~ aaa Ayer cha aie latiae abnarteirearntr- tr Wine nah eae ttle Wn wiring epee tot ve . wy ree ee en rt a vondntu-@ atnn-ainn-t stone tooth tir ~ Sant S04 o8- Sne wary Va dbs ahead (stash Dorin teh Pealhedo AM od PME A cnetn hE OPN NE ANE AMEN EA Leer OS _s re * M VS = “re “ . * & “+ Rade Reed tv Pal Vat Vo ee Be “oh a - TT - w p= ve ' jie oer tore - ete et" Bet ’ < t-4 eer 6~* he >t . wre’ ' act ® : « my Fal - get o- mp rae ber wre tw & -- . ~~ WR Pe <2 Oy dele ee fateh ~ . F ’ ‘ y : . Pe ee ee . bet - a) ot . > is < . soe ted ¢ » ee y “9 taste hatred - “ te - — » ~ . ‘ DE 0 ote OTe Cae , a me er a se ee oe a > . ’ ea et aan : . : ee ye 4 my pot — tote op > ' me oe er “ - vue ee wee , . £ 7 — } ee a egreal a PTE ae eG A Fie te Bele ey a a Se te 59-0 apr’ ra en - ~%- te-ter A . er . _ a ee = PPMP Leen t Call oh" ett Ors _—s rhe + Were a a>: Sotto 4 : . , mu-e ‘ al - > Fe anne eet bake gear io-*e-aote ener nena. ee ; Yate baty a ws , 2D tn * y ree AS 8 we , 4 arya are en ee ee) Ph IE een po Sah hfe ip one arene At ; — y a Z< s PPR Boni Re RS Ot FP hk + -0"h-m _ a =n om ig armen tt SA ange Lint AIG Te a —— alle Wa A eB DS re we eget ee See Naha ne en ere ean NR LO inert eta ee a ie en om ro . —_ ti re ona a Sey ee pore eae er a he lg Bhs gy ee PORE I SO | OL ase te et Be ae wee &1 LAG cs r - ee Aad oe ear rey $2) Lal G4 ROT EO geome . e ver ® ee Pe ed tn oe a be Oa bk oO PRPS CAE 5 UOT es-Srrte Chg a r-8- fey + : patmamineee-03 te 9 « A . ee Oka 9D BS io ne Paget Pe he OMB ew ol wv bek\n Eg ” or ge 9 - Beare = and =e bd . : ata A i Pie Pact eth a Bley Oe FIR : enti aah Ai Ry ct aN seamaster POP - betet he, ~~ A pore Pt ee ett tate a -e4 et fos x arnt dat & a3 é OF THE San CIN WN ATL L'| -SORIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XIII. Published by THE CINCINNATI SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY, No. 108 Broadway. 1890-91. a ee Eee — eee IN DEX Vol. PAGE. mbpetiee ye WV., Lhe Indians of Manmm\mernca. o. .. . 73 The Mountainous Districts oumvamand. Md =)... Epa (72 Peechmita aADNOTMIS........... 183 TO EINE 184 LS OC a 14 Pecoenmus Wari: :...-. 0... 16 BaOMOCUS 15 Agaricocrinus splendens....... 18 AAT EOn on I Alphabet, Construction of...... 54 mparemtes Oblongus........... W247; mieimlanhs 182 EMSPEMOPNVINTCS 9... ke 212 iateCianGeSERICNSIS. ........... 210 MesuaminOrdes. ok... 197 | 2 LI CLL ee 198 Bapyemiana pelchella.......... 199 qramete-sitiata. 6)... 199 | puncto-striata var. curta... 199 PeeOctimus jucundus:.......... 20 | PREC A A rr rar 19 eayeriike Rodent............ 26 Bovereianlvyoni 1... kl. 190 | anilelean ee ws 125 radiata var. cestriensis..... 204 RCM IBEDX 205 ermeainiaci tt ee Flee 189 (Depranella) Kalmodini.... 190 mass Notes on Ohio, .-,...... 93 Books and Pamphlets... .48, 55, 101 Plier anitera. 99 oa. 205 DDESD Sabet Bein nea 189 Benmicata’ <5. ee. s. 116 purareancteas RO ee Si 117 SESE ee ee ies aa 188 Rees a, ee 63 isyipnoecypris devonica. ........ 196 peamensicn fs te LO7 4 TTL SU1ey Se ee 196 Castoroides georgiensis ..... 26, 103 MENSIG Bee fe eS 13 Cave in Clinton Formation..... a0 Cerebral Anatomy, Facts and o RSCHIES C2 ee I Collier, T. B., Development in Wearkerooimemere, .. | ls’. 33 Concerning a Skelton of Castoroi- GES TGNIENSIS ees cee. 138 | XII. PAGE. Constitution and By-Laws..... 60 Correction Concerning Castoroi- GesmeCOTSICNSISi lec, a 103 Ctengbolbinages hs) 108 Ctenebothisayalata se 5. 110 ATLESPINOSA Nek at aes 187 IIS pUOSa eae. ere Ve art 110 ena tae Wee see se Me EU, 109 Ciliatawaxs cunta ve”. 109 eliata, vars emaciata ... . i. 109 HUALOUEIS pie AACS ES Sate = Ne a 187 JAUKAH IONE Cae ee RMDP Ghats anther 188 Papillesaemt iss eee 186 ISLE INGLE: BAe a Aaa 0 186 CUT ae oc ae Re III Curators: Bleetion Of, . tee. a 3 Curator, Entomology, Report... 52 Geolosy. 2 Report 23)... 59 Photography, Report...... 52 LOONOLY INE POLt va fa ato. 52 CGiustodiany meponn) st. Sea 56 Gy prigdinmivherzerin vie nso: 209 Cy therella ovatitormis) 27-22. 209 Dark-room, Development in... 33 Delocnmiigy cart ea 2h.) 16 oe: 9 Delocrinus hemisphericus ...... 12 TUASSOUTTOMSIGW ey |. ale ey. 14 We prance arr meg Via yeah ae 117 Weprancellawanuplay) os y2 a: 120 CLASSIMO CM AMR 5.6 Seals ee ca ots 118 Slomeaaie i cee ees). - 121 TIEKCCSTE i Sean ne ge eeeees LNs TOTICLTIG EY ae Oelia ie oie tse eae Ol 119 Description of a New Species of Giant Fossil Beaver......... 26 Description of Some New Genera and Species of Echinodermata. 3 Development in Dark-room.... 33 Development of Color Percep- UROTNS ert ay ee nese. I Dichocrimus cimemisy. SS oS. 21 Honations-. 2.225. - EAS, 555, LOL Dury, Charles, Notes on Ohio LORE |e Nm Te all nee 93 Om, Leatobuttertiy. 220... 172 Echinodermata, New Genera and SPEREStatemin ne ae. 2, s.. 3 Bleetion.o1r Curators 4,0) ). 53 OMicersrates tie ky 53 Entomis madisonensis,...... 107 ili, ) lV. PAGE. Entomis waldinonensis.. 9 ssn se 183 upachiverinidcs er see owe i cae 3 Eupachycrinus magister....... 4 SPlizenalisey. Wy sace an er sascee eee 5 Bp onay-chanl invah we te ey ire ies ocean 125 unychiluntas-coq uals 9s sauce 129 SRAMO SAN palm oie ena ae 128 HOmisuillaee. eave a etre: eee al 127 OES aye Si) ea ee eae Se Ueneeae 129 Sthiatomaycama tay. ye nee 130 Subbradhiata 2) 1 Seer 126 Facts and Theories Concerning Cerebral Anatomy: poe I Garratt, W..H.—In Memoriam. 46 Gurley, W: F.E., New species Echinodenmatawe.) ena 8 Tela e lay 2) os ee hee eee ee 184 allvella metilcrase se aerate 185 iarper, (Geo. Wie on ello storie Parks cers «5 ene eras 99 ifensiall Sie eas Our ie SSN NO eno cio i 0 omen eo ai ola 'c 2 Herrick, C. L., Facts and Theo- ries Concerning Cerebral Anat- OUILY.<1 75: 52>. ene a een pene peagree as I Hydreionocrinus pentagonus.., 17 Indians of North America, 2. 73 In Memoriam—W. H. Garratt. 46 isochthinasamuana ss see SO amiana vay. insignis....... 181 ATP) at 89a) ke Seren eae 179 JHOMEST 2 feces) ee ae 179 IRGINEMESYSIMNSS, | 50 obs 5c. 179 TE CUATNONL ANGI ye ere 182 SaIOGG 1s -tgcee Beara erent 178 SuUbnoOdosaey says as Haba 177 James, Jos. F., Maquoketashales 2 Cave in Clinton Formation, 31 dlomiese lai. at Vianna saan waren a 121 Jiomeselllay (cnalsSaspneqar ip ta ae 123 | ChE pid any Wot cca Serene 122 Migitata: set gees WeCera eee 122 Ped greta Se acne enter 122 Kallimovatiinachivis per se sans 172 Rirkbyaycostata ney tea mea aes 208 iin diet inliie Aanl ater ee barley Oty 207 Obiom ay Pie eke ie ence cek gts 206 parallelass 5 kee tae yen ae 192 Cee NNa NON el SINC, ae, MON, 193 SUG Wadrata soe wiht mw 192 EMCOUL UIA NIRS oe eee ee ee 207 VEVOSAN ween ae edhe on ecia 208 Knight, W. H., on Puget Sound 172 [beaters Whtentliy . 28 eet ran mae: 172 Least Bittern, Occurrence near CAM CINNAL: (7,400 ee is he 98 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. PAGE. Lectures: ...:.0 4 51 Weperditia, appressa a eee 176 cecigena. .. +. tate. 176 ceecigena zva7. frankfortensis 177 fabmlitesc™ => sa saeeee 173 linneyi..°. Je)... 60 ee 174 nicklesi. 7:2) A 200 subrotunda) | ..)4—— 181 Little Black Rail, in Ohio...) 97 juist of Members. - 4,05) 68 Maquoketa shales: = 3... 2 Members Deceased : — J. M. Edwards3) en 172 Many C. Dati. 172 Members Elected :— EK. Andersonw eee 2 Latham Andersongs ae All C. D. Battelle =e 2 " Dr: P.M. Bignty,. eee 51 C. GG, Comesys i... ee 53 Edward: Cook we ae 54 Dr. J.C. Culbertson sae 2 J. W- Denison {2.3 ee 54 Géo. Docker (2 5 53 HH. S.2 Hagia cae I Chas. Mleischiman)).. ean 54 P.-C. Hosdick.) aso 2 Mrs: Maynard, Hrenicheysaas 171 Paull Gillespie.) 232 eee 54 Josephi Greens. 5— eee 54 Eo W..Gunickele- 3 ae eee 2 W..-A.” Telavents jee 54 Eo Wi Eto bart: sae eee 3 Lottie: BY blowardy eee 2 Cy | Inedell, 2:5 eee 54 Cr]. Jennings: ae 54 W.. CC.” jardinston= Aes 51 LL. Mc jordan, |.ah eee 54 Dr. |... Krouse ee 171 ¢. unkenhenmer.. eee 54 S. Niv Maxwell =a 54 Thos; M: MicConnea= =e 17% ye: Meakin... 273 eee 54 Enoch: Megrue).) 3a. aes 171 W. 3. Melish ne Di W. Miller... Saaeeeee 171 Boo Malls, 00° 54 CoA, Patke. i> 2 C. Se Reno.) ) Ae 54 No. ichard (yaa 2 G. ©: Rinman? 4. eee 54 EB. P.aRychens. 3) ae 54 Alois) o.chimidit. (anes 54 Antom Schroeter. .9.) ee 53 Rey.._J|. W.. Simpson) eee Be He. Smith) ee 54 W. M. Smith Carinae wh i. 0 + Lnidex. Vv. PAGE. Members Elected :— oe We shale yest er. ks. 17 Mya PACU. L 51 BPebewirislem a... 2 iis. Van Antwerp... ...... 2 HOPG ONVCIE he 54 ney Wells, 2) ess 54 Spee wrietity 0s... 54 MaitaniaWiiohtt os: 2... l 54 Mowice Wyler. 0.) t: 2 Members Resigned : — Memeie ewe fT. 2 So fe. L7ee Weep buckner 2... 99 eaymomd Cilley 2 5... 5. 99 Peewee Cochran 269 ose. 2 Bizarre. Misher. 32 fk. 99 Smemverciimth = So. 2 3 54 epi. iolloway 02 <3: Baily vhvopkans. 2.0 2.2... ee POSH 2 Sse. es ns Sophia H. Rosenbaum... . I71 Ketaro Shirayamadani..... 171 Members, Corresponding, Elected :— Wim. Doherty Nesepa Moore... 5... 53 Members, Honorary, Deceased:— Waele dGarnatt....-...... 72 Members, Honorary, Elected :— Serre Wright sk. . 99 Members, Life, Elected :— Peers kiannatord =... 54 ieatph Ts Kelloge ..... 54 Millers: A.) New Species of Echinodermata a Mohr, Paul, Collections of..... 172 iene preormiita 2 2.-2. . IQI OOEINC Sth SO 206 Moore, Joseph, Concerning a pieleton of ©. Ohiensis ... .. 138 Correction, C. georgiensis.. 103 Description of C. georgiensis Mountainous Districts of Va. and OGL OS Ea yee aie eee 172 Mewberny, \ J--5.,. on Genus spoenophyllam |.) 0.4.2... 212 New and Little Known American Ealeozore. Ostracoda..." ..... . 104 Moston, Dr: ©. D., Alleghany SCION) Oh: a 100 Mores.on Ohio Birds....,...... 93 Occurrence of Least Bittern near (COMIGHININE 11S kane eta 98 Occurrence of Little Black Rail iE: LOU CG Se eater ae a 07 Weronemiclavirera. io... 195 Gusta en: 195 OVINE CR Mr we tet ere oro 194 | PAGE. Octoneria SUMMA ty a menses Oe 193 stigmata vay. loculosa..... 194 stigmata var. oblonga ..... 194 Officers, Mlectiom Giy ets 72. < 53 Onychocrmus: ulriehi) = 5. 17 | Ostracoda, American Paleozoic, dy COA Se ee ee TER Os Ree 104, 173 Our Museum: Its Needsand Uses 2 Pp bachydomellac fuera nh went. 197 Pachydomella tumida.......... 198 Piaecentulainoennatay. .2 pease 2 124 INVALOMMA Eel 5c epee 124 Poteriocrinus crawfordsvillensis. 23 granilineuss, 59 same eee MEDUSA Ys iicisdercck ts ee ee eke? 24 | Pontocypris acuminata......... 210 | Wn OISETSIS n> ae. enna 107 PRrimitia centrahic.s ae ae ae 130 CEStLIEHSIS- 2+ 25 es eee 201 cestriensis zav. caldwellensis 202 cincinnatiensis Pray a xt 132 Slate sae Sa ns 134 SramiMalotMalia sews eee he 201 TEU CSSA erare st. eae hae 131 imtediahign-= yes eee E32 mel here e ats eee, BORN hae pies TUT. 72 og, ee a ene ae 135 INO MOSAN ss 5 sora; Siete meee Oa 134 DETUU DN at ee 131 a] 016 b RSs Nites rol tte ay oe 136 SCmlp EUS ee hy a eee 136 sulbzequiataa Noe Ula s sn zoe Proceed imes 0.) a hee eee coacue I, 2, 51, 54, 99, Foo, 171, 172 Puget Sound, W: HH. Knight,_ 2 172 Report of :— Curator of Entomology.... 52 Curator-ot Geology Bass. 568 Curator of Photography.... 52 Civatowot Zoolosy. s. 5. 52 Custodian: 9 nae eee 56 DECKELALY: Unc. 5. Se a ee 51 TEASER Wao ia WOE sey 52 MT USTCES Re ) ee 99 Bees CC) UO EAs OF THE Cincinnati Society of Natural History Vol. XIII. CINCINNATI, APRIL, 1890. No. 1. PROCEEDINGS. Business MEETING, January 7, 1890. Vice-President James in the chair. There were twenty-five persons present. The minutes of the October Business meeting were read and approved. ‘The following were nominated for active membership: Louis Wyler, E. L. Anderson, Dr. J. C. Culbertson, Philip C. Fosdick, S. Joseph Richard, C. D. Batelle, and Miss Lottie C. Howard. Mr. Starling Fagin was elected to active membership. The minutes of the Executive Board for October and November were read. Prof. W. O. Sproull read a paper on ‘‘ The Development of Color Perceptions.”’ A revised Constitution and By-Laws was presented and read by the committee appointed for that purpose. The donations were announced and the Society adjourned. *Donations: From E. D. Cope, author, ‘‘ Horned Dinosaurs of the Laramie”; Wilfred Guild, stone implement. SCIENTIFIC MEETING, February 4, 1890. President Fisher in the chair. There were twenty-six persons present. _ The minutes of the December Scientific meeting were read and Approved. Prof. C. L. Herrick read a paper on ‘‘ Facts and Theories Con- cerning Cerebral Anatomy ” (as envoy for a technical paper on «¢ Anatomy of the Nervous System of the Alligator’’). Mr. E. O. Ulrich read a paper on ‘‘ The Ostracoda.”’ Mr. Davis L. James read the following papers by title: ‘‘On 2 Cincinnati Society of Natural Fiistory. * the Correlation of the Maquoketa Shales with the Cincinnati Group,”’ by Prof. Jos. F. James; and ‘‘ The Gasteromyces of the United States,” by Prof. A. P. Morgan. Mr. E. O. Ulrich, Curator of Geology, announced the forma- tion of a Paleontological Section, to meet on Saturday afternoons. Chas. A. Parke, Ernest W. Gunckel, Thos. Van Antwerp and J. R. Tressler were nominated for active membership. Wm. Doherty, of Calcutta, India, was nominated for corre- sponding membership. The President announced the death of Hon. Wm. T. Garratt, of San Francisco, Cal., and appointed a committee to prepare a suitable memorial. The revised Constitution and By-Laws was then voted on for the first time. The Society then adjourned. SCIENTIFIC MEETING, March 4, 1890. President Fisher in the chair. There were twenty-three persons present. The minutes of the February Scientific meeting were read and approved. Prof. Joseph Moore, of Richmond, Ind., read a paper ‘‘On a New Species of Giant Fossil Beaver, from Northern Georgia,” and exhibited an incisor tooth of same; also a skull of Cwsterordes Ohtensts. Dr. Henshall read a paper entitled, ‘‘ Our Museum: Its Needs and Uses.” Mr. Skinner read by title a paper on ‘‘ The Indians of North America,’ by Col. James W. Abert. : W. C, Jirdinston, Dr. P. M. Bigney and Miss Mary Tatum were nominated for active membership. ee J. R. Tressler, Ernest W. Gunckel, Thos.. Van Antwerp, Chas. A. Parke, E. L. Anderson, Louis Wyler, Miss Lottie B. Howard, S. Joseph Richard, C. D. Batelle, Dr. J. C. Culbertson and Philip C. Fosdick were elected to active membership. Mr. Wm. Doherty was elected to corresponding membership. Mr. J. M. Cochran resigned. The revised Constitution was read and voted upon and finally adopted. The Society then adjourned. Description of New Genera of Echinodermata. 3 DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF ECHINODERMATA, FROM THE COAL MEAS- URES AND SUBCARBONIFEROUS ROCKS OF INDIANA, MISSOURI AND IOWA. By S. A. MILLER AND Wm. F. E. GURLEY. LasT summer, Sidney J. Hare, E. Butts and D. H. Todd col- lected a lot of very fine crinoids in the Upper Coal Measures, at Kansas City, Missouri, many of which have fallen into the hands of one of the authors of this paper, Mr. Gurley. They are the finest specimens ever found in the Coal Measures, and it is, therefore, a pleasure to describe them. ‘The stone quarries in the Waverly or Kinderhook Group, at Legrand, on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, in Marshall County, lowa, contain some layers of yellowish, soft, sandy limestone, bearing the remains of Crinoids and other Echinoderms in a remarkably fine state of pres- ervation, and Mr. Gurley visited the locality soon after its discovery, and succeeded in obtaining a large collection. He has been an active collector, in the rocks of Indiana, Illinois, Iowa and Mis- sourl, for many years, and all the specimens here defined and illustrated are from his cabinet. EUPACHYCRINID®. n. fam. The genera for which we propose the family name of Eupacli- crinidz, with the Genus Eupachycrinus as the type, all belong to the Subcarboniferous System and Coal Measures. The calyx is more or less globular or bowl-shaped, and consists of five basals, five subradials, five primary first radials, concave internally with a broad upper face, from one to three azygous interradials and no regular interradials. There are one or more brachials, and the arms are composed of a double series of interlocking plates, which bear short pinnules. The columnissmall andround. We include * in the family Eupachycrinus, Delocrinus and Ulocrinus. 4 Cincinnati Society of Natural firstory. Ve EUPACHYCRINUS MAGISTER. DN. Sp. Flate l., Fig. 1, basal wew ; Fig. 2, azygous side mew. This species is very large; calyx low and broad, somewhat saucer-shaped, bulged a little upon the azygous side, height about half the width, sutures deep, excavation extending about half the thickness of the plates, plates very strongly tuberculated, tubercles. conical, elongated, and irregular in form and distribution. The five basal plates are sunk in a cavity on the under side, projecting only half their length beyond the column; even this projection is tubercular; they form in the interior of the calyx a pyramid, which is pierced at the summit by a five-rayed opening, connecting with the canal in the center of the column; the points. of the rays are rounded. The basal plates are made. pentagonal by the truncation made at the points of the rays for the central canal. The diagrammatic views which have been made of the basal plates in this genus are incorrect in so far as they indicate a pentagonal opening with the angles directed toward the sutures, instead of truncating the plates, with a concave depression, for the five-rayed opening to the columnar canal. The two basals on the azygous side of the species before us are larger than the others, being nearly as large as the other three. The subradials are very large, extend into the basal cavity and curve very gently upward: three are hexagonal, the two longer sides unite with the subradials, the two upper sloping sides, uniting with the first radials, are a little shorter, and the two under sides, uniting with the basals, are very short; two are heptagonal, the one upon the right of the first azygous plate being much larger, and, except the two short sides uniting with the basals, the other sides are of subequal length; the one upon the left has, in addition to the two short sides uniting with the basals, a short side adjoining the second azygous plate. Four of the first radials are pentagonal, twice as wide as high; the upper face is the full width of the plates, and projects over the interior of the calyx, so as to give the appearance of having great thickness when viewed from above. The other first radial, upon the right of the azygous plates, is quadrilateral, except a very slight truncation by the second azygous plate below the depth of the suture. The first radial is separated from the second, or brachial piece, on the outer face, by a wide suture, but within a crenated ridge extends from one angle of the plates to another, forming a pentagon, except as separated Description of New Genera of Echinodermata. 