Me tina lit nase RG Agora shee ieo-iaiinie ane te n a a ee . RO a Sl Sg OF al nm ine ie PR. i ta ie i ones Ra oe teeth Sith atti ae ache es nee Pn aa Rtn Nigel i es alm he Dat mM en Pge™sPigs te vores en, a FE a Hg IRS I hn eh Se he Phar ae i Nag Ai en Pr gntinen . 7 . en 5 “2. “whi ee ns Fe eatin dest the I Rie ryt Patt ee Mg mh tne a eae ean 7 . . 2% — est _ ~ he St are 2 : ie-uirdidies iach cedeeemcat te ee ite idaind pincers a x o ne es ee, - - nw ae re auido eras tone ta ee ee Fle i ee Aa i eM MI ns Ma St a ~ 1. a2 <.22 be a eee Ce ee - ~ - eo - oe Se TOT Latin yO vite iin at - i Po Ae e-2 =< tae ye . . a $2 Ae Sia ae eal = - AS a hy et C7 aed ty. NN fa | BOURNAL OF THE ae CN NATE I LEY OF MATERAL SOR, VOL. XII. 1889-90. Publishing Committee. BO. W. HARPER, ©] Ds NOK ON: D2 SMITH, J. A. HENSHALL, DAVIS L. JAMES. | Published by THE CINCINNATI SOCIETY OF NATURAL HIsTory, No. 108 Broadway. ee ee nee CONTENTS—VOL. XIl. Erpceedings of the Society........ DEM OME cil x omy eos Ps Woy Pemeicmeniani——), P.Jamés.........0 0.25 62... e ee 5 morta American Fungi. By A. P. Morgan...... Be ee SO? Notes on a Collection of Shells from Borneo, with descriptions memowecpecies: By I> EH. Aldrich... 5.2.2)..22.4. 23 Exploration of the Porter Mound, Frankfort, Ross Co., Ohio. Spe nei. Voorehead. 2. 0.2 ee ei eee G2 On a Collection of Fishes from East Tennessee. By James AL) BEE DOU 0 ei ee 21 Remarks on Sedimentation in the Cincinnati Group. By eer Mes ee ee Se See de 34 List of Proceedings of Scientific Societies Wanted to Complete Sets in the Library of the Cincinnati Society of Natural nM ete Fee eine Bole aa) Wevenian Plants from Ohio. By J.S. Newberry........... 48 On the Occurrence in Large Numbers of Seventeen Species of Pemermnye b We Wangdon...5. 0.22.) .6.. 85 See ee: 57 North American Sciuride or Squirrels. By Chas. Dury..... 64 Seemie ors. By Wm. H. Knight.:......./........... We meaeameient. By Warren K. Moorehead........ Hite eee oe! Seesenminye Nob, Jones... 6 ee ee La OR BemtetieGollection....- 2 ee ee 110 Some Observations on Ohio.Fishes. By Dr. James A. BS EURDIL oc og ole TURES SS oe ra NO era eae eee rn SAU ec 114 List of Fishes of Lorain County, Ohio. By L. M. McCormick 126 Moersmpon the Brain of the Alligator. By C. L. Herrick... 129 Mewewower ollurian-Bryozoa. By BE. O. Ulrich........... 173 ia Memoriam—George S: Huntington..... .-........ SL ELaO dy LDIBIS SG) (av TUT Oa 6 ae ae 200 Sls cco aK de ce a en Se Obi “ i 2 a bre . cant ‘ he a ee heed % : a = = I ) i J a “ j & . ~ y f . < ‘ . : i. : _~ 2 - F 7 = * g ~ ( i" ita © s ‘ Le ] RSS oo wee JOU RIN AT OF. THE Cincinnati Society of Natural History Vol. XII. CINCINNATI, APRIL, 1889. No. 1. PROCEEDINGS. BusINEess MEETING, Jan. 8, 1889. President J. Ralston Skinner in the chair. The room was well filled with members and visitors. The minutes of the October business meeting were read and approved. The minutes of the Executive Board for meetings of October, November and December were read. The following gentlemen were proposed for active membership : E. A. Daumont, Russell Hinman, and Silas T. Jennings. The following gentlemen were elected to active membership : Alfred Warren, Jobn E. Bell, and Dr. J. S. Newberg. Dr. W. S. Christopher was elected a member of the Executive Board in place of Rev. R. Benjamin, resigned. The resignation of Julius Dexter as Trustee was read and accepted. The thanks of the Society were extended to Mr. Dexter for his past services as Trustee. Wm. P. Anderson was nominated for Trustee in place of Julius Dexter, resigned. | | Dr. A. J. Howe read a paper on the ‘‘ Manatee,”’ illustrated by a large drawing, and a skull of the animal. Dr. J. A. Henshall being called on, made a few remarks on the Manatee of Florida. The thanks of the Society were tendered Drs. Howe and Henshall, Donations were received as follows: From Mrs. Sarah Boggs, Newport, Ky., skin of a snake; from Dr. C. H. Ware, city, specimen of Orthoceras. Adjourned. WN Cincinnati Society of Natural History. SCIENTIFIC MEETING, February 5, 18809. Vice-President Wm. Hubbell Fisher in the chair. The minutes of the December scientific meeting were read and approved. The following persons were proposed for active membership: Jos. Eichberg, Mrs. Herbert Jenney, Wm. McMiller, Geo. B. McMiller, R. A. Holden, A. L. Fogg, G. A. Bowen, Wm. Simpkin- son, Robt. Newlin, W. C. Emerson, Dr. Wm. Owen, Jr., E. S. But- ler, H. T: Smith, Alfred Petry, Geo. Leach, Dr. A> Meeliee. Win. Porter Davis, Aaron Prince, Clarence Bartlett, Mrs. A. B. Thrasher, W. St. J. Jones, J. M. Cochran, E. H. Barton; John Mikey Ee? i. Shipley, C. J. Strong, H. Gibert,“W. Boone, ©: Sheena, WE A- High, H. J. Buntin, Wm. A. Gamble, R. T. Dickson, Miss Louise Devereux, Wm. Holden, Howard Carey, John A. Krumme, Jr. The following were elected to active membership : Edward O. Ulrich, Silas T. Jennings, E. A. Daumont, and Russell Hinman. Mr. John Monteith, having just returned from Europe, made some remarks on foreign museums of Natural History. Dr. A. J. Howe read a paper by title on ‘‘ Heredity.” Horace P. Sm:th read a paper by Wm. T. Moorehead on the ‘‘ Excavation of the Porter Mound.” Wm. P. Anderson was elected a Trustee in place of Julius Dexter, resigned. Donations were received as follows: From Mrs. Chas. A. Parke, Owen’s Geological Survey of Wiscon- sin, Iowa and Minnesota; from O. P. Jenkins and B. W. Ever- mann, Descriptions of Fishes from Gulf of California. Adjourned. SCIENTIFIC MEETING, Afarch 5, 1889. President J. Ralston Skinner in the chair. Horace P. Smith acting Secretary in the absence of Dr. J. A. Henshall, in Florida. The minutes of the February scientific meeting were read, and after correction, approved. The room was well filled by members and visitors. Dr. A. J. Howe read a paper on ‘‘ Heredity.” Dr. Davis L. James read by title the following papers: ‘‘ Notes upon a Collection of Shells from Borneo, with descriptions of New Species,” by I. H. Aldrich; and a “ Monograph of the Lycoper- dacee of the United States,’’ by A. P. Morgan. Proceedings of the Society. 3 President Skinner read a paper on the ‘‘ History and Condition of the Society,” to be approved by the Society, and printed and pre- sented to the Board of Public Works of the City of Cincinnati, with a petition praying for a site in Eden Park, for the erection of a suita- ble building for the Society. After an informal discussion of the subject, the paper of President Skinner was approved and adopted, and the Executive Board authorized to proceed in the matter according to their judgment. Dr. O. D. Norton read a Jetter on the Artesian Wells of the Beld- ing Silk Company, at Northampton, Mass. Mrs. Harry Rosenbaum was proposed for active membership. The following persons were elected to active membership : Miss Louise Devereux, Mrs. A. B. Thrasher, Mrs. Herbert Jenney, W. St. J. Jones, Chas. Porter Davis, Chas. J. Strong, M. A. High, Wm. McMiller, Reuben A. Holden, Jr., Dr. Wm. Owen, Jr., Edw. S. Butler, Howard Carey, Dr. A. Hoeltge, W. Simpkinson, (GeiLe sheen, mea. buntin, Russell T. Dickson, Arthur L. Fogg, (Seo me leach, John M. Kay, Emory H. Barton, Aaron Prince, J. M. Cochran, E. E. Shipley, W. Boone, Harry T. Smith, Geo. B. McMiller, Robert Newlin, Alfred Petry; Clarence Bartlett. Jos. Eichberg, W. C. Emerson, Geo. A. Bowen, Herbert Gibert, Wm. A. Gamble, Jno. A. Krumme; jr; Wm. Holden. Mr. Davis L. James and Prof. Jos. F. James offered the following amendment to the Constitution: To add to section 2, of Article VI., of the Constitution, after the words ‘‘the President,’’—‘‘the ex-Presidents, so long as they con- tinue members of the Society,’’—so that the section shall read: **The President, the ex-Presidents so long as they continue members of the Society, two Vice-Presidents, etc.’’ Mr. Davis L. James stated that the purpose of the amendment was to hold to active interest in the Society all ex-Presidents, and to keep Cincinnati Society of Natural History. > in the Executive Board persons whose experience and acq with the business sof the Society should not be confined to_ year’s duration. © Vice-President Wm. Hubbell Fisher announced that sin meeting of the Society an old and highly valued member, James, had departed this life, and moved that the Presider a committee to prepare a suitable memorial of Mr. James. | The motion being carried, the committee was appointe prised the following: Dr. A. J. Howe, Wm. Hubbell F Die. W.mceckeler: ) z) Donations were received as follows: from S. E. Wright Nos. 1 and 2, Vols. IL, Ill, 1V., V., Vil vais ade ee plete, ‘Vol. IX.,-No. 1, of Journal C..S2 NN] ei onmen Monograph on Bryozoa. ae Adjourned. In Memortam.—U. P. James. e IN MEMORIAM.—U. P. JAMES. ‘Read April 2, 1889, and ordered to be ‘spread upon fie Minutes.) PRESIDENT: —The committee appointed by you to prepare a ‘jal of our associate, the late be: leas. beg leave to offer lowing report. h Pierson James, to whose memory a tribute of profound re- is due from this Society, was born at Goshen, Orange County, York, on the 30th day of December, 1811, and died at his home Loveland, Ohio, on February 25th, 1889. Thomas James, the r of Uriah, died while the son was quite young. Rhoda Pierson, idowed mother, then moved with her family to Newark, New Jer- where the subject of this sketch and his older brother were put des. ‘Vhe elder learned to be a printer, and Uriah was appren- o a shoemaker. He afterward worked in the manufacture of t leather. In 1831, the two brothers removed to Cincinnati, arriving August and soon started a. stereotype foundry and printing office. ward Uriah P. James commenced the publication of books: id the business gradually grew to considerable proportions. The of business at that time was on Fifth Street, near Home, and : afterward removed to Baker Street, between Walnut and Vine. A bout 1840, U. P. James opened a book-store on Pearl Street, stween Main and Walnut, and in 1847 formed a partnership with is brother Josepli, under the name of J. A. & U. P. James, open- a store at 167 Walnut Street, a site which is now a part of the - House. They remained in partnership until 1854, when m dissolved, U. P. continuing the business for himself till when he finallv retired in favor of his son, Davis L.. James. 1844, U. P. James was elected a member of the Western my of Sciences, and from that time until the final dissolution Academy he continued an active member, serving as Presi- Jice-President and Treasurer during a long course of years. is Treasurer of the Academy at the time its library, cabinet and were transferred to the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 871, Mr. U. P. James published a Catalogue of the Fossils of acinnati Group collected in the vicinity of the city, embracing 6 Cincinnati Society of Natural Flistory. specimens and observations reaching through a period of thirty years; and in 1878 he issued the first number of the Paleontologist. After seven numbers were issued, the journal was discontinued through lack of strength on the part of the editor. However, he contributed occasionally to the pages of the JouRNAL of the Society of Natural History, and his final work was the publication, with the assistance of his son Joseph, of a Monograph of the Monticuliporoid Corals of the Cincinnati Group. This work was published in three numbers of the Society’s journal in 1887-8. Mr. U. P. James amassed a large cabinet of shells and fossils. In the earlier days of his collecting in this vicinity, he gathered many rare and valuable fresh-water shells, which have since become exceedingly rare, if not absolutely extinct. In his later labors, he confined his attention entirely to palzeon- tology, and for nearly fifty years did not miss adding some fine specimen to his collection. The American Geologist, in a coming issue, is to embrace a full sketch of his paleontological work, together with a complete list of his writings. | Considering the long and arduous labors of U. P. James in the field of scientific inquiry, and the marked integrity of the public spirited citizen, it is fitand proper that the Society of Natural History take action of a memorial character upon the death of a veteran , associate whose mortal parts have recently been removed from associations and pursuits so genial to him. So well did he enjoy his labors, that he seemed to receive ample reward as he went along. He lived along, useful and honored life; and in death was lamented by a wide circle of esteemed fellow-citizens. His early associates in scientific labor were among the most distinguished of Cincinnati’s citizens, many of whom are no longer among the living. By the individual and united efforts of these men a half century ago, a nucleus in Science was established, which has culminated in this honored and prospered institution which we take pride in represent- ing. By the noble endeavors of a past generation of wise men, we are enabled to continue the good work so auspiciously begun. Here, later coming members, possessing kindred tastes, may catch the inspiration of their predecessors, and transmit the fruit of early laborers to a succeeding generation of scientific enthusiasts. Only thus may a great and grand cause flourish and be perpetuated, ‘nase Ln Memoriam.—U. P. James. 7 In 1872, in consideration of valuable donations from the Western Academy of Natural Sciences, the Cincinnati Society of Natural History conferred life-memberships upon Messrs. Robert Buchanan, i P. james, Robert Clarke, George Graham, D. E. Bolles, S. T. Carley, and John A. Warder; and we are pained to say that only two of the revered group still live to enjoy the privilege conferred upon them, as a responsive recognition of the substantial benefits bestowed by them and gratefully accepted by us. May we ever cherish the memories of these men, emulating their many virtues, and endeavoring to supply their places in this Association. In presenting this tribute of deference to the memory of one deserv- ing of homage, we respectfully submit the following testimonial : Resolved: That in the demise of our revered associate, U. P. James, the Cincin- nati Society of Natural History has been bereft of one of its most esteemed and useful members; and that our profound sympathies be hereby extended to the relatives of the bereaved family. A. J. Howe, Wm. HUBBELL FISHER, Committee. A. T. KECKELER, 3) Cincinnati Society of Natural History. NORTH: AMERICAN FUNGI. By A. P. MorGan. | Second Paper. (Continued from Vol. XL., p. 149.) (Read March 5, 1889.) THE GASTROMYCETES.* Order IJ.