylo-basal length between 37'7 and 38-4 mm., i.e., about 2 mm, less than in European races of R. rattus or in R. r. sikkimensis), and therefore the cranial width appears relatively great, showing an increase equal to from 1 to 1*7 per cent, of the condylo-basal length (see Table 11). Judging from dimensions 6 and 7, as well as from the relation of the latter to the cranial width, (dimension 3), the temporal muscles are no weaker than in R. r. aUxandrinus. Posteriorly, ep^en in old skulls, the temporal lines are at a level considerably below the ends of the iiiterparietal ; and thus the upper surface of each parietal articulates with the supraoccipital by a conspicuous tongue. The temporal wing of each parietal is small, its length being equal to less than half the distance between the lambdoidal crest and the antero-superior extremity of the squamosal. In relation to the condylo-basal length, the palatal length, mas- seteric plate and tooth-rows are distinctly longer, although the nasals, diastema and palatal foramina are about as in European rattas. The pterygoid region is short, for while the distance con- dyle to bulla is about as in R. r. frvgivorus, condyle to m. 3, in relation to the oondylo-basal length, is about 3 y shorter. The cheek-teeth are as in European ratlus. Local variation : — Narbong (2,000'). 14 (7 c? , 7 2 ) collected by Mr. Crump; of these 2 are in the British Museum (Nos. 15, 9, 1, 152-153). The dimensions of the more important are : — 6439 c? , 10 March 1915, 176—206—35—23, Weight 6 czs •152 6473c?, 14 „ „ l(jl_195— 34— 23 6474 J, „ „ „ 165—180—32—22 6479$, 15 „ ,. 154— 176— 33— 21, Weight 4 czs •153 6480$, „ ,, „ 156—179—31—24 „ 4 ,. 6487$, „ „ „ 144—171—31—20 „ 3 „ Average of 14:— 156— 182— 32-2-21-7 Do. per cent.of H&B:— 100— 117— 20-7-13-9 10 mammae are apparent in each of 4 of the female skins. These rats have rather bright backs and are much like those from Rongli noticed below. In 5 (3 c? , 2 $ } the bellies are pure white, although in 4 of these some of the hairs on the chest have slaty bases. In the remainder the majority of the ventral hairs have slaty bases and in some a median stripe of buff* is developed on the thorax. The whole series is, however, very uniform really, for even the bellies, despife the differences just noted, appear remark- ably similar when viewed from a little distance. Skull as in typical series. SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM TUB MAMMAL SURVEY. 71 . Batasia, Tonglu (6,000'). 3 (1 c^" , 2 $ ) collected by Mr. Crump (2 in British Museum Nos. 15, 9, 1, 150-151). Dimensions: — •150 6394 cJ, 25 Feb. 1915, ] 63— 188— 35— 22, Weight 5 ozs. 6395$, „ „ ., 155—183—35—21 „ 5 „ •151 6411 $,27 „ „ 151—206—31—21 „ 4 „ Each female has 10 mammss. No. 6411 is quite like those from Pashok, but the other two have much brighter yellowis-h-brown backs, lined with black. In the two registered specimens, the ven- tral fur is long and soft; certain of the hairs are buft-tipped and form an indistinct median thoracic stripe and pectoral collar; most of these buff-tipped hairs have deep slaty bases, but the dark tint is almost completely hidden by the long light tips. Elsewhere all the ventral hairs, save the usual bright buff ones around the geni- talia, are white throughout. In No. 6395, the majority of the ventral hairs have a veiy pale greyish basal tinge. The feet are ashy grey, with a slight tinge of j^ellow in the male. The skulls are imperfect but agree apparently with those from Pashok. RONGLI (2,700'). 7 (3 J 4 $ ) collected by Mr. Crump ; of these 4 are now in the British Museum and their dimensions are : — B. M. 15, 9, 1. ■137 5847 c?, 24 Nov. 1914. 158— 183— 34— 21, Weight 4^ ozs. •139 5825 $,22 „ ,. 156—185—33—21 ,, 4^ „ •1415849 $,25 „ „ 153—170—31—21 „ 4| „ •142 5850$,,, „ „ '148—167—32—21 „ 4 „ Nos. '139 and "141 have each 10 mamma3. This series is interesting as showing that sometimes the differ- ences in ventral coloration, ah'eady alluded to, are apparently co- related with slight differences in the dorsal colour. Ihus Nos. 5847 and 5825 have bellies of a pronounced Apodemus type, i.e., the ventral hairs have deep slaty bases and a heavy and rather generally distributed sufi'usion of buff; in these two the backs also are darker than in the following, Nos. 5849 and 585^^ have silvery bellies with the ventral hair bases of a distinctly lighter grey than in the first mentioned specimens ; their backs have more of the yellowish-brown tints seen in some of the specimens from Gangtok and Batasia. The feet, moreover, are inclined to be lighter in the lighter bellied type. Similar difierences are shown by the three unregistered specimens from this locality. Ilie skulls of -137 and "141 were measured (Table 1) and apparently agree with those from Pashok. 72 JOtJRNAL, BdMBAY NATUnAL UlST. SOCIUTV, Vol. XXVI. SedoNchen (6,500'). 4 (2 (J , 2 2 ), 3 being adult, collected by Mr. Crump. Dimen- sions : — 5769 s , 14 Nov. 1914, 154—178—31—21, Weight 44 ozs. 5748 2,10 „ „ 132—145—30—20 ,. 2|" „ 5779 2,15 „ „ 140—152—29—19 The first two have the backs yellowish-brown, lined with black ; their bellies are whitish, the ventral hairs having deep slaty bases and white tips ; their feet have dusky markings above and the tails are dark. No. 5779 has a darker belly and shows a trace of a buff stripe and collar. Gangtok (6,000'). 3 (1 (^ , 2 2 ,) collected by Mr. Crump ; 2 in British Museum (Nos. 15. 9. 1. 143/144). Dimensions:— •143 5875 J , 3 Dec. 1914, 167—191—33—21, Weight Si ozs. •144 5871 2, 2 „ ., 150—179—31—20 5876 2,3,, „ 140—165—32—22 Weight 3 ozs. No. "144 is dark above, while -143 is yellowish-brown as in the Bescni'ption: — This is a relatively long-tailed race, with usually a short, thin, rather harsh, though not spiny coat. The general colour of the back is near " cinnamon brown " or tawny, greyer in young or quite unbleached specimens, yellower when older, much worn or bleached. The tmderparts are pure white or cream-colour- ed, the ventral hairs being light to their bases. The hairs around the genitalia are, however, often ochraceous. The feet are light, sometimes quite white, sometimes tawny above. The tail is a uniform light brown. The mammas were counted in 37 females; in 36 the formula was 2-3=10, 1 had 11 mammte. In the 72 specimens in adult pelage from Bihar and Orissa, enumerated above the head and body length varies between 134 and 174 mm. The Collector's measurements give the following averages and percentages : — Average of 72 adults from Bihar and Orissa:— 159— 215— 31-6— 23-2 Average of Head & Body length : 100— 135— 19-9- 14-6 The specimens from all localities mentioned conform closely to these averages. The following table shows the variation of propor- tions with growth and may be compared with those given above : — Head & Body. mm. No, of specimens. Average 7o of Hfsad & Body formed by H. & B., Tail, Hind-foot, Ear. 112 134 to 138 142 to 149 150 to 159 160 to 169 170 to 174 100— 154— 25-9- 17-9 100—135—22 —15-4 100— 141— 21-2- 15-6 100— 137-5-20'3— 14-9 100— 136— 19-6— 14-5 100— 127— 19-2- 14-5 The skull is slightly smaller than in European races of rattus; (average condylo-basal length 39-5, instead of 40*5) ; the cranial and zygomatic widths are, therefore, relatively a little greater. Its chief peculiarities appear to be the outcome of more powerful temporal muscles and slightly larger cheek-teeth. Ti^.us the least posterior inter- temporal distance (dimension 7) is less, both in relation to the condylo-basal length and to the cranial width ; the temporal lines are in contact with the ends of the interparietal in adults, so that the parietals have no inter-temporal connection with the supraoccipital ; the temporal wing of each parietal is large, its length being fully equal to half the length of the squa- mosal. The palatal length, diastema, palatal foramina, masseteric 76 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATUBAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. plates and tooth-rows are all longer relatively ; the pter3-goid region appears to be shortened, for while the distance condyle to bidla remains as in European races that between condyle and ni. o is a little shorter. In several of these respects the skull of li. r. arho- reus approaches that of I?, r. silildmensis ; the bullsB are, however, obviously larger than in that species or its associate B. r. HHoe ; in the present form moreover the orifices of the canalis transversus of the basisphenoid are distinctly visible, instead of being concealed in a direct ventral view. Local vari%tiov'. — Daltonganj, Palamau (600'). The dimensions of the most important are : — •98 4661 s , 20 March 1914, 164—230—34—25 •99 4715$, 24 „ „ 166— 256— 32— 24, Weight 5iozs. 4759 2 . 29 ., ,. 168—243—34—25 „ 4f ozs. Average of 17 (H. & B.) 1 34-168— 155— 221— 31-3-23-4 % „ ., 100— 142— 20-2-15-1 All have rather short, thin and harsh coats, pure white bellies, yellowish-white feet and cold tinted tails and backs. No. 98 in full pelage has the back tawny and lined with black hairs ; 4733, a $ from the same locality and 4643, a j from Palamau itself (16th March; 158 — 212 — 32 — 25; weight 4| ozs.) are quite similar. The other specimens are darker, blacker or greyer above ; probably the pelage is fresher in them than in the three tawny individuals and the full dorsal coloration is not yet developed. Gajhundi, Hazaribagh (1,000'). The following are the dimensions of the most important speci- mens : — •94 4877 to some extent, diminished by keeping the rats from Hoshan- .gabad apart from those from Chanda. Although short-tailed rats appear to l)e more freqiient in the former district and long-tailed 11 82 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL MIST. SOCIETY, Vol XXVI. rats more frequent in the latter, both types occur together in each locality : — Head & Body in mm. No. of speci- mens. 7oOf H. & B. formed by tail. Hoshangabad. Chanda. 130 to 139 11 134-5 8 140 to 149 9 142-5 2 150 to 159 8 135 1 160 to 169 3 140 2 170 to 179 2 123 2 100-1 29-22-2-1 6-6 100-130-20 -15 2 100- -20-3-15-7 100-139-21 -3-11-9 100-123-18-1-13-8 3 7 7 1 100-149-22-1-15-7 100-146-21-2-15-2 100-1 35- 20-4-14-7 100-141-19-1-14'2 On comparing this table with that given at p. 75 it will be seen that the white bellied R. r. narhadce, as regards tail length, appro- ximately represents the mean between the long-tailed and short- tailed, dark- bellied types just discussed. In the quality of the pelage and in the dorsal colour these dark- bellied rats are very similar to the typical white bellied B. r. narhadoi ; possibly the general tone of the backs is a little darker and greyer. The grey flank colour merges insensibly into the dusky tint of the belly. The ventral hairs are slaty through- out the greater part of their length, but their extreme tips are frequently yellowish and impart a very characteristic rusty tinge or bloom to the undersurface ; this rustiness and the roughness of the ventral siu'face is very different in appearance from the bluish, sleek belly of R. r. ratlus. Pale yellow or dirty white chest spots are not infrequently pi^esent. The feet are usually dusky brown above. As will be seen from Tables I and II the skull agrees veiy closely in size and proportions with that of typical narhadce ; and I am quite unable to distinguish them. Remarks : — I have had a good deal of difficulty in making up my mind as to the status ot the rats of the Central Provinces, but after considering the facts in connection with what is found else- where, e.g., in Kathiawar, it seems difficult to avoid the conclusion that in this district the dark bellied form is merely a parasitic development from the local white bellied race. With the acquisi- tion of parasitic habits the stock seems to have become richer in pigment, and the tail length has alternatively been either greatly increased or greatl}^ diminished. No change in the head muscles o^; skull has as yet been brought about. But the wild and the parasitic stocks are still mingled together in each locality; and doubtless each reacts on the other. Tn this probably lies the explanation SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 83 of the fact that the degree of individual variation observable in narbadcB is far higher than that which we observed in arboreus. As regards the relation oi' narbadw with arhoreus, a companson of the typical white bellied series with those from Bihar and Orisaa shows clearly that, while in both races old animals have a bright yellow-brown dorsal coloration and younger rats a greyer or less yellow one, the race from the Central Pi-ovinces is, on the average, one with colder dorsal tints. These colder tints are coupled with a greater tendency of the long black hairs to arrange themselves in a mid-dorsal stripe. These differences seem to have a geogra- phical value. The smaller size and less modilied condition of the skull in na^boAicB, correlated as they appear to be with weaker temporal muscle-?, are still more striking characters — although, in part, they may be reti'ogressions. There seems thus to be ample justification for establishing R. r. na.rbadce as a subspecies distinct from arbor eus. ±v' alius rattus girensis, subsp. n. 1913. Epimys rufescens, var, with white uaderparts. Ryley, Report No. 10. Kathiawar, J. Bom. Nat. TFLH. Soc, XXI, p, 481, 1913, Epimys rufescens. Ryley, he. cit. (in part). Type :— A female (B. M. No. 13-S-8-12.3 ; Origin.-d No. 1866), collected atSasan, Junagadh, on 6th November 1912, by l\Ir. C. A. Crump for the Mammal Survey ; presented to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society. Distribution : — Southern Kathiawar ; abu7idant at the edge of the Gir Forest near Sasan, where it leads a natural outdoor life. Material Examined : — 26 (14 cJ , 12 $ ) from Sa^an (400') ; 1 ( c^ ) from Keshod (300') ; and 2 ( j and 5 ) from Talala (200'). Total 29 (16 (^ , 13 $ ) ; all collected for the Mammal Surrey by Mr. C. A. Crump. Those since presented to the British Museum are registered under the serial number lo-S'8. — Lescription : — In this form the fur is rather short and han^h, but usually not spiny. The g'^neral colour of the back is a cold drab, much like that of the duller coloured specimens of war/^ac/ce, darken- ed along the mid-dorsal line by a greater or less number of long black hairs : individuals, however, present the usual range of variation in dorsal colou" from mixtures of yellowish-brown and black to others in which the yellouish-brown is more or less com- pletely replaced by grey. The belly is of a pure but dull white and it is sharply contrasted alonir a perfectly resnlar line -with the dark grey flanks ; the ventral hnirs are usually white from the tips to the basis. The feet are usua'ly lio-ht above, their colour varying between a dirty white and a light yellowish-brown, with occasion- ally faint dusky mai'kings. 84 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. The following specimens : — are the dimensions of the more important Sas.an (400'). 1862 s , 31 Oct. 1912, 159-209- ■122 •123. 1863 J. 1934 d. •124. .1865 P, ■125. 1866 P, 32—21, Weight 4^ OZS. 1 Nov. „ 154—177—32—23— 8 „ „ 163—188—31—22— 6 „ ., 142— 191— 30— 21 — 6 ., „ 160—215—30—23 — 5 5 The average of 29 in adnlt pelage (Head and body 119 to 165) :- 145— 194— 31-1—20^9=100— 134— 21-4— 14-4 The change in the proportions vi^ith growth is as follows : type Head and body, ram. No. of specimens. Average of head & body formed bv H. i& B. Tail, Hind-foot, Ear. ' 119 to 120 130 to 139 140 to 149 150 to 159 160 to 165 2 5 12 6 4 100 140 23-8 15-5 100 140 22-7 14-75 100 136 22- 14-6 100- 129 20-3 14-3 100 129 19-4 13-7 The tail is thus distinctly shorter in adults than it is in narhado' or arboreus (cf., tables at pp. 78 and 75 ). The mammae could be counted in 8 of the females ; in 6 (including the type) the formula is 2-3-10; 2 have 11 mamma> each, an extra one being present on one side in the pectoral regfion. The skull is sinall (condylo-basal length averaging 37*1 instead of 38-4 as in narhadce), about 3 mm. shorter than in alexandriniis and the cranial width is relative!}'' a little greater than in the latter. Judging from the intertemporal distances (dimensions 6 and 7, Table II) the temporal muscles are scarcely weaker rela- tively than in arboreus ; bu-t the parietals articulate, above the temporal lines, rather broadly with the supraoccipital and the zygomatic breadth is scarcely greater relatively than in narbadtv. As in the latter form the palate and diastema are relatively slightly shorter than in arboreus, but the palatal foramina are a little longer. In several respects the cranial proportions are intermediate between those of arboreus and the European races of rathis. Local Variation : — Little need be said on this score. The two from Talala (H. & B. 120 and 142) are very dark animals with dirty white bellies and dusky feet ; these were taken in a hut. l^'our others from Sasan were also caught in a hut and these simi- larly possess such a dingy appearance that Miss Ryley listed them SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 85 as '-Epimys rufesce^is" ; they, however, clearly belong- to the white bellied race. The other specimens were trapped out of doors. In one only few of the chest hairs have slaty bases ; in a few there is a slight trace of a ventral suffusion of yellow. R. r. girensis appears to be confined to that part of Kathiawar which lies to the south of the Gir Hills. Although apparently not often found actually together, it is accompanied in this district by a dark bellied form. The latter is represented by 17 specimens among- the material before me. Of these 17, only 1 ($) was taken at Sasan ; and this was caught in the hut mentioned above in the company of white bellied specimens ; 7 (3 c? , 4 $ ) are from Keshod, where 4 of them were caught in a fig tree and whence only 1 white bellied rat was obtained. The remaining 9 (3 s ,Q $ ) are from Junagadh (350' to 480') ; of these only 1 was taken out of doors and no white bellied rats were found at this locality. All with the exception of the 5 mentioned appear to have been trapped by Mr. Crump in huts of other dwellings. Dark bellied specimens were obtained also from three localities in northern Kathiawar. Of these the following 20 are before me:— 16(8 c? , 8 $) from Raj kot (100'); (?) from Saturpur (20') ; and 3 (1 c? , 2 $ )' from Vankaneer (500'). None of these is marked by Mr. Crump as having been captured out of doors. As regards colour these northern and southern specimens are similar ; dorsally they are much like true girensis as above des- cribed, although the general tint of the back perhaps averages slightly darker. The flanks pass insensibty into the dark, rusty tinged belly. Several show white pectoral spots. The feet are usually dark brown above, but they are light coloured in a few of the specimens. The mammae were counted in 12 females ; 9 have 1 0 as usual ; 1 has 1 1 and 2 have 1 2 ; the additions in each case are pectoral. The following- are the dimensions of the more important speci- mens : — Junagadh (350'). •121 d, 26 Sept. 1912, 157 206 32 Keshod (300'). -23 Weig ht 4 ozs •116 d, 7 Oct. 1912, 166 33 -23 J) 4i ^2 " •117 $. 7 „ „ 160 211 33 -24 ?) 5i „ •118 $, 7 „ „ 150 224 33 Rajkot (100'). -23 55 4 „ •119 6 , 21 Dec. 1912. 150 195 30 -21 J J H „ •120 2, 25 „ ■ „ 150 192 30 -21 «? 3| „ 86 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL RIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. The changes in proportions transpiring with growth may be tabulated as follows : — Southern Kathiawar. Jlorthern Kathiawar. 