5 by the second azygous plate; the ridge has a furrow upon the outer side in the central part of each plate, and within this there is a wide expansion which supports the brachial and arm pieces. ‘The first azygous plate has four sides, rests between the upper sloping sides of two subradials, and the long under side of the first radial on the right, with the shorter side abutting upon the second azygous plate. The second azygous plate is hexagonal, curves inward and supports upon its two short inner faces the third and fourth azygous plates side by side. The vault and other parts unknown. This species would seem to have its nearest affinity with E. tuberculatus, which is described in the Geo. Sur. Ill., Vol. II., p- 319; in that species, however, the plates are covered with regu- larly disposed, narrow, prominent tubercles, the tubercles being arranged in rows, while in this species there is no such arrange- ment. EE. tuberculatus is figured in Geo. Sur. Ill., Vol. V., Plate XXIV., Figs. ga and gb, and the basal plates are proportionally larger, and the under sides of the subradials longer, than they are in the species under consideration, beside all the plates have a different shape, and the sutures are not excavated so deep as in the species before us. Found in the Upper Coal Measures of Kansas City, Missouri, and now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. EUPACHYCRINUS SPHARALIS. N. Sp. Flate I., Fig. 3, basal view; Fig. 4, azygous side view. This species is large and constricted at the top of the first radials; calyx somewhat like a widened or inflated sphere, width two-thirds greater than height, sutures distinct but not so deeply excavated asin E. magister; plates irregularly tuberculated, but tubercles not half as large as in E. magister. Basal plates are sunk in a cavity on the under side, and project less than half their width beyond the column ; subradials large, extend into the basal cavity and curve upward half the height of the calyx; three are hexagonal and two heptagonal; first radials pentagonal, though the one on the right of the azygous plates hasa very short truncated side abutting upon the azygous plate: second primary radial, or first brachial piece, smaller than the first and of similar form, except inverted, and bears upon its upper sloping 6 Cincinnati Society of Natural Firstory. sides the free arms; the one opposite the azygous side bears two arms, each of which has a single plate followed by, a double series of interlocking ones; the others support four arms each; the upper sloping sides bear pentagonal plates, similar in form to the second radials, which are followed with a single plate that, in its turn, bears a double series of interlocking ones. There are fourteen large, long arms, composed of a double series of interlocking pieces, rounded externally, and flattened upon the sides so that, in an accumbent position, they close some- what like the arms of an Ichthyocrinus; the arms in our specimens are spread out and the extremities are not preserved; pinnules numerous, but not very long; column round, and rather small for such a large Crinoid. This species has its nearest affinity with E. verrucosus, described in the Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci., Vol. I., p. 117, and redeseripediamd figured in the Report on the Paleontology of Eastern Nebraska, page 150. Found in the Upper Coal Measures, at Kansas City, Missouri, and now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. ULOCRINUS. n. gen. (Ety., owlos, solid, substantial; &vznon, lily. ) This genus has a more or less globular or pyramidal calyx, and is related to Eupachycrinus and Delocrinus. There are five basals, forming a slightly convex pentagonal disc, or a low cup; they are of the same size and usually anchylosed ; on the interior of the cup the columnar extension is round, depressed below the interior sur- face of the plates, and radiately furrowed like the articulating faces of the plates of many crinoid columns; on the exterior a star-like, columnar opening truncates the basal plates with the points of the five rays, between which there are radiating furrows for the attach- ment of the first columnar plate; by this arrangement the points of the basal plates are very thin, and disconnected only by the star- like perforation. There are five subradials, each one of which may be as large or larger than the five united basals; all regularly alternate with the basals, and have the same form, except that one may be truncated by an azygous plate. Description of New Genera of Echinodermata. i) The first primary radials are pentagonal and regularly alternate with the subradials, except as interrupted by an azygous plate; they are much wider than high ; the upper face is the full width of the plate, and projects over the interior of the calyx, so as to make a broad articulating face for the first brachial piece; the internal side of the first radial is concave; on the upper face of the plates a fur- row extends from one angle of the plates to another, on the inner side of: which there is a crenulated ridge, for the articulating brachial piece, and an interior central depression, and slight con- cavity at the central, internal margin. There are no regular interradials. A single large quadrangular azygous interradial rests obliquely between two subradials and two primary radials, and forms part of the wall of the calyx; upon an angle of this, at the top of the calyx, a small plate intervenes and projects slightly above the first radials. The column is round. Other parts unknown, though very thick, heavy plates, bearing a spine like the first brachial plate of a Delocrinus, are found asso- ciated, and believed to belong to this genus. The cup formed by the basal plates distinguishes this genus from Eupachycrinus and Delocrinus, both of which have a concave ~ base and an interior pyramid formed by the basals; the second azygous plate does not truncate a subradial, and forms no part of the wall of the calyx in this genus, as it does in Eupachycrinus. It is probably as nearly related to Delocrinus as it is to Eupachy- crinus, though at first view it would seem to be more nearly related to the latter. Type U. buttsi. ULOCRINUS BUTTSI, n. sp. Flate 1., Fig. 5, azygous side view; Fig. 6, basal view. The calyx of this species is pyramidal or has the form of half an ellipse, elongated; the plates are moderately thick, and convex externally so as to throw the sutures into wave-like depressions; the sutures are distinct, but the plates are not deeply beveled as is common in many species of Eupachycrinus; the surface was, probably, strongly granulous, as the better preserved plates are rough, though evidently slightly worn. The basal plates are large and form a cup about half as high as wide; the perforation for the columnar canal is pentagonal and 8 Cincinnatz Society of Natural History. star-like; the subradials are very large and longer than wide, which produces the great length or pyramidal form of the calyx; four of the plates are hexagonal and one heptagonal ; four of the first radials are pentagonal, wider than long and truncated above the full width of the plates; the one on the right of the azygous side is possibly hexagonal, as one side may be slightly truncated by the second azygous plate; the upper face of the first radials bears a furrow extending from one angle of the plates to another, behind which there is a narrow, crenulated ridge, on which the second radials or brachial pieces articulated. The first azygous plate is irregularly quadrangular and rests obliquely in a notch on the top of a subradial and below the under sloping side of the first radial on the right, but it does not reach the second subradial. The second azygous plate is injured in our specimen, but it appears to have slightly truncated one angle of the first azygous plate, and the two abutting first radials at the top of the calyx. Found in the Upper Coal Measures, at Kansas City, Mo., and now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. The specific name is in honor of Mr. E. Butts, of Kansas City, who has done a great deal to make known the Natural History of that vicinity. ULOCRINUS KANSASENSIS, N. Sp. 47 Plate I., Fig. 7, azygous side view ; Fig. 8, outline view regular side ; Fig. 9, top view of calyx to show the prolongation of the first radials and contracted opening of the calyx; Fig. 10, basal view. The calyx of this species is somewhat half-globular in form, though the height is more than two-thirds the width at the top; the plates are moderately thick and quite convex externally, so as to place the sutures in wave-like depressions quite as deep as they - are in U. buttsi; sutures distinct, but the plates are not beveled; surface granulous. The basals form an equal-sided convex pentagon, with a central depression for the star-shaped columnar canal; the subradials are each about the size of the united basals, a little wider than high, all pentagonal and nearly equal-sided except the hexagonal plate supporting the lower face of the azygous plate. The first radiais are pentagonal, except the one on the left of the azygous plates, which becomes hexagonal by the very slight truncation made by Description of New Genera of Echinodermata. 9 the second azygous plate; they are twice as wide as high; the upper face is the full width of the plate, and extends internally nearly one-third the diameter of the calyx; in the specimen described the width of the calyx is 1 3-10 inches, and the projec- tion of these plates 4-10 inch, leaving the opening at the top of the calyx only 1-2 an inch, while the great concavity on the inner side of these plates will give an internal diameter of the calyx immediately below the top of the first radial of nearly an inch; the upper surface is broader than it is in E. buttsi, but the mark- ings for the articulating brachials seem to be about the same. The azygous plate forms part of the calyx, is quadrangular, nearly as large as a first radial, rests obliquely between two sub- radials and the under sloping side of the right first radial and a second under sloping side of the left first radial; the upper angle extends about as high as the upper face of the radials, and is very a slightly if at all truncated by an angle of the small second azygous plate. This species is remarkable for the great overlapping or interior projection of the first radials, and in this respect exceeds all known species of Delocrinus and Eupachycrinus. No part above the first radials is known, but some equally remarkably thick brachial plates, each bearing a very large spine, occurring at Rock Creek, in Jeffer- son County, Kansas, appear to belong to this species. Found at Kansas City, Missouri, and now in the collection of Min Em. Gurley. DELOCRINUS, 1. Seno. Ety.: delos, manifest, clear ; &rvnon, lily. The species belonging to this genus are usually robust, calyx basin-shaped, arms broad, composed of a double series of inter- locking pieces joining neatly with each other, column round, plates thick, and surface smooth or finely granulous, not sculptured; basals five, occupying a concavity on the under side, and more or less hidden by the column, but forming a little cone in the interior of the calyx; subradials pentagonal and hexagonal, larger than the basals, the lower part inflexed by the depression of the base to meet the basal plates, the middle regularly arched, and the upper part forming a more or less acute angle between the under sloping sides of the first radials; first radials wider than high, pentagonal, 10 Cincinnatt Soctety of Natural Fiistory. upper face truncated the entire width of the plate, and separated from the second radial or brachial plate on the outer face by a strong suture, but immediately within a straight crenated ridge extends from one outer angle of the plates to the other, on the upper face of the plates, which is furrowed upon each side so as to form a toothed hinge upon which the second radial or first brachial articulates; behind this hinge, in the middle part of each plate, there is a depression or socket for the reception of a tooth-like pro- jection ; on the under side of the second radial or brachial, a dart- shaped furrow also extends on the upper side along the line of union of the plates, commencing just within the angle arising from the union of the crenulated ridges and extending to the interior of the cup which receives a corresponding projection from the second radials; second radials or brachials pentagonal, produced exter- nally in a more or less strongly developed spine, and bearing upon the upper or inner sloping sides the free arms, the first one or two plates of which are single, but above these composed of a double series of interlocking plates; when the arms are closed the pin- nules are within, and the body is compact something like an Encrinus; there are no regular interradials ; a single azygous inter- radial rests upon the truncated upper end of a subradial, between two first radials, and extends upward between the second radials or brachial plates; it is truncated at the upper end and followed by a single piece, beyond which the connection with the vault or pro- boscis is unknown. Type D. hemisphericus. The species upon which this genus is founded was first defined by Shumard under the name of Poteriocrinus hemisphericus, in 1858, in the Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science, Vol. I, p. 221. Meek, in 1872, under the name of Scaphiocri- nus (?) hemisphericus, Shumard, in the Report on the Paleontology of Fastern Nebraska, p. 147, Pl. V., Fig. 1a, tb, and Pl. VIL, Fig. ta, b, c, redefined and illustrated Cyathocrinus inflexus of Geinitz, which is a distinct species as pointed out by Geinitz, though con- generic. In 1873, under the name of Scaphiocrinus (?) hemi- sphericus, Shumard, in Geo. Sur. Ill., Vol. 5, p. 561, Pl. XXIV., Fig. 5, Meek, probably, correctly identified and illustrated this species. In 1880, in the Proceedings U.S. National Museum, Vol. 2, p. 257, White described a species under the name of Erisocrinus planus, which was redescribed and figured in Hayden’s Twelfth Description of New Genera of Echinodermata. Il Ane Rep. “Geo, Sur. Terr., p. 127, Pl. XXXV., Figs. 5a and sb under the name of Erisocrinus (Ceriocrinus) planus. Ceriocrinus being proposed and described as a subgenus of Erisocrinus and a comparison made with the Poteriocrinus hemisphericus of Shumard, and Cyathocrinus inflexus of Geinitz. Ceriocrinus was preoccupied, in the Echinodermata, by Koenig, and hence the use of the word by White is not allowable. The genus here under consideration and founded upon the Poteriocrinus hemisphericus of Shumard is not a subgenus of Erisocrinus, nor does it have any near affinity with it, probably not even family affinity, as will be apparent on the inspec- tion of the species of Erisocrinus which have been illustrated. Its nearest generic relations are with Eupachycrinus or Ulocrinus. The Erisocrinus p!anus of White may not be congeneric with this species, because the small azygous plate does not rest on a sub- ‘radial but stands upon two radials and projects upward between two second radials. Only the calyx is known, and it may be that other parts when found will distinguish it from this genus, or pos- sibly unite it with Erisocrinus. We are inclined to believe that Wachsmuth & Springer were not very careful in their examination of these forms, for when referring to the two species, hemispheri- cus and planus, near the top of page 254, pt. 3, Palezocrinoidea, they are made to say, ‘‘ We, therefore, can not agree with White in considering the two forms generically identical, and much less specifically,” and yet, near the bottom of the same page they refer both hemisphericus and planus to White’s proposed genus Ceriocrinus, and under the name of Ceriocrinus hemisphericus, they refer with approval to Meek’s identification in the Report on the Palzontology of Eastern Nebraska, p. 147, which is simply a reproduction of the inflexus of Geinitz, which is a distinct species that they recognize on the same page. In the North American Geology and Paleontology, S. A. Mil- ler condemned Ceriocrinus of White on the ground that the name was preoccupied, and referred the hemisphericus to Eupachycrinus, the nearest allied genus then described. This genus, so far as known, is confined to the Coal Measures of the Western States and Territories. We refer the following species fo It: Delocrinus craigi, (Eupachycrinus craigi) Meek & Worthen, Geo outa. Vol.Vi,-p. 527, Pl. XX XI, Figs: 5 and 1a. Delocrinus fayettensis, (Eupachycrinus fayettensis) Worthen, Secoo our ll Vol. V, p. 565, Pl. XXIV., Bigs. 1o, 10a. 12 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Delocrinus hemisphericus, (Poteriocrinus hemisphericus) Shu- mard, Trans. St. Louts Acad. Sci, Vol, 1, p: 220.) piigoe renee genus. | Delocrinus inflexus, (Cyathocrinus inflexus) Geinitz, Carb. und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 62, Pl. IV., Figs. 20a, b, c, and doubtless the spines and some of the plates and fragments of columns figured on the same page under the name of Actinocrinus sp. The spines figured by Meek in the Report on the Paleontology of Eastern Nebraska, Pl. V., Figs. 2a, 2b: and 2c, under the mame om Zea. crinus mucrospinus probably belong to this species, while the form Fig. 1 called Scaphiocrinus (?) hemisphericus may be distinct. Delocrinus missouriensis n. sp. And very doubtfully the Eriso- crinus planus of White above referred to. DELOCRINUS HEMISPHERICUS, SHUMARD. / flate [f., Fig. 8, side view showing azygous plate and first brachial, with spine; Fig. 9, basal view of same; Fig. 10, inner side of brachial spine magnified two diameters. Shumard defined this species as follows: “The dody of this species is sub-hemispherical, concave below and the surface finely granulose. ‘The dase is very deeply concave, pentagonal and completely concealed from view when the column remains attached to the cup. The five pieces of which it is composed are of a rhombic shape, longer than wide, and the interior edges nearly double the length of the exterior ones. ‘The columnar facet is circular, crenulated on the border; the central perforation rather large and pentalobate. In the interior of the calyx the base forms an elevated conical protuberance. ‘“The sub-radial pieces are thick and longitudinally recurved; four of them are pentagonal, a little longer than wide, their supe- rior edges gently arched and slightly longer than the infero-lateral edges; the basal edges are very short. The fifth sub-radial is hexagonal, its superior angle being truncated to support an anal piece. ‘“ The first radial pieces are pentagonal, very massive, and as wide again as long. ‘The inferior edges are slightly concave and of equal length in three of the pieces, but on the anal side they are * wae - ose a ae nT ry | Oem DOT Re | Description of New Genera of Echinodermata. 13 unequal. The superior edge is nearly straight and rounded The articular facet is very broad, nearly horizontal, and furnished with a prominent transverse ridge, which is situated nearest the exter- nal margin. Exterior to this is a small ridge which coalesces with the main one before reaching the extremity of the pieces. Both ridges are strongly crenulated ‘* Anal pieces—Of these pieces only one remains in the specimens before us. It is rather small, elongate hexagonal, and is wedged in between two of the first radials, above which it projects about half its length. ‘*The secondary radials, vault, arms and column are unknown. ‘« Dimensions.