—LyYcoPpERDACE&. Mycelium filamentous or fibrous, rooting from the base or sometimes proceeding from all points cf the surface. Peridium composed of two distinct layers, subglobose, sessile but com- monly with a more or less thickened base, sometimes definitely stipitate. Gleba at first white, cellulose, the hymenium lining the walls of the cells; at length when the spores begin to ripen, dissolved with copious effusion of water; finally after maturity drying up into a dusty mass of mingled threads and spores. | Fungi mostly terrestrial, a very few species lignatile, epigceus some- times hypogceus. In all the species of this order there is a double peridium, and correspondingly there is present in all of them those peculiar threads mingled with the spores, which in the aggregate are called the capiélitium. The outer peridium may be a firm, persistent coat, at first inclosing the inner peridium, then opening in different ways; or more commonly it is a soft, fragile layer, often with external projections in the shape of warts, spines, or scales; in this case it is usually termed the cortex. The threads of the capillitium are uni- *After the first paper went to press I received a pamphlet entitled ‘‘ Morels and Puffballs of Madison, Wis., by William Trelease.”’ This is the first attempt to give a systematic account of the Gastromycetes of any region of the United States. In it a few species hitherto unknown are added to the flora of the country, and the distribution of several others is extended. The paper is spe- cially valuable for its criti.al observations on the species, and for the indepen- dent measurement of the spores. Pe esa North American Fungt. 9 cellular and continuous, or only with an occasional transverse septum; they may be hyaline or colored, and simple or variously branched: in form and size and in their origin they vary greatly, hence they serve admirably the purpose of classification. TABLE OF GENERA OF LYCOPERDACE:. I. Voutvata&. Outer peridium a thick, firm, persistent coat, burst- ing irregularly, or splitting from the apex downward into segments. a. Inner peridium stipitate, the outer remaining as a volva at the base of the stipe. t. PotypLocium. Inner peridium pileate, with aculeiform proc- esses underneath; threads of the capillitium slender, hyaline, scarcely branched. . 2. BATARREA. Inner peridium circumscissile, the upper part coming off like a lid; threads of the capillitium with spiral markings. b. Inner peridium sessile, the outer splitting into segments which become reflexed. 3. Myrisoroma. Inner peridium dehiscent above by many mouths; columella ———-; threads of the capillitium simple, tapering to each extremity. 4. GeEasTER. Inner peridium dehiscent at the apex by a single mouth; columella present; threads of the capillitium simple, tapering to each extremity. 5. Astr@#us. Inner peridium membranaceous, dehiscent at the apex by a single mouth; columella, none; threads of the capillitium very long, much branched and interwoven. 6. Mirremyces. Inner peridium cartilaginous, dehiscent at the apex by a stellate fissure; columella, none; threads of the capillitium very long, much branched and interwoven. If. Corricar#. Outer peridium (cortex) a soft, fragile, more or less deciduous layer, often with external projections in the shape of warts, spines, or scales. c. Peridium stipitate. 7. VyLosroma. Peridium membranaceous, dehiscent by a regular apical mouth; threads of the capillitium very long, much branched and interwoven. 10 Cincinnati Society of Natural Fistory. a. Feridium sessile, but with a more or less thickened base. 8. CatvaTia. Peridium large, giobose or turbinate, breaking up into fragments from above downward, and gradually falling away: threads of the capillitium very long, much branched and interwoven. g. Lycoperpon. Peridium small, globose, obovoid or turbinate, membranaceous, dehiscent by a regular apical mouth, threads of the capillitium long, slender, simple or branched. to. BovisTeLLa. Peridium subglobose, membranaceous, dehis- cent by a regular apical mouth; threads of the capillitium free, short, several times dichotomously branched. e. LPeridium sessile without any thickened base. 11. CatastomMa. Peridium globose, subcoriaceous, dehiscent by a basal aperture; threads of the capillitium free, short, simple, or scarcely branched. 12. Bovista. Peridium subglobose, membranaceous, dehiscent by an apical mouth, or opening irregularly ; threads of the capillitium — free, short, several times dichotomously branched. 13. MyceNnastruM. Peridium subglobose, very thick, coriaceous, the upper part finally breaking up into irregular lobes or fragments ; threads of the capuillitium free, short, with a few short branches and scattered prickles. — ) od I. Vonvat#. Outer peridium a thick, firm, persistent coat, at first closely investing the inner peridium, then bursting above irregu- larly, or splitting from the apex downward into several segments ; inner peridium sessile, or with only a short pedicel or definitely stipi- tate. Columella often present. Genus I.—Pontyvp.Locium, Berk. Volva ample, persistent, bursting irregularly ; stipe fibrous, con- fluent with the peridium; inner peridium hemispheric, then expla- nate, pileate, underneath gyrose-cellulose, at length splitting into thick aculeiform processes. Capillitium of slender hyaline threads, scarcely branched; spores subglobose, even, brown. Plants growing in sandy soil in warm and dry regions. ‘The genus 1s quite abnormal, being very closely related to the Agaricini, through Montagnites ; the plants are very singular, and the early stages of their growth do not appear to be known. tr. P. 1IngutInaANS, Berk. Volva cup-shaped, smooth, white ; stipe thick, stout, tapering upward; inner peridium glabrous, by dryness areolate; spores ovoid, brown, 6-8 mic. in diameter. North American Fungi.» 11 Growing in sandy soil, California, Harkness. Volva 3 inches in diameter, stipe 4-6 inches in height, inner peridium 4-5 inches in breadth. The stipe is very thick and stout, sometimes as much as 2¥% inches in diameter at the base within the volva, and 1 inch at the apex. In many cases the outer peridium does not rupture at all, the spores being set free from the destruction of the stipe by the larve of insects. 2. P. Catirornicum, Hark. Outer peridium grayish, soon rupturing and widely separated by the slender elongating stipe; inner peridium flat or depressed; spores dark, reddish-brown, nearly glo- bose, 6—8 mic. in diameter. Growing on sand-hills west of San Francisco, Cal., Harkness. Stipe 4-8 inches in height, by % an inch in thickness, the pileate inner peridium 1-114 inches in breadth. It is very distinct from the pre- ceding species, and more nearly resembles MJontagnites Candollei, Fr. Genus II. Bararrea, Pers. Outer peridium volviform, ruptured irregularly, persistent; stipe elongated, hollow, the surface lacerate into scales; inner peridium hemispheric, plane or concave underneath, dehiscent by a circular fissure beneath the margin, the upper part coming off like a lid. Capillitium of simple or branched threads with spiral or annular thickenings; spores globose, brownish. Plants growing in sandy soil. The peridium originates deep down in the ground; at a certain stage of its development, the outer coat is burst and an axile portion of the basal cushion develops into an erect elongated stipe which lifts the inner peridium above the surface of the ground. 1. B. PHALLOIDES, Dicks. Outer peridium fleshy, ovoid, whitish, bursting irregularly at the apex; stipe long, cylindric, equal, fibrose- lacerate; inner peridium hemispheric, concave and smooth under- neath, the upper part coming off like a lid. Spores brown. _ Growing inthe sand. San Francisco, Zorrey; California and Ari- zona, Harkness. Peridium sunk in the ground to the depth of 7 or 8 inches, stipe attaining an altitude of nearly 1 foot, with a thickness of about % of an inch, inner peridium 2 inches in diameter. There does not appear to be any later description of this plant than the one muoted by Fries, S.M., Vol. III., page 7. Genus III. Myriosroma, Desv. Peridium subglobose, composed of two distinct persistent coats; 12 Cincinnati Soctety of Natural History. outer peridium thick, fleshy-coriaceous, at maturity splitting from the apex downward into several segments which become reflexed ; inner peridium thin, membranaceous then papyraceous, supported on sev- eral short pedicels, and emitting the spores through one to many mouths. Threads of the capillitium simple or rarely branched, taper- ing to each extremity ; spores globose, minutely warted, brown. A genus of very singular plants, comprising at present but two species, the individuals of which are rarely met with. I. M. coLirorME, Dicks. Peridium subglobose, whitish, wrinkled and scaly; outer peridium multifid, reflexed; the segments 4-10, usually 7, acute at the apex; inner peridium globose or depressed- globose, gray or brownish, silvery shining, minutely warted; the small mouths numerous (3-50), at first papilliform, then a little ele- vated and ciliate, scattered irregularly over the upper surface. Threads of the capillitium simple or very rarely branched, tapering to each end, brown; spores globose, minutely warted, brown, 5-6 mic. in diameter. See Plate I; A. : Growing in sandy soil. Colorado, Chas. H. Peck. Inner peridium t—2 inches in diameter, the outer peridium expanding to a breadth of 3-6 inches, the small pedicels 2-5 mm in hight. The plant is said to be at first sunk deep in the ground, and therefore is probably con- nected with the soil by a superficial filamentous mycelium. The related MZ. columnatum, Lev., which grows in Chili, emits the spores by a single fimbriate mouth. Genus IV. GeEastTER, Mich. Mycelium filamentous or fibrous, much branched and interwoven with the soil. Peridium subglobose, composed of two distinct per- sistent coats; outer peridium thick, fleshy-coriaceous, at first closely investing the inner but discrete, at maturity splitting from the apex downward into several segments which become reflexed ; inner perid- ium thin, membranaceous then papyraceous, sessile or with a short pedicel, dehiscent at the apex by a single mouth. Capillitium taking its origin from the inner surface of the peridium and also from a dis- tinct central columella, which arises from its base; threads simple, long, slender, thickest in the middle and tapering to each extremity, fixed at one end and free at the other ; spores small, globose, minutely warted, brown. Plants which grow just beneath the surface of the soil; when the outer peridium bursts the segments become reflexed and lift the inner North American Fungi. 13 peridium up into the air; the inner peridium remains seated at the center of the expanded outer peridium with the segments ranged around it like a star. Three layers may be distinguished in the struc- ture of the outer peridium ; first, the epidermis or cwésc/e, usually flaky and fragile; second, the middle jirilose layer consisting of stout, closely woven hyphe, running in the direction of the surface; third, the inner fleshy /ayer, thick when fresh and growing, but shrinking much in drying. The fibrillose layer is continuous at the base with the inner ‘peridium, which has a similar structure, and projects into it as the columella; when the fleshy layer is quite thick, the connec- tion between the ¢wo appears as a short pedicel after the former has shrunk in drying. TABLE OF SPECIES OF GEASTER. St. DEPELLITI. — Peridium depressed-globose, not pointed; the segments acute at the apex. I. PepIcELLaTI. Outer peridium conspicuously vaulted under- neath ; inner peridium with a distinct pedicel. a. Mouth sulcate-plicate 1, 2, 3. 6. Mouth ciliate-fimbriate 4, 5, 6. II. SesstLes. Outer peridium with the base convex, not vaulted: inner peridium sessile. c. Mouth sulcate-plicate 7. ad. Mouth ciliate-fimbriate 8, 9. é. Mouth dentate or lacerate Io, Ir. $2. PELLICULOSI. Peridium ovoid, pointed; the segments acuminate at the apex. III. Saccati. Outer peridium with the base saccate; inner perid. ium sessile. Ff. Mouth sulcate-plicate 12. g. Mouth ciliate-fimbriate 13, 14, 15. $1. DEPELLITI. Feridium depressed-globose, not pointed ; the seg- ments acute at the apex. ‘The peridium is at first sunk deep in the soil and connected with it by an abundant filamentous mycelium, which issues from every part of the surface; at maturity, when the outer peridium expands its segments, the mycelium being held fast by the soil, strips off the cuticle from the fibrillose layer. I. PEDICELLATI. Outer peridium multifid, becoming wholly reflexed and conspicuously concave or vaulted underneath, often lifted up on TA Cincinnatt Society of Natural History. the extremities of the segments, which become inflexed at the apex in drying ; inner peridium with a distinct pedicel. which corresponds in length to the thickness of the fleshy layer. a. Mouth sulcate-plicate. 1. G. FORNICATUS, Huds. Outer peridium subquadrifid, the seg- ments 4 or 5, rarely more ; inner peridium obovoid, pedicellate, bluish gray or brownish; the mouth prominent, conic, sulcate-plicate. Colu- mella slender, subclavate ; threads of the capillitium thicker than the spores, brown ; spores subglobose, minutely warted, brown, 4-5 mic. in diameter. Growing on the ground among the leaves of Coniferae. - New York, Peck; North Carolina, Schweznitz, Curtis; South Carolina, Rave- nel. Inner peridium %-34 of an inchin diameter, the breadth of the expanded segments 1-2 inches. Thisis G. guadrifidum of Schwein- itz’s N. A Fungi. 2. G. CAMPESTRIS, Morg. Outer peridium multifid, the segments 8-10; inner peridium globose, pedicellate, verrucose, gray or brown- ish ; the mouth conic, sulcate-plicate, seated in a circular marginate disk. Columella globose, with a broad base; threads of the capilli- tium about as thick as the spores, hyaline; spores globose, minutely warted, brown, 5-7 mic. in diameter. Growing in clusters on the open prairie about Lincoln, Neb. Chas. Ei. Bessey. This appears to be what Cvagzn refers to G. granulosus, Fckl. Inner peridium 36-34 of an inch in diameter, the expanse of the segments 1-2 inches. In many specimens the mycelium and cuticle seem quite persistent, giving the outer surface a coating of soil. 3. G. Bryantil, Berk. Outer peridium multifid, the segments 8-10; inner peridium broadly obovoid, gray or brown, tinged with blue, with a projecting collar below encircling the apex of the long pedi- cel; mouth prominent, conic, sulcate-plicate. Columella globose, with a thick base; threads of the capillitium about as thick as the spores, brown; spores globose, minutely warted, brown, 4-5 mic. in diam- eter. Growing on the ground in woods. New York, Chas. H. Peck. Inner peridium 34-1 inch in diameter, the expanse of the segments 2-3 inches. ‘The collar or small inverted cup at the base of the inner peridium into which the apex of the pedicel is inserted will distin- guish this species from the others that are closely related. The cup North American Fungz. 