122 130 to 139 140 to 149 150 to 159 160 to 166 2 2 9 4 100-1 39-22-5-14-4 100-144-21-5--14-1 100-136-20-7-14-5 100-123-19-4-13-6 1 3 8 7 1 100-116-22-1-15-6 100-135-22-1-15-1 100-130-5-21-6-15-25 100-125-5-19-9-13-9 100- 19-4-15-6 This table brings out two interesting facts. If firstly the figures given for the southern specimens be compared with those of the table at p. 82 it will be seen that the three largest stages are represented by rats with tails either much longer or much shorter relatively than those of equally grown individuals of the wild girensis from the same district. That is to say, we meet with an exactly similar departure from type in the dark bellied form of this district as we do in the Central Provinces. Secondly the northern dark bellied rats are distinguished irom both girensis and the southern dark bellied specimens in every stage of growth by their shorter tails. The skull is similar in both northern and southern dark bellied rats and as regards size it aerrees with that of girensis. But it presents characters which suggest that the dark bellied rat is the indoor animal, living on a setter diet and therefore developing a weaker set of jaw muscles than those of the outdoor, harder Jiving, white bellied girensis. Thus the intertemporal distances are increased (see Table II), both in relation to the condylo-basal length and to the cranial width ; this increase indicates a diminish- ed area of origin for the temporal muscles. The masseteric plate is correspondingly a little narrower. The anterior palatal foramina are as large as in girensis; while the palatal length is less and the post-molar length greater — each of these two last dimen- sions being relatively nearly as in Euiupean races. liemarks : — R. r. girensis is widely separated geographically from all the other white bellied races of India. Although in colour it closely lesembles narbadce it is quite satisfactorily distin- guished from the latter b}- its cranial peculiarities and shorter tail, and it undoubtedly deserves subspecific recognition. The dark bellied rats of Kathiawar are, in my opinion, plainly indoor developments from girensis. The southern stock is already quite clearly differentiated by its cranial characters and colour from SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM TEE MAMMAL SURVEY. 87 its neighbour and parent ; the northern race more completely cut off from the wild parent, has moreover shortened its tail. This sharp differentiation between the wild parent and its parasitic offspring is in striking contrast with the relations between the corresponding forms of the Central Provinces ; but this contrast finds a ready explanation when one considers tbe restricted distri- bution of the parent and the well marked differences of station in Kathiawar on the one hand, and the universal distribution and complete confusion of stocks in the Central I'rovinces on the other. 6. Raitus rattus satarcB, subsp. n. 1913. E2nmys rufescens, variety with white underparts. Wroughton, Report No. 22, Koyna Valley. /. Bombay Nat. Hist. 8oc., Vol. XXIV, p. 315. 2^/pe:— A female (B. M. No. 15'7'S-56; Original No. 138) collected at Ghatmatha, Satara District, on 18th December 1914, by Mr. S. H. Prater for the Mammal Survey; presented to the British Museum by the Bombay Natural Historj- Society. Distribution : — Known at present only from the edge of the Western Ghats at the type locality altitude about 2,000'. Material examined: — 7 (1 d , 6 $ ) all collected for the Mammal Survey by Mr. S. H. Prater at the type locality ; the specimens presented to the British Museum are registered under the serial number 15-7-3. BescriiMon : — This is a soft and fully furred subspecies, its coat being distinctly longer and thicker than in arhorens, narbadce and girensis. In fresh pelage the general colovir of the back is a bright "clay" or golden brown, much darkened by long black hairs (Nos. 137, 138 and 141) ; in what is possibly a less developed phase, of the coloration the golden tint is duller and the black less intense (No. 140), and in an old specimen (No. 139) very few black hairs are present and the back is bleached to an almost uni- form light golden brown. The underparts are clothed throughout with thick, long and soft creamy white fur, the hairs being every- where light to their bases. The feet are yellowish brown. The tails, unicoloured and dusky, are remarkable for their very gieat length. The following are the dimensions : — •55,137 c?J8 Dec. 1914,141-243-32-24=100-172-22-7-17 149-230-33-25=100-154-22-2-1 6-8 146-233-32--25==100-160-21-9-17-l 165-245-32-27=100-148-19-4-16-4 151-230-31-25=100-152-20-5-16-5 156-250-35-23=100-160-22-5-14-7 121-182-30-23=100-150-24-8-19 Average of 6 adults :— 151-238-32-5-24-8=100-158-21-6-16-4 136 $, 18 , •56, 138 $, 18 •57, 139 2,19 -58, 140 5,19 141 ?, 19 Juv. 142 2,19 88 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. The young specimen is, of course, much duller than are the adults ; it shows a moult patch on the head between the ears. The mammse were ascertained in 4 oi the females to be 2-3=10. The skull is about as large as in arhoreus (condylo-basal length averaging 39-7), but the zygomatic breadth is relatively small, about as in narhadce. The cranial and greatest intertemporal widths are very gi-eat, but the temporal lines ciirve inwards so much posterior- ly that the least intertemporal width behind is, relatively to the condylo-basal length, not much greater than in frugivorus and in relation to the cranial width is 2 % less than in the latter. The temporal lines are quite faintly marked and the supraorbital beads are very weakly developed. Tlie parietals articulate broadly with the supraoccipital above the temporal lines. The palatal length is 2i% longer than in European races ; the diastema, anterior palatal foramina and tooth-roAvs all showing increased lengths. On the other hand both post-molar lengths (condyle to m. 3, condyle to bulla) are reduced, the pterygoid fossae in particular being short. The masseteric plate is also rather narrow. From these features it would appear that all the jaw muscles are weak. liemarJcs : — This is apparently a very sharply defined local race distinguished from all other Indian subspecies by its peculiar skull and relatively long tail. By its bright dorsal coloration it resembles the form occurring in the southern half of the peninsula and differs from the duller subspecies of Bengal and the Central Provinces. The dark bellied rats collected at Ghatmatha and^ in the Koyna Valley immediately below seem to have no connection with satonp and to have been derived from some other stock. (To be continued.') 89 A POPULAIl TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. Illustrated by Coloured Plates and Diagrams BY F. Wall, C.M.G., C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., Lieut.-Colonel. I.M.S. Part XXVI {(vith Plate XXVI and Diai/ram). (Continued from pac/e G35 of Volume XXV.) As now classified the large famih- Gokdrridce is divided into three " series " depending upon peculiarities in the dentition of the Maxillte. /Series A. Aglypha (Greek "a" without, and '-glupho" I carve) comprises those snakes that have no grooved (carved) nor canali- culate fangs. Series B. Oinsthoglypha (Greek " opisthe " behind, and "glupho") the representatives of which have grooved fang-like teeth at the back of the maxilla. Series C. Proteroglypha (Greek " proteros" in front, and '• glupho ") including those snakes with a pair of canaliculate or true fangs in the front of the maxilla. The first subject of this paper comes into " Series " B, and the second into " Series" C. " Series " B. OPISTHOGLYPHA. ' This "Series'' comprises three siib-families (1) Homalopsime, (2) Dipsadomorphiinae, and (3) Elachistodontinge. The first ot these contains our first subject. Sub-family IIOMALOPSINyE. This is again divided so as to represent ten genera, seven of which occur ^^■ithin Indian limits. Genus GEBBERU8. Three species are known, one Australian, one peculiar to the Philippines, and a third rhyncJiops which has a wide range of distribution in India and beyond. CERBERUS RHYNCHOPS (Schneider). The Dog-faced Water snake. History. — This was first brought to the notice of the scientific world by Russell who figured it twice, once in his First Volume 12 90 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. (Plate XVII) which appeared in 1796, and again in the Second Volume ( Plate XL ) issued in 1801. It was first christened by Schneider in 1799. Its synonymy differed with almost every writer until 1864 when Gunther fixed the proper designation under which it now rests. Nomenclature, (a) Scientific. — The generic title is Irom Greek "kerberos," the famous three-headed dog that guarded the entrance to Hades in Grecian mythology. The name appears to have been suggested by the forbidding aspect of the snake. The specific name is also from Greek (" rhunchos " snout, and " ops " face) probably in allusion to the peculiar under-hung condition of the lower jaw. (ft) English. — The dog- faced water snake seems to me appropriate, and is not only distinctive but accords with the scientific generic name. (c) Fernacular. — None known to me. General Characters. — The head is pear-shaped as seen from above expanding considerably towards the occiput. The snout is narrow, and in profile shows an unusually prominent lower jaw little if at all shoi'ter than the upper. This feature to a large extent gives the snake its forbidding expression. The nostrils are directed almost As much irpwards as laterally and are narrow slits convex forwards. They approach the condition seen in the sea-snakes. The eye is rather small, directed as much upwards as laterally, and the eyebrow is remarkably prominent. The iris is minutely speckled with gold and reveals a verticall}'- elliptical pupil. The neck is fairly evident. The body is stout, and rough from the strong keels on the costal scales. It is dull dorsallj^, glossy on the belly, including the last three costal rows. The tail is short, rather compressed at the base, and rapidly tapers to an obtuse point. It is about one-fifth the total leuoth of the snake. Dimensions. — Most specimens range between two and three feet, and anything over this is unusual. The longest of which I am aware is that reported by Stoliczka from Burma which was four feet, two inches. . Colouration. — The back is bluish grey when the snake is sub- merged, lightish grey when dry. It is crossed by numerous ill- defined but conspicuous darker bars involving one to two scales in the length of the snake, the intervals involving five to, seven scales. These bars grow less distinct posteriorly, and the fore- most are broken up into spots in some specimens. The dorsal colouration ceases abruptly about midcosta, and is replaced by buflf subcostally, and venerally. The belly is buff coarsely spotted or dappled with deep greenish black. The head is coloured above like the back, and the grey is sharply defined just above the snpralabials. ' The upper lip and chin are bufi. A conspicuous Journ.BoiTibay Nat.Hist . S oc . Plate XXVI p. Gerhardt del . J . Green , ChroxaD . THE COMMON 1 N D I AN SNAKES, (Wall.) 1-4 . Cerb erus rhyncKops , iuirmLzss. 5 -8 . Enhydnna curtus .poiscnous . oLL nat.siax.. THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 91 dark postocular streak is prolonged backwards to the side of the forebody. Identification. — The frontal which is partially, and the parietale which are wholly broken up, furnish an easy means of knowing the ijnake, but perhaps a more certain method is as follows : — A snake which when laid on its back, reveals well developed ventrals at least three times the breadth of the last costal row, and at the same time shows three or more rows of costals on each side of the ventrals will prove to bo a Homalopsid. Cerberus will be easily distinguished from its near Indian relations by possessing (1) two internasals, (2) 9 to 10 supralabials, and (3) 23 to 27 costal rows in midbod3^ Haunts and habits. — It is eminently an aquatic species usually in- habiting the brackish waters of tidal-rivers, crt eks, and ebtuaries. Ferguson and Cantor say that it frequents fresh water alto, and Cantor, Haly and Flower, all report it from the sea in clote prox- imity to our coasts. 1 became acquainted with it in Baima, and frequently observed it in the waters of the narrowest channels con- nected with the tidal-i'iver sybtem, as well as in the river itself. I frequently saw it svvimming in the ebb and Hood tides. It swims powerfully usually allowing itself to be carried with the stream, but it sometimes anchors itself to a convenient biimboo stake, anchor rope, or submerged branch by its tail, and from this pur- chase swings about in the current on the look-out for fish passing by. As the tide ran out many were observed lying along the branches of the trees, and bushes just above the water, and when hustled dropped off into the stream below. Numbers were left stranded on the mud flats left by the receding tide nud in the teak yards nearly every bole harboured beneath it, some of these snakes. I have seen it exhibit some intelligence in the following manner. Lying extended in the length of a nearly empt}' ditch, after a period of quietude, it flicks its tail round first on one side and then the other in such a way as to make an unwary fish recede from the rnovement towards its head, when coming within sight the fish falls an easy victim to the manoeuvre. Taken at a disadvantage on land it will occasionally exhibit great activity, and irj to escape. When prevented from so doing it protrudes the tongue, and hisses, and flattens itself on the ground. When held down by a stick it will sometimes strike, and bite viciously, and under such excitement emits a disagreeable odour not necessarily accompanied by a dis- charge* of the cloacal contents. When picked up it wreaths itself with some force around the hand. Its mode of progression is curious. The bodj'' is thrown for- ward in a carve in advance of th^ head, and the head subsequently advanced, the body being agaiti thrown forward before the snake quite extends itself. It gives the impression of moving sideways. 92 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII. Disposition. — In spite of its forbidding appearance this is a pecu- liarly inoffensive reptile. Blanford and other have remarked upon its quiet nature and I can support their observations. It does not usually take alarm when encountered, but will permit one to approach close enough to place a stick over it, and allow itself to be captured. In captivity it is a singularly uninteresting, lethar- gic creature allowing itself to be handled, and rarely betraying a malicious spirit. Drumming on the glass of the vivarium even when its nose is against the glass, usually evokes' little if any response. In a tank it is hardly more interesting. Food. — It feeds exclusively and voraciously on fishes. About Rangoon on the mud flats it frequently pursued a little fish com- monly called the walking perch from its mode of active progres- sion on the mud by means of fins that are used as legs. I once found a large fish eight inches in length inside a specimen measur- ing three feet, three inches. I have also known an eel taken. I frequently saw Cerberus wriggling at the end of a fisherman's hook bated with a fish, to the disgust of the angler. Breeding. — This like all the other Hom.ilopsids I know is vivi- parous in habit. The young are born in May, June and July, but it is quite likely further observations may extend the season already known. The period of gestation is now known, but from analogy is likely to exceed six months. I found eggs with no trace of an embryo iu a gravid female from Rangoon on the 21st February 1900. It is fairly prolific, its brood amounting to nt least 26. Gunther records a brood of 8. M.j specimen above alluded to contained 7 eggs, and three gravid females received from Moulmein captured between the 2Gth March and 4th April 1900, contained 14, 23 and 26 eggs. These were all in about the same stage of develop- ment, the embryos within measuring about 2^ inches. Growth. — In spite of the meagre figures at my disposal these furnish a good deal of information. Gunther 's brood already referred to measured from 7 to 7i inches. I have had small specimens in Burma brought to me measuring 7f and 7^ inches in May and July respectively. I find the young double their length in the first year of life, and have about trebled it by the end of the second year. It would probably take another two years before specimens attained to three feet, and I have examples of such 3 feet 1 inch, and 3 feet 3 inches in June from Burma. Unfortunately, I have lost my detailed notes regarding the length of ray gravid females, so am unable to say when the species is sexually mature. Distribution. — It occurs all along out Indian Coasts from Sind and Mekran in the North-west to Tenasserim, and thi^ough the Malayan Region to the Philippines and Pelew Islands. THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 9.} It is quite common around India, Imt not nearly so common as in Burma where there must be literally thousands in every tidal- river. Haly reports it common in Ceylon, and Blyth says the same with reference to the Andamans. It occurs in the Nicobars, Lepidosis, Rostral. — In contact with 4 shields, the rostro-nasal, and rostro-labial sutures subequal ; sometimes a partial median suture is seen in the upper part of the shield. Internosals. — Two, sub-triangular ; their bases apposed in the median line ; the suture between them equal to rather greater than that between the praefrontal fellows, subequal to the intern aso-praefrontal suture. Proe.frontals. — Two, the suture between them subequal to the prsefronto-frontal ; in contact with nasal, loreal and pi'Kocular. Frontal. — In contact with 7 shields, frequently more or less dis- integrated posteriorly. Parietals — Disintegrated into many parts. Nasals. — In contact behind the rostral ; touching the first labial only. Loreal. — Present. Prceocular. — One. Postoculars. — One or two. Temporals. — Replaced by small scales. Suhoculars. — One to three. Sii/pralabials . — 9 or 10, none touch- ing the eye ; the last three or four divided into an upper and lower pai't. hifralabiaU. — Many small. Sublinguals. — One pair only present ; in contact with 3 or 4 infralabials. Costals. — Tw^o headslengths behind the head 25 (rarely 23) ; midbody 23 to 25 (rarely 27) ; two headslengths befoiv the anus 19 or 17. Where the rows are 25 they reduce to 23 and again to 21 by a fusion of the 4th and 5th, or 5th and Gth rows ; from 21 to 19 the 3rd and 4th rows fuse. Strongly keeled in all rows except the last for a variable extent posteriorly. FenZrafe.— Well- developed, 132 to 160. ^wa?.— Divided. Subcaudals. — Divided. 49 to 72. Dentition. — Maxillary. 15 to 10 teeth are followed by a short edentulous space, after which there is a pair of grooved pseudo langs little if at all larger than the preceding teeth. Palatine.— [K Pterygoid.