—Height of calyx, .30; width, .go; height of first radial pieces, .26; width of same, .42.” His specimens were from Hinkston Creek, Boone County, and on the Missouri River near Lexington, while our specimens are from Kansas City in the same vicinity. His definition is complete, as far as it goes, and we may add only that which our specimens dis- close in addition. The column is round and composed of alternately thicker and thinner plates radiately furrowed near the outer circumference of the articulating faces; the second radial or brachial articulates upon the crenated ridge on the top of the first radial, bears a tuoth- like process that enters the socket in the middle of the posterior part of the first radial, and lateral processes that fill the furrows at the uniting joints of the first radials, and bears a strong spine, externally, that is directed upward at an angle of about forty-five degrees; the plates bear upon their upper inner sides the free arms; arms ten, the first plate articulates upon a serrated edge of the second radial, the next plate is wide and thin, and above this the arm con- sists of a double series of thick interlocking plates that make coarse wide arms, depressed convex externally, and flattened upon the sides almost as if cut by a knife so as to close up tight like an Encrinus; the first azygous plate is truncated and subquadrate upon the upper face which is serrated near the outer margin for the articulation of the second plate; beyond this the vault is unknown. ay 14 Cincinnati Soctety of Natural History. DELOCRINUS MISSOURIENSIS, Nn. sp. Plate I1., Fig. 11, side view showing column; Fig. 12, basal view; Fig. 13, azygous side view. This species may be distinguished at first view from D. hemi- sphericus by the lower calyx and more angular outline, and the top of the calyx when viewed from below presents a pentangular out- line; the basals extend slightly beyond the column; the subradials in the median part are sharply convex as distinguished from the gently arching plates in D. hemisphericus and do not extend as high proportionally as they doin the latter species, which reduces the height of the calyx; first radials regularly convex in the middle part but depressed medially toward the upper face of the plates which produces the pentangular outline when viewed from below; the second radials or brachials while exposing a very wide suture are not quite as thick and do not stand as upright as they do in D. hemisphericus, and have a more slender spine; the azygous plate is the same asin D. hemisphericus; the column is not as regular in the alternate arrangement of the thicker and thinner plates as in D. hemisphericus, the larger plates project far beyond the thin- ner ones and sometimes there are two or more thinner plates between the thicker ones. ) Found in the Upper Coal Measures, in Kansas City, Missouri, and now inthe collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. ZZESIOCRINUS, n. gen. (Ety.: @zszos, auspicious, coming at good time ; &7znon, lily.) Column pentagonal; calyx bowl-shaped, plates smooth or finely granulous; basals five, forming a pentagonal flattened or slightly concave disc; subradials rather large, four hexagonal and one hep- tagonal, and curving upward so as to reach half the hight of the calyx; first radials five, pentagonal, wider than high and truncated the entire width for the brachials; one or more brachials in each ray supporting strong arms composed of a single series of plates; arms ten bearing pinnules; no regular interradials; a single azygous interradial rests upon the truncated upper end of a subradial, between two first radials, and is followed by two plates that connect with the base of the proboscis; proboscis long, composed of four series of gradually tapering plates bearing numerous transverse respiratory fissures or slits on the sides of the plates. Description of New Genera of Echinodermata. 15 The calyx of this genus bears some resemblance to that of an Erisocrinus, but the pentagonal column and azygous.plate distin- guish it. The azygous plate truncates a subradial as in Delo- crinus, but otherwise there is no resemblance between the two genera. The long flowing arms composed of single plates and the remarkably large and peculiarly constructed proboscis characterize this genus and distinguish it from all others. Its family affinities would seem to be with the Poteriocrinide, but probably a new fam- ily should be defined for its reception. FESIOCRINUS MAGNIFICUS, Nn. Sp. Plate I1., Fig. 1, natural size of a specimen as it les on a slab; Fig. 2, a free proboscis nearly entire and only slightly twisted; Fig. 3, portion of same magnified 2% diameters to show more dis- tinctly the respiratory openings; Fig. 4, an abnormal branching proboscis ; Fig. 5, sectional end view of proboscis. Calyx deep, bowl-shaped, surface of plates finely granulous; - sutures distinct but not beveled; basals forming a pertagonal flat- _tened disc having an outline about twice the diameter of the column; subradials rather large, four hexagonal, one heptagonal, bending abruptly upward from the union with the basals, the upper angle extending high between the first radials so as to make the upper sloping sides of the hexagonal plates much the longer; first radials larger than the subradials, about one-half wider than high, all pentagonal with lateral and inferior sides of equal length and upper truncated sides extending to the fullest width of the plates; first brachial plates wide, short, rounded, separated exteriorly from the first radials by a beveled suture; second brachials wide, short, with long upper sloping sides for the articulation of the large arm plates; arms ten, long, round exteriorly and composed of short cuneiform plates; pinnules short and rather thick. Proboscis remarkably large, long and composed of four series of gradually tapering convex, tuberculated plates, somewhat similar in appearance to four round tapering columns placed together, giving transversely a subquadrate outline; there 1s no azygous or anal opening in the proboscis, but there are numerous transverse, respiratory fissures or slits in the longitudinal depressions; these slits exist on both 16 Cincinnatt Society of Natural Firstory. sides of every plate of the proboscis from the second brachials to the very top; some specimens of the proboscis have one or more intercalated plates near the lower end, and all are more or less twisted. There is a bifurcated proboscis in the collection which has five series of plates below the bifurcation, and three intercalated series at the bifurcation, so that each branch has four series, which we have illustrated. It is an abnormal specimen that may have resulted from an injury. The column is small, pentagonal, tuber- culated and bore cirrhi to a greater or less extent. This species was collected in the Upper Coal Measures, at Kan- sas City, and the specimens are in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley, of Danville, Illinois. SIOCRINUS HARIiI, N. sp. flate [I[l., Fig. 1, natural size as it lies upon a slab. This species is distinguished from A. magnificus, by having pro- portionally a much smaller and a smooth proboscis. The calyx is bowl-shaped ; column pentagonal; basals of moderate size; subra- dials convex and extending half the hight of the calyx; first radials wider than high; first and second brachials and arms as in A. magnificus but proportionally smaller. The proboscis is much smaller in proportion to the size of the calyx than it is in A. magnificus, and the exterior of the plates is smooth, though the respiratory fissures in the two species are alike. This species is thus founded upon the surface character of the proboscis, and the proportionally larger calyx when compared with other parts of the body and arms. These Kansas City fossils were collected in blue clay, where they were remarkably well preserved; but some specimens were injured by the collectors, who undertook to wash them when no water should have been applied. Many of the specimens were found with the heads downward and the arms spread out, leaving the base of the calyx upward, with the strong proboscis pressed to one side as shown in the illustration of this species. From the Upper Coal Measures of Kansas City, and now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. The specific name is in honor of Sidney J. Hare. Description of New Genera of Echinodermata. 17 HYDREIONOCRINUS PENTAGONUS, n.sp. ~~ Plate I1., Fig. 6, view of azygous side showing hight of calyx and upper truncated face for second radials; Fig. 7, basal view. Calyx large, pentagonal and exceedingly depressed to the top of the first radials ; plates very thick and sutures well defined; basals rather large and forming an octagonal ring around the end of the column, against the faces of which the subradials and three of the radials rest ; subradials small, three triangular, one quadrangular, and the other pentagonal by reason of supporting the first azygous plate; they are slightly convex, and le in furrows made by the - angular convexity made by the first radials; first radials about twice as wide as high, the hight not much exceeding the thickness of the plates; the plates are hexagonal, highly convex, depressed toward the sutures, and truncated upon the outer faces, so as to give the calyx a pentagonal outline ; the depressions at the sutures appear as furrows in the pentagonal outline of the calyx; first azygous plate quadrangular, narrow, resting upon the upper sloping side of a subradial and forming the bottom of the furrow between two first radials; second azygous plate heptagonal, slightly truncating two first radials ; column round. Second radials and succeeding parts above unknown, and it is therefore possible that this species is a Zeacrinus, but from the char- acters given the inference is, it possessed the ventral sac of an Hydreionocrinus, beside the latter genus had, so far as known, its greater development in the Upper Coal Measures, while the former is more characteristic of the upper part of the Subcarboniferous or Kaskaskia Group. It is unnecessary to compare this with any species heretofore defined, because it is easily recognized by its strongly marked characters. Collected inthe Upper Coal Measures at Kansas City, and now in the cabinet of Wm. F. E. Gurley, of Danville, Illinois. ONYCHOCRINUS ULRICHI, n. sp. -~ Plate I11., Fig. 2, azygous side; Fig. 3, symmetrical side, natural size. Calyx depressed, saucer-shaped; plates finely granulous, sutures: distinct; basals three, extending slightly beyond the column; four of the subradials pentagonal, the one opposite the azygous side 18 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. being the larger one and all sharply pointed at the upper angle; the other one is hexagonal with an upper concave articulating facet for the first azygous plate; primary radials five in each ray, very gradually decreasing in size upward and becoming more and more sharply rounded; each one is wider than high and the sutures are transverse, with the exception of a slight concave central, exterior depression; the fifth plate is angular in the central part of the upper face and supports the two series of brachials; the brach- ials and arms are very short and thick, and the sutures between the plates become more and more sinuous toward the extremities ; the first arr is given off at about the fourth brachial, and above this there are twelve or more short, branching, curving arms that form a cluster at the end of each ray. The first regular interradial is large and octagonal; it is followed by three plates and these by five, and above they are smaller and more numerous; four interbrachial pieces are visible in our speci- men, and there are, probably, more; the azygous plates are small, short, and sutures sinuous. Found in the Keokuk Group, at Crawfordsville, Ind., and now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. The specific name is in honor of Prof. E. O. Ulrich, of Newport, Ky. AGARICOCRINUS SPLENDENS, Nl. Sp. Flate [V., Fig. 1, side view with arms; Fig. 2, basal view of same. This species is of medium or rather under medium size; base concave; surface granulous; basals small; first radials small; second radials quadrangular, wider than long; third radials pentag- onal, wider than high, and supporting upon each of the upper sloping sides a thin brachial plate, which is followed by another thin plate having two upper slightly sloping sides which support the regular interlocking series of the arm plates; arms, twelve, three in each ray adjoining the azygous side, and two in each of the other three rays; they are a little longer than the greatest diam: eter of the calyx, rather small and taper to a point; pinnules fine; regular interradial areas narrow, the first plate resting between the second radials, which is followed by two smaller ones situate between the third radials and the first brachials; azygous area having one plate followed by three of nearly the same size, Description of New Genera of Echinodermata. 19 which gives breadth to the area between the third radials and the brachial plates; the column is round and composed of alternately thicker and thinner plates. Our specimens do not show the vault. This is a beautiful little species, quite different from any hereto- fore described, and occurs in the Keokuk Group, at Crawfords- ville, Ind. It is in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. BATOCRINUS MARINUS, N. Sp. Flate LV., Fig. 3, side and basal view ; Fig. 4, outline view of plates on azygous side. Species of about the average size; calyx expanded at the arm bases so as to be wider than high and to make the openings through the vault from the arm furrows at right angles to the calyx; surface of the plates flattened and finely granulous; basals three, upright and forming a circle which appears as if it were the enlarged end of the column; first radials wider and larger than the second and third together, three heptagonal and two hexagonal; the upper face is truncated for the second radial, and the upper sloping sides sup- port the first interradials; second radials quadrangular, a little wider than high; third radials wider than the second but not longer, pentagonal or hexagonal, the lower lateral sides spreading so as to give the greatest width at the angles made with the upper sloping sides; the upper sloping sides support the secondary radials; secondary radials two by ten, wider than long, somewhat variable in size and shape, the second one bearing upon its upper sloping sides a single tertiary radial; the tertiary radials are suc- ceeded by a double series of interlocking arm plates; arms twenty, rather small, slender, gradually tapering and composed of a double series of plates, alternately interlocking; in our specimen they are coiled together on the vault around the base of the proboscis; pin- nules very numerous. Regular interradials five, the first one polygonal, about as large asa first radial and nearly as large as the other four; the first one 1s followed by two plates and these by two which are between the second secondary radials and the upper sloping sides of the tertiary radials; there is one intersecondary radial in each area; azygous interradials nine, the first one in line with the first radials and of the same size, this is followed by three smaller ones, and these again by three, and these by two which fit 20 Cincinnats Society of Natural flistory. between the under sloping sides of the tertiary radials; the probos- cis is broken off in our specimen at the top of the folded arms. Found in the Keokuk Group at Crawfordsville, Ind., and now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. BATOCRINUS JUCUNDUS, Nl. Sp. Flate IV., Fig. 5, azygous side with arms; Fig. 6, symmetrical view with arms removed, showing proboscts- Species rather small; calyx globose, nearly as wide as high, height of calyx a little more than height of dome to the base of the proboscis; arm bases very slightly projecting, and arm openings projected upward; surface of the plates smooth or finely granulous, more or less convex or tumid; basals three, short, upright, and forming a pentagonal ring around the column; first primary radi- als much wider and larger than the second and third together; on some specimens there is an elongated, transverse tubercle on each one, the upper face is broadly truncated for the inferior face of the succeeding radial, and the upper sloping sides support the first interradials; ‘second primary radials quadrangular one-half wider than long; third primary radials wider and larger than the second, pentagonal or hexagonal, the lower lateral sides spreading so as to: give the greatest width at the middle part of the plate or at the angles made with the upper sloping sides; the upper sloping sides support the secondary radials; secondary radials 2x10 wider than long, the upper the larger, but both of them variable in size and shape; six of them have upper sloping sides for tertiary radials, while four of them bear only a single tertiary radial; each second secondary radial in the ray opposite the azygous side bears a single arm and one of the lateral secondary radials on each side bears a single arm; there are, therefore, only sixteen arms; a single plate follows each tertiary radial, and above this the arm is constructed of two series of small plates alternately arranged; the arms are rounded on the outer side, gradually tapering and bear numerous. long pinnules, composed of comparatively long pieces; regular interradials in some areas two and in others three, the first one polygonal and larger than any other plate above the first primary radials; when it is followed by two interradials they are together no larger than a single secondary interradial; azygous interradials. Description of New Genera of Echinodermata. 21 eight or nine, the first rests between the upper sloping sides of two basal plates and is in line with the first radials; it is followed by three plates in the second series, and in one specimen three plates in the third series and in another four; these are followed by a single plate projecting an angle up between the under sloping sides of tertiary radials; the vault and proboscis are constructed of highly tumid polygonal plates; the proboscis extends as far as or beyond the arms; column round. This is a handsome little species, distinguished by its sixteen arms and the structure of the calyx from all others. Found in the Keokuk Group at Crawfordsville, Indiana, and now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. DICHOCRINUS CINCTUS, Nn. Sp. Flate IV., Fig. 10, symmetrical side view; Fig. 11, azygous side, show- img vault and valvular opening ; Fig. 12, summit view. Calyx obconoidal, nearly twice as high as wide, somewhat trun- cated at the arm bases, except upon the azygous side, surface of the plates bearing a collection of fine longitudinal lines from the rim at the base, over the central part of the first radials, to the first rim plates, with fine transverse lines between, especially near the top of the calyx; sutures not impressed, and the transverse and longitudinal lines cross without interruption ; the band or rim at the base suggests the specific name. The two basals form a little cup, the height of which is equal to the greatest diameter; they are contracted above the base so as to leave a small, smooth, half cylindrical rim or band at the bottom of the cup; the first radials are about twice as long as wide, very gradually increase in width to the upper truncated end, which bears a concave facet, a little more than one-third the width of the plate, for the attachment of the second radial or first brachial piece; second radial thin, rounded; the third radial a little thicker, rounded, and bearing upon its upper sloping sides the free arms; arms ten, long, rounded externally, composed of a single series of thin plates, bearing long, strong pinnules closely packed together. Regular interradials forming part of the vault, and standing but very little above the upper truncated edge of the first radials ; first azygous interradial as large as the first radials, inflected toward the 22 Cincinnati Society of Natural Fitstory. vault, and bearing fine longitudinal lines in the middle and lower central part, and transverse lines on each side of these on the upper part; the succeeding plates cover a moderately convex ridge, expanded a little above the other part of the vault which extends to the side of a central nipple occupying the summit of the vault, and at the junction there is a valvular opening, but it is not connected with the central elevation; this nipple-like elevation is covered with very small polygonal plates, and from the lower part of it five ambulacral ridges radiate to the second and third radials, which ridges are covered with minute polygonal plates. The column is round and composed of thin plates with sharp pro- jecting edges. Found in the Kinderhook or Waverly Group, at Le Grand, Iowa, and now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. POTERIOCRINUS GRANILINEUS, N. Sp. Plate IV., Fig. 7, natural size. Calyx low, basin-shaped; sutures well defined; basals small and hidden by the column; subradials small, hexagonal, except one on the azygous side, which is truncated at the top and heptag- onal ; first radials wide, short, pentagonal, and truncated on top, where they have their greatest width ; second radials quadrangular, short, wider than the first, and having the greatest width at the upper truncated surface; third radials wider than the second, pen- tagonal, very short, with steep upper sloping sides, which are slightly curved to receive the free arms; arms short, composed of short cuneiform plates, so strongly arched in the middle as to form a subangular ridge down the back of all the rays, on which the granules are so united as to form a keel; all the arms preserved in our specimen (six in number) bifurcate on the sixth plate, and above this the bifurcations are irregular, one of them bifurcating on the fourth plate, and others do not seem to bifurcate at all; the arms are flattened so as to fit closely together as in Zeacrinus; pinnules not observed; the first azygous plate is inserted obliquely between a subradial and the under sloping side of a first radial, with the truncated lower end resting against another subradial ; this plate is pentagonal ; the second azygous plate rests upon the first above-mentioned subradial, and between the radials on the left and Description of New Genera of Echinodermata. 