15 or depression about the base of the pedicel in some specimens results from the shrinking of the fleshy layer in drying. b, Mouth ciliate-fimbriate. 4. G. LimpaTus, Fr. Outer peridium multifid, the segments 7-10; inner peridium globose or broadly obovoid, somewhat depressed above, pale to dark brown, pedicellate; the mouth little elevated, somewhat lacerate, ciliate-fimbriate. Columella very large, convex or conic, with a broad flaring base, occupying about a third part of the peridium; threads of the capillitium, thicker than the spores, brown; spores globose, minutely warted, brown; 4-5 mic. in diameter. See Biate I... B: Growing in the rich soil around old stumps. New England, Jost; North Carolina, Curtis; Alabama, eters; Ohio, Morgan; Wiscon- sin, Zvelease; Kansas, Cragen. Inner peridium 34-114 inches in diameter, the expanded segments with a breadth of 2-4 inches. ‘This is the commonest Geaster in the Miami Valley; I have found as many as thirty plants growing at once around an old oak stump. The inner peridium is usually slightly constricted around the lower part just above the edge of the columella. From the imperfect description of G. radicans, B. and C., it is impossible to tell wherein it differs from the present species. Possibly G. turbinatus Cragin is something different, but we have seen no specimens. 5. G. SCH@FFERI, Vitt. Outer peridium multifid, the segments 4-8 ; inner peridium globose, pediceilate, sooty-white; the mouth some- what. prominent, dentate, the teeth fimbriate. Columella globose, with a narrow base; the threads of the capillitium brown; spores globose, brown. Growing on the ground in woods. Catskill Mountains, N. Y., Chas. 1. Peck. Inner peridium less than % an inch in diameter, the expanse of the segments an inch or more. The fresh specimen is figured with the pedicel sunk in the fleshy layer. 6. G. MINIMUS, Schw. Outer peridium multifid, the segments 7— Ole inner peridium ovoid, pedicellate, white to pale brown; the mouth conic, cilmte-fimbriate, seated in a plane circular disk. Columella slender, nearly obsolete ; threads of the capillitium thinner than the spores, hyaline; spores globose, minutely warted, brown 3.5-4.5 mic. in diameter. Growing in grassy grounds. New England, “vost; New York, Peck; Pennsylvania, Schweinitz; New Jersey, Alis; North Carolina, Schweimitz, Curtis; Ohio, Morgan. Inner peridium 4%—-% of an inch 16 Cincinnati Society of Natural Firstory. in diameter, the segments expanding %-1 inch. A very pretty little Geaster, difficult to find amongst the grass. It is sometimes found with the circular marginal chink around the mouth as in G. margina- tus, Vitt. II. SessiLes. Outer peridium multifid or sometimes deeply parted, with only the segments reflexed ; the base convex below, not vaulted; the fleshy layer thin; inner peridium sessile. c. Mouth sulcate-plicate. 7. G. UMBILICATUS, Fr. Outer peridium multipartite, the segments 7-10; inner peridium globose or depressed-globose, sessile, brown ; the mouth conic, sulcate-plicate, seated in a circular depressed mar- ginate disk. Columella slender, cylindric, witha broad base; threads of the capillitium rather thicker than the spores, pale brown, spores globose, minutely warted brown, 3.5—-4 mic. in diameter. Growing on sandy soil. New Jersey, “és. Inner peridium about ¥% of an inch in diameter, the segments unequal, lanceolate. A beautiful little species, readily distinguished by the depressed margin- ate mouth, elegantly plicate and furrowed. It is G. mammosus No. t1o of Ellis’s N. A. Fungi. a. Mouth ciltate-fimbriate. 8. G. MAMMOsuUS, Chev. Outer peridium multipartite, the seg- ments 7-10, hygrometric ; inner peridium depressed-globose, sessile, pale or yellowish to brown; the mouth slightly elevated, ciliate-fimbri- ate, seated in a paler circle. Columella short, cylindric, with a broad convex base ; threads of the capillitium rather thinner than the spores, pale brown; spores globose, minutely warted, brown, 5-6 mic. in diameter. Growing in sandy soil. California, Harkness. Inner peridium about 4 of an inch in diameter, the segments with a brown cartilaginous- gelatinous layer which is strongly hygrometric. There is much dis- crepancy among authorities as to the size of the spores; we have given our Own measurement of the spores in specimens which are supposed to be authentic. g. G. FIMBRIATUS, Fr. Outer peridium multifid, the segments 5-10; inner peridium globose, sessile, pallid to pale brown; mouth little elevated, hairy-fimbriate. Columella obovoid or subclavate; threads of the capillitium nearly twice as thick as the spores, pale brown ; spores globose, even or very minutely warted, pale brown, 3-3.5 mic. in diameter. North American Fungi. Lh Growing on the ground in woods. New England, /7os¢; North Carolina, Curtis; South Carolina, Ravenel ; Kansas, Cragin; California, Hlarkness. nner peridium 34-1 inch in diameter, the segmenis expanded 2-3 inches in breadth. The outer peridium casts off a thick cuticular layer when it expands, and the fleshy layer soon secedes, leaving in the dried specimens commonly nothing but the thin, flaccid fibrillose layer. e. Mouth dentate or lacerate. to. G. RUFESCENS, Pers. Outer peridium multifid, the segments 6-8; inner peridium globose or broadly ovoid, sessile, pallid; mouth little elevated, dentate, the ciliate fringe entirely wanting. Columella subglobose, small; threads of the capillitium pale brown; spores globose, even or very minutely warted, 3.5—4.5 mic. in diameter. Growing on the ground in pine woods. North Carolina, Schwein- az; California, Amory. Inner peridium 1-1¥% inches in diameter, the expanse of the segments 3-4 inches. The inner fleshy layer and also the cuticle seem quite persistent, differing in this respect as well as in the nature of the mouth from G. fimbriatus, to which it must be closely related. Mee Oeniesrus, Morg. Outer peridium thin, multifid; the seg- ments 6-10, unequal; inner peridium sessile, depressed-globose, pal- lid to pale brown; the mouth plane, lacerate. Columella cylindric or nearly obsolete ; threads of the capillitium thinner than the spores, hyaline ; spores globose, minutely warted, pale brown, 5.5-6.5 mic. in diameter. Growing in sandy soil. Nebraska, Chas. #. Bessey; California, #illis. Inner peridium 4%-¥% of an inch in diameter, the expanse of the segments an inch or more; the thin inner layer is somewhat hygrometric ; the mouth is sometimes a mere slit or puncture. S2. PELLICULOSI. Feridium ovoid, pointed, the segments acumin- ate at the apex. Mycelium fibrous, proceeding from the base of the peridium, much branched and interwoven with the soil; cuticle per- sistent, subtomentose, often splitting lengthwise in drying. Ill. Saccati. Outer peridium multifid, the segments reflexed with the base saccate, or sometimes revolute with the base plane; inner peridium sessile or subpedicellate. J. Mouth sulcate-plicate. 12. G. striatus, DC. Outer peridium multifid, the segments 7-10; inner peridium globose, sessile or subpedicellate, pale to dark 18 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. brown, punctulate; the mouth prominent, conic, sulcate-plicate. Col- umella subclavate; threads of the capillitium much thicker than the spores, brown; spores globose, minutely warted, brown, 3.5-4.5 mic. in diameter. Growing about old stumps or rotten logs. New York, Peck; North Carolina, Schweinits; Ohio, Morgan; Mllinois, Andras; California, Harkness. Inner peridium 14-34 of an inch in diameter, the expanded segments with a breadth of 114-2 inches. Infresh specimens the seg- ments are often strongly revolute. Thisis G. pectinatus of Schwein- itzs N. A. Fungi. G. striatus, DC. var. minor, Fr. of Lea's Cata- logue applies to those specimens which have a pale inner peridium. A very common species in the Miami Valley. G. Mouth ciliate-fimbriate. 13. G. TRIPLEX, Jungh. Outer peridium 4-6-parted, the thick fleshy layer breaking away about the middle and forming a cup; inner peridium depressed-globose, sessile, pallid or brownish; the mouth broadly conic, ciliate-fimbriate, seated in a definite circular area. Columella clavate, reaching to the center ; threads of the capil- litium much thicker than the spores, pale brown; spores globose, minutely warted, pale brown, 4.5-5.5 mic. in diameter. Growing gregariously inthe rich soil about old stumps. Tennessee, Wetherby ; Ohio, Morgan; Michigan, oerste. Inner peridium 34-1 ¥% inches in diameter, expanse of the segments 3-4 inches. One of the largest and finest species of Geaster. 14. G. saccatus, Fr. Outer peridium multifid, the segments 6-9 ; inner peridium globose, sessile, pallid or brownish; the mouth conic, ciliate-fimbriate, seated in a definite circular area. Columella sub- clavate, reaching the center; threads of the capillittum much thicker than the spores, pale brown ; spores globose, minutely warted, 3-3.5 mic.inidiameter, See iaterl=s ne Growing inrich soil in woods. New England, Aforgan ; New York, Peck; North Carolina, Curtis; Alabama, eters; Ohio, Morgan ; Wisconsin, Z7elease: Nebraska, Webber ; Kansas, Acllerman. Inner peridium 44-34 of an inch in diameter, the segments expanding to a breadth of 144-2 inches. The segments at maturity are usually only reflexed, while the base remains saccate holding the inner peridium as inacup. G. capensis, Thum., is said to be only a form of this species ; G. vittatus, Kalch., applies to specimens of this species with the cuticle split into parallel lines lengthwise of the segments. North American Fungz. 19 15. G. LAGENIFORMIS, Vitt. Outer peridium multifid, the segments 6-9; inner peridium ovoid sessile, pallid or brownish; the mouth prominent, conic, ciliate fimbriate, seated in a definite circular area. Columelia slender, subclavate or nearly obsolete; threads of the capil- litium thicker than the spores, pale brown; spores globose, even or very minutely warted, 2.5-3.5 mic. in diameter. Growing on the old leaves in woods. Ohio, Morgan. Probably occurring elsewhere along with G. saccatus, of which it may be but a small variety. Inner peridium usually lessthan % of an inch in diam. eter, though larger specimens with the inner peridium ovoid some- times occur. 16. G. FIBRILLOSUS, Schw. ‘‘ Outer peridium multipartite, inflexed, externally fibrillose-scaly ; inner peridium sessile, even, dehiscent.”’ Schweinits Syn. Car., No. 330. ‘‘Related to the preceding (viz., G. Aygrometricus), but the segments of the outer peridium more numerous, acuminate, with an expanse of 2 inches, externally not glabrate, within rufescent; inner peridium not reticulate, subglobose; sporidia bay. The single specimen is imperfect, closely infolding its segments as in the preceding. Upon Peegegee cround, Carolina.” 7725, S. M., Vol. I/1., p. 20. ‘¢ Also in Pennsylvania, usually upon old prostrate trunks, arising out of the rotten bark. Sometimes elegantly areolate with fibrils.” Schweinits N. A. Fungi, No. 2251. This species does not appear to have been recognized since by any other person. What its relationship may be it is impossible to infer from the description. Genus V.—Astr4us, Morg. Nov. gen. Mycelium fibrous, proceeding from all parts of the surface. Peridium subglobose, composed of two persistent coats; outer perid- ium thick, coriaceous-cartilaginous, at first concrete with the inner peridium, then at maturity burst into segments and torn away; inner peridium thin, membranaceous, sessile, dehiscent at the apex by a single mouth. Columella none; capillitium originating from the inner surface of the peridium; threads long, much branched and inter. woven; spores large, globose, minutely warted, brown. A genus founded upon the well-known Geaster hygrometricus, Pers. The internal structure in this species is essentially different from that in all the Geasters of which we have any knowledge; first, the hymenial tissue fills or stuffs the cells of the gleba, as in Scleroderma : ZO Cincinnati Society of Natural History. second, the threads of the capillitium are long, much branched and interwoven, as in Zz/ostoma ; third; the elemental hyphae of the perid- ium are scarcely different from the threads of the capillitium and are continuous with them, in this respect agreeing again with TZw/ostoma ; fourth, there is an entire absence of any columella, in fact it is pre- cluded by the nature of the capillitium ; fifth, both threads and spores differ greatly in size from those of Geasters. It is impossible to define accurately the genus Geaster and retain this species within it. t. A. HYGROMETRICUS, Pers. Peridium depressed-globose, the cuticle deciduous with the mycelium; outer peridium deeply parted, the segments 7-20, strongly hygrometric, acute at the apex; inner peridium depressed-globose, sessile, reticulate, pitted, whitish becom- ing gray or brownish; the mouth an irregularly lacerate aperture. Threads of the capillittum rather thinner than the spores, hyaline ; spores globose, minutely warted, brown, 8-11 mic. in diameter. See Plate 11. 1B: Growing in fields and woods in sandy soil. New England. F7os/; New York, feck; Pennsylvania, Schweinitz. Gentry ; North Carolina, Schweinitz, Curtis; South Carolina, Ravenel ; Florida, Ca/kins ; Texas, Drummond; New Mexico, Wright; Wisconsin, Srewn, Trelease ; Kansas, Cragin ; California, Harkness. A very common species found everywhere in the world. Inner peridium 34-1 inch in diameter, the segments expanding to a breadth of 2-3 inches. The inner layer of the outer peridium is cartilaginous-gelatinous, hard and rigid when dry, swelling greatly and flexible when wet; though constantly becoming more and more cracked and fissured, it retains its hygro- scopic qualities a long time, and the outer peridium remains lying on the soil, stellate in shape, spreading out its rays in moist weather and bending them inward in ary. Genus VI.