— 22 to 25. Uandihular. — 20 to 23 ; the 3rd to about the 7th longest and subequal. Our plate. — Mr. Green and Mr. Gerhardt have xevy faithfully portraj'^ed a typical specimen. " Series" C. PPiOTEROGL YPHA . The " Series " is again divided into sub-families (1) Ilydroj^hiivn- including the marine forms with valvular nostrils, strongly com- pressed bodies (except Platurus) and compressed fin-like tails, and (2) ElapiwM which includes the terrestrial poisonous snakes with open nostrils, round or feebly compressed bodies, and a cylindrical ;md tapering tail. 94 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI I. Sub-family HYDROPHIIN^^. ■ - This contains at least eleven genera, one of which Enhyd/ris includes the first sea-snake to be discussed in these papers. Genus UNHYDRFS. (Greek "En" in, and " hudor " water). !; Stejneger has thrown doubts on the validity of this name for the genus for which he substitutes Lapemis (Herpetology of Japan, 1907, p. 435). I adhere to the generic title used by Boulonger as late as 1912 (Fauna of Malay Peninsula, Rept and Batrach., p. 192) which is the one with which all of us have grown familiar It contains onl}^ two species, viz., curtus, a very common snake, around our coasts, and liardwicki rare in Indian seas, but common further east in the Malayan Archipelago, ENHYDRIS CURTUS (Shaw). Shaw's Sea-snake. History. — Described by Shaw in 1802 from a young specimen labelled " India" (the type) now in the British Museum. Nmnendalure. (a) Scientific. — The generic name simply implies " water snake," and the specific is from the Latin " curtus " mean- ing short. (I)) Enrjlish. — I think it a fitting tribute to the work of Shaw, once the herpetologist, and custodian of the reptile collectiona in the British Museum, to associate his name with the species. (c) VervafAiVir. — None known to me. General Characters. — The species is remarkably stout, and short for a sea-snake. The head is massi\e, and the jaws strong, the body heavy, short, and strongly compressed, and the tail markedly com- pressed, and fin-like. Colmr. — The dorsum is olivaceous-green merging about mid costa to pale yellow. The back is beset with a series of dark greenish- brown or greenish-black rather ill-defined crossbars, about 45 to 55 in number, and rather broader than the interspaces. The first of these passes across the back of the head. In the young these bars extend further ventrally, and often form complete b mds. Identification. — Very easil}^ recognised among all Indian sea- snakes on account of the disintegrate conditijn of the parietal shields. An alternative method concerns the breadth and number of the ventrals. These shields are so little enlarged in midbody and posteriorly that they hardly deserve the name of shields, but would be better considered as scales. Their number 130 to 219, with their feeble development will establish the genus. Curtus ia easily distinguished from hardwicki by the parietal shields being THE COMMOy INDIAN SNAKES. 95 broken up into three parts (rarely more). Again in curtus with very few exceptions the suture from the nostril passes to the: second supralabial, whereas in hardvncki it passes to the first. : Habits. — It frequents our Indian Coasts in large numbers. In rough weather in common with other sea-snakes it appear^ to keep well out to sea, judging from the dearth of numbers brought in fix)m the fishing nets at this time. 1 have known a specimen taken on land close to a backwater one and-a-half miles from the sea. Out of 84 specimens collected in June and July this year which I sexed 21 were s ^"d 28 5 . The tubercles on the scales in females are feeble, but in males are stronger, and on the lowest costal rows in old adults actually spinose. The male when a4ult has also a distinct swelling at the base of the tail not seen in the female. Breeding. — The season for the birth of the young is probably from May to August. I had 12 gravid females from Madras between the 20th June and the l2th of July this year. The foetuses 22 in number ranged between 8^ and 14 inches. Other specimens already born this year numbering y, measured from 13f to 17^ inches. From this one may infer that the 17^ inch specimen had been born probably in May if not before, and that the 8f , and 8^ inch specimens would not have been born till August, or possibly later. Seven of the nine young of the year measured from 13 to 15 inches, and this taken with the fact that one foetus measured 14 inches, makes it appear that the youug are about 13 to 14 inches long at biith. Tliey are contained in the usual transparent sacs seen in viviparous snakes, but these are relatively much larger than 1 have observed in other species. Most of the sacs were 3 inches, some 4 and one even 4^ inches in lenglh. It is the least prolific of all the snakes I know except Hyd/rophis gracilis. — Four mothers contained but a single foetus, seven con- tained 2 only (one of these an infertile egg also), and one held 4 embryos. These mothers varied in length from 27 to 32^ inches and it appears to me that the smallest length would have been attained at the end of the second year of life. If my inference is justified frcm the figures at my command, this species attains to sexual maturity a year earlier than other snakes whose habits I have studied. I find that at the end of the first year seven speci- mens had attained to a length of from 19 to 21 1 inches, and if a similar rate of growth is allowed for the second year, i.e., 6 to 8 inches, the length of the smallest mother would easily be acquired by that time. Focd. — I^emains of fish in the stomachs of many show it depends upon this form of diet in common with other hydrophids. I was not able to procure any fish in a suitable state to make the identi- fication probable. 96 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIIST. SOCILTl, Vol. XXFI. Poison. — I know of no records in the human subject of a bite, but the venom has been experimented with in the laboratory hj Fraser and Elliot. Quality. — The poison from Madras specimens svibmitted to these experts was described as consisting of thin scales of a very pale yellow colour. Quantity. — Dr. Pinto who collected the poison found the average yield from eight fresh specimens represented -00275 grammes when dried. Toxins. — Fraser and Elliot found the effects of the poison on lower animals almost exactly that produced by cobra venom, except that the respiratory embarrassment in curtus poisoning was much more pronounced. The action is practically identical with that ot Enhydrina venom. As this is dealt with fully in the 28th and last paper of this series the reader is referred to that article for par- ticulars of the composition and action, of this poison, symptoms and treatment. Death is caused by a paralysis of the respirator}^ centre in the brain as in the toxaemias of other colubrine snakes. Lethal dose. — ^The minimal lethal dose for rats is '0006 grammes per kilogramme weight of the rodent. As the lethal dose of Enhyd/rina venom for rats was found to be -00009 grammes, the toxicity of this is about seven times greater than that of curtus. BistriJiution. — From the Persian Gulf to the Malayan Archipe- lago. I found it very common on the Malabar Coast about Canna- nore, where it is only second to Enhydrina valaJiodyn in its numerical strength. On the Coromandel Coast at Madras a collection of 192 sea-snakes furnished me with 84 specimens as compared with GO Enhydrinas. Lepidosis, f Rostral. — Touches 4 shields, the portion visible above one-third or less than one-third the length of the suture between the nasals. Xasals. — Touch the 1st and 2nd supralabials ; the suture from the nostril passes to the 2nd (rarely 1st) supralabial. Pro'fontals. — Touch the 2nd supralabial. h'lontal. — Entire. Parietals. — Disintegrate, usually into three parts. Prceocular. — - One. Postocular. — One or two. Tomjwrals. — Scale-like, two or three superposed scales anteriorly. SupralaJnals. — 7 usually (sometimes 8) ; the 3rd and 4th normally touch the eye (rarely the 4th only or the 3rd, 4th and 5th). Lifralahials. — 4; the 4th largest, and in contact Avith three or four scales behind. Marginals. — A complete row after the 2nd infralabial. Sublinguals. — Poorly developed. Often so small as hardlj^ to deserve the name ; lioth fellows separa- ted by scales. Gostals.- — Two headslengths behind the head 29 to 30 ; midbody 30 to 45 ; two headslengths before the anus 31 to 32 ; tuberculate, juxtaposed everywhere; the lowest 3 or 4 rows enlarged and in old males often with spinose tubercles. Ventrals. — 1 5 1 to 21 9 ; entire anteriorly, divided posteriorly. Each part in old males with Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Diagram. Pa CERBERUS RHYNCHOPS (X li) ENHYDRIS CURT US (nat. size.) COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKE'S. 97 spinose tubercles. Bentiiion. Maocilla. — Behind the paired fangs there are usually 4 (rarely 3) gi'ooved teeth. Palatine 5 to 6 ; a7i edentulous space behind that would accommodate about two more teeth. Pterygoid. — 18 to 22. Mandibular — 12 to 16. Oiir -plate is in every way excellent. {Explanation of figures for all.) F. Frontal. I. Internasals. L. Loreal. M. Mental. Ma. Marginal. N. Nasals. Pa. Parietals. Po. Postocular.s. Pr. PraBocular. Prf Praefrontals. B. Rostral. S. Supraocular. 8u. Sublingual. T. Temporals. Arabic numerals Supralabials Roman Infralabials. (2'o be continued.') 18 98 THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. (INCLUDING THOSE MET WITH IN THE HILL STATIONS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY). BY T. R. Bell, i.i-.s. {Continued from -page 664 q/ Vol. XXV.) Part XXI. 12. Genus — Jamides. Two very diflerent butterflies have been included in this genus of late. Formerly it consisted of a single species, bochus. The genus Lampides con- tained 9 species, one of which used to be called celianus ; this was changed into celeiio and transferred to the genus Jamides. So, at present, there is Jamiden bochus and Jannides celeno. The former is a medium-sized insect with, in the male, the most brilliant, deep, metallic blue upperside ; the latter somewhat larger, milky white above; the one rather quick in its motions, the other rather weak and flimsy ; bochus occurring throughout the whole of India, Ceylon, the Nicobars and Andamans ; away to, and including Australia, Burma ; celeno having much the same distribution except that it has not been met with in Australia or in the Nicobars, Neither species inhabits Siud and desert regions and the latter is found up to a height ot 5,00U', while the former afl'ects lower levels. They are both fairly plentiful, wherever they occur, in the way of specimens though, perhaps, celeno is the commoner of the two. The transformations of both are known and will be found fully described below ; the larvte and pupse are not very dissimdar and both are intermittently attended by ants of ditt'erent species. The habits of the two butterflies are somewhat diflerent as has already l>een mentioned ; both are occasionally to be ^een sucking up moisture in damp ])laces, neither is particularly fond of flowers. Finally, the larva of both species feed on the insides of pods of leguminous plants as a matter of preference ; they will also eat leaves. 150. Jamides bochus — Male (PI. G., Pg. 41) — Upperside^ fore wing: 'velvety jet-black ; base deep blue, beautifully metallic and shining, measured on the dorsum this colour occupies three-fourths of its length from base, its outer margin then curves upwards just past the apex of the cell, enters into the bases of interspaces 10, 11 and 12 and fills the whole of the cell. Hind wing: costal margin above subcostal vein and vein 7, and dorsal margin narrowly fuscous black, a medial, longitudinal, pale streak on the former; terminal margin narrowly edged with velvety black, inside which in interspaces 1 and 2 is a slender, transverse, whitish line, with an elongate, irregular, transverse, black spot above it in interspace 1 and a- more obscure, similar spot in interspace 2; traces of such spots also are present in some specimens in the anterior interspaces. Cilia of both fore and hind wings black ; filamentous tail at apex of vein 2 black, tipped with white. Underside: dark chocolate-l rown. Fore and hind wings: transversly crossed by the following very slender, white lines all more or less broken into short pieces. Fore ■ving : a short pair, one on each side of and parallel to the discocellulars, a pale streak sometimes along the diss cocellnlars themselves ; a single line in continuation of the outer of the discocellular lines, extends down to vein 1. ; an upper discal pair of line- THE COMMON BV TTERFLIEi^ OF THE VLAINS OF INDIA. im that forms a more or less cateuulated, short band extend from the costa to vein 3, the inner lines of the two continued to vein 1 ; two more obscure, subterminal, composed of inwardly-convex lunules and a single, straight, terminal line, the area enclosed between the subterminal lines and between the terminal line darker in the interspaces, giving the appearance of two obscure, subterminal lines of spots edged inwardly and outwardly by white lilies. Hind wing : crossed in the middle by nine very broken and irregular lines, by fewer above and below : tracing them from the costa downwards their middle short pieces are found to be shifted outwards and a few are short and not complete, the inner two are posteriorly bent abruptly upwards, the subterminal two are lunular and the terminal line nearly continuous ; posteriorly, between the subterminal pair of lines, in interspace? 1, there is a small black spot inwardly edged with orange and in inter- space 2 a ni\ich larger, round, black spot : both black spots are touched with metallic blue scales. Antennae (the tip of stub and orange inside opalescent at base), head, thorax and abdomen bhxck ; beneath, the shaft of the antenn,-' banded with white : palpi, thorax and abdomen narrowly white Female. (Pi. G, fig. 41a) — Similar to the male generally but with the following difier- ences : — llpperside, fure wing: ground-colour fuscous opaque black, tlv\ velvety black, blue basal area more restricted and not so deep a blue nor at all metallic. Hind wing : the black costal and terminal margins very much broader, the blue on the basal area consequently much restricted and of the same shade as tlie blue on the fore wing ; terminal margin v\ith a suL- terminal, anteriorly obsolescent series of spots of a shade darker than that of the terminal black area on which they are superposed ; these spots posteriorly more or less distinctly encircled inwardly with slender lines < f blue and outwardly of white ; anteriorly these lines are almost obsolete. Cilia of both fore and hind wings and the filamen.ous short tail, as in tl.c male. Underside: similar to that of the male, but the ground-colour generally paler and d idler ; the transverse, white lines broader and more clearly defined. Antennse, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male. Ko fringe of hairs to the inner margin of fore wing in either sex. Expanse : Male and female, 34-38 mm. Larva. — Normal. Head hidden under segment 2, small, round, shininL' yellow; mandibles dark ; segment 2 broadly semi-circular in outline rather Battened, the front margin with a small, shallow sinus in dorsal line, the dorsal depression 4-sided as usual and covered closely with n.innte. black tubercles ; segment 3 slightly higher than 2 and a good deal broader, 1 again higher and a little broader than 3 ; segments 4-10 about equal 1i> each other in breadth and h^ight : 11-14 dorsally flattered. sJopiug gentlv to the rounded end. Surface of body dull ; a slight, central, ilor.sal depres sion on segments 3, 4 ; a lateral, somewhat accentuated, lengthened de- pression parallel to and behind front margin and another, similnr, centra', spiracular one in which, at the upper end. the spiracle is situated : one oF each to each segment 4-1 1 ; gland of segment 1 1 transverse, linear : organs of segment 1'2 circular-mouthed, protruding cylindrical, white tubes at will; some few simple, moderately long, erect, white hairs from marpin of anal segment: the surface densely clothed all over with minute conical, fine erect, black hair^s from tiny, star shaped bases mixei' with a few golde?! similar ones. Spiracles of ordinary shape and size. Colour: dirty, soiled rose, with a moderately broad, lateral, neutral-tint coJoun d line and a similar, dorsal, longitudinal line L : 11 mm. : B : 5 mm. ; H. -4 mm. Pupa. — Normal. Head with the frons perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of pupa, high, the vertex just visible from above beyond tl e froiit margin of segment 2 ; this seement with the free, front margin rounded, of ordinary length, the dorsal line very gently sloped towards thorax : 100 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL MIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI. thorax with its dorsal line steeper on the anterior portion than that of segment 2, humped in middle; a good deal broader than segment 2, rather pointed behind ; constriction behind it dorsally slight, laterally nothing ; pupa highest at apex of thorax though, perhaps, thicker at segment 7 owing to the ventral line not being quite straight ; abdomen circular in transverse section running to a blunt, rounded point at anal end which is slightly turned under. Surface shining, especially on thorax and wings, covered with minute hairs under the lens, these hairs slightly longer at fore and hinder extremities of the body. Spiracles of segment 2 longly oval, slight- ly raised, short, white ; the other spiracles broadly oval, small and inconspi- cuous, coloured like the body. Colour of pupa a rose-brown yeJlow on the abdomen, dirty translucent-looking yellow on wings, thorax and head ; spotted and blotched with black spots forming a dorsal and lateral, inter- rupted line along back and sides of the abdomen ; ventrum light. L : 9 mm. ; B. 4 mm. ; H. 3*5 mm. Habits. — The egg is laid single amongst the flowers when they a,re in bud ; the little larva on emerging from the egg, — it eats its way out through the side as do nearly all these lycasnine cater- jjillars — burrows into a bud and lives inside the flower, changing from one to another as it finds it necessary, eating the carpels and pistils. It eventually also pupates inside the flower or a flower-bud rally feeds inside the flowers which it rarely leaves and pupates on the surface of the ground as often as not. The butterfly is a fairly strong flier and the male attracts notice by the glint of its deep metallic-blue upperside in the chequered sunlight under the trees that grow along the sides of tanks and water nallas wh ch constitute its favourite haunts in the •-• CO a 0 0 CO CO CT h 0 0 0 0 0 ea 0 0 - QO CO t— * 05 ■* 0 0 0 0 0 00 c- cc (M C* 0 U5 o? 0 c=> CO CO 03 0 in r-4 »^ i-H ■91 Ma o » 5 — 3 at "D ro > D >^ ■«! P3 0 H O CI C3 M 0) v fe fe CI o cq n u S bo C U oS ft in" t>. • o o m c cS pa tio c -« t< o o a O o =3 C3 ft 03 •a a 13 n o 2 - e; PQ pa o i_i i-i i-i r^ o t. o "^ S I — Ea ES O O S o OQ o 5- o j^' L*. o o O «3 o « a o 12 NEW GENERIC TERMi^. Pao-e Taterona (Mammalia) ... ... ... ... 4 OUYIA ( „ ) 201 DlOMYS ( „ ) 203 INDEX OF SPECIES. XCI Abisara angulata bifseciata echerius jhana fraterna . — fylla fyllaria 690 — kausambi paionea — neophron chelina — gratius neophron neophronides. ~ prunosa Ablabes calamaria. pavo Abrus precatorius Abutilon . . asiaticum bideutatum cor nu turn fruticosum indicum muticum Acacia arabica catechu jaquemonti leucophloea pennata Senegal Acanthion hodgsoni Acanthis spinoides Acanthopneuste nitidus. . occipitalis — ■ — trochiloides viridanuB Accentor himalayanus . . nepalensis Accipiter . . Number. lO-2'2 1022 1022 1022 1022 1022 1022 1022 1022 1022 1022 1022 1022 1022 569 683 139 226 226 226 227 227 226 226 245 U6, 627 246 246 246 945 246 824 773 991 606 606, 991 606 609 609 1007, 1008 44 Accipiter nisus virgatus Aceros nepalensis Aehj'ranthes ' aspera Acinonyx . . jubatus venaticus Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Acomys cahirinus dimidiatus flavidiis . . Acridotheres ginginianvis tristis Number 181, 617, 775, 845, 1009 . . 181, 1009 .. 998 ..817 S17, 818 .. 44 .. 44 .. 44 492, 493 492, 493, 686 785, 967 .. 781 .. 967 . . 967 588, 992 . . 