23 the upper sloping side of the first azygous plate on the right; the higher azygous plates are not shown in our specimen; the column is rather small and obscurely pentagonal near the head. The surface of the plates of body and arms is strongly granu- lated, and this, with the angularity of the arms and the union of the granules forming a sharp ridge or keel down all the rays, strongly characterize this species, and suggests the specific name. It prob- ably belongs to that branch of the genus Poteriocrinus for which Wachsmuth suggested the name Pachylocrinus. Found in the Keokuk Group, at Crawfordsville, Indiana, and now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. POTERIOCRINUS CRAWFORDSVILLENSIS, N. sp. Flate LV., Fig. 8, natural size. Species large, robust; calyx obconoidal, expanding very grad- ually from the large column, longer than wide, and composed of smooth rounded plates with well defined sutures; basals large, widening but little upward, pentagonal, about as wide as high; sub- radials longer than wide, expanding but little upward, those shown in our specimen hexagonal, the two on the azygous side probably heptagonal; radials pentagonal, very little wider than high, the articulating surfaces occupying the entire width of the plates; the second radial or brachial plate in the ray opposite the azygous side is pentagonal, about as high as wide, rounded, and supports upon its two upper sloping sides free arms, one of which bifurcates on the third plate above, and the other does not divide; the arms are robust, long, very slowly tapering, rounded, and composed of thick cuneiform plates; column large, round, composed of thicker and thinner plates, the articulating faces of which are marked by radia- ting furrows, which show the serrated edges. Proboscis and other parts unknown. This species belongs to that branch of Poteriocrinus for which Wachsmuth proposed the subgeneric name of Scytalocrinus. Its characters are very strongly marked, and it resembles P. missou- riensis, from the St. Louis Group, about as much as it does any other species in the genus. It was found in the Keokuk Group, at Crawfordsville, Indiana, and belongs to the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. 24 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. POTERIOCRINUS VERUS, Nl. Sp. Plate IV., Fig. 9, natural size. Species medium size; calyx obconoidal, expanding very grad- ually, as long as wide, and composed of smooth rounded plates ; sutures distinct; basals pentagonal, standing upright, nearly as high as wide; subradials hexagonal on the symmetrical side, about one-half larger than the basals and a little longer than wide; radi- als pentagonal, wider than high, a little smaller than the sub-radi- als, convex, truncated the entire width of the plates, with suture gaping ; there are five brachials in two rays and seven in the other in our specimen before a bifurcation is reached; these plates are nearly as long as wide, round externally, and very slightly con- stricted, and the sutures are gaping; the last one has very steep upper sloping sides for the arms; arms ten, long, composed of very long constricted plates with slanting gaping sutures ; proboscis long; our specimen shows five subquadrate plates where the arms are broken away, indicating that the proboscis extended nearly or quite to the ends of the arms. Column round, and articulating faces of the plates radiately furrowed. Found at Crawfordsville, Indiana, in the Keokuk Group, and now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. SCAPHIOCRINUS MANUS, 0. Sp. Flate LV., Fig. 13, azygous side, natural size. General form of calyx and arms having a fancied resemblance to a hand; calyx cup shaped, height about half the diameter at the top, plates convex and sunken at the angles of the sutures; basals hidden within a shallow depression surrounding the end of the col- umn; subradials hexagonal, except one on the azygous side which is truncated at the top and heptagonal; they are larger than the basals, and about half as large as the first radials; first radials pentagonal, one-half wider than high, convex at the upper part, truncated the entire width, and separated from the brachials exter- nally by a wider suture. There is only a single brachial in each ray, and it is rather larger than a first radial, pentagonal, con- stricted, angular, and supports on its upper sloping sides the free arms; the two arms on the left of the azygous plate and the one Description of New Genera of Echinodermata. 25 on the right bifurcate on the eighth plate, and the second arm to the right of the azygous plates bifurcates on the tenth plate; the plates are very slightly wedge-shaped, and have their thickest mar- gins produced into nodes, the alternate arrangement of which gives the arms a rough aspect; pinnules coarse, making the head appear full and dense. The first azygous plate rests between the first two radials, the under side of the first radial on the right, and the second and third azygous plates; the second azygous plate is of the same size as the first, rests on the truncated end of a sub- radial, and abuts upon a first radial and brachial on the left, the first and third azygous plates on the right and another azygous plate at the top; the third azygous plate is a little smaller, and abuts a brachial on the right. Column and vault unknown. Found in the Keokuk Group, at Crawfordsville, Indiana, and now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. 26 Cincinnati Soctety of Natural History. DESCRIPTION OF A. NEW SPECIES "Of Giger BEAVER-LIKE RODENT. By Pror. JosepH Moore, oF EARLHAM COLLEGE, RICHMOND, INDIANA. THE tooth which is the subject of this sketch was found in Northern Georgia in the late war time by Dr. C. S. Arthur, of Portland, Jay County, Ind. The Doctor, who has a habit of looking for specimens, was searching some old forsaken gold diggings, in the hope of adding some ‘‘ dust” to his collection, when he discovered near the bot- tom of a gravelly pit one end of the specimen now before us. It was six to eight feet below the surface, and, as the Doctor informs us, was taken out entire. The cracks and breaks are probably the result of drying or of exposure in carrying. I take this specimen to be the left upper incisor of some Rodent —very probably of the Genus Castoroides. As some experienced observers have questioned as to the place of the tooth, I offer the following reasons for thinking it can not be a lower incisor : viz., since the branches of the lower jaw meet at an angle and the incisors are bedded posteriorly in the outer portion of the jaw, they must rapidly approach each other as they extend forward from their bases, so that as they project from their sockets they would cross each other if they did not twist outward. This direction of lower incisors towards each other in their growth causes them to crowd together and sustain each other. As a consequence they are worn on their adjacent surfaces. This tooth has xo fwist and 20 wear on its proximal surface. In the second place, the curvature of the tooth is quite too rapid for a lower incisor. Its weight is . : : : : . 241% OZ. av. Its length along border ai Bre ures convexity is . 18% inches. Length of inner curve from base to hinder edge of bev- eled crown, : : : : Se ebie “e Distance across from base to apex, outer to outer point Tig Greater diameter, fore and aft, at base, . ; Pee Dein of a New Species of Gigantic Beaver-like Rodent. 27 reater diameter, fore and aft, near apex, . PE e/eelGeches: Wesser diameter, right and left, at base, . : iia Lesser diameter, midway, . : ; ye aI a eos Lesser diameter, across beveled crown, . ei inicln: Length of beveled crown, fore and aft, negates: @ircumference at base, . wedOdte ye oe Gireumference at middle, . ; : aso tee Circumference at distal end, . eee ag hin Standing the tooth on its base and apex, the hee Si the arch is Eee BOw Nee The curvature at pee Sane alone the median line would appear to be very nearly an arc of say one hundred and sixty degrees of a circle whose radius 1S six inches. On measurement, however, it was found to have a more rapid curvature as we approach the outer extremity. The proximal side, that which faced its com- panion incisor, is approximately flat as compared with the distal side, which approaches to semi-cylindrical. The flatter side is by no means mathematically flat. It has a shallow valley-like mesial groove extending from end to end very near the middle, so that a section at any point would give us an outline similar to that of alima bean. ‘The sinus is about one-eighth of an inch deep, as measured by laying a straight-edge from ridge to ridge on either side. Said sinus has a corresponding ridge on the opposite wall of the hollow base, almost the whole length of the pulp cavity; though the ridge on the inside is not so well defined as the sinus on the outside. This whole specimen has a fresh look about it, which tends to dissipate the idea of its being a fossil. The two cross breaks and the cleft base give amp!e opportunity to study the ivory, enamel, and the pulp cavity. The ivory hasa clean, creamy look, showing the grain, the mode of growth, lamine, etc. The pulp cavity is eight and one-fourth inches long, following the curve. The thickness of the wall is reduced to a mere blade at the base, but thickens gradually outward as the cavity narrows. This cavity is nearly flat on the side corresponding to the flatter side of the tooth, and semi-conical on the other. The enamel invests the entire body of the tooth, showing all around the border of the beveled crown and around the borders of the sections, one of which is three and a-half inches from the apex, the other near the middle. 28 Cincinnatt Society of Natural History. One very striking feature is the ribbing and fluting of the enamel throughout the length of the tooth. The ribs are about a line in width on an average, and half as high, and the flutings or spaces between them are not of uniform width, but would average about three times the width of the ribs. Three inches from the base we count forty-two ribs in making a circumference; near the middle we count thirty-one, and at the base of the beveled crown twenty-five. Many of these ribs fade out on the surface as we pass from base to apex, while a few of them become confluent with the nearest one on either side. The lengthwise sinus on the flatter side has no rib in, or crossing, its deeper portion till we near the apex, where a single rib falls into the valley from the outer curve. ‘These ribs appear the more prominent from their being glistening white, especially toward the crown, where they have been polished by exposure. We often observe in teeth of various species, recent and fossil, a tendency to crack and split, especially the canines of dogs, bears, boars, lions, etc.,—the same is true, in a marked degree, with the incisors of rodents, so that it is difficult, oftentimes, to keep a beaver’s incisors entire even for a few. months. And this tooth has its well-defined cleavage plane, for, though unsymmetrical, it is bilateral. The plane of cleavage is well seen where the base is cleft, leaving smooth selvage edges and faces. It is seen equally wellin the curved line making the longer diameter of the sections, and the same seam shows distinctly running the longer diameter of - the crown, and along the part of the inner arch where the tongue has rubbed the surface. The lengthwise fluting of the tooth is shown, not only in the enamel but correspondingly in the outer portions of the underly- ing dentine, though in a less marked degree. The surface is further marked by many rings at right angles to the fluting, giving the surface a corrugated appearance. These are more distinct toward the base, but are scarcely discernible past the middle. They are from one to three or four lines apart, and many of them so indistinct as to require the light to fall nearly horizontally across them in order to make them visible. Two of these girdles, the one about three and the other about six inches from the base, are so marked by width and prominence as to suggest the annual rings on a cow’s horn. Description of a New Species of Gigantic Beaver-like Rodent. 29 As to the general surface of the enamel, it has myriads of very minute shallow punctures and papille, coarser and finer, giving it a granulated or sandpapery look. Over all this, and dipping into the minutest inequalities of sur- face, is a brown film, hardly thicker than a coat of thin oo which I take to be cement. Some four to five inches from the apex is a line which appears to indicate where it was surrounded by the gum, and consequently the extent of projection beyond the socket. It only remains to speak of the beveled crown so characteristic of the rodents in general. It is two and one-eighth inches the longer way (fore and aft) and seven-eighths of an inch laterally. In general outline it would be ovate-oblong but for the gentle re-entrant curve caused by the sinus of the flatter side. It is an ivory face (bounded by a ring of enamel) as smooth as the bottom of a flat-iron and very nearly as flat. It is, however, slightly con- cave. Lay a straight-edge on the crown the longer way, and the face will be seen to sway away from it by about half a line near the middle of the basin. This face shows distinctly the gently curved line which is the outcrop of the plane dividing the tooth bilaterally from end to end.. There are also a few faint scratches on this ivory face, caused by the enamel of the antagonist incisor. The crown meets the ante- rior curve at an angle of about forty-five degrees. Toany specialists who may not be familiar with this specimen I have offered the above description in the hope to aid them in the study of it. And what were the zoological relations of the creature which once sported this incisor and which dwarfed even the Capybara of the present day and Castoroides ohioensis of the past? In the fluted, ribbed, corrugated, and granulated structure and appearance of this tooth, together with a peculiar way in which the ribs near the outer curve, as they extend backward, incline toward and lose themselves in the line of greatest convexity, one is continually reminded of Castoroides, to which genus it probably belongs. | But by no known principles of classification can I think it iden- tical with Castoroides ohioensis. Suffice it for the present to say that, on comparing it with the incisors, entire, of a specimen of C. ohioensis recently found in Randolph County, Ind., with two teeth 30 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. found in separate localities in Darke County, O., with the descrip- tion of the first known tooth given by Foster, and with the casts of the Clyde specimen, it has five times the bulk of any one of them. But that does not signify so much as the striking difference in form, as will be seen from accompanying plates and description. C. ohioensis, so far as I have had opportunity to observe, has little or no enamel either on the lingual or proximal surfaces of the upper incisors. This Georgia tooth has a well-defined layer of enamel entirely around it. I propose for this species the name, Castoroides georgien- sis; until the discovery of other parts may perhaps throw clearer light on its generic relationships. DESCRIPAION JOR: PEAS V2 AUN age One-half Natural Size. CASTOROIDES GEORGIENSIS. LEFT UPPER INCISOR. IEA WV Fig. 1. Showing distal side with its ribs, grooves and cross cor- rugations. 1a. Enamel scaled off. 1 6. Fore-shortened view of crown. 1¢, 1c’. Showing how much was free as it rested in socket. Fig. 2. The crown, showing line of median fold and scratches by enamel of antagonist incisor. Fig. 3. Showing section three inches from extremity. Nie WD Fig. 1. Showing mesial sinus s and plain of clavage. — tC. r a breaks, LOO) pulpy eawilbye Fig. 2. Slab split off from base of Fig. 1. A. Cave tn the Clinton Formation of Ohio. 2 A CAVE IN THE CLINTON FORMATION OF OHIO. By Pror. JosepH F. James, M.Sc., U.S. Geo. SuRVEY. (Read May 6, 1890.) Tue Clinton formation as known in Ohio consists of a thin stra- tum of limestone, seldom attaining a greater thickness than fifteen feet. It is found fringing the outcrop of the Lower Silurian in Southwestern Ohio. The rock is more or less porous and liable to weather, and this, in addition to its limited extent, makes it of little use asa building stone.* The passage of this stratum his never been directly traced across the Ohio line into Indiana, and its pres- ence is not indicated in the Geolozical map of the State; at the same time in some of the counties near the border it has been noted. The porosity of the rock has rendered it liable to disintegration through the influence of percolating waters, and it is possible that had the formation attained a greater thickness in any locality, it would have been as prolific in subterranean cavities as the lower Carboniferous limestone of Kentucky. The hard blue limestone and the soft crumbling shales of the Cincinnati group are not fitted for the formation of caves in any portion of their extent. Conse- quently such a thing as a cave in any place in Southwestern Ohio where these strata are found, is unknown. In the Clinton group, however, there is found a cave of small extent, which I investigated a year or so ago, and as | believe no very full account of this has been published, a little space will be devoted to its consideration, The outcrop of the Clinton has not been satisfactorily traced in the field. Between the towns of Morning Sun and Camden, in Preble County, Ohio, the turnpike passes over an exposure, and as the wagons or buggies roll along, a hollow, rumbling sound is heard, as if the vehicles were passing over a bridge. This isa part of the cave, and though apparently of considerable extent, it is not possible to explore this portion because of the lack of any *In the Fourteenth Annual Report of the Geology of Indiana, for 1884, it is stated that (p. 51) this group has a thickness of twenty feet in Fayette County, and that it has been used in locks of canals, and as foundations for buildings. 