—Mirremyces, Nees. Mycelium composed of numerous cord-like cartilaginous gelatinous fibers, which branch and anastomose into a dense net-work, thus forming a thick rooting base. Peridium subglobose, composed of two coats; outer peridium cartilaginous-gelatinous, thin and fragile when dry, thick, soft and flexible when wet, at first concrete with the inner peridium, then at maturity burst intosegments and torn away. Inner peridium globose, composed of two layers; the outer layer cartilagin- ous, hard and rigid when dry, tough and flexible when wet¢ lining the inner surface of this is a very thin delicate membrane (sacculus) North American Fungi. 21 which at maturity detaches itself and hangs suspended from the apex filled with the ripe spores, then by its gradual contraction expelling them; mouth a stellate fissure of several rays, the margins elevated. Capillitium originating from the hyphe of the sacculus, similar to and continuous with them; the threads long, slender, hyaline, much branched and interwoven, after maturity soon broken up and disap- pearing ; spores large, hyaline, variable in length. Plants very remarkable both in their structure andsubstance. The rooting base is sunk in the soil and connected immediately with it, and is developed above into the peridium; the peripheral cords expand upward into the outer peridium with little change of substance, but in the inner peridium the hyphe are thicker and more abundant and are interwoven into a tough membrane. The extensible gelatin- ous element prevails throughout every part of the plant, even in the threads and spores, being most abundant in the mycelium and outer peridium. A bright colored stratum of loosely woven hyphe lies between the inner and the outer peridium; when the latter bursts this colored layer is torn apart in such a way that one portion lines the inner surface of the segments, the other covers the inner peridium. The little sac detaches itself when the outer peridium is thrown off, it then gradually contracts its volume, forcing out the spores through the fissured apex, the fine tender threads becoming dry are crushed into fragments and expelled along with the spores. 1. M. LUTESCENS, Schw. Peridium subglobose, with a thick entangled rooting base; outer peridium dull red, thin, smooth and shining when dry, swelling greatly and paler when wet, witha scarlet lining, bursting into 5 or 6 segments which roll inward and haug about the base of the peridium or fall away. Inner peridium globose, bright scarlet fading to yellowish and pallid, apical fissure about 6-rayed, the bright color quite persistent on and within the margins; sacculus thin, soft, flexible, white or yellowish. Mass of spores and capillitium compact, white or yellowish, the threads very slender, branched, hyaline, evanescent ; spores varying from globose or oval to oblong and cylindric, to-25 mic. in length by 8-10 mic. in breadth. See Eiate I1., A. Growing on the ground in the woods. New England, Aétchcock ; New York, Schweinitz; Pennsylvania, Schweinitz, Rau, Gentry; Carolina, Curtis, Ravenel, Atkinson; Texas, Drummond. Inner perid- ium %-1 inch in diameter when moist; a dry specimen with the outer peridium entire will more than double its diameter when soaked 22 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. in water ; the rooting base is quite variable in size. This name under which the species commonly appears was given by Schweinitz in the Syn. Fung. Caroline Superioris; a few years later it was figured and described in Silliman’s Journal, Vol. IX., page 56, pl. 3, by Edward Hitchcock, as Gyropodium coccineum, a name which he ascribes to Schweinitz; it was, however, described, even before the time of Linnaeus, by Dr. Plukenet, in the brief fashion of the time, as ‘¢ Fungus pulverulentus, virginianus, caudice corallino, topiario arte contorto,” which presents quite a contrast to the elaborate description required at the present day. M. cinmnabarinus of Schweinitz’s N. A. Fungi is evidently this same species. I have never been able to dis- tinguish more than one species in this country, and have regarded 1. Ravenelii, Berk., as based upon small specimens of AZ, lutescens. ‘ , Notes upon a Collection of Shells from Borneo, Etc. 23 NOTES UPON A COLLECTION OF SHELLS FROM BORNEO WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. By' T. ‘H.-ALDRICH. (Read March 5, 1889.) During the past year I had the pleasure of receiving a small collec- tion of shells from William Doherty, Esq., formerly of Cincinnati, who gathered them in the Kusan and Penggiron districts in South- eastern Borneo and from the Kinan and Kiwa Rivers. The localities are comparatively new, and the distribution of Bornean species so little known, that this list is offered to extend the informa- tion derived from the collection. Examples of many of the species mentioned are now in the collection of the Society. 1. Clea nigricans, Adams. Four specimens received, two young and two adult. 2. Melania brookit, Rve. var. The specimens differ from the typical form considerably. One example is subscalaroid, and all are nearly smooth, the more adult ones show traces of tubercles on the body whorl, which is also angu- lated at its periphery. 3. Melania tuberculata, var. malayana, Issel. Prof. Brot, of Geneva, Switzerland, has kindly confirmed my deter- mination, as well as the other fresh water species mentioned. 4. Ampullaria pilula, Rve. Only young specimens received, but the determination is believed to be correct. 5. Faludomus lacunoides, n. sp. Pl. IIIL., figs. 1, 1a, rb and tic. Shell smooth, solid, obovate, spire moderate, whorls five? con- tracted below the suture and partially shouldered; color olive, in young specimens three broad bands are upon the body whorl and show through it; suture distinct. Base of body whorl obsoletely stri- ated; aperture ovoid, over half the length of the shell; outer lip slightly denticulated, columella white, bordered with a flattened semi- lunar space behind. 24 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Remarks: This species appears to be quite distinct from Paludomus crassus V. dem Bush. Prof. A. Brot, who suggested the specific name given, writes as follows: ‘‘It is not unlike P. concus, Gray, (of which P. crassus is generally considered a variety, perhaps erroneously) but your specimens present a character quite unusual in the whole genus; the columellar margin is bordered by asemi-lunar flattened area, which fills the umbilical region, and is distinctly delimited by an acute ridge.’? Twenty specimens received. 6. Manna brooket, Adams & Reeve. Three magnificent examples of this species received. The largest 3% inches in diameter. 7. Nanina decrespignyt, Higgins. One specimen. 8. Nanina mindaiensts, Bock. Six specimens received. This form shows but six whorls. There are several similar forms like ZV. anus, Chemn., WV. hugonis, Pfr., and WV. amphidroma, V. Martens, that may prove to be all one species. 9. Nanina densa, Ad. & Rve. Six specimens. The darker colored ones equal WV. Schumacher- zana, Pfr. 10. WVanina aglaja, Pfr. One specimen, close to WV. jucunda, Pfr. 11. Lvrochomorpha angulata, Issel. Three specimens. 12. ZLrochomorpha kusana, n. sp. Pl. II1., figs. 3, 3a, 3b. ‘Shell minutely perforate, thin, subtrochiform, light horn color, | translucid, with about three transverse raised striae parallel to the suture ; whorls six, strongly rounded, the body whorl non-descending ; spire obtuse; base rounded; aperture flattened, ovate, the transverse diameter the largest, peristome acute ; columella reflexed at base and partially covering the umbilicus. Diameter, 3mm. Altitude 2 mm. Remarks: Seven specimens received. They differ in size and shape from Z: angulata, Issel; both species, however, could just as well be placed with the section S7fa/a of the genus /Vanina. 13. LManina (Microcystis) macdougalli ? Issel. Twenty specimens, which agree with the description of the above species better than any other. Notes upon a Collection of Shells from Borneo, Etc. i) Or 14. Trochomorpha bicolor, V. Martens. Only one specimen. 15. Zrochomorpha planorbis, Lesson. Var appropinquata, V. Martens. 16. Bulimus perversus L. About twenty specimens, part of which are sinstral. They are all without the characteristic yellow ground usually so strong in this spe- cies ; they are strongly murked and resemble the variety B. znterruptus, Brug. All are larger and more solid than usual. Mr. Doherty states that each variety occupies a distinct area. 17. Leptopoma lowt, Pir. One specimen. 18. Leptopoma sericatum, Pfr. One specimen 19. Cyclophorus barbatus, Pir. One young example. 20. Cyclotus ptychoraphe(?) V. Martens. Two dead specimens. 21 Fterocyclos tenuilabiatus, Metcalfe. Numerous examples. 22. Opisthoporus euryomphalus, Ptr. Twenty-three examples. meeeeavyceus, n- Sp: 7. Pi. Iil., figs. 2, 2a, 2b. Two dead specimens received. ‘They differ from anything I can find that has heretofore been described from Borneo. If new, I pro- pose the name Alyceus broti for it, and append the following descrip- tion : Shell small, whorls fine, covered with strong, raised, vertical striae, finely set upon the body whorl. Apex smooth, whorls rounded, aper- ture twisted downward, almost vertically to plane of shell. Lip exserted and bordered by a reflected expansion. Umbilicus open, showing the convolutions of the shell. Diameter about 7 mm., height 3% mm. This species resembles the Indian forms much more than those from Borneo. It may possibly be A. spzracellum Ad. & Rve, whose figure and description I have not had access to. 24. Diplommatina concinna, H. Adams. One specimen. 26 Cincinnatt Society of Natural History. 25. Clausilia (Euphedusa) dohertyt, Boettger, n. sp. Pl. figs. 4, 4a, 4b, 4c. Upon submitting the form named as above to Herr. Boettger, of Frankfort am Main, Germany, he pronounced it quite distinct, and at my request named and described it as follows: CLAUSILIA (EUPHZDUSA) DOHERTYI 0. sp. T. vix rimata, clavato-fusiformis, gracilis, solidula, pallide corneo-lutea, ad sutu- ram albidocingulata; spira elongato-turrita; apex acutiusculus, submamiilatus. Anfr, 9% lente accrescentes et laxe voluti, convexiusculi, sutura impressa sim- plici disjuncti, striatuli, ultimus praecedente angustior, cervice distinctius costu- iato-striatus, basi rotundatus nec compressus nec carinatus. Apertura anguste piriformis, breviter soluta sed superne recedens, sinulo sublimi; peristoma undique incrassatum sed non expansum et perparum solum reflexum, margine sinistro bene curvato et media parte subprotracto, dextro strictiuscule descencente. Periomphalum callosum, angustum, subplanum. Lamelle sat validz marginales, supera perobliqua, intus altior, cum spirali contigua vel continua, infera oblique ascendens sigmoidea, a basi intuenti spiraliter intrans, subcolumellaris longe emersa. Apparatus claustralis lateralis, plica principalis modica profundissime sita, ventrilateralis, palatales verae 2 breves, principali parallele, supe “ior duplo longior quam inferior. Alt. 17, diam. 33g mm; alt. apert. 334, lat ap. 23 mm. Hab. S. E. Borneo. Proxime affinis Cl. (Eupheduse) Cumingiane Pfr. insularum Philippini- carum et Moluccarum, sed colore pallidiore, papillis suturalibus nullis, apertura angustiore, peristomate non expanso, lam. subcolumellari emersa bene distincta. (Dr. O. BOETTGER). Exploration of the Porter Monnd, Frankfort, Ross Co., O. 27 EXPLORATION OF THE PORTER MOUND, FRANKFORT, ROSS COUNLY, OHIO: By WARREN K. MOOREHEAD. [Read February, 1889. | This mound is situated within sight of the village of Frankfort. It is one of a group of seven mounds. ‘The dimensions are as follows: engi 110 feet; width 62 feet; height 6 feet. It is stated by old residents that the mound was once twenty feet high. Mr. Till Porter graciously accorded permission to open this struc- ture, and accordingly work was begun on the morning of August 8, 1888. We were five days in completing this mound, a force of seven men and three teams being employed. ‘There was a large sink hole near the mound, (the earth for its construction was probably taken from this depression), and we agreed to fill thishole up with the earth from the mound. For this reason we engaged teams as well as diggers. We began on the south side. A trench nearly as wide as the mound itself was begun on the original surface. ‘This was carried through the mound. Four feet from the outer edge on the south side we came upon a layer of coarse gravel boulders, two feet in width and three inches in thickness. From its curvature we judged it extended all around the mound. ‘This conjecture was afterward con firmed by meeting with the circle on the north and east sides. About fourteen feet from the circle of stones, placed in a fine bed of sand, aperture downward, .was a sea shell (Pyrula?) covering a few decayed human bones—fragments of a skull, but nothing whole, nor were any of the bones over one inch in diameter. Near this one, but placed near the surface of the mound, was a smaller shell of the same species. Thursday afternoon, at about thirty feet from the stone circle we made the most remarkable discovery we were destined to participate in. Between two copper plates was a mass of copper earrings, beads, and decayed wood and cloth. These plates were placed horizontally, about an inchapart. The smaller one was uppermost. The sizes were 9%x7 inches and 8x6 inches. Between them were twenty copper earrings or brooches. Around the center of some of the brooches 28 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. were traces of rough thread or cord. These were carefully examined by an ‘‘expert” and pronounced fibre of slippery elm. Some of the brooches still held a rotten leather thong three inches in length. I tried to preserve this thong in several instances, but failed utterly. Below the brooches were 197 large shell beads. ‘They were full size, very round, neatly drilled. At the bottom was the largest copper plate. The ends were curved inward. Traces of decayed wood were found above its. Some of this wood is well preserved, and showed plainly. Work was then stopped on the southside and a trench begun on the north side. This was carried through until it met the southern exca- vation. We had scarcely gotten well under way when we came upon an object peculiar to the Scioto Valley mounds; 2. ¢., analtar. It was placed on the bottom, had been formedin situ. The dimensions were as follows: 30 inches long, 24 inches wide, 4 inches deep. A rim six inches wide extended around it. The depression in the center was 24x18x4 inches. It was filled with ashes and burned bones; was very symmetrical and nicely made. I had often heard of these regular altars being photographed or drawn ; but never heard of one being taken out entire. JI had the men dig around it very carefully ; then had