588, 607, 772, 992 A cTocephalus dumetorum. Actinodura egertoni egertoni Actinopteris dichotoma . . Adelura cseruleicephala . . ^don familiaris . , ^^^gialitis alexandrina dubia . . ^iCgithaliscus erythrocephalus • niveigularis ^^^^githalos erythrocephalus cephalus ^i<]githina tiphia . . ^i^rides crispum . . JEvuA lanata pseudo-tomentosa tomentosa . . ^i]salon chicquera regulus .. x^thiopsar fuscus ^iCthopyga goulditie ignicauda saturata 586, 605, 991 ..989 . . 987 . . 608 .. 292 187, 294 . . 187, 596 ..602 .. 603 erythro- ..770 . . 586, 989 ..486 . . 816 ..817 .. 817 222, 234, 540, 816 ..182 . . 846 . . 607, 992 . . 612, 996 . . 428, 996 . . 996 XCll INDEX OF SPECIES. ^thopyga seheriae Ageratum conyzoides Agrionoptera — lineata — simularis Ailanthus excelsa Ailurus fulgens . . Ainslisea pteropoda Alactagulus indicus Alauda gulgula . . Alaudula adamsi . . raytal . . Albizzia . . lebbek . . stipulata Alcedo beavani . . ispida Alcurus striatus . . Alhagi camelorum AUactaga hotsoni indica , . mongolica williamsi NUMBKR. ..996 ..533 ..533 ..147 ..153 ..147 . . 625 ..350 . . 350 . . 695 .. 778 . . 590, 995 . . 174, 590 . . 995 . . 246 . . 246 . . 823 ..998 176, 591, 614, 997, 998 . . 990 . . 241 . . 936 936, 987 .. 986 . . 936 ..973 ..973 . . 477, 945 ..102 ..1023 Allium ■ cepa Allophyllus cobe . . AUotinns apthonius fabius panormis horsfieldii continentalis nivalis substrigosa ' subviolaceus . . manychus Alee sp. Alseonax latirostris muttii . . ruficaudus Alternanthera Alysicarpus triandra 588, hamosus monilifer rugosus tetragonolobus ..1022 ..1022 ..1022 .. 973 607, 993 .. 667 .. 607 .. 818 .. 818 .. 240 .. 240 .. 240 210, 241 .. 241 Alysicarpus vaginalis Amarantus blitum oleracea gangeticus . . tristis — paniculatus ~ polygamus spmosus viridis Amaurornis phoenicurus . . Amblypodia anita Ammannia degyptiaca arenaria attenuata auriculata australasica baccifera 210, — coccmea — cordata — debilis -- deusiflora — desertorum . . — lloribunda — glauca — indica — japonica — lanceolata ~ longypes — madagascariensis -- multiflora — octandra — parviflora — pusilla — racemosa — salicifolia — senegalensis — trifiora — undulata — vesicatoria ~ wrightii 210, AmmanoUa linearis Ammoperdix bonhami Ampeliceps coronatus 215, Number.. .. 240 .. 816 .. 816 . . 816 .. 816 .. 816 .. 816 .. 816 .. 816 .. 185 438, 444, 447 .. 444 210, 526 .. 215 .. 211 .. 215 211, 213, 215 .. 212 210, 215 .. 211 215, 216 .. 215 .. 215 10, 213, 527 212 .. 215 .. 215 .. 212 215, 216 .. 211 .. 212 12, 214, 527 210, 211 .. 212 .. 211 .. 211 215, 216 214, 211, 210 216 211 215 211 211 294 856 INDEX OF SPECIES. XCUl Anaph.ieis mesentina Anathana . . ellioti . . pallida . . wroughtoni Anas boscas pacilorhyncha Anax guttatus Ancistrodon millardi Andrographis echioides . , Andropogon annulatus . foveolatus . iwarancusa. pertusus sorghum squarrosus . Androsace rotundifolia . Anogeissus acuminata . pendula ■ rotundifolia . sericea Anomalococcus indicus . Anorthura neglecta Anourosorex assamensis. squamipes . Anser ferus indicus Anthersea roylei . . Anthipes poliogenys Anthothreptes simplex . Anthracoceros albirostris coronatus Anthus blakistoni campestris maculus . . — richardi . . rosaceus , . ■ rufulus similis spinoletta NUMBEK. 690 28 29 29 29 i91, 291, 842 . . 675, 842 ..874 . . 578 ..811 ..811 . . 981 . . 981 . . 981 . . 981 . . 981 . . 981 .981 . . 696 . . 525 . . 525 ..525 . . 525 . . 526 . . 627 ..605 . . ;i8 . . 38 . . 38 . . 190, 620 ..190 . . 300, 301 ..993 . . 857 176, 998 ..671 ..173 . . 173, 612 . . 612, 995 .. 995 ..612 589, 612, 995 173, 612, 995 ..612 Number. Anthus striolatus trivialis , Anticharis glandulosa linearis Antidesma ghsesembilla . Antilope cervi<:apra Aonyx cinerea leptonyx . . leuconyx . . Aphngeus .. 995 173,612 .. 549 . . 549 .. 549 . . 945 K-2r,, 841 .. 349 .. 349 .. 349 .. 823 . . 473 .. 478 .. 478 .. 482 ..477 . . 481, 482 .. 478 ..481 478, 480, 482 ..478 . . 473, 478 ..478 ..478 ..980 ..980 785, 966 ..782 ..966 . . 966 ..966 . . 966 966 636 ..616, 631, 637, 638, 639, 846 248, 616, 630, 631, 633 180 180, 631, 636, 638, 845 . . 180, 632 ..247, 631, 642,845 180, 593, 631, 640, 642, 846, 1041 Arachnechthra asiatica ,. 612,174,286, 591, 857, 996 concanus himalayanus hypargyrus ichita . . ictis lazularia lillacinus lohita . , syama . . vulcanus zebrinus zoilus . . Apluda — aristata Apodemus — ananus -- sublimis — sylvaticus pentax rusiges wardi . . Aquila bifasciata. . -- chrysaetus. -- fulvescens -- heliaca — imperialis . . -- maculata . — vindhiana . XCIV INDEX Ot SPECIES. Arachnechthra flammaxillaris Arachnothera aurata ■ longirostis . magna Arboricola torqueola Archibuteo . hemiptilopuH Arctictis . . binturong gairdneri ArctogalicTia leucotis Arctonyx . . . coUaris - — dictator taxoides Ardea cinerea manillensis Ardeola grayi Ardetta cinnomomea ■ minuta . . sinensis . . Ardisia hunilis Argemone mexicana Argya caudata • earlii longirostris malcolmi . Arbopala abseus . . ■ amantes anita atrax bazaloides canaraica centaurus corruscans eumolphus .446, . . VI-2, hewitsoni pirithous pseudocentaurus Aristida Number. .. 856 ..669 . . 670, 996 428, 670, 996 . . 619, 849 ..654 . . 631, 654 . . 53 . . • • . . 53 . . 53 . . 52 . . 52 . . 281, 347 347, 348, 823 347, 348 347, 348 189, 598, 620 . . 189, 597 190, 598, 620 . . 598 . . 294 . . 598 ..871 . . 219 ..219 . .' ' 585, 603 585, 675, 988 . . 988 . . 585 446, 455, 457 ,.446 447, 448, 450, 453, 454, 750 . . 446 .. 454 . . 446 . . 446 446, 447, 453, 456, 750 . . 447, 450 ..446 446, 453, 454 . . 447 .. 447 .. 982 Anstida adscenscionis funiculata — hirtigluma hystricula mutabilis Aristolochia Arnebia bracteata hispidissima Artamus fuscus . . Artocarpus incisa Arundinax aedon Asio accipitrinus Asparagus racemosus Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) aurantii camellias destructor . . ficus . . Asphodelus tenuifolius Astur badius palumbarius Atella phalantha Athene brama Atriplex sp, Aulocera sarasvati Auzakia danava . . Axis axis . . porcinus Azadirachta — indica Number, .. 982 .. 982 .. 982 .. 982 .. 982 .. 969 .. 969 .. 643 .. 543 426, 992 .. 628 .. 991 .. 178 .. 972 .. 972 . 623 . 623 . 623 . 623 . 972 . 972 . 1008 181, 593, 617, 1009 1009 690 178, 593, 1045 968 870 ..870 841, 661, 825 .. 825 . . 233 233 loo: Badamia exclamationis . . Balanites . . roxburghii Balsamodendron roxburghii Bandicota elliotana gigantea .. 691 .. 232 .. 232 .. 233 783, 785 786, 824 782, 785 INDEX OF SPECIES. xcv Bandicota indica malabarica savilei Barbastella darjilingensis Barleria . . acanthoides hochstetteri prionitis Bauhinia . . Belomys . . pearsoni trichotis Berberis lycium . . Bergia ammannioides odorata cestivosa . . Boselaphus tragocamelus Bhringa remif er . . Bibasis sena Bibos gaurus Bidefts pilosa Bind^hara sugriva Blabephorus pinguis Blainvillea rhomboidea Blarinella wardi Blastania . . fimbristipula Blastospora biitleri Blepharis . . sindica Blumea amplectens Bcerhaavia — diffusa — elegans — verticillata Boswellia serrata Botaurus stellaris Number. .. 786 .. 786 .. 786 .. 786 .. 823 .. 811 . . 811 . . 81-2 .. 811 .. 244 .. 357 . . 357 .. 357 .. 695 . . 225 .. 225 225 . . 225 .. 841 .. 990 . . 461 .. 825 . . 1035 . . 536 .. 536 .. 951 951, 954 .. 301 . . 535 .. 535 .. 36 .. 37 .. 529 .. 529 .. 696 .. 811 .. 811 .. 533 .. 533 .. 815 .. 815 .. 815 .. 815 .. 233 .. 190 Bouchea marrubifolia Brachydiplax farinosH pruinosa sobrina Brachypternus aurantius. Brachythemis -^ contaminata fuscopalliata Bradinopyga Number. .. 813 . . 490 . . 490, 492 .. 492 490, 491, 492, 686 175, 591, 613 ..737 . . 686, 737^ 738, 739 ..738 .. 514 . . 514, 686 .. 220 . . 220 . . 544 ..544 .. 825 ..178 178, 593. . . 190, 598 838, 839 838, 839, 840 . . 838, 839 560, 562, 563, 566 ..197 ..197 . . 198 . . 198 575, 684, 1046 ..580 1007, 1008, 1012 180, 593, 1007, 1008, 1012 Buteatrondosa . . . . . . . . 305 Buteo 241, 826, 1000 desertonmi: 826, 827, 835, 845, 1001 ferox . . 181, 617, 827, 832, 845, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003 frondosa . . . . 135, 241, 305 leucocephalu's . . . . 827, 1000 plumipes . . . . 826 vulgaris . . . . . . . . 826 Butorides javanica . . . . . . 598 geminata Brassica campestris oleracea Breweria . . latifolia Bubalis bubalis . . Bubo bengalensis coromandus Bubulcus coromandus Budorcas bedfordi •■ taxicolor tibetanus Bufo melanostictus Bulbostylis -~ barbata capillaris puberula Bungarus cceruleus fasciatus Butastur . . teesa XCVl INDEX OF SPECIES. Number. Caccabis chucar . . Oacergates fuecopalliata 'Cacomantis merulinus passerinus Caconeura canningi mackwoodi Cadaba indica Calamaria pavimentata ■Calamintha umbrosa Calandrella brachydactyl minor •Callacanthis burtoni Callialcyon lilacina 'Calligonum polygonoides Calliope camtschatkensis tschebaiewi Callophis bibroni Callosciurus atrodorsalis shanicus. 619, 428, 684, J 74, 365, 365, 365, 365, — caniceps — cnimpi — epomophorus davisoni. 366, — erythrteus . , 365, 366, bhutanensis crotalius erythrteus. 368, erythrogaster . . kinneari nagarum. 369, punctatissimus . . ferrugineus . . gordoni griseimanus qiiinquestriatus rubeculuB . . sladeni careyi fryanus haringtoni midas millardi rubex 365, 366, 365, 366, 366, 365, 366, 366, 366. 775 738 999 999 877 876 222 222 866 696 293 293 610 998 969 969 994 994 577 365 368 368 366 368 368 368 368 369 369 369 369 370 369 368 370 365 870 370 366 367 367 367 367 367 367 Callosciurus sladeni shortridgei sladeni stevensi Calomyscus bailwardi baluchi hotsoni Calotes versicolor Calothemis Calotropis acigastra procera Calyptomena viridis Camena . . argentea cippus cleobis . . ctesia — deva Camponotus compressus Campophaga melanoptera melanoschista — sykesi Canavalia ensiformis Canis aureus indica indicus indicus kola laniger lanka lupus naria pallipes Cannabis sativa Canthium parviflorum Capparis . , aphylla — decidua grandis sodada . . spinosa Caprimulgus jegypticus asiaticus Number. 366, 367 366, 367 365, 368 938, 939 .. 939 .. 939 70, 571, 579 .. 141 .. 142 .. 539 246, 539 .. 858 457, 464, 467, 469 458, 462, 465, 467 .. 472 .. 457 .. 457 .. 472 118, 627 .. 524 624, 607, 992 .. 992 .. 241 241, 1049 , , 338 .. 338 .. 823 .. 339 839, 340, 1028 .. 339 339, 340 .. 338 339, 340, 1033 338, 339 .. 972 .. 972 .. 477 .. 222 222, 540 .. 222 . . 222 .. 222 .. 222 1043 .. 177 INDEX OF SPECIES. XCVll •Caprimulgus europajiis . . indicus macrurus . . monticola . . unwini Capsicum , . annuum •Cardamine impatiens Cardiospermum halicacabum •Carduelis cauiceps Carega arborea . . ■Carex — —- condensata mercarensis speciosa . . Carpodocus erythrinus . ■Carpophaga renea senea . Caryopteris grata wallichiana . . Casarca rufila rutila Cassia auriculata kleinii obovata obtusa Cassytha . . filiformis Castalius . . ananda . . decidea ethion rosimon Cataptecilma Catachrysops ~ elesans atrabo — cnejus — pandava — strabo Catopsilia . . crocale florella pomona • pyranthe Number. . . 428 . . 614 ..999 o92, 614, 999 . . 428 . . o49 . . 549 . . 695 . . 235 610, 676 . . 871 . . 208 . . 209 . . 208 ..209 ^589, 610, 995 . . 846 . . 696 . . 696 ..842 190,620 ..244 . . 244 . . 244 . . 244 . . 244 ..967 . . 969 . . 123, 128 ..123 . . 124, 129 126, 127, 132 .. 129,691 . . 759 . . 759 ..107 . . 108 . . 110, 691 . . 112, 691 691 462 Catreus wallichi . . Celerio euphorbite Celosia argentea . . Celsia coromandeliana Celythemis phyllis Cenchrus . . bitlorus catharticus Centropus bengalensis sinensis Cephalopyrus flammiceps. Cerastium glomeratum . . Ceratina viridissima Cerberus . , rhynchops Cercomela fusca . . Cerjornis blythi . . caboti . . 690 690 690 690 macrolophus . melanocephala modestus satyra . . temmincki Cerococcus hibisci Ceropegia wallichii Ceroplastodes cajani Certhia himalayana himalayana Cervus cashmirianus Ceryle lugubris . . varia Cethosia cyane Ceyx tridactyla . . Chierephon plicatus 13 Chserocampa alecto Chjietura . . Chaimarrornis leucocephala Chalcopharia phojnicotis Chalcophaps indica Chaptia senea Chara sp. ... NUMBEK. 1 1, 2, 619 .. 872 .. 815 .. 815 .. 549 .. 549 . . 931 . . 979 .. 979 .. 979 429, 999 177, 592, 999 604, 675, 990 ..695 .. 872 . . 89 89, 581, 584 588, 667, 843 . . 891 .. 906 .. 707 .. 885 .. 906 .. 707 . 891, 901 . . 627 .. 696 . . 625 . . 605 .. 771 . . 1038 . . 613, 998 176, 591, 998 . . 690 . . 998 . . 27 .. 27 .. 299 . . 591 . . 772 . . 990 , . 618, 671 5 .. 990 .. 219 xcvni INJiEX OF SPECIES. Charasia . . Charadrius fulvus dorsalis Charaxas fabius . cerynthus polyxena hemana — • — hierax hindia rossa Charaxes athamas imna schreiberi Chaulelasmus streperue Chelidon kashmiriensis Chelidorhynx hypoxautha hypoxanthum Cheliones . . — hurrianoe collinue Chenopodium album Cheritra freja jaffra Chersydnis granulatus . . Ohettusia gregaria leucura Chibia hottentotta Chilades laius trochillus Chimarrhornis leucocephalus Chimmarrogale . . himalayica Chionaspis vitis . . Chiropodomys ■ gliroides . . • peguensis . . penicillatus Chliaria cachara . kina nilgirica . othona . Chloropsis aurifrons hardwickii Number. .. 565 .. 187 571, 673, 578 ..1021 ..1021 ..1021 . . 1022 ..1021 ..1022 ..1021 ..1022 .. 462 .. 462 .. 462 191, 842 ..611 .. 772 427, 608, 993 .. 726 . . 726 . . 968 . . 968 .. 951 766, 948, 951 .. 584 .. 187 187, 294 425, 990 .. 691 .. 691 608, 993 .. 38 .. 38 .. 622 785, 965 .. 965 965, 966 .. 782 . . 484 .. 484 .. 484 .. 486 484, 485 .. 990 ,. 990 Chsetura nudipes . . Choetornis locustelloides Chorlis pallida polystachya quinquesetica tenella villosa virgata Chrysanthemum indicum Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus Chrysocolaptes gutticristatus Chrysopelea ornata Chrysophlegma flavinucha Cicer arietinum . . Ciconia alba Cinclus asiaticus . . Cinnyris currucaria Circaetus . . callicus. . Circus ■ cyaneus NUMBEK 614, 998 586 — - niacrurus Cissa chinensis Cistanche tubulosa Cisticola cursitans tytleri . . Citrullus . . colocynthis vulgaris. . Citrus aurantium medica Cittocincla macrura Clemmys caspica . . Cleome brachycarpa papillosa . . riscosa Clerodendron phlomidis 983 983 984 98A 983 984 984 .)36 536 999 997 574 996 242 242 189, 294 609, 994 .. 175 1007, 1008, 1009 180,617,774,1008,1009 1007, 1008 617, 1009 181, 593, 845, 1009 181, 693, 617, 845, 1009 854, 988 550 55U 586 991 528 528 529 2.32 232 232 427, 994 295 220 221 220 221 813 813 INDEX OF SPECIES. XCIX Cleroilendrou siphonanthus Clitoria ternatea. . Coccinia . . indica . . Coccinella 7-punctata Cocculus . . cebatha villosus Coccystes coromandus ■ jacobiuus 590, 592, Coclioa jjurpurea. Ccelomys . . bicolor. mayori . Ccesulia — axillaris . Collocalia brevirostris francica fasciphaga innominata Colotis amata ■ vestalis . . Coluber helena pavo porphyraceus Colnmba eversmanni — intermedia livia Commelina albescens bengalensis forskaloei Commiphora • agaUo3ha mukul Conchoderma hunteri Contia brevicauda condoni fasciata Convolvulus arvensis conglomeratui — densiflorus — glomeratue — gracilis Number. . 477 .1049 . 529 . 529 . 848 . 219 . 219 . 219 . . 429, 999 603, 615, 999 . . 669 . . 785, 962 . . 962 . . 782, 962 . . 534 . . 534 . . 614 . . 858, 8o9 177, 998 858, 859 868, 869 868, 869 . . 566 . . 865 . . 866 . . 183, 594 183, 534, 618 . . 618 ..973 . . 973 ..973 . . 973 . . 232 . . 233 232, 246, 971 ..809 .1024 ..1024 . . 1024 . . 544 . . 545 .. 544 .. 545 . . 544 .545 Convolvulus microphyllus pluricaulis . . rhyniospermus — rottlerianus Copsychus saularis Coraoias affinis bengalensis garrulus indica . . Corallocarpus epigoeus Corchorus — • acutangulus antichorus fescicularis olitorius tridens trilooularis Cordia rothii Coriaria nepalensis Corvus capellanus corax tibetanum insolens macrorhynchus splendens NUMBEK. . . 544 . 545 . . 545 .. 544 . 576, 588, 608, 994 618, 997 . . 861 . . 293, 861 176, 591, 861, 997 .. 530 . . 530 . . 229 .230 . . 2:J(), 970 . . 229 . . 229 . . 230 . . 229 . . 541 ..541 762, 763, 764 . . 292 . . 585 ..848 523 601, 634, 988 levaillanti . . 770 . . 289, 523, 585, 592, 601, 843, 988 protegatus Corydon sumatranus Cotile sinensis Cottonia macrostachys Cotula hemisphijurica Coturnix communis coromandelica Courtoisia cyperoides Crateropus canorus terri color terricolor Cratilla rtalverti lineata .. 523 .. 523 . . 857 611, 995 485, 486 .. 536 . . 536 185, 619 . . 594 .. 192 .. 192 585, 603 . . 988 .. 152 .. 153 .. 153 INDEX OF StECIES. Cratilla metallica Cremastogaster . . Cremnomys australis 122, Siva cutchicus medius csenosus rajput Creon cleobis Oreoplastes actiniformis Cressa cretica Criniger flaveolus Crocidura — aranea — fuleginosa — fumigata — horsiieldi Crocopus chlorogaster phoenicopterus Crocothemis cruentala erythoea reticulata rufa ■ servilia soror Crotalaria burhia capensis medicaginea retusa striata servilia 515, Crypsirhina varians Cryptolopha burkii cantator xanthoschiata xanthoschistos Cryptostegia grandiflora Cryptotheca apetala NUMBEK. . . 163, 154 469, 476, 479 784, 799 . . 800 .. 800 782, 799, 800 .. 800 .. 800 . . 800 .. 457 463, 465 ,. 624 .. 544 ..544 .. 990 .. 37 .. 37 .. 37 .. 37 .. 37 183, 594 .. 183 . . 515 . . 505 516, 517 .. 516 .. 505 516, 686, 687 516, 517 516 235 235 135 235 236 1047 853 6(M>. 991 .. 991 . . 606, 614 xanthos- chistos. 772 . . 540 . . 540 .. 215 Cu cuius canorus Number. . . 592, 606, 614, 671, 999 Cucumis micropterus saturatus melo prophetarum trigonus Cucurbita maxima Culicicapa ceylonensis Cuon dukhunensis rutilans Curetis bulls — thetis Oursorius coromandelicus gallicus Cuscuta hyalina . . Cyamopsis psoralioides Cyanecula suecica Cyaniris limbata . puspa . . Cyanoderma erythropterum Cyanops asiatica . . cyanotis. . — rubescens Cyanotis axillaris Cyathocline lyrata Cydnus indicus . . Cylindrophis maculatus Cymbcpogon martini Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus Cynselurus jubatTis Cynodon . . barberi dactylon intermedius Cynopterus sphinx sphinx . . 614, 999 606, 614, 999 528 528 528 528 530 530 607, 772, 993 . . 340 ,340,661,823,837, 1032, 1033 340, 341 135, 140 135, 139 135, 136, 139, 462 186, 595 186 543 543 236 236 588, 994 871, 872 116 855 613, 997 997 997 973 973 533 533 681 863 982 982 857 1041 .. 983 304, 305 304, 305, 983 304, 305 823, 1025 INDEX OF ISPECIES. ci Cynthia saloma Cyornis leucomelanurus -- melanoleucus rubeculoides ■ superciliaris Cyperus — arenanus — aristatiis — bulbosus - compressus — conglomeratus — difformis — eleusinoides — iria niveus . . pumiliis. . pygraaeus rotiuidus tuberoBUS Cyprellus pallidus Cypselus affinis . . leuconyx raelba . . murinus _ pacificus Dacnomys. . millardi Dacfcylopius indicus Dafila acuta Dalbergia . . — lanceolaria latifolia sissoo . . Danais chrysippus — limniace . . plexippus Daphnis nerii Datura fastuosa . . Deilephila livornica Delias eucharis . . 176, Number. .. 462 426, 607, 993 .. 993 426, 607, 993 .. 607 . . 974 . . 974 . . 974 . . 975 .. 974 .. 974 .. 974 . . 975 . . 975 .. 974 .. 974 202, 974 .. 975 .. 975 . . 293 591, 614, 998 .. 614 61 4, 998 .. 293 . . 998 784, 790 782, 790 .. 626 191, 842 .. 244 ,. 627 .. 462 .. 244 .. 689 689, 1047 .. 689 .. 299 .. 548 . . 548 .. 872 .. 690 Dendrocyna javanica Dendrelaphis caudolineatus tristis Dendrobium chrysotoxum Dendrocitta himalayensis rufa Dendrocopus auriceps . . — himalayensis macii Dendrophis pictus Dendrotreron hodgsoni . . Derris scandens . . Desmcistachya bipinnata Deudoryx epijarbas Diardigallus praelatus fasciolatus . , Diaspis echinocacti Dicreuin cruentatum erythrorhynchus ignipectns olivaceum Dichoceros bicornis Diclirostachys cinerea Dicoma tomeutosa Dicrurus annectens ater longicaudatns Digera arvensis Digitalis purjjurea Digitaria . . pennata sanquinalis var. ciliaris Dioscorea pentophylla Diospyros embryopteris Dipcadi erythrfeum Diplacodes nebulosa parvula NUMBEK. . . 842 . . 580 . . 567 ..897 . . 602, 988 585, 602, 988 . . 175, 613 . . 613 613, 996 ..580 . . 846 ..139 ..986 ..986 ..767 691, 767 .15 .15 ..622 . . 996 . . 612, 996 . . 996 ..996 ..998 .245 .537 .. 537 . . 990, 999 586, 605, 990 605, 675, 990 .. 