32 Cincinnati Soctety of Natural Fiistory. entrance. There is an entrance, however, to one portoentaan a field about three hundred yards from the road. I had been told before visiting the spot that it was possible to penetrate several hundred yards under ground; that there was a large entrance, into which a man could walk upright; and that the floor was paved with bones. Persistent inquiry and search did not reveal this entrance, so we were compelled perforce to take what we could find. This was a hole in the ground, descending perpendicularly some six or eight feet. At the bottom was an opening under a projecting ledge of rock. Once inside, there was found a narrow descending passage. It was about two and a-half feet high at first, and about twenty feet from the mouth opened out into a cavity about large enough to turn around in. At one side was a slight depression, and then roof and floor met. At another side was a small opening about a foot high, through which, by patient, snake-ike movement it wus possible to crawl. Beyond this was another slight enlargement, also of sufficient size to turn around in, and that was all. At one side was a funnel-shaped cavity about two feet in diameter and of the same depth, with a hole at the bottom. This had been made, apparently, by water running in from above. All around floor and roof came together, except that at one side was an opening too small to attempt a pas- sage. This was the extent of the cave. The floor was of dried mud, which becomes converted into a mass of sticky clay in wet weather. It is probable that at one time the cave had considerable extent. About the mouth or entrance are many huge fragments of rock which have fallen as the earth has been washed away below. That these have not fallen very recently is shown by the presence of trees of considerable size, and of from fifty to seventy-five years growth, close to one of the fallen masses. Probably also before the cultivation of the land above, the cave was readily accessi- ble. But the washing in of earth has gradually filled up the pass- ages and the most of the cavity. Formerly, it is said, there were a number of places where it was easy to enter. These have been stopped up with dirt and stones, partly to prevent cattle from fall- ing into them, partly to enable the land to be cultivated. — Development in the Dark Room. 23 DEVELOPMENT IN THE DARK ROOM. piven dies (B. COLLiERs (Read before the Photographic Section of the Society, March 17, 1890.) (ABSTRACT. ) THERE is nothing in the whole range of photography, about which so much has been said and written as this subject of devel- opment, and I recognize at the outset the difficulty I shall experi- ence in interesting you. What I shall say, however, will be denuded of all technicalities, and presented in the plainest lan- guage possible, so that the youngest members here can not fail to understand my meaning. As you all know, the dry plate, in whatever fern we find it, is simply a gelatine emulsion, of which the bromide of silver is the principal ingredient, supported by a backing of glass, paper, cellu- loid, or what not. The action of the light upon this emulsion pre- Cipitates the bromide of silver in quantities directly proportionate to the intensity of the light; and the subsequent treatment of the plate by the developer, and the reduction of unprecipitated bromide of the hypo-solution, produces that condition which is termed negative. Now in the reduction of the silver bromide two agencies are employed—an acidand an alkali. I shall not attempt an explanation of the chemical changes that take place during the development of a plate, but confine my remarks to the results obtained so far as 1 am acquainted with them. The action of the developer, or rather the action of the two principal ingredients, acid and alkali, has been very correctly likened to the relation that may be said to exist between generated steam as a motive force, and the machinery by which that force is intelligently applied to the movement of a body, the alkali corresponding to the steam, and the acid to the machinery, by which the force of the former is directed. Bearing this i!lustration in mind, it is easy to understand that there is a fixed relationship of alkali to acid, and if the proper proportion of one to the other is varied from, the effectiveness of the developer is reduced in a corresponding degree. Beginning with the first developer I ever used, and which [| found to be the simplest, I would call attention to the ferrous 34 Cincinnati Society of Natural Fiistory. oxalate, or as it is familiarly known, the iron developer. Ferrous oxalate developer is composed of the neutral oxalate of potash and the sulphate of iron; the proportion being one part of a saturated solution of the sulphate of iron (which has been rendered acid by the addition of a sufficient quantity of sulphuric or tartaric acid to turn blue litmus paper red) to six parts of a saturated solution of the neutral oxalate of potash. ‘This devel- oper may be weakened, or its action restrained, by the use of a few drops of atwenty per cent. solution of bromide of potassium (say three drops to the ounce of developer), or what is to my mind bet- ter still, by the addition of a little water; and it may be acceler- ated or strengthened by increasing the proportion of the iron to oxalate, from one to six, to one part of the iron to four parts of the oxalate. But if alarger proportion of the iron is used, a yellowish, muddy precipitate is formed, which renders the developer unfit for further use. This developer, if old and weak, may be greatly accelerated by the introduction of a one to four solution of hypo- sulphite of soda, (about the strength of a fixing bath) in the pro- portion of one drop of the hypo-solution to an ounce of devel- oper. I have, on numerous occasions, when my developer appeared to have lost its active principle, dipped the end of my finger in my fixing bath, and transferred to the developer the small amount of hypo that adhered to it. In some cases the effect was magical, and the developer, which was before inert, took on new life, and the development was carried to a satisfactory termination. ‘The plate would almost immediately present the appearance of over- exposure, and an unmistakable cloud would spread rapidly over it. And to one who had never made the experiment, the plate would soon appear hopelessly fogged. But upon washing off the old developer and pouring on a fresh solution, the plate would acquire sufficient density, and upon fixing would show a negative of surprising pluck and brilliancy. This, however entertaining as an experiment, is extremely hazardous, and I would not recom- mend its trial upon a valued plate. In using this developer, it is important to remember that the iron solution must be poured into the oxalate—not the oxalate into the iron—for in this latter case, the yellowish, muddy precipitate before spoken of is sure to be formed, and your developer wasted. I make it a rule to filter all of my solutions, and when properly made and filtered, the oxalate Development in the Dark Room. 35 of potash should be as clear as the purest spring water, while the iron solution should be of a beautiful transparent pea-green color; and when mixed together, they will immediately change into a rich color, varying from a topaz sherry to a ruby red, according to the proportions of the ingredients used. These two solutions when properly stoppered, will keep indefinitely ; and when mixed in the proportion of one part of iron to six parts of oxalate, will last for months if the air is all excluded. The action of air upon this and all other developers is very injurious, causing oxidation, and how to prevent this oxidation has been the subject of much discussion and many experiments. I have very little faith personally in the success of any attempt to preserve the developer by the addition of chemicals, although it must be admitted that glycerine and alcohol appear to approx- imate in some degree to the desired result; and none of the mechanical contrivances invented for the purpose of getting the developer out of the bottle, without at the same time admitting the air, have proved successful. The simplest deviceI have yet heard of for excluding air from the bottle in which the developer is kept, when one has not sufficient developer to completely fill the bottle, is to drop into it a sufficient number of pebbles, or glass marbles such as all school-boys have, to expel the air. Then when prop- erly corked, the oxidation is reduced to a minimum. This plan, of course, necessitates the use of wide-mouth bottles. This ferrous oxalate developer I consider one of the most use- ful an amateur cdn have. There is no long formula to remember —no weighing out of the ingredients into grains and fractions of grains—it 1s cheap, reliable, easily controlled, and the printing qualities of the resulting negative, if the plate has been properly timed, can not be excelled. The greatest objection I have found to its use is the fact that it stains almost indelibly the hands, and anything in the nature of cloth with which it comes in contact. With this developer, as well as with all others, I have come to the conclusion, late in the day, that the proportions of acid and alkali should be uniform, no matter whether the plate is under- timed, correctly timed, or over-timed. The developer may be weakened by the use of water, if you think it is desirable, but my advice to beginners is to disregard entirely the suggestions c=) they will be sure to meet with, that a little more of No. 1 (acid) will give increased density, and that a little more of No. 2 (or 36 Cincinnati Society of Natural Fiistory. alkali) will bring out the detail. These are the Scylla and Charybdis upon which more hopes have been wrecked than any- thing else in photography. | My first experience with pyro and ammonia was, fortunately for me, decidedly disastrous; I managed to hopelessly fog every plate I attempted to develop, and the fumes of the ammonia affected me so unpleasantly, that I for once and all abandoned this combination. But with pyro and soda, and with pyro and potash, tle case was different. I think there must be not less than a thousand different formule for pyro developer, and I struggled along with one after another, with varying success, but failed to | realize that any of them possessed much advantage over the fer- rous oxalate, for which latter I have to this day a great fondness, and am never withoutit. I had read so much about the advan- tage of pyro over iron, that I was determined to find out all about it; but after floundering around until I was completely bewildered, I at length hit upon a formula used by Mr. F. C. Beach, of the New York Photographic Society, which comes as nearly being per- fect as any pyro developer I have ever used. It is extremely con- centrated, and for this reason valuable when one is on an extended trip, where it is impossible to get the ingredient of which it is prepared. The formula is as follows: Noji. Pyrogallic: eid) ane a eRe ae I OZ. Warm: Water 225 (oo Ans Sitlphite, Soda(Crystals) "95 2 a ae eae Aeros Dilute Sulphurous Acid: 42. = 3 ae Dissoive the sulphite of soda in the warm water, add the dilute sulphurous acid, then the pyro, and finally filter the solution. No. 2: Carbonate of Potash) >. 2.2. 4) ee 2°02 W ater. oe ea A eres. Ca i gaia Dissolve. Sulphite of Sodan). er 2 OZ. Warm Water. 223.4. 0. ee Boos Dissolve, mix the two and filter the solution. For use, take one dram of each to two ounces of water, and add a few drops more of No. 1, from time to time, to secure desired density. This developer keeps well, and I can recommend it aS an excellent one. Whatever may be said of the good qualities of the pyro, it has the one exceedingly bad quality of staining everything with which Development in the Dark Room. By] it comes in contact, even to a greater degree than the iron devel- oper. Hydroquinon, on the contrary, is very free from this dis- agreeable trait, and it was this fact that led me to abandon the former. Hydroquinon is certainly an excellent substitute for pyro ; it is cleanly, and when properly prepared it is equally as vigorous -as the latter, keeps well, and can be used over and over again by the addition of a little fresh developer, without serious loss of power. I have found that when used with caustic potash it works admirably, and the only thing to be guarded against is its tendency in hot weather to frill the plate. This can be obviated to a great extent by using ice in the developer, and this is an excellent prac- tice to follow during the summer months whenever it can be conveniently done. The best formula I have ever used for hydro- quinon is the following : Nomi miyvcroquinon. {200.06 oe ee 2 dis SUNOIOURS, SOT TEN ay engl Aa MN risk a eek US 2 OZ ROMMICeseobasiie 2.2) ey ee ae 2% gr. \ WY BRST eof 25 aie 8 Oe an ER Ee gig ce AOE 14 OZ Mower Caustic FOtash. 9.05.) aos a, 45 gr. WY BIGSIE as SOS AY ea da Corte) aa Rae eet ele eo a tis 4 OZ Use four parts of No. 1 to one-half part of No. 2. And if I were allowed but one developer for the rest of my pho- tographic life, I should choose one containing hydroquinon. At present I am using, or rather I have in stock ready to use, a devel- oper made of eikonogen and soda in the following proportions: INMonmimemevater (distilled)... 5.08 ee ee, 18 Oz. Sullipinite SOda(OstS. i 2. ae ye es ee 3%‘ Wissolve;s Add Pikonogen’. =. 3225..-. 180 gr. Noreen atena(@istiled) 4 VWs a ee 18 OZ. . Canbomatet soda te Take ae. 1y ‘* Carbonate Potash en mg Use three parts of No. 1 to one part of No. 2. So far I have not had an opportunity to thoroughly demonstrate what it will do, and therefore I can not speak of it as fully as I could wish. It seems to be a very fair developer, equally good for bromide paper and for transparencies, as well as for dry plates, but I have not found it would answer for opals, for the reason that it discolors the film. It may be that a remedy for this can be found, but, as stated before, I have not worked with it suffi- ciently long to learn all its possibilities. 38 Cincinnati Society of Natural Firstory. One great cause of failure among amateurs I think comes from a lack of knowledge when to cease development, and that too when exposure is pretty nearly correct. In this matter, as in the matter of exposures, no hard and fast rule can be laid down, by whica success will be assured. Different makes of plates present differ- ent appearances at the same stage of development, so I would recommend that one brand of plates be used as exclusively as possible. I know of no better way of learning when a plate has been sufficiently developed, than to make an exposure on a row of buildings all alike, let them cover the ground glass from one side to the other. After inserting your holder, draw the slide out, say one-quarter of its length, uncap your lens, and give, say, two seconds exposure; recap the lens and draw your slide again, this time half way out, uncap and expose for another two seconds ; repeat this operation again, draw the slide out three-fourths of its length, exposing it as before, and again draw it entirely out, giving the same exposure. The first quarter of the plate will then have eight seconds exposure, the second quarter six seconds exposure, the third quarter four seconds exposure, and the last two seconds exposure. Develop this plate with your normal developer until in the center of the plate you find you have plenty of detail in the shadows, with sufficient density; wash thoroughly, fix and dry; you will now have a plate which in all probability is in one part under-exposed, and in another part about correctly exposed, and in another part over-exposed, and consequently you have an illustration of under-development, correct development, and over- development. Makea print from this, then sit down and study both print and negative. The under-exposed part will present a lack of detail in the shadows and a thin, transparent neg- ative. Over-exposure will be shown by an abundance of detail, but a plate thin with a general foggy appearance. The over-devel- oped portion will show detail all out, but too dense and strong, while the under-developed will show a clear but weak negative, with considerable detail, which would have been improved by longer development. It is oftentimes a difficult matter to tell whether a plate has been over-exposed or under-developed, but as a rule I think amateurs are more apt to err on the side of over-exposure, rather than under- development. Now if you will make three or four exposures at the same time and under the same conditions as this one was made, Development in the Dark Room. 39 cut your plate in quarters, being careful to so mark each part that you can tell its length of exposure and develop each part separ- ately, adding a trifle more of the alkali to the developer for the under-exposed parts, remembering that it is a very easy matter to produce a chemical fog by the injudicious use of the alkali— adding a few drops of the solution of bromide of potassium, or an ounce or two of water, when you develop the over-exposed part, and when you find your negative has plenty of detail but little density, add a trifle more of the acid solution, you will soon learn the possibilities of your developer, and in time become complete master of this branch of photography. Remember, however, that first and foremost is correct exposure, for while it is true that an over-exposed plate may be so doctored as to give a fairly good printing negative, it is impossible to bring out on a plate that which the light has failed to place there; therefore, devote your best endeavors to securing the proper light and giving the proper time to the plate when you uncap your lens. I well remember once upon a photographic tour, when at some distance from this city, and about to :'make my exposure, my lens cap fell from my hand and rolled over a cliff some hundred feet or more into the river beneath my feet. I was fortunate enough when I returned to the hotel where I was stopping, to procure from the medicine chest of the proprietor an empty pill-box, the cover of which fitted the hood of my lens perfectly. After black- ing the inside of it with ink, I started out the next morning a good deal discouraged with the wretched quality of the negatives I had been making, and vowing vengeance upon the manufacturer of the poor plates I had been using. As I stood with my pill-box cap, studying what stop I should use—just before making my first exposure, my eye fell upon the direction written upon the pill-box lid, which had hitherto quite escaped my observation; it read as follows: Zake one every two hours. It flashed across my mind that this injunction was as applicable to my case as it was to the per- son for whom the pills were intended, and that the doctor had unconsciously written wiser than he knew. I had been taking pictures (so called), at the rate of one every fifteen minutes, as long as my plates held out. Now here was an injunction to take one every two hours only—I obeyed the directions implicitly—I waited for my light, chose my position, thought about my subject, and that night before retiring I had the satisfaction of knowing I 40 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. had four or five of the best negatives that I had ever been able to turnout. I think that every amateur photographer, at the begin- ning of his career, ought to write upon the cap of his lens, these magical words : ‘‘ Take one every two hours ;” and if he will act upon them, it will not be long before he will find that develop- ment is only of secondary importance, and that a well-timed plate in a normal developer will pretty nearly develop itself. A very prolonged development is almost sure to produce a chemical fog, and when I can not get a good result from a plate in ten minutes manipulation, I am ready to throw it to one side and acknowledge the failure. Usually a plate will be fully developed in five minutes, and even in less time, unless your developer is extremely weak. Much has been said about the development of an instantaneous exposure, some contending for a strong developer from the first, and others for a weak developer to begin with, and gradually strengthen until it has