them when it was undermined a!l put their hands underneath and lift together. It weighed 300 pounds, yet it was taken out with scarcely a.crack.. It was packed in a box securely, and stored with Captain McGinnis for safe keeping. The altar is still with him. I would ship it, but am afraid it may be broken in transit. The thickness of the altar was four inches. It was burned quite hard. The bottom was unshaped, and the top had been molded as described. It rested on small stones. We connected the two trenches at the west end of the mound, to give a sharp point of ground to work on. We gradually worked this point backward, and this is what we found. In the south side on the bottom near the center was a long skeleton with head to the south. Just above the forehead were five bear teeth crossed like a rail fence. They had five perforations each. ‘The perforation on the inner side has a plug inserted. This plug is made from the-tooth of a ground hog. I have never before heard of teeth being so ornamented. Four brooches accompanied this skeleton. Just beyond this skeleton was a small ash-pit covered with a mica sheet. We found numbers of these pits in the mound. They were always on the bottom; varied from eight to ten inches in diameter and one footindepth. Generally they Exploration of the Porter Mound, Frankfort, Ross Co., O. 29 were covered with a plate of mica. In this one was a decayed frag- ment of skull, ashes, and 993 pearl beads. ‘They are the fresh water mussel pearls, well drilled but poorly preserved. I neglected to state above, that two flat beads with two holes in them were found by the side of the skull of the skeleton above mentioned. To return to the north side. When about fifteen feet from the stone circle there was uncovered a large ash-pit. It varied in depth from foto taree feet; in extent it was eight by eleven feet. The soil was filled with pottery fragments, flint flakes, burnt hickory-nuts, animal bones, etc. At short distances there was a mica sheet covering an ash-pit. We dug out very carefully all these shallow holes in hopes of getting more beads, but we found none. We did find the following in no regular positions: seven curved flint knives, very sharp ; twenty-six arrow-heads without notches; one large finely pol- ished ceit of greenstone; six groundhog jaws; deer and bear bones; nearly a peck of charred hickory-nuts. Fourteen whole pieces of pottery Were uncovered, but the material was so poor and so soft none of them would hold together. We lifted fragments very carefully, but could not retain them in pieces larger than 2x3 inches. Just beyond this ash-pit were two skeletons laid nearly side by side, heads to the south. Near the head of one was our third copper plate. This plate showed traces of cloth—the weaving, the fibre, etc.; but the cloth itself had long ago gone to dust. Around the neck of the other skeleton were eleven drilled wolf teeth. Two small shell orna- ments, perforated, lay where his earsonce were. In his mouth (mirab- ile dictu!) were fifty pearl beads, larger and more evenly perforated than the others. The skull of this person was saved entire. When the point was dug back sufficiently to reach the center, two well- preserved skeletons were taken out at about half way between the top and the bottom of the mound. At the exact center of the mound another skeleton with a bone ornament on his arm was found. Ithas two holes drilled through it. Over twenty discs of mica were found. A rough, ill-shaped altar was found on the east side, about the same distance from the edge where the good one on the west was placed ; but no ashes accompanied it, and we did not attempt to save it. Indeed, this one was so irregular that measurements could not be obtained. Roughly it was 30x35 inches, 8 to 10 inches thick. The mound had seven layers; they were not brightly colored earths as some mounds are, but were dull colors. They ran: 30 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Surface above. Black soil, 1 foot. Gravel, one foot. Brown earth, 3 inches. (First three layers much disturbed on Dull yellow, 3 inches. account of plowing the field.) Black, 6 inches. Layers now showing better. Sand, 8 inches. The sand was white, beautiful. Black soil, with pebbles, 3 to 4 inches. Red clay, burnt, 4 to 5 inches. Gravel and clay base, 1 foot. Surface of ground (bottom). The exact center of the mound was filled with a mass of the purest ashes I ever saw. They were white as snow, soft, and must have been ~ sifted or sorted very carefully. Ordinary ashes would contain. charcoal flakes and other impurities. We took out over six bushels of this ashes. The mound opening attracted much attention. Some days we had over three hundred visitors. The farmers became so interested in the work that mounds were offered to me by the dozen. When I left Frankfort I had over thirty mounds promised to excavate. Had I not been nearly killed by the caving in of a mound, I should have continued digging all winter. I hope to be strong enough to return and continue the work in the spring. WARREN K. MOooREHEAD. ‘Smithsonian Institution, January 23, 1889. On a Collection of Fishes from East Tennessee. 31 ON A COLLECTION OF FISHES FROM EAST TENNESSEE. By Dr. James A. HENSHALL. (Read June 4, 1889.) Mr. Charles Dury, recently, while collecting insects in East Ten- nessee, collected a small lot of fishes, consisting of five species, two of which seem to be new to science. The specimens were procured at Whiteside, Tennessee, a station on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, from a small tributary of the Tennessee River, and are now in the museum of the Society. The fishes were in their spring, or breeding dresses, which were unusually and remarkably brilliant, due no doubt to the clear and pure water of the mountain stream in which they were taken. Following is a list of the collection : CAMPOSTOMA ANOMALUM (Rafinesque). One example 234 inches in length. The specimen differs from the usual form of this widely- distributed species, in its more slender body, long caudal peduncle and deeply forked caudal fin. The coloration differs also, in being silvery instead of brassy, with the usual black or dark mottling. Throat and belly rosy. No oper- cular spot; dorsal and anal fins plain, the usual dusky bar being absent. Iead 44%4; depth 5. Teeth 4-4. Scales 6-51-5. D. 8. A. 7. CHROSOMUS ERYTHROGASTER (Rafinesque). Three examples 214 inchesin length. Body fusiform, tapering regularly, little compressed. Mouth small, oblique, terminal. Lateral line extends from opercle to ventral fin. ; Coloration: Brownish on top of head and back, shading into a black border extending from head to caudal fin. Mouth, lips and throat jet black. A broad, jet black band passing from mouth, through the eye and extending to caudal ; under the dorsal fin it gives off a branch leading toward the anal fin. The space between the black bands, the entire belly, and the suborbital space are intense scarlet; fins more or less scarlet; opercle, silvery. Head in length, 444; depth, 43%. Teeth, 4-5. goscales along the mreralline. D. 7. A. 8. 32 Cincinnatt Society of Natural Fistory. ETHEOSTOMA DURYI, nov. sps. Five specimens, 3 male and 2 female; length from 2 to 3 inches. Body stout, rather elongate, somewhat compressed ; back arched ; profile regularly curved; snout obtuse; mouth small, horizontal, subterminal, maxillary, just reach- ing orbit. Caudal peduncle curving slightly upward; caudal fin emarginate. Lateral line almost complete, following curve of dorsal outline. Gill membranes broadly united. Fins large; dorsal fins high, and scarcely connected ; first dorsal with longer base than sec- ond, but fin not so high; longest dorsal spine 1% times in head. Cheeks, nape and opercles scaly. Eye, high up, as long as snout, and contained 3% times in head. 14 scales between dorsal and head, crowded anteriorly. Premaxillary not protractile. Coloration in alcohol: 8 or 9 quadrate blotches along dorsum ; a dark, broad band along the lateral line, on which are ten well-defined quadrate blotches. Between the dark coloration of the dorsal and lateral lines is a hghter area of orange (probably) in life. Belly orange. A dark bar below the eye. The darker coloration is probably blue in life. First dorsal fin dark along the base, with horizontal or diagonal blotches, apparently orange in color, running up to top of fin, between the rays; second dorsal and anal with vertical orange stripes between the rays; pectoral and ventral fins plainer. Head 41%; depth 41%. Scales, 5-52-8. D. XI, 11. A. IL, 6. _ ETHEOSTOMA FORMOSA, nov. sps. One example, 2% inches long Body fusiform ; back regularly curved, not elevated; head conical ; mouth terminal, slightly oblique, moderate, maxillary reaching a little beyond front of orbit. Lateral line nearly complete, following curve of back. Gill membranes slightly connected; premaxillary not pro- tractile ; teeth on vomer ; jaws well armed with teeth. Eye as long as snout, 4 in head. Dorsal fins separate, moderate; base of first dorsal longer than second, but fin not so high; longest spine of dorsal twice in head. Opercles and nape scaly ; cheeks and breast naked. Color in alcohol: so dark (blue?) bars or rings from dorsum to belly, those on latter half of body completely encircling it; lighter, or orange, interspaces ; cheeks and throat light, probably orange in life ; opercles darker. First dorsal with upper half dark (blue?), lower half lighter (orange?); second dorsal and anal fins mottled, probably blue and orange; pectoral and caudal plain; ventrals dark. Head 3%; depth 4. Scales, 443-8. D. X., ag3 eee: CoTTUS RICHARDSONI Agassiz. Oneexample, 3 incheslong. Body stout, tapering rapidly to caudal fin. Profile curved; vertex slightly On a Collection of Fishes from East Tennessee. 33 depressed ; no interocular groove; sharp, slightly-hooked preopercu- lar spine, with two smaller concealed spines below; skin entirely smooth; lateral line absent only on caudal peduncle; isthmus broad, with gill-membranes fully united. Pectoral fin large, reaching to second dorsal. Coloration: Olivaceous with dark blotches and maculations; fins barred and speckled. Meme, depths. D. VII, 17. A.13. V.L, 4. 34 Cinctnnati Society of Natural History. REMARKS UPON SEDIMENTATION IN THE CINCINNATI GROUT: (Read June 4, 1889.) By Pror. JosepH F. James, M. S., UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY, WASHINGTON, D. C. I have in a former article* referred to the probable presence of beaches in the rocks of the Cincinnati Group. ‘The evidence of the beaches consists in the presence of mud cracks, trails and burrows, such as could only have been made upon an exposed surface, or at least one covered with a slight depth of water. These evidences are found at at least two horizons in the exposures at Cincinnati, one near low-water in the Ohio River, and the other about three hundred feet higher. There is evidence of a third) beqemean ea sul! greater elevation; probably two hundred feet higher up. ‘This is exposed in several cuttings on Four-mile Creek near Oxford, Ohio, about forty miles north of Cincinnati. In one of these places there is a layer containing what appear to be rain-drop impressions. The layer was found in 1887 by Mr. N. W. Perry, who called my attention to it. The impressions are large and distinct, some of them measuring a fourth of an inch in diameter. The rock is a hard limestone, made up of finely comminuted material, and occasionally containing the remains of brachiopods. In the same layer are also found various markings referred to inorganic causes, such as rill-marks, or marks madé by running water. At another point, several miles away, but along the same stream, are found well-defined ripple-marks, in some cases having considera- ble extent. These, it is true, may have been, and probably were, made under water, but the rain-drop impressions must have been made on an exposed surface. The accompanying platey illustrates one of the most characteristic specimens of rock with these impressions. Dr. Newberry, in an article upon ‘‘ Circles of Deposition in Ameri- can Sedimentary Rocks,’’} and also in volume one ‘‘ Geology” of the *Science, Vol. V., p. 237, 1885- 1 This will appear in a later number.— Editor. tAm. Asso. Ad. Sci. Proc., Vol. XXII., part 2, pp. 185-196, 1873. Remarks upon Sedimentation in the Cincinnatt Group. 35 Geological Survey of Ohio, refers to the various sorts of sediment forming the strata of the Lower and Upper Silurianand the Devonian. He says that the Potsdam sandstone, for example, was laid down upon a beach, and is ‘‘ the first product of the invasion of the Eozoic continent by the ancient ocean.””** That the Calciferous sand-rock, lying next above, may be considered as formed of sediments thrown down in deeper water, and as the second product of the invasion by the sea; that the Trenton, next above, has resulted from the accumulation of organic matter at the bottom of a great ocean; and that finally the Hudson River Group, including the Cincinnati rocks, represents an epoch of retreating and shallowing seas and of a rising continent. Everything that is known of the organic remains from the various formations points to the truth of this idea. The evidence of the inor- ganic remains testifies in a similar way. The presence of beaches at two and probably three horizons in the Cincinnati Group indicates two or three periods of elevation and subsequent depression. Eleva- tion enough to bring the forming rocks to the surface for a sufficient length of time to allow of the formation and preservation of tracks, trails, ete., and depression enough to permit the laying down, in one case, of three hundred feet of shales and limestones, and in the other of an additional two hundred feet or more. It is interesting to note, as was also pointed out by Dr. Newberry, that a cycle of events occurred in the UpperSilurian similar to that of the Lower. The Oneida conglomerate and the Medina sandstone correspond to the Potsdam sandstone, the Clinton to the Calcifer- ous, the Niagara to the Trenton and the Lower Helderberg to the Hudson Group, or the Lorraine shales. In addition, however, there was the Salina, or Onondaga Salt Group, which as T. Sterry Hunt suggests, probably resulted from the evaporation of the sea- water from shallow basins partly enclosed by land. It would be inter- esting to know whether, in addition to the similarity of deposits of sediment, the Lower Helderberg Group will present evidences of suc- cessive beaches at several horizons, such as have been shown to exist in the Cincinnati Group. We know that in New York there are sev- eral successive beds characterized by more or less distinct faunas, and these certainly indicate varying conditions of deposit. Furthermore, inasmuch as the Hamilton Group closes a circle of deposition during the Devonian period, might we not look for similar oscillations of level Sereal. of Ohio, Vol. I., p. 58. 