856 .. 815 .. 815 .. 308 .. 977 .. 977 .. 977 .. 977 .. 457 .. 480 .. 762 .. 972 .. 500 500, 601, 686, 687 ..876 en INDEX OF SPECIES. Number. Diplacodes trivialis Diplax commixta dry as equestris . . fonscolombei hypomelas meridionalis nebulosa . . • ^— orientale . . sobrina striolata . . trivialis vulgata Diplostemon octandrum Dipodilliis arabium Indus . . 500, 501, 501", — nanus . . — swinhoei 779, Dipsadomorphus ceyloueusis • — — forsteni multifasciatus nuchalis 495, 935, 935, 570. trigonatus Dischrostachys . . Disparoneura fletcheri . . Dissemurus paradiseus . . Dissura episcopus Dodona adonira . . argentea binghami dipoea ■ nostia - eugenes . . venox — longicaudata — ouida ■ — phlegra Doemia extensa . . Doleschallia polybete Dolichos . . biflorus Dremomys 680 498 926 510 497 498 735 501 499 491 495 503 497 211 779 935 936 936 779 571 571 866 571 569 245 876 990 189 1022 1022 1022 1022 1022 1022 1022 1022 1022 1022 540 540 462 242 242 363 Dremomys lokria bhotia lokria macmillani . — pernyi — rufigenis udamsoni opimus Dryobates aviriceps Dryonastes chinensis • ruficoUis Dryophis mycterizans . . 563, perroteti pulverulentus . . Dythemis infernalis Dysdercus cingulatus Number. . . 363 363, 364, 824 363, 364 363, 364 .. 364 363, 364 . 364, 365 .. 364 . . 774 . 854, 855 . . 988 )72, 578, 681, 862, 863 .. 571 . . 574 .. 925 . . 872 Echinops . . echinatus Echinus esculentus Echis carinatus . . Eclipta erecta Ehretia aspera Elteagnus latifolia Elanus coeruleus ,181, Eleocharis — atropurpurea — capitata — chaetaria — congesta — fistulosa — palustris — plantaginea — spiralis Elephas maximas Eleusine . , . . 537 . . 537 . . 483 . . 577 . . 535 . . 535 . . 541 . . 541 . . 622 1005 617, 826, 827, 1005, 1041 197, 198, 976 198, 199, 976 . . 198, 199 198, 199, 312 ..312 198, 199 198, 199 ..198 . . 198, 199 . . 825 . . 984 INDEX 01 SPECIES. cm Eleusine iBgyptiaca aristata . . flagellifera Elionurus . . hirsutus royleanus Emballonura monticola Emberiza aureola — _ cia stracheyi fucata . . arcuat; leucocephala luteola pusilla . . rutila . . • schoenicles stewarti stracheyi Enallagma assamica Enhyclrina valakadyu Enhydris . . curtus . . Enicostemma littorale Eogiaucomys fimbriatus Ephedra . . foliata . . Epimys kandianus ■ — kelaarti . nemoralis — nitidus . . rufescens 389, 394, 398 Eptesicus hingstoni • innesi . . matschiei ■ pellucens • serotinus . turcomanus walli . . Eragrostis . , ciliaris Number. 984 984 984 980 981 980 23 23 995 774 676 774 611 293, 676 . 995 . 995 . 676 . 611 . 611 . 877 . 96 (), 803 . 94 . 94 . 540 . 540 . 358 . 358 . 972 . 972 . 387 . 411 . 408 . 412 68,77,83,87, 384, 400, 402, 403, 409 .. 745 .. 745 .. 746 746, 747 .. 745 . . 745 .. 746 .. 985 .. 985 Number. Eragrostis ciliaris var. brachystachya. . 985 interrupta major minor pilosa plumosa stenophyllii tremula viscosa Eribtea agrarius . . — arja rseberi vernus athamas . . — andamanicus — bharata — hamasta — madeus eudamippus jamblichus jalysus ephebus . . moori marginalis sandakanus schreiberi tisamenus Erigeron alpinus canadense Eriochiton cajani Eriophorum comosum Erodium . . cicutarium Erythemis oblita rufa servilia testacea Erythrina caffra . . — crista galli indioa . . lithosperma Esacus recurvirostris .. 985 .. 986 .. 986 .. 986 .. 985 .. 986 .. 986 .. 985 . . 1021 . . 1021 . . 1021 . . 1021 . . 1021 . .1021 . . 1021 . . 1021 ..1021 .1021 . .1021 ..1021 . .1021 ..1021 . . 1021 . .1021 . .1021 .1021 ..1021 .. 696 .. 696 .. 625 .. 203 .. 203 .. 232 .. 232 .. 505 .. 505 .. 516 .. 168 . . 1050 . . 1050 . . 1050 . . 1050 .. 624 186, 595 CIV INDEX OF 8PECIEIS. Euaspa milionea . . Eublemraa scitula Eucalyptus sp. . , Budynamis honorata Eugenia . . janbolana Eulabes intermedia Eulepis dolon Eupetaurus — cinereus Euphorbia clarkeana devergens dracunculoides elegans glanca granulata hirta . , hypericifolia . . jodhpurensis . . rothiana Ijeta . . — microphylla . . neriifolia nivulia — — oreophila pilosa . . segetalis thymifolia 177 Euplocamus diardi ignitus praelatus : — rufus sumatranus vieilloti Euploea core Eupodotis edwardsi Euripus consimilis amala diocletiana eurimus gudila meridionalis sunta triquilla Number. .. 870 .. 627 . . 526 , 592, 999 .. 526 .. 526 .. 992 .. 870 .. 354 .. 354 .. 970 .. 971 .. 600 .. 970 .. 970 .. 600 . . 970 .. 970 .. 970 .. 971 599, 600 .. 599 . . 971 219, 940 . . 540 . . 599 .. 696 .. 600 .. 970 .. 15 .. 10 .. 15 .. 10 .. 11 .. 10 689, 1047 595, 673 ..1021 . . 1021 . . 1021 . . 1021 . . 1021 ..1021 . . 1021 . . 1021 Euripus halitherses alcathsBoides cinnamoneus gulussa gyrtona — — haliartus isa . . master neda nyctelius kademoides Eurystomus orientalis Euthalia nais Everes argiades . . Evolvulus . . alsinoides Excalfactoria chinensis Exostoma stoliczikne NUMBEK> . . 102] . . 1021 . . 1021 . . 1021 . . 1021 . . 1021 . 1021 . . 1021 . . 1021 . . 1021 ..1021 428, 997 .. 689 132, 691 .. 544 . . 544 . . 1044 . . 295 Fagonia arabica . bruguieri cretica . Fagopyrum esculentum Falco barbarus cherrug jugger milvipes — peregrinator • peregrinus . . — . peregrinator . . 231 ..231 . . 231 . . 231 . . 969 . . 969 . . 845 . . 182, 846 182, 590. 593, 618 . . 182 — - — sacer subbuteo . . tinnunculuB Farsetia . . segyptiaca hamiltonii jacquemontii macrantha Felis affinis .. 618 . 182, 845 .. 775 182 (>18, 846 775 219 220 220 219 220 40 42, 43, 822, 1027, 1082 INDEX OF SPECIES. cv Felis bengalensis ■ caracal chaus isabellina leo . . lynx raanul marmorata . nebulosa oniata pardus rubiginosa temmincki tigris torquata uncia viverrina Feroculus FicTis bengalensis — — mysorensis NUMBEK. 40, 41, 43, 822, 1032 40, 44, 1041 .. 40 .. 44 40, 41, 42 . . 40 40, 42, 43 40, 41, 43, 822 40, 41, 43, 822 . . 40, 41, 42 40, 41, 42, 822, 841 40, 41, 42, 1027 40, 41, 43, 822 40, 41, 42. 659, 822, 837, 841 . . 40, 42, 44 . . 40, 41, 43 40, 41, 42, 822 Fimbristylis tenera oxylepis religiosa Filices Fimbristylis 971 972 972 971 987 192, 197, 975 193, 312 193, 194 - 195,197 mierocarya . . 197 dichotoma . . 194, 975 digitata . . . . 195 diphylla . . 194, 195 annua . . . . 195 pleristriata . . 195 acuminata argentea complanata ferruginea . . glomerata . . junciformis miliacea monostachya monticola . . oestivalis polytrichoides quinquangularis schcenoides spathacea . . 194, 195, 975 . . 203, 204 195, 196 195,196 . . 192 .196 ..194 ..193 195, 196, 975 193, 194 ..194 tetragona , umbellata uncinata wallichiana ■ — woodrowii Flaveria . . contrayerba Forficula planticoUis Francolinus pondicerianus vulgaris Frankliuia buchanani ■ — cinereicapilla — gracilis rufescens Fringilanda sordida Fuirena . , Fulica atra Fuligula f uligula . . Funambulus bengalensis dravidianus — kathleeuse — layardi — numarius — palmarum bellaricus brodiei. . comorinus favonicus kelaarti olympius pabnarum pennanti NuMBEK. 196, 197, 976 195, 196, 976 . . 193 203, 204 . . 203, 204 . . 203 195, 196 . . 538 ..538 . . 848 185, 594, 620 185, 594, 619 . . 586 . . 991 605, 991 .. 991 .. 611 . . 203 185, 620 . . 842 . . 372 . . 374, 376 . . 374, 377 . . 730, 1033 . . 374, 377 373, 374, 377 . . 729, 730 . . 373 374, 375 373, 375 373, 375 374, 375 373, 375 374, 375 .. 375 .. 374 argentescens 374, 376 lutescens 374, 376 pennanti 376, 824, 1028 - robertsoni . . 374, 376 - striatus . . . . 576 sublineatus 373, 374, 377, 1033 - thomasi . . 729, 730, 1028 ~ tristri^tus . . 373, 374, 728, 729, 730 14 CVJ IND£X OF SPECIES. Number. Funambulus tristriatus iiumarius 374, 376 tristriatus . . 376 wroughtoni . . 374, 376, 729 Galega incana spinosa . . Galeopterus volans Galerita cristata . . deva Gallicrex cinerea Gallinago coelestis . . 188, gallinula • nemoricola stenura Gallinula chloropus Gallus ferrugineus macartneys Gampsorhynchus rufulus rufulus Garrulax albogularis leucolophus leucolophus moniliger pectoralis Garmlus bispecularis lanceolatus Gazella bennetti. . Gecinus chloroloplius occipitalis squamatus GenDcBus albocristatus . . 185 —■ — — batenani horsfieldi horsfiekli . . Geocichla citrina . . — - wardi . . Gerardia prevostiana Gerbillus . . andersoni cheesmani . . . . gerbillus gleadowi . . 748 Gerydus biggsii . . .. 238 .. 240 .. 39 .. 39 174, 591 .. 174 . . 594 596, 849 188, 596 .. 301 .. 850 185, 594 184, 619 .. 10 .. 989 603, 770 .. 988 .. 988 . . 988 602, 652 . . 602 .. 842 613, 996 612, 996 .. 612 619, 775 .. 848 .. 848 .. 994 609, 994 .. 584 778, 779 748, 749 748, 749 748, 749 749, 779 . . 1023 Gerydus biggsii atomaria denticulata boisduvali miletus longeana symethus diopeithes Giaekia - pharnaceoides Glareola lactea . . orientalis pratincola Glaucidium brodici cuculoides radiatum Glossocardia Glossonema linearifolia setosa varians Gnaphalium pulvinatuni Golunda . . ellioti . . 782 newera . . watsoni Gomphrena — globosa Gonatodes jerdoni Gonomys bengalensis Gossypium — arboreum herbaceum Gracilea — royleana plumos Graminicola bengalensis Grammotoptila striata Graucalus macii . . Grewia abutilifolia populifolia salvifolia . . villosa Grus antigone Number. . . 1023 ..1023 . . 1023 ..1023 ..1023 ..1023 .. 632 .. 632 186, 595 .. 595 . . 294 .. 616 . . 616 .. 616 .. 636 . . 536 . . 536 . . 539 . . 539 .. 534 .. 534 785, 964 824, 964, 965, 1030 964, 965 .. 965 .. 818 . . 818 572, 575 .. 824 .. 228 .. 228 .. 228 . . 983 .. 983 .. 983 .. 991 .. 603 .. 988 524, 992 .. 229 . . 229 .. 229 .. 229 .. 229 .. 185 striata INDUX 01 SPECIES. cvu Orypomys CJimomys gleadovvi bengalensis gracilis — kok lordi — varius . — sindicus — wardi . (Tuyia kathleenas Gymnorhis flavicollis Gymnosporia montana Gvmiiura . . gymnura minox- (4j'nandropsis — pentaphylla Gj^paetus barbatus. NUMBEK. . . 784, 801 782, 801 . . 783, 787 782, 785, 787 . . 787, 788 664, 787, 788, 1030, 1035 . . 787, 788 . . 787, 788 664, 787, 788 . . 787, 788 . . 784, 802 . . 782, 802 .. 589,611 . . 233 . . 233 . . 33 . . 33 221 .. 221 262 180,251, 262,616, 618 — grandis 774 Gyps . . 249, 255, 256, 257, 258 fulvus 179, 249. 250, 255, 250, 260 himalayensis ,. ., 774 himalayensis 249, 250, 256, 260, 616, 618 indicus . . 179, 250, 257, 287, 1045 tenuirostris . . . . 179, 250, 258 Haliastur indus .. 181,593. Haloxylou nitiltifloruiu recurvum -■ salicomicuni . . Halys dentatus . . Hapalomys longicaudatus Hapalocarpum indicum . . vesicatoriuin Harpactes erythrocephalus orescius Harpactor costalis Harpiocephalus . . . lasyurus Harpiola . . — gnsea Hasora chromus . . Helarctos . . malayanus Hadromys huuoei Hiematospiza sipalii Hteromys . . — ■ — chiropus margaretta- Halcyon smyrnensis Haliaetus . . . albicilla leucoryphus 785, 964 . . 782, 964 ..995 785, 964 ..964 . . 782 176,591, 614,998 1007,1008, 1014 .. 1008, 1016 181, 593, 617, 1007, 1008, 1014 Helicops schistosus Helictis uipalensis orientalis personata Heliotropium calcareuin eichwaldi . . ovalifolium paniculatum rariflorum . . strigosum . . supinum . tuberculosum undulatum ■ — zeylaniciim Hemianax ephippiger . . Hemibungarus nigrescens Hemiclielidon sibirica . . Hemichionaspis lepidistrpe these Hemicordulia asiatica . . Hemiechinus auritus collaris Number. 617, 827,831 968 968 968 968 694 785, 967 782, 967 . . 216 . . 215 . . 999 . . 859 ..872 . . 20 21, 824 . . 20 . . 20 . . 691 . . 351 . . 351 . . 862 ..346 . . 347 346, 823 346, 347, 823 . . 541 . . 542 ..542 . . 542 . . 542 . . 541 . . 543 . . 541 . . 542 . . 542 . . 541 . . 874 . . 564, 576 . . 607, 992 622 623 685 31 748 32 cvm INDEX OF SPECIES. Hemieehinus megalotis Hemigalus derbianus incursor Hemilecanium imbricans Hemilophus pulverulentis Hemipus capitalis picatus . . Hemistigmoides . . Hemitragus hylocarius Hemixus flavala . . Henicurus immaculatus leschenaulti maculatus schistaceiis Herodias alba garzetta Herpornis xantholeuca Hesperia galba . . Hesperoptenus tiekelli Heylandia ■ • latebrosa Heynea trijuga . . Hibiscus abelmoschiis cannabinus — esculentus — niicranthiis Hieraetus . . ■ fasciatus — pennatus 180, Hierococcyx varius Himantopus candidus Hipposideros armiger fulvus Hiptage madablota • parviflora 180, 617, ..177, Hirundo erythropygia . . guttaralis nepalensis rustica . . . . 172, smithii . . . . 172, tytleri . . HodgsoniuB phoenicuroides Hoplopterus ventralis . . Hoppea Number. . . 32 . . o2 . . 53 . . 625 . . 428, 613 . . 426 . . 992 ..488 . . 666 . . 990 . . 993 . . 993 608, 993 ..993 190, 598 598, 852 . . 989 .691 . . 824 . . 235 . . 235 .. 139 . . 227 . . 228 . . 227, 625 .. 227 . . 646 593, 616, 631, 644, 650 631, 646, 845 287, 592, 999 .. 187 .. 823 . . 823 871, 872 .. 871 172, 995 . . 995 611, 844, 995 589, 611, 995 589, 611, 995 . . 995 .. 424 . . 186 .. 541 Hoppea dichotoma Horaga cinojalensis onyx viola Hordeiim . . • vulgare Horeites brunneifrons pallidus . . Horornis fortipes pallidipes pallidus Houbara macqueeni Huphina nerissa . . Hyjena hyiiena striata Hydranympha helvetica Hydrochelidon hybrida . . Hydronynipha Hydrophasianus chirurgus Hydrophis cierulesceiis . . cyanocinctus gracilis jerdoni maniillaris ornata siamensis spiralis alcocki bishopi brugmansi . . 430, floweri longiceps melanocephalus melanosonia . . robusta subcincta typica vol spiralis tuberculatus . . viperina Hydrus platurus . . Hyla arborea Hylomys , . suillus . . NUMEEK. .. 041 . . 762 . . 763 762, 763 .. 764 .. 987 . . 987 .. 606 .. 772 .. 991 426, 991 .. 606 294, 861 .. 690 .. 58 .. 58 .. 58 . . 157 294, 597 .. 155 186, 595 .. 866 433, 682, 864 . . 95 . . 430 .. 866 .. 867 682, 864, 865 . . 430 .. 430 .. 431 431, 433, 435 .. 431 430, 432 .. 431 .. 431 . . 431 430, 431 .. 431 682, 683 .. 867 .. 808 . . 295 .. 34 .. 34 INDEX OF SPECIES. cix Hylopetes — alboniger phayrei probus sagitta spadiceiis Hypacauthis spinoides Hypolais languida pallida pallida rama Hypolimnas bolina latifolium misippus Hypolytrum — wightianun Hypothymis aznrea Hypsipetes psaroides Hyrgrophila spiuosa Hystrix bengalensis cristata , . 604, Number. .. 358 358, 359 358, 359 358, 359 .. 358 . . 358 . «11, 676 29, .^60 .. 860 586, 860 462, 689 .. 205 462, 690 . . 205 . . 206 .. 993 771, 990 . . 625 .. 824 ■>«•) Indothemis cassia limbata Inocotis papillosiis Iraota timoieoii Irena puella Ipomiea aquatica batatas . , eriocarpa — - obscura . . palmata . . - — pestigridis sindica . . Ischtemum laxum Issoria sinha Ithagenes cruentus Ixalus .. 562,563,565, variabilis Ixias niarianne pj^rene Ixos leucotis Ixulus flavicollis lauthia rufilata lanthocincla rutignlaris - rufigularis Ibis melanocephala Icerya segyptiaca Ictinaetus malayensis Impeyanus refulgens Indigofera anabaptista argentea cordifolia houer enneapliylla gerardiaiia linifolia paucifolia tinctoria trigonelloides 617. 631 Indothemis 608, 994 424, 601 .. 988 . . 294 .. 628 .. 647 647 321 237 237 237 236 237 237 695 236 237 237 236 734 flavicolis occipitalis lyngipicus pygmajus semicoronatus lynx torqnilla Number. . 686, 735 734, 735, 736 , . 189, 597 438, 444, 447 .. 438 .. 990 .. 546 .. 546 .. 546 .. 546 .. 546 .. 546 .. 546 .. 546 .. 980 .. 980 .. 870 .. 847 566, 567, 570, 571, 578, 579 561, 563 .. 690 .. 690 .. 279 .. 604 .. 989 . . 989 .. 996 .. 996 175, 613, 997 Jacquemontia ■ paniculata Jamides bochus . . celeno . . Jasminum. . grandiflorum malabaricum Jatropha multifida Jnnonia almana . . .. 546 .. 546 .. 98 98, 134 .. 101 .. 538 697, 538 696, 697 .. 625 .. 689 ex INDEX OF SPECIES. Junonia atlites . . — — hierta lemonias orithyia . . Jnsticia micrantha procumbens simplex . . Kallima wardi Kerivoula . . — crypta hardwickei lenis . . picta . . Ketnpa zeylonensis Kimator malacoptilus Kyllinga melaiiospenna . Kyllingia . . — - triceps . . Lachesis aiiamallensis monticola strigata . . liactuca . . remotiflora runcinata Lagasca - mollis Lagerstrsemia iniurocarpa Lampides bochuB. . boBticus pura Lanius assimilis . . cristatus . , Lanius erythronotus NUMBEK. . . 689 .. 689 .. 689 .. 689 . . 812 .. 812 . . 813 . . 812 . . 462 ..21 22 22 22 21, 824 .. 178 .. 989 . . 312 . . 975 . 975 .. 579 .. 578 .. 681 . . 578 . . 537 . . 537 . . 537 . . 535 . . 535 .. 449 .. 132 .. 691 132, 133 .. 103 293, 860 .. 992 587, 606 Lanius excubitor auchere ■ pallidirostris fallax isabellinus lahtora nigriceps . . tephronotus vittatus . . Laphophorus ipejanus Laponaria Laranthns elasticus Larus ridibundus Larvivora brunnea Latlirecista asiatica asiatica pectoralis simularis terminalis Laticilla burnesi . . Latipes — senegalensis Laun.'ea . . •-- chondrilloides nudicaulis Launea secunda . . Lawsonia . . alba inermis Lecanium hemisphtericum oletB viride Leea sambucina . Leggada . . albidiveutris beavani . . Number. . . 860 . . 860 293, 860 .. 992 587, 667 675, 992 .. 992 587, 606 .. 321 .. 224 .. 469 .. 188 .. 604 146, 147 146, 148 .. 147 . . 147 . . 147 . . 147 . . 586 . . 979 . . 979 . . 5J38 . . 538 . . 538 . . 696 .. 527 . . 628 . . 527 . . 625 625 625 625 953 419, 420, 421, 784, 959 . . 959 . . 959 booduga - cervicolor - cookii . . -- cunicularis - darjilingensis - dunni . . - famula . . 420, 782, 959, 960, 961, 1029, 1034 959 420, 960, 961, 966 . . 959 . . 960 .. 1031,1034 INDEX OF SPECIES. CXI Leggada famulus . . . . 420 fulvidiventris . . ■ lepidus . . nitidula nitidula popaja . . uitidulus pahari . . popoeus . . strophiatus — terricolor Leggadilla bahadur Cinderella grahami gurkha Ito/), — haniiyngtoni . . - phillipsi - platj'thrix — ramnadeusis — sadlm — shortridgei — siva . . — surkha Lepas anserifera . . Lepidagathis cristata trinervis . . Leptadenia spartiuui Leptetrum quadrimaculata Lepthemis divisa . sabina • — trinacna Leptopilus javanicus Leptosia xyphia . . Lepus hispidus . nigricoUis . . ruficaudatu.'^ Lethe vaivarta Leucaena glauca . . Leucas aspera cephalotes nutans Number. , 959, 960, 961 . . 959 .. 959 .. 962 . . 420, 962 420, 959, 966 420, 960, 961 ..960 . . 959 .. 959 . . 784, 955 955, 956, 957 . . 955, 956 956, 957, 1034 955, 956, 957 955, 956, 957 955, 956, 957 782, 801, 955, 956, 1029 955, 956, 957 . . 955, 956 956, 956, 957 955, 956, 957 955, 956, 957 .. 809 ..812 ..812 . . 812 . . 540 222, 234, 540 .. 150 .167 .167 . . 158 . . 859 . . 461, 690 .. 825 . . 1030, 1035 . . 824 . . 870 . . 246 ..814 ..814 ..814 ..814 Leucas stricta urticajfolia Leycesteria formosa Libella aiiceps brunnea . . cjerulesceus cancellata deleserti . . glauca luzonica . . neglecta . . petalura . . pruinosa cletia ransoiinetti sabina testacea . . triangularis trinacria . . labellula . . ampuUacea anceps . . annulata apicalis . . asiatica aurora . . braminea bremii . . brunnea — caesia cancellata camatica celestina clathrata congener conspurcata contaminata cyprica . . equestris erythsea — erythroneura ferruginata — - ferruginea festiva . . — • flaveola Number. . . 814 . . 814 . . 695 . . 155 ..161 .159 ..159 ..157 . . 164 . . 166 .163 ..170 . . 170 . . 170 . . 162 .167 .169 . . 164 . . 158 ]44, 147, 149, 488 ..167 . . 160, 161 . . 923 . . 509 .147 . . 920 . . 503 . 158 .. 159 . . 735 ..157 . . 925 . . 930 . . 158 .145 . . 151 . . 739 . . 925 .. 510 ..517 . . 497 151, 517 . . 516, 517 . . 925 ..497 CXll INDEX OF SPECIUS. Libellnla fluctuans fonscolombei frumenti fulva - fulvia . . oreminata gibba glauca . . gracilis . . histrio . . heematina mdica . . infernalis intermedia leptura . . lineata . . maculata macrocephala marcia . . murcia . . nebulosa neglecta oblita . . • obscura obsoleta pectoralis pentica . . petalura phyllis . pruinosa quadrimaculat quadripunctata ramburii ransonnetti rubra rubrinervis rufa ruficollis sabina . . secula . . servilia . . sexmaculata -— sobrina . . sophronia — : soror Number. 513 497 157 151 509 514 167 166 162 930 923 930 925 511 167 510 150 495 930 930 501 170 505 145 923 147 151 170 931 170 149, 150 ")0, 931 161 162 517 923 505 495 167 495 516 489 491 509 516 Libellula striolata ternaria testacea tseniolata trinacria trivialis . . truncatula ■ tuUia variegata victoria . . vittata . . vulgata . . Libythia hauxwelli lepita . . myrrha . . rohini . > Limeum indicum . Limiianthemum , . parvifolium Linionidromus indicus . . Limotes octolineatiis Lindenbergia — abyssinica — — urciceefolia — - urticsefolia Linum nsitatissimum Liopicus mahrattensis Lioptila capistrata capistrata pallida Liothrix kitea Lipocarpha Lippia argentea . . nodiflora . . . . sphacelata Lochnera rosea . . Locustella straminea Loganias marmorata — watsoniana niassalia Loipicus mahrattensis Lophoceros birostris Number. . 