reached the proportions of the normal. For my part I have made very few satisfactory negatives where the exposure has been less than one-tenth of a second, but what few I have got have been made with a normal developer. If the image is upon the plate, a normal developer ought to bring it out, and if it is not there it can not be coaxed out with a weak developer, or forced out with a strong one. The bane of an amateur photographer’s existence is the constant changing from one developer to another or from one formula to another, before he has mastered any. My advice to beginners is, not to try to find the best developer there is, for you will never succeed. A much better planis to take some good developer (and every manufacturer of plates sends a good formula with each box), and experiment with it upon plates under-exposed, correctly exposed, and over-exposed—that is, if you must experiment—until you learn it thoroughly, and then stick to it. You will succeed better with an inferior developer handled intelligently, than with a much better developer handled in ignorance. | Now in connection with the subject of development, let me say a few words about the intensification of the negative, although it does not properly belong to the subject of dry plate development. It sometimes happens that owing to over-exposure a plate has a flat, dead look, with no contrast between the lights and shadows; the detail is all out, and if it were not for this lack of contrast the nega- tive would be a satisfactory one. This defect may be corrected Development in the Dark Room. Al (i do not say it will be corrected, for intensification is an extremely hazardous operation and should be rarely practiced) by first wash- ing the plate thoroughly so that all traces of hypo are eliminated —be particular about this—and then immerse the plate in a satu- rated solution of bichloride of mercury which has previously been filtered through absorbent cotton or filter paper, so as to pre- vent any particles of undissolved mercury from coming in contact with the film, for if allowed to remain in contact with the gelatine it attacks the film with great energy, producing minute pin-holes in it. Always keep the solution moving as you would the devel- oper, and watch closely for any particles of undissolved mercury, which will sometimes form in the saturated solution even after it has been strained. Should any adhere to the film, remove it at once with the finger, and keep the solution moving so that it will not again have achance to settle in any one spot; in a few moments you will observe the edges of the plate assume a grayish color, which gradually extends to the center, and continues to grow whiter until at length you get a positive effect on the plate. The degree to which intensification should be carried, can only be determined by the condition of the plate, but it rarely should be carried beyond the point where the plate is gray all over—or when you have observed a positive effect all over it—remove it at once from the bichloride solution and wash thoroughly, then immerse it in a weak solution of ammonia (about ten drops to an ounce of water); as soon as the grayish color before spoken of has changed to dark brown, remove it from the ammonia solution and wash thoroughly, and if upon examination by transmitted light there does not appear to be sufficient density, it may be again immersed in the ammonia solution and kept there until it has become black instead of brown; but I have never found any advantage in return- ing the plate the second time to the bichloride solution ; others may have been more fortunate, but my experience is, that having once gone through the ammonia solution, the bichloride solution has no further effect on it. Be very careful to pour the bichloride solution upon the plate gently, for if dashed upon it the solution appears to penetrate the gelatine at the point of impact, and after the final washing is complete you will find the negative much denser at that point than anywhere else, and you will have to resort to local reduction to get an even intensification all over the plate. This is an extremely delicate matter to perform, and hardly worth describing here. 42 Cincinnate Society of Natural Fiistory. To the subject of development there seems to be no limit; not so, however, with the subject of a dark room ; with the former much is to be taken on faith, to be accepted or rejected as the circum- stances afterward seem to warrant; but with the latter it is open as the air, and with a very small modicum of common sense, and at an equally small expense, a dark room may be constructed which will answer every purpose of the amateur. Some of the best negatives I have ever made were developed on the banks of a river with no shelter above my head, nothing but a barrel stave laid across a couple of logs for a table, and an ordinary lantern covered with ruby fabric or yellow post-office paper for my lght —the light which escaped from the top of the lantern extending upward and doing no harm, as there was nothing to reflect it back again upon the plate. Of course, a dark room can be constructed having all the modern conveniences for washing, etc. But the requisites are not many, consisting mainly of non-actinic light, and an unlimited supply of cold, clear water. The term ‘‘ dark room’’ does not necessarily mean a room totally dark by any means; it may be far from dark, only let the light which comes in be of a low actinic character. Of course, no light is absolutely non-actinic, but the actinic rays may be so nearly eliminated as to render the light practically harmless, and yet the room may be so light that objects can be distinctly seen. If one can arrange it so that the light can enter from the outside, it is very much better than to have a lantern in the room where you are at work. This is especially the case if your room is small and the ventilation poor. My own dark room, which is in the cellar, is six feet long and three and a half feet wide, and although I have any number of bottles, boxes, etc., I find it plenty large enough for one person to work in comfortably. From the outside of the house I have a two-inch iron pipe leading to one lower corner of the room, while at the diagonally opposite upper corner a pipe of the same size is connected with the smoke flue of my furnace. ‘This insures me at all times a perfect ventilation. My light is from a gas jet from the outside of my window, but reguiated from within by a key, so I can have any desired amount of light in a moment without going out of my room or opening a window. In so small a room space must be economized, and this can be done, and all the shelf room desired can be had, by having such shelves as are constantly in use above the height of one’s head, and those not constantly in use Development in the Dark Room. 43 hung on hinges which can be raised when needed and lowered against the wall when not in use. Over my sink I have a goose- neck supply pipe, such as you often see in barber shops and lava- tories, but so arranged that when not in use, it may be turned to one side out of the way; to this is attached a rubber tube termin- ating in a spray similar to the familiar shower-bath arrangement. On this rubber tube and just above the spray I have a piece of lead pipe weighing about one-quarter of a pound, which prevents the tube from becoming unmanageable when the water is turned on in full force, and this weight serves the further purpose of acting as a pendulum, for by giving it a slight motion it will continue to swing for a considerable time and distribute the water over the entire sink, instead of in one place, thereby reducing the danger of break- ing the gelatine from the force of the water falling continually in ovensspor, |My, sink is of copper, but. if I should -ever build another dark room I would replace it with a porcelain One asi) find the acids will, in the course of time, eat out the copper and allow the water to leak out upon the floor; this can be prevented in some degree by painting the sink with asphaltum varnish, which the acids do not seem to attack success- fully. A porcelain sink is open to the objection that a plate is much more apt to be broken by coming in contact with it, than it would be against a copper one. Ihave, however, in my sink a wire draining board, such as is sometimes used in the kitchen for drain- ing dishes upon, only mine is about one inch high, and answers admirably for laying plates upon, and does not interfere with the discharge of the water through the waste pipe.. My window is glazed with heavy ground glass, to which is attached one thickness of orange colored paper, and one thickness of ruby fabric; this forms a screen sufficiently non-actinic for practical purposes, and yet by turning on the full head of gas I have suffi- cient light to illuminate the whole room. I have found a double shelf, or rather a shelf with a drawer about one and one-half inches high directly underneath, a very great conven- lence; but instead of the drawer pulling out underneath the shelf, the front is hung on hinges, and can be let down at pleasure to receive the tray containing the plate in process of development, in case it is found desirable to open up the room and let in white light before the plate is ready to put in the hypo. As I have said before, I find wide mouth bottles very handy in a dark room, 44 Cincinnatt Society of Natural Firstory. and those having ground glass stoppers are much the best. A passage-way having two doors about three feet or more apart lead- ing into the dark room is better than one door entering directly in, as the two effectually exclude white light, and permit the entrance or exit of any one without the necessity of turning down the light, one door closing before the other is opened. Should you be obliged to use a lantern in a dark room, let the shelf upon which your trays are placed be so large that you can move the light to each tray conveniently and not the trays to the light. If one can not have ventilating pipes, one or two slatted doors very similar to the outside shutters of houses, will allow considerable fresh air to enter, and practically exclude the light. Every weli- regulated dark room ought to be provided with a sponge, a scrub- brush and a cake of Sapolio. All trays and graduates should be kept clean and free from dust; a rubber funnel and a box of filter- ing paper is also very desirable to have. The window should be double, the outside of ground glass, and should slide up and down and not hang upon hinges. Personally I do not take much stock in ruby glass; ruby fabric and orange-colored paper used in conjunction give a much pleasanter light to work by, and are equally as effective in excluding the actinic rays. Label all your bottles; do not mix your developer until you are ready to use it; filter the old developer and keep it to use on over-timed plates, or to start development with when your exposure is doubtful. I have found it very con- venient sometimes to be able to distinguish my hypo trays from my developing trays without opening up my room to the light, and as I use the unglazed hard rubber trays, this is easily done by cutting a small notch on all four sides of my bypo trays, so that by simply running my finger along the edge I am unmistakably informed which tray I have in my hand. | Sometimes a fine camel’s-hair brush is used with which to dust off plates before putting them in the holders, but as this is stated to cause a slight electrical disturbance, whereby particles of dust are attracted to the plate, it may without detriment be dispensed with, and instead, the plates, after being placed in the holder, may be fanned with the slide before it is returned to the holder; this will remove as effectually any dust that might adhere to the films. Let me caution the younger members not to attempt to dry their plates by artificial heat. A plate that is perfectly dry can stand any Development in the Dark Room. 45 ordinary amount of heat without injury to the gelatine, but a very slight amount of heat will soften the gelatine when itis wet and cause it to run from the glass. Let your plates dry spontaneously. And Igalso advise that no attempt be made to hurry the drying by immersing the plate in alcohol, for the purpose of expelling the water from the film. Like many other things you will find advo- cated in photographic journals, this is a mere make-shift with little real merit init. It is not worth one’s while to risk the spoiling of a day’s outing, or endanger some choice negative, by hurrying it through at the end. Let it take its own time to dry, remembering that,a good negative is, to change the quotation slightly, a thing of beauty.and a joy forever. 46 Cincinnati Society of Natural Flistory. IN MEMORIAM—WM. H. GARRATT. Ir isa matter to be regretted that the Society has had a benefac- tor in the late Hon. W. T. Garratt, of the city of San Francisco, whose memory and good works can only be noticed, without the pleasing accessory of something certain of his life history. It was through the action of Mr. Erastus Gest and Mr. Charles Kilgour that the attention of Mr. Garratt was directed to tne Cin- cinnati Society of Natural History. His interest was thus aroused, and in a most generous way he at once (in 1888) con- tributed his first fine donation to the Society. Nor did he stop at that; he not only promised and collected for the Society, but actively engaged in search and solicitation among his relic- and curio-collecting friends of the Pacific Coast in our behalf. His second effort resulted in the reception of his last shipment—a pleasing surprise, and most valuable acquisition. Mr. Garratt, as we are informed, was a native of Waterbury, Conn.: born in the year 1829, October 4th. He spoke in his cor- respondence of having an abiding affection for Ohio, and the city of Cincinnati, because of early associations, from which, probably, was partly due his ready willingness and desire to add to the value and attractiveness of our museum. From this it would appear that he commenced his westward travel when but a very young man, and this view is strengthened from what we hear, viz.: that he was of that restless band of brave, adventurous men to cross the plains to California in 1849. There he grew up with the country, was enterprising, industrious and successful as a business man, leaving behind him a large fortune, as well as a name highly hon- ored for every good work. It was a favorite idea and wish of his to visit the city he remem- bered with so much affection —and it was the like wish of our Soci- ety to greet him here, show him our good work, and thank him ~ for his kindly, open-handed assistance. That ‘‘ man proposes, but God disposes,” is a truth of fact in this instance. We shall never see our friend here. All that is left to us is to cherish his kindly acts and keep his memory green among us. The Society has testified by its acts a proper appreciation of Mr. In Memoriam— Win. H. Garratt. 47 Garratt’s gifts. His collections are placed distinctively, and will always be known by the ‘name of ‘*Tne Garratt Collection.” A handsomely engrossed certificate of receipt was sent him, and he was made an honorary member of our Society. We have for a dis- tinct idea of the man, a photograph, from which we learn that our friend was as noble appearing as he was good. This picture it is proposed to have enlarged, framed, and placed on our walls to acconpany that of Mr. Bodman, and to become one on the roll of our necrology, to be in sight and honor in future years. Your committee would recommend that this, their report, be spread upon the minutes of this Society, two pages thereof being set apart therefor, 27 memoriam. J. RALSTON SKINNER, James A. HENSHALL, Gro. W. HARPER Cincinnati, March 4, 1890. 48 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. LIST OF DONATIONS RECEIVED SINGH Athiipse. ae 1890. From Wilfred Guild: Rough Stone Implement. Dr. A. J. Howe: Skin of Rattlesnake; Indian Writing on Birch Bark. | John H. Francis: Hornet’s Nest. Wm. T. Garratt: Bituminous Coal from Behring Strait. Jacob Hoffner: Skull of Alligator Snapping Turtle. United States Fish Commission: Recent Crinoid. H. T. Woodman: Four Specimens of Fossil Coral (polished). Dr. N. E. Jones: Skin of Barn Owl. Charles Dury: 1 Copperhead Snake; 5 Grass Snakes; 1 Ring- necked Snake; 1 Ground Lizard ; 3 Blue-tailed Lizards; 2 Sala- manders; 4 Myriapods; (all from Hamilton County, O.); 3 Horned Toads (New Mexico); 1 Gopher Turtle (Florida); 1 Phalanger skin (Australia); 1 Armadillo skin (South America); 1 Porcupine skin (Africa); and the skins of the following Ohio birds: Canvas-back Duck: Old Squaw; Canada Goose; Mer- ganser ; Scoter; Rough-legged Hawk; Ruffed Grouse; Snipe; Golden Plover; Whip-poor-will; Shoveller Duck; and Wild Turkey (Illinois). G. Frederick Wright: Photo. of the ‘‘ Nampa Image.” Miss Clara Campbell: Pair of Antique Roman Ox-horns. Wm. Hubbell Fisher: 2 Opossum skins and skulls. Dr. O. D. Norton: Indian Medicine Charm. _ E. O. Hurd: Gadwall Duck (mounted); Cormorant (mounted); Cormorant Skin (Reelfoot Lake, Tenn.) | BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS. Wm. Doherty, author: Monogram on ‘‘ Assim butterflies.” Hon. J..H. Bates: Jasper’s ‘‘ Birds of North America,’’ com- plete. 7 Dr. KE. G, Betty: ‘‘ Tertiary Vertebrata, 7 vol. ieee Dr. O. D. Norton: ‘‘ Laying Corner Stone Wal? ~Miusi aGgame phlet); Edw. Hitchcock’s ‘‘ Final Report Geology of Massachu- Scits vol a to4 1. List of Donations. 49 Chas. E. Beecher, author: ‘‘ Lingual Dentition of Pyrgula; ” ‘« Abnormal Forms of Fresh-water Shells;’’ ‘‘ Note on Fossil Spider;” ‘‘ Branchiospongide ;”’ ‘‘ Development of Some Silu- rian Brachiopoda.”’ Hon. Ben. Butterworth: ‘‘ Third Annual Report Bureau of Ani- mal Industry;” ‘‘Fur-seal and Other Fisheries of Alaska; ” ‘¢ Report of Natural History Collection from Alaska, 1877- 1881.”’ ‘“Survey of Rocky Mountain Region,” Ethnology, vol. v.; ‘‘Survey of Territories of Wyoming and Idaho,” 1878, pts. tr and 2; ‘‘ Bulletin United States Fish Commission ;”’ vol. i1.; ‘* Report of United States Fish Commission,” vol. vii.; ‘‘ Smith- sonian Report,” 1881; ‘‘Catalogue of Government Publications, 1774-1881; ”’ ‘‘Consular Report, Cattle and Farming, 1887.” Dr Daniel G. Brinton, author: ‘‘ Etruscan and Libyan Names; ”’ ‘« Hssays of an Americanist;”’ ‘*‘ Giordano Bruno,” State Board of Health of Tennessee; Bulletins, February, March, April. Bureau of Ethnology: Fifth and Sixth ‘‘ Annual Reports;’’ Hibmeot lroquoian Languages,” J. .C..Pillng; ‘* Bibl. of Muskhogean Languages,” J. C. Pilling; ‘‘ Textile Fabrics of Peru,’ Wm. H. Holmes; ‘‘Circular, Square. and Octagonal Earth Works of Ohio,” Cyrus Thomas; ‘‘The Problem of the Ohio Mounds,”’ Cyrus Thomas. E. D. Cope, author: ‘‘ Horned Dinosaurs of the Laramie.” United States War Department: ‘‘ Monthly Weather Review,” cur- rent numbers. Jos. F. James, author: ‘‘ Section of the Maquoketa Shales in Iowa,” 1889. Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History: ‘‘ Report on the Animals of the Waters of the Mississyppi Bottoms,’”” H. Garman. United States Fish Commission: Bulletin, vol. vu., 1887. Bureau of Agriculture: ‘‘ Report of Trip to Australia.’’ Dr. Zucchinetti, Cairo, Egypt, author: ‘‘ Souvenirs de mon Se jour chez Emin Pacha el Soudani.”’ J. S. Newberry, author: ‘‘ Rock-salt Deposits of Salina Group ime viestenmuNew. Vork::- “Memorial of Presidént F. A. P. Barnard.” Smithsonian Institution: ‘‘ Annual Reports,” 1886, 1887. 50 Cincinnati Society of Natural Fitstory. P. R. Uhler, author: ‘‘ New Genera and Species of American Homoptera;”’ ‘‘ Additions to Obs. on Cret. and Eocene Form- ations of Maryland;” ‘‘ Observations on North American Cap- sidze.”’ Thos. Davidson, author: ‘‘ Giordano Bruno’s Thought.” Bureau of Education: ‘‘ Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue;7”’ ? ‘‘ Honorary Degrees as Conferred in American Colleges; ’ ‘‘ History of Federal and State Aid to Higher Education in the United States.” New York Board of Department of Parks: ‘‘ Report Central Park Menagerie, 1890.” Department of Interior: ‘‘ Official Catalogue United States Exhibit at Paris Exposition,’’ 18809. Dr. L. Dorapsky, author: ‘‘ Los Aguas Minerales de Chile.” ae ees Te) OU EIN Ae OF THE Vol. XU. CINCINNATI, JULY, 1890. No. 2. PROCEEDINGS. ie ANNUAL MEETING, Afri 1, 1890. President Fisher in the chair. There were fifty members present. The minutes of the January and March meetings were read and _ | approved. The following were nominated for active membership: George Docker, Everett W. Hobart, Wm. B. Melish, Anton Schroeter, Charles G. Comegys and Rev. J. W. Simpson. Prof. Joseph Moore, of Richmond, Ind., was nominated for corresponding membership. The following were elected to active membership: Miss Mary Tatum, W. C. Jirdinston and Dr. P. M. Bigney. The minutes of the Executive Board for December, January and February were read. The President then delivered the annual address. The Secretary read his annual report, from which it appears that during the past year twelve regular meetings and one reception had been held. The average attendance had been twenty-five. Forty-two active members, one life member, one honorary member and one corresponding member had been elected. Two active members had resigned, and one active member, two life members and one honorary member had died during the year. Forty-two papers were read by title, by abstract, or in full, at the different meetings, and numerous communications had been submitted. The Ninth Annual Course of Free Popular Scientific Lectures was given at the College of Music Lyceum, with an average attendance of three hundred persons. ‘The lecturers of the Course were as follows: 52 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Prof. Jno. M. Coulter, (Wabash College)——‘“‘ The Physical Basis Of Witend Pres. J. P. D. John, (DePauw University) — ‘‘Our Celestial Visitors.”’ Mr. Charles Dury, (Cincinnati, O.)——‘‘ Famous Birds of Poetry and Song.” Prof. Edward Orton, (Ohio State University)— ‘‘ The Stored Power of the World.”’ Prof. Edw. T. Nelson, (Ohio Wesleyan University )—‘ Left- handed People.” Prof. O. P. Jenkins, (DePauw University) ——‘‘The Variant Forms of Fishes.”’ : Pres. D. S. Jordan, (Indiana University)——‘‘ The Yellowstone Parke Dr. Leonard Freeman, (Ohio Medical College)—-‘‘ Our Micro- ’ scopic Enemies.”’ Prof. S. A. Forbes, (State Entomologist, Illinois)—-‘‘ Entomo- logical Illustrations of Evolution.”’ Prof. G. Frederick Wright, (Oberlin College)—‘‘ The Age of Ice in North America.” The Report of the Treasurer, S.. KE. Wright; was ready sie Secretary, from which it appeared that there had been received during the year from various sources the sum of $4,781.53. There had been expended $3,617.85, and $1,150 had been turned over to the Trustees to invest, showing that the finances of the Society were in a healthy condition. The Report of the Trustees was read by Mr. Aaron A. Ferris, showing that the securities, notes and bonds in their possession amounted to $42,540. The Report of the Custodian was read and referred to the Pub- lishing Committee. | The Report of Mr. E. O. Ulrich, Curator of Geology, was then read and ordered filed. The Curator of Entomology, Mr. Charles Dury, and the Curator of Zoology, Dr. A. J. Howe, reported verbally concerning the condition of their departments, which agreed with and confirmed the report of the Custodian. Mr. George Bullock, Curator of Photography, reported verbally that the Photographic Section was in a very prosperous condition ; was fast increasing in membership, with a growing interest in its Froceedings. 53 work, and with a large attendance at its meetings. More conven- ient and commodious quarters were needed. Mr. J. Ralston Skinner and Mr. Thos. H. Kellogg made state- ments as to the plans and progress of raising funds for the erection of an addition to the Society’s building. The action of the Executive Board in the matter of the new building was, by vote of the Society, indorsed and concurred in. Several amendments to the By-Laws were submitted for the action of the Society at its next meeting. The Annual Election of Officers then took place, with the fol- lowing result: President—Col. J. W. Abert. First Vice-President—George Bullock. Second Vice-President-——Prof. Geo. W. Harper. Secretary—Dr. James A. Henshall. Treasurer—Davis L. James. Trustee——Aaron A. Ferris. Members-at- Large of Executive Board—J. Ralston Skinner, A. Denniston Smith, E. J. Carpenter and Thos. H. Kelley. Librarian—Wm. H. Knight. Curator of Geology—-E. O. Ulrich. Curator of Botany——Charles J. Herrick. Curator of Zoology——Charles Dury. Curator of Photography—T. B. Collier. Curator of Microscopy——George B. Twichell. Curator of Physics—-Dr. A. J. Howe. Curator of Chemistry-—-Dr. W. 5S. Christopher. Adjourned. REGULAR MEETING, May 6, 1890. President Abert in the chair. There were twenty-two. members present. The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. The following persons were elected to active membership : Everett W. Hobart, Wm. B. Melish, George Docker, Chas. G. Comegys, Anton Schroeter and Rev. J. W. Simpson. Prof. Joseph Moore was elected a corresponding member. The following were proposed for active membership: Col. L. C. Weir, Judge S. N. Maxwell and G. O. Rinman. The minutes of the Executive Board for March were read. 54 Cincinnatt Society of Natural History. The Committees appointed to examine the reports and accounts of the Treasurer and Trustees reported that the same were found correct. Several amendments to the By-Laws, in regard to the duties of the Secretary and Treasurer, and changing the title of ‘‘ Custo- dian” to ‘‘ Director of the Museum,” were adopted. Dr. Henshall rend by title two papers, entitled: ‘‘A Cave in the Clinton Formation of Ohio,” by Prof. Jos. F. James; and ‘¢ Description of Some New Genera and Species of Echinoder- mata, from the Coal Measures and Subcarboniferous Rocks of Indiana, Missouri and Iowa,” by S. A. Miller and Wm. F. E. Gurley. Adjourned. REGULAR MEETING, June 3, 1890. President Abert in the chair. The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. Under a suspension of the rules all of the following were elected to membership : Active members—Percy Wells, Prof. Alois Schmidt, Chas. J. Iredell, Frank L. Mills, L. H. Meakin, Wm. A. Haven, Joseph Green, Carl Lukenheimer, Paul Gillespie, Julian Wright, Dr. H. T. Smith, Isaac M. Jordan, Jr., Chas. J. Jennings, Chas. Fleish- man, Jos. C. Wright, J. W. Dennison, Edw. Cook, E. F. Rychen, C. Stowe Reno, W. M. Smith, L. C. Weir, S. N. Maxwell and G. O. Rinman. . Life members—— Hannaford and Ralph T. Kellogg. The resignations of Miss Susan Griffith, Miss Emily Hopkins and Omer T. Joslin were accepted. . Mr. Chas. Dury read a paper ‘‘ On the Occurrence of the Little Black Rail (Porzana jamaicensis) in Ohio,”’ and showed a specimen shot near Cincinnati. The Secretary was authorized to investigate some reputed exhu- mations of Indian skeletons and relics at Lawrenceburg, Indiana. Mr. J. Ralston Skinner gave a very interesting lecture on the ‘‘Construction of the Alphabet,” illustrated by diagrams and lan- tern slides. Adjourned. List of Donations. 55 EIST OF DONATIONS RECEIVED SINCE APRIL 1, 1890. Miss Jennie Hill: Specimens of Petrified Wood and Iron Ore, Texas; 1 Centipede, Harrison County, Texas. Henry Oskamp: 2 Large Specimens Petrified Wood, Wyoming Territory. Dr. A. E. Heighway: Staurolites, Fannin County, Ga.; Amethyst Crystals, Macon County, N. C. U.S. Fish Commission: Collection of Florida Fishes, comprising 60 Species, being part of Dr. Henshall’s Collection, 1889-90. Smithsonian Institution: Collection of Marine Invertebrates, com- prising 93 Species. Anton Schroeter: Fossil Fern, Ashland, Ky. Alfred Nippert: 5 Volumes Lepidoptera, being the impressions of each side of the wings, whereby the scales and the natural col- oration are permanently impressed and preserved upon the pages, comprising several hundred species correctly named. BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS. National Acad. Sciences: Vol. IV., Memoir tro. Fishery Association, Wurtzburg, Germany: Report for 1890. U. S. Department of Agriculture: Bibliography American Eco- nomic Entomology. Zoological Society, Philadelphia : 18th Annual Report, 1890. U. Hoepli, Milan, Italy: Catalogue, No. 64, Conchology, 1890. Felix C. Dames, Berlin: Catalogue, No. 10, Bibl. Entomologica, 18go. Alex Stuer, Paris: Price-list, Museum Supplies, 1890. Ohio State University: Catalogue, 1889-90. Gen. J. D. Cox: A Memorial of Joseph Henry, 1880. Gustave F. Dollfus, author : Ccoelenteres; Bryozonaires; Crustaces Inferieurs. | Hon. Ben. Butterworth: Fisheries Industries of United States, pee sisand TV -- Sec. V., Vols. 1. and Il. and Plates. Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Vereins, Mexico: Mittheilungen, Bands l;, Heft 1. E. Dufossee, Paris: Catalogue, Series VI., Nos. 7-12. Societe Royale de Geographie d’Anvers: Le Colorado, 1890. 56 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. CUSTODIAN’S7REPORG: CINCINNATI, April 1, 1890. To the Cincinnats Society of Natural History : Since my appointment as Custodian, a few weeks ago, in place of Mr. H. P. Smith, resigned, I have carefully looked through the collections in the Museum, and find them in the various conditions of good, bad and indifferent. I found that, owing to the badly- fitting doors in a number of the exhibition cases, and to a lack of proper care, that their contents were more or less injured by dust, smoke and soot; and especially was this the case in regard to the collection of bird-skins, which were exposed in badly fitting draw- ers without protective covering, and as a consequence the skins — were badly stained and discolored, in most instances beyond the reach of restoration. The museum pests, as moths, dermestes, etc., had also been getting in their nefarious and destructive work, and had done some damage. I have had all of the bird and mammal skins taken out and carefully looked over, the drawers thoroughly cleaned, and the skins replaced and covered with canton-flannel, and the draw- ers and cabinets thoroughly fumigated and disinfected with cam- phor, naphthaline and carbolic acid. They are now entirely protected from smoke, dust and soot. . I also found the insects in anything but a good condition. The Curator of Entomology, Mr. Dury, kindly went over the ‘‘ Hunt- ington Collection” of insects with me. We found evidences of the work of the dermestes in nearly every box. Many rare specimens had been also damaged through careless handling, by having the antenne and legs broken off. We removed and destroyed those that seemed to be infected with pests, and those that had been utterly ruined. I have thoroughly disinfected the cases, and have put them away where they can not be handled, and hope that no more destruction may ensue. As soon as possi- ble I intend to remove all the insects to the small hall-room on the second floor, and fit a tight door to the room, so that it can be, in amanner, hermetically sealed, thoroughly and effectively fumigated es 8 Custodian’s Report. 57 and disinfected, and in this manner preserve this important collec- tion from the ravages of museum pests. I have also had strips of listing placed wherever pdssible in the doors of the large exhibition cases, to exclude dust and soot. All of these cases have likewise been thoroughly fumigated with cam- phor, naphthaline and crude carbolic acid. I have begun the work of relabeling the specimens in a manner so that they can be read and understood by visitors, with the least possible fatigue to the eyes. Many of the specimens were wrongly labeled in regard to scientific names, which I have corrected so far as | have gone. As an example of this work, I would ask your attention to the large case of mammals on the second floor, next to the front of the building. I find that there has been but little or no attempt at a proper classification of the zoological specimens in the cases, owing doubt- less to a lack of room; this feature, however, can receive the attention it deserves when the contemplated new addition to our building is erected, and for this reason I shall not attempt to make any radical change for the present in the arrangement of the speci- mens, though a few necessary changes can, and will be, made at once. My principal care for the present will be given to the pres- ervation ofthe specimens, and to their thorough and constant dis- infection, and to their proper and correct labeling. I am under obligations to Mr. E. O. Ulrich, Curator of Geology, who has kindly verified and corrected the labels of the fossils of the Cincinnati Group. There have been many valuable and desirable additions to the Museum during the past year, among which may be mentioned the ‘* Garratt Collection’ of Ethnology and Mineralogy ; a num- ber of mounted mammals and birds and alcoholic specimens of reptiles and batrachians from Mr. Charles Dury; a pair of mounted antique Roman horns from Miss Clara Campbell, etc. The following members have also donated various specimens to the Museum during the past year: Wm. Hubbell Fisher, E. O. Hurd, oer Clarke, Dr. J. A; Henshall; Herbert Jenney, Dr.-O. D. Norton, Dr. A. B. Heighway, E. B. Johnson, Dr. R. S. Michel, ies |) lowe, and Dr.-N. E Jones: From others, not members of the Society, as follows: C. P. Yeatman, Dr. C. H. Ware, Mrs. Henshall, Arthur Whitney, O. P. Hamar, Dr. C. G. Curtis, W. H. Wyman, Willie Jones, Direct- 58 Cincinnati Soctety of Natural Fitstory. ors of Zoological Garden, U. S. National Museum, Miss Julia Akerly, Walter Crane, C. G. Lloyd, Big Four Railroad, Dr. A. B. Carnahan, H. A. Smith, Wilfred Guild, Mr. Francis, Jacob Hoff- ner, U. S. Fish Commission, H. T. Woodman, Prof. G. F. Wright and P. D. Breed. In response to my personal application, the United States Fish Commission is now making up a large and fine collection of marine invertebrates, to be forwarded as soon as we have room for them. This fine donation will be furnished entirely free of all expense to the Society. I have also added a number of species and many examples to the collection of Ohio fishes and reptiles and batrachians, so that we now have nearly all the fishes, and a good beginning for the collection of Ohio reptiles and amphibians. | I am daily expecting a series of Florida fishes, being part of the collection I obtained last winter for the United States Fish Com- mission,a gift from that institution. I shail at once begin to make a permanent catalogue, museum registers and accession lists of all the specimens in the collections, with card catalogues to correspond as indices to the same. During the year there have been two new book-cases added to the library, so that there is now ample room for our extensive col- lection of books. A new arrangement and proper classification of the books is much needed, and should be done when the new library room is completed. You are referred to the last number of the JouRNAL for a list of the books added during the year; as an addendum to that list, however, I will mention donations from the following persons: Dr. O. D. Norton, Wm. Doherty, E. D. Cope, Dr. E. G. Betty, Chas. E. Beecher, Hon. Ben Buttenwornyauis: War Department, Dr. A. G. Brinton, State Board of Health of Ten- nessee, Bureau of Ethnology, S. A. Forbes, United States Fish Commission, Bureau of Agriculture, Dr. Zucchinetti, J. S. New- berry, the Smithsonian Institution. Respectfully submitted, J. A. HENSHALL, Custodian. Report of Curator of Geology. ‘59 REPORT OF CURATOR OF GEOLOGY. CINCINNATI, April 1, 18g0. Lo the Cincinnats Soctety of Natural History : The Curator of the Geological Department has to report : That the Society’s collections in this branch, or branches of sci- ence have not been materially added to during the past year. Indeed, no effort was made to secure new material, since the space and cases allotted to the department are insufficient for the proper display of the collections already owned by the Society. It is hoped and recommended that when the contemplated addition to the building has been completed, that more room and cases may be placed at the disposal of this important department. The Curator is now engaged at reclassifying and relabeling the fossils. This is no small task, since great confusion exists among the specimens, making it necessary that each and every one should be subjected to careful examination. When this work is finished the Society will have lost a few species, but these will be more than balanced by a number not heretofore recognized. It should also be mentioned that a geological section has been organized, holding informal sessions at the Society’s rooms every Saturday afternoon. Respectfully submitted, EK. ©O© WeERicH,» Curator. 60 Cincinnati Society of Natural Fiistory. CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE CINCINNATI SOCIEDY OB NATURAL Fisi@ ike: (As revised and adopted March 4, 1890.)