36 Cincinnatt Society of Natural History. - there? Inthe Carboniferous period a fourth circle of deposition is found, and here, as shown by many successive layers of coal, sand- stone and limestone, can be noted more frequent oscillations than have as yet been recorded from any of the older periods. In the report of Prof. N. S. Shaler on the ‘‘ Investigations of the Kentucky Geological Survey in 1873-74 and ’75,” is an extended discussion of the Cincinnati axis. In this the origin of the sediment forming the rocks of the Cincinnati Group is considered. He states as the result of this investigation his conclusion that some of the beds of the Cincinnati Group were formed in shallow water, and that this water was swept by strong currents. His general conclusion is that ‘*the occurrence of salt deposits at one level, pebbles at a point some hundred feet or more higher, of broken shells at yet anotler hundred feet up in the section, and finally of salt deposits again in the Biue- grass limestone (which forms the summit of the Cincinnati Group). gives us fair reason to conclude that this series of deposits was formed in a region which was balanced near the top of the ancient seas.’* It is thus seen that Prof. Shaler long ago came to the same conclu- sion as that announced by the writer in 1884.7 It is but fair, how- ever, to state that the conclusions of Professor Shaler were unknown to the writer until recently, and that his statement, though made eight or nine years subsequent to that of Professor Shaler, was entirely independent of any observations by others. Professor Shaler’s conclusions were reached through a study of conditions of sedimentary deposit; my own through a study of the trails, burrows and inorganic markings found in the rocks. *Second Geological Survey of Kentucky, new series, Vol. III., p. 141. {See this JOURNAL, Vol. VII. p. 93, October, 1884. List of Proceedings of Scientific Societies, Etc. Zu] met Or PROCEEDINGS OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES WANTED TO COMPLETE SETS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE CINCINNATI SOCIETY OF NA UIA EES TORY: The Society will be thankful to receive any of the publications men- tioned, and in exchange will furnish lacking parts of its JOURNAL, excepting Vols. I., II., III. (out of print): Albany Institute. Transactions, Vol. II. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Memoirs, Vols. I. to XI. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Proceedings, Vols. XIII., XV.; XXI., XXVI. American Geographical Society Journal. Pies lee VIII. IX., XLV, XV. American Antiquarian. Maree Nes2 and 3, Vol. [l., No. 2, Vol. III., No. 2. American Journal of Science. First Series, Vols. XI., XXII., XX XIX. Second series, Vois. XXV., XXVIII., XLIII. to L. Third Series, Vols. I. to XII. American Philosophical Society. Proceedings, Vols. I. to V. Transactions. First Series, Vol. II. to end of Series. Mew series, Vols. I., IIl., [V., VII. to end. American Monthly Microscopical Journal. Mol -ti- Nos. 11 and 12; Vol. EII., Nos. 4, 5, roand1z2; Vol. ai NOs 9, .to) it,and r2’; Vol. V., No. 1. Academy of Natural Sciences. Proceedings, Vols. V., VI. Academia Nacional de Ciencias. fiome.1I. to V. Augsburg Naturhistorischen Verein. Bericht Nos. 1 to 20. 38 Cincinnatt Society of Natural History. Academie des Sciences, Inscriptions et Belles-lettres. Transactions—all up to Series 8, Vol. VIII. Societe Malacologique de Belgique. Annales, Violswlestom elie Eroces Verba Olsyale atone Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings, Vols. Ill. to X!, XIV_ to 2Gyaie eee Bern Naturfirschende Gesellschaft. All previous to 1878. Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen. Abhandlungen, Vols. I. to VII.; VII., Nos. 1, 2, 4. Botanical Society, Edinburgh. Transactions, Vols: II.. IIl., Vito xa to ae Botanical Gazette. Volsa tone Botanischen Verein der Provinz Brandenburg. Publications previous to 1879. Bristol Naturalists’ Society. Proceedings Viola hantelk Cassel Verein fur Naturkunde. Bericht topo. Canadian Entomologist. Wolls JE to JOU. California Academy of Sciences. Proceedings Vols. Il.,.111.; 1V., Part © toyeloseionmelume: Cambridge Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin, Vols. I., I. Memoirs, all lacking except Vol. X., No. 3. Canadian Institute. Proceedings, Vol: I., Nos, 1, 2; Vol.(LES) Nose. Canadian Journal. Vols. I. to XIII; Vol. X1IL., Nos. 7 to 123 Vole SGiyerNieo atc me) Viol. PxeVa Nios 5h 1o atom 2 Colorado Scientific Society. Proceedings, sVioladee Viola Wey artele Journal of Comparative Medicine and Surgery. Vols to Vill Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Verein zu Santiago. Verhandlungen, Heft I., I. List of Proceedings of Scientific Societies, Ftc. 39 Dennison University. . Bulletin of the Laboratories, Vols. I., I., III. Johns Hopkins University. Wiawersity Circulars Nos. « to 11, 14, 16, 18 to 23, 25, 26, 27, 22534, 60, 61, 62. Kansas Academy of Science. Transactions, Vols. I. to VIII., and all publications subsequent to Vol. IX. Kaiser K6niglichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt. Verhandlungen—publications previous to 1878. Kongl. Vetenkaps Akademiens. Ofversigt—previous to 1882. Kiew Societie des Naturalistes. Memoirs, Vols. I. to VII. Leipzig Verein fur Erdkunde. Mittheilungen, previous to 1884. Linnean Society, New South Wales. Proceedings, First Series, Vols. I. to VII. Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. Memoirs, previous to Third Series, Vol. VIII. Proceedings, Vols. I. to XV, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. Archives, Vols. I. to V. Manitoba Historical and Scientific Society. Publications, previous to 1887. Natural History Society of Glasgow. Proceedings, First Series, Vols. I. to V. Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Sciences. Proceedings, Vols. I. to IV.; Vol. V., Parts 1, 4. New York State Museum. pareial keports, Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9 to 14, 17, 35- Bulletin, Vol. I., No. 1. Oberhessichen Gessellschaft fur Natur- und Heilkunde. Bericht, Nos. 1 to 8, to to 18. Ontario Entomological Society. Reports previous to-1882. Philosophical Society, Washington. Bulletin, Vols. I. to VIII. Royal Society, Edinburgh. Proceedings, Vols. I. to VIII. AO Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Royal Physical Society, Edinburgh. Proceedings, Vols. I. to V. Royal Society of New South Wales. Journal and Proceedings, Vols. I. to X. Royal Microscopical Society. First Series, all except Vol. II., Nos. 5, 6, 7, and Vol. III. Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. Vols, 1. tor Viola eartsm lees School of Mines Quarterly. Volz 1: Societa Toscana di Scienza Naturali. Memorie, Vols. I. to III. Rrocesst Wierbali, voles Societa Africana d'Italia. ATO I, bO V’. Societatum Litterae. First Year. Monatliche Mittheilungen. First to Fifth Year. Societe Zoologique de France. Bulletin, Vols. I. to IIL; Vol. XT) Nos iene ole aly: Nos. 3 to 12. Torrey Botanical Club. ~ Bulletin, Vols. I. to VIII. University of Minnesota. Experiment Station Bulletin, Nos. 1, 2. Explanation of Plates. 41 EXPLANATION OF PLATES—PLATE I. A. Myriostoma coliforme, Dicks. B. Geaster limbatus, Fr. 2. Before the outer peridium has opened. 3. Outer peridium open and expanded; inner peridium pedicel- late, constricted below. 4. Diagrammatic section of the inner peridium exhibiting form and size of the columella and the shape and origin of the threads of the capillitium. 5. Threads and spores much magnified. C. Geaster saccatus, Fr. 6. Before the outer peridium has opened. 7- Outer peridium open and expanded, saccate ; inner peridium sessile. 8. Diagrammatic section of the inner peridium, exhibiting the columella and capillitium. PLATE II. A. Mitremyces lutescens, Schw. 1. Before the outer peridium has burst. 2. Showing the sacculus suspended from the mouth. 3. section of the inner and outer peridium before the latter has opened. 4. Inner peridium exhibiting the segments of the outer peridium about the base and the stellate mouth. 5. One half of the inner peridium cut away showing the sus- pended sacculus. 6. Diagrammatic section of the inner peridium exhibiting the origin, branching and interweaving of the threads. The illustration applies also to Astrzeus. 7. Threads and spores much magnified. B. Astrzeus hygrometricus, Pers. 8. Before the outer peridium has opened. g. Outer peridium expanded, the segments reflexed, moist. to. The segments unfolded, dry. t1. Threads and spores much magnified. N. B. The diagrammatic section would be similar to that of Mitre- myces. Cincinnatt Society of Natural History. EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. Paludomus lacunoides n. sp. . Same. . Same, young shell. . Same, young shell. Alycaeus sp? . Same. . Same. Trochomorpha Kusana, n. sp. . Same. . Same, enlarged view of nucleus. Clausilia (Euphzedusa) dohertyi, Boettger, n. sp. . Same. . Same, apex enlarged. . Same, aperture enlarged. Wee ed OU: RIN AFT OF Ave Cincinnati Society of Natural History CINCINNATI, OCTOBER, 1889. Nos. 2 & 3. PROCEEDINGS. Business MEETING, April 2, 1889. President Skinner in the chair. The.minutes of the January business meeting were read and approved. The following were nominated for active membership: Ketaro Shirayamadani, Jas. B. Daniels, T. B. Estep, Dr. L. S. Colter, Dr. A. C. Kemper, Rudolph Wurlitzer, Chas. Pettibone. Mrs. Harry Rosenbaum was clected to active membership. The minutes of the Executive Board for January, February and March, were read, corrected and approved. . In the absence of Mr. Wright, the Treasurer’s report was read by Mr. Skinner. A committee consisting of D. L. James, Dr. A. J. Howe and Dr. O. D. Norton, was appointed by the President to audit the ‘Treasurer’s accounts. President Skinner made a brief verbal report on the wor of the Society during the past year, and its prospects for the future, especially in connection with the securing of a building site in Eden Park. The Society proceeded to the election of officers, Dr. ILlowe and Mr. D. L. James acting as tellers. The following officers were then elected : President, Mr. Wm. Hubbell Fisher. First Vice-President, Mr. Davis L. James Second Vice-President, Dr. A. 1. Keckeler: Secretary, Dr. James A. Henshall. Treasurer, Mr. S. E. Wright. Librarian, Miss Amanda Frank. 44 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Members of the Executive Board: Prof. Geo. W. Harper, Dr. W. S. Christopher, Mr. J. Ralston Skinner, Mr. A. D. Smith. Curators : Geology, E. O. Ulrich. Entomology, Chas. Dury. Botany, Miss Nettie Fillmore. Zoology, Osteology, Anthropology, Dr. A. J. Howe. Photography, Geo. Bullock. Microscopy, Geo. B. Twitchell. Meteorology, Serg. P. T. Jenkins. Physics and Chemistry, Dr. Mary Osborn. Mr. Wm. P. Anderson was elected Trustee. The committee appointed to prepare a memorial of Mr. U. P. James, presented their report, which was referred to the Publishing Committee, and ordered to be spread in full upon the minutes of the Society. The amendment to Article VI., Section 2, of the Constitution, was read for the first vote. A rising vote resuited in 11 in favor of the amendment, and g against. The Chair declared the amend- ment lost. Donations: From Mrs. Dr. Henshall, Oriole nest; from C. P. Yeatman, skull, egg and portion of skin of Orinoco Alligator; from Dr. C. H. Ware, Collection of Minerals; from Arthur Whitney, four specimens of Limulus polyphemus; from Dr. B. M. Ricketts, four volumes of Journal of Royal Microscopical Society, Reports of Ohio Meteorological Bureau and miscellaneous pam- phlets; from Prof. Jos. F. James, miscellaneous books and pamphlets. SCIENTIFIC MEETING, May 7, 1889. President Fisher in the chair. The minutes of the March meeting were read and approved. Mr. Fisher read a paper on ‘‘ The Recent Oyster War and its Economic Aspects.”’ The following were proposed for active membership: Miss Louise Armstrong, Miss Baldwin,- Miss Adeline Stubbs, Mrs. Geo. W. Harper, Miss Margaret Burnet, Edwin F. Smith, Harry T. Stevenson and L. S. Fechheimer. The following were elected to active membership: Ketaro Shirayamadani, Jas. .B: Daniels, T.\ B.. Estep, Wr Ia siee@olren: Dr. A. C. Kemper, Rudolph Wurhttzer and Chas, Pettibone. Proceedings of the Society. AS Dr. A. T. Keckeler moved an amendment to Article VI., Sec- tion 2, of the Constitution, being the same amendment that was voted upon and lost at the meeting of April 2, 1889. The committee appointed to audit the accounts of the Treasurer reported progress. ; Donations: From E. O. Hurd, mounted specimen of Dusky Duck; from Robert Clarke, two specimens of Fossil Fish; from See) Hamer, miscellaneous minerals; from C. G. Curtis, Slide of Diatoms; from W. H. Wyman, miscellaneous minerals. SCIENTIFIC MEETING, /une 4, 1889. President Fisher in the chair. The minutes of the May meeting were read and approved. A paper on ‘‘ Sedimentation in the Cincinnati Group,’’ was read by Mr. Davis L. James for the author, Prof. Jos. F. James. Remarks in corroboration and support of the views presented in this paper, were made by Nelson W. Perry. Dr. A. N. Ellis read a paper on ‘‘The Influence of the Trade Winds on the Health of the World.”’ Dr. Henshall read by title, a paper ‘‘On a Collection of Fishes from East Tennessee,’’ and gave an oral account of the work of the U. S. Fish Commission in Florida, during the past winter. The following were elected to active membership: Mrs. Geo. W. Harper, Miss Margaret Burnet, Miss Louise Armstrong, Miss Baldwin, Miss Adeline Stubbs, H. T. Stevenson, Edwin F. Smith and L. S. Fechheimer. The amendment to Section 2, Article VI., of the Constitution, was presented to the Society for action, and on motion, was laid upon the table. Dr. Henshall moved that a committee of five be appointed by the President (one of whom shall be a member of the Photographic Section), to revise the Constitution and By-Laws of the Society. Donations: From Martin Jones, mounted specimen of Green Parrot; from Zoological Garden, Skeleton of Manatee; from Davis L. James, memorial and portrait of Mr. U. P. James; from Mrs. Dr. Henshall, stone pestle; from Herbert Jenney, one pair Walrus Tusks, two teeth of Sperm Whale; from U.S. National Museum, two Femora, two Tibiz and two Humeri of Great. Auk ; from Miss Julia A. Keely, collection of shells, fossils and relics ; from Chas. Dury, a number of specimens (five species) of small fishes from East Tennessee, from unknown donor, Atlas of Human 46 Cincinnati Society of Natural Fitstory. Anatomy—parts, Jasper’s Birds of North America—parts, Plates to Leidy’s Fresh Water Rhizopods. Business MEETING, /uly 2, 1889. President Wm. Hubbell Fisher in the chair. A quorum not being present, the entire business programme was omitted, and the reading of scientific papers was called for. Mr. Wm. H. Knight read a paper on ‘‘ Variable Stars.” On the conclusion of Mr. Knight’s paper, a quorum being present, the Society proceeded with the business of the evening. The minutes of the April business meeting were read and approved. | Owing to the absence of the minute-book of the Executive Board, the reading of the proceedings of the Board was omitted. The following were proposed for active membership: B. Wolfe, F. A. Autenheimer, Chas. J. Herrick. Dr. B. M. Ricketts read a paper on Photo-Micrography, illus- trating the subject by lantern siides and apparatus. Dr. O. D. Norton made remarks on the Albatross and Flying Fish, presenting the Society with a mounted specimen of the latter and head of the former. On motion, the Society adjourned. Donations: From Dr. O. D. Norton, mounted specimen of Flying Fish, and mounted head of Albatross; from Zoological Garden, eggs of Emu and Buzzard. SCIENTIFIC MEETING, August 6, 1889. President Fisher in the chair. The minutes of the June scientific meeting were read and approved. Mr. H. P. Smith read a paper entitled the Ancestry of Dogs, which elicited remarks from Dr. B. M. Ricketts, Mr. D. L. James. and Col. Abert. Mr. Alfred Knight presented a paper on ‘‘ Fort Hill Mound.” A ballot for election of members showed but eight members present; nine being necessary for a quorum, the names were held over until the next meeting. Donations were announced, and on motion the Society adjourned. Donations: From Mr. W. T. Garratt, model of birch canoe from Yukon River, specimens of Pyrethum cinerarizfolium ; from Walter Crane, jar coated with coral; from Mrs. W. H. Clement, two specimens of Coquina, one of conglomerate rock. Proceedings of the Soczety. 47 SCIENTIFIC MEETING, September 3, 1889. Vice-President Davis L. James in the chair. Mr. Warren K. Moorehead read a paper on “Fort Ancient,” illustrating by photographs the various portions described. The discussion of Mr. Moorehead’s paper was participated in by Major L. M. Hosea, Dr. Norton and others. A paper on North American Squirrels was read by Mr. Chas. Dury. Severa! fine specimens were shown. Dr. F. W. Langdon and others participated in the discussion on Mr. Dury’s paper. Dr. Langdon read portions of his paper on the ‘‘ Occurrence in Large Numbers of Seventeen Species of Birds,’’ which was pre- sented for publication. Mr. James read by title a paper on ‘‘ Devonian Plants of Ohio,’’ by Prof. J. S. Newberry, and announced that others had been promised. The following were elected to active membership: Prof. C. L. Herrick, Jos. R. Monfort, B. Wolfe, F. A. Autenheimer, Chas. J. Herrick, Dr. M. Cassat. Donations were announced, and the Society adjourned. Donations: From D. L. James, two specimens Belostoma americana; from Dr. A. E. Heighway, two fossil Vertebrz, one specimen of Calamites; from C. G. Lloyd, ‘‘ Drugs and Medicines Bee orin onmerica;”’ from C., C.. C..& I. R. R. Co., through Mr. Osborne, portion of lower jaw and tooth of Mastodon; from Dr. A. B. Carnahan, Indian pipes and spear points. 48 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. DEVONIAN PLANTS FROM OHIO. | By J. S. NEWBERRY. (Read by title September 2 1889.) Among the materials prepared for the third volume of the Pal- eontology of Ohio, are drawings and descriptions of many species of fossil plants and fossil fishes which well deserved publication. As there seemed no probability that another volume of Palzon- tology would be published by the State, I have added to the descriptions of the remarkable fossil fishes found in Ohio, notes on those obtained elsewhere, and have formed from all a Monograph of the Fossil Fishes of the Paleozoic Rocks of North America, which has just been published by the United States Geological Survey. Among the fossil plants of which I have drawings and notes, there are a few from the Devonian rocks that are of special interest from their antiquity, their botanical character and mode of occur- rence. Of these I herewith present figures and descriptions. I have also a number of new species of plants from the Coal Meas- ures, of which drawings and descriptions have been prepared, and which will, perhaps, be made the subject of another memoir. The land plants of the Devonian system have naturally excited much curiosity, as they form, if not the beginnings, at least the first considerable development of terrestrial vegetation, and it was hoped they would do much to illustrate the progress of plant life on the globe, and would throw light on the question of how the higher forms were evolved from the lower. It must be confessed, how- ever, that while they have given us fascinating glimpses of the head of the column of terrestrial vegetation that has marched across the earth’s stage during the different geological ages, they have given us little insight into the spirit of the movement. They have shown us an important phase of plant evolution, but have helped us little in our efforts to understand the cause and modus of this incessant advance from the simple to the more complex, the general to the special. It is only within a few years that any considerable number of fossil plants have been obtained from the Devonian rocks. Unger Devonian Flants from Ohio. 49 gives in his illustrations of the vegetation of the different ages, one picture of the Devonian flora. This represents. dry land bearing large trees of Lepidodendron and marshes filled with the imaginary Stigmaria, now demonstrated to be nothing else than stumps and roots of - Sigillaria and Lepidodendron; the trunks and branches having decayed and disappeared, the roots and rootlets being pre- served in clay or carbonaceous marsh mud. Later Sir William Dawson added greatly to our knowledge of the Devonian flora by the study of the large collection of fossil plants made near St. John’s, New Brunswick, and at Gaspé, Can- ada. ‘The plant bearing beds of these localities belong mostly to the upper part of the Devonian system, but are clearly older than the Lower Carboniferous rocks with which they are associated. Sir William Dawson has now described nearly two hundred species of Devonian plants, and has shown that the botanical character of the Devonian flora is essentially the same as that of the Carboniferous system, as it includes Lefzdodendron, Sigiliaria, Cordaites, Sphe- nophyllum, Calamites and many ferns, mostly of Carboniferous genera. The fossil plants from New York, described by Sir William Dawson, Hail and Vanuxem, are from the Chemung or Catskill rocks, which have been heretofore considered as the uppermost portion of the Devonian system, but in my judgment should rather be regarded as the basal members of the Carboniferous. The same is true of the fossil plants from Perry, Maine, first brought to the notice of geologists by Prof. William B. Rogers, at the Newport meeting of the American Association in 1860, and afterward described by Sir William Dawson (Journal Geological Society of Londorf 1863, page 450). The plants now described from the Corniferous limestone of Ohio, are from about the middle of the Devonian system, having the Oriskany below and the Hamilton above. They are all from the Delaware limestone, the upper division of the Corniferous. It has been thought by some that this should be regarded as Hamil- ton rather than Corniferous, but as I have shown in my discussion of this subject, in the Geological Report of Ohio, Vol. III., p. 11, the testimony of the fossils contained in it is opposed to this con- clusion; nearly all being found in the white or Sandusky limestone below. The Delaware limestone is much darker and more earthy than the lower division of the Corniferous, and it is evident that it ) Cincinnati Society of Natural History. tn was deposited in shallower water when the land was nearer and the land-wash more abundant. The shallowing and narrowing of the Corniferous sea which produced this difference in the sediments deposited in Central Ohio, was perhaps somewhat sudden, but the change was not sufficiently great to destroy any considerable num- ber of the mollusks which inhabited this ocean or to bring in any new fauna. A little later the water became much shallower, and was so loaded with sediment, that the marine life was wholly changed. The corals and mollusks all disappeared, and the Huron shale, deposited in this epoch, is remarkably barren of life. It contains, however, the remains of great fishes peculiar to itself, and what were floating logs of Corniferous trees of largesize. Rather strangely these are about the only traces of land vegetation we find in the Huron shale; the carbonaceous matter, which composes one tenth or more of the mass, having probably been derived from Algz. Impressions of sea-weeds are found in great numbers on some of the layers of the shale, but it has seemed to me that the diffused carbon was probably in large part derived from minute if not microscopic forms of aquatic vegetation. CAULOPTERIS ANTIQUA, Newb. Plate IV. Stem three to four inches in diameter, marked with large, spirally arranged and separated leaf scars; scars about one and one-half inches long by one inch wide, regularly arched above, the outline marked by araised rim, below horizontally truncated. The surface of the leaf scars is somewhat irregularly pitted and striated. The only specimen of this plant known is a cast of a portion of a trunk about eighteen inches in length by three and a half to four inches wide. This bears on the exposed side twenty-two large leaf scars. with the bases of some of the fronds still attached to several of them. Between these scars the trunk is somewhat fur- rowed. ‘These scars are not perfectly defined in this specimen, as the toot stalks of the fronds were apparently adherent to ail of them when the specimen was fossilized. In the splitting of the rock, those portions of the leaf stems which projected into the lime- stone above the fossil were broken away, leaving an irregular frac- ture at the base of each leaf scar, so that its lower outline, and that portion of the surface which would naturally carry the vascular impressions, 1s concealed. ‘Phe scars are distinctly separated from Devonian Plants from Ohio. 51 each other both laterally and vertically. Probably if their com- plete outlines could be traced, it would be found that each one was obovate in form, with the lower extremity truncated. The structure of this interesting fern-stem is not visible, as the specimen found is only a cast, covered with a carbonaceous coat- ing, which retains the general aspects of the external surface. The figure now given represents fairly well the general appear- ance of about half the specimen. By referring to this, the most superficial observer will be satisfied that this is a tree-fern, and the botanist will discover that it has essentially the structure of many tree-ferns of the present day. It differs from any known species of Caulopieris,. but evidently belongs to the same group with C. Lock- qwoodt, from the Chemung at Gilboa, N. Y., and C. Peachit, from the Upper Devonian of Scotland; the latter described by Salter in the Journal of the Geological Society of Londen, for 1858; the former by Professor Dawson, in the same Journal of August, 1871. From both these, however, it is easily distinguishable; in C. Lock- qwoodt the trunk is much smaller, the leaf scars larger, broader and more crowded: in C. Peachiz they are more remote, much smaller and more transverse. ‘The specimen before us is much the best example of a tree-fern yet found in the Devonian rocks. It was obtained from the quarries in the Corniferous limestone at San- dusky. Special interest attaches to it, not only on account of its botanical character, but from the fact that it must have floated out to sea from some not very distant land, and with Caxlopteris pere- grina, N., Sphenophyllum vetustum, N., and Lepidodendron Gaspia- num, Dwn, represents a beautiful and highly organized flora, which grew on the land bordering the Corniferous sea, and hence dating from the middle of the Devonian age. In looking over the indications which geology gives us of the topography of our continent in Devonian times, we see that the interior basin was occupied by an open sea, which was bounded © on the east by the Blue Ridge, onthe northeast and north by the Adirondacks, the Canadian Highlands and the Archean area south of Lake Superior. No part of this shore was less than three hundred miles distant from the locality where these plants were found, and it is therefore extremely improbable that several species of land plants should be carried so far, and sunk in that little por- tion of the sea bottom now opened by the Sandusky and Delaware quarries. It seems indispensable that we should find some 52 Cincinnatt Society of Natural History. land surface nearer than the far distant shores of the Con- tinent. This we are able to locate in the Silurian areas of Southern Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee. In the first volume of the Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio, I have shown, as it seems to me by incontestable evidence, that these areas were islands in the Devonian sea, and as at Delaware and Sandusky a considerable number of fragments of land plants have been found in the Corniferous limestone, we are justified in supposing that our tree-ferns grew upon this land, and that its hills and valleys were adorned with a land flora perhaps as luxuriant and beautiful as any that has grown on the earth’s surface since. The chances of any considerable portion of this flora being preserved, or at least discovered in the sediments of the adjacent sea, would seem to be quite small. These plants were doubtless uprooted by some river flood, or torn from the shore cliffs and hurled into the sea by the force of the wind, and tossed about on the waves until, becoming water-logged, they sank to the bottom. It