495 . 151 . 168 . 160 . 168 . 503 . 739 . 510 . 930 . 517 . 931 . 495 .1022 .1022 .1022 .1022 . 632 . 532 . 541 219, 541 428, 995 .. 580 .. 550 .. 560 . . 550 . . 550 .. 230 .. 230 .. 175 .. 604 .. 989 .. 771 604, 675 .. 204 .. 813 .. 204 .. 813 .. 204 .. 539 605, 991 . . 1022 ..1022 . . 1022 .. 591 ..176,591, 614,998 426, INDEX 01 SJrECim. CXUI Lophophanes dichrous . . melanolophus rufinuchalis Lophophorus • chambanus impejanus Fhuysii refulgens sclateri Lophoshoros wallichi Lophura . . diardi . . rufa sumatrana vieilloti . . Loranthus . . elasticus longifiorus scurrula Loriculus vernalis Loris lydekkerianus Loxia himalayana Loxura atymmis . . Luffa — acutangula -- {Bgyptiaca , Lusciniola melanopagon . . Lutra aurobrunnea ellioti lutra macrodus . . tarayensis . . vulgaris Lycium barbarum Lycodon aulicus . . jara travancoricus . . Lycopersicum esculeutum Number. .. 603 .. 603 .. 603 .. 319 .. 321 319, 3iiO, 321 mantoni , , 321 obscurus . . 321 ..319, 320, 335, 337 320, 619 319, 320, 331 2 9 16 10, 11 11 11 . . 123, 622 465 472 467 999 836 610 764 764 528 528 528 .. 182 . 348, 349 .. 348 Lyriothemis acigastra cleis Lj-^roderma lyra lyra Lythrum triflorum NxJMBER» ..141 141, 142, 144 141, 143, 144 ..823 ..216 Mabuia Macaca assamensis pelops rhesus sinica Machlolophus xanthogenya Macrogomphus annulatus Macropistbodon plumbicolor Macropteryx coronata . . Macropygia ruficeps Mahathala amena Malacocinla abbotti Mangifera indica Lygosoma . . 15 349, 823, 1032 .. 823 ..349 ..348 548 . . 548 .. 565 . . 580 . . 565, 567 ..549 .. 549 .565, 566, 571, 573, 579 Manis aurita crassicaudata Mareca penelope Marmaronetta angustirostris Marmota ... . . . . caudata caudatus dichrous himalayana himalayanus . . hodgsoni 7-. — littledalei stirlingi Martes flavisfula — - flavigula peninsularis foina 565, 566, 573 ..822 ..822 ..822 ..1031 ..60S ..875 663, 566, 567 ..999 .. 859 ..443 ..443 ..989 .. 235 .. 235 ..825 .. 825 .. 191,842 ..674 ..776 . . 776, 777 ..776 ..777 . . 776, 777 ..776 ..776 ..777 . . 776, 777 . . 343 343, 344, 823 ..343 . . 343, 344 ..343 «XiV INDEX 01 SPECIES, Martes gentilis . gwatkinsi toufieus . Mazus surculosus Medicago laciniata Megalsema marshallorum Megalurus palustris Melanitis ismene Melanochlora sultaiiea . . Melanocorypha bimaculata Melanophidium punctatum wynadense Melanoschistus , . Meleagris satyra Melhania . . denhami hamiltoniana . . niagnifolia tomentosa Melittophagus swinhcx3i . . Mellivora . , indica . . ... Melophus melanicterus . . Melothria heterophylla . . leiosperma madraspatana perpusilla Melursus . . ." ursinus . . 351 , 659, Menetes berdmorei decoratus Meriones ambrosius erythrourus . . hurrianoe pereicus baptistse Merops philippinus viridis 176, 293, 691 Merremia tegyptia Merula albicincta atrigularis Number. .. 421 343, 344 343, 344 .. 696 .. 236 .. 236 613, 997 .. 991 .. 689 .. 990 .. 174 .. 584 560, 576 .. 618 .. 707 . . 228 .. 228 .. 229 .. 228 .. 228 .. 998 .. 347 347, 1027 611, 995 529 529 529 529 529 351 823, 841, 1033 ..377 . . 377, 378 . . 377, 378 . . 726, 779 .. 935 . . 779, 780 726, 779, 780 ..934 591,613, 997 , 613, 844, 997 .. 546 .. 546 .. 608 609, 994 Merula boulboul . . castanea . . fuscata . . unicolor . . Metoponia pusilla Mierocichla scouleri Micromys . . " — agilis . . erythrotis . Micropternus brachyurus phteoceps . . Micropus melanocephalus Microthemis Millardia . . dunni . . listoni . , meltada listoni meltada Number 609, 994 .. 609 .. 994 .. 609 .. 610 .. 608 785, 967 .. 782 .. 967 .. 858 .. 996 .. 856 .. 490 784, 801 801, 802 Milvus govinda pallidior .. 181 melanotis migrans Mimosa •-- hamata — 1-- rubicaulis Miniopterus fuliginosus -^ pusillus Minla igneitiucta Mirafra assamica cantillans erythroptera Mitragyna — parvifolia Mixornis gularis . . rubricapillus MoUugo . . cerviaua . . hirta nudicaulis Molpastes bengalensis htemorrhous intermedins leucogenys . . 801 664, 782, 801 ..802 802, 1030, 1035 .. 801,802 , 693, 617, 774, 827 .. 827,830 .826, 827, 831,845 245 245 245 22 22 22 990 995 174, 590 ..174 .. 532 532 855 .. 855 531 ..531 .. 531 ..990 . . 523, 686 .. 605 286, 605, 614, 990 INDEX OF SPECIES. cxv Momordica - halsaniina - charautia - dioica Monomorium speculate Monophlebus tamarindiis Monsonia . . heliotropioides senega]ensis Montifringilla nemoricoia Morina persica . . Moringa . . concanensis pterygosperma Morus alba Moschiola meminna Motacilla alba beema . . • bore alls citreola citreoloides hodgsoni luzionensis :- — madraspatensis melanope personata Mungos — auropnnctatus Number. 527 .')28 527 528 114 628 231 232 231 altaica . . 773 095 235 235 235 972 972 1030 172, 589, 611, 995 . . 173, 589 173, 589, 995 173, 612, 995 ..173 . . 995 ..172 172, 611, 995 173, 612, 995 172, 589, 611 auropnnctatus helvus . , pallipes . . — birmanicus — flavidens -- fuscus — iulvescens — lanka — mungo . . ellioti ferrugineus nicerens inungo pallens - nipalelisis ■ - pall^s . . 54, 56 .. 822 55, 56 55, 56 54, 55, 56 55, 57 54, 55, 57 .. 54 55, 57 54, 660 55, 57, 1032 55, 56 55, 57, 1027 55, 56, 823 .. 57 55, 56 . . 55 Mungos smithii — urva — vitticoUis Munia atricapilla Muntiacus vaginalis Murina aurata cyclotis . . huttoni . . rubex , . tubinaris Mus abbotti jequicaudalis alexandrinus algirus bactrianus booduga dubius famulus fterensis gentilis — — gerbillinus homourus kakhyensis • kandianus manei muralis musculus • ftemoralis nitidvis • rattus robustulus rufescens gpicilegus tectorum theobaldi tytleri urbanus viculorum wagneri Muscicapa griseola Mustela . . 1-4 alpinus 420 Number. 54, 55, 57, 1027 54, 55, 58, 823 54, 55, 58, 1032 ..994 . . 825 ..19 . . 20 . . 20 . . 20 . . 20 . . 20 419, 784, 957 ..421 . . 958 63, 64, 412, 1029 .. 420 420, 421, 958 ..824 824, 958, 959, 1028 ..1034 . . 420 . . 420, 421 . . 958 .. 958 .. 958 ..387 .. 958 . . 420 421, 782, 958, 1028 ..408 ..412 63, 64, 412, 1029 . . 400 . . 403, 404 . . 420, 421 . . 63 .. 958 .. 958 958, 1028, 1033 ., 958 .. 420 .. 588 .. 345 • .. .. 845 CXVl INDEX OF SPECIES. Mustela canigula • erminea . . kathiah . . longstaffi ^- strigidorsa subhemachalana temon whiteheadi Mycaiesis perseus visala . . Myiophoneus temmincki timminckii Myotis emarginatus lanceus . . muricola . . Myriapoda Mytilaspis piperis Number. 345, 346 345, 346 345, 346 .. 345 .. 345 345, 346 .. 345 ,. 689 .. 870 604, 989 .. 773 .. 933 .. 933 .. 824 .. 303 .. 623 Nesokia beaba buxtoni griffithi huttoni . . indica Nesoxenia lineata metallica Nethapus coromandelianus Netta rufina Nettium crecca , . Nettopus coromandelianus coromandus Neurada . . procumbens Neurothemis 422, Naia australis bungarus tripudians welwitschii Nectogale elegans sikhimensis Neophron — ( percnopterus - gingianus 180 Neornis flavolivaceus Neptis eurynome . . mahendra narayana Nerium odorum . , oleander . Nesala brevipes . , capitellata lanceolata tri flora 973! 9741 575 I 978 575 974 38 38 39 261 249, 250, 261, 616 180, 249, 251, 261, 593, 774 425 689 870 870 307 307 215 216 216 216 216 ceylanica . . equestris . . fluctuans . . apicalis fulvia . . 506, 507, intermedia . , 506, degener intermedia — nicobarica . . — palliata — pedestris . . — septentrionis — sophronia . . — stigmatizans — terminata . . — tuUia feralis- tuUia . . 507, Nicotiana . . tabacum Niltava macgrigorite sundara . , Nimachilus marmorata . . Nitidula hodgsoni Nothosterua brachiata Notodela leucura Nucifraga caryocatactes hemispila hemispila . . . , Numenias arqnata Number. 783, 789- 789, 790 422, 423 .. 789- 423, 789 782, 789' 154 153 674 842; 191 842 598' 525 525 506 513 510 508, 513 .. 513 608, 509 511, 512 508, 512 508, 511 513 513 510 512 509 513 508, 513 508, 511 510, 511 .. 548 .. 54S ,. 993 607, 993 .. 295 .. 993 .. 817 .. 817 .. 994 .. 770 .. 602 187, 596 INDEX OF SPECIES. cxvii ^ycticorax griseus ^yctinomus tragata Nyctiornis amictus athertoni Nymphaea lotus . . Nyroca africana . . ferina . . fuligula . . Ochotoua rufescens vizier . , vulturna Ocimum basilicum caniim sanctum . . Odina odiar (Ecophylla smaragdina . . CEdicnemus scolopax ■ (Enanthe chrysopygia . . cummingi xanthoprymrna CEnopopelia tranquebarica CEnotliera rosea . . Olax wightiana . . Oldenlandia aspera ■ Olea dioica Oligodon affinis , . subgriseus venustus Number. 190, 598 731, 1026 .. 858 .. 998 .. 219 .. 219 290, 842 191, 842 .. 191 ..937 ..937 . . 937, 038 . . 937, 938 ..814 ..814 ..814 . . 625, 814 ..627 449, 456, 766 . . 186, 294 ..860 . . 860 ..860 184, 594, 1044 .. 695 ..446 .. 532 .. 532 . . 462 . . 568 . . 568 .. 567 Oligura castaneicoronata . . 425, 989 Onychothemis . . . . . . . 742 tonkinensis ceylanica 742,743 Opisthius indie us . . . . . . 848 Opuntia . . . . . . . . . . 530 dillenii 530 — monacantha . . . . . . 626 Oreicola ferrea jerdoni Orenius sinuatus . . Oreocincla dauma — moUissima Oreocorys sylvanus Orinoma damaris Oriolus kundoo . . luteolus . . tenuirostris trailii 427, 174, Orogomphus xantheptera Oropetium thomreum Orthemis lineata . . metallica Orthetrum 144, 147, 154, anceps asiatica brevistylum . . bninneuni , . brunneum caucellatum . . cancellatum carnaticum chrysis chrysostigma . . 154, 155, luzonicum — deleserti — divisum — glaucum — gracilis — hyalinum — internum — japonicum ~ leptura — lepturum — luzonica — neglecta — uicevillei " oblitum -- obscura — petalura 156, internum Number. 608, 993 .. 993 .. 295 676, 994 .. 427 612, 774 .. 870 587, 607 .. 992 . . 992 .. 992 .. 874 .. 987 .. 987 .. 153 .. 153 154, 155 156, 161 .. 147 .. 160 .. 156 .. 159 .. 156 .. 157 .. 164 157, 169 156, 163 .. 163 .. 145 .. 164 .. 167 165, 166 .. 162 .. 160 .. 157 154, 156 .. 157 .. 167 .. 167 .. 163 .. 170 .. 166 .. 505 .. 145 .. 170 cxvm INDEX OF SPECIES. Number. Orthetrum pruinosum . . 157, 165, 170 . ceylanicum . . 170 ■ neglectum . . 170 ramburii . . . . . . 161 ransonnetti . . 154, 156, 162 , sabina . . 154, 155, 156, 167, 686, 688 ■ sabinum testacea • testaceum testaceum tseniolatum — triangulare triangulare trinacri tricolor Orthotomus atrigularis sutorius Orygia decumbens Oryx beatrix leucoryx . . Osonius belbei Otis tetrax Otocompsa emeria flaviventris Otogyps calvus .. 167 .. 169 156, 168 .. 168 154, 156, 160 . . 156, 165 .. 164 156, 158 .. 163 .. 991 586, 605, 991 .. 531 .. 531 .. 283 .. 283 .. 848 .. 861 .. 990 .. 990 .. 253 179, 249, 250, 253, 260, 593, 616, 774 Pachyura hodgsoni leucogemys murina perrotteti rubicimda Paguma grayi grayi 37, wroughtoni larvata intrudens leucomystax robusta tytleri Pak«ornis cyanocephalus 17'i faciatus indoburmanicus nepalensis rosa schisticeps torquatus 592, 615 177, 59: ./ / 178 615 Palpopleura sexmaculata Palumbus casiotis palumbus Pandion haliaetus 178, Otomops . . wroughtoni Ougeinia dalbergioides Oxalis corniculata Oxystelma esculentum 27 139 232 232 539 539 Pachyura bidiana blanfordi cserulea davi 37, 823, 1031 37 ..1026 . . 37 37 Panicum . . antidotale colonum crus-galli fluitans psilopediuni rumosum trypheron turgidum Pantala flavescens Papaver somniferum Papilio aristolochi.e cashmirensis centaurus clytia daksha demolius . . nomius Number. 37, 823. 37 37 1026 37- 50 50 51,52 52 51,5^ 51 51 , 999 999 999 , 999 999 615 592, , 999 488 489' 618 294 251 , 593 977" 978 977' 978- 977" 978 977- 97r 977 686, 687 219^ 219^ 690 870 \ 453 690 46L 690 690 250, 251 44' INDEX OF SPECIE ?= CXIX Papilio polymnestor polytes tamilana . . Paplidium humifusum Pappophorum aucheri . . elegans . . • robustum . . ParacToxornis flavirostris Paradoxurus Paraechinus aureus birmanicus crossi hermaphroditiis jerdoi>i niger ravus • strictus blanfordi dorsalis ludlowi macracanthus micropus nudiventris Parapolybia orientalis Parascaptor leucurus Pareba vesta anomala sordica Pareronia hippia . . Parkinsonia aculeata Parnara mathias . . Panis arenarius . . atricepa melanolophus monticola , . monticolus monticolns Passer cinnamomeus domesticus . . 293, indica —— — hispaniolensis Number. .. 461 .. 690 . . 461 .. 549 .. 549 .. 985 .. 985 .. 985 . . 985 .. 988 .. 48 49, 50 49, 50 49, 822 .. 48 49, 50 48, 49, 1027 49, 50 .49, 50, 822 .. 32 .. 33 .. 748 . . 748 .. S3 .. 33 .. 33 .. 693 .. 35 . . 35 ..1022 ..1022 ..1022 .. 690 ..244 ..244 ..691 ..602 602, 770, 988 .. 770 , . 602, 988 .. 770 . . 611, 995 589,611,995 ..773 . . 293, 676 Passer montanus . . • pyrrhonotus rutilans debilis Pastor roseus Pavo cristatus nmticus Pavonia . . arabica . odorata . zeylanica Pesanum harmala Pegolettia senegalensis Pelargopsis gurial Pelecanus. . . . . ; Pellorneum mandellii ruficeps mandellii . . Penelope satyra . . - Pennifietum cenchroides. Pentatropis pneuru typhoideum . . cynanchoides Penthocoryx sonnerati . . Perdicula asiatica Pericrocotus brevirostris . . erythropygius ■ peregrinus . , roseus Solaris speciosus . . Periploca , . aphylla. . Peristrophe bicalyculata Pernis cristatus . . perotis , . Petaurista albiventer berrelli candidulus Number. .. 995 ..589 .. 773 293, 587, 853 184, 594, 619, 775 ..673 ..227 .. 227 .. 227 227 ..231 ..231 ..534 ..534 . . 997, 998 ..597 ..424 . 989 . 707 . 978 . 978 . 979 ..979 . . 241, 978 . . 540 . . 540 .. 615,999 . . 185, 619 606, 772, 992 .. 587 . . 587, 992 . . 607, 992 .. 992 . . 992 .. 539 .. 539 ..813 .. 813 . . looa 181, 593, 827, 1003- .. 980' .. 354; 355, 357 355, 356 355. 35fy echinoides cxx INDEX OF SPECIES. Petaurista caniceps , Cinderella cineraceus fulvinus inornatus lanka . . lylei venningi • niagnificus nobilis oral philippensis . punctatus sybilla taylori yunnanensis . Petinomys fuscicapillus layardi phipsoni Petrophila cinclorhyncha cyanus • erythrogastra solitaria Peucedanum graveolens Phalacrocorax carbo javanicus Phaseolus aconitifolius . . mungo radiatus trilobiis Phasianus bengalensis cornutus castaneus • cornutus curvirostris elegans ignitus — impejanus — melanocephalus — nepaulensis » . — rufus . . — satyruB — stacei , . — wallichi NUMBEB. 354, 355, 357 . . 354, 355 . . 354, 355 . . 355, 357 354, 355, 356 . . 354, 356 . . 354, 356 ..354 . . 355, 356 . . 354, 355 354, 356, 1033 .. 354 . . 355, 357 . . 355, 356 .. 354 .. 359 . . 359, 360 . . 359, 360 359, 360 ..609 . . 609, 994 609, 994 ..994 ..532 ..532 .. 389,620 . . 189, 597 ..241 ..241 . . 241, 242 ..241 ..241 .. 706 .. 10 .. 707 .. 320 .. 673 .. 10 .. 320 707, 885 .. 707 .. 10 .. 707 o • . ^ 1 Phenacoccus iceryoides insolitus Phoenicopterus roseus Phoenicurus cteruleocephala frontalis Phoenix da6tylifera sylvestris Phyllanthus madraspatensis nirurii Phyllergates coronatus . . Phylloscopus affinis collybita tristis fuliginiventris fuscatus — humii — indicus — maculipennis — numii — proregulus . . — newtoni -- pulcher — subviridis . . — superciliosus humii — tristis — tytleri Physalis minima . . peruviana Picumnus innominatus Pieris brassicf© Pinus exelsa longifolia . . Pipistrellus babu . . coromandra coxi . . fuscipes 823, mimus mimus nignpes • riippelle Piprisoma squalidum Pithecolobium dulce Pithecus enteUus Number. .. 627 .. 626 .. 853 .. 773 .. 773 .. 306 .. 306 .. 971 .. 971 .. 971 .. 991 605, 675 .. 772 .. 991 .. 991 .. 606 .. 772 .. 606 .. 687 .. 606 .. 772 606, 991 .. 606 .. 772 605, 991 ., 605 .. 548 .. 548 .. 548 613, 997 .. 869 .. 604 604, 770 .. 823 1026, 1031 .. 747 .. 747 ..1026 .. 824 .. 747 .. 747 175, 591 .. 246 .. 246 .. 822 INDEX OF SPECIES. exxi Pitta brachyura . . cucuUata . . nepalensis . . Platacanthomys . . lasiurus leucorodia Platanista gengetica Plalysmurus leucopterus Plectrurus davisoni perroteti Ploccella javanensis Ploceus atrigula . . begalensis megarliynchus . , Plotus melonogaster Pluchea lanceolata Plumeria acutifolia Plumieria acutifolia Pncepyga pusilla . . squamata Podicipes albipennis Poinciana . . Polioaetus humilis ichthyaetus . . Polycarp.'Ba corymbosa Polygala . . abyssinica erioptera irregularis Polygonum plebejum indica Polyneura apricalis elegans fulvia . . sophronia Polyodontophis collaris . . subpunctatus Polyommatus bceticus Poraatorhinus erythrogenys NUMBEK. . . 428, 996 996 .. 996 . . 778 ..778 ..189 ..825 ..854 ..558 558, 576, 578 ..670 ..994 . . 676 ..994 597, 997 ..533 ..533 . . Q-Io .. 539 . . 991 . . 425, 605 .. 191,598 ..244 ..244 1007, 1008, 1017 . . 1009, 1018 . . 1009, 1017 ..224 224 ... 223 . . 224, 695 ..223 ..223 . . 969 . . 969 .. 969 .. 513 .. 513 .. 509 .. 509 .. 862 .. 584 .. 691 .. 603 Number. Poraatorhinus olivaceus . . schisticeps schisticeps Pongamea glabra , . Porocephalus crotali Portulaca . . oleracea quadrifida Porzana pusilla . . Potamogeton crispus natans pectinatus Potomarcha obscura Pratapa deva Pratincola caprata — leucura ~ maura Prenolepis longicornis Primula floribunda Prinia blanfordi . . flaviventris inornata . . lepida socialis sylvatica . . Prionodon maculosus pardicolor Progasser rhodochrous Proparus vinipectus ProSopis . . spicigera Protorthemis lineata • metallica erythrogenys .. 771,989 Prunella atrogularis ■ strophiatus jerdoni Psarisomus dalhousite Psaroglossa spiloptera Pseudococcus citri 855 988 .. 244 139, 244 .. 559 .. 224 .. 224 .. 224 594, 620 .. 973 .. 973 .. 973 .. 973 ..144 145 . . 145, 686 . . 457, 464 464, 435, 467 . . 588, 608, 843, 993 993 993 588, 608, 993 132 114 696 1043 . . 675, 991 587, 992, 1042, 1043 587 587, 991, 1043 991 47 47, 48 . . 47, 48, 822 610 604 .. 245 245 .. 154 . . 153 .. 77.a. .. 773 858, 996 604, 990 626 IG cxxu INDEX OF SPECIES. Pseudococcus corymbatua sacchari . . Pseudogyps Number. ..626 ..626 ..626 .. 249,258 179, 249, 250, 258, 260, 287. 593, 616, 660, 774 virgatus bengalensis Pseudotantalus leucocephalus Psidium L guyava . . Psittiparus gularis gularis ruficeps Psoralea odorata . . plicata . . Pterocarpus marsupium Pterocles alchata • • alchata caudaot arenarius exustus fasciatus • lichtensteini senegallus Pteroclurus alchata exustus Pteromys Punica granatum Pupalia lappacea . . — velutina arbiculata Putorius . . 597 . . 526 . . 526 ..988 ..988 ..238 ..238 . . 457 . . 672, 673 . . 861 184, 294, 672 . . 672 . . 184, 672 ..672 . . 672, 673 ..294 184, 294, 594 .. 358 larvatus Pycnonotus finlaysoni leucogenys , ■ leucotis leucotis mesopotamia analis . .■ • Pycnorhamphus icteroides Pyctorhis altirostris griseigularis sinensis Pyromys sinensis alboniger • (Hylopetes) alboniger ■ belone phayrei ■- probus ■ spadiceus inornatus Pteropus giganteus giganteus Pteruthius erythropterus xanthochloris Ptyonoprogne rupestris Pucrasia macrolophus Pulicaria . . ■ augustifolia crispa . . rajputante ■ wightiana Pulvinaria maxima psidii . . thespesias Punica . 824 . 359 . 359 . 359 . 359 .. 359 .. 634 823, 1025 604, 989 .. 604 .. 611 619, 775 .. 534 .. 534 .. 534 .. 535 .. 534 .. 624 .. 624 .. 624 .. 527 priestleyi Pyrrhopicus pyrrhotis Pyrrhula erythrocephala nepalensis Pyrrhulauda grisea Python molurus . .. Number. 527 818 818 818 818 344 344 856 771 279 279 856 610 989 585 989 784, 801 782, 801 .. 996 .. 610 427, 610 174, 591 862, 864 Quercus semiaerrato Querquedula circia Quisqualis indica. . .. 301 191, 620 945, 948 Eallina superciliaris Rallus aquaticus . . Rathinda . . amor Ratuf a bicolor indicus Rana esculenta . . .. 429' ..185 ..754 755, 758, 763 ..360 ..360 ..360 < • . • 29o INDEX OF SPECIES. cxxiii Eana limnocharis . . , . temporalis . , Ranunculus Isetus Rapala ■ — melampus schistacea varuna Raphanus sativus Rattus . , . . . . ■ andamanensis berdmorei ■ mullulus blanfordi . . bowersi concolor . . ■ ■ decumanus eha fellii • fete fulvescens girensis jerdoni kandianus kelaarti lepcha listeri mackenziei macmillani manipulus mentosus . nitidus nitidus obsoletus niviventer Number. . . 562, 570 .. 562 .. 695 .. 9^1 ..941 942, 943, 948 .. 945 ..220 ..784 .. 