* ARTICLE T, This Society shall be called the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. AM MKCbion IEE Its objects shall be: To investigate Natural History; to carry on observations which tend to increase the sum of Scientific Knowl- edge; to establish a Public Museum and a Scientific Library; and to promote the diffusion of Science. ARTICLE LEE, It shall consist of the following classes of members: First, Patrons; second, Fellows; third, Life members; fourth, Active members; fifth, Honorary members; sixth, Corresponding mem- bers. : ARTICLE IV. Section 1. Any person shall be eligible as an active member of the Society. All classes of members shall be elected by ballot, after having been nominated at a preceding meeting. The affirma- tive votes of three-fourths of the members present shall be neces- sary to a choice. SECTION 2. ‘The contribution of $1,000 or more to the funds of *At the meeting of the Society on June 4, 1889, a committee of five was ordered to be appointed by the President to revise the Constitution and By-Laws of the Society. The said Committee was subsequently appointed by the President, and after several meetings its report was submitted and the revised Constitution and By-Laws read for the first time at the regular meeting of the Society on January 7, 1890. At the meeting on February 4, 1890, the revised Constitution and By-Laws were again read, amended and adopted sertatim. At the meeting on March 4, 1890, the said revised Constitution and By-Laws were again read, amended and adopted sevzatzm, and as a whole, as the Constitution and By-Laws of the Society. The Committee was com- posed of Dr. J. A. Henshall, Davis L. James, Geo, W. Harper, J. Ralston Skinner, and Aaron A, Ferris. x bac Constitution and By-Laws. 61 the Society, at any one time, shall entitle the person giving the same to be a Patron of the Society, who shall have the right in perpetuity to appoint the successor in such patronship. The contribution of $500, at one time, shall entitle the person giving the same to bea Fellow of the Society, who shall have the right to appoint one successor in such fellowship. No appointment of a successor shall be valid unless the same shall be in writing, endorsed on the certificate, or by last will and testament. And the appointment of such successor, in either case, shall be subject to the approval of the Society, as in the election of members. SECTION 3. Any person contributing fifty dollars at one time to the funds of the Society, shall be entitled to become a Life mem- ber, free from assessment. SECTION 4. Any Active member who has not been in arrears for the term of twenty years, becomes a Life member without fur- ther payment. Any Active member who has not been in arrears for a term of ten years, may become a Life member on the pay- ment of twenty-five dollars, and be exempt from further assess- ment. ARTICLE V. All members, except Honorary and Corresponding members, shall be entitled to vote and hold office. ARTICLE VI. SECTION 1. ‘The officers of the Society shall be, a President, two Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, a Treasurer, a Librarian, Cura- tors, and four members elected at large for the Executive Board. They shall be elected annually, at the meeting in April, and shall hold office for the term of one year, or until their successors are duly elected. Two Trustees shall also be elected, as provided for in Section 3 of this Article. All officers shall be chosen by ballot, and a majority of the votes cast shall be necessary to a choice. SECTION 2. The President, two Vice-Presidents, Secretary and Treasurer, and the four members elected at large for the Executive Board, shall together constitute a Board for the management of the concerns of the Society not otherwise provided for in this Con- stitution, and be called the Executive Board. Five members of this Board shall be a quorum, for the transaction of business. SECTION 3. The terms of office of the two Trustees shall over- 62 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. lap, so that but one Trustee shall be elected at each annual meet- ing, and shall hold his office for two years. The Trustees shall be intrusted with, and have charge of, all funded property of the Society, with power to sell and re-invest according to their judgment. Bonds shall be required of these . Trustees in such sums, and with such sureties, as may be satisfactory to the Executive Board. The net income from said funded property shall be paid over by said Trustees to the Treasurer of the Society, on the written order of said Treasurer, approved by the President of the Society. SECTION 4. Incase of avacancy by resignation, removal or death, in any of the offices provided for by Section 1 of this Article, the office or offices so vacated shall be filled by the Society at a regular meeting, notice having first been given of such vacancy. ARTICLE VII. By-laws for the more particular regulation of the Society may be adopted, or amended, at any regular meeting by a vote of two- thirds of the members present, notice having been duly given at least one month previous to action on such by-law or amendment. ARTICLE VIII. This Constitution may be altered or amended in any of the pre- ceding articles by a vote to that effect of three-fourths of the mem- bers present at any two consecutive meetings of the Society, the members having first been duly notified by the Secretary of any proposed alteration, but the two articles which immediately follow shall be unalterable. ARATCEE, TEXe. The consent of every member shall be necessary to a dissolution of the Society. In case of a dissolution the property of the Soci- ety shall not be distributed among the members of the Society, but donors may claim and receive such donations as they may have made to the Museum, and the remainder shall be given to some public institution, on such conditions as may then be agreed on, and the faithful performance of such conditions shall be secured by bonds, with sufficient penalties for the non-fulfillment thereof. ARTICLE X. This Society shall not be merged into, or combined or associated with, any other society, institution or association whatever, but Constitution and By-Laws. 63 shall forever remain free, independent and untrammeled, unless by the consent, in writing, of three-fourths of the members, in good standing, of this Society. BY-LAWS. ARTICLE I.—MEMBERS. SECTION 1. Candidates for active membership shall sign a printed application for the same, which application shall be approved by the signatures of three active members. Applications shall be presented at a regular meeting of the Society, and shall be balloted for at the next, or some subsequent regular meeting. An initiation fee of five dollars shall accom- pany the application, to be returned to the applicant in case of non-election. SECTION 2. Honorary members may be selected from persons eminent for their attainments in science, on whom the Society may wish to confer a compliment of respect. Corresponding members shall consist of persons residing at a distance from the city, who may be interested in the study of Natural History, or desirous of promoting the interests of the Society; neither shall be required to pay an initiation fee or make anycontribution. The nomination of persons for Honorary or Corresponding members shall be made by the Executive Board to the Society. SECTION 3. Noperson whose application for membership has been rejected, shall be again proposed within one year of the date of said rejection. SECTION 4. Any member may withdraw from the Society by pre- senting his written resignation, and paying all arrearages due from him. Members who shall be in arrears for the dues of one year shall zo¢ be entitled to vote, hold office or to receive any of the publications of the Society until such arrearages are fully paid; and if not paid within one year thereafter, membership shall be forfeited. SECTION 5. Members may be expelled from the Society by a vote of three-fourths of the members present at a regular meeting, writ- ten charges having been preferred, a copy of which shall be fur- nished the accused at least one month previous to such vote, and the accused shall have opportunity to be heard thereon. 64 Cincinnats Society of Natural History. “ ARTICLE IJ.—ASSESSMENTS. SECTION 1. Active members shall be subject to an annual assess- ment of five dollars, payable on the first Tuesday in April of each year, but no assessment shall be required of any member for the current year in which he is elected. SECTION 2. The President and Treasurer together shall be empowered to exempt (sub szlentio) a member from assessment, when, from peculiar circumstances, they may deem it for the interest of the Society so to do. ARTICLE IIJ.—OFFICERS AND THEIR DUTIEs. Section 1. The President shall preside at the meetings of the Society, and of the Executive Board, and perform such other duties as usually pertain to the office. SECTION 2. The Vice-Presidents shall perform the duties of the President in his absence, in the order of seniority in office. SECTION 3. The Secretary shall record and preserve correct minutes of the proceedings of the Society and the Executive Board, in books to be kept for that purpose; shall have the charge of all records belonging to the Society; shall notify members of their election, and committees of their appointment; shall call special meetings when directed by the President; and shall notify all active members of all meetings, and officers of all matters which shall occur at any meeting requiring their action. He shall also conduct the correspondence of the Society, and shall keep a rec- ord thereof, shall keep the common seal, acknowledge all donations, and receive and read to the Society all communications addressed to it. He shall collect all fees and assessments and immediately pay the same over to the Treasurer, with a specific and detailed statement of the sources from whence derived. He shall notify members who are in arrears, of their indebtedness to the Society, and report all delinquencies to the Executive Board when required. Bond, with securities, may be required of the Secretary for the faithful discharge of this duty, in such sum as may be deemed sat- isfactory by the Executive Board. SEcTION 4. The Treasurer shall have charge of all money or other property of the Society, excepting the Museum and its con- tents, and excepting also such property as may be placed by the Society or the Executive Board in the hands of the Trustees; he shall also have charge of the net income of the funded property of oa Constitution and By-Laws. 65 the Society, to be paid over to him by the Trustees as hereinbefore provided; he shall pay all accounts against the Society, when the same shall be approved by a vote of the Executive Board; shall keep a correct account of all receipts and expenditures, in books belonging to the Society, and shall at each annual meeting, and at other times when required by the Executive Board, make a detailed report of the same. Bond with sureties may be required of the Treasurer for the faithful discharge of his office, by the Executive Board, in such sum as may be deemed satisfactory by said Board. Section 5. The Librarian shall have charge of the books belonging to the Society, or deposited for its use, and of the pub- lications of the Society ; he shall observe and enforce such regula- tions as the Executive Board shall from time to time make for the use of the books. He shall have charge of the distribution, sale and exchange of the publications of the Society, under the direc- tion of the Executive Board. SECTION 6. Curators shall be ex-officio Chairmen of the Sections, in their respective branches of Science. There may be one Curator for each of the following-named branches: Geology; Botany ; Zoology; Anthropology; Photography; Microscopy; Physics; Chemistry. The Curators of Geology and Zoology shall have the power to appoint sub-curators in their respective departments. SEcTION 7. The Executive Board shall have full power to act for the interests of the Society in any way not inconsistent with the Constitution and By-Laws. It shall control all expenditures of money, make rules for the use of the Library and Museum, and determine the duties of Curators. It shall have power to employ a Director of the Museum and his assistants, and prescribe their duties, provided they shall not be employed for any term which shall interfere with their discharge at any time by the Board. It shall elect annually a committee of five members of the Society, to be called the Publishing Committee, and shall elect annually a committee of three active members of the Society to be called the Lecture Committee. It shall annually report to the Society the condition of the Museum and Library. ARTICLE IV.—LIBRARY. SECTION 1. All members of the Society shall have access to, or take such books from the Library as shall be set apart for circula- tion. The Executive Board may, by special vote, extend the use 66 Cincinnatt Society of Natural Fistory. of such books to others than members, specifying the conditions under which they may be taken. SECTION 2. The rules and regulations of the Executive Board, for the use of the Library, shall be printed and exposed in the Library Rooms, and a digest of them affixed to the volumes them- selves. ARTICLE V.—MUSEUM. SECTION 1. All members, and the public generally, shall have access to the Museum, at such times as the Executive Board shall determine. SECTION 2. No specimen shall be removed from the Museum, except by order of the Society, or for the purpose of illustrating the proceedings, and in either case the Director of the Museum shall take a receipt for the same. ARTICLE VI.—COMMITTEES. SECTION 1. The Committee on Publication shall, from time to time, cause to be published, and superintend the publication of, such papers read to the Society, and such portions of the record of the proceedings, as may seem to them calculated to promote the interests of Science, so far as the funds appropriated by the Execu- tive Board shall permit. But all papers, before being printed, shall first be read before the Society, either in full, by abstract, or by title. SECTION 2. The Committee on Lectures shall make arrange- ments for series or courses of Lectures. SECTION 3. The President shall, at every annual meeting, appoint a committee of three, whose duty it shall be to audit the accounts of the receipts and expenditures of the Society. ARTICLE Ville —— SECTIONS: SEcTION 1. For the purpose of facilitating and encouraging special investigation in the several branches of Natural Science, the members may organize Sections under the chairmanship of the Curator of the special branch for which the Section is organized, upon the following conditions : First. Such Sections must be composed only of members of the Society. Second. They must comply with all the provisions of the Constitution of the Society. ™~ Constitution and By-Laws. 67 Third. They may organize under a constitution and by-laws of their own, and elect their officers, except the chairman, who is elected by the Society. Fourth. Being an educational institution, the Society prohibits any section from engaging in anything for money profit. ARTICLE VIII.—MEETINGS. SECTION 1. The regular meetings of the Society shall be held on the first Tuesday of each month, unless the same occurs on a legal holiday or on the day of the State election, when the meeting shall be held on the following Tuesday. The April meeting shall be known as the Annual Meeting, at which the President shall deliver an address, the officers shall read their reports, and the officers of the Society shall be elected. SECTION 2. Nine members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. SECTION 3. ‘The order of proceeding at meetings, unless other- wise ordered by a vote of two-thirds of the members present, shall be as follows: 1. Reading of Minutes of preceding meeting. 2. Candidates for membership to be proposed. 3. Election of members. 4. Reading the Minutes of the Executive Board. 5. Unfinished business. 6. Miscellaneous business. 7. Scientific written and verbal communications. 8. Donations. g. Adjournment. SECTION 4. Receptions for the members and invited guests may be given under the auspices of the Society. 68 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE CINCINNATI SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. ACTIVE MEMBERS. Abert, Col. Jas. W., Aldrich, a eH: Aullens Chas eisai: Anderson, E. L., Anderson, Dr. Jos. L., Anderson, Larz, Jr., Anderson, Theo. P., Jr., Anderson, Wm. P., Andrew, Charles, Archer, William, Armstrong, M. Louise, Autenheimer, F. A., BoyiKes, 1Oyes Ss Co, Barclay, James, Barney, Howard, Bartlett, «Crab. Barton, Emery H., Battelle € Dy Beebe. Dir wbe ke Belles olin Beery, Bett yar Ge Blymyer, D. W., Boone, Wim. EL, Bowen, Geo. W.., Broadwell, S. J., Brooks, 'S:, Brown, Anna M., Brown, Harry W., Bruehl, Dr. Gustav, Buntiny see, Burke, Made: Burnet, jacob S., Burnet, Margaret, Burnet, Wm. S., Caldwell, ir sais Cameron, Dr, Osi Carey, Howard, Carpenter, Wm. B., Carson, Dr. Wm., ; Cassat, Dr. M., Christopher,“Dr- Wess Gilley. sDra eae Clark, Jerome B., Collins, Jas. A., Colter, Dr: Weeroyense Comegys, Chas. G., Conner, Dr Beos Cook, Edw., Cooper, Or GaN Cooper, E. M., Culbertson, Dra? Danielss |.abBs Dawais.Glas) anes Davis, Dr. Johny Dawson, Dr. W. W., Denison, |p Wee Devereux, Louise, Dickson, Russell T., Docker, George, Eichberg, Dr. Jos., Bis Drs ASN Ellison, Richard, Emerson, W. C;, ae Estep, VT. B., Estil, Rev., Haber: Chas. L., Eaeqm, El. S., Fechheimer, L. S., Hennclls Chas. "L. P., Ferris, Aaron A.. Fiedeldey, W. C., Field, Elsie C., Field, Fannie, Piiimore, Nettie, Fisher, Mary 1 Fisher, Wm. H., Hithian, H..C.; Fitzhugh, Thornton, Fletcher, Clara, Mieteher, Or, M. H., Boga, A L:, Besdiek Phil. C.; Frank, Amanda, Frank, Laura J., Froome, John R., Fulton, Robt. S., Furness, H. B., Gaither, Alfred, Galway, W. E., Gamble, D. B., Gamble, Wm. A., Geoghegan, Mollie, Gibert, Herman, Gillespie, Paul, Gleick, Tienry A., Goepper, Chas. W., Goshorn, A. T., Green, Joseph, Green|. L.; Greve, or. Rea, Ay, Gunckel, E. W., Ela ye Wie [re ilandy.aGeo. Py List of Members. Harper, Mrs. Geo. W., lalgnamis, Jie jal. Harrison, Chas. L., Elavienss Wie nee Heighway, Dr. A. E., lenshalls Dre | 2; Herrick, Chas. J., lt’enrick,, CyAlee. JSlielos INL ey Hinman, Russell, Hobart, (E27 Wa, Eocltre: Dir Ay. Holden, Wm., Holloway, J. Kyle, Hollingshead, Lily, Horsley, Louisa, tOSeapey . alVitos Howard, Lottie B., lowe, Dis. Es Hunter, Dr. Frank A., Huntington, D. W., Hurtig, Julius B., lhiff, Eugenia, Iredell, Chas. J., James; Jos.“ i Jenney Elerbent, Jenney, Mrs. Herbert, Jennings, Chas. J., Jennings, Silas T., Jirdinston, W. C., Johnson, E. B., jioness- Drs nog Jones, Walter St. J., Jordan, asain: ayn Jnow Mr, Keckelers Diy Aa vie ReckelersoMirsi auf, Wem per lr ven Crxs Knit, Wainer. Knox, Janet, 69 70 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Krumme, Jno. A., iaist, Otto; Langdon, Dr.F. W-, Langenbeck, Karl, Laws, Annie, Laws, Elizabeth S., each Geoe das Leaman, Kate P., Low, Chas. F., Lunkenheimer, Carl, McCord, W. A., McLaughlin, Geo., McMasters, Wm., McMiller, Geo. B., McMiller, Wm., Mackenzie, Dr. J. C., Magurk, Mary E., MeareGiin sc er Maxwell, S. N., Meakins Wu) db. Melish, Wm. B., Merrell, Amelia, Michel, Dr. Ralph S., Mills, Frank L., Monfort, Jos. R., Monteith, John, Moorehead, W. K., Morgana ee Murdoch, Ida, Netter, Mrs. Jennie, Newbure, Dr J.-s., Newlin, Robt., Newton, J. M., Norton, Dr. O: D., O’Neall, J. Kelly, Osborn, Dr. Mary E., Owens, Dr. Wm., Owens, Dr. Wm., Jr., Parke; Chas. Patrick, Ellen M., Pentdidier sve Petry allired, Phipps, Chas. A., Pohlman, Geo. W., Poland, Lawrence, Prince, Aaron, Princes 17. Vie Raschig, TH: Et Reamy, Droit eas Reno, C. Stowe, Rettig, John, eum Wo be Richard, S. Joseph, Rieketts, Dr. Bevis Ricketts, Dr. Edwin, Rinman, G. O., Rosenbaum, Mrs. Harry, Rychen, E. F., Sattler, Dr. Robt., Sayler, Nelson, Scarborough, Theo. W., Schmidt, Alois, Schneider, Geo., Schroeter, Anton, Schuckert, Charles, Schultze, Wm. F., SCOVille, Iie oes sincere Ca Jel, Shipley, E. E., Shirayamadani, Ketaro, Short, Chas. W., Siewers, A. C., Simpkinson, W., Simpson, Rev. J. W., Skinner, Mrs. J. R., Smith, Edwin F., Smith, Harry T., Smith, Horace P., Smith, Dr. Hy is Stedman, C. J., Stephenson, H. M., Stephenson, H. T., Srrone,.Chas.. J ., Stubbs, Adeline, seater. J. Taylor, Dr. W. H., Mirasher, Dr. A. B., Thrasher, Mrs. A. B., Tischbein, Fred, Traber, Jacob, irisler,. J. B., Trounstine, Syl. F., Twitchell, Geo. B., Winch, H.-O., Vail, Henry H., Van Antwerp, Thos., | LIFE MEMBERS Allen, Dr. Geo. M., Bieney,.Dr..P. M., Braun, Fred, Bullock, George, Bullock, Mrs. S. W., Byrnes, Dr. R. M., Carley, 5.°'T., Carpenter, E. J., Carson, Dr. Arch I., Clarke, Robert, Collier, I. B., Dexter, Julius, Dury, Charles, Edwards, J. M., Emery, Mrs. Thos. J., Fleishman, Charles, French, Thomas, Jr., Claypole, E. W., Gest, Erasmus, Gibson, Mrs. L. B., Jones, Dr. N. E, McFarland, R. W., List of Members. Walker, Dr. E. W., Warder: Re Ele Warren, Alfred, Wein l.-Cy, Wein Mas ies C. Wells, Percy, Wiggins, Laura, Wolf, B., Woods, Harry F., Woodward, Chas. M., Workum, Jephtha, Wiriohte dence: Wright, Julian, Wurlitzer, Rudolph, Wyler, Louis. Gibson, William, Hannaford, Harper, George W., Etolden, 1h (Av jr, und b Os James, Davis L., Jones, Rankin D., Kelley, Thomas H., Kelloges@has. Eee) =. Kellogg, Ralph T., Morehead, Mrs. H. B., Peck, (Georee; Piper, Ene. Skinner, J. Ralston, Smith, A. Denniston, Stettinius, John L., Voung; Dr Des: HONORARY MEMBERS. Newberry, John S., Orton, Edward, Shaler. Neo, Wright, S. E. VE! 72 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. Butler, Amos W., Byrkit, John W., Davis, Wm. Norris, DeKonninck, Dr. L., Doherty, William, Gray, Arthur F., Hay. (OP; Holterhoff, G., Keutz Gen. A. Ve; Lawrence, Dr..G. W., Lighton, W. R.., Malls, Dr. S. J., ; Moore, Joseph, Moses, Dr. Thos. F., McCauley, Lieut. GAL me O'Connell i243 Patterson, John P., Peet, orephen mae QOurck Vay Re Stone, Ormond, Thomas, W. He se Wood, Horatio, Woods, Dr. J. T., Woodward, Dr. A. J. DECEASED LIFE MEMBERS. Bolles, David, Buchanan, Robert, Graham, Dr. George, Huntington, Geo. S., James; cU Ses Talbot; John aus Warder, Dr. Jno. A. DECEASED HONORARY MEMBER. Garratt, Wm. T. DECEASED ACTIVE MEMBERS. Aub, Dr. Joseph, Broadwell, W. H., Chamberssy/-aghe. Ghickerine, Js38.; Clunet, Jno. B., Clendenin, Dr. Wm., Colvin, William, Comings, E. S., Dyer Be Dan rw, As Eggers, John, Erkenbrecker,