is hardly possible that any considerable portion of the flora of the land from whence these specimens came, could have been preserved in this way, and we may safely infer, that with the larger arborescent forms there were many smaller and more delicate plants of which no traces now exist. We may also infer that since so many specimens of the vegetation of the Cincinnati island have been obtained at this early date, future years, in which the Corniferous limestone will be more extensively quarried, will add largely to our knowledge of this, so far as yet known, the earliest American terrestrial flora. CAULOPTERIS PEREGRINA, Newb. Plate Ve igs 1, Trunk ten feet or more in length and atleast six inchesin diameter, _ external surface marked with a series of leaf scars, spirally arranged and separated longitudinally and vertically by distances generally less than their diameter. Interiorly the trunk is mainly composed of a matted mass of aerial roots. ; The only specimens I have of this interesting plant, are too much worn and macerated, to show in perfection the character of the external markings. ‘The leaf scars are rounded or transversely elliptical, and seem to have had much the character of those of Protopteris, as illustrated in the typical species P. Sternbergit, Corda (Beitrage, p. 77, Tab. XLVIII., fig.1). Whether the central feure Devonian Flants from Ohno. 53 of the scar is horseshoe-like, as in Protopter7s, remains to be shown by better specimens than any yet found, but it is evident that the general character of the surface marking was essentially the same. The most interesting feature in the specimen before us is the trunk, ‘which is composed of a vascular cylinder at the center, surrounded by a mass of adventitious roots which form a large part of its diam- eter. This structure is common enough in ferns of the present day,* and has been recognized in many fossil forms (Psaronius), but never before in any fern of the Devonian age. Plate V., fig. 1, represents the exterior surface of the principal, portion of a trunk several feet in length. Here we see the leaf scars distinctly indicated, and yet not sufficiently preserved to exhibit all details of their structure. It is evident that the trunk has been partially decorticated, the spaces between the leaf scars have been denuded and they themselves have been much injured by maceration. ‘The cortical integuments remain, however, and con- ceal the interior mass of rootlets. Fibres are seen running into this from some of the leaf scars that have been most decomposed. In fig. 2, a small portion of the lower part of the trunk is repre- sented. Here the exterior coatings are entirely removed and we see nothing but a bundle of adventitious rootlets. Owing to the mode of preservation, in limestone, the microscopic details of the structure of the tissues are not preserved. In the cabinet of the Wesleyan University, at Delaware, is one trunk apparently of this species which has a length of many feet, this, like the specimen before us, was taken from quarries in the Corniferous limestone at Delaware. DaDOXYLON NEWBERRYI, Dawson. BlateVi.; figs..:2, 2a; 3b: In the Huron shale on Huron River, in Erie County, about Delaware, and at various places in the southern part of Ohio, where this rock is exposed, masses of silicified coniferous wood are frequently met with. They are portions of the trunks of trees from a foot to two feet in diameter, often worn and rounded, apparently floated masses which have ultimately become water- soaked, have sunk to the: bottom and been covered with the car- bonaceous mud which now forms the great black shale of Central Ohio. From the number of such masses of wood, it would seem * Dicksonia antarctica, from Tasmania, etc. 54 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. that the land upon which the trees grew, was not very distant, and by following the outcrops of the shale westward, in Highland County, we find it thinning and coming to an edge on the shore of what was evidently a land area which once extended from Cham- paign County, southward, to Central Kentucky. Some years since I sent specimens of these silicified trunks to Sir William Dawson, of Montreal, who was then giving special attention to the Devonian flora, and had described from microscopic examination several kinds of Devonian coniferous woods. He pronounced the wood from the Huron shale to be a species of Dadoxylon, new to science, to which he was kind enough to attach my name. A short description of this was subsequently published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of England, from which I quote the following: “* Dadoxylon Newberryi, Dawson. Cells of smaller diameter than in D. Ouangondianum; areoles in two and three rows, not quite contiguous ; central pore oval, oblique: medullary rays very numerous and unequal, cells in one or two series, and sometimes as many as eighteen series of cells superimposed.” The specimens on which the above description was based were somewhat imperfect, the wood having been partially decayed before silification. In order to secure a more complete description I have recently given specimens of this fossil wood to my friend, P. H. Dudley, of New York, ana he has kindly returned to me the following notes upon them: ‘The specimens of silicified wood from the Huron shale, which you submitted to me for examination, present under the microscope the following characters.”’ Transverse Section.—Wood cells principally quadrangular, largest diameter four to five hundredths of a mm.; thickness of cell walls, one hundredth of a mm., and very uniform for the entire layers of growth which are wide, limits not conspicuous; medullary rays in longitudinal sections very abundant. Radial Section.—The length of the cells of the medullary ray four to five times their diameter, cell walls oblique; areolation of cell walls in distinct groups, each group consisting of one, two or three longitudinal rows of areoles, the pores of which are elliptical and obliquely inclined; each areole is about one hundredth of a mm. in diameter; the groups of areola in the different cells are in radial rows; the cell wall between each group is often slightly contracted. Devonian Plants from Ohio. 55 Tangential Sectton.—Medullary’ rays in single and double-width bands ; simple bands have from one to twenty superimposed cells: double width bands have from six to thirty cells; nearly all the cells of the medullary rays contain globules of resinous matter. SPHENOPHYLLUM VETUSTUM, 0 sp. Plate; Nis: fig: x: Stem much branched, flexuous, leaves crowded in irregular whorls, divergent, wedge-shaped, strongly nerved; nerves dichoto- mously forked; margins apparently fimbriate. The imperfect state of preservation of the only specimen of this plant yet known makes it impossible to give a detailed and satis- factory description of it. The geological horizon of the rock from which it was obtained is, however, so low that all the plants found - in it acquire special interest. The general aspect of the plant is that of the submerged branches of Sphenophyllum erosum, Brongt., in which the leaves are dissected and much crowded on the branches, but this bush-like appearance may be due to the skel- etonizing of the leaves by maceration. The specimen before me, which consists of an impression and counterpart, was obtained by Prof. E. T. Nelson from the upper part of the Corniferous lime- stone, at Delaware, Ohio. As this is a marine deposit, abounding in shells and the remains of fishes, the conclusion that it is a land plant would be open to suspicion, if it were not evidently very unlike any known sea-weeds, and had not numerous other land plants been found with it. The stem is replaced by coaly matter which in its quantity proves that it had a woody structure, while sea-weeds, composed of cellular tissue only, have entirely disap- peared, leaving nothing but an imprint with perhaps a stain of carbon. We may then be quite sure that thisisa land plant, and it resem- bles so closely Sphenophyllum, that I feel justified in referring it to that genus, which appears in the first group of land plants of which we have any knowledge. isis As I have said with reference to the tree ferns found in the same locality with this and at Sandusky, there is a strong probability that this plant floated off from neighboring land occupying the position of the Cincinnati arch. The type specimen is in the cabinet of Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio. 56 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. LEPIDODENDRON GASPIANUM, Dawson. Plater vile j7iicee: The specimen now figured is evidently a branch of Lepidodendron, and undistinguishable from Sir William Dawson’s species. It - would, however, be unwarranted to assert that it is the same, since the material for comparison is.so meagre, but it is evident that if not the same, it is a closely allied species. The description of Lepidodendron Gaspianuim was published in the Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, Vol. X., No. 1, p. 8 (1860), and was based on speci- mens said to occur in considerable abundance in the Devonian rocks of Gaspé, Canada. The Gaspé series has a thickness of several thousand feet, and covers the entire interval between the Upper Silurian and the Lower Carboniferous. The plants are found from top to bottom of the section, and some of the beds—though all shore deposits— must be of the same age as our Middle Devonian Corniferous lime- stone. There is, therefore, no good reason why some of the fossils should not be of the same species, even though the localities are widely separated. Occurrence in Large Numbers of Seventeen Species of Birds. ut ~I eee OCCURRENCE IN LARGE NUMBERS> OF SEVENTEEN SPECIES OF BIRDS. By F. W. Lancpon, M.D. (Contributed by request to the proceedings of the Linnzan Society of New York, at the meeting of February 1, 1889.) [ Read by abstract, Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Sept. 2, 1389.] Mr. President and Members of the Society : The following extracts from the writer’s note-books are presented as bearing upon the special subject set for discussion at this meeting. Some of them have been already published in other connections as indicated; others have not heretofore been made public. The writer sincerely regrets his inability to comply with the kind invitation of the Society, to be present in person and partici- pate in the discussion. The A. O. U. check-list is followed in enumeration and nomenclature. 221. FuLICA AMERICANA, Gmel. American Coot. From the 25th to the 30th of October, 1874, I observed this species congre- gated in immense flocks at St. Mary’s Reservoir (an artificial lake constructed for canal purposes in Mercer and Auglaize Counties, Ohio, about 130 miles north of Cincinnati). Many acres of water were covered by these flocks. for several days. The birds frequented open and exposed situations, merely flying far enough from the observer to keep generally out of gun- shot. The weather was warm and bright. A sudden ‘‘ cold snap,”’ producing a slight film of ice—about the 1st of November—caused their complete disappearance in a single night. 315. ECTrorisTES MIGRATORIUS, Linn. Passenger Pigeon. One of the most notable occurrences of birds, numerically speaking, in the vicinity of Cincinnati, was the flight of wild pigeons which took place in the fall of 1865. While I took no written notes of it at the time, I can distinctly recall the clouds of these birds that passed over the city and suburbs during the greater portion of three whole days, the air at times being literally darkened by them. Immense numbers were shot from the elevated ground surrounding the city, and scattered 58 Cincinnatt Society of Natural Fltstory. flocks of two to three hundred individuals were present for a week, more or less, after the flight of the main body southward. One of these flocks it was my good fortune to observe on the ground in a piece of woodland, probably feeding on the fallen beechnuts, which were abundant that year. Their feeding was very systematic. The birds presented a quite regular front of fifty or sixty yards in extent, and their ranks were from ten to twenty feet in depth. As this column progressed, it did so by the rear rank flying forward and alighting slightly in advance of the frontrow. his maneuver was continually repeated, so that they presented a constantly moving mass, apparently rolling forward like a smoke-cloud. In this manner the tract of beech- wood was effectually screened. Their movements were observed at our leisure—by myself and a companion—and having no gun at hand, the birds were not disturbed. On another day of this same flight, at dusk, a Hock numbering several hundred was flushed from a high, untrimmed hedge of osage orange, in the town of Madisonville, where they had evidently gone to roost for the night. I do not know of the occurrence of the species here in such vast numbers since that year, but have noted flocks numbering from a dozen to fifty during the fall and winter, on several occusions, and have shot an occasionai single bird. 367. ASIO ACCIPITRINUS, Pall. Short-eared Qwl. A remarkable ‘‘wave’’ of Short-eared Owls occurred in this vicinity in the fall of 1886. Mr. Charles Dury, who called my attention to it, informed me that he mounted some eighteen or twenty specimens brought to him within a very few days. He also published the following account of the ‘‘ Owl Wave. SHORT-EARED OWL. Asio accipitrinus, (Pall.) ‘In many years I have never known this owl to be so numerous in Southern Ohio. ‘The first specimens were observed in November, 1866, end they remained in suitable localities until April, 1887. They lived in low flat meadows that were covered with, long dry grasses and weeds. Near Glendale, during February, a young man saw a large white owl, which from his description seemed to be Vyctea myctea (\inn.), flying across a swampy field. He went home for a Occurrence in Large Numbers of Seventeen Species of Birds. 59 gun, and returned to secure the bird, but he failed to get it. While ¢rossing the field, which was inundated with water, numbers of short-eared owls flew up, until over thirty were counted in the air at one time. There was only one tree in the place, and on it all of the owls perched, presenting a very curious and unusual sight. All of the lower parts of the field where the owls were congregated was flooded by rains, driving the mice to patches of higher ground and giving the owls a chance to capture and devour them. *