791,792 790, 791, 798 .. 790,791 ..790,791,798,1030 790, 791, 798 790, 791, 797 790 790, 792, 799 .. 361,363 . . 790, 791 790, 792, 799 . . 403, 408 790 .. 408,411 62, 411, 412, 793, 795 790, 792, 799 790, 791, 798 790, 791, 797 fete . . . . . . 798 61,398, 400,409,410, 793, 795 790, 791, 797 . . 410, 790, 792, 799 411, 412, 415, 416, 591 Number. Rattua rattus frugivorus — gangutrianus — girensis — kandianus — khyensis nemoralis obsoletus rattus rufescens rufescens surifer validus vicerex vociferans Ratufa dealbata fellii gigantea 61, 389, 408, 793, 796 62, 83, 794, 797 62, 387, 388, 794, 796 60, 398, 400, 401, 793, 795 narbadiB 62, 77, 403, 408, 411, 794, 796 63, 408, 794, 797 ,. 415,416 63, 64, 794, 797 63, 403, 408, 794, 797, 1029, 1035 satarre 61, 87, 405, 794, 796 sikkimensis 61, 394, 793, 795 tatkonensis 60, 398, 400, 402, 793, 795 tikos . . 61, 400, 793, 795 tistJB 61, 68, 391, 395, 793, 796 wroughtoni 62, 384, 388, 794, 796, 1034 . . 791, 798 . . 407, 415 790, 792, 799 . . 791, 792 59, 60, 498, 790, 791 790, 792, 798 60, 793, 795 . . 60, 792, 795 790, 792, 799 . . 63 rattus 56, 63, 392, 397, 400, 403, 404, 410, 411, 412, 414, 782, 790, 791, 792 alexandrinus 63, 64, 408, 409, 794, 797, 1029 arboreus 62, 74, 794, 796 bhotia 61, 72, 397, 398, 793, 796, 824 gigantea lutrina . indica bengalensis centralis indica maxima superans macroura . dandolena macroura melanochra phoeopepla marana phoeopepla . . 360, 361 .. 361,363 . . 361 . . 362, 824 . . 361, 362 . . 360, 362 360, 262, 1033 . . 360, 361 . . 361, 362 . . 360, 361 ..361 . . 361, 362 . . 362 . . 361, 362 361, 363 . . 361, 363 CXXIV INDEX OF SPECmS. Regulus cristatus • regulus himalayensis Kemirea . . maritima Rhabdops olivaceus Rhacophorus maculatus Rhinoceros unicornis sondaicus sumatrensis Rhinolophus affinis himalayanus Rhinophis sanguineus Rhinopoma hardwickei kinneari muscatellum seianum Rhipidura albicollis albifrontata Rhizomys castaneus Rhizothera dulitensis longirostris Rhodonessa caryophyllacea Rhodothemis rufa Rhopodytes tristis Rhus mysorensis . . Rhyacornis fuliginosus Rhynchops albicollis Rhynchosia arenaria minima rhombifolia Rhynchostylis retusa Rhyncospora aurea wallichiana wightiana Rhyothemis marcia murcia phyllis phyllis phyll plutonia triangularis — vaneagata Number. .. 605 .. 772 .. 204 .. 204 .. 564 .. 681 .. 825 .. 825 .. 825 .. 823 557, 573 .. 25 .. 26 ..26 .. 26 608, 993 588, 993 .. 824 .. 292 291, 292 .. 190 .. 604 504, 505 .. 999 .. 235 .. 235 608, 994 188, 597 242 243 242 242 486 205 205 205 205 928 930 930 686 929, 931, 932 929 930 686, 929 Rhyothemis variegata variegata Rhytidoceros subruficoUis ■ undulatus Ricinus — communis Riparia rupestris . . Ripersia sacchari Rive a hypocrateriformis Rostratula capensis Rousettus leschenaulti Rucervus duvauceli Ruellia patula Rusa equinus unicolor Kuticilla aurorea . . frontalis hodgsoni rufiventris 289, Number 930, 931 .. 858 858, 998 971 971 714 627 547 547 596 823 825 811 811 841 825 993 608 994 588, 608, 994 Saccharum officinale spontaneum Saccolaimus saccolaimus Salacea macrosperma Salea horsfieldi . . Salsola — ffjetida Salvadora olevides persica Salvia tegyptiaca pumila Sapindus trifoliatus Saponaria vaccaria Saraca indica Sarcidiornis melanonotus Sarciophorus malabaricus 980 980 980 25 25 953 570 969 969 538 539 538 814 814 814 769, 948 .. 224 .. 951 .. 842 186, 59 INDEX OF SPECIES. CXX\r Sarcogrammus indicus . . 186, Sarcostemma brevistigma Sasia ochracea Satyra (Tragopan) alpnis lathami melanocephala nepaulensis pennanti . . satyra temminckii Satyrus cornutus Saxicola capistrata chrysopgia isabellina moesta . . picata . . Schizothorax esociuus intermedius Schoeniparus rufigularis S chweinf urthia sphoerocarpa Scirpus articulatus ■ corymbosus erectus • grossus kyllingoides boeck kysoor litoralis maritimus michelianus • mucronatus quinquefarius squarrosus supinus Sciurus lokriah Scleria annularis bifiora caricina elata hebecarpa lithosperma stocksiana Number. 590, 596, 620 540 540 997 707 707 885 707 707 707 901 707 588 608 588 860 588 295 295 989 549 549 200, 976 200, 201 200, 201 200, 201 00, 202, 976 .. 202 200, 202 200, 202, 976 200, 202, 976 . . 200, 202 . . 200, 201 200, 201, 976 . . 200, 202 200, 201, 976 824 206 207 207 206 208 207 206 208 Scleria tessellata. . Scolopax rusticola Scolopendra morsitans Scops giu . . spilocephalus Scotocerea inquieta Scotomanes ornatus Scotophilus kuhli wroughtoni Scotozous dormeri dormeri Scutellaria scandens Sedum adenotrichum Seetzenia . . orientalis Senecio nudicaulis Sericostoma pauciiiorum . Serilophus lunatus rubripygius . Sesamum . . indiqum Sesbania aculeata Setaria verticillata Sibia picaoides picaoides Sida cordifolia grewioides spinosa Silybura brevis . ocellata. Simotes beddomi , splendidus theobaldi Siphia albicilla . . hyperythra parva strophiata . . Sitta cinnamomeiventris frontalis himalayensis leucopsis Siva cyanuroptera cyanuroptera strigula . . , . Number. 207" 620' 303 178 615 293, 860 .. 824- 1026, 1031 824, 1026 .. 824 .. 696 .. 695 .. 231 .. 231 .. 696 .. 543 .. 543 .. 857 .. 996. .. 551 .. 551 .. 240 .. 240 .. 978 .. 978 .. 989 .. 225. 226, 627 .. 226 ., 225 658, 576 557, 576 .. 581 .. 580 .. 581 .. 993. .. 667 607, 667, 992 607, 992 .. 990 .. 990 ■ .. 605 .. 605 .. 989 .. 604. «XXV1 INDEX OF SPECIES. Siva strigula strigula Smilax aspera macrophylla Sodada decidua . . Solanum . . Sonchus albicaule incanum indicum melongena nigrum tuberosum xanthocarpum asper oleraceus Sopubia delphinifolia Sorghum vulgare . . Soriculus . . baileyi . . caudatus leucops nigrescens Spatula clypeata . . Spermacoce hispida stricta Spliperanthus indicus Sphenocerus spenurus Spilornis . . cheela . . Spirtea bella sortifolia . . Spizaetus - limnaetus Number. ..771 ..696 ..670 ..222 ..547 ..547 .. 547 . . 547 .. 547 . . 547 .. 547 . . 547 537 537 538 550 550 241 35 ..• .. ..36 36, 823 36 36 . . 191, 598, 620, 842 532 632 ..•• ..532 534 534 618 . . 1007, 1008, 1011 180, 617, 1008, 1011 695 945 . . 648, 651 . . 631, 648, 649, 651 nepalensis 617, 631, 650, 651, 652 Sporobolus . . . . . , . . 983 glaucifolius . . . . . . 983 orientalis . . . . . . 983 Sporoeginthus amandava . . 589, 995 Stachyrhidopsis pyrrhops . . 424, 603 ruficeps ruficeps . . 989 rufifrons ambigua . . 989 Stachyrhis nigriceps nigriceps . . . . 989 Stachys sericea Staphidia striata Stenophyllus rufigensis barbata capillaris puberula Sterna anelica melanogaster minuta seena Stichopthalma cambodia camedava godfreyi . . Stoparola melanops Streptopelia turtur ferrago Striga euphrasioides orobandcheoides . . Strix cambayensis flammea Sturnia malabarica Sturnopastor contra Sturnus menzbieri nobilior . . poltaratskyi porphyronotus vulgaris . — caucasicus — dresseri — dijungaricus — humii . . Number. ..696 .. 855 . . 989 . . 197, 976 .. 197,976 . . 197, 198 . . 197, 198 ..188 . . 188, 597 . . 294, 597 188, 189, 597 ..868 ..867 ..867 . . 607, 993 .. 775 .. 549 .. 550 .. 549 . . 293 178, 293, 592 ..992 588, 852, 992 . . 380, 992 ..380 . . 380, 381 . . 676 . . 293 381 ooo OO-J 383 381 293, minor — nobilior — oppenheimi — poltaratskyi . — porphyronotus — purpurascens . — sophise . . — vulgaris — zaidamensis Suffrenia dichotoma Suoeda fruticosa . . Surendra 381 383 380 381 381 382 382 383 214 968 968 440 INDEX OF SPECIES. CXXVll Surendra aniesena florimel quercetorum Surniculus lugubris Sus cristatus — salvanius Suya crinigera Sylvia affinis Sympetrum commixtum — decolorata decoloratum fonscolombei hypomelas , , orientale pallidinervis rh^eticum eangiiiueum sobrina striolatum . . subpruinosum vulgatum Sypheotis aurita , . Syrnimn indrani . . nivicola . . ocellatum Taccocua leschenault Tachardia lacca . . Tachornis batassiensis Tadarida . . tegyptiaca sindica ' thomasi ■ tragata . Tadorna cornuta . Tagetes erecta Tajuria NUMBEK. ..440 ..440 ..440 . . 429, 999 . . 825, 1030 .. 825 426, 606, 772 ..587 ..494 495, 496, 498 ..497 495, 496, 497 495, 496, 497 495, 496, 498 495, 496, 499 926 497 497 491 495 498 . 497 .. 674 .. 615 178, 615 178, 592 Tajuria indra jehana 495. longinus Tajuris maculata.. Talpa , macrura micrura Tamariiidus ■ indica Tamarix . . — articulata dioica . , ■ — gallica . . orientalis Tamiops macclellandi barbei manipurensis. Taphozous — kachhensis kachhensis niidaster. — longimanus . — melanoDogon ■- perforatiis . . — theobaldi theobaldi secatiTS . . cippus 177, 999 .. 627 . . 998 27, 731 731, 732 732, 733, 1026 .. 732 732, 733 .. 27/ 674, 675 .. 538 .. 538 .. 467 461, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 472, 765 Taragama siva Taraxacum officianale Tarsiger chrysseus Tarucus ananda . . plinius — • theophrastus Tatera — ceylonica cuvieri _ — dunni hardwickei — - indica sherrini . . 427. Number. 465, 467 .. 472 .. 471 .. 870 .. 34 .. 34 34, 823 .. 244 .. 244 224 224 .. 224 224 224 .. 378 . . 378 378, 379 378, 379 .. 23 25, 824 .. 25 .. 26 .. 24 .. 24 .. 24 .. 24 .. 691 .. 696 773 123 Taxila burnii thuisto Tecomella sawaja 664, 7 608, ..- 115, . . 121, 123 118, 123, 691 115, 118, 123, 127, 691 779, 780 780, 781 780, 781 780, 781 780, 781 80, 781, 1028 780, 781 . . 1022 ..]022 ..1022 . . 551 CXXVIU INDEX OF SPECIES. Tecomella undulata Tectona grandis . . ... I'elchinia vioke . . ... Telicota dara . . . . Temeuuchus pagodarum Tephrodornis pelvicus • pondicerianus Tephrosea ehrenbergiana incana multiflora pentaphylla . petrosa purpurea spinosa tenuis villosa . . Terias hecabe liBta libythea venata Terminalia paniculata tomentosa Terpsiphone affinis paradisi Tesia cyaniventris . . Testudo gigantea Tetraceros quadricornis . . Thaduka . . multicaudata . . Thamnobia cambaiensis . . Tharrhaleus atrigularis . . jerdoni rubeculoides Thereiceryx lineatus Thespesia populnea Tholymis tillarga . . Tichodroma muraria Tiga shorei Timelia pileata bengalensis Tinnunculus alaudarius cenchris Tomeutes . . lokroides Number. .. 551 ..1047 .. 690 .. 691 587, 607 .. 992 587, 992 .. 238 .. 238 238, 239 .. 239 ..239 ..238 240 ..238 . . 238, 239 . . 461, 690 ..690 ..690 ..690 449, 457, 467, 480, 761 449 993 426, 588, 608 989 . " ., ..861 842 . 750 750 . . 688, 608 610 610 ..609 613, 997 624, 625, 628 . . 686, 687 . . 605, 991 996 .,989 182, 593, 613, 846 . . 183, 846 .,370 370, 371, 824 Tomeutes lokroides lokroides owensi mearsi phayrei bellona mearsi virgo . . i blanfordi phayrei pygerythrus --V— janetta . . pygerythrus Totanus calidris . . glareola . . glottis , — hypoleucus ochropus stagnatilis Tragopan Number. .. 372 371, 372 .. 371 371, 372 .. 372 371, 372 .. 370 .. 371 .. 371 370, 371 .. 371 .; 371 . . 188, 596 . . 187, 596 188, 596, 620 187, 596, 620 187, 590, 596, 620 .,187 .. 705 891, 892, 900, 903 706, 892, 900 706, 899 caboti 706, 906 hastingsi . . . . . , 885 melanocephalus. 619, 706, 707, 710, 885 satyra . . 706, 707, 710, 715, 889 blythi blythi . . molesworthi Tragus temmincki racemosus Tramea limbata Trapa bispinosa Trianthema Tribulils hydaspica monogyna pentandra triquetra alatus . . — terrestris Tribura intermedia • luteiventris thoracica Trichodesma 706, 901 .. 979 .. 979 .. 686 .. 527 .. 527 ., 630 ., 531 ,. 630 .. 530 ., 530 .. 230 ,, 230 .. 230 .. 991 605, 991 425, 199 ,. 543 INDEX OF SPECIES. CXXIX Trichodesma indicum Tricholepis radicans Trichotheca hirta Tridax procumbens Trifolium pattense Tringa miiiuta temmincki Trionyx euphraticus Trirhinopholis uuchalis Trithemis . . adelpha annulata aurora aurora cfBsia Triticum cyprica dry as . . festiva fraterna fuscopalliata infernalis intermedia kirbyi . . kirbyi limbata liturata obsoleta pallida pallidinervis prosperina rubrinervis soror trivialis yerburyi vulgare . . Number. 543 537 537 848 536 536 695 188 188 295 863 919, 922 .. 920 920, 922, 923 919, 920, 923 686, 687, 920, 921 735 920 925 926 919, 920, 925 .. 920 .. 738 .. 925 511, 920 919, 920, 923 920, 923 .. 736 .. 920 .. 923 .. 514 686, 687, 919, 920, 926 925 923 920 503 920 987 987 Trochalopterou erythrocephalum ery- throcephalum . lineatum grisescentior, . 771 771 variegatum variegatum. 771 Trochalopterum erythrocephalum 17 603 Trochalopterum lineatum melanostigma phoenicium phoenicium. 988^ variegatum Troglodytes troglodytes neglectus Tropidonotus beddomi . . himalayanus monticola . . parallelus . . piscator platyceps . . stolatus ■ subminiatus Trotula trianthis . . Trypanophora semihyalina Tupaia belangeri belangeri chinensis siccata tenaster Clarissa nicobarica Turdiorus abbotti Turdus merula syriacus musicus . . viscivorus Turnix dussumieri tanki Turtur cambaiensis ferrago risorius suratensis Tylonicteris fulvida Typhlops . . beddomii diversiceps fletcheri jerdoni thurstoni Number. .. 603- 854, 855 424, 603 .. 771 .. 660 .. 580- .. 562 .. 580 560, 862 .. 862 £62, 86a ,. 580 .. 21& .. 693 .. 29 .. 30 30, 82a .. 30 .. 30 .. 30 .. 31 .. 855 .. 29a .. 609 .. 609' 185, 594 594, 620 183, 594, 619- 183, 618 183,594, 619 183, 594, 619 .. 823 556, 576 .. 556 .. 865 554, 55e .. 865 .. 556: cxxx INDEX OF SPECIES. Upupa epops indica Urochloa . . 176, panico ides Urocissa flavirostris occipitalis Uroloncha acuticauda leucogastra ■ malabarica punctulata Uromastrix microlepis . . Uromycos cunniughamianus hobsoni Ursus arctus — — — isabellinus tibetanus . . torquatus . . Number. 591, 614, 998 176, 998 .. 978 .. 978 .. 600 .. 601 . . 994 . 856 .. 589 589, 610, 994 .. 295 .. 697 .. 697 .. 350 .. 350 .. 350 .. 823 350, 351 Vahlia viscosa Valeriana wallichi Vallisneria spiralis Vandeleuria dumeticola nilagirica oleracea marica modesta oleracea spadicea rubida Vanellus cristatus • vulgaris Vanessa cardui . , Varanus griseus . . Veruonia . . cinerascens cinerea Vespa dorylloides Vicia tenera Vicoa auriculata Vigna Viola stocksii Vipera russelli Virachola isocrates perse . . Viscum angulatum capitellatum Vitex negundo Vitis lanceolaria . . vinifera Viverra civettina . megaspila zibetha . — pruinosa — zibetha Viverricula malaccensis 527 527 696 972 972 785, 962 824, 962, 963 962, 963 782, 962, 963 963, 964 .. 964 963, 1028 .. 964 .. 963 .. 294 .. 186, 689, 1046 .. 295 .. 533 . . 533 .. 533 301, 302 Volutarella divaricata Vormela Vulpes — peregusna — sarmaticus Vultur alopex bengalensis cana ferrilatiis leucopiis montana monachiis 178, 179, 2 Number, . 695 . 534 . 534 . 242 . 222 . 222 . 677 . 952, 963 . 769 . 462 . . 462, 465 . 813 462, 813 . 622 . 234 . 46 46,47 46,47 46, 822 . 46 . 46 . 47 47, 822 ', 1032 . 537 . 537 . 344 . 344 . 344 . 341 . 341 341, 6( 30, 823 . . 3^ H, 342 . . 3^ H, 342 . . 34 Q, 342 . . 3^ H, 342 .. 252 249, 25 0, 252, 2( 50, 616 Walkeriana cinerea Wedelia . . urticfefolia 62g 536 53f INDEX OF SPECIES. CXXXl Withania . . somnifera Wriglitia . . tinctoria NUMBEK. .. 548 .. 548 .. 539 . . 539 Xantholsema hfematocephala Xanthoteennia busiris Xenorhynchus asiaticus Xylia dolabriformis Xylophis perroteti Ypthima chenui . . huberni philomela ypthimoides Yuhina gularis gularis nigrimentum Zaocys dhumnades mucosus , . Zea . . mays Zeltus etolus tabricius , , . . 175, 591, 613, 997 . . 869, 870 ..189 139, 449, 951 . . 564, 576 871 689 871 871 989 989 .. 581 566, 575 .. 980 .. 980 .. 753 .. 753 Zemeros flegyas - allica . indicus Zepherus icana . . Zeuxidia masoni Zezius chrysomallus Zinaspa Zizera gaika lysimon maha • otis Zizyphus . . jujuba . . oenoplia rotundifolia rugosa . . trinervia truncata xylopyra xylorpyrus Zoothera marginata monticola Zosterops palpebrosa simplex Zygonidia ceylanica insignis ■ • malayana senea . . Zygonyx . . ida ilia ■ iris Zygophyllum simplex Zyxomma petiolatnm 609, NuMBEK, . . 1022 ..1022 . . 1022 .. 870 869, 870 .. 455 .. 455 .. 456 .. 691 .. 691 .. 691 .. 691 123, 233 233, 477, 625 .. 129 222, 234 127, 477, 948 234 234 234 948 994 668, 669, 994 604, 989 .. 989 .. 741 .. 741 .. 741 .. 741 .. 740 .. 741 . 741 740, 741 .. 231 .. 231 686, 687 THE y\^ JOURNAL OF THK Bombay Natueal Histoet Society. EDITED BY f^/^^^'*^^^ W. S. M I L L A R D, (^ ( L I S R A R Y R. A. SPENCE and N. B. KINNEAR.\^ \ '^^^ / •* I ■voXi. ixizsi'V'i, 3sro. i. Date of Publication, 20th December 191 1 Price to Non- Members ... Ps, 9-0 or £ 0-136 LONDON AGENTS: DULAU & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W. fRINTED AT THE TIMES PKESS, BOMBAY. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Pagb The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon, Part XXV. (With a Plate of Catreus wallichi, the Cheer Pheasant.) By B. 0. Stuart Baker, f.l.s., f.z.s., M.B.O.U 1 SUMMARV^ OF THE RESULTS FROM THE INDIAN MaMMAL Survey of the Bombay Natural History Society. Part II. By R. C. Wroughton, F.z.s 19 Scientific Results from the Mammal Survey, No. XVIII. Report on the House Rats of India, Burma and Ceylon. By Martin A. C. Hinton 59 A Popular Treatise on the Common Indian Snakes. Part XXVI. (With Plate XXVI and Diagram of Cerberus rhyncops and Enhydrina curtus.) By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, C.M.G., C.M.Z.S., F.L S., I.M.S 89 The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India. Part XXI. By T. R. Bell, i.F.S 98 Indian Dragonflies. Part III. (With 12 Text-figures.) By Major F. C. Fraser, i.m.s 141 Notes on the Birds of Ambala District, Punjab. Part II. By H. Whistler, M.B.O.U., F.z.s. ., 172 The CvPERACEiE of the Bombay Presidency. Part II. By L. J. Sedgwick, f.l.s., i.c.s 192 A Revision of the Indian Species of Rotala and Amman- nia. Part II. By E. Blatter, S. J., and Prof. F. Hallberg 210 The Flora of the Indian Desert. (Jodhpur and Jaisalmer). Part I. (With 12 Plates.) By E. Blatter, S. J., and Prof. F. Hallberg 218 The Birds of Pkey of the Punjab. Part I. (With 2 Diagrams.) By C. H. Donald, f.z.s 247 Panthers. By Brig.-General R. G. Burton 266 The Mesopotamian Bulbul. By Capt. Claud B. Ticehurst, R.A.M.C 279 Miscellaneous Notes : — I. — Notes on a Young Hog Badger {Arctonyx Sp.) in the Garo HiUs. By V. A. Jackson 281 Further Notes on the Hog Badger. By V. A. Jackson - 281 CONTENTS OF THIS N U M B E R—(contd.) Page II. — Porcupine's mode of attack. By Reginald H. Heath 282 111. — Method of Porcupine's attack. By Lt.-Ool. E. O'Brien 283 IV.— Method of Porcupine's attack. By F. J. Mitchell . . 283 V. — The Beatrix or Arabian Oryx \^Oryx leucory.v) in Central Arabia. (With a Plate.) By Lt.-Col. R. E. A. Hamilton 283 VI. — Notes on a Takin Head from Assam. By J. P. MiUs, i.o.s 284 VII. — Panic in Elephants during an Earthquake. By V. A. Jackson, f.h.g.s 285 VIII.— On White Elephants. H. Macnaghten 285 IX. — ^The White-Oheeked Rulbul {Molpastes leucogenys.) By Brig.-Genl. R. M. Betham .' 286 X. — The Plumage of the Purple Honeysucker (Arachnets- thura asiatica). By Capt. Claud B. Ticehurst, B A.M.C 286 XI.— Note on the Indian Long-Billed Vulture {Gyps indi- cus). By W. H. Mathews, i.p 287 XII. — The Common Hawk-Cuckoo (Hierococcy.v varius) in the Punjab. By Hugh Whistler, F.Z.S., Indian Police. . 287 XTII. — The Breeding habits of Mrs. Hume's Pheasant. By Capt. R. Blandy 289 XIV. — Notes on Kalij Pheasants in the Chin HUls. By Capt. R. Blandy 289 XV. — Occurrence of the Lesser Florican or Likh 5. aurita in the Mahableshwar Hills. By Kyrle Fellowes 289 XVI. — ^Abnormal Varieties of the Indian Redstart {R. rufiven- tris) and the Common House Crow (C splendena). By Hugh Whistler, f.z.s., Indian Police 289 XVn. — The Colour of the eye of the female White-Eyed Pochard {Nyroca africana), By Capt. Claud B. Tice- hurst, K. A.M.C 290 XVin. — Notes on the habits of the Mallard {Anas boschas). By Lt.-Col. E. J. D. Colvin 291 XIX. — An Addition to the Game Birds of Burma. The Long- Billed Hill Partridge {lih/zothera lonyirostiis, Temm.) in renasserim. By Chas. M. Inglis, m.b.o.u 291 XX. — Natural History Notes from Fao. By W. D. Gumming 292 •XXI, — How Trout were introduced into Kashmir. By F.J. MitcheU 295 XXII. — Note** on the Larva of Cheerocampa alecto. By Oapt. F. B. Scott, i.A 299 CONTENTS OF T H I S N U M B E R—{contd,) Page XXIII. — Life History of the AntTiercsa roylei (Oak Emperor) Moth. By C. W. AUan 300 XXIV,— A Flight of Locusts. ("With a Plate.) By E. C. B. Acworth 301 XXV. — Nesting Habits of Vespa doryllcides, Sauss. By C. F. C. beeson, m.a., i.f.s 301 XXVI.— Mimicry in Spiders. By F. Clayton 302 XXV II. — On the breeding habits of some Myriapoda. By C. McCann 303 XXVIII. — Note on a New undesribed Species of Cynodon. (With a Plate.) By K. Raugachari and 0. Tadulin- g*"^ 304 XXIX. — A Variety of Butea frondosa. By Lt.-Col. C. E. Luard, . y05 XXX.— The Edible Date-Palm in Bombay. By E. Blatter, S.J.. 306 XXXI. — Oleander poisoning Camels. By Capt. J. E. B. Eotson i-Ai^o .' 306 XXXII. — Notes from the Oriental Sporting Magazine. New Series, 1869 to lt<79. By Lt.-Col. K. W. Buiton, ^•^ 309 XXXIII.— Nilgiri Trap for catching wild animals. By Capt. Philip Gosse, r.a m.c ^ ' Q\\ XXIV. — Eleocharis conyesta, Don., in the Bombay Presidency. By L. J. Sedgwick, i.c.s ' oi o PbOCBBDINGS Qio ;Q1Q Print^a by K. G. Pear-son for the Proprietors of the Times Prc^s noiiiI)iv and pubJ«hea by W. S. Millard for the Bombay Natoral HTsWr7aocieKl'u-18 THE J O U R N A OF THE Bombay Natural History Society. EDITED BY W. S. MILLARD, R. A. SPENCE and N. B. KINNEAR. ■VOL. -X"X"VI, ITO. 2. Bate of Pwhlication, 20th May 1919. Price to Ncm-Memhers ... Rs. 12-0 or £ 0-160 LONDON AGENTS: DULAU & Co., Ltd., 34-36, Margaret Street, Cavendish Square, W. • PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Page The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part XXVI. (With a Plate of LoplioplioruB impejanus, the Impeyan Pheasant or Monal). By E. 0. Stuart Baker, f.l.s., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U , 319 Summary of the Results from the Indian Mammal Survey of the Bombay Natural History Society. Part III. By R. C. Wroughton, F.z.s 338 On Asiatic Starlings. By Capt. C. B. Ticehurst, r.a.m.c. 380 Scientific. Results from the Mammal Survey, No. XVIII (contd.). Report on the House Rats of India, ^ Burma and Ceylon. By Martin A. C. Hinton 384 Scientific Results from the Mammal Survey, No. XIX. A Synopsis of the Groups of True Mice found within the Indian Empire. By Oldfield Thomas, f.r.s 417 A New Species of Nesokia from Mesopotamia. By Old- field Thomas, f.r.s 422 Supplementary Notes on Some Indian Birds. By B. B. Osmaston, CLE., i.F.s 424 A Popular Treatise on the Common Indian Snakes. Part XXVII. (With Plate XXVII and Diagram of Hydro- phis spiralis and Hydrophis cyanocinctus.) By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, C.M.G., C.M.Z.S., F.L.S. , I.M.S 430 The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India. Part XXII. (With Plate H.). By T. R. Bell, c.i.E., i.f.s. 438 Indian Dragonflies. Part IV. (With 14 Text-figures.) By Major F. C. Fraser, i.m.s 488 Sub-Species and the Field Naturalist. By E. C. Stuart Baker, f.l.s., F.z.s. , M.B.O.U 518 The Flora of the Indian Desert. (Jodhpur and Jaisalmer). Part II. (With 13 Plates.) By E. Blatter, S. J., and Prof. F. Hallberg 525 Notes on a Collection of Snakes made in the Nilgiri Hills and the adjacent Wynaad. (With Diagrams and Maps.) By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, i.m.s., c.m.g., c.m.z.s. 552 Some Birds of Ludhiana District, Punjab. By H. Whistler, F.z.s., M.B.O.U 585 Reduction of Euphorbia rothicma. By L. J. Sedgwick, F.L.S. , i.c.s 599 A List of Birds found in the Simla Hills, 1908-1918. By A. E. Jones 601 Some South Indian Coccids ok Economic Importance. (With 4 Plates.) By T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S 621 The Birds of the Prey of the Punjab. Part II. (With Plates I and II.) By C. H. Donald, f.z.s 629 Progress of the Mammal Survey 656 CONTENTS OF THIS N U M B E R—^-ontd.) Page Miscellaneous Notes : — I.— The Tiger and the Train. By A. A. Dunbar Bran- ^^■^^^■^■^ 658 II- — Arrow head imbedded in a Tiger's back. By J. G. Ri^^^^tl g5g III.— Size of Tigers. By Lt.-Col. R. Light (j59 IV.— Tigress (Felis tif/ris) attacking a Sloth Bear {Melut- siis iirsinus). By J. A. Duke 559 v.— Mongoose {Munrjos mumjo) kiUing a Hedgehog. By Lt.-Col. E. O'Brien t . . .! 6G0 VI.— Natural Death of a Fox ( Vulpes bengalensis). By G. O. Allen, i.c.s (j^jq VII.— Spotted Deer {Axis avis) and the Wild Dogs {Cuon dukhunensis). By. J. A. Duke QQ\ VIII.— Expected Plague of Field Eats in 1920. By L. J. Sedgwick, i.c.s (jgj IX. — Porcupines method of shedding quills when attacked. By Lt.-Col. R. Light (36(j X. — Record Female Nilgiri Tahr {Hemitragus hylocirius). By Lt. A. P. Kinloch 660 XI. — Indian Grey Shrike (Lanius lathora) attacking wounded Sandgrouse. By Lt.-Col. E. O'Brion . . 667 XII. —Occurrence of Indian Red Breasted Flycatcher {Si- phia hypevythra) in the Deccan. By A. J. Currie . . QQ*] XIII. — Nesting habits of the Brown Rockchat {Cercomela fusca). By L. S. White 667 XTV. — A Note on 'the large Brown Thrush {Zoothea monticola). By S. J. Martin 668 XV. — Nidification of the Small Streaked Spider-hunter {Arachnothera aiirata). By J. M.D. Mackenzie, I.F.S., il.B.O.U., F.z.s 669 XVI. — The Malabar Pied Horn bill {Anthvacoceros coronatus) in Mirzapur, U. P. By G. O. [Allen, i.c.s. . . , . . 671 XVII. — The Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) in Mirzapur, U. P. By G. O. Allen, I.c.s 671 XVIII. — Extension of Range of the Bronze-winged Dove. By H.Dawson 672 XTX. — Habits of the Painted Sandgrouse {Pterocles fasciatus). By G. O. Allen, I.c.s 672 XX. — Sand Grouse in Mesopotamia. By Lt.-Col. H. A. F. Magrath 672 XXI. — The Burmese Peafowl {Favo muticus) in the Chitta- gong Hill Tracts, Bengal. By C. M. Inghs (i73 XXII. — Nidification of Stone's Pheasant {Fhasianus elegans). A Correction. By C. M. Inglis 673 XXIII. — The Great Indian Bustard {Eupodotis edwardsi) in Mir- zapur District, U. P. By G. O. Allen, i.c.s 673 XXIV. — Note on the occurrence^ of the Lesser Florican or Likh (Syphoetis aurita) in Bombay. By N. Marryat. 674 CONTENTS OF THIS N U M B E R—{contd.) Page Miscellaneous Notes — contd. XXV.— The Cotton Teal in Malabar. By A. M. Kinloch . . 674 XXVI.-v-Occurrence of the Common Sheldrake {Tadorna cor- nuta) and the Marbled Duck {Marmaronetta angus- ^n'osfn's) in Kathiawar. By Lt.-Col. H. AV. Berth©n. 674 XXVII.— Spot Bill Duck in Kashmir. By Major D. G. Oliver. 675 XXVIII. — The Sheldrake {Tadorna cornuta) in Manipur State. By J. C. Higgins, i.c.s 675 XXIX. — Further Notes on the Birds of Ambala District, Punjab. By A. E. Jones 675 XXX. — List of Birds observed in the Euphrates Valley. By Major-General H. T. Brooking 677 XXXI. — Large Carp from Mesopotamia. By Major R. Bag- nail 679 XXXII. — Large Carp from Mesopotamia. By Brig. -General H. Mackay, K.A 680 XXXIII. — The Habits of the Tree Frog ( jRhacophorus macula- tus). By G. O. Allen, i.c.s 681 XXXIV . — The Habits of {Dryophis myctenzans). By A. M. Kin- loch 681 XXXV. — The Bite of the Large Spotted Viper {Lachesis monti- cola). By A. Wright 681 XXXVI. — Remarks on Col. Wall's identification of {Hydrophis cyanocinctus) . By Malcolm A. Smith, r.z.s 682 XXXVII. — Notes on Some Interesting Snakes recently presented to this Society. By S. H. Prater 683: XXXVIII. — The Undescribed female of an Indian Dragonfly [Heymcordulia asiatica). By Major F. C. Eraser, i.M.s 685 XXXIX.— Libellulines at St. Thomas' Mount, Madras. By H. R. Rishworth 685 XL. — A Note on the function of the " Forceps " in For- ficulidse. By Lt.-Col. F. Powell Conner, i.m.s. . . 688 XLI. — Some Butterflies taken in Benares and Adjoining Districts. By G. O. Allen, i.c.s 689 XLII. — Notes on the Emergence from the Cocoon in Lasio- cavipidce. By Lt.-Col. F. P. Connor, i.m.s 691 XLIII. — Tenacity of Life of {Parapelybia orientalis). By G. O. Allen, I.c.s 693 XLIV. — Protective habits of the Larva of {Trypanophova semi- hyalina). By G. O. Allen, i.c.s 698 XLV. — Note on the supposed efl'ects of the bite of a Penta- tomid Bug {Halys dentatus). By E. H. Hunt 694 XL VI.— A few Additions to the List of Mussoorie Plants, by .lames Marten, in Vol. XIX, p. 475. By G. O. Allen, I.c.s 695 XL VII. — On the Identity ot {Blastosporabutleri), Qyd. (With a Plate). By S. L. Ajrekar, b.a 697 Proceedings 698—703 Printod by E. G. Pearson for the Proprietors of the Times Press, Bombay, and publinbod by W. S. Millard for the Bombay Natural History Society— 7018*19. THE JOURNAL ; OF THE Bombay Natueal Histoey Society. EDITED BY W. S. MILLARD, R. A. SPENCE and N. B. KINNEAR, CM.ZS -VOL. s:3Z"v^i, isro. s. Date of Publication, 20th Ootoher 1919. Price to Non-Members Rs. 0 or £ 0-18-0 LONDON AGENTS: DULAU & Co., Ltd., 34-36, Margaret Street, Cavendish Square, W. ^ PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Page The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part XXVII. (With a coloured Plate of Trago^pan). By E. C. Stuart Baker, f.l.s., f.z.s., m.b.o.u "05 Scientific Results from the Mammal Survey, No. XVIII (contd.). Report on the House Rats of India, Burma and Ceylon. By Martin A. C. Hinton 716 Scientific Results from the Mammal Survey, No. XX. By Oldfield Thomas, f.r.s 726 A. — Notes on the Genus Cheliones. 2^. Change of coat in the Common Palm Squirrel — An Appeal. By R. C. Wroughton, F.z.s. (j^ Two new forms of the Funamhulus tristriatus Group. By R. C. Wroughton and Winifred M. Davidson. B. — On the Genus Tadarida (Wrinkle-Lip Bats). By R. C. Wroughton, f.z.S Indian Dragonflies. Part V. (With Text-figures.) By Major F. C. Eraser, lm.s 734 Some New Mammals from Mesopotamia. By Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S. , f.z.s 745 Oommon Butterflies of the Plains of India. Part XXIII. By T. R. Bell, C.I.E., i.F.s 750 Some Birds Observed at Fagoo, near Simla. By H. Whistler, f.z.s., m.b.o.u 770 Summary of the Results from the Indian Mammal Survey of the Bombay Natural History Society. Part IV. By R. C. Wroughton, F.z.s 776 A Popular Treatise on the Common Indian Snakes. Part XXVIII. (With a colouredPlate XXVIII and Diagram). By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, C.M.G., C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., i.M.s 803 The Flora of the Indian Desert. (Jodhpur and Jaisalmer). Part III. (With 6 Plates.) By E. Blatter, S. J., and Prof. F. Hallberg 811 A Tentative List of the Vertebrates of the Jalpaiguri District, Bengal. (With Plates.) By Chas. M. Inglis, M.B.O.U., W. L. Tiavers, H. V. O'Donel and E. 0. Shebbeare, i.f.s 819 The Birds of Prey of the Punjab. Part III. (With Plate I.) By C. H. Donald, F.z.s 826 CONTENTS OF THIS N U M B E R—{contd.) Page Miscellaneous Notes : — I. — Note on the Malabar Slender Loris, Lons lydekke- rianus. By N. B. Kinnear, o.m.z.s 836 II. — Tiger, Felis tigris, climbing tree. By G. Monteath, B.A., l.c.s g;37 III.— Wild DogSj Cuon duklmnends, and Sambhur. By F. Ware j337 IV. — Distribution of the different races and species of Takin {Budorcas). By F. Kingdon-Ward 808 V. — Notes on the Big Game and Duck of Dhar State. By Udaji Rao Pnar, k.c.s.i., k.b.e., Maharaja of Dhar 841 VI. — ^ Variety of the Common House Crow (Corvus splendens) at Jhang, Punjab. By Hugh Whistler, p-z-s ." 843 VII. — Maternal instinct in the Pied Bush Chat {Pratincola caprata). By S. M. Robinson 843 V1I[. — Nesting habits of the Brown Rockchat {Cercomela fusca). By W. H. Mathews 843 IX. — An Albino Swallow. By W. H. Mathews 844 X. — Abnormal variety of the Green Bee-Eater. (Merops viridis). By Hugh Whistler, f.z.h 844 XI. — Some Birds of Prey of Mesopotamia. By C. H. Donald, f.z.s 845 XII. — Extension of Range of the Green Imperial Pigeon {Carpophaga cenea cenea) in Western India. By N. B. Kinnear, c.m.z.s 840 XIII. — Extracts from " A Monograph of the Pheasants by William Beebe." By Chas. M. Inglis, m.b.o.u. . . . . 847 XIV. — The Black-Breasted Kalij Pheasant (Gennaius horsjieldi horsfieldi) east of the Irrawaddy, By Chas. M. Inglis, m.b.o.u 848 XV. — A Note on the breeding of the Hill Partridge (Arhoricola torqueola) near Simla. By Hugh Whistler, f.z.s 849 XVI, — Late stay of Common Snipe {Gallinago coelestes) in Central India. By Percy Hide 849 XVII. — Late stay of Pin-tail Snipe {Galtinago stonura) in Burma. By A. F. M. Slater 350 XVIII. — Migration of Snipe in Burma. By E. T. Kenny .... 80U XTX. — Feeding habits of the Little Egret {Herodia!< garzetta.). By H. R. Meredith 852 XX. — Further occurrence of the Rose-coloured Starlinc (Pastor roseus) and the Flamingo {Phmnicopterus roseus) in the Darbhanga District, Behar. By Chas. M, Inglis, m.b.o.u 853 XXI. — Different Birds nesting in company. By W. Mathews 853 CONTENTS OF THIS NUMB E R—{contd.) Page Miscellaneous Notp:s — co7itd. XXII. — Notes on some Nests recently found in South Tenas- serini. By Cyril Hopwood, m.b.o.u. . . . , 853 XXIII. — Mesopotamiau Bird Notes. By F. C. R. Jourdain . . 860 XXIV. — The Giant Tortoise living in Ceylon. (With a Plate). By N. B. Kinnear, c.m.z.s 861 XXV. — The rudimentary hind limb in an Embryo of Python molurus. By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, i.m.s 862 XXVI. — The habits of the Green Whip Snake Dryophis mycte- rizan^. By J. F. Cains, s,j 862 XXVII.— Note on the Snake Trirhinopholis nuchalis (Boulenger). By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, i.m.s 863 XXVill. — A Gravid Specimen of the Snake Cylindrophis macu- latus (Linn.). By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, i.m.s 863 XXIX. — Reply to Dr. Malcolm Smith's remarks in the last Journal. By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, i.m.s 864 XXX. — Notes on some recent additions to our Society's Snake collection. By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, i.m.s 865 XXXI. — Occurrence of &tichuptlmlma yodfreyi (Roths). By O. C. Ollenbach 867 XXXII. — Occurrence of Colofis vestalix and n?nata at Unao. By G. O. Allen, i.o.s 868 XXXIII. — Early appearance of Pieris firassicce (Linn.) in the Darbhauga District, Behar. By Chas. M. Inglis.. 869 XXXIV. — Notes on the habits of Butterflies Zni.ridia mnsoni and Xanthot(ennia hmiris. By O. C. Ollenbach 869 XXXV.— Naini Tal Butterfly Notes. By G. 0. Allen, i.c.s 870 XXXVI.— Life History Notes on Coorg Butterflies. By F, Hannyugton, i.«!.s 871 XXX VI I. — The Hawk Moth {Deilrp/rila livomica). A correction. By Capt. F. B. Scott, i.a 872 XXXVIII. — Harpactor cnstalis, Stal., preying on Ceratina viridissima, D . 'T . By Chas, M. Inglis, m.b.o.u. .. 872 XXXIX. — Notes on the Flying White Ant and Scorpions that feed on them. By C. H. Dracott 873 XL. — Notes on some new and other Indian Dragonflies. By Major F. C. Fraser, i.m..s 874 XLI. — Ants attacking Bees. By A. G. H. Breithaupt .... 878 XLII.— Habits of Earbhwonus. By G. O. Allen, i.c.s 879 Review. A practical handbook of British Birds 880 Proceedings 882 'a"- Printed by E. O. Pearsa'i (or the Propriecora of the Times Press, Bombay, and publiiibecl by W. S. Millard for the Bombay Natural History Society— 7018'19, THE JOURNAL OF THE Bombay Natueal History Society. EDITED BY W. S. MILLARD, R. A. SPENCE and N. B. KINNEAR, C.M.Z.S. "VOL. -x-x-^vi, 3sro. 4. Date of PuMicatioJt, 31st January 1920. Price to Non-Memhers ... E.s.9-0 or£ O-18'O LONDON AGENTS: DULAU & Co., Ltd., 34-36, Margaret Street, Cavendish Square, W. » PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Page The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part XXVIII. By E. 0. Stuart Baker, f.l.s., f.z.s., M.B.o.u 885 Scientific Results from the Mammal Survey, No. XVIII (concld.). Reports on the House Rats of India, Burma and Ceylon. By Martin A. C. Hinton 906 Indian Dragonflies. Part VI. (With Text-figures). By Major F. C. Fraser, i.m.s 919 Scientific Results from the Mammal Survey, No. XXI. By Oldfield Thomas, f.r.s 933 A. — Some New Mammals from Baluchistan and North-West India. B. — Two new Species of Galomyscus. By Oldfield Thomas, f.r.s 938 The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India. Part XXIV. By T. R. Bell, C.I.E., i.F.s 941 Summary of the Results from the Indian Mammal Survey of the Bombay Natural History Society. Part V. By R. C. Wroughton, F.z.s 965 The Flora of the Indian Desert. (Jodhpur and Jaisalmer.) Part IV. ^j E. Blatter, S. J., and Prof. F. Hallberg 968 A Tentative List of the Vertebrates of the Jalpaiguri District, Bengal. Part II. {With a Plate, Map and Text Block.) By Chas. M. Inglis, m.b.o.u., W. L. Travers, H. V. O'Donel and E. 0. Shebbeare, i.f.s. ... 988 The Birds of Prey of the Punjab. ( With Text-Figures,) Part IV. By C. H. Donald, F.z.s 1000 Notes on Indian Butterflies. By Lt.-Col. W. H. Evans, F.z.s., F.E.S 1021 Description of a New Snake of the Genus Gontia, B. & G., FROM Persia. By G. A. Boulenger 1024 Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India, Burma and Ceylon. Report Nos. 30, Dekhan (PooNA District), and 31,Nilgiris 1025 Progress of the Mammal Survey 1036 Obituary Notices ;, F. Hannyngton, i.c.s., E. W. Ellis, i.f.s. 1037 CONTENTS OF THIS N U M B E R—{contd.) Page Miscellaneous Notes : — I. — Large Kashmir Stag Head {Cercus cashminanus) {with text block). By C. Gilbert Rogers 1038 II. — Porcupine's method of attack. By O. R. S. Pitman. 1039 III. — Porcupine's method of attack. By Randolph C. Morris \ ()4Q IV. — Caracal {Felis caracal) and Hunting Leopard {Cyncelurus jubatus) in Mirzapur, U. P. By G. O. Allen, i.c.s 1041 v.— Field Rats in the Deccan in 1879. By J. Davidson. 1042 VI. — Note on the eggs of Prima inornata, The Indian Wren-Warbler. By F. Reed 1043 VII. — Note on the Nightjar {Caprimulgus (pyi/pticus) . By Major W. M. Logan Home 1043 VIII. — Strange behaviour of a wild bird. By Major J. E. M.Boyd 1043 IX. — The Blue-breasted Quail {E^tcalfactona chinensis) at Mirzapur. By H. Whistler, f.z.s., m.b.o.xj 1044 X. — Birds of different species nesting in company. By G. O. Allen, i.c.s 1044 XI. — The Red Turtle-Do ve (CEnopepelia t. tranqebarica) in Unao, U. P. By G. O. Allen, i.c.s 1044 XII. —Accidents to Vultures. By G. O. Allen, i.c.s 1045 XIII. — Hovering habit of the Spotted Owlet {Athene brahma). By G. O. Allen, i.c.s 1045 XIV. — A 17 Scale Krait {Bungarus cceruleus) from Bangalore. By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, i.M.s 1046 XV. — Early occurrence of the Painted Lady ( Vanessa cardui L.) in the Darbhanga District, Behar. By Chas. M. Inglis 1046 XVI. — A curious method of feeding noted in Danais limniace, Cram. By T. V. Subrahmaniam 1047 XVII. — Notes from the Oriental Sporting Magazine, .June 1828 to June 1833. By Lt.-Col. R. W. Burton, i.a. 1047 XVIII. — An Anomaly in Floral Biology. By. S. P. Jivanna Rao, M.A 1049 Accounts for 1918 1051 Proceedings 1053 'C- Printed by B. ti. Pearson for the Proprietors of the Times Press, Bombay, and published by W. S. Miilard for the Bombay Natural HistorT Society— 5636.20, 7 THE JOURNAL OF THE Bombay Natural History Society, EDITED BY W. S. MILLARD, F.Z.S., R. A. SPENCE and N. B. KINNEAR, F. Z. S., M. B. O. U. VOL. XXVI, No. 5. Containing Title Page ; Contents of Vol. XXVI ; Alphabetical List of Contributors ; List of Plates ; Index to Illustrations ; Errata ; List of Office-Bearers ; List of Members ; Statement of Accounts for 1919 ; New Generic Terms ; Index of Species, Date of -publication, 15th January 1921- Pnce to Norir Members ... ••. ••• ••• ^^s, 4-8-0 or £ 0-7-0 LONDON AGENTS: DULAU & Co., Ltd., 34-36, Margaret Street, Cavendish Square, W, ^m^ FEINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY. NOTICE TO THE BINDER. The contents of this Number should be arranged in the following order, when Volume XXVI is being bound : — Title Page Contents of Vol. XXVI List of Contributors List of Plates ... Index to Illustrations .. New Generic Terms .. Errata ... Frontispiece. y To follow the frontispiece in this order. List of Office-Bearers List of Members Accounts for 19i9 Index to Species ^At the end o± the Volume in this order. VN ji^^'Si. rv> MBL/WHOI LIBRARY u H 1 52 N